Global Change Abstracts The Swiss Contribution

Transcription

Global Change Abstracts
The Swiss Contribution
O8.1
Global Change Abstracts
The Swiss Contribution
August 2007 – January 2008
Published and distributed by:
ProClimForum for Climate and Global Change
Swiss Academy of Sciences
Schwarztorstrasse 9 | CH-3007 Bern
T (+41 31) 328 23 23 | F (+41 31) 328 23 20
[email protected] | www.proclim.ch
Editor:
Gabriele Müller-Ferch, [email protected]
Source:
Science Citation Index®
Social Science Citation Index®
Institute for Scientific Information®
Cover Pictures:
Library: Image provided by H. Diaz
Issue: GCA 08.1, May 2008, Bern, Switzerland
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Contents
3
Contents
Concept and Methods
4
Short List of all Abstracts
5
1 Earth System Process Studies and Methodologies
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
Atmosphere
Terrestrial Ecosystems
Soil and Litosphere
Cryosphere
Oceans and Fresh Water Systems
Energy Balance
Coupled Systems and Cycles
37
37
67
113
121
126
149
151
2 Past Global Changes
156
3 Human Dimensions
184
4
194
Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies
5 General Topics
200
Index of Authors
208
Index of Disciplines
229
4
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Methods and Statistic
Concept and Methods
Global Change Abstracts: The Swiss Contribution
(GCA) is a compendium of abstracts for papers on
the topic of global environmental change. The
abstracts are written or co-authored by Swiss scientists and other experts working in Switzerland.
The papers are published in one of the 6000 journals covered by the databases Science Citation
Index® and Social Sciences Citation Index®, which
are compiled by the Institute for Scientific
Information®.
A total of 447 papers that were published during
the period August 2007 – January 2008 are included in this issue. These papers are classified according to the following categories, which are also
used to order the abstracts in GCA (refer to the
Table of Contents):
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
2
3
4
5
Earth system process studies and
methodologie
Atmosphere
Terrestrial Ecosystems
Soil and Lithosphere
Cryosphere
Ocean/Fresh Water Systems
Energy Balance
Coupled Systems and Cycles
Past Global Changes
Human Dimensions
Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies
General Topics
The papers are also referenced by an alphabetical
list of authors and by scientific discipline
(as preassigned by the Institute for Scientific
Information®).
We use three different searches to identify the
papers in GCA, namely: (i) a search in both databases mentioned above for the names of the principal investigators and their coworkers contained in
the ProClim- Infosystem (about 800 names) or for
projects with Switzerland as a country of origin;
(ii) a search for additional Swiss papers that have
been published in a selection of journals chosen
from the Science Citation Index® based on the
themes they cover (using “journal catagory codes”
assigned by the database producer); (iii) a search
in the database Social Sciences Citation Index® for
Swiss papers in the social sciences that contain
one of over 50 keywords on the topic of global
change. ProClim- staff then scan these selected
papers to determine which are relevant for inclusion in GCA.
GCA is available as PDF document only and is
distributed by e-mail. Please send your request to
[email protected]. As a novelty, hyperlinks to the
full text are included (in blue color, sources of
the articles) whenever possible. So you can easily
find the scientific article on the web by clicking
on the corresponding link in the electronic GCA.
Searching for keywords is also possible.
You can also find all papers published in GCA on
the ProClim- web site at www.proclim.ch/
Publications.html. On this site you will find a
database including all Swiss articles of the GCAs.
If you are interested in ordering a copy of a paper
quoted in this issue, you can get further information in the ProClim- database, for example the
address of the first author. A double click on the
selected article will show you more detailed information not printed in the following document.
If you think a paper should be published in an
issue of GCA, you can send it to ProClim- and we
will consider including it in a future issue. We
hope that Global Change Abstracts: The Swiss
Contribution will facilitate the exchange of
information and with it the interdisciplinarity
among the global change research community.
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts
5
Short List of all Abstracts
1
Earth System Process Studies and Methodologies
Identification of the mass spectral signature of organic aerosols from wood burning emissions
(08.1-1)
Alfarra M R, Prevot A S H, Szidatt S, Sandradewi J, Weimer S, Lanz V A, Schreiber D, Mohr M, Baltensperger U
A new atmospheric aerosol phase equilibrium model (UHAERO): organic systems (08.1-2)
Amundson N R, Caboussat A, He J W, Martynenko A V, Landry C, Tong C, Seinfeld J H
Equilibrium sorption of gaseous organic chemicals to fiber filters used for aerosol studies (08.1-3)
Arp H P H, Schwarzenbach R P, Goss K U
Interference of organic signals in highly time resolved nitrate measurements by low mass resolution
aerosol mass spectrometry (08.1-4)
Bae M S, Schwab F J, Zhang Q, Hogrefe O, Demerjian K L, Weimer A, Rhoads K, Orsini D, Venkatachari P, Hopke P K
Small-scale cloud processes and climate (08.1-5)
Baker M B, Peter T
Chemical analysis of atmospheric aerosols (08.1-6)
Baltensperger U, Prevot A S H
Entering into the “greenhouse century”: Recent record temperatures in Switzerland are comparable
to the upper temperature quantiles in a greenhouse climate (08.1-7)
Beniston M
Civil Aircraft for the regular investigation of the atmosphere based on an instrumented container:
The new CARIBIC system (08.1-8)
Brenninkmeijer C A M, Crutzen P, Boumard F, Dauer T, Dix B, Ebinghaus R, Filippi D, Fischer H, Franke H, Friess
U, Heintzenberg J, Helleis F, Hermann M, Kock H H, Koeppel C, Lelieveld J, Leuenberger M, Martinsson B G,
Miemczyk S, Moret H P, Nguyen H N, Nyfeler P, Oram D, Osullivan D, Penkett S, Platt U, Pupek M, Ramonet M,
Randa B, Reichelt M, Rhee T S, Rohwer J, Rosenfeld K, Scharffe D, Schlager H, Schumann U, Slemr F, Sprung D,
Stock P, Thaler R, Valentino F, van Velthoven P, Waibel A, Wandel A, Waschitschek K, Wiedensohler A, Xueref Remy
I, Zahn A, Zech U, Ziereis H
Fires and climate linked in nineteenth century (08.1-9)
Brönnimann S
Reconstructing the quasi-biennial oscillation back to the early 1900s (08.1-10)
Brönnimann S, Annis J L, Vogler C, Jones P D
Temporal and spatial temperature variability and change over Spain during 1850-2005 (08.1-11)
Brunet M, Jones P D, Sigro J, Saladie O, Aguilar E, Moberg A, Della Marta P M, Lister D, Walther A, Lopez D
A concept for a satellite mission to measure cloud ice water path, ice particle size, and cloud altitude
(08.1-12)
Bühler S A, Jimenez C, Evans K F, Eriksson P, Rydberg B, Heymsfield A J, Stubenrauch C J, Lohmann U, Emde C, John
V O, Sreerekha T R, Davis C P
Concentration profiles of particles settling in the neutral and stratified atmospheric boundary layer
(08.1-13)
Chamecki M, van Hout R, Meneveau C, Parlange M B
37
6
The influence of small aerosol particles on the properties of water and ice clouds (08.1-14)
Choularton T, Bower K N, Weingartner E, Crawford I, Coe H, Gallagher M W, Flynn M, Crosier J, Connolly P, Targino
A, Alfarra M R, Baltensperger U, Sjogren S, Verheggen B, Cozic J, Gysel M
Limits on climate sensitivity derived from recent satellite and surface observations (08.1-15)
Chylek P, Lohmann U, Dubey M, Mishchenko M, Kahn R, Ohmura A
Long-term trend analysis of aerosol variables at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (08.1-16)
Collaud Coen M, Weingartner E, Nyeki S, Cozic J, Henning S, Verheggen B, Gehrig R, Baltensperger U
Atmospheric blocking: space-time links to the NAO and PNA (08.1-17)
Croci Maspoli M, Schwierz C, Davies H C
FinROSE - middle atmospheric chemistry transport model (08.1-18)
Damski J, Thlix L, Backman L, Taalas P, Kulmala M
Doubled length of western European summer heat waves since 1880 (08.1-19)
Della Marta P M, Haylock M R, Luterbacher J, Wanner H
Summer heat waves over western Europe 1880-2003, their relationship to large-scale forcings and
predictability (08.1-20)
Della Marta P M, Luterbacher J, von Weissenfluh H, Xoplaki E, Brunet M, Wanner H
Effects of convective ice lofting on H2O and HDO in the tropical tropopause layer (08.1-21)
Dessler A E, Hanisco T F, Füglistaler S
Some factors in the design of a regional prediction model: an examination based upon two MAP
events (08.1-22)
Didone M, Lüthi D, Davies H C
Föhn in the Rhine Valley during MAP: A review of its multiscale dynamics in complex valley geo
metry (08.1-23)
Drobinski P, Steinacker R, Richner H, Baumann Stanzer K, Beffrey G, Benech B, Berger H, Chimani B, Dabas A,
Dorninger M, Dürr B, Flamant C, Frioud M, Furger M, Gröhn I, Gubser S, Gutermann T, Häberli C, Häller
Scharnhorst E, Ratheiser G, Ruffieux D, Seiz G, Spatzierer M, Tschannett S, Vogt S, Werner R, Zängl G
Multimodel projections of stratospheric ozone in the 21st century (08.1-24)
Eyring V, Waugh D W, Bodeker G E, Cordero E, Akiyoshi H, Austin J, Beagley S R, Boville B A, Braesicke P, Brühl C,
Butchart N, Chipperfield M P, Dameris M, Deckert R, Deushi M, Frith S M, Garcia R R, Gettelman A, Giorgetta M
A, Kinnison D E, Mancini E, Manzini E, Marsh D R, Matthes S, Nagashima T, Newman P A, Nielsen J E, Pawson S,
Pitari G, Plummer D A, Rozanov E, Schraner M, Scinocca J F, Semeniuk K, Shepherd T G, Shibata K, Steil B, Stolarski
R S, Tian W, Yoshiki M
Middle atmosphere water vapour and dynamical features in aircraft measurements and ECMWF
analyses (08.1-25)
Feist D G, Geer A J, Müller S, Kämpfer N
An improved low-flow thermodenuder (08.1-26)
Fierz M, Vernooij M G C, Burtscher H
Dynamics of orographically triggered banded convection in sheared moist orographic flows
(08.1-27)
Fuhrer O, Schär C
A satellite- and model-based assessment of the 2003 Russian fires: Impact on the Arctic region
(08.1-28)
Generoso S, Bey I, Attie J L, Breon F M
GEM/POPs: a global 3-D dynamic model for semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants - Part 1:
Model description and evaluations of air concentrations (08.1-29)
Gong S L, Huang P, Zhao T L, Sahsuvar L, Barrie L A, Kaminski J W, Li Y F, Niu T
A global model study of ozone enhancement during the August 2003 heat wave in Europe (08.1-30)
Guerova G, Jones N
Velocity and temperature derivatives in high-Reynolds-number turbulent flows in the atmospheric
surface layer. Part 1. Facilities, methods and some general results (08.1-31)
Gulitski G, Kholmyansky M, Kinzelbach W, Lüthi B, Tsinober A, Yorish S
surface layer. Part 2. Accelerations and related matters (08.1-32)
surface layer. Part 3. Temperature and joint statistics of temperature and velocity derivatives
(08.1-33)
Comparison and synergy of stratospheric ozone measurements by satellite limb sounders and the
ground-based microwave radiometer SOMORA (08.1-34)
Hocke K, Kämpfer N, Ruffieux D, Froidevaux L, Parrish A, Boyd I, von Clarmann T, Steck T, Timofeyev Y M, Polyakov
A V, Kyrola E
Atmospheric predictability at synoptic versus cloud-resolving scales (08.1-35)
Hohenegger C, Schär C
Predictability and error growth dynamics in cloud-resolving models (08.1-36)
Upper-tropospheric flow features and the Alps: An overview (08.1-37)
Hoinka K P, Davies H C
GEM/POPs: a global 3-D dynamic model for semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants - Part 2:
Global transports and budgets of PCBs (08.1-38)
Huang P, Gong S L, Zhao T L, Neary L, Barrie L A
Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder Ozone by ozonesonde and lidar measurements
(08.1-39)
Jiang Y B, Froidevaux L, Lambert A, Livesey N J, Read W G, Waters J W, Bojkov B, Leblanc T, Mcdermid I S, Godin
Beekmann S, Filipiak M J, Harwood R S, Fuller R A, Daffer W H, Drouin B J, Cofield R E, Cuddy D T, Jarnot R F,
Knosp B W, Perun V S, Schwartz M J, Snyder W V, Stek P C, Thurstans R P, Wagner P A, Allaart M, Andersen S B,
Bodeker G E, Calpini B, Claude H, Coetzee G, Davies J, de Backer H, Dier H, Fujiwara M, Johnson B, Kelder H, Leme
N P, Koenig Langlo G, Kyro E, Laneve G, Fook L S, Merrill J, Morris G, Newchurch M, Oltmans S J, Parrondos M C,
Posny F, Schmidlin F, Skrivankova P, Stubi R, Tarasick D, Thompson A, Thouret V, Viatte P, Vomel H, von der Gathen
P, Yela M, Zablocki G
The impact of reducing the maximum speed limit on motorways in Switzerland to 80 km h(-1) on
emissions and peak ozone (08.1-40)
Keller J, Andreani Aksoyoglu S, Tinguely M, Flemming J, Heldstab J, Keller M, Zbinden R, Prevot A S H
7
8
The evolution of ERA-40 surface temperatures and total ozone compared to observed Swiss time
series (08.1-41)
Kunz H, Scherrer S C, Liniger M A, Appenzeller C
Global model simulations of the impact of ocean-going ships on aerosols, clouds, and the radiation
budget (08.1-42)
Lauer A, Eyring V, Hendricks J, Joeckel P, Lohmann U
Measurements of OVOCs and NMHCs in a swiss highway tunnel for estimation of road transport
emissions (08.1-43)
Legreid G, Reimann S, Steinbacher M, Stähelin J, Young D, Stemmler K
A photochemical modeling study of ozone and formaldehyde generation and budget in the Po basin
(08.1-44)
Liu L, Andreani Aksoyoglu S, Keller J, Ordonez C, Junkermann W, Hak C, Braathen G O, Reimann S, Astorga Llorens
C, Schultz M, Prevot A S H, Isaksen I S A
Cloud microphysics and aerosol indirect effects in the global climate model ECHAM5-HAM
(08.1-45)
Lohmann U, Stier P, Hoose C, Ferrachat S, Kloster S, Röckner E, Zhang J
A thermophoretic precipitator for the representative collection of atmospheric ultrafine particles
for microscopic analysis (08.1-46)
Lorenzo R, Kägi R, Gehrig R, Scherrer L, Grobety B, Burtscher H
Evidence for a modest undercount bias in early historical Atlantic tropical cyclone counts (08.1-47)
Mann M E, Sabbatelli T A, Neu U
Efficiency of immersion mode ice nucleation on surrogates of mineral dust (08.1-48)
Marcolli C, Gedamke S, Peter T, Zobrist B
Aerosol scattering as a function of altitude in a coastal environment (08.1-49)
Marshall J, Lohmann U, Leaitch W R, Lehr P, Hayden K
Breaking waves at the tropopause in the wintertime Northern Hemisphere: Climatological analyses
of the orientation and the theoretical LC1/2 classification (08.1-50)
Martius O, Schwierz C, Davies H C
Comparison between backscatter lidar and radiosonde measurements of the diurnal and nocturnal
stratification in the lower troposphere (08.1-51)
Martucci G, Matthey R, Mitev V, Richner H
Counterflow virtual impact or based collection of small ice particles in mixed-phase clouds for the
physico-chemical characterization of tropospheric ice nuclei : Sampler description and first case
study (08.1-52)
Mertes S, Verheggen B, Walter S, Connolly P, Ebert M, Schneider J, Bower K N, Cozic J, Weinbruch S, Baltensperger
U, Weingartner E
A one-dimensional ensemble forecast and assimilation system for fog prediction (08.1-53)
Müller M D, Schmutz C, Parlow E
Ozone air pollution effects on tree-ring growth, delta C-13, visible foliar injury and leaf gas exchange
in three ozone-sensitive woody plant species (08.1-54)
Novak K, Cherubini P, Saurer M, Fuhrer J, Skelly J M, Kräuchi N, Schaub M
Perturbation of the European free troposphere aerosol by North American forest fire plumes during
the ICARTT-ITOP experiment in summer 2004 (08.1-55)
Petzold A, Weinzierl B, Huntrieser H, Stohl A, Real E, Cozic J, Fiebig M, Hendricks J, Lauer A, Law K, Roiger A,
Schlager H, Weingartner E
Long-term variability of daily North Atlantic-European pressure patterns since 1850 classified by
simulated annealing clustering (08.1-56)
Philipp A, Della Marta P M, Jacobeit J, Fereday D R, Jones P D, Moberg A, Wanner H
Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth over central Europe from MSG- SEVIRI data and accuracy
assessment with ground-based AERONET measurements (08.1-57)
Popp C, Hauser A, Foppa N, Wunderle S
Hydrological aspects of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme: Findings from field experiments and
simulations (08.1-58)
Ranzi R, Zappa M, Bacchi B
Ice nucleation of ammonia gas exposed montmorillonite mineral dust particles (08.1-59)
Salam A, Lohmann U, Lesins G
A trajectory-based estimate of the tropospheric ozone column using the residual method (08.1-60)
Schoeberl M R, Ziemke J R, Bojkov B, Livesey N J, Duncan B, Strahan S, Froidevaux L, Kulawik S, Bhartia P K,
Chandra S, Levelt P F, Witte J C, Thompson A M, Cuevas E, Redondas A, Tarasick D W, Davies J, Bodeker G E, Hansen
G, Johnson B J, Oltmans S J, Voemel H, Allaart M, Kelder H, Newchurch M, Godin Beekmann S, Ancellet G, Claude
H, Andersen S B, Kyroe E, Parrondos M C, Yela M, Zablocki G, Moore D, Dier H, von der Gathen P, Viatte P, Stuebi
R, Calpini B, Skrivankova P, Dorokhov V, de Backer H, Schmidlin F J, Coetzee G, Fujiwara M, Thouret V, Posny F,
Morris G, Merrill J, Leong C P, König Langlo G, Joseph E
The impact of NOx, CO and VOC emissions on the air quality of Zürich airport (08.1-61)
Schürmann G, Schäfer K, Jahn C, Hoffman H, Bauerfeind M, Fleuti E, Rappenglück B
Dewpoint and humidity measurements and trends at the summit of Mount Washington, New
Hampshire, 1935-2004 (08.1-62)
Seidel T M, Grant A N, Pszenny A A P, Allman D J
Assessment of the performance of ECC-ozonesondes under quasi-flight conditions in the environmental simulation chamber: Insights from the Juelich Ozone Sonde Intercomparison Experiment
(JOSIE) (08.1-63)
Smit H G J, Straeter W, Johnson B J, Oltmans S J, Davies J, Tarasick D W, Hoegger B, Stubi R, Schmidlin F J, Northam
T, Thompson A M, Witte J C, Boyd I, Posny F
Modelling heavy metal fluxes from traffic into the environment (08.1-64)
Steiner M, Boller M, Schulz T, Pronk W
Ultrafine (aerosol) particles and their agglomerate and aggregate - revised international measuring
convention (08.1-65)
Steinle P
Light induced conversion of nitrogen dioxide into nitrous acid on submicron humic acid aerosol
(08.1-66)
Stemmler K, Ndour M, Elshorbany Y, Kleffmann J, Danna B, George C, Bohn B, Ammann M
Impact of scale and aggregation on the terrestrial water exchange: Integrating land surface models
and Rhone catchment observations (08.1-67)
Stöckli R, Vidale P L, Boone A, Schär C
9
10
Direct assessment of international consistency of standards for ground-level ozone: strategy and
implementation toward metrological traceability network in Asia (08.1-68)
Tanimoto H, Mukai H, Sawa Y, Matsueda H, Yonemura S, Wang T, Poon S, Wong A, Lee G, Jung J Y, Kim K R, Lee
M H, Lin N H, Wang J L, Ou Yang C F, Wu C F, Akimoto H, Pochanart P, Tsuboi K, Doi H, Zellwegern C,
Klausenn J
The influence of a weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation on ENSO (08.1-69)
Timmermann A, Okumura Y, An S I, Clement A, Dong B, Guilyardi E, Hu A, Jungclaus J H, Renold M, Stocker T F,
Stouffer R J, Sutton R, Xie S P, Yin J
Aerosols in polar regions: A historical overview based on optical depth and in situ observations
(08.1-70)
Tomasi C, Vitale V, Lupi A, Di Carmine C, Campanelli M, Herber A, Treffeisen R, Stone R S, Andrews E, Sharma S,
Radionov V, von Hoyningen Huene W, Stebel K, Hansen G H, Myhre C L, Wehrli C, Aaltonen V, Lihavainen H,
Virkkula A, Hillamo R, Stroem J, Toledano C, Cachorro V E, Ortiz P, de Frutos A M, Blindheim S, Frioud M, Gausa
M, Zielinski T, Petelski T, Yamanouchi T
Aerosol partitioning between the interstitial and the condensed phase in mixed-phase clouds
(08.1-71)
Verheggen B, Cozic J, Weingartner E, Bower K, Mertes S, Connolly P, Gallagher M W, Flynn M, Choularton T,
Baltensperger U
Alpha-Pinene oxidation in the presence of seed aerosol: Estimates of nucleation rates, growth rates,
and yield (08.1-72)
Verheggen B, Mozurkewich M, Caffrey P, Frick G, Hoppel W, Sullivan W
Dobson total ozone series of Oxford: Reevaluation and applications (08.1-73)
Vogler C, Brönnimann S, Stähelin J, Griffin R E M
Road vehicle emissions of molecular hydrogen (H-2) from a tunnel study (08.1-74)
Vollmer M K, Jürgens N, Steinbacher M, Reimann S, Weilenmann M, Buchmann B
The effect of mountainous topography on moisture exchange between the “surface” and the free
atmosphere (08.1-75)
Weigel A P, Chow F K, Rotach M W
Source apportionment of PM2.5 and selected hazardous air pollutants in Seattle (08.1-76)
Wu C F, Larson T V, Wu S Y, Williamson J, Westberg H H, Liu L J S
Gas temperature measurement in thermal radiating environments using a suction thermocouple
apparatus (08.1-77)
Z’graggen A, Friess H, Steinfeld A
Air quality modelling over Bogota, Colombia: Combined techniques to estimate and evaluate emission inventories (08.1-78)
Zarate E, Belalcazar L C, Clappier A, Manzi V, van den Bergh H
Ubiquity and dominance of oxygenated species in organic aerosols in anthropogenically-influenced
Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes (08.1-79)
Zhang Q, Jimenez J L, Canagaratna M R, Allan J D, Coe H, Ulbrich I, Alfarra M R, Takami A, Middlebrook A
67
M, Sun Y L, Dzepina K, Dunlea E, Docherty K, Decarlo P F, Salcedo D, Onasch T, Jayne J T, Miyoshi T, Shimono
A, Hatakeyama S, Takegawa N, Kondo Y, Schneider J, Drewnick F, Borrmann S, Weimer S, Demerjian K L, Williams
P, Bower K, Bahreini R, Cottrell L, Griffin R J, Rautiainen J, Sun J Y, Zhang Y M, Worsnop D R
11
1.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems
67
The Swiss agri-environment scheme enhances pollinator diversity and plant reproductive
success in nearby intensively managed farmland (08.1-80)
Albrecht M, Duelli P, Müller C, Kleijn D, Schmid B
Interaction diversity within quantified insect food webs in restored and adjacent intensively managed meadows (08.1-81)
Albrecht M, Duelli P, Schmid B, Müller C B
Sustaining agricultural production and food security in Southern Africa: an improved role for climate prediction? (08.1-82)
Archer E, Mukhala E, Walker S, Dilley M, Masamvu K
Importance of ecological compensation areas for small mammals in intensively farmed areas
(08.1-83)
Aschwanden J, Holzgang O, Jenni L
Effects of agri-environmental measures, site and landscape conditions on butterfly diversity of Swiss
grassland (08.1-84)
Aviron S, Jeanneret P, Schüpbach B, Herzog F
Conservation of butterfly populations in dynamic landscapes: The role of farming practices and
landscape mosaic (08.1-85)
Aviron S, Kindlmann P, Burel F
Nitrogen deposition but not ozone affects productivity and community composition of subalpine
grassland after 3 yr of treatment (08.1-86)
Bassin S, Volk M, Suter M, Buchmann N, Fuhrer J
Volcanic explosive eruptions of the Vesuvio decrease tree-ring growth but not photosynthetic rates
in the surrounding forests (08.1-87)
Battipaglia G, Cherubini P, Saurer M, Siegwolf R T W, Strumia S, Cotrufo M F
Intensified grazing affects endemic plant and gastropod diversity in alpine grasslands of the
Southern Carpathian mountains (Romania) (08.1-88)
Baur B, Cremene C, Groza C, Schileyko A A, Baur A, Erhardt A
Effect of rock climbing on the calcicolous lichen community of limestone cliffs in the northern
Swiss Jura Mountains (08.1-89)
Baur B, Froeberg L, Müller S W
Evaluating macrolichens and environmental variables as predictors of the diversity of epiphytic
microlichens (08.1-90)
Bergamini A, Stofer S, Bolliger J, Scheidegger C
Which species will succesfully track climate change? The influence of intraspecific competition and
density dependent dispersal on range shifting dynamics (08.1-91)
Best A S, Johst K, Münkemüller T, Travis J M J
Drought induces lagged tree mortality in a subalpine forest in the Rocky Mountains (08.1-92)
Bigler C, Gavin D G, Gunning C, Veblen T T
Conservation of high-altitude wetlands: 368 experiences of the WWF network (08.1-93)
Biksham G
12
Restoration of montane fen meadows by mowing remains possible after 4-35 years of abandonment
(08.1-94)
Billeter R, Peintinger M, Diemer M
Dynamics in debris-flow activity on a forested cone - A case study using different dendroecological
approaches (08.1-95)
Bollschweiler M, Stoffel M, Schneuwly D M
Methanol exchange between grassland and the atmosphere (08.1-96)
Brunner A, Ammann C, Neftel A, Spirig C
A standardized procedure for surveillance and monitoring European habitats and provision of spatial data (08.1-97)
Bunce R G H, Metzger M J, Jongman R H G, Brandt J, de Blust G, Elena Rossello R, Groom G B, Halada L, Hofer G,
Howard D C, Kovar P, Mucher C A, Padoa Schioppa E, Paelinx D, Palo A, Perez Soba M, Ramos I L, Roche P, Skanes
H, Wrbka T
Three objectives of historical ecology: the case of litter collecting in Central European forests
(08.1-98)
Bürgi M, Gimmi U
Response to ozone of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings under competition, in an open-top chamber
experiment. A chlorophyll fluorescence analysis (08.1-99)
Bussotti F, Cascio C, Strasser R
Comparative typology in six european low-intensity systems of grassland management (08.1-100)
Caballero R, Riseth J A, Labba N, Tyran E, Musial W, Motik E, Boltshauser A, Hofstetter P, Gueydon A, Roeder N,
Hoffmann H, Moreira M B, Coelho Inockdo S, Brito O, Gil A
Identification of priority areas for plant conservation in Madagascar using Red List criteria: rare and
threatened Pandanaceae indicate sites in need of protection (08.1-101)
Callmander M W, Schatz G E, Lowry P P Ii, Laivao M O, Raharimampionona J, Andriambololonera S, Raminosoa
T, Consiglio T K
Heavy metal contamination in the semiarid area of Cartagena-La Union (SE Spain) and its implications for revegetation (08.1-102)
Conesa H M, Faz A, Garcia G, Arnaldos R
Dynamics of metal tolerant plant communities’ development in mine tailings from the CartagenaLa Union Mining District (SE Spain) and their interest for further revegetation purposes (08.1-103)
Conesa H M, Garcia G, Faz A, Arnaldos R
Water-use strategies in two co-occurring Mediterranean evergreen oaks: surviving the summer
drought (08.1-104)
David T S, Henriques M O, Kurz Besson C, Nunes J, Valente F, Vaz M, Pereira J S, Siegwolf R, Chaves M M, Gazarini
L C, David J S
Impact of Swiss agricultural policies on nitrate leaching from arable land (08.1-105)
Decrem M, Spiess E, Richner W, Herzog F
Competition between Lythrum salicaria and a rare species: combining evidence from experiments
and long-term monitoring (08.1-106)
Denoth M, Myers J H
Effects of landscape structure and land-use intensity on similarity of plant and animal communities
(08.1-107)
Dormann C F, Schweiger O, Augenstein I, Bailey D, Billeter R, de Blust G, Defilippi R, Frenzel M, Hendrickx F,
Herzog F, Klotz S, Liira J, Maelfait J P, Schmidt T, Speelmans M, van Wingerden W K R E, Zobel M
Weak and variable relationships between environmental severity and small-scale co-occurrence in
alpine plant communities (08.1-108)
Dullinger S, Kleinbauer I, Pauli H, Gottfried M, Brooker R, Nagy L, Theurillat J P, Holten J I, Abdaladze O, Benito J
L, Borel J L, Coldea G, Ghosn D, Kanka R, Merzouki A, Klettner C, Moiseev P, Molau U, Reiter K, Rossi G, Stanisci A,
Tomaselli M, Unterlugauer P, Vittoz P, Grabherr G
Minor changes in soil organic carbon and charcoal concentrations detected in a temperate deciduous forest a year after an experimental slash-and-burn (08.1-109)
Eckmeier E, Gerlach R, Skjemstad J O, Ehrmann O, Schmidt M W I
Conversion of biomass to charcoal and the carbon mass balance from a slash-and-burn experiment
in a temperate deciduous forest (08.1-110)
Eckmeier E, Rosch M, Ehrmann O, Schmidt M W I, Schier W, Gerlach R
Simulating future changes in Arctic and subarctic vegetation (08.1-111)
Epstein H E, Yu Qin, Kaplan J O, Lischke H
Response of soil microbial biomass and community structures to conventional and organic farming
systems under identical crop rotations (08.1-112)
Esperschuetz J, Gattinger A, Mäder P, Schloter M, Fliessbach A
Methodical study of nitrous oxide eddy covariance measurements using quantum cascade laser
spectrometery over a Swiss forest (08.1-113)
Eugster W, Zeyer K, Zeeman M, Michna P, Zingg A, Buchmann N, Emmenegger L
Improving predictive mapping in Swiss mire ecosystems through re- calibration of indicator values
(08.1-114)
Feldmeyer C E, Ecker K, Kuechler M, Graf U, Waser L
Effects of an extended drought period on grasslands at various altitudes in Switzerland (08.1-115)
Feller U, Signarbieux C
Secondary succession and loss in plant diversity following a grazing decrease in a wooded pasture
of the central Swiss Alps (08.1-116)
Frelechoux F, Meisser M, Gillet F
Changes of photosynthetic traits in beech saplings (Fagus sylvatica) under severe drought stress and
during recovery (08.1-117)
Galle A, Feller U
Stochastic gene expression in switching environments (08.1-118)
Gander M J, Mazza C, Rummler H
Natural forest regrowth as a proxy variable for agricultural land abandonment in the Swiss mountains: a spatial statistical model based on geophysical and socio-economic variables (08.1-119)
Gellrich M, Baur P, Zimmermann N E
Challenges to the uptake of the ecosystem service rationale for conservation (08.1-120)
Ghazoul J
What you see is where you go? Modeling dispersal in mountainous landscapes (08.1-121)
Graf R F, Kramer Schadt S, Fernandez N, Grimm V
13
14
A predictive model of the density of airborne insects in agricultural environments (08.1-122)
Grübler M U, Morand M, Naef Dänzer B
Measured microwave radiative transfer properties of a deciduous forest canopy (08.1-123)
Guglielmetti M, Schwank M, Mätzler C, Oberdoerster C, Vanderborght J, Flühler H
What matters for predicting the occurrences of trees: Techniques, data, or species’ characteristics?
