Archaeological Assessment for the Proposed Sprint PCS¯Aliamanu

T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc.
735 Bishop St., Suite 315, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96813
Archaeological Assessment for the Proposed Sprint
PCS Āliamanu Military Reservation Cell Site
No. HI60XC110-B, at Āliamanu Military
Reservation PX, Moanalua, Kona, O‘ahu Island,
TMK:(1)1–1–011:001 por.‡
Thomas S. Dye, Ph.D.
Elaine H. R. Jourdane
May 5, 2006
Applicant: Clayton Group Services.
Applicant’s Consultant: T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc.
Location: Āliamanu Military Reservation PX, Moanalua, Kona, O‘ahu Island, Hawaii.
Tax map key: (1)1–1–011:001 por.
Request: Proposed Sprint PCS Āliamanu Military Reservation PX Cell Site No. HI60XC110–
B.
Direct Effect: No historic properties in Area of Potential Effect (APE) for direct effects.
Visual Effect: No historic properties in Area of Potential Effect (APE) for visual effects.
1
Introduction
At the request of Clayton Group Services, T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc.
conducted an archaeological assessment of a parcel at Āliamanu Military Reservation
for the proposed Sprint PCS cellular site. The primary focus of the project was on the
discovery and appropriate treatment of historic properties within the area of potential
effect. The goals of the archaeological investigation were to determine whether the
installation of an antenna and light pole and construction of an equipment facility will
have direct or visual effects on historic properties.
‡ Prepared for Clayton Group Services, Inc.
1
2
1.1
1
INTRODUCTION
Project Area
Sprint PCS proposes to install a 50–60 ft. tall pole and equipment cabinets within an
existing shopping center complex at the corner of Bougainvillea Loop and Āliamanu
Drive in the Āliamanu Military Reservation. The proposed Sprint PCS site is located
on the southeast side of the AAFES Superette building, to the east of an existing barber
shop, and north of the Burger King fast food restaurant. The monopole will include six
6 ft. high Sprint PCS panel antennas mounted 50 ft. above ground level, and six 6 ft. high
T-Mobile panel antennas mounted at a height of 40 ft. above ground level. The 20 × 25 ft.,
500 ft.2 , lease parcel is located in the northwest portion of the 492.382 ac. parcel owned
by the United States Government and identified as TMK:(1)1–1–011:001 (figs. 1 and 2).
Figure 1. Sprint PCS Āliamanu Military Reservation project location. Portions of
USGS 1999 Pearl Harbor and 1998 Waipahu Quadrangles.
The new equipment cabinets will be installed on a concrete slab at grade and enclosed
by a chain link fence. The new monopole will be located immediately south of the pro-
1.2
Background Research
3
Figure 2. Aerial view of Sprint PCS Āliamanu Military Reservation project location,
adapted from GoogleEarth image.
posed Sprint PCS equipment shelter. Ground disturbance is expected for the installation
of the monopole, concrete slab and utility conduits.
According to the FCC Nationwide Programmatic Agreement (NPA), the area of
potential effect (APE) for direct effects on historic properties includes the area of potential
ground disturbance during the installation of the tower, equipment shelter and utilities.
The APE for visual effects on historic properties for a tower 200 ft. or less is the area
within ca. 0.5 mi. of the tower.
1.2
Background Research
This archaeological assessment includes the review of historic documents, maps and
archaeological reports on file at the State Historic Preservation Division library, the
4
1
INTRODUCTION
Hawaii State Library and the State Bureau of Conveyances. A field inspection was also
conducted of the project site.
1.2.1
Natural Setting
The Sprint PCS project site lies at an elevation of ca. 90–100 ft. within Āliamanu Crater.
The soils underlying the area are classified as Makalapa clay, 2 to 6 percent slopes. This
soil type consists of well-drained soils on uplands and are formed in volcanic tuff. They
are gently sloping and are used for urban development and pasture [4]. The project site
receives an average rainfall between 30 and 40 in. annually [6].
1.2.2
‘ili
ahupua‘a
Traditional and Historic Land Use
The physical environment, historic properties, and history of Āliamanu have been documented in several studies, including those of Takemoto [15] and Rosendahl [14]. The
following information is a brief review that provides context for the project.
Āliamanu Crater is the oldest of three overlapping volcanic tuff cones, Makalapa and
Āliapa‘akai (Salt Lake) being the other two, located east of Pearl Harbor [10]. Āliamanu
is a part of the ‘ili of Ālia which lies within the ahupua‘a of Moanalua in the Kona district
of O‘ahu island. Pukui et al. [13] translate the name as “bird salt pond” and say that
[t]he goddess Pele and her family lived here once. When they left, Pele
dropped some salt, and the pet bird of Hi‘iaka, Pele’s favorite sister, escaped.
