Archaeological Assessment for the Proposed Moanalua Plaza

T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc.
735 Bishop St., Suite 315, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96813
Archaeological Assessment for the Proposed
Moanalua Plaza Assisted Living Center, Moanalua,
Kona, O‘ahu Island, TMK: (1) 1–1–012:037∗
Thomas S. Dye, Ph.D.
Kekapala P. Dye
Kristin M. Macak
July 9, 2009
Contents
1
Introduction
1.1 Assessment Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Background Research . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.1
Traditional and Historic Land Use
1.3.2
Archaeological Background . . . .
2
Methods
3
Field Assessment Results
3.1 Backhoe Trench 1 .
3.2 Backhoe Trench 2 .
3.3 Backhoe Trench 3 .
3.4 Backhoe Trench 4 .
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Discussion and Conclusions
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Glossary
15
Bibliography
16
∗ Prepared
for MW Group, Ltd., 900 Fort Street Mall, Suite 1188, Honolulu, HI 96813.
1
2
1
INTRODUCTION
Illustrations
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2
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7
8
9
Proposed Plaza at Moanalua location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Proposed Plaza at Moanalua location on a Google Earth image
View of Plaza at Moanalua location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Location of Backhoe Trenches 1–4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stratigraphic profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Backhoe Trench 1, south face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Backhoe Trench 2, east face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Backhoe Trench 3, south face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Backhoe Trench 4, north face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. 3
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. 15
Sediment descriptions for Backhoe Trench 1, south face
Sediment descriptions for Backhoe Trench 2, east face .
Sediment descriptions for Backhoe Trench 3, south face
Sediment descriptions for Backhoe Trench 4, north face
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Tables
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Abstract
T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc. conducted an archaeological assessment of the proposed Plaza at Moanalua, an assisted living facility, located on
Red Hill. The archaeological assessment consisted of a 100% pedestrian survey of
the project parcel and excavation of four backhoe trenches. No historic properties
were found. Construction of an assisted living facility will have no effect on historic
properties.
1
Introduction
At the request of MW Group, Ltd., T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc. conducted
an archaeological assessment of the proposed location of the Plaza at Moanalua, an
assisted living center, on Red Hill, Moanalua, Oahu, Hawaii. The primary focus of the
project was on the discovery and appropriate treatment of historic properties potentially
affected by the construction of the facility.
This report is drafted to meet the requirements and standards of state historic preservation law. These include Chapter 6e of the Hawai‘i Revised Statutes, and the State
Historic Preservation Division’s Rules Governing Procedures for Historic Preservation
Review to Comment on Section 6E-42, HRS, Projects, §13–284–5.
1.1
ahupua‘a
Assessment Area
The proposed Plaza at Moanalua is located in the ahupua‘a of Moanalua, on the ridge
that separates Moanalua from Hālawa ahupua‘a. It is located more than 2 mi. east of
Pearl Harbor and less than 0.5 mi. east of Salt Lake Crater. The assessment covered the
1.2
Environment
3
entire 0.891 ac. parcel identified on tax maps as TMK: (1) 1–1–012:037, and owned by The
First Assembly of God.
The parcel is a predominantly level area, covered with loose gravel paving. Vegetation
consists of sparse grass cover, mainly along the moderately sloping northern border of
the parcel. A chain link fence bounds the parcel on the north and west, and Moanalualani
Place borders the parcel on the south and east. The area is characterized by multi-story
residential complexes and recreation areas. The First Assembly of God church is located
immediately west, across Moanalualani Place. Moanalua Freeway is located ca. 0.8 mi.
west, beyond which are Āliamanu Crater and Aliamanu Military Reservation (figs. 1, 2, 3).
Figure 1. Proposed Plaza at Moanalua location on a portion of the USGS 1999 Pearl
Harbor Quadrangle.
1.2
Environment
The proposed Plaza at Moanalua location lies at an elevation of ca. 260 ft. in the ahupua‘a
of Moanalua, south of the Hālawa quarry and east of Āliamanu Crater. The soils underly-
4
1
INTRODUCTION
Figure 2. Proposed Plaza at Moanalua location at Moanalualani Place, adapted from
Google Earth.
Figure 3. View of Plaza at Moanalua location looking southeast. Note gravel paving and
sparse grass modern surface. Moanalualani Place is in the background.