(08.1-124)
Guisan A, Zimmermann N E, Elith J, Graham C H, Phillips S, Peterson A T
Temporal changes in grazing intensity and herbage quality within a Swiss fen meadow (08.1-125)
Güsewell S, Pohl M, Gander A, Strehler C
Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: reconciling the results of experimental and observational
studies (08.1-126)
Hector A, Joshi J, Scherer Lorenzen M, Schmid B, Spehn E M, Wacker L, Weilenmann M, Bazeley White E,
Beierkuhnlein C, Caldeira M C, Dimitrakopoulos P G, Finn J A, Huss Danell K, Jumpponen A, Leadley P W, Loreau
M, Mulder C P H, Nesshoever C, Palmborg C, Read D J, Siamantziouras A S D, Terry A C, Troumbis A Y
The generality of habitat suitability models: A practical test with two insect groups (08.1-127)
Hein S, Binzenhöfer B, Poethke H J, Biedermann R, Settele J, Schroeder B
Fragmented environment affects birch leaf endophytes (08.1-128)
Helander M, Ahlholm J, Sieber T N, Hinneri S, Saikkonen K
Host-parasitoid spatial dynamics in heterogeneous landscapes (08.1-129)
Hirzel A H, Nisbet R M, Murdoch W W
Mating patterns and contemporary gene flow by pollen in a large continuous and a small isolated
population of the scattered forest tree Sorbus torminalis (08.1-130)
Hoebee S E, Arnold U, Düggelin C, Gugerli F, Brodbeck S, Rotach P, Holderegger R
Time series of landscape fragmentation caused by transportation infrastructure and urban development: a case study from Baden- Wurttemberg, Germany (08.1-131)
Jäger J, Schwarz von Raumer H G , Esswein H, Müller M, Schmidt Lüttman M
Rapid mixing between old and new C pools in the canopy of mature forest trees (08.1-132)
Keel S G, Siegwolf R T W, Jäggi M, Körner C
Identifying the early genetic consequences of habitat degradation in a highly threatened tropical
conifer, Araucaria nemorosa Laubenfels (08.1-133)
Kettle C J, Hollingsworth P M, Jaffre T, Moran B, Ennos R A
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis can counterbalance the negative influence of the exotic tree species Eucalyptus camaldulensis on the structure and functioning of soil microbial communities in a
sahelian soil (08.1-134)
Kisa M, Sanon A, Thioulouse J, Assigbetse K, Sylla S, Spichiger R, Dieng L, Berthelin J, Prin Y, Galiana A, Lepage M,
Duponnois R
Response of net ecosystem productivity of three boreal forest stands to drought (vol 9, pg 1128, 2006)
(08.1-135)
Kljun N, Black T A, Griffis T J, Barr A G, Gaumont Guay D, Morgenstern K, Mccaughey J H, Nesic Z
Assessment of land use impacts on the natural environment - Part 2: Generic characterization factors for local species diversity in central Europe (08.1-136)
Köllner T, Scholz R W
The use of ‘altitude’ in ecological research (08.1-137)
Körner C
Creative use of mountain biodiversity databases: The Kazbegi research agenda of GMBA-DIVERSITAS
(08.1-138)
Körner C, Donoghue M, Fabbro T, Hauser C, Nogues Bravo D, Kalin Arroyo M T, Soberon J, Speers L, Spehn E M,
Sun H, Tribsch A, Tykarski P, Zbinden N
Mobility of black carbon in drained peatland soils (08.1-139)
Leifeld J, Fenner S, Müller M
Tree species diversity affects canopy leaf temperatures in a mature temperate forest (08.1-140)
Leuzinger S, Körner C
Water savings in mature deciduous forest trees under elevated CO2 (08.1-141)
Anchorage of mature conifers: Resistive turning moment, root-soil plate geometry and root growth
orientation (08.1-142)
Lundstroem T, Jonas T, Stöckli V, Ammann W
Wheat quality in organic and conventional farming: results of a 21 year field experiment (08.1-143)
Mäder P, Hahn D, Dubois D, Gunst L, Alföldi T, Bergmann H, Oehme M, Amado R, Schneider H, Graf U, Velimirov
A, Fliebbach A, Niggli U
No difference in competitive ability between invasive North American and native European
Lepidium draba populations (08.1-144)
Mckenney J L, Cripps M G, Price W J, Hinz H L, Schwarzlaender M
Effects of heavy metal soil pollution and acid rain on growth and water use efficiency of a young
model forest ecosystem (08.1-145)
Menon M, Hermle S, Günthardt Goerg M S, Schulin R
Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in birds of prey from
Switzerland (08.1-146)
Naert C, van Peteghem C, Kupper J, Jenni L, Nägeli H
Effects of experimental lead pollution on the microbial communities associated with Sphagnum
fallax (Bryophyta) (08.1-147)
Nguyen Viet H, Gilbert D, Mitchell E A D, Badot P M, Bernard N
High specificity but contrasting biodiversity of Sphagnum-associated bacterial and plant communities in bog ecosystems independent of the geographical region (08.1-148)
Opelt K, Berg C, Schönmann S, Eberl L, Berg G
Degradation of an arid coastal landscape in relation to land use changes in Southern Tenerife
(Canary Islands) (08.1-149)
Otto R, Krüsi B O, Kienast F
Probing the responses of barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.) by chlorophyll a fluorescence OLKJIP
under drought stress and re- watering (08.1-150)
Oukarroum A, El Madidi S, Schansker G, Strasser R J
Integrating environmental and economic performance to assess modern silvoarable agroforestry in
Europe (08.1-151)
Palma J, Graves A R, Burgess P J, van der Werf W, Herzog F
15
16
The odd man out? Might climate explain the lower tree alpha-diversity of African rain forests relative to Amazonian rain forests? (08.1-152)
Parmentier I, Malhi Y, Senterre B, Whittaker R J, Alonso A, Balinga M P B, Bakayoko A, Bongers F, Chatelain C,
Comiskey J A, Cortay R, Kamdem M N D, Doucet J L, Gautier L, Hawthorne W D, Issembe Y A, Kouame F N, Kouka
L A, Leal M E, Lejoly J, Lewis S L, Nusbaumer L, Parren M P E, Peh K S H, Phillips O L, Sheil D, Sonke B, Sosef M S
M, Sunderland T C H, Stropp J, Ter Steege H, Swaine M D, Tchouto M G P, van Gemerden Barend S, van Valkenburg
J L C H, Wöll H
Are the living collections of the world’s botanical gardens following species-richness patterns
observed in natural ecosystems? (08.1-153)
Pautasso M, Parmentier I
Common species determine richness patterns in biodiversity indicator taxa (08.1-154)
Pearman P B, Weber D
Earthworm populations in two low-input cereal farming systems (08.1-155)
Pfiffner L, Luka H
Combining probabilistic land-use change and tree population dynamics modelling to simulate
responses in mountain forests (08.1-156)
Rickebusch S, Gellrich M, Lischke H, Guisan A, Zimmermann N E
Understanding the low-temperature limitations to forest growth through calibration of a forest
dynamics model with tree-ring data (08.1-157)
Rickebusch S, Lischke H, Bugmann H, Guisan A, Zimmermann N E
Effects of grazing and soil micro-climate on decomposition rates in a spatio-temporally heterogeneous grassland (08.1-158)
Risch A C, Jurgensen M F, Frank D A
Natural avalanche disturbance shapes plant diversity and species composition in subalpine forest
belt (08.1-159)
Rixen C, Haag S, Kulakowski D, Bebi P
The Rauischholzhausen agenda for road ecology (08.1-160)
Roedenbeck I A, Fahrig L, Findlay C S, Houlahan J E, Jäger J, Klar N, Kramer Schadt S, van der Grift E A
Detecting the role of individual species for overyielding in experimental grassland communities
composed of potentially dominant species (08.1-161)
Roscher C, Schumacher J, Weisser W W, Schmid B, Schulze E D
A Bayesian state-space formulation of dynamic occupancy models (08.1-162)
Royle J A, Kery M
Microsatellite diversity of the agriculturally important alpine grass Poa alpina in relation to land
use and natural environment (08.1-163)
Rudmann Maurer K, Weyand A, Fischer M, Stöcklin J
Recent decline in precipitation and tree growth in the eastern Mediterranean (08.1-164)
Sarris D, Christodoulakis D, Körner C
Modeling the forest transition: Forest scarcity and ecosystem service hypotheses (08.1-165)
Satake A, Rudel T K
Ecological niche modelling of two cryptic bat species calls for a reassessment of their conservation
status (08.1-166)
Sattler T, Bontadina F, Hirzel A H, Arlettaz R
Use of integrated modeling to enhance estimates of population dynamics obtained from limited
data (08.1-167)
Schaub M, Gimenez O, Sierro A, Arlettaz R
Tree species richness affects litter production and decomposition rates in a tropical biodiversity
experiment (08.1-168)
Scherer Lorenzen M, Bonilla J L, Potvin C
Exploring the functional significance of forest diversity: A new long-term experiment with temperate tree species (BIOTREE) (08.1-169)
Scherer Lorenzen M, Schulze E D, Don A, Schumacher J, Weller E
Patterns of variation of a common fern (Athyrium filix-femina; Woodsiaceae): Population structure
along and between altitudinal gradients (08.1-170)
Schneller J, Liebst B
Examining native and exotic species diversity in European riparian forests (08.1-171)
Schnitzler A, Hale B W, Alsum E M
Speciation reversal and biodiversity dynamics with hybridization in changing environments
(08.1-172)
Seehausen O, Takimoto G, Roy D, Jokela J
Altitudinal and horizontal shifts of the upper boundaries of open and closed forests in the Polar
Urals in the 20th century (08.1-173)
Shiyatov S G, Terentev M M, Fomin V V, Zimmermann N E
Temperate grasslands and global atmospheric change: a review (08.1-174)
Soussana J F, Lüscher A
Conservation of grasshopper diversity in a changing environment (08.1-175)
Steck C E, Bürgi M, Bolliger J, Kienast F, Lehmann A, Gonseth Y
Hotspots and richness pattern of grasshopper species in cultural landscapes (08.1-176)
Steck C E, Bürgi M, Coch T, Duelli P
Floral free fall in the Swiss lowlands: environmental determinants of local plant extinction in a
peri-urban landscape (08.1-177)
Stehlik I, Caspersen J P, Wirth L, Holderegger R
Cooccurring Gentiana verna and Gentiana acaulis and their neighboring plants in two swiss upper
montane meadows harbor distinct arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities (08.1-178)
Sykorova Z, Wiemken A, Redecker D
An improved canopy integration scheme for a land surface model with prognostic canopy structure
(08.1-179)
Thornton P E, Zimmermann N E
Fitness-related parameters improve presence-only distribution modelling for conservation practice:
The case of the red-backed shrike (08.1-180)
Titeux N, Dufrene M, Radoux J, Hirzel A H, Defourny P
17
18
Response of Pinus leucodermis to climate and anthropogenic activity in the National Park of Pollino
(Basilicata, Southern Italy) (08.1-181)
Todaro L, Andreu L, D’alessandro C M, Gutirrez E, Cherubinic P, Saracino A
Regional assessment of climate change impacts on maize productivity and associated production
risk in Switzerland (08.1-182)
Torriani D S, Calanca P, Lips M, Ammann H, Beniston M, Fuhrer J
Potential effects of changes in mean climate and climate variability on the yield of winter and
spring crops in Switzerland (08.1-183)
Torriani D S, Calanca P, Schmid S, Beniston M, Fuhrer J
Effect of supplementation of fresh and ensiled clovers to ryegrass on nitrogen loss and methane
emission of dairy cows (08.1-184)
van Dorland H A, Wettstein H R, Leuenberger H, Kreuzer M
Invasion biology and conservation biology: time to join forces to explore the links between species
traits and extinction risk and invasiveness (08.1-185)
van Kleunen M, Richardson D M
How patch configuration affects the impact of disturbances on metapopulation persistence
(08.1-186)
Vuilleumier S, Wilcox C, Cairns B J, Possingham H P
Prediction of lichen diversity in an UNESCO biosphere reserve - correlation of high resolution
remote sensing data with field samples (08.1-187)
Waser L T, Küchler M, Schwarz M, Ivits E, Stofer S, Scheidegger C
Radial growth responses to drought of Pinus sylvestris and Quercus pubescens in an inner-Alpine
dry valley (08.1-188)
Weber P, Bugmann H, Rigling A
Landscape-level gene flow in Lobaria pulmonaria, an epiphytic lichen (08.1-189)
Werth S, Gugerli F, Holderegger R, Wagner H H, Csencsics D, Scheidegger C
Rhizodeposition of C and N in peas and oats after C-13-N-15 double labelling under field conditions
(08.1-190)
Wichern F, Mayer J, Jörgensen R G, Müller T
Genetic rescue persists beyond first-generation outbreeding in small populations of a rare plant
(08.1-191)
Willi Y, van Kleunen M, Dietrich S, Fischer M
Vegetation effects on pedogenetic forms of Fe, Al and Si and on clay minerals in soils in southern
Switzerland and northern Italy (08.1-192)
Zanelli R, Egli M, Mirabella A, Giaccai D, Abdelmoula M
Importance of dispersal for the expansion of a Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx population in a fragmented
landscape (08.1-193)
Zimmermann F, Breitenmoser Wursten C, Breitenmoser U
Remote sensing-based predictors improve distribution models of rare, early successional and broadleaf tree species in Utah (08.1-194)
Zimmermann N E, Edwards T C, Moisen G G, Frescino T S, Blackard J A
19
Stomatal regulation by microclimate and tree water relations: interpreting ecophysiological field
data with a hydraulic plant model (08.1-195)
Zweifel R, Steppe K, Sterck F J
1.3 Soil and Litosphere
113
Quantification of soil erosion rates related to ancient Maya deforestation (08.1-196)
Anselmetti F S, Hodell D A, Ariztegui D, Brenner M, Rosenmeier M F
Soil biogeochemical processes within the Critical Zone (08.1-197)
Chorover J, Kretzschmar R, Garcia Pichel F, Sparks D L
Scale-dependent relationships between soil organic carbon and urease activity (08.1-198)
Corstanje R, Schulin R, Lark R M
Effect of climate and vegetation on soil organic carbon, humus fractions, allophanes, imogolite,
kaolinite, and oxyhydroxides in volcanic soils of Etna (Sicily) (08.1-199)
Egli M, Alioth L, Mirabella A, Raimondi S, Nater M, Verel R
Soil moisture - Atmosphere interactions during the 2003 European summer heat wave (08.1-200)
Fischer E M, Seneviratne S I, Vidale P L, Lüthi D, Schär C
Numerical modelling of the hydrogeological and geomechanical behaviour of a large slope movement: the Triesenberg landslide (Liechtenstein) (08.1-201)
Francois B, Tacher L, Bonnard Ch, Laloui L, Triguero V
Formation of hydrozincite, Zn layered double hydroxide and Zn phyllosilicates in contaminated
calcareous soils (08.1-202)
Jacquat O, Vögelin A, Kretzschmar R
The impact of Fe isotope fractionation by plants on the isotopic signature of soils (08.1-203)
Kiczka M, Wiederhold J G, Krämer S M, Bourdon B, Kretzschmar R
Sulphur behaviour in forest soils near the largest SO2 emitter in northern Europe (08.1-204)
Koptsik G, Alewell C
Evidence for in situ degradation of mono-and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in alluvial sediments
based on microcosm experiments with C-13-labeled contaminants (08.1-205)
Morasch B, Höhener P, Hunkeler D
Acidification and recovery of soil at a heavily impacted forest catchment (Lysina, Czech Republic) SAFE modeling and field results (08.1-206)
Navratil T, Kurz D, Kram P, Hofmeister J, Hruska J
Elucidating differences in the sorption properties of 10 humic and fulvic acids for polar and nonpolar organic chemicals (08.1-207)
Niederer C, Schwarzenbach R P, Goss K U
Bioavailability of pollutants and soil remediation (08.1-208)
Ortega Calvo J J, Ball W P, Schulin R, Semple K T, Wick L Y
New method for in situ characterization of loose material for landslide mapping purpose
(08.1-209)
Pantet A, Parriaux A, Thelin P
20
Poplar for the phytomanagement of boron contaminated sites (08.1-210)
Robinson B H, Green S R, Chancerel B, Mills T M, Clothier B E
Changes in the macro-pore structure of restored soil caused by compaction beneath heavy agricultural machinery: a morphometric study (08.1-211)
Schäffer B, Stauber M, Müller R, Schulin R
Reducing phosphorus losses from over-fertilized grassland soils proves difficult in the short term
(08.1-212)
Schärer M, Stamm C, Vollmer T, Frossard E, Oberson A, Flühler H, Sinaj S
Heavy metal contamination along a soil transect in the vicinity of the iron smelter of Kremikovtzi
(Bulgaria) (08.1-213)
Schulin R, Curchod F, Mondeshka M, Daskalova A, Keller A
Slip rates variability and sediment mobilization on a shallow landslide in the northern Swiss Alps
(08.1-214)
Schwab M, Läderach C, Rieke Zapp D, Schlunegger F
Dry-end surface soil moisture variability during NAFE’06 (08.1-215)
Teuling A J, Uijlenhoet R, Hurkmans R, Merlin O, Panciera R, Walker J P, Troch P A
Dynamics of soil organic matter turnover and soil respired CO2 in a temperate grassland labelled
with C-13 (08.1-216)
Theis D E, Jäggi M, Aeschlimann D, Blum H, Frossard E, Siegwolf R T W
Methanotrophic activity in a diffusive methane/oxygen counter- gradient in an unsaturated porous
medium (08.1-217)
Urmann K, Norina E S, Schroth M H, Zeyer J
Release of C and N from roots of peas and oats and their availability to soil microorganisms
(08.1-218)
Wichern F, Mayer J, Joergensen R G, Müller T
Coupled mobilization of dissolved organic matter and metals (Cu and Zn) in soil columns
(08.1-219)
Zhao L Y L, Schulin R, Weng L, Nowack B
1.4 Cryosphere
121
ADEOS-II/GLI snow/ice products - Part II: Validation results using GLI and MODIS data (08.1-220)
Aoki T, Hori M, Motoyoshi H, Tanikawa T, Hachikubo A, Sugiura K, Yasunari T J, Storvold R, Eide H A, Stamnes K,
Li W, Nieke J, Nakajima Y, Takahashi F
Current status of Andean glaciers (08.1-221)
Casassa G, Rivera A, Haeberli W, Jones G, Käser G, Ribstein P, Rivera A, Schneider C
Diurnal production of gaseous mercury in the alpine snowpack before snowmelt (08.1-222)
Fain X, Grangeon S, Bahlmann E, Fritsche J, Obrist D, Dommergue A, Ferrari C P, Cairns W, Ebinghaus R, Barbante
C, Cescon P, Boutron C
Validation of operational AVHRR subpixel snow retrievals over the European Alps based on ASTER
data (08.1-223)
Foppa N, Hauser A, Oesch D, Wunderle S, Meister R
21
An overview of snow photochemistry: evidence, mechanisms and impacts (08.1-224)
Grannas A M, Jones A E, Dibb J, Ammann M, Anastasio C, Beine H J, Bergin M, Bottenheim J, Boxe C S, Carver G,
Chen G, Crawford J H, Domine F, Frey M M, Guzman M I, Heard D E, Helmig D, Hoffmann M R, Honrath R E, Huey
L G, Hutterli M, Jacobi H W, Klan P, Lefer B, Mc Connell J, Plane J, Sander R, Savarino J, Shepson P B, Simpson W
R, Sodeau J R, von Glasow R, Weller R, Wolff E W, Zhu T
Snow avalanche hazard modelling of large areas using shallow water numerical methods and GIS
(08.1-225)
Gruber U, Bartelt P
Retreat scenarios of Unteraargletscher, Switzerland, using a combined ice-flow mass-balance model
(08.1-226)
Huss M, Sugiyama S, Bauder A, Funk M
Hazard assessment of potential periglacial debris flows based on GIS- based spatial modelling and
geophysical field surveys: A case study in the Swiss Alps (08.1-227)
Kneisel C, Rothenbühler C, Keller F, Haeberli W
Tracing glacier wastage in the Northern Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan/Central Asia) over the last 40 years
(08.1-228)
Niederer P, Bilenko V, Ershova N, Hurni H, Yerokhin S, Maselli D
Validation of the SNOWPACK model in five different snow zones in Finland (08.1-229)
Rasmus S, Gronholm T, Lehning M, Rasmus K, Kulmala M
Rockglacier activity studies on a regional scale: comparison of geomorphological mapping and photogrammetric monitoring (08.1-230)
Roer I, Nyenhuis M
Influence of different digital terrain models (DTMs)on alpine permafrost modeling (08.1-231)
Salzmann N, Gruber S, Hugentobler M, Hölzle M
Modeling the effect of snow and ice on the global environmental fate and long-range transport
potential of semivolatile organic compounds (08.1-232)
Stocker J, Scheringer M, Wegmann F, Hungerbühler K
Climate warming revealed by englacial temperatures at Col du Dome (4250 m, Mont Blanc area)
(08.1-233)
Vincent C, Le Meur E, Six D, Possenti P, Lefebvre E, Funk M
Introduction to special section: Permafrost and seasonally frozen ground under a changing climate
(08.1-234)
Zhang T, Nelson F E, Gruber S
1.5 Oceans and Fresh Water Systems
126
Impact of monsoonal rains on spatial scaling patterns in water chemistry of a semiarid river
network (08.1-235)
Acuna V, Dahm C N
The tracing of riverine U in Arctic seawater with very precise U-234 /U-238 measurements
(08.1-236)
Andersen M B, Stirling C H, Porcelli D, Halliday A N, Andersson P S, Baskaran M
22
Effects of Alpine hydropower dams on particle transport and lacustrine sedimentation (08.1-237)
Anselmetti F S, Bühler R, Finger D, Girardclos S, Lancini A, Rellstab C, Sturm M
Flood events overrule fertiliser effects on biomass production and species richness in riverine grasslands (08.1-238)
Beltman B, Willems J H, Güsewell S
Large-scale climatic signatures in lakes across Europe: a meta- analysis (08.1-239)
Blenckner T, Adrian R, Livingstone D M, Jennings E, Weyhenmeyer G A, George D G, Jankowski T, Jarvinen M,
Aonghusa Caitriona N, Noges T, Straile D, Teubner K
The ecology of European ponds: defining the characteristics of a neglected freshwater habitat
(08.1-240)
Cereghino R, Biggs J, Oertli B, Declerck S
Biodiversity and distribution patterns of freshwater invertebrates in farm ponds of a south-western
French agricultural landscape (08.1-241)
Cereghino R, Ruggiero A, Marty P, Angelibert S
The Mar Menor lagoon (SE Spain): A singular natural ecosystem threatened by human activities
(08.1-242)
Conesa H M, Jimenez Carceles F J
Earth Observation for wetland inventory, assessment and monitoring (08.1-243)
Davidson N C, Finlayson C M
Biodegradation and environmental behavior of biodiesel mixtures in the sea: An initial study
(08.1-244)
Demello J A, Carmichael C A, Peacock E E, Nelson R K, Arey J S, Reddy C M
Effect of water-table fluctuation on dissolution and biodegradation of a multi-component, light
nonaqueous-phase liquid (08.1-245)
Dobson R, Schroth M H, Zeyer J
Ecosystem expansion and contraction dynamics along a large Alpine alluvial corridor (Tagliamento
River, Northeast Italy) (08.1-246)
Doering M, Uehlinger U, Rotach A, Schlaepfer D R, Tockner K
Field evidence of a dynamic leakage coefficient for modelling river- aquifer interactions (08.1-247)
Doppler T, Franssen H J H, Kaiser H P, Kuhlman U, Stauffer F
The GLOWA Jordan river project: Integrated research for sustainable water management (08.1-248)
Drexler C, Tielbörger K
Hydropower production and river rehabilitation: A case study on an alpine river (08.1-249)
Fette M, Weber C, Peter A, Wehrli B
Effects of alpine hydropower operations on primary production in a downstream lake (08.1-250)
Finger D, Bossard P, Schmid M, Jaun L, Müller B, Steiner D, Schäffer E, Zeh M, Wüest A
Comparing effects of oligotrophication and upstream hydropower dams on plankton and productivity in perialpine lakes (08.1-251)
Finger D, Schmid M, Wüest A
Characterizing water circulation and contaminant transport in Lake Geneva using bacteriophage
tracer experiments and limnological methods (08.1-252)
Goldscheider N, Haller L, Pote J, Wildi W, Zopfi J
Bubble gas-exchange in an artificially aerated lake traced using noble gases (08.1-253)
Holzner C P, Graser N, Kipfer R
Accumulation of cyanobacterial toxins in freshwater “seafood” and its consequences for public
health: A review (08.1-254)
Ibelings B W, Chorus I
Effects of upstream hydropower operation and oligotrophication on the light regime of a turbid
peri-alpine lake (08.1-255)
Jaun L, Finger D, Zeh M, Schurter M, Wüest A
Decadal water mass variations along 20 degrees W in the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean (08.1-256)
Johnson G C, Gruber N
Relationships among recent Alpine Cladocera remains and their environment: Implications for climate-change studies (08.1-257)
Kamenik C, Szeroczynska K, Schmidt R
Implementation of a process-based catchment model in a poorly gauged, highly glacierized
Himalayan headwater (08.1-258)
Konz M, Uhlenbrook S, Braun L, Shrestha A, Demuth S
Effects of impoundment on nutrient availability and productivity in lakes (08.1-259)
Matzinger A, Pieters R, Ashley K I, Lawrence G A, Wüest A
Eutrophication: are mayflies (Ephemeroptera) good bioindicators for ponds? (08.1-260)
Menetrey N, Oertli B, Sartori M, Wagner A, Lachavanne J B
Inorganic carbon fixation by sulfate-reducing bacteria in the Black Sea water column (08.1-261)
Neretin L N, Abed R M M, Schippers A, Schubert C J, Kohls K, Kuypers M M M
Impacts of environmental change on water resources in the Mt. Kenya region (08.1-262)
Notter B, Macmillan L, Viviroli D, Weingartner R, Liniger H P
Influence of temperature and high acetate concentrations on methanogenensis in lake sediment
slurries (08.1-263)
Nozhevnikova A N, Nekrasova V, Ammann A, Zehnder A J B, Wehrli B, Holliger C
Macroinvertebrate assemblages in 25 high alpine ponds of the Swiss National Park (Cirque of
Macun) and relation to environmental variables (08.1-264)
Oertli B, Indermühle N, Angelibert S, Hinden H, Stoll A
Aquatic macroinvertebrate response along a gradient of lateral connectivity in river floodplain
channels (08.1-265)
Paillex A, Castella E, Carron G
Bipolar gene flow in deep-sea benthic foraminifera (08.1-266)
Pawlowski J, Fahrni J, Lecroq B, Longet D, Cornelius N, Excoffier L, Cedhagen T, Gooday A J
Earlier onset of the spring phytoplankton bloom in lakes of the temperate zone in a warmer climate
(08.1-267)
Peeters F, Straile D, Lorke A, Livingstone D M
23
24
Water level fluctuations and dynamics of amphibious plants at Lake Constance: Long-term study
and simulation (08.1-268)
Peintinger M, Prati D, Winkler E
Phytoplankton blooms in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: Interannual variability in magnitude, temporal
patterns, and composition (08.1-269)
Peloquin J A, Smith W O Jr
One-year survey of a single Micronesian reef reveals extraordinarily rich diversity of Symbiodinium
types in soritid foraminifera (08.1-270)
Pochon X, Garcia Cuetos L, Baker A C, Castella E, Pawlowski J
Continuous measurement of sediment transport in the Erlenbach stream using piezoelectric bedload impact sensors (08.1-271)
Rickenmann D, Mcardell B W
Cadmium isotope fractionation in seawater - A signature of biological activity (08.1-272)
Ripperger S, Rehkamper M, Porcelli D, Halliday A N
Density-dependent life history differences in a stream mayfly (Deleatidium) inhabiting permanent
and intermittent stream reaches (08.1-273)
Robinson C T, Buser T
Macroinvertebrate assemblages of a high elevation stream/lake network with an emphasis on the
Chironomidae (08.1-274)
Robinson C T, Hieber M, Wenzelides V, Lods Crozet B
Hydrological heterogeneity of an alpine stream-lake network in Switzerland (08.1-275)
Robinson C T, Matthaei S
Sources and sinks of methane in Lake Baikal: A synthesis of measurements and modeling
(08.1-276)
Schmid M, de Batist M, Granin N G, Kapitanov V A, Mcginnis D F, Mizandrontsev I B, Obzhirov A I, Wüest A
Towards a hydrological classification of European soils: preliminary test of its predictive power for
the base flow index using river discharge data (08.1-277)
Schneider M K, Brunner F, Hollis J M, Stamm C
Selecting scenarios to assess exposure of surface waters to veterinary medicines in Europe
(08.1-278)
Schneider M K, Stamm C, Fenner K
Assessing iron-mediated oxidation of toluene and reduction of nitroaromatic contaminants in
anoxic environments using compound- specific isotope analysis (08.1-279)
Tobler N B, Hofstetter T B, Schwarzenbach R P
Iron-mediated microbial oxidation and abiotic reduction of organic contaminants under anoxic
conditions (08.1-280)
Tobler N B, Hofstetter T B, Straub K L, Fontana D, Schwarzenbach R P
Probabilistic flood forecasting with a limited-area ensemble prediction system: Selected case studies
(08.1-281)
Verbunt M, Walser A, Gurtz J, Montani A, Schär C
Where a springhead becomes a springbrook - a regional zonation of springs (08.1-282)
von Fumetti S, Nagel P, Baltes B
25
Nitrate-depleted conditions on the increase in shallow northern European lakes (08.1-283)
Weyhenmeyer G A, Jeppesen E, Adrian R, Arvola L, Blenckner T, Jankowski T, Jennings E, Noges P, Noges T,
Straile D
Differential decline and recovery of haplochromine trophic groups in the Mwanza Gulf of Lake
Victoria (08.1-284)
Witte F, Wanink J H, Kishe Machumu M, Mkumbo O C, Goudswaard P C, Seehausen O
Oxygen isotope biogeochemistry of pore water sulfate in the deep biosphere: Dominance of isotope
exchange reactions with ambient water during microbial sulfate reduction (ODP Site 1130)
(08.1-285)
Wortmann U G, Chernyavsky B, Bernasconi S M, Brunner B, Böttcher M E, Swart P K
Virtual water: An unfolding concept in integrated water resources management (08.1-286)
Yang H, Zehnder A
Hydrological modelling of the chaohe basin in china: Statistical model formulation and Bayesian
inference (08.1-287)
Yang J, Reichert P, Abbaspour K C, Yang H
Bayesian uncertainty analysis in distributed hydrologic modeling: A case study in the Thur River
basin (Switzerland) (08.1-288)
Yang J, Reichert P, Abbaspour K C
Salinization of groundwater in the Nefzawa oases region, Tunisia: results of a regional-scale hydrogeologic approach (08.1-289)
Zammouri M, Siegfried T, El Fahem T, Kriaa S, Kinzelbach W
Extreme heat and runoff extremes in the Swiss Alps (08.1-290)
Zappa M, Kan C
Insights into the management of sea turtle internesting area through satellite telemetry (08.1-291)
Zbinden J A, Aebischer A, Margaritoulis D, Arlettaz R
1.6 Energy Balance
Impact of ice supersaturated regions and thin cirrus on radiation in the midlatitudes
(08.1-292)
Fusina F, Spichtinger P, Lohmann U
Year-round observation of longwave radiative flux divergence in Greenland (08.1-293)
Hoch S W, Calanca P, Philipona R, Ohmura A
Long-term changes in the cosmic ray intensity at Earth, 1428-2005 (08.1-294)
Mccracken K G, Beer J
Modelling the ground heat flux of an urban area using remote sensing data (08.1-295)
Rigo G, Parlow E
149
26
1.7 Coupled Systems and Cycles
151
An Earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle (08.1-296)
Gruber N, Galloway J N
Comparison of quantification methods to measure fire-derived (black /elemental) carbon in soils
and sediments using reference materials from soil, water, sediment and the atmosphere (08.1-297)
Hammes K, Schmidt M W I, Smernik R J, Currie L A, Ball W P, Nguyen T H, Louchouarn P, Houel S, Gustafsson O,
Elmquist M, Cornelissen G, Skjemstad J O, Masiello C A, Song J, Peng P, Mitra S, Dunn J C, Hatcher P G, Hockaday
W C, Smith Dwight M, Hartkopf Fröder C, Böhmer A, Lueer B, Huebert B J, Amelung W, Brodowski S, Huang L,
Zhang W, Gschwend P M, Flores C D X, Largeau C, Rouzaud J N, Rumpel C, Guggenberger G, Kaiser K, Rodionov A,
Gonzalez Vila F J, Gonzalez Perez J A, de La Rosa J M, Manning D A C, Lopez Capel E, Ding L
Analysis of seasonal terrestrial water storage variations in regional climate simulations over Europe
(08.1-298)
Hirschi M, Seneviratne S I, Hagemann S, Schär C
Evaluation of AMIP II global climate model simulations of the land surface water budget and its
components over the GEWEX-CEOP regions (08.1-299)
Irannejad P, Henderson Sellers A
Comprehensive comparison of gap-filling techniques for eddy covariance net carbon fluxes
(08.1-300)
Moffat A M, Papale D, Reichstein M, Hollinger D Y, Richardson A D, Barr A G, Beckstein C, Braswell B H, Churkina
G, Desai A R, Falge E, Gove J H, Heimann M, Hui D, Jarvis A J, Kattge J, Noormets Asko, Stauch V J
Impact of circulation on export production, dissolved organic matter, and dissolved oxygen in the
ocean: Results from Phase II of the Ocean Carbon-cycle Model Intercomparison Project (OCMIP-2)
(08.1-301)
Najjar R G, Jin X, Louanchi F, Aumont O, Caldeira K, Doney S C, Dutay J C, Follows M, Gruber N, Joos F, Lindsay K,
Maier Reimer E, Matear R J, Matsumoto K, Monfray P, Mouchet A, Orr J C, Plattner G K, Sarmiento J L, Schlitzer R,
Slater R D, Weirig M F, Yamanaka Y, Yool A
Experimental assessment of N2O background fluxes in grassland systems (08.1-302)
Neftel A, Flechard C, Ammann C, Conen F, Emmenegger L, Zeyer K
Effects of increased soil water availability on grassland ecosystem carbon dioxide fluxes (08.1-303)
Risch A C, Frank D A
Chemistry, transport and dry deposition of trace gases in the boundary layer over the tropical
Atlantic Ocean and the Guyanas during the GABRIEL field campaign (08.1-304)
Stickler A, Fischer H, Bozem H, Gurk C, Schiller C, Martinez Harder M, Kubistin D, Harder H, Williams J, Eerdekens
G, Yassaa N, Ganzeveld L, Sander R, Lelieveld J
Challenges in quantifying biosphere-atmosphere exchange of nitrogen species (08.1-305)
Sutton M A, Nemitz E, Erisman J W, Beier C, Butterbach Bahl K, Cellier P, de Vries W, Cotrufo F, Skiba U, Di Marco
C, Jones S, Laville P, Soussana J F, Loubet B, Twigg M, Famulari D, Whitehead J, Gallagher M W, Neftel A, Flechard
C R, Herrmann B, Calanca P, Schjoerring J K, Daemmgen U, Horvath L, Tang Y S, Emmett B A, Tietema A, Penuelas
J, Kesik M, Brueggemann N, Pilegaard K, Vesala T, Campbell C L, Olesen J E, Dragosits U, Theobald M R, Levy P,
Mobbs D C, Milne R, Viovy N, Vuichard N, Smith J U, Smith P, Bergamaschi P, Fowler D, Reis S
Sensitivity of carbon cycling in the European Alps to changes of climate and land cover (08.1-306)
Zierl B, Bugmann H
27
156
Pleistocene ice and paleo-strain rates at Taylor Glacier, Antarctica (08.1-307)
Aciego S M, Cuffey K M, Kavanaugh J L, Morse D L, Severinghaus J P
Sequencing events across the Permian-Triassic boundary, Guryul Ravine (Kashmir, India) (08.1-308)
Algeo T J, Hannigan R, Rowe H, Brookfield M, Baud A, Krystyn L, Ellwood B B
Sub-orbital sea-level change in early MIS 5e: New evidence from the Gulf of Corinth, Greece
(08.1-309)
Andrews J E, Portman C, Rowe P J, Leeder M R, Kramers J D
Age and significance of former low-altitude corrie glaciers on Hoy, Orkney Islands (08.1-310)
Ballantyne C K, Hall A M, Phillips W, Binnie S, Kubik P W
Vegetation history, fire history and lake development recorded for 6300 years by pollen, charcoal,
loss on ignition and chironomids at a small lake in southern Kyrgyzstan (Alay Range, Central Asia)
(08.1-311)
Beer R, Heiri O, Tinner W
Pollen representation in surface samples of the Juniperus, Picea and Juglans forest belts of
Kyrgyzstan, central Asia (08.1-312)
Beer R, Tinner W, Carraro G, Grisa E
Surface-exposure ages of Front Range moraines that may have formed during the Younger Dryas,
8.2cal ka, and Little Ice Age events (08.1-313)
Benson L, Madole R, Kubik P W, Mcdonald R
Palaeoclimate-induced range shifts may explain current patterns of spatial genetic variation in
renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Asteraceae) (08.1-314)
Bergh N G, Hedderson T A, Linder H P, Bond W J
Decadal-scale autumn temperature reconstruction back to AD 1580 inferred from the varved sediments of Lake Silvaplana (southeastern Swiss Alps) (08.1-315)
Blass A, Bigler C, Grosjean M, Sturm M
Signature of explosive volcanic eruptions in the sediments of a high- altitude Swiss lake (08.1-316)
Blass A, Grosjean M, Livingstone D M, Sturm M
A European pattern climatology 1766-2000 (08.1-317)
Casty C, Raible C C, Stocker T F, Wanner H, Luterbacher J
Reconstructing recent environmental changes from proglacial lake sediments in the western Alps
(Lake blanc huez, 2543 m a.s.l., grandes rousses massif, france) (08.1-318)
Chapron E, Faien X, Magand O, Charlet L, Debret M, Melieres M A
Long-term interactions between Mediterranean climate, vegetation and fire regime at Lago di
Massaciuccoli (Tuscany, Italy) (08.1-319)
Colombaroli D, Marchetto A, Tinner W
Using toponymy to reconstruct past land use: a case study of ‘brusada’ (burn) in southern Switzerland
(08.1-320)
Conedera M, Vassere S, Neff C, Meurer M, Krebs P
28
Multiproxy late quaternary stratigraphy of the Nile deep-sea turbidite system - Towards a chronology
of deep-sea terrigeneous systems (08.1-321)
Ducassou E, Capotondi L, Murat A, Bernasconi S M, Mulder T, Gonthier E, Migeon S, Duprat J, Giraudeau J, Mascle
J
Paleoecology of Pennsylvanian phylloid algal buildups in south Guizhou, China (08.1-322)
Enpu G, Samankassou E, Changqing G, Yongli Z Baoliang S
Long-term drought severity variations in Morocco (08.1-323)
Esper J, Frank D, Buentgen U, Verstege A, Luterbacher J
Modern pollen assemblages as climate indicators in southern Europe (08.1-324)
Finsinger W, Heiri O, Valsecchi V, Tinner W, Lotter A F
Reconstruction of millennial changes in dust emission, transport and regional sea ice coverage
using the deep EPICA ice cores from the Atlantic and Indian Ocean sector of Antarctica (08.1-325)
Fischer H, Fundel F, Ruth U, Twarloh B, Wegner A, Udisti R, Becagli S, Castellano E, Morganti A, Severi M, Wolff
E, Littot G, Röthlisberger R, Mulvaney R, Hutterli M A, Kaufmann P, Federer U, Lambert F, Bigler M, Hansson M,
Jonsell U, de Angelis M, Boutron C, Siggaard Andersen M L, Steffensen J P, Barbante C, Gaspari V, Gabrielli P,
Wagenbach D
Adjustment for proxy number and coherence in a large-scale temperature reconstruction
(08.1-326)
Frank D, Esper J, Cook E R
Carbon dioxide release from the North Pacific abyss during the last deglaciation (08.1-327)
Galbraith E D, Jaccard S L, Pedersen T F, Sigman D M, Haug G H, Cook M, Southon J R, Francois R
Smithian-Spathian boundary event: Evidence for global climatic change in the wake of the endPermian biotic crisis (08.1-328)
Galfetti T, Hochuli P A, Brayard A, Bucher H, Weissert H, Vigran J O
Dating of syngenetic ice wedges in permafrost with Cl-36 (08.1-329)
Gilichinsky D A, Nolte E, Basilyan A E, Beer J, Blinov A V, Lazarev V E, Kholodov A L, Meyer H, Nikolskiy P A,
Schirrmeister L, Tumskoy V E
Assimilation of the plutonic roots of the Andean arc: Evidence from CO2-rich fluid inclusions in
olivines (08.1-330)
Ginibre C, Dungan M A
Paleoecology of Late Carboniferous phylloid algae in southern Guizhou, SW China (08.1-331)
Gong E, Mang Y, Guan C, Samankassou E, Sun B, Sun B L
Late Quaternary river development in the southwest Chad Basin: OSL dating of sediment from the
Komadugu palaeofloodplain (northeast Nigeria) (08.1-332)
Gumnior M, Preusser F
Radiocarbon ages of soil charcoals from the southern Alps, Ticino Switzerland (08.1-333)
Hajdas I, Schlumpf N, Minikus Stary N, Hagedorn F, Eckmeier E, Schoch W, Burga C, Bonani G, Schmidt M W I,
Cherubini P
Cosmogenic Be-10-ages from the Store Koldewey island, NE Greenland (08.1-334)
Hakansson L, Graf A, Strasky S, Ivy Ochs S, Kubik P W, Hjort C, Schlüchter C
Evidence for recurrent changes in Lower Triassic oceanic circulation of the Tethys: The delta C-13
record from marine sections in Iran (08.1-335)
Horacek M, Richoz S, Brandner R, Krystyn L, Spoetl C
1. Flaje-Kiefern (Krusne Hory Mountains): Late Glacial and Holocene vegetation development
(08.1-336)
Jankovska V, Kunes P, van der Knaap W O
Microgram level radiocarbon (C-14) determination on carbonaceous particles in ice (08.1-337)
Jenk T M, Szidat S, Schwikowski M, Gäggeler H W, Wacker L, Synal H A, Saurer M
Orbital and millennial Antarctic climate variability over the past 800,000 years (08.1-338)
Jouzel J, Masson Delmotte V, Cattani O, Dreyfus G, Falourd S, Hoffmann G, Minster B, Nouet J, Barnola J M,
Chappellaz J, Fischer H, Gallet J C, Johnsen S, Leuenberger M, Loulergue L, Lüthi D, Oerter H, Parrenin F, Raisbeck
G, Raynaud D, Schilt A, Schwander J, Selmo E, Souchez R, Spahni R, Stauffer B, Steffensen J P, Stenni B, Stocker T
F, Tison J L, Werner M, Wolff E W
Applying SAR-IRSL methodology for dating fine-grained sediments from lake El’gygytgyn, northeastern Siberia (08.1-339)
Juschus O, Preusser F, Melles M, Radtke U
Unfractionated excess air: The result of incomplete dissolution of entrapped air? (08.1-340)
Klump S, Cirpka O A, Kipfer R
Excess air as a potential tracer for paleohydrological conditions (08.1-341)
Klump S, Grundl T, Purtschert R, Kipfer R
Bedrock landsliding, river incision, and transience of geomorphic hillslope-channel coupling:
Evidence from inner gorges in the Swiss Alps (08.1-342)
Korup O, Schlunegger F
Millenial scale variations of the isotopic composition of atmospheric oxygen over Marine Isotopic
Stage 4 (08.1-343)
Landais A, Masson Delmotte V, Combourieu Nebout N, Jouzel J, Blunier T, Leuenberger M, Dahl Jensen D, Johnsen
S
Ages for the Big Stone Moraine and the oldest beaches of glacial Lake Agassiz: Implications for deglaciation chronology (08.1-344)
Lepper K, Fisher T G, Hajdas I, Lowell T V
Variable Be-10 fluxes in lacustrine sediments from Tristan da Cunha, South Atlantic: a solar record?