Birds gathered here. [13:11]
.
Takemoto [15] in her cultural history study of Āliamanu, summarizes several other
legends that connect Pele with Āliamanu.
Hawaiian mythology connects the Pele myths with the naming of Aliamanu
and its sister crater, Aliapa‘akai (Salt Lake). Pele, the goddess of volcanoes,
sought a home on one island after another. After leaving Kauai, Pele and her
ever-faithful sister, Hi‘iaka settled in Aliapa‘akai by digging into the ground.
According to one story in Fornander, the red dirt and salt they brought from
Kauai was deposited in their new home, giving the craters the names Kealiapa‘akai and Ke‘aliamanu [5:104]. On the next page of Fornander, however,
another version of the story is given. In this version, Pele and Hi‘iaka carried
from Kauai a bird and salt. While digging a home at Aliapa‘akai, the bird
and salt were dropped or lost, giving the craters the names of Aliamanu
(Salt-Encrusted (Bird)), and Aliapa‘akai (Salt-Encrusted (Salt)) . . . [5:105]
In his discussion of how fire was obtained, Kamakau states:
Volcanic fire is more recent . . . It was not seen in the time of Wakea, nor in
the time of Maui-a-Kalana, Heleipawa, Punaimua, nor La‘amaikahiki. It
was after that that the first volcanic fire was seen—at Kilauea, Kalihi, Kauai.
After that is was seen at ‘Alia, in Moanalua, Oahu . . . [7:117]
1.2
Background Research
5
The rim of the crater has been associated with several legends and traditions. On the
northeast edge was a place named Leilono, a place for the souls of the departed to enter
the nether world [15]. In the legend of of Malaue, Malauae was able to restore life to his
son Kaali‘i who had eaten bananas reserved for the gods [2].
At the time of the mahele Moanalua ahupua‘a was controlled by Lot Kapuāiwa, who
was given the land by Hoapilikane in 1842 [8]. The ahupua‘a was formally registered as
Land Commission Award 7715 to Lot Kapuāiwa. Several kuleana were claimed within
Ālia, however none were claimed within the crater. After Lot’s death, Moanalua was
passed on to Princess Ruth Ke‘elikōlani and then to Bernice Pauahi Bishop. Upon her
death the ahupua‘a was willed to Samuel Mills Damon. In 1902 Damon leased Āliamanu
Crater to the Honolulu Plantation Company [15].
The U.S. Government started purchasing land in and around Āliamanu in 1914 and
shared use of the crater with the Honolulu Plantation Company [15]. According to a 1977
aerial photograph, the Āliamanu Military Reservation was already developed and the
proposed project site was already surrounded with the residential housing and shopping
area.
1.2.3
Archaeological Background
No known archaeological surveys have been conducted of the Sprint PCS Āliamanu
Military Reservation site or within Āliamanu crater. However, several archaeological
investigations have been conducted of nearby areas including Salt Lake Crater.
During his survey of O‘ahu in 1930, McAllister [11] recorded several sites within
Moanalua including several fishpond along the coast, and terraces, burial caves and heiau
within the valley. He does not record any sites within Āliamanu Crater but mentions
Āliapaakai (Salt Lake, site 50–80–13–83), as the place where Pele, once resided. McAllister
also described site 88, a possible terrace facing, on the north side of Āliamanu crater.
On the north side of the rather level top of Puukapu, or Kapukaki, are a great
many stones which appear to have been the facing of a terrace 115 feet long
and probably 30 to 40 feet wide. This stone facing on the north is now greatly
disturbed, but the remains are sufficient to indicate its former regularity. It
is 10 feet wide and 5 feet high, with a number of square depressions side
by side, not more than 1 to 2 feet deep, and averaging 5 feet across. South
of the terrace is the rather precipitous slope into Aliamanu, a crater-like
depression, with Aliapaakai (Salt Lake) adjoining farther south. The survey
triangulation station is just west of the terrace. The structure is so old that
Mr. Douglas Damon was unable to discover the significance of the site from
the Hawaiians. Only one, of those of whom I inquired, had knowledge of the
place and she, Namakahelu, told me that here the bones which had formed
the fence of Kaualua (Site 85) were buried. [11:97]
In 1977, Rosendahl [14], during an inventory of known historic sites on military lands,
reported on site 50–80–13–88 . The site was described as
situated atop crater ridge and in very poor condition, and greatly disturbed
by recent construction activity in adjacent area. Site and area has fairly
substantial legendary and historic information materials available. [14]
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2
RESULTS
In 1979, Barrera [1] conducted an archaeological reconnaissance survey for a district
park within Salt Lake Crater. He found a rock shelter on the north side of the crater slope
which he believed was the rock shelter, State site 50–80–13–500, recorded and excavated
by the Bishop Museum in the 1960s.