1.3
Background Research
5
ing the area are classified as Lahaina Series, silty clay, 7 to 15 percent slopes. This soil type
consists of well drained upland soils which developed in material weathered from basic
igneous rock. They are gently sloping and are used for sugarcane and pineapple [6]. This
area receives 20–30 in. of rainfall annually [8].
1.3
Background Research
This archaeological assessment includes the review of historic documents, maps and
archaeological reports on file at the State Historic Preservation Division library, the
Hawaii State Library and the State Bureau of Conveyances.
1.3.1
Traditional and Historic Land Use
The physical environment, historic properties, and history of Moanalua have been documented in several studies [1; 10; 21; 23; 24]. Legends dating to at least the late pre-contact
period are presented in detail, as are the observations of travelers and explorers of the
eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The following information is a brief review
that provides context for the assessment.
The proposed Plaza at Moanalua is located in Moanalua, the westernmost ahupua‘a
in the traditional district of Kona, on the south coast of O‘ahu. The parcel lies on the
lower ridge on the north side of Moanalua valley, just inland of Āliamanu Crater. Pukui,
Elbert, and Mookini say Moanalua was named for “two encampments (moana lua) at
taro patches, where travelers bound for Honolulu from ‘Ewa rested” [17:152]. Handy and
Handy provide an alternate translation for the naming of Moanalua in their description
of the area.
The most westerly ahupua‘a of Kona, Oahu, is Moanalua. Moana means both
ocean and “broad expanse,” of either land or sea; lua means two; hence the
ahupua‘a took its name from “the great expanse of level land and reef ” here
matched by the great expanse of sea . . . A writer in the Hawaiian newspaper
Ku‘oko‘a . . . names two famous lo‘i that were close to a spring coming out of
a cave or lava tube in Moanalua, the inference being that these lo‘i gave the
district its name. Here the taro leaves are described as growing “so large that
the keepers groped in the dark [beneath them] for taro for the chiefs.” The
writer says that these lo‘i “were peculiar in that a spring came up in them.”
This spring bore the name Iemi, and is said to have been so named because
“the taro and ‘oha [offshoots] grew close together” . . . The shore and flat lands
inland were ideal for the construction of fishponds. There were six large
fishponds, famous for mullet and crabs. [10:474–475]
The proposed Plaza at Moanalua is located east of Āliamanu Crater, the oldest of
three overlapping volcanic tuff cones, the other two being, Makalapa and Āliapa‘akai
(Salt Lake) [14]. Āliamanu is located in the ‘ili of Ālia which lies within the ahupua‘a of
Moanalua. Pukui, Elbert, and Mookini translate Āliamanu as “bird salt pond” and say
that the
lo‘i
‘ili
6
1
INTRODUCTION
goddess Pele and her family lived here once. When they left, Pele dropped
some salt, and the pet bird of Hi‘iaka, Pele’s favorite sister, escaped. Birds
gathered here. [17:11]
Takemoto, in her cultural history study of Āliamanu, summarizes several other
legends that connect Pele with Āliamanu.
Hawaiian mythology connects the Pele myths with the naming of Aliamanu
and its sister crater, Aliapa‘akai (Salt Lake). Pele, the goddess of volcanoes,
sought a home on one island after another. After leaving Kauai, Pele and her
ever-faithful sister, Hi‘iaka settled in Aliapa‘akai by digging into the ground.
According to one story in Fornander, the red dirt and salt they brought from
Kauai was deposited in their new home, giving the craters the names Kealiapa‘akai and Ke‘aliamanu [7:104]. On the next page of Fornander, however,
another version of the story is given. In this version, Pele and Hi‘iaka carried
from Kauai a bird and salt. While digging a home at Aliapa‘akai, the bird
and salt were dropped or lost, giving the craters the names of Aliamanu
(Salt-Encrusted (Bird)), and Aliapa‘akai (Salt-Encrusted (Salt)). . . [7:105]
In his discussion of how fire was obtained, Kamakau states:
Volcanic fire is more recent. . . It was not seen in the time of Wakea, nor in
the time of Maui-a-Kalana, Heleipawa, Punaimua, nor La‘amaikahiki. It was
after that that the first volcanic fire was seen–at Kilauea, Kalihi, Kauai. After
that is was seen at ‘Alia, in Moanalua, Oahu . . . [11:117]
Māhele
The rim of the crater has been associated with several legends and traditions. On the
northeast edge was a place named LeiLono, a place for the souls of the departed to enter
the nether world [21]. In the legend of Maluae, Maluae was able to restore life to his son
Kaali‘i who had eaten bananas reserved for the gods [3].