(08.1-345)
Ljung K, Bjorck S, Muscheler R, Beer J, Kubik P W
Characterizing carbon isotopic variability in Sphagnum (08.1-346)
Loader N J, Mccarroll D, van der Knaap W O, Robertson I, Gagen M
Detailed record of the mid-Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) positive carbon- isotope excursion in two
hemipelagic sections (France and Switzerland): A plate tectonic trigger? (08.1-347)
Louis Schmid B, Rais P, Bernasconi S M, Pellenard P, Collin P Y, Weissert H
Impact of methane seeps on the local carbon-isotope record: a case study from a Late Jurassic
hemipelagic section (08.1-348)
Louis Schmid B, Rais P, Logvinovich D, Bernasconi S M, Weissert H
Plate tectonic trigger of changes in pCO(2) and climate in the Oxfordian (Late Jurassic): Carbon isotope and modeling evidence (08.1-349)
Louis Schmid B, Rais P, Schäffer P, Bernasconi S M, Weissert H
New constraints on the gas age-ice age difference along the EPICA ice cores, 0-50 kyr (08.1-350)
Loulergue L, Parrenin F, Blunier T, Barnola J M, Spahni R, Schilt A, Raisbeck G, Chappellaz J
29
30
Comparison of techniques for dating of subsurface ice from Monlesi ice cave, Switzerland
(08.1-351)
Luetscher M, Bolius D, Schwikowski M, Schotterer U, Smart P L
Detailed sedimentary N isotope records from Cariaco Basin for terminations I and V: Local and
global implications (08.1-352)
Meckler N A , Haug G H, Sigman D M, Plessen B, Peterson L C, Thierstein H R
Grape harvest dates as a proxy for Swiss April to August temperature reconstructions back to AD
1480 (08.1-353)
Meier N, Rutishauser T, Pfister C, Wanner H, Luterbacher J
Evidence of a two-fold glacial advance during the last glacial maximum in the Tagliamento end
moraine system (eastern Alps) (08.1-354)
Monegato G, Ravazzi C, Donegana M, Pini R, Calderoni G, Wick L
European ammonoid diversity questions the spreading of anoxia as primary cause for the
Cenomanian/Turonian (Late Cretaceous) mass extinction (08.1-355)
Monnet C, Bucher H
Phosphorus and the roles of productivity and nutrient recycling during oceanic anoxic event 2
(08.1-356)
Mort H P, Adatte T, Föllmi K B, Keller G, Steinmann P, Matera V, Berner Z, Stüben D
The Cenomanian/Turonian anoxic event at the Bonarelli level in Italy and Spain: enhanced productivity and/or better preservation? (08.1-357)
Mort H, Jacquat O, Adatte T, Steinmann P, Föllmi K B, Matera V, Berner Z, Stüben D
Glacial in situ survival in the Western Alps and polytopic autopolyploidy in Biscutella laevigata L.
(Brassicaceae) (08.1-358)
Parisod C, Besnard G
The EDC3 chronology for the EPICA dome C ice core (08.1-359)
Parrenin F, Barnola J M, Beer J, Blunier T, Castellano E, Chappellaz J, Dreyfus G, Fischer H, Fujita S, Jouzel J,
Kawamura K, Lemieux Dudon B, Loulergue L, Masson Delmotte V, Narcisi B, Petit J R, Raisbeck G, Raynaud D, Ruth
U, Schwander J, Severi M, Spahni R, Steffensen J P, Svensson A, Udisti R, Waelbroeck C, Wolff E
Palaeoceanographic and palaeoclimatic reorganization around the Middle-Late Jurassic transition
(08.1-360)
Rais P, Louis Schmid B, Bernasconi S M, Weissert H
Direct north-south synchronization of abrupt climate change record in ice cores using Beryllium 10
(08.1-361)
Raisbeck G M, Yiou F, Jouzel J, Stocker T F
Temporal stability of climate-isotope relationships in tree rings of oak and pine (Ticino, Switzerland)
(08.1-362)
Reynolds Henne C E, Siegwolf R T W, Treydte K S, Esper J, Henne S, Saurer M
Climatic cycles during a Neoproterozoic “snowball” glacial epoch (08.1-363)
Rieu R, Allen P A, Ploetze M, Pettke T
EDML1: a chronology for the EPICA deep ice core from Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, over the
last 150 000 years (08.1-364)
Ruth U, Barnola J M, Beer J, Bigler M, Blunier T, Castellano E, Fischer H, Fundel F, Huybrechts P, Kaufmann P,
Kipfstuhl S, Lambrecht A, Morganti A, Oerter H, Parrenin F, Rybak O, Severi M, Udisti R, Wilhelms F, Wolff E
Six millennia of atmospheric dust deposition in southern South America (Isla Navarino, Chile)
(08.1-365)
Sapkota A, Cheburkin A K, Bonani G, Shotyk W
Siliceous algae-based seasonal temperature inference and indicator pollen tracking ca. 4,000 years
of climate/land use dependency in the southern Austrian Alps (08.1-366)
Schmidt R, Kamenik C, Roth M
Synchronisation of the EDML and EDC ice cores for the last 52 kyr by volcanic signature matching
(08.1-367)
Severi M, Becagli S, Castellano E, Morganti A, Traversi R, Udisti R, Ruth U, Fischer H, Huybrechts P, Wolff E,
Parrenin F, Kaufmann P, Lambert F, Steffensen J P
A high-resolution, absolute-dated deglacial speleothem record of Indian Ocean climate from Socotra
Island, Yemen (08.1-368)
Shakun J D, Burns S J, Fleitmann D, Kramers J D, Matter A, Al Subary A
Climate changes and volcanic signals during the Bronze Age: A stalagmite record (08.1-369)
Siklosy Z, Demeny A, Vennemann T W, Hegner E, Kramers J D, Leel Ossy Sz
Hyalinea marmarica, a new species of benthic foraminifera from the sea of Marmara (Turkey)
(08.1-370)
Spezzaferri S, Yanko Hombach V
Mesolithic agriculture in Switzerland? A critical review of the evidence (08.1-371)
Tinner W, Nielsen E H, Lotter A F
Signal strength and climate calibration of a European tree-ring isotope network (08.1-372)
Treydte K, Frank D, Esper J, Andreu L, Bednarz Z, Berninger F, Boettger T, Dalessandro C M, Etien N, Filot M,
Grabner M, Guillemin M T, Gutierrez E, Haupt M, Helle G, Hilasvuori E, Jungner H, Kalela Brundin M, Krapiec M,
Leuenberger M, Loader N J, Masson Delmotte V, Pazdur A, Pawelczyk S, Pierre M, Planells O, Pukiene R, Reynolds
Henne C E, Rinne K T, Saracino A, Saurer M, Sonninen E, Stievenard M, Switsur V R, Szczepanek M, Szychowska
Krapiec E, Todaro L, Waterhouse J S, Weigl M, Schleser G H
Oncoid growth and distribution controlled by sea-level fluctuations and climate (Late Oxfordian,
Swiss Jura Mountains) (08.1-373)
Vedrine S, Strasser A, Hug W
Interactions between climate and vegetation during the Lateglacial period as recorded by lake and
mire sediment archives in Northern Italy and Southern Switzerland (08.1-374)
Vescovi E, Ravazzi C, Arpenti E, Finsinger W, Pini R, Valsecchi V, Wick L, Ammann B, Tinner W
Primary carbonates and Ca-chloride brines as monitors of a paleohydrological regime in the Dead
Sea basin (08.1-375)
Waldmann N, Starinsky A, Stein M
16 000 years of vegetation and settlement history from Egelsee (Menzingen, central Switzerland)
(08.1-376)
Wehrli M, Tinner W, Ammann B
Surface topography and ice flow in the vicinity of the EDML deep- drilling site, Antarctica
(08.1-377)
Wesche C, Eisen O, Oerter H, Schulte D, Steinhage D
Leaf area index for northern and eastern North America at the Last Glacial Maximum: a data-model
comparison (08.1-378)
Williams J W, Gonzales L M, Kaplan J O
31
32
A matter of divergence: Tracking recent warming at hemispheric scales using tree ring data
(08.1-379)
Wilson R, D’arrigo R, Buckley B, Büntgen U, Esper J, Frank D, Luckman B, Payette S, Vose R, Youngblut D
Relation between rock uplift and denudation from cosmogenic nuclides in river sediment in the
Central Alps of Switzerland (08.1-380)
Wittmann H, von Blanckenburg F, Kruesmann T, Norton K P, Kubik P W
The prelude of the end-Permian mass extinction predates a postulated bolide impact (08.1-381)
Yin H, Feng Q, Baud A, Xie S, Benton M J, Lai X, Bottjer D J
3 Human Dimensions
184
Linking extreme climate events and economic impacts: Examples from the Swiss Alps
(08.1-382)
Beniston M
Reduced exposure to PM10 and attenuated age-related decline in lung function (08.1-383)
Downs S H, Schindler C, Liu L J S, Keidel D, Bayer Oglesby L, Brutsche M H, Gerbase M W, Keller R, Kuenzli N,
Leuenberger P, Probst Hensch N M, Tschopp J M, Zellweger J P, Rochat T, Schwartz J, Ackermann Liebrich U
Climate change-related health impacts in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas (08.1-384)
Ebi K L, Woodruff R, von Hildebrand A, Corvalan C
Lasting management of the countryside. The lessons that new regional natural parks must take
from the experience of old communities (08.1-385)
Gerber J D, Rodewald R, Knoepfel P
The sustainable management of the landscape: the lessons the new regional nature parks must
draw from the experience of the old corporations (08.1-386)
Recognising the complexities of ecosystem management and the ecosystem service concept
(08.1-387)
Ghazoul J
Sink or Swim? Water security for growth and development (08.1-388)
Grey D, Sadoff C W
Carbon constraints in the fourteenth and twenty-first centuries (08.1-389)
Hoffmann V, Busch T
Assessing psycho-social effects of participatory landscape planning (08.1-390)
Höppner C, Frick J, Buchecker M
Local learning-networks on energy efficiency in industry - Successful initiative in Germany
(08.1-391)
Jochem E, Gruber E
Objectives of public participation: Which actors should be involved in the decision making for river
restorations? (08.1-392)
Junker B, Buchecker M, Müller Böker U
Portfolio screening to support the mainstreaming of adaptation to climate change into development assistance (08.1-393)
Klein R J T, Eriksen S E H, Naess L O, Hammill A, Tanner T M, Robledo C, O’brien K L
A MERGE model with endogenous technological change and the cost of carbon stabilization
(08.1-394)
Kypreos S
Characterization of source-specific air pollution exposure for a large population-based Swiss Cohort
(SAPALDIA) (08.1-395)
Liu L J S, Curjuric I, Keidel D, Heldstab J, Künzli N, Bayer Oglesby L, Ackermann Liebrich U, Schindler C
Climate risks and peak oil: Challenge for the trans disciplinary research (08.1-396)
Maibach M, Guyer M, Kläy A
Does climate policy promote development? (08.1-397)
Michaelowa A, Michaelowa K
Climate or development: is ODA diverted from its original purpose? (08.1-398)
Phenology of Ixodes ricinus and infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato along a North- and
South-facing altitudinal gradient on Chaumont Mountain, Switzerland (08.1-399)
Moran Cadenas F, Rais O, Jouda F, Douet V, Humair P F, Moret J, Gern L
Integrated assessment of global climate change with learning-by-doing and energy-related research
and development (08.1-400)
Müller Fürstenberger G, Stephan G
CDM potential of bagasse cogeneration in India (08.1-401)
Purohita P, Michaelowa A
The economic potential of bagasse cogeneration as CDM projects in Indonesia (08.1-402)
Restuti D, Michaelowa A
Short-term effects of carbon monoxide on mortality: An analysis within the APHEA project
(08.1-403)
Samoli E, Touloumi G, Schwartz J, Anderson H R, Schindler C, Forsberg B, Vigotti M A, Vonk J, Kosnik M, Skorkovsky
J, Katsouyanni K
A synopsis of land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) under the Kyoto Protocol and
Marrakech Accords (08.1-404)
Schlamadinger B, Bird N, Johns T, Brown S, Canadell J, Ciccarese L, Dutschke M, Fiedler J, Fischlin A, Fearnside P,
Forner C, Freibauer A, Frumhoff P, Hoehne N, Kirschbaum M U F, Labat A, Marland G, Michaelowa A, Montanarella
L, Moutinho P, Murdiyarso D, Pena N, Pingoud K, Rakonczay Z, Rametsteiner E, Rock J, Sanz M J, Schneider U A,
Shuidenko A, Skutsch M, Smith P, Somogyi Z, Trines E, Ward M, Yamagata Y
How is climate change perceived in relation to other socioeconomic and environmental threats in
Nairobi, Kenya? (08.1-405)
Shisanya C A, Khayesi M
The future of the Swiss Alps: A participatory sustainability assessment of agricultural and landscape
scenarios (08.1-406)
Soliva R
33
34
Output and abatement effects of allocation readjustment in permit trade (08.1-407)
Sterner T, Müller A
Does the current Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) deliver its sustainable development claim?
An analysis of officially registered CDM projects (08.1-408)
Sutter C, Parreno J C
Technology in climate policy and climate models - Introduction (08.1-409)
Thalmann P
Perceptions and evaluations of biosphere reserves by local residents in Switzerland and Ukraine
(08.1-410)
Wallner A, Bauer N, Hunziker M
The concept of sustainable development - consequences for social theory. Research desiderata and a
proposal for a research strategy in social geography (08.1-411)
Zierhofer W
4 Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies
194
Thermo-economic optimization of a solid oxide fuel cell, gas turbine hybrid system (08.1-412)
Autissier N, Palazzi F, Marechal F, van Herle J, Favrat D
Effect of pressure and fuel-air unmixedness on NOx emissions from industrial gas turbine burners
(08.1-413)
Biagioli F, Güthe F
Consumption and efficiency of a passenger car with a hydrogen/oxygen PEFC based hybrid electric
drivetrain (08.1-414)
Büchi F N, Paganelli G, Dietrich P, Laurent D, Tsukada A, Varenne P, Delfino A, Koetz R, Freunberger S A, Magne P
A, Walser D, Olsommer D
Flame-synthesized LaCoO3-supported Pd 2. Catalytic behavior in the reduction of NO by H-2 under
lean conditions (08.1-415)
Chiarello G L, Ferri D, Grunwaldt J D, Forni L, Baiker A
Flame-synthesized LaCoO3-supported Pd 1. Structure, thermal stability and reducibility (08.1-416)
Chiarello G L, Grunwaldt J D, Ferri D, Krumeich R, Oliva C, Forni L, Baiker A
Increase of passenger car engine efficiency with low engine-out emissions using hydrogen-natural
gas mixtures: A thermodynamic analysis (08.1-417)
Dimopoulos P, Rechsteiner C, Soltic P, Laemmle C, Boulouchos K
Multi-regional long-term electricity supply scenarios with fusion (08.1-418)
Gnansounou E, Bednyagin D
Carbothermal reduction of alumina: Thermochemical equilibrium calculations and experimental
investigation (08.1-419)
Halmann M, Frei A, Steinfeld A
Secondarv effects of catalytic diesel particulate filters: Copper- induced formation of PCDD/Fs
(08.1-420)
Heeb N V, Zennegg M, Gujer E, Honegger P, Zeyer K, Gfeller U, Wichser A, Kohler M, Schmid P, Emmenegger L, Ulrich
A, Wenger D, Petermann J L, Czerwinski J, Mosimann T, Kasper M, Mayer A
35
Towards multi-source multi-product energy systems (08.1-421)
Hemmes K, Zachariah Wolff J L, Geidl M, Andersson G
An energy management method for the food industry (08.1-422)
Müller D C A, Marechal F M A, Wolewinski T, Roux P J
H2O-splitting thermochemical cycle based on ZnO/Zn-redox: Quenching the effluents from the ZnO
dissociation (08.1-423)
Müller R, Steinfeld A
Towards an improved architectural quality of building integrated solar thermal systems (BIST)
(08.1-424)
Munari Probst M C , Roecker C
Biofuels must deliver on their promise of sustainability (08.1-425)
Opal C
A methodology for thermo-economic modeling and optimization of solid oxide fuel cell systems
(08.1-426)
Palazzi F, Autissier N, Marechal F M A, Favrat D
Dynamics of a solar thermochemical reactor for steam-reforming of methane (08.1-427)
Petrasch J, Steinfeld A
Development steps for parabolic trough solar power technologies with maximum impact on cost
reduction (08.1-428)
Pitz P R, Dersch J, Milow B, Tellez F, Ferriere A, Langnickel U, Steinfeld A, Karni J, Zarza E, Popel O
Optimum battery size for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle - Part I (08.1-429)
Sundstrom O, Stefanopoulou A
Optimum Battery Size for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle With Transient Loading Consideration—
Part II (08.1-430)
5 General Topics
200
What is a green solvent? A comprehensive framework for the environmental assessment of solvents (08.1-431)
Capello C, Fischer U, Hungerbühler K
Effect of solar water disinfection (SODIS) on model microorganisms under improved and field SODIS
conditions (08.1-432)
Dejung S, Fuentes I, Almanza G, Jarro R, Navarro L, Arias G, Urquieta E, Torrico A, Fenandez W, Iriarte M, Birrer
C, Stahel W A, Wegelin M
Cumulative energy extraction from the natural environment (CEENE): a comprehensive life cycle
impact assessment method for resource accounting (08.1-433)
Dewulf J, Bosch M E, de Meester B, van der Vorst G, van Langenhove H, Hellweg S, Huijbregts M A J
The environmental relevance of capital goods in life cycle assessments of products and services
(08.1-434)
Frischknecht R, Althaus H J, Bauer C, Doka G, Heck T, Jungbluth N, Kellenberger D, Nemecek T
36
New concepts of Be-10 AMS at low energies (08.1-435)
Grajcar M, Döbeli M, Kubik P W, Synal H A, Wacker L, Suter M
Terrestrial ecotoxicity and effect factors of metals in life cycle assessment (LCA) (08.1-436)
Haye S, Slaveykova V I, Payet J
Challenges for forestry and forest research - How to promote effective cooperation between science
and practice? (08.1-437)
Jäger J, Pluess A, Klank C, Ghazoul J
Environmental impacts of conventional and sustainable investment funds compared using inputoutput life-cycle assessment (08.1-438)
Köllner T, Suh S, Weber O, Moser C, Scholz R W
Problem-oriented environmental research: The view of geography and landscape ecology on science
and application (08.1-439)
Leser H
Linking models of land use, resources, and economy to simulate the development of mountain
regions (ALPSCAPE) (08.1-440)
Lundstroem C, Kytzia S, Walz A, Gret Regamey A, Bebi P
Occurrence, behavior and effects of nanoparticles in the environment (08.1-441)
Nowack B, Bucheli T D
Life cycle assessment in the telecommunication industry: A review (08.1-442)
Scharnhorst W
Agricultural decline, landscape change, and outmigration: Debating the sustainability of three scenarios for a Swiss mountain region (08.1-443)
Soliva R
Advances in particle identification in AMS at low energies (08.1-444)
Suter M, Döbeli M, Grajcar M, Müller A, Stocker M, Sun G, Synal H A, Wacker L
MICADAS: A new compact radiocarbon AMS system (08.1-445)
Synal H A, Stocker M, Suter M
Restoring dense vegetation can slow mountain erosion to near natural benchmark levels (08.1-446)
Vanacker V, von Blanckenburg F, Govers G, Molina A, Poesen J, Deckers J, Kubik P W
Wooden building products in comparative LCA (08.1-447)
Werner F, Richter K
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Atmosphere
37
1.1 Atmosphere
08.1-1
Identification of the mass spectral signature of
organic aerosols from wood burning emissions
Alfarra M R, Prevot A S H, Szidatt S, Sandradewi J,
Weimer S, Lanz V A, Schreiber D, Mohr M,
Baltensperger U
Switzerland
Urban Studies , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Throughout the winter months, the village of Roveredo, Switzerland, frequently experiences strong
temperature inversions that contribute to elevated levels of particulate matter. Wood is used as
fuel for 75% of the domestic heating installations
in Roveredo, which makes it a suitable location to
study wood burning emissions in the atmosphere
in winter. An Aerodyne quadrupole aerosol mass
spectrometer (Q-AMS) was used to characterize
the composition of the submicrometer, non- refractory aerosol particles at this location during
two field campaigns in March and December 2005.
Wood burning was found to be a major source of
aerosols at this location in winter. Organics dominated the composition of the aerosols from this
source, contributing up to 85% of the total AMS
measured mass during the afternoon and evening
hours. Carbonaceous particle analysis showed
that organic carbon composed up to 86% of the
total carbon mass collected at evening times. Results from C-14 isotope determination revealed
that up to 94% of the organic mass came from
nonfossil sources, which can be attributed mostly
to wood burning. The unique combination of offline C-14 isotope analysis and on-line aerosol mass
spectrometry was used to identify periods during
which organic mass was mainly from wood burning emissions and allowed for the identification
of the AMS spectral signature of this source in the
atmosphere. The identified ambient signature of
wood burning was found to be very similar to the
mass spectral signature obtained during the burning of chestnut wood samples in a small stove and
also to the spectrum of levoglucosan. Particles
from wood burning appeared to be composed of
highly oxygenated organic compounds, and mass
fragments 60, 73, and 137 have been suggested
as marker fragments for wood burning aerosols.
Mass fragment 44, which is used as a marker for
oxygenated organic aerosols (OOA), contributed
about 5% to the total organic signal from primary
wood burning sources, The ratio of the organic
mass emitted from wood burning to m/z 60 in
Roveredo is 36. This ratio may be used to provide
an estimate of the organic aerosol mass emitted
from wood burning in other locations.
Environmental Science Technology, 2007, V41,
N16, AUG 15, pp 5770-5777.
08.1-2
A new atmospheric aerosol phase equilibrium
model (UHAERO): organic systems
Amundson N R, Caboussat A, He J W, Martynenko
A V, Landry C, Tong C, Seinfeld J H
USA, Switzerland
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Modelling
In atmospheric aerosols, water and volatile inorganic and organic species are distributed between
the gas and aerosol phases in accordance with
thermodynamic equilibrium. Within an atmospheric particle, liquid and solid phases can exist
at equilibrium. Models exist for computation of
phase equilibria for inorganic/water mixtures typical of atmospheric aerosols; when organic species are present, the phase equilibrium problem is
complicated by organic /water interactions as well
as the potentially large number of organic species.
We present here an extension of the UHAERO inorganic thermodynamic model (Amundson et al.,
2006c) to organic/water systems. Phase diagrams
for a number of model organic/water systems
characteristic of both primary and secondary
organic aerosols are computed. Also calculated
are inorganic/organic/water phase diagrams that
show the effect of organics on inorganic deliquescence behavior. The effect of the choice of activity
coefficient model for organics on the computed
phase equilibria is explored.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2007, V7,
N17, pp 4675-4698.
08.1-3
Equilibrium sorption of gaseous organic chemicals to fiber filters used for aerosol studies
Arp H P H, Schwarzenbach R P, Goss K U
Switzerland
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Engineering
Fiber filters commonly used to collect aerosols
for various analyses also collect gaseous organic
chemicals during sampling. These sorbed chemicals can lead to serious artifacts, particularly
when analyzing aerosols for organic compounds
and organic carbonaceous material. To date, this
sorption process has only been looked at for a few
types of filters and compound classes. This work
presents a comprehensive study of this sorption
process for various, widely used fiber filters and a
broad variety of compound classes. Furthermore,
important factors have been investigated, including relative humidity, temperature, baking and
exposure to ambient air during sampling. From
these data, poly-parameter linear-free energy relationships were derived that allow for estimations of sorption constants of gaseous organic
compounds on different filter types. Based on the
results, recommendations are provided to help
38
predict, minimize and ensure reproducibility of
artifacts caused by gaseous organic compounds
sorbing to fiber filters..
Atmospheric Environment, 2007, V41, N37, DEC,
pp 8241-8252.
08.1-4
Interference of organic signals in highly time
resolved nitrate measurements by low mass
resolution aerosol mass spectrometry
Bae M S, Schwab F J, Zhang Q, Hogrefe O,
Demerjian K L, Weimer A, Rhoads K, Orsini D,
Venkatachari P, Hopke P K
USA, Switzerland
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences ,
Urban Studies
Highly time resolved measurements of nitrate in
ambient aerosols were conducted by an Aerodyne
Quadrupole Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (Q-AMS
or simply AMS) and a particle-into-liquid sampler
(PILS) coupled to ion chromatography from field
intensives at two sites: an urban site in New York
City (Queens College; QC) for wintertime (22 January to 5 February 2004) and a rural site in southwestern New York state (Pinnacle State Park; PSP)
for summertime (18 July to 6 August 2004). In this
study, we report that in rural atmospheres the
inorganic nitrate signal from Q-AMS may contain
significant interferences from organic signals.
Analysis of the QC data indicates a good agreement between the PILS-nitrate and AMS-nitrate
measurements (R-2 = 0.94; linear regression slope
= 1.05). In addition, the m/z 30 and m/z 46 (two
dominant ion fragments in nitrate mass spectrum) signals tightly correlate at QC (R-2 = 0.98)
and have an average ratio similar to that determined in the laboratory for NH4NO3 (m/z 30/m/z
46 = 2.4). In contrast, at the PSP site the correlation between PILS- and AMS- nitrate was poor
(R-2 = 0.34), the AMS reported nitrate values were
substantially higher, and the m/z 30 to m/z 46 ratios were generally much larger than 2.4. These
observations, together with evaluations by aerosol phase ion balance, indicate that the AMS m/z
30 signals at PSP have been strongly influenced
by organic compounds that also produce signals
at m/z 30, e. g., organic nitrates (NO+), oxygenated organics (CH2O+), hydrocarbon-like organics
(C2H6+), and nitrogen- containing organic compounds (CH4N+).
Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,
2007, V112, ND22, NOV 24 ARTN: D22305.
08.1-5
Small-scale cloud processes and climate
Baker M B, Peter T
USA, Switzerland
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Clouds constitute the largest single source of
uncertainty in climate prediction. A better understanding of small- scale cloud processes could
shed light on the role of clouds in the climate system.
Nature, 2008, V451, N7176, JAN 17, pp 299-300.
08.1-6
Chemical analysis of atmospheric aerosols
Baltensperger U, Prevot A S H
Switzerland
Urban Studies
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2008, V390,
N1, JAN, pp 277-280.
08.1-7
Entering into the “greenhouse century”:
Recent record temperatures in Switzerland are
comparable to the upper temperature quantiles in a greenhouse climate
Beniston M
Switzerland
Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
This paper investigates the recent spate of recordbreaking warm seasons that have affected Switzerland in less than a decade and compares the
seasonal statistics to those simulated for a ‘’greenhouse-gas’’ climate by the end of the 21st century.
The peaks of minimum and maximum temperatures observed during some the record seasons
enter well into the 25%-75% temperature quantile range for the scenario climate simulated by a
set of regional climate models. The anomalously
warm seasons allow a ‘’preview’’ of conditions
that may occur with greater frequency in the future. The use of current data as a form of proxy
for the future enables an assessment of the possible impacts on the natural and socio-economic
environments, and can help in considering possible adaptation strategies to reduce some of the
associated risks of climatic change.
Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, V34, N16,
AUG 30 ARTN: L16710.
08.1-8
Civil Aircraft for the regular investigation of
the atmosphere based on an instrumented
container: The new CARIBIC system
Brenninkmeijer C A M, Crutzen P, Boumard F, Dauer
T, Dix B, Ebinghaus R, Filippi D, Fischer H, Franke
H, Friess U, Heintzenberg J, Helleis F, Hermann M,
Kock H H, Koeppel C, Lelieveld J, Leuenberger M,
Martinsson B G, Miemczyk S, Moret H P, Nguyen
H N, Nyfeler P, Oram D, Osullivan D, Penkett S,
Platt U, Pupek M, Ramonet M, Randa B, Reichelt
M, Rhee T S, Rohwer J, Rosenfeld K, Scharffe D,
Schlager H, Schumann U, Slemr F, Sprung D, Stock
P, Thaler R, Valentino F, van Velthoven P, Waibel
A, Wandel A, Waschitschek K, Wiedensohler A,
Xueref Remy I, Zahn A, Zech U, Ziereis H
Germany, France, Switzerland, Sweden, England,
Netherlands
Instruments & Instrumentation
An airfreight container with automated instruments for measurement of atmospheric gases and
trace compounds was operated on a monthly basis
onboard a Boeing 767-300 ER of LTU International
Airways during long- distance flights from 1997
to 2002 (CARIBIC, Civil Aircraft for Regular Investigation of the Atmosphere Based on an Instrument Container, http://www.caribic-atmospheric.
com). Subsequently a more advanced system has
been developed, using a larger capacity container
with additional equipment and an improved inlet
system. CARIBIC phase #2 was implemented on
a new long-range aircraft type Airbus A340-600
of the Lufthansa German Airlines (Star Alliance)
in December 2004, creating a powerful flying
observatory. The instrument package comprises
detectors for the measurement of O-3, total and
gaseous H2O, NO and NOy, CO, CO2, O-2, Hg, and
number concentrations of submicrometer particles (>4 nm, >12 nm, and >18 nm diameter). Furthermore, an optical particle counter (OPC) and
a proton transfer mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) are
incorporated. Aerosol samples are collected for
analysis of elemental composition and particle
morphology after flight. Air samples are taken
in glass containers for laboratory analyses of hydrocarbons, halocarbons and greenhouse gases
(including isotopic composition of CO2) in several
laboratories. Absorption tubes collect oxygenated
volatile organic compounds. Three differential optical absorption spectrometers (DOAS) with their
telescopes mounted in the inlet system measure
atmospheric trace gases such as BrO, HONO, and
NO2. A video camera mounted in the inlet provides information about clouds along the flight
track. The flying observatory, its equipment and
39
examples of measurement results are reported.
N18, pp 4953-4976.
08.1-9
Fires and climate linked in nineteenth century
Brönnimann S
Switzerland
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , History ,
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Nature, 2007, V448, N7157, AUG 30, p 992.
08.1-10
Reconstructing the quasi-biennial oscillation
back to the early 1900s
Brönnimann S, Annis J L, Vogler C, Jones P D
Switzerland, England
The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is important
for understanding the dynamical and chemical
variability of the global stratosphere. Currently
available wind data from the equatorial stratosphere extend back to 1953. Here we present reconstructions of the QBO extending back to 1900
that can be used to constrain climate model simulations. The reconstructions are based on historical pilot balloon data as well as hourly sea-level
pressure (SLP) data from Jakarta, Indonesia. The
latter were used to extract the signal of the solar semi-diurnal tide in the middle atmosphere,
which is modulated by the QBO. The reconstructions are in good agreement with the QBO signal
extracted from historical total ozone data extending back to 1924. Further analyses suggest that
the maximum phases of the QBO are captured
relatively well after about 1910.
NOV 20 ARTN: L22805.
08.1-11
Temporal and spatial temperature variability
and change over Spain during 1850-2005
Brunet M, Jones P D, Sigro J, Saladie O, Aguilar E,
Moberg A, Della Marta P M, Lister D, Walther A,
Lopez D
Spain, England, Sweden, Switzerland, Australia
(1) We analyze temporal and spatial patterns of
temperature change over Spain during the period
1850 - 2005, using daily maximum (T-max) , minimum (T-min), and mean (T-mean) temperatures
from the 22 longest and most reliable Spanish records. Over mainland Spain, a significant (at 0.01
level) warming of 0.10 degrees C/decade is found
for the annual average of T-mean. Autumn and
winter contributed slightly more than spring and
40
summer to the annual warming over the 1850 2005 period. The overall warming is also associated with higher rates of change for T-max than
T-min (0.11 degrees versus 0.08 degrees C /decade
for 1850 - 2005). This asymmetric diurnal warming increased in the twentieth century (0.17 degrees versus 0.09 degrees C/decade during 1901
- 2005). Nevertheless, at many (few) individual stations, the difference between T-max and T-min is
not statistically significant over 1850 - 2005 (1901
- 2005). Principal Component Analysis has been
carried out to identify spatial modes of Spanish
long-term temperature variability (1901 - 2005).
Three principal spatial patterns are found, Northern Spain, Southeastern and Eastern Spain, and
Southwestern Spain. All three patterns show
similar significant warming trends. The overall
warming has been more associated with reductions in cold extremes, as opposed to increases in
warm extremes. Estimated trends in the number
of moderately extreme cold days (T-max < 10th
percentile) and moderately extreme cold nights
(T-min < 10th percentile) show significant reductions of 0.74 and 0.54 days/decade, respectively,
over 1850 - 2005. Moderately extreme warm days
and nights (T-max and T-min > 90th percentile) increased significantly but at lower rates of 0.53 and
0.49 days /decade.
2007, V112, ND12, JUN 30 ARTN: D12117.
08.1-12
A concept for a satellite mission to measure
cloud ice water path, ice particle size, and
cloud altitude
Bühler S A, Jimenez C, Evans K F, Eriksson P, Rydberg B, Heymsfield A J, Stubenrauch C J, Lohmann
U, Emde C, John V O, Sreerekha T R, Davis C P
Sweden, USA, France, Switzerland, Germany, England, Scotland
A passive satellite radiometer operating at submillimetre wavelengths can measure cloud ice
water path (IWP), ice particle size, and cloud altitude. The paper first discusses the scientific background for such measurements. Formal scientific
mission requirements are derived, based on this
background and earlier assessments. The paper
then presents a comprehensive prototype instrument and mission concept, and demonstrates
that it meets the requirements. The instrument is
a conically scanning 12-channel radiometer with
channels between 183 and 664 GHz, proposed to
fly in tandem with one of the Metop satellites. It
can measure IWP with a relative accuracy of approximately 20% and a detection threshold of ap-
proximately 2 g m (-2). The median mass equivalent sphere diameter of the ice particles can be
measured with an accuracy of approximately 30
µm, and the median IWP cloud altitude can be
measured with an accuracy of approximately 300
m. All the above accuracies are median absolute
error values; root mean square error values are approximately twice as high, due to rare outliers.
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 2007, V133, OCT, S2, pp 109-128.
08.1-13
Concentration profiles of particles settling in
the neutral and stratified atmospheric boundary layer
Chamecki M, van Hout R, Meneveau C,
Parlange M B
USA, Israel, Switzerland
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Plant
Sciences , Forestry
An expression for the vertical equilibrium concentration profile of heavy particles, including the effects of canopy on the eddy diffusivity as well as
corrections for atmospheric stability, is proposed.
This expression is validated against measurements of vertical concentration profiles of corn
pollen above a corn field. The fitted theoretical
profiles show that particle settling is correctly
accounted for. The sensitivity to variations in the
turbulent Schmidt number, settling velocity and
stability corrections are explicitly characterized.