In 1980, Connolly [3] surveyed an irregularly shaped parcel of land located along the
exterior southern slopes of Aliamanu crater and a portion of Salt Lake crater. During the
survey he recorded a single overhang shelter that was in the same location reported for
site 50–80–13–500. However, there was no evidence of any previous excavation. Another
site, 50–80–13–2306, a rock shelter reported in 1964, was not relocated during the survey.
Connolly believed that the recent development within the crater had destroyed the site.
There are no historic properties sites listed on the National Register of Historic Places
within the area of potential effect for the undertaking.
2
Results
A field inspection of the proposed Sprint PCS project site was conducted on April 11,
2006 by T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc. The limits of the project area were
clearly defined and were within a landscaped, grassed area adjacent to the existing AAFES
Superette (fig. 3). No historic properties were observed within the proposed project site.
Figure 3.
Proposed Sprint PCS Āliamanu Military Reservation site, view to north.
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3
Discussion and Conclusions
A review of the archaeological literature, historic maps, and documents shows that the
project site is located in an area that has been previously modified with the construction
of the existing Āliamanu Military Reservation. No surface historic properties exist within
the area of potential effect for the proposed Sprint PCS cellular site and no subsurface
deposits are likely to be found because of the extensive past land alteration. Therefore the
construction of the facility will have no direct effect on historic properties. Since there
are no known historic sites listed on the Register of Historic Places within 0.5 mi. of the
tower, the undertaking will have no visual effect on historic properties.
Glossary
Entries for Hawaiian words are excerpted or paraphrased, where possible, from the
Hawaiian Dictionary [12], or from Lucas [9].
ahupua‘a Traditional Hawaiian land division usually extending from the uplands to the
sea.
‘ili Land section, next in importance to ahupua‘a and usually a subdivision of an ahupua‘a.
Bibliography
[1] Barrera, W. (1979, August). Salt Lake Archaeological Reconnaissance. Prepared for
Wilson Okamoto and Associates. Honolulu: Chiniago, Inc.
[2] Beckwith, M. (1970). Hawaiian Mythology. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
[3] Connolly, R. D. (1980, September). Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey at the
Salt Lake District Park Site (TMK: 1–1–63:9 & 14). Prepared for City and County of
Honolulu Department of Parks and Recration. Honolulu: Archaeological Research
Associates.
[4] Foote, D. E., E. L. Hill, S. Nakamura, and F. Stephens (1972). Soil Survey of the
Islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai, State of Hawaii. Washington, D.C.:
United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. Published in
cooperation with the University of Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station.
[5] Fornander, A. (1916). Fornander Collection of Hawaiian Antiquities and Folk-lore,
Volume 4, Part 1 of Memoirs of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum. Honolulu: Bishop
Museum Press. Translations revised and illustrated with notes by Thomas G. Thrum.
[6] Giambelluca, T. W. and T. A. Schroeder (1998). Climate. In S. P. Juvik and J. O. Juvik
(Eds.), Atlas of Hawai‘i (Third ed.)., pp. 49–59. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
8
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[7] Kamakau, S. M. (1976). The Works of the People of Old: Na Hana a ka Po‘e Kahiko.
Number 61 in Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication. Honolulu: Bishop
Museum Press. Translated from the Newspaper Ke Au ‘Oko‘a by Mary Kawena Pukui.
Arranged and edited by Dorothy B. Barrère.
[8] Kame‘eleihiwa, L. (1992). Native Land and Foreign Desires. Honolulu: Bishop
Museum Press.
[9] Lucas, P. F. N. (1995). A Dictionary of Hawaiian Legal Land-Terms. Honolulu:
Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation and University of Hawai‘i Committeee for the
Preservation and Study of Hawaiian Language, Art and Culture.
[10] Macdonald, G. A. and A. T. Abbott (1970). Volcanoes in the Sea: The Geology of
Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
[11] McAllister, J. G. (1933). Archaeology of Oahu. Number 104 in Bulletin of the Bernice
P. Bishop Museum. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press.
[12] Pukui, M. K. and S. H. Elbert (1971). Hawaiian Dictionary (Third ed.). Honolulu:
University of Hawaii Press.
[13] Pukui, M. K., S. H. Elbert, and E. T. Mookini (1974). Place Names of Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
[14] Rosendahl, P. (1977, March). Archaeological Inventory and Evaluation Report for U.S.
Army Support Command Hawaiii (USASCH). Prepared for Department of the Army,
U.S. Army Engineer District, Pacific Ocean. Honolulu: Anthropology Department, B.
P. Bishop Museum.
[15] Takemoto, A. H. (1975, March). Aliamanu Military Reservation Cultural History
Study. Prepared for the United States Army Corps of Engineers. Honolulu: JoergerTakemoto Historical Research.