At the time of the Māhele, Moanalua ahupua‘a was controlled by Lot Kapuāiwa,
who was given the land by Hoapilikane in 1842 [12]. The ahupua‘a designated as Land
Commission Award 7715 was awarded to Lot Kapuāiwa. After Lot’s death, Moanalua was
passed on to Princess Ruth Ke‘elikōlani and then to Bernice Pauahi Bishop. Upon her
death the ahupua‘a was willed to Samuel Mills Damon.
At the turn of the century, the railways were built and Oahu Rail and Land Company
(OR&L) sent its first train from Honolulu to ‘Aiea in 1889 [23:13]. The tracks between
Moanalua and Hālawa crossed the upper edge of the coastal plain along what is now
Moanalua Highway. Reliable transportation and viable soil soon brought sugar cane to the
fishpond boundaries. Damon maintained much of Moanalua as pasture, with portions
leased to rice, sugar and banana growers [9:31]. In 1902, Damon leased Āliamanu Crater
to the Honolulu Plantation Company who subsequently drained the crater to expand the
railroad line on the Hālawa side of the crater [21]. At the turn of the century, Damon was
the financial backing behind several sugar and pineapple plantation expansion endeavors
in and around Moanalua [4:21]. In 1914, the U.S. Government began purchasing land
in and around Āliamanu, and shared continued use of the crater with the Honolulu
Plantation Company [21].
1.3
Background Research
7
In 1924, Damon died and his lands were managed by the Estate of S. M. Damon. In
the 1930s, the ahupua‘a was divided into several lots, with the proposed Plaza at Moanalua
location being a part of a larger 1010.17 ac. parcel recognized as “Lot P” on Map 001
of Land Court Application 1074. As expansion of military lands around Pearl Harbor
continued until the 1940s, the U.S. Government purchased several thousand acres from
the Damon, Bishop, and Queen Emma Estates to develop coastal installations such as
Hickam Air Force Base and John Rodgers Field (later renamed Honolulu International
Airport), as well as the Red Hill Underground Fuel Storage Facility situated mauka of
the proposed Plaza at Moanalua.
Between 1941 and the 1960s, “Lot P” underwent multiple subdivisions. In 1967, the
proposed Plaza at Moanalua location was part of a larger 58.19 ac. parcel identified as
TMK: (1) 1–1–012:012. Parcel 012 was subdivided into 3 lots, all subsequently deeded to
International Development Company. Two of the lots were assigned new tax map designations, while the proposed Plaza at Moanalua location remained part of the 22.516 ac. of
TMK: (1) 1–1–012:012. Acreage was dropped from the parcel twice before International
Development Co. deeded the 21.721 ac. parcel to the First Assembly of God in 1986. In 1991,
a 0.891 ac. portion of TMK: (1) 1–1–012:012 was dropped to create TMK: (1) 1–1–012:037,
the proposed Plaza at Moanalua parcel, maintained by the current owner.
As part of the military expansion in lands surrounding Pearl Harbor, construction
of the Red Hill Underground Fuel Storage Facility was begun in December 1940 and
completed in September 1943. The facility is located within the hillside northeast of the
proposed Plaza at Moanalua. The facility consisted of twenty, 100 ft. diameter subterranean vertical fuel tanks and associated tunnels, with fuel storage and a delivery system
to the ships docked at Pearl Harbor. The facility constructed by over 3,000 workers has
been recognized as a National Civil Engineering Landmark [18:5].
Using existing rock as a construction shell, the project made use of innovative
mining and construction methods that included building each tank from a
central vertical shaft drilled 30 feet in diameter and removing all excavated
rock through an elaborate system of conveyor belts specially made by the
Goodrich Tire Company. Protecting more than 250 million gallons of fuel
used by Navy fleets around the world, the Red Hill facility has operated
virtually unchanged since its completion.1
1.3.2
Archaeological Background
No known archaeological surveys have been conducted of the proposed Plaza at Moanalua
parcel. However, several archaeological investigations have been conducted of nearby
areas including Moanalua Valley, Āliamanu and Salt Lake, Āliamanu Military Reservation,
and the Red Hill Underground Fuel Storage Facility.