The importance of independent measurements of
the surface flux of pollen in future experiments
is noted.
Boundary Layer Meteorology, 2007, V125, N1,
OCT, pp 25-38.
08.1-14
The influence of small aerosol particles on the
properties of water and ice clouds
Choularton T, Bower K N, Weingartner E, Crawford
I, Coe H, Gallagher M W, Flynn M, Crosier J, Connolly P, Targino A, Alfarra M R, Baltensperger U,
Sjogren S, Verheggen B, Cozic J, Gysel M
England, Switzerland
In this paper, results are presented of the in. uence
of small organic- and soot- containing particles on
the formation of water and ice clouds. There is
strong evidence that these particles have grown
from nano particle seeds produced by the combustion of oil products. Two series ofield experiments
are selected to represent the observations made.
The. first is the CLoud Aerosol Characterisation
Experiment (CLACE) series of experiments performed at a high Alpine site (Jungfraujoch), where
cloud was in contact with the ground and the
measuring station. Both water and ice clouds were
examined at different times of the year. The second series of experiments is the CLOud Processing
of regional Air Pollution advecting over land and
sea (CLOPAP) series, where ageing pollution aerosol from UK cities was observed, from an airborne
platform, to interact with warm stratocumulus
cloud in a cloud- capped atmospheric boundary
layer. Combining the results it is shown that aged
pollution aerosol consists of an internal mixture
of organics, sulfate, nitrate and ammonium, the
organic component is dominated by highly oxidized secondary material. The relative contributions and absolute loadings of the components
vary with location and season. However, these
aerosols act as Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN)
and much of the organic material, along with the
other species, is incorporated into cloud droplets.
In ice and mixed phase cloud, it is observed that
very sharp transitions (extending over just a few
metres) are present between highly glaciated regions and regions consisting of supercooled water. This is a unique. finding; however, aircraft
observations in cumulus suggest that this kind of
structure may be found in these cloud types too. It
is suggested that this sharp transition is caused by
ice nucleation initiated by oxidised organic aerosol coated with sulfate in more polluted regions
of cloud, sometimes enhanced by secondary ice
particle production in these regions.
Faraday Discussions, 2008, V137, pp 205-222.
08.1-15
Limits on climate sensitivity derived from recent satellite and surface observations
Chylek P, Lohmann U, Dubey M, Mishchenko M,
Kahn R, Ohmura A
USA, Switzerland
An analysis of satellite and surface measurements
of aerosol optical depth suggests that global average of aerosol optical depth has been recently
decreasing at the rate of around 0.0014/a. This
decrease is nonuniform with the fastest decrease
observed over the United States and Europe. The
observed rate of decreasing aerosol optical depth
produces the top of the atmosphere radiative forcing that is comparable to forcing due to the current rate of increasing atmospheric concentration
of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
Consequently, both increasing atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases and decreasing
loading of atmospheric aerosols are major contributors to the top-of-atmosphere radiative forc-
41
ing. We find that the climate sensitivity is reduced
by at least a factor of 2 when direct and indirect
effects of decreasing aerosols are included, compared to the case where the radiative forcing is
ascribed only to increases in atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide. We find the empirical
climate sensitivity to be between 0.29 and 0.48 K/
Wm(-2) when aerosol direct and indirect radiative
forcing is included.
2007, V112, ND24, DEC 13 ARTN: D24S04.
08.1-16
Long-term trend analysis of aerosol variables
at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch
Collaud Coen M, Weingartner E, Nyeki S, Cozic J,
Henning S, Verheggen B, Gehrig R, Baltensperger U
Switzerland
This study reports the first long-term trend analysis of aerosol optical measurements at the highalpine site Jungfraujoch, which started 10.5 years
ago. Since the aerosol variables are approximately
lognormally distributed, the seasonal Kendall test
and Sen’s slope estimator were applied as nonparametric methods to detect the long- term trends for
each month. The yearly trend was estimated by a
least-mean-square fit, and the number of years
necessary to detect this trend was calculated. The
most significant trend is the increase (4-7% yr(-1))
in light-scattering coefficients during the September to December period. The light absorption and
backscattering coefficients and the aerosol number concentration also show a positive trend during this time of the year. The hemispheric backscattering fraction and the scattering exponent
calculated with the smaller wavelengths (450 and
550 nm), which relate to the small aerosol size
fraction, decrease except during the summer,
whereas the scattering exponent calculated with
the larger wavelengths (550 and 700 nm) remains
constant. Generally, the summer months at the
Jungfraujoch, which are strongly influenced by
planetary boundary layer air masses, do not show
any long-term trend. The trends determined by
least-mean-square fits of the scattering and backscattering coefficients, the hemispheric backscattering fractions, and the scattering exponent are
significant, and the number of years necessary
to detect them is shorter than 10 years. For these
variables, the trends and the slopes estimated by
the seasonal Kendall test are therefore confirmed
by the least-mean- square fit results.
2007, V112, ND13, JUL 13 ARTN: D13213.
42
08.1-17
Atmospheric blocking: space-time links to the
NAO and PNA
Croci Maspoli M, Schwierz C, Davies H C
Switzerland
Oceanography
In the Northern hemisphere, regions characterized by an enhanced frequency of atmospheric
blocking overlap significantly with those associated with the major extra-tropical patterns of largescale climate variability-namely the North Atlantic
Oscillation (NAO) and the Pacific North American
(PNA) pattern. There is likewise an overlap in the
temporal band-width of blocks and these-climate
patterns. Here the nature of the linkage between
blocks and the climate patterns is explored by using the ERA-40 re-analysis data set to examine (1)
their temporal and spatial correlation and (2) the
interrelationship between blocks and the NAO/
PNA. It is shown that a strong anti-correlation exists between blocking occurrence and the phase
of the NAO (PNA) in the North Atlantic (western
North Pacific), and that there are distinctive interbasin differences with a clear geographical (over
North Atlantic) and quantitative (over North Pacific) separation of typical blocking genesis/lysis
regions during the opposing phases of the climate
patterns. An Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF)
analysis points to a significant influence of blocking upon the NAO pattern (identifiable as the
leading EOF in the Euro- Atlantic), and a temporal
analysis indicates that long-lasting blocks are associated with the development of negative NAO/
PNA index values throughout their life-time. In
addition an indication of a cause-and effect relationship is set-out for the North Atlantic linkage.
Climate Dynamics, 2007, V29, N7-8, DEC, pp
713-725.
08.1-18
FinROSE - middle atmospheric chemistry transport model
Damski J, Thlix L, Backman L, Taalas P, Kulmala M
Finland, Switzerland
In this paper we describe the development and
performance of a three- dimensional global middle atmospheric chemistry transport model Fin
ROSE. The FinROSE chemistry transport model
includes a numerical scheme for stratospheric
chemistry with parameterizations for heterogeneous processing on polar stratospheric clouds
(PSC) and on liquid binary aerosols together with
a parameterisation of large nitric acid trihydrate
particles (i.e. NAT-rocks) and PSC sedimentation.
The total number of trace species in the model is
34 and the total number of gas-phase reactions,
photodissociation processes and heterogeneous
reactions is about 150. The model is forced by external wind and temperature fields. The simulations are normally performed in a 5 degrees x 10
degrees (lat. x long.) grid from the surface up to
around 0.1 hPa, with a vertical resolution of ca.
1.5 km in the stratosphere. Long-term simulations
(40 to 50 years) have been done using winds and
temperatures from ECMWF ERA40 analyses. The
performance of the model in describing the stratospheric composition and chemistry is shown and
evaluated in this paper. In general, the FinROSE
results show a good comparison with measured
total ozone. Also the timing, the depth and the
deepening of the Antarctic ozone hole, and the
responsible processes are captured well in the
model simulations.
Boreal Environment Research, 2007, V12, N5, OCT
24, pp 535-550.
08.1-19
Doubled length of western European summer
heat waves since 1880
Della Marta P M, Haylock M R, Luterbacher J,
Wanner H
Switzerland, Australia, England
(1) We analyzed a new data set of 54 high-quality
homogenized daily maximum temperature series
from western Europe (Austria, Belgium, Croatia,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom) to define more
accurately the change in extreme warm Daily
Summer Maximum Temperature (DSMT). Results
from the daily temperature homogeneity analysis
suggest that many instrumental measurements in
the late 19th and early 20th centuries were warmbiased. Correcting for these biases, over the period
1880 to 2005 the length of summer heat waves over
western Europe has doubled and the frequency of
hot days has almost tripled. The DSMT Probability
Density Function (PDF) shows significant changes
in the mean (+ 1.6 +/- 0.4 degrees C) and variance
(+ 6 +/- 2%). These conclusions help further the evidence that western Europe’s climate has become
more extreme than previously thought and that
the hypothesized increase in variance of future
summer temperature has indeed been a reality
over the last 126 years.
2007, V112, ND15, AUG 3 ARTN: D15103.
08.1-20
Summer heat waves over western Europe
1880-2003, their relationship to large-scale
forcings and predictability
Della Marta P M, Luterbacher J, von Weissenfluh H,
Xoplaki E, Brunet M, Wanner H
Switzerland, Australia, Spain
We investigate the large-scale forcing and teleconnections between atmospheric circulation
(sea level pressure, SLP), sea surface temperatures
(SSTs), precipitation and heat wave events over
western Europe using a new dataset of 54 daily
maximum temperature time series. Forty four of
these time series have been homogenised at the
daily timescale to ensure that the presence of
inhomogeneities has been minimised. The daily
data have been used to create a seasonal index of
the number of heat waves. Using canonical correlation analysis (CCA), heat waves over western
Europe are shown to be related to anomalous high
pressure over Scandinavia and central western Europe. Other forcing factors such as Atlantic SSTs
and European precipitation, the later as a proxy
for soil moisture, a known factor in strengthening land-atmosphere feedback processes, are also
important. The strength of the relationship between summer SLP anomalies and heat waves is
improved (from 35%) to account for around 46%
of its variability when summer Atlantic and Mediterranean SSTs and summer European precipitation anomalies are included as predictors. This
indicates that these predictors are not completely
collinear rather that they each have some contribution to accounting for summer heat wave variability. However, the simplicity and scale of the
statistical analysis masks this complex interaction
between variables. There is some useful predictive
skill of summer heat waves using multiple lagged
predictors. A CCA using preceding winter North
Atlantic SSTs and preceding January to May Mediterranean total precipitation results in significant
hindcast (1972-2003) Spearman rank correlation
skill scores up to 0.55 with an average skill score
over the domain equal to 0.28 +/- 0.28. In agreement with previous studies focused on mean
summer temperature, there appears to be some
predictability of heat wave events on the decadal
scale from the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation
(AMO), although the long-term global mean temperature is also well related to western European
heat waves. Combining these results with the observed positive trends in summer continental European SLP, North Atlantic SSTs and indications of
a decline in European summer precipitation then
possibly these long-term changes are also related
43
to increased heat wave occurrence and it is important that the physical processes controlling these
changes be more fully understood.
Climate Dynamics, 2007, V29, N2-3, AUG, pp
251-275.
08.1-21
Effects of convective ice lofting on H2O and
HDO in the tropical tropopause layer
Dessler A E, Hanisco T F, Füglistaler S
USA, Switzerland, England
We have added convective ice lofting to a Lagrangian trajectory model of tropical tropopause layer
(TTL) water vapor (H2O) and its stable isotopologue,
HDO. The Lagrangian model has been previously
shown to accurately simulate H2O in the TTL and
lower stratosphere. We show here that the model
does a poor job reproducing the observed HDO
depletion (delta D) in the TTL. When convective
ice lofting to altitudes below the cold point (the
point where air experiences its lowest H2O saturation mixing ratio) is added to the model, there is
little change in H2O in the lower stratosphere, but
a large change in delta D throughout the TTL that
brings the model into better agreement with measurements. Thus convective ice lofting has the capacity to improve the model’s delta D simulation
while not significantly degrading the agreement
between simulated and measured H2O. Convective ice lofting to altitudes above the cold point,
on the other hand, has a large effect on lower
stratospheric H2O, suggesting that changes in
convection reaching these altitudes could drive
changes in lower stratospheric H2O. This suggests
a mechanism by which lower stratospheric H2O
trends may be at least partially decoupled from
tropopause temperature trends. Such a disconnection was suggested by previous observations of
simultaneously increasing stratospheric H2O and
a cooling tropical tropopause.
2007, V112, ND18, SEP 26 ARTN: D18309.
08.1-22
Some factors in the design of a regional
prediction model: an examination based upon
two MAP events
Didone M, Lüthi D, Davies H C
Switzerland
Consideration is given to the impact of both
synoptic-scale flow features and different model configurations upon the performance of an
Alpine-encompassing regional NWP model. The
so-called regional LM forecast model is used to
44
simulate two events selected from the Mesoscale
Alpine Programme (MAP), and simulations are
undertaken with: different domain sizes (at 7 km
resolution); lateral boundary data supplied from
two data sets (the ECMWF’s operational and MAP
Reanalysis fields); and an embedded domain (at 2
km resolution). Quantitative evidence is provided
showing (a) the specification of the incident and
evolving synoptic-scale flow can exert a major
impact upon the quality of the resulting simulations; (b) the simulation of the low-level meso-a
scale features of the flow is helped considerably
by the refined MAP Reanalysis data set; and (c) the
simulated meso-beta scale precipitation distribution displays some skill but, at least for one of the
two cases, major deficiencies are not offset by the
use of Reanalysis data.
Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 2007, V16, N3, pp
261-273.
08.1-23
Föhn in the Rhine Valley during MAP: A review
of its multiscale dynamics in complex valley
geometry
Drobinski P, Steinacker R, Richner H, Baumann
Stanzer K, Beffrey G, Benech B, Berger H, Chimani B, Dabas A, Dorninger M, Dürr B, Flamant
C, Frioud M, Furger M, Gröhn I, Gubser S, Gutermann T, Häberli C, Häller Scharnhorst E, Ratheiser
G, Ruffieux D, Seiz G, Spatzierer M, Tschannett S,
Vogt S, Werner R, Zängl G
France, Austria, Switzerland, Germany
This paper summarizes the findings of seven years
of research on fohn conducted within the project
‘Fohn in the Rhine Valley during MAP’ (FORM) of
the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP). It starts
with a brief historical review of fohn research in
the Alps, reaching back to the middle of the 19th
century. Afterwards, it provides an overview of the
experimental and numerical challenges identified
before the MAP field experiment and summarizes
the key findings made during MAP in observation,
simulation and theory. We specifically address
the role of the upstream and cross-Alpine flow
structure on fohn at a local scale and the processes driving fohn propagation in the Rhine Valley.
The crucial importance of interactions between
the fohn and cold-air pools frequently filling the
lower Rhine Valley is highlighted. In addition, the
dynamics of a low-level flow splitting occurring
at a valley bifurcation between the Rhine Valley
and the Seez Valley are examined. The advances
in numerical modelling and forecasting of fohn
events in the Rhine Valley are also underlined.
Finally, we discuss the main differences between
fohn dynamics in the Rhine Valley area and in the
Wipp/Inn Valley region and point out some open
research questions needing further investigation.
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 2007, V133, N625, B, APR, pp 897-916.
08.1-24
Multimodel projections of stratospheric ozone
in the 21st century
Eyring V, Waugh D W, Bodeker G E, Cordero E, Akiyoshi H, Austin J, Beagley S R, Boville B A, Braesicke
P, Brühl C, Butchart N, Chipperfield M P, Dameris
M, Deckert R, Deushi M, Frith S M, Garcia R R,
Gettelman A, Giorgetta M A, Kinnison D E, Mancini
E, Manzini E, Marsh D R, Matthes S, Nagashima
T, Newman P A, Nielsen J E, Pawson S, Pitari G,
Plummer D A, Rozanov E, Schraner M, Scinocca J
F, Semeniuk K, Shepherd T G, Shibata K, Steil B,
Stolarski R S, Tian W, Yoshiki M
Germany, USA, New Zealand, Japan, Canada, England, Italy, Switzerland
Simulations from eleven coupled chemistry-climate models (CCMs) employing nearly identical
forcings have been used to project the evolution of
stratospheric ozone throughout the 21st century.
The model-to-model agreement in projected temperature trends is good, and all CCMs predict continued, global mean cooling of the stratosphere
over the next 5 decades, increasing from around
0.25 K/decade at 50 h Pa to around 1 K/decade at
1 hPa under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions
Scenarios (SRES) A1B scenario. In general, the
simulated ozone evolution is mainly determined
by decreases in halogen concentrations and continued cooling of the global stratosphere due to
increases in greenhouse gases (GHGs). Column
ozone is projected to increase as stratospheric
halogen concentrations return to 1980s levels. Because of ozone increases in the middle and upper
stratosphere due to GHG-induced cooling, total
ozone averaged over midlatitudes, outside the polar regions, and globally, is projected to increase
to 1980 values between 2035 and 2050 and before
lowerstratospheric halogen amounts decrease to
1980 values. In the polar regions the CCMs simulate small temperature trends in the first and
second half of the 21st century in midwinter. Differences in stratospheric inorganic chlorine (Cl-y)
among the CCMs are key to diagnosing the intermodel differences in simulated ozone recovery, in
particular in the Antarctic. It is found that there
are substantial quantitative differences in the
simulated Cly, with the October mean Antarctic
Cly peak value varying from less than 2 ppb to
over 3.5 ppb in the CCMs, and the date at which
the Cly returns to 1980 values varying from before
2030 to after 2050. There is a similar variation in
the timing of recovery of Antarctic springtime column ozone back to 1980 values. As most models
underestimate peak Cly near 2000, ozone recovery
in the Antarctic could occur even later, between
2060 and 2070. In the Arctic the column ozone increase in spring does not follow halogen decreases
as closely as in the Antarctic, reaching 1980 values before Arctic halogen amounts decrease to
1980 values and before the Antarctic. None of the
CCMs predict future large decreases in the Arctic
column ozone. By 2100, total column ozone is projected to be substantially above 1980 values in all
regions except in the tropics.
2007, V112, ND16, AUG 21 ARTN: D16303.
08.1-25
Middle atmosphere water vapour and dynamical features in aircraft measurements and
ECMWF analyses
Feist D G, Geer A J, Müller S, Kämpfer N
Switzerland, England, Germany
The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather
Forecasts (ECMWF) provides global analyses of atmospheric humidity from the ground to the lower mesosphere. Unlike in the troposphere, in the stratosphere no humidity observations are assimilated.
Humidity analyses here are essentially the results of
a free-running model constrained by the ECMWF’s
analysed wind fields. So far only the broad-scale
features of the resulting stratospheric water vapour
distribution have been validated. This study provides the first in-depth comparison of stratospheric
humidity from ECMWF with observations from an
airborne microwave radiometer that has measured
the distribution of stratospheric water vapour over
an altitude range of roughly 15-60 km on several
flight campaigns since 1998. The aircraft measurements provide a horizontal resolution that cannot
be achieved by current satellite instruments. This
study examines dynamical features in the moisture
fields such as filamentation and the vortex edge,
finding that features in the ERA-40 humidity analyses often do correspond to real atmospheric events
that are seen in the aircraft measurements. However, the comparisons also show that in general the
ECMWF model produces an unrealistically moist
mesosphere. As a result it cannot replicate the descent of relatively dry mesospheric air into the polar
vortex in winter and spring.
N20, pp 5291-5307.
45
08.1-26
An improved low-flow thermodenuder
Fierz M, Vernooij M G C, Burtscher H
Switzerland
Thermodenuders are used to remove the volatile fraction of an aerosol. All designs until now
have a cooled adsorption section where the volatile material is trapped, but theoretical considerations suggest that the adsorption section should
be heated. Therefore, we built a thermodenuder
with a heated adsorption section. We tested its
performance with respect to particle penetration
and its ability to remove DEHS coated onto NaCl
nuclei. The measured losses are lower than in previously published designs and the DEHS removal
appears to be satisfactory. Additionally, the new
thermodenuder is practical for field use thanks to
its small size. It should therefore be a good alternative to previous designs.
Journal of Aerosol Science, 2007, V38, N11, NOV,
pp 1163-1168.
08.1-27
Dynamics of orographically triggered banded
convection in sheared moist orographic flows
Fuhrer O, Schär C
Switzerland
Shallow orographic convection embedded in an
unstable cap cloud can organize into convective
bands. Previous research has highlighted the
important role of small-amplitude topographic
variations in triggering and organizing banded
convection. Here, the underlying dynamical
mechanisms are systematically investigated by
conducting three-dimensional simulations of
moist flows past a two-dimensional mountain
ridge using a cloud-resolving numerical model.
Most simulations address a sheared environment
to account for the observed wind profiles. Results
confirm that small-amplitude topographic variations can enhance the development of embedded
convection and anchor quasi-stationary convective bands to a fixed location in space. The resulting precipitation patterns exhibit tremendous
spatial variability, since regions receiving heavy
rainfall can be only kilometers away from regions
receiving little or no rain. In addition, the presence of banded convection has important repercussions on the area-mean precipitation amounts.
For the experimental setup here, the gravity wave
response to small-amplitude topographic variations close to the upstream edge of the cap cloud
(which is forced by the larger-scale topography)
is found to be the dominant triggering mecha-
46
nism. Small-scale variations in the underlying
topography are found to force the location and
spacing of convective bands over a wide range of
scales. Further, a self- sufficient mode of unsteady
banded convection is investigated that does not
dependent on external perturbations and is able
to propagate against the mean flow. Finally, the
sensitivity of model simulations of banded convection with respect to horizontal computational
resolution is investigated. Consistent with predictions from a linear stability analysis, convective
bands of increasingly smaller scales are favored
as the horizontal resolution is increased. However, small-amplitude topographic roughness is
found to trigger banded convection and to control
the spacing and location of the resulting bands.
Thereby, the robustness of numerical simulations
with respect to an increase in horizontal resolution is increased in the presence of topographic
variations.
Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 2007, V64,
N10, OCT, pp 3542-3561.
08.1-28
A satellite- and model-based assessment of
the 2003 Russian fires: Impact on the Arctic
region
Generoso S, Bey I, Attie J L, Breon F M
Switzerland, France
(1) In this paper, we address the issues of the representation of boreal fires in a global chemistry and
transport model (GEOS-Chem) as well as their contribution to the Arctic aerosol optical thickness
and black carbon (BC) deposition, with a focus on
the 2003 Russian fires. We use satellite observations from the MOPITT, POLDER and MODIS sensors to evaluate the model performances in simulating the fire pollution export over the North
Pacific. Our results show that aerosol and carbon
monoxide (CO) outflow is best reproduced in our
model when fire emissions are (1) increased to 72
Tg for CO, 0.5 Tg C for BC, and 5.3 Tg C for organic
carbon over the entire fire season; (2) prescribed
on a daily basis; and (3) injected up to 4.5 km in
July and August. The use of daily, rather than
monthly, biomass burning emission inventories
improves significantly the representation of the
aerosol outflow, but has little impact on CO. The
injection of fire emissions above the boundary
layer influences both the CO and aerosol columns
but only during the late fire season. The model improvements with respect to the standard configuration induce an increase of a factor up to 2 on
the aerosol optical thickness and the mass of BC
deposited in the Northern Hemisphere. Accord-
ing to our improved simulation, the 2003 Russian
fires contributed to 16-33% of the aerosol optical
thickness and to 40-56% of the mass of BC deposited, north of 75 degrees N in spring and summer.
They contribute to the aerosol optical thickness
by more than 30% during the days of Arctic haze
events in spring and summer.
2007, V112, ND15, AUG 2 ARTN: D15302.
08.1-29
GEM/POPs: a global 3-D dynamic model for
semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants Part 1: Model description and evaluations of
air concentrations
Gong S L, Huang P, Zhao T L, Sahsuvar L, Barrie L
A, Kaminski J W, Li Y F, Niu T
Canada, Switzerland, Peoples R China
GEM/POPs was developed to simulate the transport, deposition and partitioning of semi-volatile
persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the atmosphere within the framework of Canadian weather
forecasting model GEM. In addition to the general
processes such as anthropogenic emissions, atmosphere/water and atmosphere/soil exchanges,
GEM/POPs incorporates a dynamic aerosol module to provide the aerosol surface areas for the
semi-volatile POPs to partition between gaseous
and particle phases and a mechanism for particlebound POPs to be removed. Simulation results
of three PCBs (28, 153 and 180) for the year 2000
indicate that the model captured the main features of global atmospheric PCBs when compared
with observations from EMEP, IADN and Alert stations. The annual averaged concentrations and
the fractionation of the three PCBs as a function
of latitudes agreed reasonably well with observations. The impacts of atmospheric aerosols on the
transports and partitioning of the three PCBs are
reasonably simulated. The ratio of particulate to
gaseous PCBs in the atmospheric column ranges
from less than 0.1 for PCB28 to as high as 100 for
PCB180, increasing from the warm lower latitudes
to the cold high latitudes. Application of GEM/
POPs in a study of the global transports and budgets of various PCBs accompanies this paper.
N15, pp 4001-4013.
08.1-30
A global model study of ozone enhancement
during the August 2003 heat wave in Europe
Guerova G, Jones N
Australia, Switzerland
The European summer of 2003 was characterised
by intense heat, prolonged isolation and suppressed ventilation of the boundary layer which,
combined with large anthropogenic emissions
and strong fires, resulted in a build up of an unprecedentedly high and long-lasting photochemical smog over large parts of the continent. In this
work, a global chemistry and transport model
GEOS-Chern is compared with surface O-3 concentrations observed in 2003 in order to examine
the extent to which the model is capable of reproducing such an extreme event. The GEOS-Chem
reproduces the temporal variation of O-3 at the
Jungfraujoch mountain site, Switzerland, including the enhanced concentrations associated with
the August 2003 heat wave (r = 0.84). The spatial
distribution of the enhanced surface O-3 over
Spain, France, Germany and Italy is also captured
to some extent (r = 0.63), although the largest concentrations appear to be located over the Italian
Peninsula in the model rather than over Central
Europe as suggested by the surface O-3 observations. In general, the observed differences between the European averaged O-3 concentrations
in the summer of 2003 to those in 2004 are larger
in the observations than in the model, as the
model reproduces relatively well the enhanced
levels in 2003 but overestimates those observed in
2004. Preliminary contributions of various sources to the O-3 surface concentrations over Europe
during the heat wave indicate that anthropogenic
emissions from Europe contribute the most to the
O-3 build up near the surface (40 to 50%, i.e. 30
ppb). The contribution from anthropogenic emissions from the other major source regions of the
northern hemisphere, in particular North America, tends to be smaller than those of other years.
The model indicates that the large fires that occurred in that year contributed up to 5% (3 ppb) to
surface O-3 in close proximity to the fire regions
and less elsewhere in Europe. Biogenic volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by grass and
forest areas contributed up to 10% (5-6 ppb) of surface O-3 over France, Germany and northern Italy,
which represents a contribution that is twice as
large than that found in 2004. These results in
terms of contributions from various sources, particularly biogenic emissions, should be seen as
preliminary, as the response of vegetation to such
extreme events may not be well represented in
the model.
Environmental Chemistry, 2007, V4, N5, pp
285-292.
47
08.1-31
Velocity and temperature derivatives in highReynolds-number turbulent flows in the atmospheric surface layer. Part 1. Facilities, methods
and some general results
Gulitski G, Kholmyansky M, Kinzelbach W, Lüthi B,
Tsinober A, Yorish S
Israel, Switzerland
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Oceanography , Geochemistry & Geophysics
This is a report on a field experiment in an atmospheric surface layer at heights between 0.8 and
10m with the Taylor micro-scale Reynolds number
in the range Re-lambda = 1.6 - 6.6 x 10(3). Explicit
information is obtained on the full set of velocity and temperature derivatives both spatial and
temporal, i.e. no use of Taylor hypothesis is made.
The report consists of three parts. Part I is devoted to the description of facilities, methods and
some general results. Certain results are similar
to those reported before and give us confidence in
both old and new data, since this is the first repetition of this kind of experiment at better data
quality. Other results were not obtained before,
the typical example being the so- called tear-drop
R - Q plot and several others. Part 2 concerns accelerations and related matters. Part 3 is devoted to
issues concerning temperature, with the emphasis on joint statistics of temperature and velocity
derivatives. The results obtained in this work are
similar to those obtained in experiments in laboratory turbulent grid flow and in direct numerical
simulations of Navier- Stokes equations at much
smaller Reynolds numbers Re-lambda similar to
10(2), and this similarity is not only qualitative,
but to a large extent quantitative. This is true of
such basic processes as enstrophy and strain production, geometrical statistics, the role of concentrated vorticity and strain, reduction of nonlinearity and non- local effects. The present experiments
went far beyond the previous ones in two main
respects. (i) All the data were obtained without
invoking the Taylor hypothesis, and therefore a
variety of results on fluid particle accelerations
became possible. (ii) Simultaneous measurements
of temperature and its gradients with the emphasis on joint statistics of temperature and velocity
derivatives. These are reported in Parts 2 and 3.
Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2007, V589, OCT 25,
pp 57-81.
48
08.1-32
Velocity and temperature derivatives in highReynolds-number turbulent flows in the atmospheric surface layer. Part 2. Accelerations and
related matters
Israel, Switzerland
Oceanography , Meteorology & Atmospheric
Sciences , Geochemistry & Geophysics
We report the first results of an experiment, in
which explicit information on all velocity derivatives (the nine spatial derivatives, partial derivative
u(i)/partial derivative x(j), and the three temporal
derivatives, partial derivative u(i)/partial derivative t) along with the three components of velocity
fluctuations at a Reynolds number as high as Relambda similar to 10 (4) is obtained. No use of the
Taylor hypothesis was made, and this allowed us
to obtain a variety of results concerning acceleration and its different Eulerian components along
with vorticity, strain and other small-scale quantities. The field experiments were performed at five
heights between 0.8 and 10 in above the ground.
The report consists of three parts. Part 1 is devoted
to the description of facilities, methods and some
general results. Part 2 concerns accelerations and
related matters. Part 3 is devoted to the issues concerning temperature with the emphasis on joint
statistics of temperature and velocity derivatives.
pp 83-102.
08.1-33
Velocity and temperature derivatives in
high-Reynolds-number turbulent flows in the
atmospheric surface layer. Part 3. Temperature
and joint statistics of temperature and velocity
derivatives
Israel, Switzerland
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Oceanography , Geochemistry & Geophysics
This is part 3 of our work describing experiments
in which explicit information was obtained on
all the derivatives, i.e. spatial derivatives, partial
derivative/partial derivative x(j), and temporal
derivatives, partial derivative/partial derivative
t, of velocity and temperature fields (and all the
components of velocity fluctuations and temperature) at the Reynolds number Re-lambda similar
to 10(4). This part is devoted to the issues concerning temperature with the emphasis on joint statistics of temperature and velocity derivatives, based
on preliminary results from a jet facility and the
main results from a field experiment. Apart from
a number of conventional results, these contain a
variety of results concerning production of temperature gradients, such as role of vorticity and
strain, eigen- contributions, geometrical statistics
such as alignments of the temperature gradient
and the eigenframe of the rate-of-strain tensor,
tilting of the temperature gradient, comparison
of the true production of the temperature gradient with its surrogate. Among the specific results
of importance is the essential difference in the behaviour of the production of temperature gradients in regions dominated by vorticity and strain.
Namely, the production of temperature gradients
is much more intensive in regions dominated by
strain, whereas production of temperature gradients is practically independent of the magnitude
of vorticity. In contrast, vorticity and strain are
contributing equally to the tilting of the vector of
temperature gradients. The production of temperature gradients is mainly due to the fluctuative
strain, the terms associated with mean fields are
unimportant. It was checked directly (by looking
at corresponding eigen-contributions and alignments), that the production of the temperature
gradients is due to predominant compressing of
fluid elements rather than stretching, which is
true of other processes in turbulent flows, e.g. turbulent energy production in shear flows. Though
the production of the temperature gradient and
its surrogate possess similar univariate PDFs
(which indicates the tendency to isotropy in small
scales by this particular criterion), their joint PDF
is not close to a bisector. This means that the true
production of the temperature gradient is far
from being fully represented by its surrogate. The
main technical achievement is demonstrating the
possibility of obtaining experimentally Joint statistics of velocity and temperature gradients.
pp 103-123.
08.1-34
Comparison and synergy of stratospheric
ozone measurements by satellite limb sounders and the ground-based microwave radiometer SOMORA
Hocke K, Kämpfer N, Ruffieux D, Froidevaux L, Parrish A, Boyd I, von Clarmann T, Steck T, Timofeyev Y
M, Polyakov A V, Kyrola E
Switzerland, USA, Germany, Russia, Finland
Stratospheric O-3 profiles obtained by the satellite limb sounders Aura/MLS, ENVISAT/ MIPAS,
ENVISAT/ GOMOS, SAGE-II, SAGE-III, UARS /HALOE
are compared to coincident O-3 profiles of the
ground-based microwave radiometer SOMORA in
Switzerland. Data from the various measurement
techniques are within 10% at altitudes below 45
km. At altitudes 45-60 km, the relative O-3 differences are within a range of 50%. Larger deviations
at upper altitudes are attributed to larger relative
measurement errors caused by lower O-3 concentrations. The spatiotemporal characteristics of the
O-3 differences (satellite ground station) are investigated by analyzing about 2300 coincident profile
pairs of Aura/MLS (retrieval version 1.5) and SOMORA. The probability density function of the O-3
differences is represented by a Gaussian normal
distribution. The dependence of the O-3 differences on the horizontal distance between the sounding volumes of Aura/MLS and SOMORA is derived.
While the mean bias (Aura/MLS - SOMORA) is constant with increasing horizontal distance (up to
800 km), the standard deviation of the O-3 differences increases from around 8 to 11% in the midstratosphere. Geographical maps yield azimuthal
dependences and horizontal gradients of the O-3
difference field around the SOMORA ground station. Coherent oscillations of O-3 are present in
the time series of Aura/MLS and SOMORA (e. g.,
due to traveling planetary waves). Ground-and
space-based measurements often complement
one another. We discuss the double differencing
technique which allows both the cross-validation
of two satellites by means of a ground station and
the cross-validation of distant ground stations
by means of one satellite. Temporal atmospheric
noise in the geographical ozone map over Payerne
is significantly reduced by combination of the
data from SOMORA and Aura/MLS. These analyses
illustrate the synergy of ground-based and spacebased measurements.
N15, pp 4117-4131.
08.1-35
Atmospheric predictability at synoptic versus
cloud-resolving scales
Switzerland
The limited atmospheric predictability has been
addressed by the development of ensemble prediction systems (EPS) that are now routinely applied for medium-range synoptic-scale numerical
weather prediction (NWP). With the increase of
computational power, interest is growing in the
design of high-resolution (cloud resolving) NWP
models and their associated short-range EPS.
This development raises a series of fundamental
questions, espe cially concerning the type of er-
49
ror growth and the validity of the tangent-linear
approximation. To address these issues, a comparison between perturbed medium-range (10
day) synoptic-scale integrations (taken from the
operational ECMWF EPS with a horizontal resolution of about 80 km) and short-range (1 day) highresolution simulations (based on the Lokal Modell
of the Consortium for Small-Scale Modeling with
a grid spacing of 2.2 km) is conducted. The differences between the two systems are interpreted in
a nondimensional sense and illustrated with the
help of the Lorenz attractor. Typical asymptotic
perturbation-doubling times of cloud-resolving
and synoptic-scale simulations amount to about
4 and 40 h, respectively, and are primarily related
to convective and baro- clinic instability. Thus,
in terms of growth rates, integrating a 1-day :1
Cloud- re solving forecast may be seen as equivalent to performing a 10-day synoptic-scale simulation. However, analysis of the prevailing linearity
reveals that the two systems are fundamentally
different in the following sense: the tangentlinear approximation breaks down at 1. 5 h for
cloud resolving against 54 h for synoptic-scale
forecasts. In terms of nonlinearity, a 10-day synoptic-scale integration thus corresponds to a very
short cloud-resolving simulation of merely; about
7 h. The higher degree of nonlinearity raises questions concerning the direct application of standard synoptic-scale forecasting methodologies
(e.g., optimal perturbations, 4D variational data
assimilation, or targeted observations) to 1-day
cloud-resolving forecasting.
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,
2007, V88, N11, NOV, pp 1783-+.
08.1-36
Predictability and error growth dynamics in
cloud-resolving models
Switzerland
While the benefits of ensemble techniques over
deterministic numerical weather predictions
(NWP) are now widely recognized, the prospects
of ensemble prediction systems (EPS) at high computational resolution are still largely unclear.
Difficulties arise due to the poor knowledge of
the mechanisms promoting rapid perturbation
growth and propagation, as well as the role of
nonlinearities. In this study, the dynamics associated with the growth and propagation of initial
uncertainties is investigated by means of real-case
high- resolution (cloud resolving) NWP integrations. The considered case is taken from the Mesoscale Alpine Programme intensive observing
50
period 3 (MAP IOP3) and involves convection of
intermediate intensity. To assess the underlying
mechanisms and the degree of linearity upon the
predictability of the flow, vastly different initial
perturbation methodologies are compared, while
all simulations use identical lateral boundary
conditions to mimic a perfectly predictable synoptic-scale flow. Comparison of the perturbation
methodologies indicates that the ensuing patterns of ensemble spread converge within 11 h,
irrespective of the initial perturbations employed.
