George Krallis

Assessing Water Quality for
International Hydropower
Projects
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George A. Krallis
Edward M. Buchak
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Outline
Context: International EHSIA’s
■ Need for hydropower in the developing world
■ The role of funding agencies
■ Impacts of interest
Tools: ERM’s Approach
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In-reservoir water quality modeling
Downstream WQ modeling and calculations
Inform design and operational considerations
Biological and social implications
Examples:
■ Reventazón, Costa Rica
■ Baynes, Namibia-Angola
■ Trung Son, Vietnam
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Need for Hydropower in the Developing World
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The Role of Funding Agencies
World Bank and International Finance Corporation (IFC)
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC)
U.S. Export-Import Bank (Ex-Im)
Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC)
InterAmerican Development Bank (IDB)
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Role of International EHSIAs
IFC Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines
Performance Standards 1-8, and The Equator Principles
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PS1: Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social
Risks and Impacts
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PS2: Labor and Working Conditions
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PS3: Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention
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PS4: Community Health, Safety, and Security
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PS5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement
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PS6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of
Living Natural Resources
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PS7: Indigenous Peoples
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PS8: Cultural Heritage
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Physical/Chemical Impacts of Interest
In Reservoir
Downstream of Reservoir
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■ Changes in the hydrologic regime,
including permanently or
occasionally dewatered reaches
■ Oxygen-depleted, cold water
releases
■ Sediment starvation with episodic
releases (flushing)
Oxygen depletion
Eutrophication
GHG emissions
Sediment trapping
Water temperature
Climate change
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ERM’s Approach
• Collect baseline data
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Field data and literature review (physical and chemical)
• Model in-reservoir water quality
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3D or 2D hydrodynamic WQ models: GEMSS or CE-QUAL-W2
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1D empirical trophic assessments: BATHTUB
• Perform downstream computations
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HEC-RAS, analytical calculations
• Assess biological and social implications
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IFIM, DRIFT
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Example – Reventazón, Costa Rica
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Owner: ICE
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305 MW
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Largest in Costa Rica:
Height = 130 m
Area = 6.90 km2 (reservoir)
4.2 km diversion between
dam and powerhouse
Qmin1 = 25 m3/s (@PS)
Qmin2 = 15 m3/s (@ dam)
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4th major dam on the
Reventazón River
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Hot topics = sed and CC
Example – Reventazón, Costa Rica
Annual Averages - Model Results
Water
Dissolved
Temperature
Oxygen [mg/l]
[°C]
Inflow
22.34
8.50
Outflow
22.80
5.60
Difference
+0.46
-2.90
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Example – Baynes, Namibia-Angola
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Owner: Joint Namibia and
Angola
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400 MW
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Dimensions:
Gross Head = 200 m
Reservoir Area = 49 km2
Q average = 160 m3/s
Q min = 50 m3/s
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Major dam on Kunene River,
an international border
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Vary intake structure to
minimize impacts (DO)
Example – Baynes, Namibia-Angola
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Example – Trung Son, Vietnam
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Owner: EVN
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260 MW
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Dimensions:
Head = 72 m
Reservoir Area = 13.13 km2
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4 Francis turbines
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Hot topic = GHG and clear/grub
biomass prior to filling
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Technical transfer workshop in
Vietnam
Example – Trung Son, Vietnam
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Thank You
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