During his archaeological survey of O‘ahu in 1930, McAllister [15] recorded several
sites within Moanalua including several fishponds along the coast, and terraces, burial
caves and heiau within the valley. Sterling and Summers quote McAllister’s observations
of a few structures recorded near the proposed Plaza at Moanalua parcel, including a
terrace facing on the north side of Āliamanu crater.
1 http://live.asce.org/hh/index.mxml?versionChecked=true
8
1
INTRODUCTION
Site 88—Terrace facing(?), Moanalua Valley On the north side of the rather level top
of Puukapu, or Kapukaki, are a great many stones which appear to have been
the facing of a terrace 115 feet long and probably 30 to 40 feet wide. This stone
facing on the north is now greatly disturbed, but the remains are sufficient to
indicate its former regularity. It is 10 feet wide and 5 feet high, with a number of
square depressions side by side, not more than 1 to 2 feet deep, and averaging 5
feet across. South of the terrace is the rather precipitous slope into Aliamanu, a
crater-like depression, with Aliapaakai (Salt Lake) adjoining farther south. The
survey triangulation station is just west of the terrace. The structure is so old that
Mr. Douglas Damon was unable to discover the significance of the site from the
Hawaiians. Only one, of those of whom I inquired, had knowledge of the place
and she, Namakahelu, told me that here the bones which had formed the fence of
Kaualua (Site 85) were buried. [20:335]
Sterling and Summers also recorded McAllister’s observations of the remains of Paliuli
Heiau which was once located on the ridge north of the proposed Plaza at Moanalua.
Site 90—Paliuli Heiau On the north side of Moanalua Valley about 1 mile above Salt
Lake. Only two portions of the heiau are now discernible . . . There were probably
other features of the site, for many stones had been removed before Mr. Damon
could stop a workman whom he found dislodging stones on the heiau. These
stones were not replaced but were evenly piled in circles a few hundred feet below
the site. [20:336]
Since McAllister’s survey, a few archaeological investigations have been conducted
near the proposed Plaza at Moanalua. In 1998, Rechtman and Henry [18] conducted an
archaeological reconnaissance survey of the ca. 78 ac. Red Hill Underground Fuel Storage
Area, located within 0.5 mi. northeast of the proposed Plaza at Moanalua. No historic
properties were located during the survey, although six modern features, including three
concrete slabs with associated debris, a concrete wall with an associated concrete box, an
excavated depression, and an earthen mound were found. It was determined that these
features were associated with World War II use of the area or later facility construction
activities, lacked integrity, and did not possess any significant information.
Two archaeological investigations have been conducted within the Salt Lake Crater
area. In 1979, Barrera [2] conducted an archaeological reconnaissance survey for the
district park within Salt Lake. He located a rock shelter on the north side of the crater
slope which he believed was recorded and excavated by the Bishop Museum in the 1961
(State site 50–80–13–00500). In 1980, Connolly [5] surveyed an irregularly shaped parcel
of land along the exterior southern slopes of Āliamanu crater and a portion of Salt Lake
Crater. During the survey he re-located the rock shelter previously recorded by Barrera,
but found no evidence of the earlier excavation. Another rock shelter reported for the
area in 1964, (Site 50–80–13–02306), was not found during the survey. Connolly believed
that the recent development within the crater had destroyed the site.
In 1977, Rosendahl conducted an inventory of known historic properties on Army
lands. The site identified in the area was the Aliamanu burials (State site 50–80–13–00088).
The site was described as “situated atop crater ridge and in very poor condition, and
greatly disturbed by recent construction activity in adjacent area. Site and area has fairly
substantial legendary and historic information materials available” [19].
9
2
Methods
The principal investigator for this assessment is Thomas S. Dye, Ph.D., a fully qualified
archaeologist. The field archaeologists, Kekapala Dye and Kristin Macak, conducted
a 100% pedestrian survey of TMK: 1–1–012:037. They oversaw the excavation of four
backhoe trenches within the proposed building foundation footprint (fig. 4) and recorded
the stratigraphic sections that were exposed in those trenches. Field work was conducted
on May 29, 2009.
Figure 4. Location of Backhoe Trenches 1–4 excavated at TMK: (1) 1–1–012:037. Adapted
from Google Earth (June 1, 2009).