All methodologies pinpoint the same meso-betascale regions of the flow as suffering from predictability limitations. This result reveals the important role of nonlinearities. Analysis also shows
that hot spots of error growth can quickly (1-2 h
after initialization) develop far away from the initial perturbations. This rapid radiation of the initial uncertainties throughout the computational
domain is due to both sound and gravity waves,
followed by the triggering and/or growth of perturbations over regions of convective instability.
The growth of the uncertainties is then limited by
saturation effects, which in turn are controlled by
the larger-scale atmospheric environment. From
a practical point of view, it is suggested that the
combined effects of rapid propagation, sizeable
amplification, and inherent nonlinearities may
pose severe difficulties for the design of EPS or
data assimilation techniques related to high-resolution quantitative precipitation forecasting.
N12, DEC, pp 4467-4478.
08.1-37
Upper-tropospheric flow features and the
Alps: An overview
Hoinka K P, Davies H C
Germany, Switzerland
One focus of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme
(MAP) was the study of upper-tropospheric potential vorticity (PV) anomalies that take the form of
narrow meridionally elongated troughs termed
‘PV streamers’. A systematic effort was undertaken
within the MAP framework to: establish a streamer climatology, develop appropriate instrumentation and undertake a measurement programme
to better ascertain their structure, study both
their intrinsic dynamics and their modification
by the Alps, and perform model experiments to
examine their significance for numerical weather
prediction. Here an overview is given of the progress made toward achieving these objectives. In
particular it is shown that PV streamers translating toward the Alpine region are dynamically
distinctive and constitute an identifiable precursor of and contribute seminally to heavy precipitation events on the south side of the Alps and
possess rich mesoscale sub-structures that can be
examined with novel water vapour absorption
lidar instrumentation. It is also shown that the
accurate representation of a streamer might well
be a critical prerequisite for accurate quantitative
prediction of mesoscale precipitation.
08.1-38
GEM/POPs: a global 3-D dynamic model for
semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants Part 2: Global transports and budgets of PCBs
Huang P, Gong S L, Zhao T L, Neary L, Barrie L A
Canada, Switzerland
Global transports and budgets of three PCBs were
investigated with a 3-D dynamic model for semivolatile persistent organic pollutants - GEM/POPs.
Dominant pathways were identified for PCB transports in the atmosphere with a transport flux peaking below 8 km for gaseous and 14 km for particulate PCB28, and peaking below 4 km for gaseous
and 6 km for particulate PCB180. The inter-continental transports of PCBs in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) are dominated in the zonal direction
with their route changes regulated seasonally by
the variation of westerly jet. The transport pathways from Europe and North Atlantic contributed
the most PCBs to the Arctic. Inter-hemispheric
transports of PCBs originated from the regions of
Europe, Asia and North America in three different
flow-paths, accompanying with easterly jet, Asian
monsoon winds and trade winds. PCBs from the
Southern Hemisphere (SH) could also be exported
into the NH. According to the PCB emissions of
year 2000, Europe, North America and Asia are the
three largest sources of the three PCBs, contributing to the global background concentrations in
the atmosphere, soil and water. Globally, PCB28 in
soil and water has become a comparable source to
the anthropogenic emissions while heavier PCBs
such as PCB153 and 180 are still transporting into
soil and water. For all three congeners, particulate
PCBs are concentrated in the higher levels than
gaseous PCBs. More than half of the particulate
PCB28 could reach up to the stratosphere, while
most of the heavier counter-parts (PCB153 and
PCB180) are stored in the troposphere including boundary layer with more than 99% gaseous
PCB180 below 6 km.
N15, pp 4015-4025.
08.1-39
Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder
Ozone by ozonesonde and lidar measurements
Jiang Y B, Froidevaux L, Lambert A, Livesey N J,
Read W G, Waters J W, Bojkov B, Leblanc T, Mcdermid I S, Godin Beekmann S, Filipiak M J, Harwood
R S, Fuller R A, Daffer W H, Drouin B J, Cofield R
E, Cuddy D T, Jarnot R F, Knosp B W, Perun V S,
Schwartz M J, Snyder W V, Stek P C, Thurstans R
P, Wagner P A, Allaart M, Andersen S B, Bodeker
G E, Calpini B, Claude H, Coetzee G, Davies J, de
Backer H, Dier H, Fujiwara M, Johnson B, Kelder H,
Leme N P, Koenig Langlo G, Kyro E, Laneve G, Fook
L S, Merrill J, Morris G, Newchurch M, Oltmans S J,
Parrondos M C, Posny F, Schmidlin F, Skrivankova P,
Stubi R, Tarasick D, Thompson A, Thouret V, Viatte
P, Vomel H, von der Gathen P, Yela M, Zablocki G
USA, France, Scotland, Netherlands, Denmark,
New Zealand, Switzerland, Germany, South Africa,
Canada, Belgium, Japan, Brazil, Finland, Italy, Malaysia, Spain, Czech Republic, Poland
(1) We present validation studies of MLS version
2.2 upper tropospheric and stratospheric ozone
profiles using ozonesonde and lidar data as well
as climatological data. Ozone measurements
from over 60 ozonesonde stations worldwide and
three lidar stations are compared with coincident
MLS data. The MLS ozone stratospheric data between 150 and 3 hPa agree well with ozonesonde
measurements, within 8% for the global average.
MLS values at 215 hPa are biased high compared
to ozonesondes by similar to 20% at middle to
high latitude, although there is a lot of variability in this altitude region. Comparisons between
MLS and ground-based lidar measurements from
Mauna Loa, Hawaii, from the Table Mountain
Facility, California, and from the Observatoire
de Haute-Provence, France, give very good agreement, within similar to 5%, for the stratospheric
values. The comparisons between MLS and the
Table Mountain Facility tropospheric ozone lidar
show that MLS data are biased high by similar to
30% at 215 hPa, consistent with that indicated by
the ozonesonde data. We obtain better global average agreement between MLS and ozonesonde partial column values down to 215 hPa, although the
average MLS values at low to middle latitudes are
higher than the ozonesonde values by up to a few
percent. MLS v2.2 ozone data agree better than
the MLS v1.5 data with ozonesonde and lidar measurements. MLS tropical data show the wave one
longitudinal pattern in the upper troposphere,
with similarities to the average distribution from
ozonesondes. High upper tropospheric ozone val-
51
ues are also observed by MLS in the tropical Pacific
from June to November.
2007, V112, ND24, DEC 15 ARTN: D24S34.
08.1-40
The impact of reducing the maximum speed
limit on motorways in Switzerland to 80 km
h(-1) on emissions and peak ozone
Keller J, Andreani Aksoyoglu S, Tinguely M, Flemming J, Heldstab J, Keller M, Zbinden R,
Prevot A S H
Urban Studies , Meteorology & Atmospheric
Sciences , Modelling
Hot and dry conditions in summer 2003 led to
ozone levels that substantially exceeded the Swiss
ambient air quality standard. We investigated how
emissions and ozone levels would have changed
in this period if the maximum speed limit on
Swiss motorways were decreased from 120 to 80
km h(-1). The air quality model package MM5 /
CAMx was applied to two nested domains, both
including Switzerland. Anthropogenic emissions
were based on various European and Swiss data
sources. The simulations for the reference case
were based on current driving behaviour. In the
reduction case, nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions
from road traffic were lower by about 4% with
respect to the current total NOx release. Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) were
not significantly affected. The peak ozone levels
decreased by less than 1%.
Environmental Modelling Software, 2008, V23, N3,
MAR, pp 322-332.
08.1-41
The evolution of ERA-40 surface temperatures
and total ozone compared to observed Swiss
time series
Kunz H, Scherrer S C, Liniger M A, Appenzeller C
Switzerland, USA
The aim of this paper is to compare long term
changes derived from ERA-40 reanalysis with the
corresponding changes found in carefully homogenized observational data. Focus is given on two
climate key parameter, daily surface temperature
(T2) and total ozone in the Alpine region for the
period 1961-2000. Overall the two temperature
data sets agree well. The reanalysed temperature
trend (0.3 degrees C /decade) is similar to the trend
in raw data but underestimates the trend derived
from homogenized data by 0.1 degrees C/decade.
Differences between ERA-40 and the observations
decrease with time. The bias is reduced from +/- 2
52
degrees in the 1960s to +/- 1 degrees in the 1990s.
Differences show a distinct annual cycle. On average ERA-40 overestimates T2 in summer by 1.0
degrees C and underestimates it by 0.4 degrees
C in winter. A simple downscaling procedure is
applied to compare the temperature values of
single Swiss station series with ERA-40 data. The
technique makes use of a topographic lapse rate
derived from observations. It is shown that the
lapse rate has a distinct seasonal cycle in the Alpine region. The use of this seasonal varying lapse
rate reduces considerably the seasonal bias found
between ERA-40 and the observed series. In contrast to the temperature data the two ozone data
sets show strong differences between time periods
satellite data has been assimilated or not. In the
episodes where ozone measurements from satellites are used, basically after 1979, the total ozone
values agree well with ERA-40. The reanalysis data
slightly overestimates the observations by 10 DU
(Dobson Units). Before 1973 the error is a little bit
larger with 12 DU, but the lack of satellite data
assimilation in ERA-40 results in an enhanced seasonal bias with maximum errors in winter (about
20 DU) . The strongest differences are found in the
1970s, when radiance from satellite data was assimilated, but ozone was not. There is a mean bias
of 38 DU with maximum errors in winter of about
70 DU.
Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 2007, V16, N2, pp
171-181.
08.1-42
Global model simulations of the impact of
ocean-going ships on aerosols, clouds, and the
radiation budget
Lauer A, Eyring V, Hendricks J, Joeckel P, Lohmann U
International shipping contributes significantly
to the fuel consumption of all transport related
activities. Specific emissions of pollutants such
as sulfur dioxide (SO2) per kg of fuel emitted are
higher than for road transport or aviation. Besides gaseous pollutants, ships also emit various
types of particulate matter. The aerosol impacts
the Earth’s radiation budget directly by scattering
and absorbing the solar and thermal radiation
and indirectly by changing cloud properties. Here
we use ECHAM5/MESSy1-MADE, a global climate
model with detailed aerosol and cloud microphysics to study the climate impacts of international
shipping. The simulations show that emissions
from ships significantly increase the cloud droplet
number concentration of low marine water clouds
by up to 5% to 30% depending on the ship emis-
sion inventory and the geographic region. Whereas the cloud liquid water content remains nearly
unchanged in these simulations, effective radii of
cloud droplets decrease, leading to cloud optical
thickness increase of up to 5 - 10%. The sensitivity
of the results is estimated by using three different
emission inventories for present-day conditions.
The sensitivity analysis reveals that shipping contributes to 2.3% to 3.6% of the total sulfate burden
and 0.4% to 1.4% to the total black carbon burden
in the year 2000 on the global mean. In addition
to changes in aerosol chemical composition, shipping increases the aerosol number concentration,
e. g. up to 25% in the size range of the accumulation mode (typically > 0.1 µm) over the Atlantic.
The total aerosol optical thickness over the Indian
Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico and the Northeastern
Pacific increases by up to 8 - 10% depending on
the emission inventory. Changes in aerosol optical thickness caused by shipping induced modification of aerosol particle number concentration
and chemical composition lead to a change in the
shortwave radiation budget at the top of the atmosphere (ToA) under clear-sky condition of about 0.014 W/m(2) to - 0.038 W/m(2) for a global annual
average. The corresponding all-sky direct aerosol
forcing ranges between - 0.011 W/m(2) and - 0.013
W/m(2). The indirect aerosol effect of ships on climate is found to be far larger than previously estimated. An indirect radiative effect of - 0.19 W/m
(2) to - 0.60 W/m(2) (a change in the atmospheric
shortwave radiative flux at ToA) is calculated here,
contributing 17% to 39% of the total indirect effect of anthropogenic aerosols. This contribution
is high because ship emissions are released in regions with frequent low marine clouds in an otherwise clean environment. In addition, the potential impact of particulate matter on the radiation
budget is larger over the dark ocean surface than
over polluted regions over land.
N19, pp 5061-5079.
08.1-43
Measurements of OVOCs and NMHCs in a
swiss highway tunnel for estimation of road
transport emissions
Legreid G, Reimann S, Steinbacher M, Stähelin J,
Young D, Stemmler K
Eighteen oxygenated volatile organic compounds
(OVOCs) and eight nonmethane hydrocarbons
(NMHCs) were measured continuously during a
two-week campaign in 2004 in the Gubrist highway tunnel (Switzerland) . The study aimed to es-
timate selected OVOC and NMHC emissions of the
current vehicle fleet under highway conditions.
For the measured OVOCs the highest EFs were
found for ethanol (9.7 mg/km), isopropanol (3.2
mg/km), and acetaldehyde (2.5 mg/km), followed
by acetone, benzaldehyde, and acrolein. Formaldehyde, the most abundant OVOC measured in
other studies, was not measured by the method applied. Relative emissions of the measured OVOCs
were estimated to contribute approximately 6 and
4% to the total road traffic VOC emissions from
Switzerland and Europe, respectively. Results are
compared with those from previous studies from
the same tunnel performed in 1993 and 2002, and
from campaigns in other tunnels. A continuous
reduction in the emission factors (EFs) was determined for all measured compounds from 1993 until 2004. The relative contributions of light-duty
vehicles (LDV) and heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) to the
total emissions indicated that OVOCs were mainly
produced by the HDVs, whereas LDVs dominated
the production of the NMHCs.
N20, OCT 15, pp 7060-7066.
08.1-44
A photochemical modeling study of ozone and
formaldehyde generation and budget in the
Po basin
Liu L, Andreani Aksoyoglu S, Keller J, Ordonez C,
Junkermann W, Hak C, Braathen G O, Reimann S,
Astorga Llorens C, Schultz M, Prevot A S H, Isaksen I S A
Norway, Switzerland, France, Germany, Sweden,
Italy
In this work, a photochemical dispersion model,
CAMx (Comprehensive Air quality Model with
eXtensions) was used to simulate a high ozone
episode observed in the Po basin during the 2003
FORMAT (Formaldehyde as a Tracer of Oxidation
in the Troposphere) campaign. The study focuses
on formaldehyde and ozone, and a budget analysis was set up for interpreting the importance
of different processes, namely emission, chemistry, transport and deposition, for three different
areas (urban, downwind, suburban) around the
Milan metropolitan region. In addition, a sensitivity study was carried out based on 11 different
VOC emission scenarios. The results of the budget study show that the strongest O-3 production
rate (4 ppbv/hour) occurs in the downwind area
of the city of Milan, and that accumulated O3 is
transported back to Milan city during nighttime.
More than 80% of the HCHO concentration over
the Milan metropolitan region is secondary, i.
e., photochemically produced from other VOCs.
53
The sensitivity study shows that the emissions
of isoprene are not, on average, a controlling factor for the peak concentrations of O3 and HCHO
over the model domain because of very few oak
trees in this region. Although the paraffinic (PAR)
emissions are fairly large, a 20% reduction of PAR
yields only 1.7% of HCHO reduction and 2.7% reduction of the O3 peak. The largest reduction of
O3 levels can be obtained by reduced xylene (XYL)
emissions. A 20% reduction of the total anthropogenic VOC emissions leads to 15.5% (20.3 ppbv)
reduction of O3 peak levels over the Milan metropolitan region.
2007, V112, ND22, NOV 20 ARTN: D22303.
08.1-45
Cloud microphysics and aerosol indirect effects
in the global climate model ECHAM5-HAM
Lohmann U, Stier P, Hoose C, Ferrachat S, Kloster S,
Röckner E, Zhang J
Switzerland, USA, Italy, Germany, Canada
The double-moment cloud microphysics scheme
from ECHAM4 that predicts both the mass mixing ratios and number concentrations of cloud
droplets and ice crystals has been coupled to
the size-resolved aerosol scheme ECHAM5-HAM.
ECHAM5-HAM predicts the aerosol mass, number
concentrations and mixing state. The simulated
liquid, ice and total water content and the cloud
droplet and ice crystal number concentrations as
a function of temperature in stratiform mixedphase clouds between 0 and -35 degrees C agree
much better with aircraft observations in the
ECHAM5 simulations. ECHAM5 performs better
because more realistic aerosol concentrations are
available for cloud droplet nucleation and because
the Bergeron-Findeisen process is parameterized
as being more efficient. The total anthropogenic
aerosol effect includes the direct, semi- direct
and indirect effects and is defined as the difference in the top-of-the-atmosphere net radiation
between present-day and pre- industrial times.
It amounts to & minus; 1.9 W m(-2) in ECHAM5,
when a relative humidity dependent cloud cover
scheme and aerosol emissions representative for
the years 1750 and 2000 from the AeroCom emission inventory are used. The contribution of the
cloud albedo effect amounts to -0.7 W m(-2). The
total anthropogenic aerosol effect is larger when
either a statistical cloud cover scheme or a different aerosol emission inventory are employed because the cloud lifetime effect increases.
N13, pp 3425-3446.
54
08.1-46
A thermophoretic precipitator for the representative collection of atmospheric ultrafine
particles for microscopic analysis
Lorenzo R, Kägi R, Gehrig R, Scherrer L, Grobety B,
Burtscher H
Switzerland
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Instruments
& Instrumentation
In this article, the potential of a thermophoretic
sampling device to derive quantitative particle
size distributions and number concentrations of
aerosols based on microscopic single particle analysis is explored. For that purpose a plate-to-plate
thermophoretic precipitator to collect ultrafine
atmospheric particles for TEM (transmission electron microscopy) analysis has been calibrated and
characterized. The representativeness of the samples has been verified in a series of experiments.
Results show that, for particles with diameters of
15 nm to 300 nm, the precipitator’s collection efficiency is independent of size, shape, and composition of the particles. Hence, its samples accurately
represent the original aerosol. A numerical model
of thermophoretic deposition within the device
has been developed and tailored to the specifications of the precipitator. The model has been used
to derive the particle number density and size
distribution of several calibration aerosols using
the TEM analysis of the samples taken with the
thermophoretic precipitator as input parameters.
The results agree very well with the on-line measurements of the calibration aerosols. This work
demonstrates that our thermophoretic sampling
device can be used to derive quantitative particle
size distributions and number concentrations of
ultrafine particles based on microscopic single
particle analysis.
Aerosol Science and Technology, 2007, V41, N10,
pp 934-943.
08.1-47
Evidence for a modest undercount bias in
early historical Atlantic tropical cyclone counts
Mann M E, Sabbatelli T A, Neu U
USA, Switzerland
Oceanography , Meteorology & Atmospheric
Sciences
We obtain new insights into the reliability of
long-term historical Atlantic tropical cyclone
(‘TC’) counts through the use of a statistical
model that relates variations in annual Atlantic TC counts to climate state variables. We find
that the existence of a substantial undercount
bias in late 19th through mid 20th century TC
counts is inconsistent with the statistical rela-
tionship between TC counts and climate.
NOV 24 ARTN: L22707.
08.1-48
Efficiency of immersion mode ice nucleation
on surrogates of mineral dust
Marcolli C, Gedamke S, Peter T, Zobrist B
Switzerland
& Instrumentation
A differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was
used to explore heterogeneous ice nucleation of
emulsified aqueous suspensions of two Arizona
test dust (ATD) samples with particle diameters of
nominally 0 - 3 and 0 - 7 µm, respectively. Aqueous suspensions with ATD concentrations of 0.01
- 20 wt% have been investigated. The DSC thermograms exhibit a homogeneous and a heterogeneous freezing peak whose intensity ratios vary
with the ATD concentration in the aqueous suspensions. Homogeneous freezing temperatures
are in good agreement with recent measurements
by other techniques. Depending on ATD concentration, heterogeneous ice nucleation occurred
at temperatures as high as 256K or down to the
onset of homogeneous ice nucleation (237 K). For
ATD-induced ice formation Classical Nucleation
Theory (CNT) offers a suitable framework to parameterize nucleation rates as a function of temperature, experimentally determined ATD size,
and emulsion droplet volume distributions. The
latter two quantities serve to estimate the total
heterogeneous surface area present in a droplet,
whereas the suitability of an individual heterogeneous site to trigger nucleation is described
by the compatibility function (or contact angle)
in CNT. The intensity ratio of homogeneous to
heterogeneous freezing peaks is in good agreement with the assumption that the ATD particles
are randomly distributed amongst the emulsion
droplets. The observed dependence of the heterogeneous freezing temperatures on ATD concentrations cannot be described by assuming a constant
contact angle for all ATD particles, but requires
the ice nucleation efficiency of ATD particles to be
(log) normally distributed amongst the particles.
Best quantitative agreement is reached when explicitly assuming that high-compatibility sites are
rare and that therefore larger particles have on
average more and better active sites than smaller
ones. This analysis suggests that a particle has to
have a diameter of at least 0.1 µm to exhibit on
average one active site.
N19, pp 5081-5091.
08.1-49
Aerosol scattering as a function of altitude in
a coastal environment
Marshall J, Lohmann U, Leaitch W R, Lehr P,
Hayden K
Canada, Switzerland
(1) An optical closure study was carried out on
the basis of measurements taken during five research flights in October 2003 over the waters surrounding Nova Scotia. Measurements of aerosol
size spectra were made using a variety of instruments, and the size- segregated chemical signature was determined with an Aerodyne Aerosol
Mass Spectrometer. The aerosol scattering and
backscattering coefficients were determined
with an integrating nephelometer at three visible wavelengths. At a wavelength of 550 nm and
at altitudes less than 1000 m, the mean total scattering coefficient of the dry in-cabin aerosol is 26
Mm(-1), with a standard deviation of 10 Mm(-1) ,
while the mean backscattering coefficient is 1.7
Mm(-1) with a standard deviation of 0.8 Mm(-1).
On the basis of data from instruments within
the cabin, closure between the directly measured
and calculated total scattering coefficients is attained for more than 70% of cases, but is not attained for the backscattering coefficients. Coarse
particles are found to account for roughly half
of the total scattering and 70% of the backscattering for altitudes up to similar to 1000 m. The
scattering contribution from coarse particles is
found to account for approximately 65% of the
total scattering and 88% of the backscattering
when calculated on the basis of measurements
taken outside of the aircraft, which are not subject to inlet losses for larger particles.
2007, V112, ND14, JUL 21 ARTN: D14203.
08.1-50
Breaking waves at the tropopause in the wintertime Northern Hemisphere: Climatological
analyses of the orientation and the theoretical
LC1/2 classification
Martius O, Schwierz C, Davies H C
Switzerland
Breaking waves on the tropopause are viewed as
potential vorticity (PV) streamers on middle-world
isentropic levels. A Northern Hemisphere winter
climatology of the streamers’ spatial distribution and meridional orientation is derived from
the 40-yr ECMWF Re- Analysis (ERA-40) dataset,
and used to assess the nature and frequency of
occurrence of breaking synoptic-scale waves. The
55
streamers are grouped into two classes related to
the so-called cyclonic (LC2) and anticyclonic (LC1)
patterns, and the ambient wind strength and wind
shear is also noted. It is shown that the occurrence
of cyclonic and anticyclonic PV streamers exhibits
a distinct spatial variability in the horizontal and
the vertical. The majority of cyclonic PV streamers are found on lower isentropic levels that intersect the tropopause at more poleward latitudes,
whereas anticyclonic streamers predominate at
higher elevations in the subtropics. An analysis of
the streamer patterns for the two phases of the
North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) reveals significant differences in the location and frequency of
both cyclonic and anticyclonic streamers in the
Euro-Atlantic region on the 310-K isentropic level.
Likewise, for the two phases of the ENSO and the
Pacific-North American (PNA) pattern, there are
marked differences in the frequency pattern of
cyclonic streamers. An examination of the tropopause-level hemispheric flow pattern at the time
of and prior to a streamer’s formation indicates
a linkage to the presence or absence of double jet
structures.
N7, JUL, pp 2576-2592.
08.1-51
Comparison between backscatter lidar and
radiosonde measurements of the diurnal and
nocturnal stratification in the lower troposphere
Martucci G, Matthey R, Mitev V, Richner H
Switzerland
& Instrumentation
A collection of boundary layer heights has been
derived from measurements performed by a
ground-based backscatter lidar in Neuch tel, Switzerland (47.000 N, 6.967 E, 485 m ASL). A dataset
of 98 cases have been collected during 2 yr. From
these data, 61 are noon and 37 are midnight cases.
The following two different schemes were used to
retrieve the mixed layer depth and the height of
the residual layer from the measurements: the
gradient and variance methods. The obtained values were compared with those derived from the
potential temperature profiles as computed from
radiosonde data. For nocturnal cases, the height
of the first aerosol layer above the residual layer
was also compared to the corresponding potential temperature value. Correlation coefficients
between lidar and radiosonde in both convective
and stable conditions are between 0.88 and 0.97.
Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,
2007, V24, N7, JUL, pp 1231-1244.
56
08.1-52
Counterflow virtual impact or based collection
of small ice particles in mixed-phase clouds
for the physico-chemical characterization of
tropospheric ice nuclei : Sampler description
and first case study
Mertes S, Verheggen B, Walter S, Connolly P, Ebert
M, Schneider J, Bower K N, Cozic J, Weinbruch S,
Baltensperger U, Weingartner E
Germany, Switzerland, England
A ground-based sampling system named Ice-CVI
is introduced that is able to extract small ice
particles with sizes between 5 and 20 µm out of
mixed-phase clouds. The instrument is based on
a counterflow virtual impactor (CVI) removing interstitial particles and is supplemented by additional modules that pre-segregate other constituents of mixed-phase clouds. Ice particles of 20 µm
and smaller are expected to grow only by water
vapor diffusion and there is a negligible probability that they scavenge aerosol particles by impaction and riming. Thus, their residuals which are
released by the Ice-CVI can be interpreted as the
original ice nuclei (IN). In a first field test within
the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment (CLACE-3) at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch, the collection behavior of the
single components and the complete system was
evaluated under atmospheric sampling conditions. By comparing parameters measured by the
Ice-CVI with corresponding results obtained from
other inlets or with in-situ instrumentation it is
verified that the small ice particles are representatively collected whereas all other mixed phase
cloud constituents are effectively suppressed. In
a case study it is observed that supermicrometer
particles preferentially serve as IN although in absolute terms the IN concentration is dominated by
submicrometer particles. Mineral dust (Si), nonvolatile organic matter and black carbon could be
identified as IN components by means of different
chemical analyses. The latter suggests an anthropogenic influence on the heterogeneous ice nucleation in supercooled, tropospheric clouds.
Aerosol Science and Technology, 2007, V41, N9, pp
848-864.
08.1-53
A one-dimensional ensemble forecast and assimilation system for fog prediction
Müller M D, Schmutz C, Parlow E
Switzerland
A probabilistic fog forecast system was designed
based on two high resolution numerical 1-D mod-
els called COBEL and PAFOG. The 1-D models are
coupled to several 3-D numerical weather prediction models and thus are able to consider the effects of advection. To deal with the large uncertainty inherent to fog forecasts, a whole ensemble
of 1-D runs is computed using the two different
numerical models and a set of different initial
conditions in combination with distinct boundary conditions. Initial conditions are obtained
from variational data assimilation, which optimally combines observations with a first guess
taken from operational 3-D models. The design
of the ensemble scheme computes members that
should fairly well represent the uncertainty of
the current meteorological regime. Verification
for an entire fog season reveals the importance of
advection in complex terrain. The skill of 1-D fog
forecasts is significantly improved if advection is
considered. Thus the probabilistic forecast system
has the potential to support the forecaster and
therefore to provide more accurate fog forecasts.
Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2007, V164, N6-7,
JUN, pp 1241-1264.
08.1-54
Ozone air pollution effects on tree-ring
growth, delta C-13, visible foliar injury and
leaf gas exchange in three ozone-sensitive
woody plant species
Novak K, Cherubini P, Saurer M, Fuhrer J, Skelly J
M, Kräuchi N, Schaub M
Switzerland, USA
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Plant
Sciences , Forestry
We assessed the effects of ambient tropospheric
ozone on annual tree- ring growth, delta C-13 in
the rings, leaf gas exchange and visible injury
in three ozone-sensitive woody plant species in
southern Switzerland. Seedlings of Populus nigra
L., Viburnum lantana L. and Fraxinus excelsior L.
were exposed to charcoal-filtered air (CF) and nonfiltered air (NF) in open-top chambers, and to ambient air (AA) in open plots during the 2001 and
2002 growing seasons. Ambient ozone exposures
in the region were sufficient to cause visible foliar
injury, early leaf senescence and premature leaf
loss in all species. Ozone had significant negative
effects on net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in all species in 2002 and in V. lantana
and F. excelsior in 2001. Water-use efficiency decreased and intercellular CO2 concentrations increased in all species in response to ozone in 2002
only. The width and delta C-13 of the 2001 and
2002 growth rings were measured for all species
at the end of the 2002 growing season. Compared
with CF seedlings, mean ring width in the AA and
NF P. nigra seedlings was reduced by 52 and 46%,
respectively, in 2002, whereas in V lantana and F.
excelsior ring width showed no significant reductions in either year. Although delta C-13 was usually more negative in CF seedlings than in AA and
NF seedlings, with the exception of F. excelsior in
2001, ozone effects on delta C-13 were significant
only for V lantana and P nigra in 2001. Among
species, P. nigra exhibited the greatest response to
ozone for the measured parameters as well as the
most severe foliar injury and was the only species
to show a significant reduction in ring width in response to ozone exposure, despite significant negative ozone effects on leaf gas exchange and the
development of visible foliar injury in V lantana
and F. excelsior. Thus, significant ozone-induced
effects at the leaf level did not correspond to reduced tree-ring growth or increased delta C-13 in
all species, indicating that the timing of ozone exposure and severity of leaf-level responses may be
important in determining the sensitivity of tree
productivity to ozone exposure.
Tree Physiology, 2007, V27, N7, JUL, pp 941-949.
08.1-55
Perturbation of the European free troposphere
aerosol by North American forest fire plumes
during the ICARTT-ITOP experiment in summer
2004
Petzold A, Weinzierl B, Huntrieser H, Stohl A, Real
E, Cozic J, Fiebig M, Hendricks J, Lauer A, Law K,
Roiger A, Schlager H, Weingartner E
Germany, Norway, France, Switzerland
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Modelling ,
Forestry , Plant Sciences
During the ICARTT-ITOP Experiment in summer
2004 plumes from large wildfires in North America were transported to Central Europe at 3 - 8 km
altitude above sea level (a.s.l.). These plumes were
studied with the DLR (Deutsches Zentrum fuer
Luft- und Raumfahrt) research aircraft Falcon
which was equipped with an extensive set of in
situ aerosol and trace gas instruments. Analyses
by the Lagrangian dispersion model FLEXPART
provided source regions, transport times and
horizontal extent of the fire plumes. Results from
the general circulation model ECHAM/MADE and
data from previous aerosol studies over Central
Europe provided reference vertical profiles of
black carbon (BC) mass concentrations for year
2000 conditions with forest fire activities below
the long-term average. Smoke plume observations
yielded a BC mass fraction of total aerosol mass
with respect to PM 2.5 of 2 - 8%. The ratio of BC
mass to excess CO was 3 - 7.5 mg BC (g CO)(-1). Even
after up to 10 days of atmospheric transport, both
57
characteristic properties were of the same order
as for fresh emissions. This suggests an efficient
lifting of BC from forest fires to higher altitudes
with only minor scavenging removal of particulate matter. Maximum aerosol absorption coefficient values were 7 - 8Mm (-1) which is about two
orders of magnitude above the average European
free tropospheric background value. Forest fire
aerosol size distributions were characterised by a
strong internally mixed accumulation mode centred at modal diameters of 0.25 - 0.30 µm with an
average distribution width of 1.30. Nucleation and
small Aitken mode particles were almost completely depleted.
N19, pp 5105-5127.
08.1-56
Long-term variability of daily North AtlanticEuropean pressure patterns since 1850 classified by simulated annealing clustering
Philipp A, Della Marta P M, Jacobeit J, Fereday D R,
Jones P D, Moberg A, Wanner H
Germany, Switzerland, England, Sweden
Reconstructed daily mean sea level pressure patterns of the North Atlantic - European region are
classified for the period 1850 to 2003 to explore
long- term changes of the atmospheric circulation
and its impact on long- term temperature variability in the central European region. Commonly
used k- means clustering algorithms resulted in
classifications of low quality because of methodological deficiencies leading to local optima by
chance for complex datasets. In contrast, a newly
implemented clustering scheme combining the
concepts of simulated annealing and diversified
randomization (SANDRA) is able to reduce substantially the influence of chance in the cluster
assignment, leading to partitions that are noticeably nearer to the global optimum and more stable. The differences between conventional cluster
analysis and the SANDRA scheme are significant
for subsequent analyses of single clusters - in particular, for trend analysis. Conventional indices
used to determine the appropriate number of
clusters failed to provide clear guidance, indicating that no distinct separation between clusters of
circulation types exists in the dataset. Therefore,
the number of clusters is determined by an external indicator, the so- called dominance criteria for
t- mode principal component analysis. Nevertheless, the resulting partitions are stable for certain
numbers of clusters and provide meaningful and
reproducible clusters. The resulting types of pressure patterns reveal pronounced long- term vari-
58
ability and various significant trends of the time
series of seasonal cluster frequency. Tentative estimations of central European temperature changes based solely on seasonal cluster frequencies can
explain between 33.9% (summer) and 59.0% (winter) of temperature variance on the seasonal time
scale. However, the signs of long- term changes
in temperature are correctly reproduced even on
multidecadal - centennial time scales. Moreover,
linear warming trends are reproduced, implying
from one- third up to one- half of the observed
temperature increase between 1851/ 52 and 2003
(except for summer, but with significant trends
for spring and autumn), indicating that changes
in daily circulation patterns contribute to the observed overall long- term warming in the central
European region.
Journal of Climate, 2007, V20, N16, AUG 17, pp
4065-4095.
08.1-57
Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth over
central Europe from MSG- SEVIRI data and accuracy assessment with ground-based AERONET measurements
Popp C, Hauser A, Foppa N, Wunderle S
Switzerland, Germany
Remote Sensing , Meteorology & Atmospheric
Sciences
In this study, the remote sensing of aerosol optical depth (tau(a)) from the geostationary Meteosat
Second Generation (MSG) Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) is demonstrated.
The proposed method is based on the analysis of
a time series of SEVIRI’s 0.6 µm channel images.
Top-of-atmosphere reflectance is precorrected for
the effect of atmospheric gases and a background
aerosol amount. Subsequently, surface reflectance
for each pixel is estimated by determining its lowest precorrected reflectance within the observed
time period for each satellite observation time of
the day. The resulting diurnal surface reflectance
curve in combination with the radiative transfer
code SMAC are finally used to derive ta. This approach is applied to SEVIRI subscenes of central
Europe (40.8 - 51.3 degrees N, 0.3 degrees W - 19.9
degrees E) from August 2004, daily acquired between 0612 and 1712 UTC in intervals of 15 min.
SEVIRI tau(a) are related to Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Sun photometer measurements
from nine sites. About 3200 instantaneous SEVIRI
and Sun photometer tau(a) are compared. An
overall correlation of 0.9 and a root mean square
error of 0.08 are obtained. Further, the spatial distribution of SEVIRI tau(a) maps for August 2004
represent expectable features like higher concen-
trations in industrialized regions or lower loading in higher altitudes. It is concluded that the
described method is able to provide an estimate of
tau(a) from MSG-SEVIRI data. Such aerosol maps
of high temporal frequency could be of interest to
atmospheric related sciences, e. g., to track aerosol particle transport.
2007, V112, ND24, NOV 9 ARTN: D24S11.
08.1-58
Hydrological aspects of the Mesoscale Alpine
Programme: Findings from field experiments
and simulations
Ranzi R, Zappa M, Bacchi B
Italy, Switzerland
Modelling , Hydrology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
The Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) was a
unique initiative to improve the understanding
of processes involved in orographically influenced
precipitation events and in the related emergence
and mitigation of floods in the Alps. This study
presents a summary of the results from investigations of hydrological relevance in areas to
the south (Lago Maggiore watershed) and north
(Ammer watershed) of the Alps. A special focus
is given to the 1999 Special Observing Period
(SOP) experiment. MAP has been an important
dialogue platform between the hydrological and
meteorological communities. A common goal
has been the verification and the assessment of
errors and sources of uncertainty of new coupled
techniques for flood forecasting in mountainous environments. The ensemble multi-model
error in the hydrometeorological forecast, two
days in advance, was 30% of the observed peaks
and 15% of the observed runoff volumes, on average. To provide some insight on the relative importance and priority of observation strategies
of hydrological factors such as soil moisture and
reservoir volume in contributing to the flood intensity, the MAP project ‘Hydrology’ focused also
on the role and magnitude of water storage in reservoirs. The presented analyses indicate that for
the investigated basins and flood events, the storage reservoirs may retain, on average, up to 10%
of the event runoff volume and are key elements
contributing to the mitigation of peak runoff.
The observed variability of soil moisture is large
and therefore it has been confirmed that severe
difficulties remain in instrumental monitoring of
soil moisture in mountainous environments. The
sensitivity of floods to soil moisture in the physiogeographic context analysed here seems, however,
to be minor, due to the shallow soil layer covering
the underlying rocks and the relatively high permeability of soils which reduce the ‘hydrological
memory’ of the soil cover in the mountain basins
investigated.
08.1-59
Ice nucleation of ammonia gas exposed montmorillonite mineral dust particles
Salam A, Lohmann U, Lesins G
Canada, Bangladesh, Switzerland
The ice nucleation characteristics of montmorillonite mineral dust aerosols with and without
exposure to ammonia gas were measured at different atmospheric temperatures and relative humidities with a continuous flow diffusion chamber. The montmorillonite particles were exposed
to pure (100%) and diluted ammonia gas (25 ppm)
at room temperature in a stainless steel chamber.
There was no significant change in the mineral
dust particle size distribution due to the ammonia
gas exposure. 100% pure ammonia gas exposure
enhanced the ice nucleating fraction of montmorillonite mineral dust particles 3 to 8 times at
90% relative humidity with respect to water (RHw)
and 5 to 8 times at 100% RHw for 120 min exposure time compared to unexposed montmorillonite within our experimental conditions. The
percentages of active ice nuclei were 2 to 8 times
higher at 90% RHw and 2 to 7 times higher at 100%
RHw in 25 ppm ammonia exposed montmorillonite compared to unexposed montmorillonite. All
montmorillonite particles are more efficient as ice
nuclei with increasing relative humidities and decreasing temperatures. The activation temperature
of montmorillonite exposed to 100% pure ammonia was 15 degrees C higher than for unexposed
montmorillonite particles at 90% RHw. In the 25
ppm ammonia exposed montmorillonite experiments, the activation temperature was 10 degrees
C warmer than unexposed montmorillonite at 90%
RHw. Degassing does not reverse the ice nucleating ability of ammonia exposed montmorillonite
mineral dust particles suggesting that the ammonia is chemically bound to the montmorillonite
particle. This is the first experimental evidence
that ammonia gas exposed montmorillonite mineral dust particles can enhance its activation as ice
nuclei and that the activation can occur at temperatures warmer than -degrees C where natural
atmospheric ice nuclei are very scarce.
N14, pp 3923-3931.
59
08.1-60
A trajectory-based estimate of the tropospheric ozone column using the residual method
Schoeberl M R, Ziemke J R, Bojkov B, Livesey N J,
Duncan B, Strahan S, Froidevaux L, Kulawik S, Bhartia
P K, Chandra S, Levelt P F, Witte J C, Thompson A
M, Cuevas E, Redondas A, Tarasick D W, Davies J,
Bodeker G E, Hansen G, Johnson B J, Oltmans S J,
Voemel H, Allaart M, Kelder H, Newchurch M, Godin
Beekmann S, Ancellet G, Claude H, Andersen S B,
Kyroe E, Parrondos M C, Yela M, Zablocki G, Moore
D, Dier H, von der Gathen P, Viatte P, Stuebi R, Calpini
B, Skrivankova P, Dorokhov V, de Backer H, Schmidlin
F J, Coetzee G, Fujiwara M, Thouret V, Posny F, Morris
G, Merrill J, Leong C P, König Langlo G, Joseph E
USA, Netherlands, Spain, Canada, New Zealand,
Norway, France, Denmark, Finland, Poland, England, Germany, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Russia, Belgium, South Africa, Japan, Malaysia
We estimate the tropospheric column ozone using a forward trajectory model to increase the
horizontal resolution of the Aura Microwave
Limb Sounder (MLS) derived stratospheric column
ozone. Subtracting the MLS stratospheric column
from Ozone Monitoring Instrument total column
measurements gives the trajectory enhanced tropospheric ozone residual (TTOR). Because of different tropopause definitions, we validate the basic
residual technique by computing the 200-hPato- surface column and comparing it to the same
product from ozonesondes and Tropospheric
Emission Spectrometer measurements. Comparisons show good agreement in the tropics and reasonable agreement at middle latitudes, but there
is a persistent low bias in the TTOR that may be
due to a slight high bias in MLS stratospheric column. With the improved stratospheric column
resolution, we note a strong correlation of extratropical tropospheric ozone column anomalies
with probable troposphere-stratosphere exchange
events or folds. The folds can be identified by their
colocation with strong horizontal tropopause gradients. TTOR anomalies due to folds may be mistaken for pollution events since folds often occur
in the Atlantic and Pacific pollution corridors.
We also compare the 200-hPa-to-surface column
with Global Modeling Initiative chemical model
estimates of the same quantity. While the tropical comparisons are good, we note that chemical
model variations in 200hPa-to-surface column at
middle latitudes are much smaller than seen in
the TTOR.
2007, V112, ND24, DEC 19 ARTN: D24S49.
60
08.1-61
The impact of NOx, CO and VOC emissions on
the air quality of Zürich airport
Schürmann G, Schäfer K, Jahn C, Hoffman H,
Bauerfeind M, Fleuti E, Rappenglück B
Germany, Switzerland, USA
Atmospheric Environment, 2007, V41, N26, AUG,
pp 5553-5554.
08.1-62
Dewpoint and humidity measurements and
trends at the summit of Mount Washington,
New Hampshire, 1935-2004
Seidel T M, Grant A N, Pszenny A A P, Allman D J
USA, Switzerland
Meteorological conditions have been recorded at
the summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire, (44 degrees 16 ‘ N, 71 degrees 18 ‘ W, 1914
m ASL) since November 1932. Use of consistent
instrumentation allows analysis of humidity
measurements as calculated from error- checked
dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, and
pressure during the period 1935-2004. This paper
presents seasonally and annually averaged dewpoint temperature, mixing ratio, and relative humidity means and trends, including clear-air and
fog subsets and, beginning in 1939, day and night
subsets. The majority of linear trends are negative
over the full study period, although these decreases are not constant, with relatively large (small)
values in the mid-1950s (late 1970s). Annual mean
dewpoint (water vapor mixing ratio) over the 70-yr
period has decreased by 0.06 degrees C decade(-1)
(0.01 g kg(-1) decade(-1)). During this period the annual frequency of fog increased by 0.5% decade(-1).
Dewpoint and mixing ratio trends, both generally
decreasing, differ by season; they are smallest in
spring and greatest in fall. Relative humidity has
decreased most in winter. The clear-air subset
shows significant decreases in both dewpoint and
mixing ratio for all seasons except spring.
Journal of Climate, 2007, V20, N22, NOV 15, pp
5629-5641.
08.1-63
Assessment of the performance of ECCozonesondes under quasi-flight conditions
in the environmental simulation chamber:
Insights from the Juelich Ozone Sonde Intercomparison Experiment (JOSIE)
Smit H G J, Straeter W, Johnson B J, Oltmans S J,
Davies J, Tarasick D W, Hoegger B, Stubi R, Schmidlin F J, Northam T, Thompson A M, Witte J C, Boyd
I, Posny F
Germany, USA, Switzerland, Reunion
(1) Since 1996, quality assurance experiments
of electrochemical concentration cell (ECC)
ozonesondes of two different model types (SPC-6A
and ENSCI-Z) have been conducted in the environmental simulation facility at the Research Centre
Juelich within the framework of the Juelich Ozone
Sonde Intercomparison Experiment (JOSIE). The
experiments have shown that the performance
characteristics of the two ECC-sonde types can be
significantly different, even when operated under
the same conditions. Particularly above 20 km
the ENSCI-Z sonde tends to measure 5-10% more
ozone than the SPC-6A sonde. Below 20 km the differences are 5% or less, but appear to show some
differences with year of manufacture. There is a
significant difference in the ozone readings when
sondes of the same type are operated with different cathode sensing solutions. Testing the most
commonly used sensing solutions showed that for
each ECC- manufacturer type the use of 1.0% KI
and full buffer gives 5% larger ozone values compared with the use of 0.5% KI and half buffer, and
as much as 10% larger values compared with 2.0%
KI and no buffer. For ozone sounding stations
performing long term measurements this means
that changing the sensing solution type or ECCsonde type can easily introduce a change of +/- 5%
or more in their records, affecting determination
of ozone trends. Standardization of operating procedures for ECC-sondes yields a precision better
than +/-(3-5)% and an accuracy of about +/-(5-10)%
up to 30 km altitude.
2007, V112, ND19, OCT 11 ARTN: D19306.
08.1-64
Modelling heavy metal fluxes from traffic into
the environment
Steiner M, Boller M, Schulz T, Pronk W
Switzerland
A new method is presented which allows emissions of traffic into the environment to be described as a function of road distance. The method
distinguishes different types of emissions (runoff,
spray and drift), which are determined by measurements and mass balances of a specified road
section. The measurement of two-dimensional
pollutant concentrations in the road shoulder is
an important part of the method. In a case study
performed at Burgdorf, Switzerland, the method
was applied to the determination of the spatial
distribution of heavy metal emissions. The results
show that between 36 and 65% of the heavy met-
als Cd, Cr, Cu, Ph and Zn are present in runoff and
spray and between 35 and 64% are dispersed diffusely in the environment (defined as drift). The
runoff infiltrates into the vegetated road shoulder
up to a distance of approx. 1 m from the road.
The distribution of spray shows a maximum at
1 m and decreases steadily up to a distance of 5
m. This information can serve as a basis for the
quantitative evaluation of road-runoff treatment
scenarios. Although the results of the Burgdorf
study are case- specific, several general guidelines
for the reduction of traffic- related emissions can
be derived from it.
Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2007, V9,
N8, AUG, pp 847-854.
08.1-65
Ultrafine (aerosol) particles and their agglomerate and aggregate - revised international
measuring convention
Steinle P
Switzerland
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , International Relations
Gefahrstoffe Reinhaltung der Luft, 2007, V67, N6,
JUN, pp 243-245.
08.1-66
Light induced conversion of nitrogen dioxide
into nitrous acid on submicron humic acid
aerosol
Stemmler K, Ndour M, Elshorbany Y, Kleffmann J,
Danna B, George C, Bohn B, Ammann M
Switzerland, France, Germany, Egypt
Urban Studies , Meteorology & Atmospheric
Sciences
The interactions of aerosols consisting of humic
acids with gaseous nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were
investigated under different light conditions in
aerosol flow tube experiments at ambient pressure and temperature. The results show that
NO2 is converted on the humic acid aerosol into
nitrous acid (HONO), which is released from the
aerosol and can be detected in the gas phase at
the reactor exit. The formation of HONO on the
humic acid aerosol is strongly activated by light:
In the dark, the HONO-formation was below the
detection limit, but it was increasing with the
intensity of the irradiation with visible light.
Under simulated atmospheric conditions with
respect to the actinic flux, relative humidity and
NO2-concentration, reactive uptake coefficients
gamma(rxn) for the NO2 -> HONO conversion on
the aerosol between gamma(rxn) < 10(-7) (in the
dark) and gamma(rxn)=6x 10(-6) were observed.
The observed uptake coefficients decreased with
61
increasing NO2-concentration in the range from
2.7 to 280 ppb and were dependent on the relative
humidity (RH) with slightly reduced values at low
humidity (< 20% RH) and high humidity (> 60%
RH). The measured uptake coefficients for the NO2
-> HONO conversion are too low to explain the
HONO-formation rates observed near the ground
in rural and urban environments by the conversion of NO2 -> HONO on organic aerosol surfaces,
even if one would assume that all aerosols consist
of humic acid only. It is concluded that the processes leading to HONO formation on the Earth
surface will have a much larger impact on the
HONO-formation in the lowermost layer of the
troposphere than humic materials potentially occurring in airborne particles.
N16, pp 4237-4248.
08.1-67
Impact of scale and aggregation on the terrestrial water exchange: Integrating land surface
models and Rhone catchment observations
Stöckli R, Vidale P L, Boone A, Schär C
Switzerland, USA, England, France
Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences ,
Hydrology
Land surface models (LSMs) used in climate modeling include detailed above- ground biophysics
but usually lack a good representation of runoff.
Both processes are closely linked through soil
moisture. Soil moisture however has a high spatial variability that is unresolved at climate model
grid scales. Physically based vertical and horizontal aggregation methods exist to account for this
scaling problem. Effects of scaling and aggregation have been evaluated in this study by performing catchment- scale LSM simulations for the Rh
ne catchment. It is found that evapotranspiration
is not sensitive to soil moisture over the Rhone
but it largely controls total runoff as a residual of
the terrestrial water balance. Runoff magnitude is
better simulated when the vertical soil moisture
fluxes are resolved at a finer vertical resolution.
The use of subgrid-scale topography significantly
improves both the timing of runoff on the daily
time scale (response to rainfall events) and the
magnitude of summer baseflow (from seasonal
groundwater recharge). Explicitly accounting for
soil moisture as a subgrid- scale process in LSMs
allows one to better resolve the seasonal course
of the terrestrial water storage and makes runoff
insensitive to the used grid scale. However, scale
dependency of runoff to above-ground hydrology
cannot be ignored: snowmelt runoff from the Alpine part of the Rh ne is sensitive to the spatial
62
resolution of the snow scheme, and autumnal
runoff from the Mediterranean part of the Rh ne
is sensitive to the spatial resolution of precipitation.
Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2007, V8, N5, OCT,
pp 1002-1015.
08.1-68
Direct assessment of international consistency
of standards for ground-level ozone: strategy
and implementation toward metrological
traceability network in Asia
Tanimoto H, Mukai H, Sawa Y, Matsueda H, Yonemura S, Wang T, Poon S, Wong A, Lee G, Jung J Y,
Kim K R, Lee M H, Lin N H, Wang J L, Ou Yang C F,
Wu C F, Akimoto H, Pochanart P, Tsuboi K, Doi H,
Zellwegern C, Klausenn J
Japan, Peoples R China, South Korea, Taiwan,
Switzerland
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , International Relations
An international exercise to directly assess consistency of standards for ground-level ozone in
East Asia was conducted as part of the East Asian
Regional Experiment 2005 (EAREX 2005) in the
framework of the Atmospheric Brown Clouds
(ABC) project. Ten organizations collaboratively
participated in the intercomparison. Four groups
representing Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, and Taiwan made comparisons at the Gosan super observatory, Jeju Island, Korea, in March 2005, with
ozone instruments calibrated to their national
standards, and four Japanese groups made off-site
comparisons with laboratory-level standards. All
comparisons generally indicated good agreement
with the standard reference photometer (SRP) 35,
built by the National Institute of Standards and
Technology (USA) and maintained by the National
Institute for Environmental Studies (Japan). The
assessment was expanded to measurement networks contributing to the World Meteorological
Organization’s Global Atmospheric Watch (WMO/
GAW) program as part of off-site comparisons,
and excellent agreement was achieved. These efforts contribute to propagating traceability of the
national metrology standards among the atmospheric science community, to ensuring comparability of the existing ozone measurements, and to
establishing an integrated network of air quality
monitoring in Asia.
Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2007, V9,
N11, pp 1183-1193.
08.1-69
The influence of a weakening of the Atlantic
meridional overturning circulation on ENSO
Timmermann A, Okumura Y, An S I, Clement A,
Dong B, Guilyardi E, Hu A, Jungclaus J H, Renold
M, Stocker T F, Stouffer R J, Sutton R, Xie S P, Yin J
USA, South Korea, England, France, Germany,
Switzerland
Oceanography , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Modelling
The influences of a substantial weakening of
the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
(AMOC) on the tropical Pacific climate mean state,
the annual cycle, and ENSO variability are studied using five different coupled general circulation models (CGCMs). In the CGCMs, a substantial
weakening of the AMOC is induced by adding
freshwater flux forcing in the northern North
Atlantic. In response, the well- known surface
temperature dipole in the low- latitude Atlantic
is established, which reorganizes the large- scale
tropical atmospheric circulation by increasing
the northeasterly trade winds. This leads to a
southward shift of the intertropical convergence
zone (ITCZ) in the tropical Atlantic and also the
eastern tropical Pacific. Because of evaporative
fluxes, mixing, and changes in Ekman divergence,
a meridional temperature anomaly is generated
in the northeastern tropical Pacific, which leads
to the development of a meridionally symmetric
thermal background state. In four out of five CGCMs this leads to a substantial weakening of the
annual cycle in the eastern equatorial Pacific and
a subsequent intensification of ENSO variability
due to nonlinear interactions. In one of the CGCM
simulations, an ENSO intensification occurs as
a result of a zonal mean thermocline shoaling.
Analysis suggests that the atmospheric circulation changes forced by tropical Atlantic SSTs can
easily influence the large- scale atmospheric circulation and hence tropical eastern Pacific climate.
Furthermore, it is concluded that the existence of
the present- day tropical Pacific cold tongue complex and the annual cycle in the eastern equatorial Pacific are partly controlled by the strength of
the AMOC. The results may have important implications for the interpretation of global multidecadal variability and paleo- proxy data.
Journal of Climate, 2007, V20, N19, OCT, pp
4899-4919.
08.1-70
Aerosols in polar regions: A historical overview based on optical depth and in situ observations
Tomasi C, Vitale V, Lupi A, Di Carmine C, Campanelli M, Herber A, Treffeisen R, Stone R S, Andrews
E, Sharma S, Radionov V, von Hoyningen Huene
W, Stebel K, Hansen G H, Myhre C L, Wehrli C,
Aaltonen V, Lihavainen H, Virkkula A, Hillamo R,
Stroem J, Toledano C, Cachorro V E, Ortiz P, de Frutos A M, Blindheim S, Frioud M, Gausa M, Zielinski
T, Petelski T, Yamanouchi T
Italy, Germany, USA, Canada, Russia, Norway, Switzerland, Finland, Sweden, Spain, Poland, Japan
Large sets of filtered actinometer, filtered pyrheliometer and Sun photometer measurements have
been carried out over the past 30 years by various
groups at different Arctic and Antarctic sites and
for different time periods. They were examined
to estimate ensemble average, long-term trends
of the summer background aerosol optical depth
AOD(500 nm) in the polar regions (omitting the
data influenced by Arctic haze and volcanic eruptions). The trend for the Arctic was estimated to
be between -1.6% and -2.0% per year over 30 years,
depending on location. No significant trend was
observed for Antarctica. The time patterns of
AOD(500 nm) and angstrom ngstrom’s parameters
a and beta measured with Sun photometers during the last 20 years at various Arctic and Antarctic sites are also presented. They give a measure
of the large variations of these parameters due to
El Chichon, Pinatubo, and Cerro Hudson volcanic
particles, Arctic haze episodes most frequent in
winter and spring, and the transport of Asian dust
and boreal smokes to the Arctic region. Evidence
is also shown of marked differences between the
aerosol optical parameters measured at coastal
and high-altitude sites in Antarctica. In situ optical and chemical composition parameters of aerosol particles measured at Arctic and Antarctic
sites are also examined to achieve more complete
information on the multimodal size distribution
shape parameters and their radiative properties.
A characterization of aerosol radiative parameters
is also defined by plotting the daily mean values
of a as a function of AOD(500 nm), separately for
the two polar regions, allowing the identification of different clusters related to fifteen aerosol
classes, for which the spectral values of complex
refractive index and single scattering albedo were
evaluated.
2007, V112, ND16, AUG 21 ARTN: D16205.
63
08.1-71
Aerosol partitioning between the interstitial
and the condensed phase in mixed-phase
clouds
Verheggen B, Cozic J, Weingartner E, Bower K,
Mertes S, Connolly P, Gallagher M W, Flynn M,
Choularton T, Baltensperger U
Germany, England, Switzerland
(1) The partitioning of aerosol particles between
the cloud and the interstitial phase (i.e., unactivated aerosol) has been investigated during several
Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiments
(CLACE-3, CLACE-3 1/2 and CLACE-4) conducted in
winter and summer 2004 and winter 2005 at the
high alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580
m altitude, Switzerland). Ambient air was sampled using different inlets in order to determine
the activated fraction of aerosol particles, F-N, defined as the fraction of the total aerosol number
concentration (with particle diameter d(p) > 100
nm) that has been incorporated into cloud particles. The liquid and ice water content of mixedphase clouds were characterized by analyzing
multiple cloud probes. The dependence of the activated fraction on several environmental factors
is discussed on the basis of more than 900 h of incloud observations and parameterizations for key
variables are given. FN is found to increase with
increasing liquid water content and to decrease
with increasing particle number concentration in
liquid clouds. FN also decreases with increasing
cloud ice mass fraction and with decreasing temperature from 0 to -25 degrees C. The WegenerBergeron-Findeisen process probably contributed
to this trend, since the presence of ice crystals
causes liquid droplets to evaporate, thus releasing the formerly activated particles back into the
interstitial phase. Ice nucleation could also have
prevented additional cloud condensation nuclei
from activating. The observed activation behavior
has significant implications for our understanding of the indirect effect of aerosols on climate.
2007, V112, ND23, DEC 13 ARTN: D23202.
08.1-72
Alpha-Pinene oxidation in the presence of
seed aerosol: Estimates of nucleation rates,
growth rates, and yield
Verheggen B, Mozurkewich M, Caffrey P, Frick G,
Hoppel W, Sullivan W
Canada, Switzerland, USA
A recently developed inverse-modeling procedure
has been applied to a case study of particle nucle-
64
ation and growth following alpha-pinene and SO2
oxidation in a smog chamber. With the use of only
the measured aerosol size distributions as input,
the condensational growth rate is obtained by
regression analysis of the general dynamic equation, taking into account coagulation and wall
losses. The growth rate provides an indirect measure of the concentration of the condensing species, offset by their vapor pressures. Assuming a
particle density of 1.0 g cm(-3), an aerosol yield of
7 +/- 1% is obtained for an initial alpha-pinene concentration of 14 ppbv and a final organic aerosol
mass of 4 µg m(3). Using the estimated vapor concentration, we show that the time-dependence of
the yield is at least partly due to the time needed
for condensation. Such a kinetic limitation to secondary organic aerosol formation may have implications for our understanding of gas-particle
partitioning. The measured size distributions are
also used to determine the empirical nucleation
rate; it appears to be enhanced by the presence of
organics.
N17, SEP 1, pp 6046-6051.
08.1-73
Dobson total ozone series of Oxford: Reevaluation and applications
Vogler C, Brönnimann S, Stähelin J, Griffin R E M
Switzerland, Canada
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Urban Studies
We have reevaluated the original total ozone measurements made in Oxford between 1924 and 1957,
with a view to extending backward in time the existing total ozone series from 1957 to 1975. The Oxford
measurements are the oldest Dobson observations
in the world. Their prime importance, when coupled
with the series from Arosa (since 1926) and Tromso
(since 1935), is for increasing basic understanding
of stratospheric ozone and dynamics, while in relation to studies of the recent ozone depletion they
constitute a baseline of considerable (and unique)
significance and value. However, the reevaluation
was made difficult on account of changes to the instruments and wavelengths as the early data collection methods evolved, while unknowns due to the
influence of aerosols and the possible presence of
dioxides of sulphur and nitrogen created additional
problems. Our reevaluation was based on statistical
procedures (comparisons with meteorological upper air data and ozone series from Arosa) and also
on corrections suggested by Dobson himself. The
comparisons demonstrate that the data are internally consistent and of good quality. Nevertheless,
as post-1957 data were not assessed in this study, the
series cannot be recommended at present for trend
analysis, though the series can be used for climatological studies. By supplementing the Oxford data
with other existing series, we present a European total ozone climatology for 1924-1939, 1950-1965, and
1988-2000 and analyze the data with respect to variables measuring the strength and the temperature
of the polar vortex.
2007, V112, ND20, OCT 26 ARTN: D20116.
08.1-74
Road vehicle emissions of molecular hydrogen
(H-2) from a tunnel study
Vollmer M K, Jürgens N, Steinbacher M, Reimann
S, Weilenmann M, Buchmann B
Motor vehicle combustion emissions of molecular
hydrogen (HA carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon
dioxide (CO2) were measured during a 6-week period from November 2004 to January 2005 in Gubrist
Tunnel, Switzerland, to determine vehicle emission factors for these trace gases and the ratios of
the concentration growths Delta H-2/Delta CO and
Delta H-2/Delta CO2 in the tunnel under real-world
highway driving conditions. For H-2, molar mixing
ratios at the tunnel exit were found to be 7-10ppm
(parts-per-million, 10-6) during rush hours. Mean
emission factors of E-H2=49.7(+/- 16.5)mg km(-1),
E-CO = 1.46(+ /-.54) g km(-1), and E-CO2, = 266(69)
g km(-1) were calculated. E-H2 was largest during
weekday rush-hour traffic, a consequence of the
more frequent accelerations in congested traffic when fuel combustion is not optimal. EH, was
smaller for heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) compared to
light-duty vehicles (LDV), a finding which was attributed to the diesel vs. gasoline engine technology. The mean Delta H-2 /Delta CO molecular ratio
was 0.48 A 0.12. This ratio increased to similar to
0.6 during rush hours, suggesting that H-2 yield is
favored relative to CO under fuel-rich conditions,
presumably a consequence of an increasing contribution of the water-gas-shift reaction. The mean
Delta H-2/Delta CO2 molecular ratio was 4.4 x 10
(-3) but reduced to 2.5 x 10-3 when the relative HDV
abundance was at maximum. Using three different approaches, road traffic H2 emissions were estimated for 2004 for Switzerland at 5.0-6.6 Gg and
globally at 4.2-8.1 Tg. Despite projections of increasing traffic, Swiss H2 emissions are not expected to
change significantly in the near future, and global
emissions are likely to decrease due to improved
exhaust gas clean-up technologies.
Atmospheric Environment, 2007, V41, N37, DEC,
pp 8355-8369.
08.1-75
The effect of mountainous topography on
moisture exchange between the “surface” and
the free atmosphere
Weigel A P, Chow F K, Rotach M W
Switzerland, USA
Typical numerical weather and climate prediction models apply parameterizations to describe
the subgrid-scale exchange of moisture, heat and
momentum between the surface and the free
atmosphere. To a large degree, the underlying
assumptions are based on empirical knowledge
obtained from measurements in the atmospheric
boundary layer over flat and homogeneous topography. It is, however, still unclear what happens if
the topography is complex and steep. Not only is
the applicability of classical turbulence schemes
questionable in principle over such terrain, but
mountains additionally induce vertical fluxes on
the meso-gamma scale. Examples are thermally
or mechanically driven valley winds, which are
neither resolved nor parameterized by climate
models but nevertheless contribute to vertical exchange. Attempts to quantify these processes and
to evaluate their impact on climate simulations
have so far been scarce. Here, results from a case
study in the Riviera Valley in southern Switzerland
are presented. In previous work, measurements
from the MAP-Riviera field campaign have been
used to evaluate and configure a high-resolution
large-eddy simulation code (ARPS). This model is
here applied with a horizontal grid spacing of 350
m to detect and quantify the relevant exchange
processes between the valley atmosphere (i.e. the
ground “surface” in a coarse model) and the free
atmosphere aloft. As an example, vertical export
of moisture is evaluated for three fair-weather
summer days. The simulations show that moisture exchange with the free atmosphere is indeed
no longer governed by turbulent motions alone.
Other mechanisms become important, such as
mass export due to topographic narrowing or the
interaction of thermally driven cross-valley circulations. Under certain atmospheric conditions,
these topographical-related mechanisms exceed
the “classical” turbulent contributions a coarse
model would see by several times. The study
shows that conventional subgrid-scale parameterizations can indeed be far off from reality if
applied over complex topography, and that largeeddy simulations could provide a helpful tool for
their improvement.
Boundary Layer Meteorology, 2007, V125, N2,
NOV, pp 227-244.
65
08.1-76
Source apportionment of PM2.5 and selected
hazardous air pollutants in Seattle
Wu C F, Larson T V, Wu S Y, Williamson J, Westberg
H H, Liu L J S
Taiwan, USA, Switzerland
Urban Studies , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Modelling
The potential benefits of combining the speciated
PM2.5 and VOCs data in source apportionment
analysis for identification of additional sources
remain unclear. We analyzed the speciated PM2.5
and VOCs data collected at the Beacon Hill in Seattle, WA between 2000 and 2004 with the Multilinear Engine (ME-2) to quantify source contributions to the mixture of hazardous air pollutants
(HAPs). We used the ‘missing mass’, defined as
the concentration of the measured total particle
mass minus the sum of all analyzed species, as
an additional variable and implemented an auxiliary equation to constrain the sum of all species
mass fractions to be 100%. Regardless of whether the above constraint was implemented and/
or the additional VOCs data were included with
the PM2.5 data, the models identified that wood
burning (24%-31%), secondary sulfate (20%-24%)
and secondary nitrate (15%-20%) were the main
contributors to PM2.5. Using only PM2.5 data, the
model distinguished two diesel features with the
100% constraint, but identified only one diesel
feature without the constraint. When both PM2.5
and VOCs data were used, one additional feature
was identified as the major contributor (26%) to
total VOC mass. Adding VOCs data to the speciated PM2.5 data in source apportionment modeling
resulted in more accurate source contribution
estimates for combustion related sources as evidenced by the less ‘missing mass’ percentage in
PM2.5. Using the source contribution estimates,
we evaluated the validity of using black carbon
(BC) as a surrogate for diesel exhaust. We found
that BC measured with an aethalometer at 370
nm and 880 nm had reasonable correlations with
the estimated concentrations of diesel particulate
matters (r > 0.7), as well as with the estimated concentrations of wood burning particles during the
heating seasons (r=0.56-0.66). This indicates that
the BC is not a unique tracer for either source. The
difference in BC between 370 and 880 nm, however, correlated well exclusively with the estimated
wood smoke source (r=0.59) and may be used to
separate wood smoke from diesel exhaust. Thus,
when multiple BC related sources exist in the
same monitoring environment, additional data
processing or modeling of the BC measurements
66
is needed before these measurements could be
used to represent the diesel exhaust.
Science of the Total Environment, 2007, V386,
N1-3, NOV 1, pp 42-52.
08.1-77
Gas temperature measurement in thermal radiating environments using a suction thermocouple apparatus
Z’graggen A, Friess H, Steinfeld A
Switzerland
Engineering , Instruments & Instrumentation , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
An experimental methodology is developed for
gas temperature measurements in highly radiating environments. It consists of a suction thermocouple apparatus and associated heat transfer
model for determining the gas temperature from
shielded thermocouple readings by radiation,
convection and conduction dimensionless correlations. The apparatus and methodology are calibrated and applied to measure gas flow temperatures in a tubular furnace with wall temperatures
up to 1223 K. Results are compared with predictions by CFD simulations.
Measurement Science Technology, 2007, V18, N11,
NOV, pp 3329-3334.
08.1-78
Air quality modelling over Bogota, Colombia:
Combined techniques to estimate and evaluate emission inventories
Zarate E, Belalcazar L C, Clappier A, Manzi V, van
den Bergh H
Switzerland, Colombia
Urban Studies , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Modelling
Two versions of the Emission Inventory (EI) are
generated for the city of Bogota, Colombia. In the
first version (EI-1), CORINAIR traffic emission factors (EFs) are used. In the second (EI-2), bulk traffic
EF’s calculated for the city, using in situ measurements and inverse modelling techniques at street
level, are used. EI-2 traffic emissions are 5, 4 and
3 times bigger than the corresponding values in
EI-1, for CO, PM10 and NMVOCs, respectively. The
main goal of this study consists in evaluating the
two versions of the El when introduced into a mesoscale air quality model. The AOT (accumulated
exposure over a threshold) index is calculated for
comparison between observed and simulated concentrations of primary pollutants. Simulated concentrations using EI-2 are closer to the observed
values. This comparison allows us to extract some
conclusions of the methodology used to calculate
the EFs. Local factors like the driving behavior,
the altitude, vehicle technology and an aged fleet
cannot be totally included and corrected in the
standard methodologies, and seem to be more
important than obtaining very detailed and precise information on the classification of the fleet
or driving speeds. Under financially limited and
fast changing situations, as in the case of many
developing countries, a simple methodology to estimate bulk traffic Ef’s and to evaluate the Ell, is
of utmost importance. The use of combined techniques such as in situ measurements to estimate
bulk traffic EFs, and further evaluation of the inventories with numerical models, proved to be a
useful too) for this purpose.
Atmospheric Environment, 2007, V41, N29, SEP, pp
6302-6318.
08.1-79
Ubiquity and dominance of oxygenated species in organic aerosols in anthropogenicallyinfluenced Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes
Zhang Q, Jimenez J L, Canagaratna M R, Allan J D,
Coe H, Ulbrich I, Alfarra M R, Takami A, Middlebrook A M, Sun Y L, Dzepina K, Dunlea E, Docherty
K, Decarlo P F, Salcedo D, Onasch T, Jayne J T,
Miyoshi T, Shimono A, Hatakeyama S, Takegawa
N, Kondo Y, Schneider J, Drewnick F, Borrmann
S, Weimer S, Demerjian K L, Williams P, Bower K,
Bahreini R, Cottrell L, Griffin R J, Rautiainen J, Sun J
Y, Zhang Y M, Worsnop D R
USA, Switzerland, England, Germany, Japan, Finland, Mexico, Peoples R China
Urban Studies , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
(1) Organic aerosol (OA) data acquired by the Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) in 37 field campaigns
were deconvolved into hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA)
and several types of oxygenated OA (OOA) components. HOA has been linked to primary combustion emissions (mainly from fossil fuel) and other
primary sources such as meat cooking. OOA is
ubiquitous in various atmospheric environments,
on average accounting for 64%, 83% and 95% of
the total OA in urban, urban downwind, and rural/remote sites, respectively. A case study analysis
of a rural site shows that the OOA concentration is
much greater than the advected HOA, indicating
that HOA oxidation is not an important source of
OOA, and that OOA increases are mainly due to
SOA. Most global models lack an explicit representation of SOA which may lead to significant biases
in the magnitude, spatial and temporal distributions of OA, and in aerosol hygroscopic properties.
Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, V34, N13, JUL
7 ARTN: L13801.
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Terrestrial Ecosystems
67
1.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems
08.1-80
The Swiss agri-environment scheme enhances
pollinator diversity and plant reproductive success in nearby intensively managed farmland
Albrecht M, Duelli P, Müller C, Kleijn D, Schmid B
Switzerland, Netherlands
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Forestry , Biodiversity ,
Zoology , Ecology , Plant Sciences
1. Agri-environment schemes attempt to counteract the loss of biodiversity and associated ecosystem services such as pollination and natural
pest control in agro-ecosystems. However, only
a few studies have evaluated whether these attempts are successful. 2. We studied the effects
of managing meadows according to the prescriptions of ecological compensation areas (ECA), the
most widely adopted agri-environment scheme in
Switzerland, on both pollinator species richness
and abundance, and the reproductive success of
plants in nearby intensively managed meadows
(IM). 3. We established arrays of four pots, each
containing individuals of three insect-pollinated,
non-autogamous ‘phytometer’ species (Raphanus
sativus, Hypochaeris radicata and Campanula
glomerata), in ECA and adjacent IM at increasing
distances from the ECA at 13 sites. 4. Species richness and abundance of hoverflies, solitary bees
and large-sized pollinators (mainly social bees
and butterflies) were significantly higher in ECA
than in adjacent IM. Species richness and abundance of small-sized pollinators in IM declined
significantly with increasing distance from ECA,
whereas large-sized pollinators were not significantly affected by distance. Plant species richness
and flower abundance were the major drivers of
pollinator species richness and abundance; the
area of an ECA had no significant influence. 5.
Individual plants of R. sativus and C. glomerata
produced more and heavier seeds in ECA than in
IM. Furthermore, the number of seeds of these
two phytometer species was positively correlated
with species richness and abundance of bees. No
such effects were observed for individual plants
of H. radicata. The number of fruits and seeds per
plant of R. sativus in IM decreased with increasing
distance from ECA. 6. Synthesis and applications.
We conclude that establishing ECA is an effective method of enhancing both pollinator species richness and abundance and pollination services to nearby intensely managed farmland. Our
study emphasizes the importance of connectivity
between ECA in maintaining diverse pollinator
communities and thereby providing pollination
services in agricultural landscapes.
Journal of Applied Ecology, 2007, V44, N4, AUG,
pp 813-822.
08.1-81
Interaction diversity within quantified insect
food webs in restored and adjacent intensively managed meadows
Albrecht M, Duelli P, Schmid B, Müller C B
Switzerland
Ecology , Biodiversity , Agriculture, Soil Sciences ,
Zoology
1. We studied the community and food-web structure of trap-nesting insects in restored meadows
and at increasing distances within intensively
managed grassland at 13 sites in Switzerland to
test if declining species diversity correlates with
declining interaction diversity and changes in
food-web structure. 2. We analysed 49 quantitative food webs consisting of a total of 1382 trophic
interactions involving 39 host/prey insect species
and 14 parasitoid/predator insect species. Species richness and abundance of three functional
groups, bees and wasps as the lower trophic level
and natural enemies as the higher trophic level,
were significantly higher in restored than in adjacent intensively managed meadows. Diversity and
abundance of specific trophic interactions also
declined from restored to intensively managed
meadows. 3. The proportion of attacked brood
cells and the mortality of bees and wasps due to
natural enemies were significantly higher in restored than in intensively managed meadows. Bee
abundance and the rate of attacked brood cells of
bees declined with increasing distance from restored meadows. These findings indicate that interaction diversity declines more rapidly than species diversity in our study system. 4. Quantitative
measures of food-web structure (linkage density,
interaction diversity, interaction evenness and
compartment diversity) were higher in restored
than in intensively managed meadows. This was
reflected in a higher mean number of host/prey
species per consumer species (degree of generalism) in restored than in intensively managed
meadows. 5. The higher insect species and interaction diversity was related to higher plant species
richness in restored than in intensively managed
meadows. In particular, bees and natural enemies
reacted positively to increased plant diversity. 6.