The archaeologist worked closely with the backhoe operator and the GeoTech engineers to ensure that should cultural deposits or remains be identified, they would be
disturbed by the backhoe as little as possible. The trenches were positioned to sample the
extent of the parcel.
Stratigraphic profiles were recorded in a field notebook at a scale of 1:25. Digital
photographs were taken throughout the assessment to record the progress of the work and
10
3
FIELD ASSESSMENT RESULTS
provide a record of the exposed stratigraphy. A photo log was kept in the field notebook
indicating the subject of the photograph, the direction the camera was pointing, and
other information as appropriate. Digital photographs were edited in the laboratory to
provide annotations and cropped as appropriate. Trenches were back-filled after the
archaeological assessment was completed. In the laboratory, the profiles were scanned
and drafted using vector-based illustration software.
Sediment samples were collected in zip-lock bags that were labeled with the project
name and a unique number associated with a bag list kept in the field notebook. These
samples were returned to the laboratory for description. In the laboratory, sediments
were described using a Munsell Soil Color chart for color and a flowchart developed by
Thien [22] for texture.
3
Field Assessment Results
The surface survey of the Plaza at Moanalua parcel revealed that the entire surface has
been graded and levelled; it is covered today with sparse grass and asphalt or blue rock
gravel paving. No surface historic properties were found. According to MW Group, the
parcel has been used as a parking lot for the last ten years.
Four 2 m long backhoe trenches were excavated within the proposed perimeter of the
building footprint, to determine if subsurface cultural deposits are present. The trenches
were ca. 80 cm wide and extended to a maximum depth of 2.3 m.
The typical stratigraphic section exposed on the eastern end of the parcel in Backhoe
Trenches 3 and 4 contained no fill material or evidence of disturbance. The typical stratigraphic section on the western end of the parcel in Backhoe Trenches 1 and 2 contained
evidence of fill layers. Three of the backhoe trenches were excavated to culturally sterile
subsoil; excavation of Backhoe Trench 2 terminated in fill material (fig. 5).
3.1
Backhoe Trench 1
Backhoe Trench 1 was excavated in the southwest corner of the proposed building footprint and was oriented southeast to northwest. It measured 80 cm wide by 200 cm long
and extended to 190 cm below surface at the base of excavation. Backhoe Trench 1 had a
single layer of fill, which overlaid the culturally sterile subsoil below. No cultural material
or features were found in Backhoe Trench 1 (fig. 6).
Table 1. Sediment descriptions for Backhoe Trench 1, south face
Context
Depth∗
1
0–10
2
10–85
7.5YR 3/3
3
85–130
5YR 3/3
4
130–190
7.5YR 3/3
∗
Color
Depth in cm below surface.
Description
Interpretation
Grass surface with blue rock gravel.
Abrupt, smooth boundary.
Dark brown sandy loam with blue
rock gravel. Clear, wavy boundary.
Dark reddish brown silt loam.
Abrupt, smooth boundary.
Dark brown sandy loam.
Modern surface.
Fill material.
Culturally sterile subsoil.
Culturally sterile subsoil.
3.2
11
Backhoe Trench 2
a
b
c
d
Figure 5. Stratigraphic profiles: a, Backhoe Trench 1, south face; b, Backhoe Trench 2,
east face; c, Backhoe Trench 3, south face; d, Backhoe Trench 4, north face.
3.2
Backhoe Trench 2
Backhoe Trench 2 was excavated in the northwest corner of the proposed building
footprint, oriented north to south. It measured 80 cm wide by 240 cm long and extended
to 125 cm below surface at the base of excavation. The profile consists of four contexts: 5,
6, 7 and 8, overlaid by the modern surface. Contexts 6 and 7 display concave banding
and “tuffaceous” material likely related to fill material from prior activity on the property.
Context 8, a fill deposit, extends to the base of excavation. The subsoil found elsewhere
on the parcel was not exposed the excavation here. No cultural materials or features were
found during excavation of Backhoe Trench 2 (fig. 7).
3.3
Backhoe Trench 3
Backhoe Trench 3 was excavated in the southeast corner of the proposed building footprint, oriented east to west. Backhoe Trench 3 measured 80 cm wide by 230 cm long
and extended 230 cm to the base of excavation. Backhoe Trench 3 consists of a culturally
sterile subsoil overlaid by the modern surface. No cultural materials or features were
found during excavation of Backhoe Trench 3 (fig. 8).