Our findings provide empirical evidence for the
theoretical prediction that decreasing species
richness at lower trophic levels should reduce
species richness at higher trophic levels, and in
addition lead to even stronger reductions in interaction diversity at these higher levels. Species at
higher trophic levels may thus benefit relatively
more than species at lower trophic levels from
habitat restoration in the grassland ecosystems
studied. We also demonstrate enhanced compart-
68
ment diversity and lower interaction evenness in
restored than in intensively managed meadows,
both of which are theoretically positively associated with increased ecosystem stability in restored
meadows.
Journal of Animal Ecology, 2007, V76, N5, SEP, pp
1015-1025.
08.1-82
Sustaining agricultural production and food
security in Southern Africa: an improved role
for climate prediction?
Archer E, Mukhala E, Walker S, Dilley M, Masamvu K
South Africa, Botswana, Switzerland
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Ecology , Social Sciences
Livelihoods and household food security in the
Southern African region can be extremely vulnerable to the negative effects of climate stress
as shown by the 2002-2004 ‘complex emergency.’
Climate prediction may prove a valuable resource
in mitigating these effects. If climate prediction is
applied successfully, it may be able to help guide
responses in populations at risk to reduce vulnerability to climate stress. The study presented here
seeks to understand what would constitute an improved role for climate prediction in contributing
to sustaining agricultural production and food
security in Southern Africa. Investigation undertaken during the 2002/2003 rainy season under regional conditions of elevated disaster risk shows,
however, that a number of weaknesses and gaps
persistently characterize climate information
systems in the Southern African region, and constrain such systems’ ability to benefit key sectors,
particularly agriculture. The stakeholder identification of such gaps forms the basis for distilling
concrete recommendations to improve process
and organizational efficiency. Such recommendations, while developmental, should better enable
institutions and stakeholders involved in climate
prediction to fulfill their potential in supporting
development of successful adaptation strategies
in populations and sectors at risk.
Climatic Change, 2007, V83, N3, AUG, pp
287-300.
08.1-83
Importance of ecological compensation areas
for small mammals in intensively farmed areas
Aschwanden J, Holzgang O, Jenni L
Switzerland
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , Zoology
Small mammals make up an important link in the
food chain as many predator species feed on them.
There are indications that small mammal popula-
tions in Europe are declining due to the intensification of agriculture. According to national legislation, farmers in Switzerland have to cultivate at
least 7% of their land as ecological compensation
areas and, thus, some alternative habitats that are
possibly beneficial for small mammals have been
created. In this study, we estimated the diversity
and density of small mammals on two types of
conventional farmland field types (artificial grassland and autumn-sown wheat) and three types of
ecological compensation areas (wild-flower strips,
herbaceous strips and low-intensity meadows) by
use of capture-recapture in March, May and July
2003. The common vole Microtus arvalis was the
most abundant and predominant species in all
habitat types except in herbaceous strips, which
harboured the highest diversity with six species
caught. In March the density of small mammals
was generally very low, but significantly higher
in wild-flower (mainly due to common vole) and
herbaceous strips than in the other habitat types.
In wild-flower and herbaceous strips, densities increased strongly from March to May and in July.
On autumn-sown wheat fields, a strong increase
occurred only from May to July and was caused
by common vole. On artificial grassland and lowintensity meadows, densities of small mammals
(mainly common vole) increased only marginally
with low-intensity meadows supporting slightly
higher densities. Thus, habitats that were not
mown each year supported the highest densities
of small mammals. This demonstrates that ecological compensation areas, such as wild-flower
and herbaceous strips, make up an important refuge for small mammals. They probably also have
positive effects on populations of many predator
species that depend on small mammals, particularly if a mosaic with mown surfaces is created.
Wildlife Biology, 2007, V13, N2, JUN, pp 150-158.
08.1-84
Effects of agri-environmental measures, site
and landscape conditions on butterfly diversity of Swiss grassland
Aviron S, Jeanneret P, Schüpbach B, Herzog F
Switzerland
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , Biodiversity
Agri-environment schemes (AES) were introduced
in Europe to mitigate the loss of biodiversity in
cultivated landscapes. In Switzerland, farmers
have to convert 7% of the arable land into ecological compensation areas (ECA) in order to enhance
biodiversity, low-input grassland making up the
major part of ECA. This study investigated during
6 years the effect of ECA grassland on butterfly diversity at the field and the landscape scales in two
farming landscape units of the Swiss Plateau. Butterfly diversity was compared between low-input
and conventional grasslands, controlling for potential influence of local site conditions and landscape context of grasslands. Low-input management of ECA grasslands had a significant impact
on butterfly communities, but ECA and conventional grasslands differed more in the composition of species assemblages than in the number of
butterfly species. The typical butterfly assemblages
on ECA grassland might be linked to the slightly
higher plant species richness due to management
restrictions. However, the effectiveness of ECA
grassland for promoting butterfly diversity varied
according to local site conditions (field slope and
orientation) and to the amount of ECA and seminatural elements in the surrounding landscape.
Thus, the present study underlines the necessity
to account for such environmental variation at
multiple scales to be able to detect and interpret
effects of AES. Nevertheless, our results suggest
that additional restoration measures should be
adopted. Especially, the ECA scheme should promote a connected network of ECA grasslands and
semi-natural habitats at the landscape scale.
Agriculture Ecosystems Environment, 2007, V122,
N3, NOV, pp 295-304.
08.1-85
Conservation of butterfly populations in dynamic landscapes: The role of farming practices and landscape mosaic
Aviron S, Kindlmann P, Burel F
Switzerland, France, Czech Republic
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , Biodiversity ,
Modelling , Zoology
In a dynamic landscape the rate of change in landscape structure can be even more important than
the degree of patch isolation in determining population survival and abundance. If the changes in
landscape structure occur at an “extremely” high
rate (as in some anthropogenic changes), dispersal
may not be able to keep up with the high rates of
local extinction. Understanding impacts of such
changes is thus crucial for determination of the
driving factors for species survival in agricultural
landscapes and for elaboration of conservation
plans. Here we studied the effects of landscape
dynamics under local farming practices on movements and population dynamics of a diurnal butterfly Maniola jurtina L. (Satyridae), specifically
the impacts of regular yearly mowing on butterfly movements, distribution and abundance
over many years. We used an existing simulation
model, extended it by the effect of the intensity of
disturbance (amount of mown habitat) and tim-
69
ing of disturbance within the reproductive season
on the butterfly population dynamics, and validated on our data from a field experiment using
a mark-release method. Increase in the amount of
disturbed habitats in the landscape led to an increasing isolation of the remnant habitat patches
for butterflies. This resulted in decreasing movements between habitat patches and ultimately to
population decline, especially in less accessible
patches. In the past, influence of landscape dynamics on species survival was usually considered at
the long-term scale. our results demonstrate that
the short time scale landscape dynamics induced
by farming practices should not be neglected. The
novelty of this paper stems in the combination
of inclusion of landscape dynamics, of realistic
dispersal strategies of individuals, and of considering real landscapes. The effect of man-induced
landscape changes on population persistence of a
real species in a real landscape has not been possible to be studied by any of the previously developed models.
Ecological Modelling, 2007, V205, N1-2, JUL 10,
pp 135-145.
08.1-86
Nitrogen deposition but not ozone affects
productivity and community composition of
subalpine grassland after 3 yr of treatment
Bassin S, Volk M, Suter M, Buchmann N, Fuhrer J
Switzerland
Biodiversity , Ecology , Meteorology & Atmospheric
Sciences , Plant Sciences
A field experiment was established at 2000 m above
sea level (asl) in the central Swiss Alps with the aim
of investigating the effects of elevated ozone (O-3)
and nitrogen deposition (N), and of their combination, on above-ground productivity and species
composition of subalpine grassland. One hundred and eighty monoliths were extracted from a
species-rich Geo-Montani-Nardetum pasture and
exposed in a free-air O-3-fumigation system to one
of three concentrations of O-3 (ambient, 1.2 x ambient, 1.6 x ambient) and five concentrations of
additional N. Above-ground biomass, proportion
of functional groups and normalized difference
vegetation index (NDVI) were measured annually.
After 3 yr of treatment, the vegetation responded
to the N input with an increase in above-ground
productivity and altered species composition, but
without changes resulting from elevated O-3. N
input > 10 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) was sufficient to affect the composition of functional groups, with
sedges benefiting over-proportionally. No interaction of O-3 x N was observed, except for NDVI;
positive effects of N addition on canopy greenness
70
were counteracted by accelerated leaf senescence
in the highest O-3 treatment. The results suggest
that effects of elevated O-3 on the productivity
and floristic composition of subalpine grassland
may develop slowly, regardless of the sensitive response to increasing N.
New Phytologist, 2007, V175, N3, pp 523-534.
08.1-87
Volcanic explosive eruptions of the Vesuvio
decrease tree-ring growth but not photosynthetic rates in the surrounding forests
Battipaglia G, Cherubini P, Saurer M, Siegwolf R T
W, Strumia S, Cotrufo M F
Switzerland, Italy
Plant Sciences , Forestry , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Volcanic eruptions impact the global and the
hemispheric climate, but it is still unknown how
and to what degree they force the climate system
and in particular the global carbon cycle. In this
paper, the relationships between individual eruptions (reconstructed for the past using written records), tree primary productivity (estimated using
ring widths), photosynthetic rate and stomatal
conductance (assessed by carbon and oxygen isotope data) are investigated, to understand the impact of volcanic eruptions on net primary production. Data from a mixed stand of Fagus sylvatica
L. and Acer pseudoplatanus L. located in the area
of the Vesuvio volcanic complex (Southern Italy)
showed a significant decrease in ring width following each eruption. Isotope analyses indicate a
change in climatic conditions after such events.
Specifically, the lower oxygen isotope ratio in the
tree-ring cellulose strongly suggests an increase in
relative humidity and a decrease in temperature,
with the latter resulting in a strong limitation
to tree-ring growth. The carbon isotope ratio was
only moderately but not significantly reduced in
the years of volcanic eruption, suggesting no major changes in C fixation rates. This work is a case
study on the effects of volcanic eruptions resulting in strong climatic changes on the local scale.
This is an opportunity to explore the process and
causal relationships between climatic changes
and the response of the vegetation. Thus, we propose here a realistic model scenario, from which
we can extrapolate to global scales and improve
our interpretations of results of global studies.
Global Change Biology, 2007, V13, N6, JUN, pp
1122-1137.
08.1-88
Intensified grazing affects endemic plant and
gastropod diversity in alpine grasslands of the
Southern Carpathian mountains (Romania)
Baur B, Cremene C, Groza C, Schileyko A A, Baur
A, Erhardt A
Switzerland, Romania, Russia
Plant Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology , Zoology
Alpine grasslands in the Southern Carpathian
Mts, Romania, harbour an extraordinarily high
diversity of plants and invertebrates, including
Carpathic endemics. In the past decades, intensive sheep grazing has caused a dramatic decrease
in biodiversity and even led to eroded soils at
many places in the Carpathians. Because of limited food resources, sheep are increasingly forced
to graze on steep slopes, which were formerly not
grazed by livestock and are considered as local
biodiversity hotspots. We examined species richness, abundance and number of endemic vascular
plants and terrestrial gastropods on steep slopes
that were either grazed by sheep or ungrazed by
livestock in two areas of the Southern Carpathians. On calcareous soils in the Bucegi Mts, a total of 177 vascular plant and 19 gastropod species
were recorded. Twelve plant species (6.8%) and
three gastropod species (15.8%) were endemic to
the Carpathians. Grazed sites had lower plant and
gastropod species richness than ungrazed sites.
Furthermore, grazed sites harboured fewer gastropod species endemic to the Carpathians than
ungrazed sites. On acid soils in the Fagaras Mts, a
total of 96 vascular plant and nine gastropod species were found. In this mountain area, however,
grazed and ungrazed sites did not differ in species richness, abundance and number of endemic
plant and gastropod species. Our findings confirm
the high biodiversity of grasslands on steep slopes
in the Southern Carpathian Mts and caution
against increasing grazing pressure in these refuges for relic plants and gastropods as well as for
other invertebrates.
Biologia, 2007, V62, N4, AUG, pp 438-445.
08.1-89
Effect of rock climbing on the calcicolous
lichen community of limestone cliffs in the
northern Swiss Jura Mountains
Baur B, Froeberg L, Müller S W
Switzerland, Sweden
Plant Sciences , Ecology
Exposed limestone cliffs in the Swiss Jura Mountains harbour a diverse lichen community with
some rare species. Sport climbing has recently
increased in popularity on these cliffs. We examined the effect of sport climbing on calcicolous
71
lichens by assessing species diversity and cover
of lichens in climbed and unclimbed areas of 10
isolated cliffs in the northern Swiss Jura Mountains. We also investigated possible associations
between lichens and lichen-feeding land snails on
these cliffs. A total of 38 calcicolous lichen species, three bryophytes and one alga were found on
the rock faces of 10 cliffs. Twenty lichen species
(52.6%) were epilithic, 16(42.1%) endolithic and
two (5.3%) foliose. Overall, the epilithic lichen species covered 8.3% of the rock surface, endolithic
species 10.2%, and foliose species 0.03%. Climbed
and unclimbed rock areas did not differ in total
number of lichen species, species density (number
of species per 100 cm(2)) or total lichen cover. However, the frequency of occurrence of epilithic lichens was lower along climbing routes than in unclimbed areas. A multi-response permutation test
showed that the lichen community composition
of climbed areas differed from that of unclimbed
areas. The dissimilarity of lichen communities
between climbed and unclimbed areas increased
with increasing climbing intensity on the focal
route in climbed areas, but not with the age of the
climbing route. Five of the 11 snail species recorded on the cliff faces were specialized lichen feeders. Plots along climbing routes harboured fewer
snail species than plots in unclimbed areas. Total
snail abundance was positively correlated with lichen species richness, but no correlation between
snail species richness and lichen species richness
was found. Our results indicate that frequent rock
climbing can change the lichen community and
reduce the snail community of limestone cliffs.
A climbing-related reduction of snail abundance
may also alter the lichen-herbivore interaction
and indirectly change competitive interactions
among lichen species.
Nova Hedwigia, 2007, V85, N3-4, NOV, pp
429-444.
crolichen richness. Furthermore, we tested if different sets of environmental variables (modelled
climatic variables, forest structure, altitude, etc.)
improve the regression models based on macrolichens only or even replace the macrolichens as
predictors. Multiple linear regressions were used
to model species richness of microlichens, and
Poisson regressions for threatened microlichens.
On 237 forest plots (200 m(2)) distributed randomly across Switzerland, 77 macrolichens and 219
microlichens occurred. Macrolichen richness was
positively related to the richness of microlichens.d.
= 0-27) and, in combination with threatened macrolichens as an additional predictor, also to the
number of threatened microlichens (R-dev(2) =
0.14). Environmental variables alone and in different combinations explained between 0.20 and
0.41 (R-adj.(2)) of the total variation of microlichen
richness, and between 0.09 and 0.29 (R-dev.(2)) of
the total variation of threatened microlichen
richness. All models based on environmental variables were considerably improved when macrolichens were included. Furthermore, macrolichen
richness turned out to be the most important variable in explaining species richness of all, as well
as threatened microlichens. The best models for
total microlichen richness reached a R-2 of 0.56.
Threatened microlichens were more difficult to
model with the best model reaching a R-dev.(2) of
0.29. We conclude that in biodiversity assessments
with scarce resources, lichen sampling could be
focused on the better known macrolichens, at
least in many temperate lowland and mountain
forests. In combination with environmental variables, reliable predictions of microlichen richness
can be expected. If the focus is on threatened microlichens, however, models were not reliable and
specialized taxonomists are necessary to assess
these species in the field.
Lichenologist, 2007, V39, 5, pp 475-489.
08.1-90
Evaluating macrolichens and environmental
variables as predictors of the diversity of epiphytic microlichens
Bergamini A, Stofer S, Bolliger J, Scheidegger C
Switzerland
Biodiversity , Ecology , Forestry , Plant Sciences
In contrast to the frequently assessed macrolichens, microlichens are rarely considered in biodiversity assessments despite their high species
richness. Microlichens require generally a higher
species identification effort than macrolichens.
Thus, microlichens are more expensive to assess.
Here we evaluate if macrolichen richness can be
used as an indicator of total and threatened mi-
08.1-91
Which species will succesfully track climate
change? The influence of intraspecific competition and density dependent dispersal on
range shifting dynamics
Best A S, Johst K, Münkemüller T, Travis J M J
Germany, Switzerland, Scotland
Ecology , Biodiversity
Understanding the ability of species to shift their
geographic range is of considerable importance
given the current period of rapid climate change.
Furthermore, a greater understanding of the spatial population dynamics underlying range shifting is required to complement the advances made
72
in climate niche modelling. A simulation model is
developed which incorporates three key features
that have been largely overlooked in studies of
range shifting dynamics: the form of intraspecific
competition, density dependent dispersal and
the transient dynamics of habitat patches. The
results show that the exact shape of the response
depends critically on both local and patch dynamics. Species whose intraspecific competition
is contest based are more vulnerable than those
whose competition is scramble based. Contesters are especially sensitive when combined with
density dependent dispersal. Species living in
patches whose carrying capacity grows slowly are
also susceptible to rapid shifts of environmental
conditions. A complementary analytic approach
further highlights the importance of intraspecific
competition.
Oikos, 2007, V116, N9, SEP, pp 1531-1539.
08.1-92
Drought induces lagged tree mortality in a
subalpine forest in the Rocky Mountains
Bigler C, Gavin D G, Gunning C, Veblen T T
Switzerland, USA
Plant Sciences , Forestry , Ecology
Extreme climatic events are key factors in initiating gradual or sudden changes in forest ecosystems through the promotion of severe, treekilling disturbances such as fire, blowdown, and
widespread insect outbreaks. In contrast to these
climatically-incited disturbances, little is known
about the more direct effect of drought on tree
mortality, especially in high-elevation forests.
Therefore projections of drought-induced mortality under future climatic conditions remain
uncertain. For a subalpine forest landscape in the
Rocky Mountains of northern Colorado (USA), we
quantified lag effects of drought on mortality of
Engelmann spruce Picea engelmannii, subalpine
fir Abies lasiocarpa, and lodgepole pine Pinus contorta. For the period 1910-2004, we related death
dates of 164 crossdated dead trees to early-season
and late-season droughts. Following early- season
droughts, spruce mortality increased over five
years and fir mortality increased sharply over
11 years. Following late-season droughts, spruce
showed a small increase in mortality within one
year, whereas fir showed a consistent period of
increased mortality over two years. Pine mortality was not affected by drought. Low pre- drought
radial growth rates predisposed spruce and fir to
drought- related mortality. Spruce and fir trees
that died during a recent drought (2000-2004) had
significantly lower pre-drought growth rates than
live neighbour trees. Overall, we found large inter-
specific differences in drought-related mortality
with fir showing the strongest effect followed by
spruce and pine. This direct influence of climatic
variability on differential tree mortality has the
potential for driving large-scale changes in subalpine forests of the Rocky Mountains.
Oikos, 2007, V116, N12, DEC, pp 1983-1994.
08.1-93
Conservation of high-altitude wetlands: 368
experiences of the WWF network
Biksham G
Switzerland
Biodiversity , Ecology
Mountain Research and Development, 2007, V27,
N4, NOV, pp 368-371.
08.1-94
Restoration of montane fen meadows by
mowing remains possible after 4-35 years of
abandonment
Billeter R, Peintinger M, Diemer M
Switzerland
Ecology , Biodiversity , Agriculture, Soil Sciences ,
Plant Sciences
The abandonment of management in Swiss fen
meadows has reduced their plant species diversity
and the fitness of some typical fen species. We examined whether the resumption of mowing can
reverse these effects, and if so, which mechanisms
are responsible for community change; we also
tested whether restoration success depends on the
duration since abandonment. Experimental mowing was applied to 15 montane fen meadows of
NE Switzerland that had been abandoned for 4-35
years. After two years of mowing, plant species
richness was 11 % higher in mown plots (2 m(2))
than in fallow plots, approaching levels of neighbouring continuously managed fen meadows. In
particular, experimental mowing significantly increased the number of fen indicator species (+15
%) as well as herbs and woody species (seedlings
and saplings), while grass, sedge and rush species richness was not affected. Mowing had little
effect on aboveground biomass, but strongly reduced litter mass (-50%) and canopy height (-20%).
Seedling densities of two common species showed
opposite responses to mowing: they increased in
Carex davalliana and decreased in Succisa pratensis, approaching values of continuously mown
fen meadows. Duration since abandonment had
no significant effect on any of the variables. Our
results demonstrate a rapid recovery of montane
fen plant communities irrespective of the duration since abandonment (up to 35 years). We
conclude that the restoration of pre-fallow plant
community composition is likely to be successful
if site conditions (hydrology, nutrient status) remain intact and if common habitat specialists are
still present in the vegetation and/or seed bank.
Botanica Helvetica, 2007, V117, N1, JUN, pp 1-13.
08.1-95
Dynamics in debris-flow activity on a forested
cone - A case study using different dendroecological approaches
Bollschweiler M, Stoffel M, Schneuwly D M
Switzerland
Forestry , Plant Sciences , Geomorphology
Dendrogeomorpho logical analyses of trees affected by debris flows have regularly been used to
date past events. However, this method has always
been limited to forested cones where trees registered the impact of previous events. The minimum age dating of trees growing in the debris
deposits can, in contrast, provide information on
the latest possible moment of past activity. In this
paper, we report on results obtained from a combination of these two approaches on a forested
cone in the Valais Alps (Switzerland). A detailed
geomorphic map in a scale of 1: 1000 served as a
basis for the sampling strategy. Disturbed Larix
decidua Mill. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. trees growing in the deposits allowed reconstruction of 49
events between AD 1782 and 2005 as well as the
determination of the spatial extent of events. In
the debris-flow channels where survivor trees are
missing, we selected the oldest post-event trees
and assessed their age by counting their growth
rings. Missing rings due to lack of center as well
as to sampling height were added so as to determine real tree age. The combination of the dendrogeomorphological event reconstruction with
the assessment of germination dates of successor trees allowed realistic approximation of the
minimum time elapsed since the last debris-flow
activity in 23 of the 29 channels present on the
current-day cone surface. In general, channels in
the northern part of the cone and those close to
the currently active channel generally show signs
of (sub-) recent activity with one last overbank sedimentation event in the 1980s, whereas signs of
debris-flow activity are absent from the channels
in the outermost part since the late 19th century.
As a consequence of the deeply incised channel
and the stabilization measures undertaken along
the banks, signs of debris flows are missing in the
tree-ring record for the past two decades.
Catena, 2008, V72, N1, JAN 1, pp 67-78.
73
08.1-96
Methanol exchange between grassland and
the atmosphere
Brunner A, Ammann C, Neftel A, Spirig C
Switzerland
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Plant Sciences , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Ecology
Concentrations and fluxes of methanol were measured above two differently managed grassland
fields (intensive and extensive) in central Switzerland during summer 2004. The measurements
were performed with a proton-transfer-reaction
mass-spectrometer and fluxes were determined by
the eddy covariance method. The observed methanol emission showed a distinct diurnal cycle and
was strongly correlated with global radiation and
water vapour flux. Mean and maximum daily
emissions were found to depend on grassland species composition and, for the intensive field, also
on the growing state. The extensive field with a
more complex species composition had higher
emissions than the graminoid-dominated intensive field, both on an area and on a biomass basis.
A simple parameterisation depending on the water vapour flux and the leaf area index allowed a
satisfying simulation of the temporal variation of
methanol emissions over the growing phase. Accumulated carbon losses due to methanol emissions
accounted for 0.024 and 0.048% of net primary
productivity for the intensive and extensive field,
respectively. The integral methanol emissions over
the growing periods were more than one order of
magnitude higher than the emissions related to
cut and drying events.
Biogeosciences, 2007, V4, N3, pp 395-410.
08.1-97
A standardized procedure for surveillance and
monitoring European habitats and provision
of spatial data
Bunce R G H, Metzger M J, Jongman R H G, Brandt
J, de Blust G, Elena Rossello R, Groom G B, Halada
L, Hofer G, Howard D C, Kovar P, Mucher C A,
Padoa Schioppa E, Paelinx D, Palo A, Perez Soba M,
Ramos I L, Roche P, Skanes H, Wrbka T
Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, Spain, Slovakia,
Switzerland, England, Czech Republic, Italy, Estonia,
Portugal
Ecology , Biodiversity
Both science and policy require a practical, transmissible, and reproducible procedure for surveillance and monitoring of European habitats, which
can produce statistics integrated at the landscape
level. Over the last 30 years, landscape ecology has
developed rapidly, and many studies now require
spatial data on habitats. Without rigorous rules,
74
changes from baseline records cannot be separated reliably from background noise. A procedure
is described that satisfies these requirements and
can provide consistent data for Europe, to support
a range of policy initiatives and scientific projects.
The methodology is based on classical plant life
forms, used in biogeography since the nineteenth
century, and on their statistical correlation with
the primary environmental gradient. Further categories can therefore be identified for other continents to assist large scale comparisons and modelling. The model has been validated statistically
and the recording procedure tested in the field
throughout Europe. A total of 130 General Habitat
Categories (GHCs) is defined. These are enhanced
by recording environmental, site and management qualifiers to enable flexible database interrogation. The same categories are applied to areal,
linear and point features to assist recording and
subsequent interpretation at the landscape level.
The distribution and change of landscape ecological parameters, such as connectivity and fragmentation, can then be derived and their significance
interpreted.
Landscape Ecology, 2008, V23, N1, JAN, pp 11-25.
08.1-98
Three objectives of historical ecology: the case
of litter collecting in Central European forests
Bürgi M, Gimmi U
Switzerland
Plant Sciences , Ecology , Forestry , History
Most ecosystems and landscapes worldwide are
dominated or influenced by human impacts. Consequently, studies of pattern and processes of and
within anthropogenic ecosystems and cultural
landscapes have to consider human impacts and
their historical development adequately. Three
major objectives of historical ecology, i.e., the
study of human impacts on ecosystems and landscapes over time, can be distinguished: (a) preserving cultural heritage in ecosystems and landscapes, (b) understanding historical trajectories
of pattern and processes in ecosystems and landscapes, and (c) informing ecosystem and landscape management. In this paper, the application of these three major objectives of historical
ecology is illustrated with a case study on litter
collecting-a largely forgotten traditional forest
use in Central Europe. Historical analyses do not
allow-and should not be misused- to directly deduct management goals, as goals need to be set
based on present needs and demands. Still, information on reference condition is relevant in
the process of defining goals. Once specific goals
are set, historical ecology may advise on how to
best achieve and maintain desirable pattern and
processes in ecosystems or landscape.
Landscape Ecology, 2007, V22, S1, pp 77-87.
08.1-99
Response to ozone of beech (Fagus sylvatica
L.) seedlings under competition, in an opentop chamber experiment. A chlorophyll fluorescence analysis
Bussotti F, Cascio C, Strasser R
Italy, Switzerland
Photosynthesis Research, 2007, V91, N2-3, FEBMAR, p 319.
08.1-100
Comparative typology in six european lowintensity systems of grassland management
Caballero R, Riseth J A, Labba N, Tyran E, Musial
W, Motik E, Boltshauser A, Hofstetter P, Gueydon
A, Roeder N, Hoffmann H, Moreira M B, Coelho
Inockdo S, Brito O, Gil A
Spain, Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Germany,
Portugal
Zoology
Advances in Agronomy Vol 96, 2007, V96, pp
351-420.
08.1-101
Identification of priority areas for plant conservation in Madagascar using Red List criteria: rare and threatened Pandanaceae indicate
sites in need of protection
Callmander M W, Schatz G E, Lowry P P Ii, Laivao
M O, Raharimampionona J, Andriambololonera S,
Raminosoa T, Consiglio T K
USA, Switzerland, Madagascar, France
Biodiversity , Plant Sciences , Ecology , Forestry
A major problem in establishing effective protocols for conserving Madagascar’s biodiversity
is the lack of reliable information for the identification of priority sites in need of protection.
Analyses of field data and information from herbarium collections for members of the Plant family Pandanaceae (85 spp. of Pandanus; 6 spp. of
Martellidendron) showed how risk of extinction
assessments can inform conservation planning.
Application of IUCN Red List categories and criteria showed that 91% of the species are threatened.
Mapping occurrence revealed centres of richness
and rarity as well as gaps in Madagascar’s existing protected area network. Protection of 10 additional sites would be required to encompass the
19 species currently lacking representation in the
reserve network, within which east coast littoral
forests are particularly under represented and
important. The effect of scale on assessments of
risk of extinction was explored by applying different grid cell sizes to estimate area of occupancy.
Using a grid cell size within the range suggested
by IUCN overestimates threatened status if based
solely upon specimen data. For poorly inventoried
countries such as Madagascar measures of range
size based on such data should be complemented with field observations to determine population size, sensitivity to disturbance, and specific
threats to habitat and therefore potential population decline. The analysis of such data can make
an important contribution to the conservation
planning process by identifying threatened species and revealing the highest priority sites for
their conservation.
Oryx, 2007, V41, N2, APR, pp 168-176.
08.1-102
Heavy metal contamination in the semiarid
area of Cartagena-La Union (SE Spain) and its
implications for revegetation
Conesa H M, Faz A, Garcia G, Arnaldos R
Spain, Switzerland
Plant Sciences , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Toxicology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Ecology
In this study a mine tailing located near La Union
town (SE Spain) was investigated in order to establish lines for further phytostabilization works. A
plot sampling design was carried out in order to
characterize the soil properties and natural occurring vegetation. The tailing is strongly eroded
and vegetation on its surface is scarce. Total heavy
metal concentrations were 1800 mg kg (-1) for Pb
and Zn, and 180 mg kg(-1) for Cu. The pH was less
than 4 and consequently, water extractable metals (14% of the total Zn) and electrical conductivity (>15 dS m(-1)) were high. Nutrient properties
were poor (<0.4 % organic carbon; <0.030 % total
nitrogen). Natural occurring vegetation (mainly
chamaerophyte and terophyte species) was composed by low number of plant species and their
annual cycle was affected by the scarcity of rains.
All these factors make this tailing a hostile environment for plant establishment. Revegetation
would require the addition of lime and/or organic
matter to facilitate plant growth and increase the
diversity of plant species.
Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 2007, V16, N9A,
pp 1076-1081.
75
08.1-103
Dynamics of metal tolerant plant communities’ development in mine tailings from the
Cartagena-La Union Mining District (SE Spain)
and their interest for further revegetation
purposes
Conesa H M, Garcia G, Faz A, Arnaldos R
Switzerland, Spain
Plant Sciences , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Toxicology
Mine tailings are typical elements in post-mining
landscapes which usually have high heavy metal
contents and are affected by intensive erosion
processes, above all in and and semiarid areas.
Revegetation of these sites is considered a low
cost and suitable technology to effect surface stabilization. Spontaneous plant communities that
colonize tailings in Southern Spain showed different behavior depending on the pH: in neutral
tailings the plant communities were formed by
less number of plant species than in acid tailings
but they had less seasonal variations, showing a
stable development. This spontaneous vegetation,
that is adapted to metal toxicity and to drought,
allows reducing air borne and water erosion, and
may mitigate the spread of the contamination to
the nearby areas. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved.
Chemosphere, 2007, V68, N6, JUN, pp 1180-1185.
08.1-104
Water-use strategies in two co-occurring
Mediterranean evergreen oaks: surviving the
summer drought
David T S, Henriques M O, Kurz Besson C, Nunes J,
Valente F, Vaz M, Pereira J S, Siegwolf R, Chaves M
M, Gazarini L C, David J S
Portugal, Switzerland
In the Mediterranean evergreen oak woodlands
of southern Portugal, the main tree species are
Quercus ilex ssp. rotundifolia Lam. (holm oak) and
Quercus sober L. (cork oak). We studied a savannahtype woodland where these species coexist, with
the aim of better understanding the mechanisms
of tree adaptation to seasonal drought. In both
species, seasonal variations in transpiration and
predawn leaf water potential showed a maximum
in spring followed by a decline through the rainless summer and a recovery with autumn rainfall.
Although the observed decrease in predawn leaf
water potential in summer indicates soil water
depletion, trees maintained transpiration rates
above 0.7 mm day(-1) during the summer drought.
By that time, more than 70% of the transpired
water was being taken from groundwater sources.
76
The daily fluctuations in soil water content suggest
that some root uptake of groundwater was mediated through the upper soil layers by hydraulic lift.
During the dry season, Q. ilex maintained higher
predawn leaf water potentials, canopy conductances and transpiration rates than Q. sober: The higher
water status of Q. ilex was likely associated with
their deeper root systems compared with Q. sober.
Whole-tree hydraulic conductance and minimum
midday leaf water potential were lower in Q. ilex,
indicating that Q. ilex was more tolerant to drought
than Q. suber. Overall, Q. ilex seemed to have more
effective drought avoidance and drought tolerance
mechanisms than Q. suber.
Tree Physiology, 2007, V27, N6, JUN, pp 793-803.
08.1-105
Impact of Swiss agricultural policies on nitrate
leaching from arable land
Decrem M, Spiess E, Richner W, Herzog F
Switzerland
Modelling , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Water Resources , Toxicology
From 1993 onwards, various policy measures aiming at reducing nitrogen (N) losses were introduced
in Swiss agriculture. We studied the impact of these
measures on nitrate leaching under arable land in
the Fehraltorf catchment near Zürich. Because of
the well- drained soils, the shallow water table and
the intensive agricultural activity, the groundwater in this catchment is highly vulnerable to nitrate
pollution. N fluxes and transformations on the
field scale were simulated using the deterministic
model LEACHMN. Following the calibration of the
model with a dataset from a long- term lysimeter
experiment, simulations were run for the period
1998 - 2003. As far as possible, field- specific management data from farmers’ control sheets were
used as input. Average nitrate leaching in the period 1998 - 2003 was estimated to amount to 39 kg
N ha(-1) year(-1). The conditions before the introduction of the policy measures were simulated in
three scenarios with a higher use of both mineral
N fertiliser and animal manure and 50% less or no
catch crops. We found that lowering mineral N fertiliser and manure application by about 25% led to
an average decrease in nitrate leaching of 10 kg N
ha(-1) year(-1). Doubling the catch crop area yielded
a further decrease of 6 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) on average. Altogether, the implementation of reduced N
fertiliser inputs and increased use of catch crops
proved to be effective and led to a mean reduction
in N leaching of 29% (16 kg ha(-1) year(-1)) for the
arable land in the Fehraltorf catchment.
Agronomy For Sustainable Development, 2007,
V27, N3, JUL-SEP, pp 243-253.
08.1-106
Competition between Lythrum salicaria and a
rare species: combining evidence from experiments and long-term monitoring
Denoth M, Myers J H
Switzerland, Canada
Plant Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology
The rare endemic plant Sidalcea hendersonii (Henderson’s checker- mallow) occurs in tidal marshes
of the Pacific Northwest and may be threatened
by Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife), a European invader plant. We compared the abundances
of Lythrum and Sidalcea in a wetland in British
Columbia (Canada) in 1999 to those measured in
1979 to track changes in both species. Although
the frequency of Sidalcea decreased by more than
50%, and that of Lythrum increased by almost 20%,
there was no significant relationship between the
changes of the two species. We assessed the potential effects of competition by Lythrum on Sidalcea
in field and patio experiments. In the field, we
measured the response of Sidalcea to the removal
of Lythrum over a two-year period and compared
this to the response of Sidalcea to the removal
of native species and in unmanipulated control
plots. Removal of Lythrum significantly improved
the vegetative performance of Sidalcea compared
to the removal of randomly selected native plants
and the control treatment in the first year. In the
second year, the performance of Sidealcea did not
differ significantly with treatment. Removals did
not influence the reproductive performance of
Sidalcea in either year. A one-year additive experiment, carried out in pots, compared the competitive effect of Lythrum on Sidalcea with that of two
native species. Lythrum’s impact on Sidalcea was
not consistently stronger than that of the native
species. Collectively, these results do not indicate
a strong impact of Lythrum on the reproduction
or abundance of Sidalcea.
Plant Ecology, 2007, V191, N2, AUG, pp 153-161.