12
3
FIELD ASSESSMENT RESULTS
Figure 6. Backhoe Trench 1, south face. The scale is marked in decimeters.
Table 2. Sediment descriptions for Backhoe Trench 2, east face
Context
Depth∗
1
5
0–10
10–45
5YR 3/3
6
45–85
10YR 4/3
7
85–100
2.5Y 3/2
8
100–125
10YR 4/2
∗
Color
Description
Interpretation
Grass surface with blue rock gravel.
Dark reddish brown silty clay loam.
Abrupt, wavy boundary
Brown loamy sand. Abrupt, wavy
boundary.
Very dark grayish brown loamy sand.
Abrupt, wavy boundary.
Dark grayish brown loamy sand. Base
of excavation.
Modern surface.
Secondary fill deposit.
Banded fill deposit.
Banded fill deposit.
Banded fill deposit.
Depth in cm below surface.
Table 3. Sediment descriptions for Backhoe Trench 3, south face
Context
Depth∗
1
0–27
9
27–230
∗
Color
5YR 4/3
Depth in cm below surface.
Description
Interpretation
Grass surface with blue rock gravel.
Abrupt, smooth boundary.
Reddish brown silty clay loam. Base
of excavation.
Modern surface.
Culturally sterile subsoil.
3.4
13
Backhoe Trench 4
Figure 7. Backhoe Trench 2, east face. The scale is marked in decimeters.
3.4
Backhoe Trench 4
Backhoe Trench 4 was excavated in the southeast corner of the proposed building footprint, oriented east to west. Backhoe Trench 4 measured 80 cm wide by 210 cm long and
extended 140 cm to the base of excavation. Backhoe Trench 4 consists of a culturally
sterile subsoil overlaid by the modern surface. No cultural materials or features were
found during excavation of Backhoe Trench 4 (fig. 9).
Table 4. Sediment descriptions for Backhoe Trench 4, north face
Context
Depth∗
1
0–10
10
10–140
∗
4
Color
5YR 4/3
Description
Interpretation
Grass surface with blue rock gravel.
Abrupt, smooth boundary.
Reddish brown silty loam. Base of
excavation.
Modern surface.
Culturally sterile subsoil.
Depth in cm below surface.
Discussion and Conclusions
No surface or subsurface historic properties were found during the archaeological investigations conducted at TMK: (1) 1–1–012:037. The land has been altered during modern
14
4
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
Figure 8. Backhoe Trench 3, south face. The scale is marked in decimeters.
times, likely during the construction of the Aliamanu Military Reservation multi-level
housing units and associated recreation areas built in the 1960s, and the Moanalua Village
condominium complex built in 1994. The Plaza at Moanalua site has also been modified
by its use as a parking lot for the last ten years.
Fill deposits were recorded in Backhoe Trenches 1 and 2, located in the western
portion of the Plaza at Moanalua area. Fill material in Backhoe Trench 1 was underlain by
culturally sterile subsoil. However, in Backhoe Trench 2 the culturally sterile subsoil was
not reached at the base of excavation. No fill deposits were observed below the modern
surface in the eastern portion of the project area. The existing fill layers are likely to have
been deposited during excavation and grading for construction of the adjacent housing
complexes.
No significant historic properties were encountered during the archaeological assessment. The construction of the Plaza at Moanalua will have no effect on significant
historic properties because no historic sites are present.
The extensive land alteration, and lack of cultural remains makes it unlikely that his-
15
Figure 9. Backhoe trench 4, north face. The scale is marked in decimeters.
toric properties would be found during construction of the Plaza at Moanalua. However,
in the unlikely event that historic properties, including human remains are inadvertently
discovered during construction, work in the vicinity of the remains should be halted
until the police and a representative of the State Historic Preservation Division have
had an opportunity to determine jurisdiction of the remains and have indicated that
excavation in the vicinity can resume.
16
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Glossary
Entries for Hawaiian words are excerpted or paraphrased, where possible, from the
Hawaiian Dictionary [16], or from Lucas [13].
ahupua‘a Traditional Hawaiian land division, usually extending from the uplands to the
sea.
‘ili Land section, next in importance to ahupua‘a and usually a subdivision of an ahupua‘a.
lo‘i A single irrigated taro patch. Irrigated terrace, especially for taro.
Māhele Division of Hawaiian lands in the mid-nineteenth century.
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