08.1-107
Effects of landscape structure and land-use
intensity on similarity of plant and animal
communities
Dormann C F, Schweiger O, Augenstein I, Bailey
D, Billeter R, de Blust G, Defilippi R, Frenzel M,
Hendrickx F, Herzog F, Klotz S, Liira J, Maelfait J P,
Schmidt T, Speelmans M, van Wingerden W K R E,
Zobel M
Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Netherlands,
Estonia
Ecology , Biodiversity , Plant Sciences , Zoology
Aim Species richness in itself is not always sufficient to evaluate land management strategies
for nature conservation. The exchange of species
between local communities may be affected by
landscape structure and land-use intensity. Thus,
species turnover, and its inverse, community
similarity, may be useful measures of landscape
integrity from a diversity perspective. Location A
European transect from France to Estonia. Methods We measured the similarity of plant, bird,
wild bee, true bug, carabid beetle, hoverfly and
spider communities sampled along gradients in
landscape composition (e.g. total availability of
seminatural habitat), landscape configuration
(e.g. fragmentation) and land-use intensity (e.g.
pesticide loads). Results Total availability of seminatural habitats had little effect on community
similarity, except for bird communities, which
were more homogeneous in more natural landscapes. Bee communities, in contrast, were less
similar in landscapes with higher percentages
of seminatural habitats. Increased landscape
fragmentation decreased similarity of true bug
communities, while plant communities showed a
nonlinear, U-shaped response. More intense land
use, specifically increased pesticide burden, led
to a homogenization of bee, bug and spider communities within sites. In these cases, habitat fragmentation interacted with pesticide load. Hoverfly and carabid beetle community similarity was
differentially affected by higher pesticide levels:
for carabid beetles similarity decreased, while for
hoverflies we observed a U-shaped relationship.
Main conclusions Our study demonstrates the effects of landscape composition, configuration and
land-use intensity on the similarity of communities. It indicates reduced exchange of species between communities in landscapes dominated by
agricultural activities. Taxonomic groups differed
in their responses to environmental drivers and
using but one group as an indicator for ‘biodiversity’ as such would thus not be advisable.
Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2007, V16, N6,
NOV, pp 774-787.
08.1-108
Weak and variable relationships between
environmental severity and small-scale cooccurrence in alpine plant communities
Dullinger S, Kleinbauer I, Pauli H, Gottfried M,
Brooker R, Nagy L, Theurillat J P, Holten J I, Abdaladze O, Benito J L, Borel J L, Coldea G, Ghosn D,
Kanka R, Merzouki A, Klettner C, Moiseev P, Molau
U, Reiter K, Rossi G, Stanisci A, Tomaselli M, Unterlugauer P, Vittoz P, Grabherr G
Austria, Scotland, Switzerland, Norway, Rep Of
Georgia, France, Romania, Greece, Slovakia, Spain,
Russia, Sweden, Italy
77
Plant Sciences , Modelling , Ecology
1. The stress gradient hypothesis suggests a shift
from predominant competition to facilitation
along gradients of increasing environmental
severity. This shift is proposed to cause parallel
changes from prevailing spatial segregation to aggregation among the species within a community.
2. We used 904 1-m(2) plots, each subdivided into
100 10 x 10 cm, or 25 20 x 20 cm cells, respectively,
from 67 European mountain summits grouped
into 18 regional altitudinal transects, to test this
hypothesized correlation between fine-scale spatial patterns and environmental severity. 3. The
data were analysed by first calculating standardized differences between observed and simulated
random co-occurrence patterns for each plot.
These standardized effect sizes were correlated to
indicators of environmental severity by means of
linear mixed models. In a factorial design, separate analyses were made for four different indicators of environmental severity (the mean temperature of the coldest month, the temperature sum
of the growing season, the altitude above tree
line, and the percentage cover of vascular plants
in the whole plot), four different species groups
(all species, graminoids, herbs, and all growth
forms considered as pseudospecies) and at the 10
x 10 cm and 20 x 20 cm grain sizes. 4. The hypothesized trends were generally weak and could only
be detected by using the mean temperature of the
coldest month or the percentage cover of vascular
plants as the indicator of environmental severity. The spatial arrangement of the full species
set proved more responsive to changes in severity
than that of herbs or graminoids. The expected
trends were more pronounced at a grain size of 10
x 10 cm than at 20 x 20 cm. 5. Synthesis. In European alpine plant communities the relationships
between small-scale co-occurrence patterns of vascular plants and environmental severity are weak
and variable. This variation indicates that shifts
in net interactions with environmental severity
may differ among indicators of severity, growth
forms and scales. Recognition of such variation
may help to resolve some of the current debate
surrounding the stress gradient hypothesis.
Journal of Ecology, 2007, V95, N6, NOV, pp
1284-1295.
08.1-109
Minor changes in soil organic carbon and charcoal concentrations detected in a temperate
deciduous forest a year after an experimental
slash-and-burn
Eckmeier E, Gerlach R, Skjemstad J O, Ehrmann O,
Schmidt M W I
78
Switzerland, Germany, Australia
Forestry, Plant Sciences, Agriculture, Soil Sciences ,
Ecology
Anthropogenic fires affected the temperate deciduous forests of Central Europe over millennia.
Biomass burning releases carbon to the atmosphere and produces charcoal, which potentially
contributes to the stable soil carbon pools and is
an important archive of environmental history.
The fate of charcoal in soils of temperate deciduous forests, i.e. the processes of charcoal incorporation and transportation and the effects on soil
organic matter are still not clear. We investigated
the effects of slash-and-burn at a longterm experimental burning site and determined soil organic
carbon and charcoal carbon concentrations as
well as the soil lightness of colour (L*) in the topmost soil material (0-1, 1-2.5 and 2.5-5 cm depths)
before, immediately after the fire and one year
later. The main results are that (i) only a few of the
charcoal particles from the forest floor were incorporated into the soil matrix, presumably by soil
mixing animals. In the 0-1 cm layer, during one
year, the charcoal C concentration increased only
by 0.4 g kg(-1) and the proportion of charcoal C
to SOC concentration increased from 2.8 to 3.4%;
(ii) the SOC concentrations did not show any significant differences; (iii) soil lightness decreased
significantly in the topmost soil layer and correlated well with the concentrations of charcoal C
(r=-0.87**) and SOC (r=-0.94**) in the samples from
the 0-5 cm layer. We concluded that Holocene biomass burning could have influenced soil charcoal
concentrations and soil colour.
08.1-110
Conversion of biomass to charcoal and the
carbon mass balance from a slash-and-burn
experiment in a temperate deciduous forest
Eckmeier E, Rosch M, Ehrmann O, Schmidt M W I,
Schier W, Gerlach R
Forestry , Plant Sciences , History
Anthropogenic burning, including slash-andburn, was deliberately used in (pre)historic Central Europe. Biomass burning has affected the
global carbon cycle since, presumably, the early
Holocene. The understanding of processes and
rates of charcoal formation in temperate deciduous forests is limited, as is the extent of prehistoric human impact on the environment. We took
advantage of an experimental burning to simulate Neolithic slash-and-burn, and we quantified
the biomass fuel and charcoal produced, determined the resulting distribution of the charcoal
size fractions and calculated the carbon mass balance. Two-thirds of the charcoal particles (6.71 t /
ha) were larger than 2000 Rm and the spatial distribution of charcoal was highly variable (15-90%
per m(2)). The conversion rate of the biomass fuel
to charcoal mass was 4.8%, or 8.1% for the conversion of biomass carbon to charcoal.
Holocene, 2007, V17, N4, MAY, pp 539-542.
08.1-111
Simulating future changes in Arctic and subarctic vegetation
Epstein H E, Yu Qin, Kaplan J O, Lischke H
USA, Switzerland
Ecology
The Arctic is a sensitive system undergoing dramatic changes related to recent warming trends.
Vegetation dynamics-increases in the quantity of
green vegetation and a northward migration of
trees into the arctic tundra-are a component of
this change. Although field studies over long time
periods can be logistically problematic, simulation modeling provides a means for projecting
changes in arctic and subarctic vegetation caused
by environmental variations.
Computing in Science Engineering, 2007, V9, N4,
JUL-AUG, pp 12-23.
08.1-112
Response of soil microbial biomass and community structures to conventional and organic
farming systems under identical crop rotations
Esperschuetz J, Gattinger A, Mäder P, Schloter M,
Fliessbach A
Microbiology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Plant Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology
In this study the influence of different farming systems on microbial community structure was analyzed using soil samples from the DOK long-term
field experiment in Switzerland, which comprises
organic (BIODYN and BIOORG) and conventional
(CONFYM and CONMIN) farming systems as well
as an unfertilized control (NOFERT). We examined
microbial communities in winter wheat plots at
two different points in the crop rotation (after
potatoes and after maize). Employing extended
polar lipid analysis up to 244 different phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) and phospholipid ether lipids (PLEL) were detected. Higher concentrations of
PLFA and PLEL in BIODYN and BIOORG indicated
a significant influence of organic agriculture on
microbial biomass. Farmyard manure (FYM) application consistently revealed the strongest, and the
preceding crop the weakest, influence on domain-
specific biomass, diversity indices and microbial
community structures. Esterlinked PLFA from
slowly growing bacteria (k- strategists) showed the
strongest responses to long-term organic fertilization. Although the highest fungal biomass was
found in the two organic systems of the DOK field
trial, their contribution to the differentiation of
community structures according to the management regime was relatively low. Prokaryotic communities responded most strongly to either conventional or organic farming management.
Fems Microbiology Ecology, 2007, V61, N1, JUL, pp
26-37.
08.1-113
Methodical study of nitrous oxide eddy covariance measurements using quantum cascade
laser spectrometery over a Swiss forest
Eugster W, Zeyer K, Zeeman M, Michna P, Zingg A,
Buchmann N, Emmenegger L
Switzerland
Forestry , Plant Sciences , Ecology
Nitrous oxide fluxes were measured at the Lageren
CarboEurope IP flux site over the multi-species
mixed forest dominated by European beech and
Norway spruce. Measurements were carried out
during a four-week period in October-November
2005 during leaf senescence. Fluxes were measured with a standard ultrasonic anemometer in
combination with a quantum cascade laser absorption spectrometer that measured N2O, CO2,
and H2O mixing ratios simultaneously at 5 Hz
time resolution. To distinguish insignificant fluxes from significant ones it is proposed to use a new
approach based on the significance of the correlation coefficient between vertical wind speed and
mixing ratio fluctuations. This procedure eliminated roughly 56% of our half- hourly fluxes. Based
on the remaining, quality checked N2O fluxes we
quantified the mean efflux at 0.8 +/- 0.4 µmol m(-2)
h(-1) (mean + /- standard error). Most of the contribution to the N2O flux occurred during a 6.5-h period starting 4.5 h before each precipitation event.
No relation with precipitation amount could be
found. Visibility data representing fog density
and duration at the site indicate that wetting of
the canopy may have as strong an effect on N2O
effluxes as does below-ground microbial activity.
It is speculated that above- ground N2O production from the senescing leaves at high moisture
(fog, drizzle, onset of precipitation event) may be
responsible for part of the measured flux.
79
08.1-114
Improving predictive mapping in Swiss mire
ecosystems through re- calibration of indicator
values
Feldmeyer C E, Ecker K, Kuechler M, Graf U, Waser L
Switzerland
Ecology , Plant Sciences , Modelling , Forestry
Question: How may Landolt indicator values be recalibrated to improve the performance of predictive models? Location: Mires Gross Moos Schwandital (1250 m a.s.l.) in the Prealps, Burgymoos (465
m. a.s.l.) on the Central Plateau and La Burtigniere
(1000 m a.s.l.) in the Jura, Switzerland. Methods:
Habitat distribution models based on high resolution remotely sensed data and vegetation field data
are applied to monitor 130 mires. Instead of plant
species or communities we used mean indicator
values of vegetation records as response variables.
To improve the differential power of indicator values for wetland habitat conditions, we calibrated
these values using field data. Different methods
were tested with our predictive models in three
mires to see which calibration method is best in
enhancing model performance. To assess the effect of the uneven distribution of vegetation records along environmental gradients. calibrations
based on random and evenly distributed samples
were compared. As a test of the predictive power
of the models we used r(2) between ground truth
and model prediction. This approach is illustrated
through an application with nutrient indicator
values in the mire La Burtigniere. Results: Model
performances were not the same for the three
mires. The predictive power was better for the nutrient values, soil reaction and humus values than
for light and moisture values. 2000 records were
sufficient as basis for re-calibration. Models based
on original Landolt indicator values were overall
the weakest compared with re-calibrated values. By
comparing the predictive power of Models based
on randomly or evenly selected records were about
equally predictive. Conclusions: 1. A habitat-specific re-calibration of the Landolt indicator values
enhances the predictive mapping of the Swiss mire
ecosystems. 2. The re-calibration based on weighted averaging gives a better performance than the
one based on Gaussian logistic regression. 3. The
uneven distribution of indicator values due to the
over-representation of mire habitats does not hamper model performance. 4. 2000 vegetation records
are a sufficient basis for an optimal re-calibration
of the vegetation types. An illustration of the method is given by using the soil fertility pattern of the
mire La Burtigniere.
Applied Vegetation Science, 2007, V10, N2, AUG,
pp 183-192.
80
08.1-115
Effects of an extended drought period on
grasslands at various altitudes in Switzerland
Feller U, Signarbieux C
Switzerland
Plant Sciences , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Ecology
Photosynthesis Research, 2007, V91, N2-3, FEBMAR, p 294.
08.1-116
Secondary succession and loss in plant diversity following a grazing decrease in a wooded
pasture of the central Swiss Alps
Frelechoux F, Meisser M, Gillet F
Switzerland
Plant Sciences , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology
Reduced cattle grazing pressure in the Alps has
caused the reforestation of many subalpine pastures during the last decades. To understand the
dynamics of natural reforestation and to evaluate
how this change affects plant species diversity, we
described the vegetation of a wooded pasture in
the central Swiss Alps (Sembrancher, Valais) using
the integrated synusial method. Based on stratified vegetation releves in 27 plots, we defined 11
community types at the synusial level (two tree-layer, five shrub-layer, and four herb-layer synusiae),
and four community types at the phytocoenosis
level (pasture, tall forbs and scrub, wooded pasture and forest). The spatial distribution of these
four phytocoenoses suggests that they represent
successional stages after abandonment, and that
the pathway of vegetation succession depends on
the aspect. We suppose that on northern oriented, cool and shady locations, abandoned pastures
first develop towards tall-forb meadows and scrub
with Alnus viridis, and then to a preforested stage
with Picea abies and Larix decidua. In contrast, on
western oriented, warm and sunny location, Larix
decidua (mainly) and Picea abies directly colonize
the abandoned pastures, but further succession
finally leads to the same pre-forested stage as on
northern slopes. Plant species richness was highest in open areas and decreased by 25 % as tree
cover increased from 6 % to 65 %. According to our
successional model, plant species diversity is lost
more rapidly on northern slopes (with speciespoor green alder scrub) than on western slopes
(with species- rich young larch forests), suggesting
that northern slopes most urgently need an appropriate grazing management.
Botanica Helvetica, 2007, V117, N1, JUN, pp
37-56.
08.1-117
Changes of photosynthetic traits in beech saplings (Fagus sylvatica) under severe drought
stress and during recovery
Galle A, Feller U
Switzerland
Plant Sciences , Forestry
In the context of an increased risk of extreme
drought events across Europe during the next
decades, the capacity of trees to recover and survive drought periods awaits further attention. In
summer 2005, 4- year-old beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)
saplings were watered regularly or were kept for 4
weeks without irrigation in the field and then rewatered again. Changes of plant water status, leaf
gas exchange and Chl a fluorescence parameters,
as well as alterations in leaf pigment composition
were followed. During the drought period, stomatal conductance (g(s)) and net photosynthesis
(P-n) decreased in parallel with increased water
deficit. After 14 days without irrigation, stomata
remained closed and P-n was almost completely
inhibited. Reversible downregulation of PSII photochemistry (the maximum quantum efficiency
of PSII (F-v/F-m)), enhanced thermal dissipation
of excess excitation energy and an increased ratio of xanthophyll cycle pigments to chlorophylls
(because of a loss of chlorophylls) contributed to
an enhanced photo-protection in severely stressed
plants. Leaf water potential was restored immediately after re- watering, while g(s), P-n and F-v/F-m
recovered only partially during the initial phase,
even when high external CO2 concentrations were
applied during the measurements, indicating
lasting non-stomatal limitations. Thereafter, P-n
recovered completely within 4 weeks, meanwhile
g(s) remained permanently lower in stressed than
in control plants, leading to an increased ‘intrinsic water use efficiency’ (P-n /g(s)). In conclusion,
although severe drought stress adversely affected
photosynthetic performance of F. sylvatica (a rather drought-sensitive species), P-n was completely
restored after re- watering, presumably because
of physiological and morphological adjustments
(e.g. stomatal occlusions).
Physiologia Plantarum, 2007, V131, N3, NOV, pp
412-421.
08.1-118
Stochastic gene expression in switching environments
Gander M J, Mazza C, Rummler H
Switzerland
Microbiology , Ecology
Organisms are known to adapt to regularly varying environments. However, in most cases, the
fluctuations of the environment are irregular
and stochastic, alternating between favorable
and unfavorable regimes, so that cells must cope
with an uncertain future. A possible response is
population diversification. We assume here that
the cell population is divided into two groups,
corresponding to two phenotypes, having distinct
growth rates, and that cells can switch randomly
their phenotypes. In static environments, the net
growth rate is maximized when the population is
homogeneously composed of cells having the largest growth rate. In random environments, growth
rates fluctuate and observations reveal that sometimes heterogeneous populations have a larger
net growth rate than homogeneous ones, a fact
illustrated recently through Monte-Carlo simulations based on a birth and migration process in
a random environment. We study this process
mathematically by focusing on the proportion f
(t) of cells having the largest growth rate at time
t, and give explicitly the related steady state distribution pi. We also prove the convergence of
empirical averages along trajectories to the first
moment Epsilon pi (f), and provide efficient numerical methods for computing Epsilon pi (f).
Journal of Mathematical Biology, 2007, V55, N2,
AUG, pp 249-269.
08.1-119
Natural forest regrowth as a proxy variable for
agricultural land abandonment in the Swiss
mountains: a spatial statistical model based on
geophysical and socio-economic variables
Gellrich M, Baur P, Zimmermann N E
Switzerland
Forestry , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Plant Sciences
Modelling
In many European mountain regions, natural forest regrowth on abandoned agricultural land and
the related consequences for the environment are
issues of increasing concern. We developed a spatial statistical model based on multiple geophysical and socio-economic variables to investigate
the pattern of natural forest regrowth in the Swiss
mountain area between the 1980s and 1990s. Results show that forest regrowth occurred primarily in areas with low temperature sum, intermediate steepness and soil stoniness as well as close to
forest edges and relatively close to roads. Model
results suggest that regions with weak labor markets are favored in terms of land abandonment
and forest regrowth. We could not find an effect
of population change on land abandonment and
forest regrowth. Therefore, we conclude that decision makers should consider non-linearities in
the pattern of forest regrowth and the fact that la-
81
bor markets have an effect on land abandonment
and forest regrowth when designing measures to
prevent agricultural land abandonment and natural forest regrowth in the Swiss mountains.
Environmental Modeling Assessment, 2007, V12,
N4, NOV, pp 269-278.
08.1-120
Challenges to the uptake of the ecosystem
service rationale for conservation
Ghazoul J
Switzerland
Conservation Biology, 2007, V21, N6, DEC, pp
1651-1652.
08.1-121
What you see is where you go? Modeling
dispersal in mountainous landscapes
Graf R F, Kramer Schadt S, Fernandez N, Grimm V
Germany, Switzerland, Spain
Modelling , Ecology
Inter-patch connectivity can be strongly influenced by topography and matrix heterogeneity,
particularly when dealing with species with high
cognitive abilities. To estimate dispersal in such
systems, simulation models need to incorporate a
behavioral component of matrix effects to result
in more realistic connectivity measures. Interpatch dispersal is important for the persistence of
capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) in central Europe,
where this endangered grouse species lives in
patchy populations embedded in a mountainous
landscape. We simulated capercaillie movements
with an individual-based, spatially explicit dispersal model (IBM) and compared the resulting connectivity measure with distance and an expert
estimation. We used a landscape comprising discrete habitat patches, temporary habitat, non-habitat forests, and non-habitat open land. First, we
assumed that dispersing individuals have perfect
knowledge of habitat cells within the perceptual
range (null model). Then, we included constraints
to perception and accessibility, i.e., mountain
chains, open area and valleys (three sub-models).
In a full model, all sub-models were included at
once. Correlations between the different connectivity measures were high (Spearman’s rho > 0.7)
and connectivity based on the full IBM was closer
to expert estimation than distance. For selected
cases, simple distance differed strongly from the
full IBM measure and the expert estimation. Connectivity based on the IBM was strongly sensitive
to the size of perceptual range with higher sensitivity for the null model compared to the full
model that included context dependent perceptu-
82
al ranges. Our heuristic approach is adequate for
simulating movements of species with high cognitive abilities in strongly structured landscapes
that influence perception and permeability.
Landscape Ecology, 2007, V22, N6, JUL, pp
853-866.
08.1-122
A predictive model of the density of airborne
insects in agricultural environments
Grübler M U, Morand M, Naef Dänzer B
Switzerland
Modelling , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Zoology ,
Ecology
This paper presents a model to predict the daily
spatio-temporal variation in the abundance of
airborne insects in agricultural landscapes on the
basis of publicly available environmental data.
Data on the abundance of insects flying near
ground level were collected by a robust and effective point-count method. The validation of the
model using extra data revealed a high correspondence between predicted and observed insect density. The final model showed that the abundance
of airborne insects depended largely on the daily
weather conditions. Agricultural habitats differed
in the abundance of airborne insects, with peak
insect numbers found along hedgerows and trees.
This accumulation pattern was most pronounced
at low temperatures and in windy conditions. Efforts to enhance insect abundance in agricultural
landscapes therefore need to increase the number
of structural elements such as hedgerows, single
trees and orchards. This study highlights how
weather conditions and agricultural land-use
affect aerial food webs in agri-environments, including the dynamics of food patches for all kinds
of aerial foragers. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights
reserved.
Agriculture Ecosystems Environment, 2008, V123,
N1-3, JAN, pp 75-80.
08.1-123
Measured microwave radiative transfer properties of a deciduous forest canopy
Guglielmetti M, Schwank M, Mätzler C, Oberdoerster C, Vanderborght J, Flühler H
Remote Sensing , Forestry , Plant Sciences , Modelling
A field experiment was performed with an L- and
X-band radiometer operating at 1.4 GHz and 11.4
GHz in a deciduous forest in Julich (Germany)
from September to November 2004. The radiometers were installed on the ground being directed
upwards through the canopy. In this position
downwelling microwave radiation was measured
during the defoliation of the forest with a time
resolution of 4 h. Simultaneously we measured
the air and soil temperatures. Based on these data,
the transmissivities of the forest canopy were estimated at different foliation states. Typical L-band
transmissivities determined for the foliated and
the defoliated states were 0.41 and 0.46, confirming the semi-transparency of the canopy at low
microwave frequencies. Due to the anisotropic
crown structure the L-band brightness temperatures were slightly horizontally polarized to the
same degree for any state of the vegetation. From
this we conclude that branches are the prevailing
emitters of the canopy whereas leaves and trunks
are less relevant for L-band observations. In the Xband, the canopy was opaque in the foliated state
and became semi-transparent in the course of defoliation indicating that leaves are an important
radiation source at this wavelength. Our results
provide the experimental evidence to quantify
the radiation properties of a deciduous forest canopy. This is crucial for interpreting the microwave
radiation emitted from forested areas measured
from space-borne microwave sensing platforrns.
Remote Sensing of Environment, 2007, V109, N4,
AUG 30, pp 523-532.
08.1-124
What matters for predicting the occurrences
of trees: Techniques, data, or species’ characteristics?
Guisan A, Zimmermann N E, Elith J, Graham C H,
Phillips S, Peterson A T
Switzerland, Australia, USA
Forestry , Modelling , Plant Sciences , Ecology
Data characteristics and species traits are expected to influence the accuracy with which species’
distributions can be modeled and predicted. We
compare 10 modeling techniques in terms of predictive power and sensitivity to location error,
change in map resolution, and sample size, and
assess whether some species traits can explain
variation in model performance. We focused on
30 native tree species in Switzerland and used
presence-only data to model current distribution,
which we evaluated against independent presence absence data. While there are important differences between the predictive performance of
modeling methods, the variance in model performance is greater among species than among techniques. Within the range of data perturbations
in this study, some extrinsic parameters of data
affect model performance more than others: location error and sample size reduced performance
of many techniques, whereas grain had little ef-
fect on most techniques. No technique can rescue
species that are difficult to predict. The predictive
power of species-distribution models can partly
be predicted from a series of species characteristics and traits based on growth rate, elevational
distribution range, and maximum elevation.
Slow-growing species or species with narrow and
specialized niches tend to be better modeled. The
Swiss presence-only tree data produce models
that are reliable enough to be useful in planning
and management applications.
Ecological Monographs, 2007, V77, N4, NOV, pp
615-630.
08.1-125
Temporal changes in grazing intensity and
herbage quality within a Swiss fen meadow
Güsewell S, Pohl M, Gander A, Strehler C
Switzerland
Agriculture, Soil Sciences, Plant Sciences , Ecology ,
Biodiversity
Grazing is a possible tool for conservation management in wetlands, but a frequent problem is
spatial variation in grazing intensity, which may
promote the degradation of the vegetation. Temporal changes in grazing patterns may reduce
this problem by leading to a more homogeneous
overall use of the area. In a lakeshore wetland
(2.8 ha) grazed by Scottish Highland cattle from
May till September, we studied how the grazing
of nine vegetation types changes seasonally and
between years, and how this is related to the
quantity and quality of the herbage. We observed
cattle activity weekly throughout two grazing
periods, determined the biomass and nutrient
concentrations of the vegetation, analysed dung
samples, and carried out clipping experiments to
assess shoot regeneration after grazing. The annual grazing intensity varied seven-fold among
vegetation types, and this pattern was closely
similar in both years. In several vegetation types,
however, grazing intensity changed seasonally.
Cattle first grazed tall grass-dominated vegetation (Phragmition, Phalaridion), which had the
most digestible and nutrient-rich herbage, but
the poor regeneration of dominant species forced
the cattle to then graze small-sedge dominated,
nutrient-poor fen vegetation (Caricion davallianae). These temporal changes in grazing patterns
slightly reduced the spatial variation in grazing intensity. To take advantage of this effect,
relatively long grazing seasons are preferable to
shorter ones. Four years of grazing reduced the
above- ground biomass production and nutrient concentrations of several vegetation types.
Therefore, years without grazing may be needed
83
to prevent a degradation of palatable plant communities with low grazing tolerance.
57-73.
08.1-126
Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: reconciling the results of experimental and observational studies
Hector A, Joshi J, Scherer Lorenzen M, Schmid B,
Spehn E M, Wacker L, Weilenmann M, Bazeley
White E, Beierkuhnlein C, Caldeira M C, Dimitrakopoulos P G, Finn J A, Huss Danell K, Jumpponen A,
Leadley P W, Loreau M, Mulder C P H, Nesshoever
C, Palmborg C, Read D J, Siamantziouras A S D,
Terry A C, Troumbis A Y
Switzerland, Germany, England, Portugal, Greece,
Ireland, Sweden, France, Canada
Biodiversity , Ecology , Plant Sciences
Functional Ecology, 2007, V21, N5, OCT, pp
998-1002.
08.1-127
The generality of habitat suitability models: A
practical test with two insect groups
Hein S, Binzenhöfer B, Poethke H J, Biedermann R,
Settele J, Schroeder B
Biodiversity , Ecology , Modelling , Zoology
For the design and declaration of conservation areas as well as for planning habitat management
it is important to quantitatively know the habitat
preferences of the focal species. To take into account the requirements of as many species as possible, it would be of great advantage if one would
either (i) find one or several species whose habitat
requirements cover those of a large number of
other species or if one could (ii) identify a common set of habitat parameters that is important
for the occurrence of many species. Ideally such
common habitat parameters should be easy to
measure. Only then they may be of practical value
in applied conservation biology. In this study, we
compared the habitat preferences of different insect species (grasshoppers, bush crickets, butterflies, moths) in the same region by applying identical methods. To identify common explanatory
variables that predict the occurrence probability
of these species, we first tested the transferability
of the specific ‘species models’ to other species
within the same insect group. We tested how well
the incidence of one species can be predicted by
the occurrence probability of another species. The
‘best’ models within each group were then tested
for transferability between the different groups.
Additionally, we tested the predictive power of the
84
predictor variable ‘habitat type’ as an easy and often available measure for conservation practice.
Although in the different ‘species models’ different key factors determine habitat suitability,
some models were successfully transferred and
were able to reasonably predict the distribution
of other species. The habitat preferences of the
burnet moth Zygaena carniolica were particularly
well suited for the prediction of suitable habitats
for all other species. In addition, the predictor
variable ‘habitat type’ played a dominant role in
all models. Models using this aggregated predictor variable may well predict suitable habitat for
all species.
Basic and Applied Ecology, 2007, V8, N4, pp
310-320.
08.1-128
Fragmented environment affects birch leaf
endophytes
Helander M, Ahlholm J, Sieber T N, Hinneri S, Saikkonen K
Plant Sciences , Forestry , Ecology , Microbiology ,
Biodiversity
The effect of environmental fragmentation on
the species distribution and frequency of horizontally transmitted endophytic fungi in Betula
pubescens and Betula pendula leaves was studied
in an archipelago in southwestern Finland. The
study system consisted of 14 islands, ranging in
size and distance to the mainland, and five mainland sites. Endophytic fungi were grown out from
surface-leaves. The frequency of endophytic fungi
mainly depended on the size of the island, explaining 32-35% of the variation, and the distance
to the mainland explaining 29-35% of the variation. The birch trees on the largest islands near
the mainland had the highest endophyte frequencies. Fusicladium betulae, Gnomonia setacea and
Melanconium betulinum were the most commonly isolated fungi. Foliar endophytes of birch trees
are able to disperse to fairly fragmented areas, but
their frequencies seem to depend on environmental isolation and size of the island.
New Phytologist, 2007, V175, N3, pp 547-553.
08.1-129
Host-parasitoid spatial dynamics in heterogeneous landscapes
Hirzel A H, Nisbet R M, Murdoch W W
Switzerland, USA
Biodiversity , Ecology , Modelling
This paper explores the effect of spatial processes
in a heterogeneous environment on the dynamics
of a host-parasitoid interaction. The environment
consists of a lattice of favourable (habitat) and
hostile (matrix) hexagonal cells, whose spatial distribution is measured by habitat proportion and
spatial autocorrelation (inverse of fragmentation).
At each time step, a fixed fraction of both populations disperses to the adjacent cells where it reproduces following the Nicholson-Bailey model.
Aspects of the dynamics analysed include extinction, stability, cycle period and amplitude, and the
spatial patterns emerging from the dynamics. We
find that, depending primarily on the fraction of
the host population that disperses in each generation and on the landscape geometry, five classes
of spatio-temporal dynamics can be objectively
distinguished: spatial chaos, spirals, metapopulation, mainland- island and spiral fragments. The
first two are commonly found in theoretical studies of homogeneous landscapes. The other three
are direct consequences of the heterogeneity and
have strong similarities to dynamic patterns observed in real systems (e.g. extinction- recolonisation, source-sink, outbreaks, spreading waves). We
discuss the processes that generate these patterns
and allow the system to persist. The importance of
these results is threefold: first, our model merges
into a same theoretical framework dynamics commonly observed in the field that are usually modelled independently. Second, these dynamics and
patterns are explained by dispersal rate and common landscape statistics, thus linking in a practical way population ecology to landscape ecology.
Third, we show that the landscape geometry has a
qualitative effect on the length of the cycles and,
in particular, we demonstrate how very long periods can be produced by spatial processes.
Oikos, 2007, V116, N12, DEC, pp 2082-2096.
08.1-130
Mating patterns and contemporary gene flow
by pollen in a large continuous and a small
isolated population of the scattered forest tree
Sorbus torminalis
Hoebee S E, Arnold U, Düggelin C, Gugerli F, Brodbeck S, Rotach P, Holderegger R
Switzerland
Plant Sciences , Forestry , Microbiology , Ecology ,
Biodiversity
The influence of population size and spatial isolation on contemporary gene flow by pollen and
mating patterns in temperate forest trees are
not well documented, although they are crucial
factors in the life history of plant species. We
analysed a small, isolated population and a large,
continuous population of the insect- pollinated
tree species Sorbus torminalis in two consecutive
years. The species recently experienced increased
85
habitat fragmentation due to altered forest management leading to forests with closed canopies.
We estimated individual plant size, percentage of
flowering trees, intensity of flowering, degree of
fruiting and seed set per fruit, and we determined
mating patterns, pollen flow distances and external gene flow in a genetic paternity analysis based
on microsatellite markers. We found clear effects
of small population size and spatial isolation in
S. torminalis. Compared with the large, continuous population, the small and isolated population
harboured a lower percentage of flowering trees,
showed less intense flowering, lower fruiting,
less developed seeds per fruit, increased selfing
and received less immigrant pollen. However, the
negative inbreeding coefficients (F-IS) of offspring
indicated that this did not result in inbred seed at
the population level. We also show that flowering,
fruiting and pollen flow patterns varied among
years, the latter being affected by the size of individuals. Though our study was unreplicated at
the factor level (i.e. isolated vs non-isolated populations), it shows that small and spatially isolated
populations of S. torminalis may also be genetically isolated, but that their progeny is not necessarily more inbred.
Heredity, 2007, V99, N1, JUL, pp 47-55.
based on the probability that two randomly chosen points in a landscape are connected, i.e., not
separated by barriers such as roads, railroads, or
urban areas. Baden-Wurttemberg is fragmented
to a far greater extent than indicated by previous
studies. The m(eff) has decreased by 40% since
1930. This development is strongly related to the
growing number of inhabitants, the increased
use of motorized vehicles, and the hierarchical regional planning system based on the central place
theory. To illustrate the suitability of the meff
method for environmental monitoring, as a planning instrument and as an assessment instrument
for impact assessment studies, we explored several
variations of applying the method with regard to
choice of fragmenting elements, consideration of
noise bands, spatial differentiation (e. g., administrative districts vs. ecoregions), and way of dealing
with patches at the boundaries of the reporting
units. Depending on the objectives of the investigation (e. g., recreational quality vs. suitability for
wildlife habitat), different variations may be most
appropriate. The insights and quantitative results
from Baden-Wurttemberg provide a yardstick for
analyzing and assessing landscape fragmentation
in other countries.
Ecology and Society, 2007, V12, N1, JUN ARTN: 22.
08.1-131
Time series of landscape fragmentation caused
by transportation infrastructure and urban
development: a case study from Baden- Wurttemberg, Germany
Jäger J, Schwarz von Raumer H G , Esswein H, Müller M, Schmidt Lüttman M
Urban Studies , Biodiversity , Ecology
Landscape fragmentation is increasingly considered an important environmental indicator in
the fields of sustainable land use and biodiversity.
To set goals for future development and to plan
appropriate measures, suitable empirical data on
the degree of landscape fragmentation are needed
to identify trends and compare different regions.
However, there is still a significant lack of data on
landscape fragmentation as an indicator, despite
the substantial scientific literature on this topic,
likely because of confusion over the definition of
“fragmentation, “ questions associated with scale
and data issues, and lack of general agreement on
a fragmentation measure. This study presents a
state-wide quantitative analysis of landscape fragmentation in Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany, by
means of the “ effective mesh size” (m(eff)), which
characterizes the anthropogenic penetration of
landscapes from a geometric point of view and is
08.1-132
Rapid mixing between old and new C pools in
the canopy of mature forest trees
Keel S G, Siegwolf R T W, Jäggi M, Körner C
Switzerland
Forestry , Plant Sciences , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Stable C isotope signals in plant tissues became a
key tool in explaining growth responses to the environment. The technique is based on the fundamental assumption that the isotopic composition
of a given unit of tissue (e.g. a tree ring) reflects
the specific C uptake conditions in the leaf at a
given time. Beyond the methodological implications of any deviation from this assumption, it is
of physiological interest whether new C is transferred directly from sources (a photosynthesizing
leaf) to structural sinks (e.g. adjacent stem tissue),
or inherently passes through existing (mobile) C
pools, which may be of variable (older) age. Here,
we explore the fate of C-13-labelled photosynthates
in the crowns of a 30-35 m tall, mixed forest using
a canopy crane. In all nine study species labelled
C reached woody tissue within 2-9 h after labelling. Four months later, very small signals were
left in branch wood of Tilia suggesting that low
mixing of new, labelled C with old C had taken
place. In contrast, signals in Fagus and Quercus
86
had increased, indicating more intense mixing.
This species-specific mixing of new with old C
pools is likely to mask year- or season-specific linkages between tree ring formation and climate and
has considerable implications for climate reconstruction using stable isotopes as proxies for past
climatic conditions.
Plant Cell and Environment, 2007, V30, N8, AUG,
pp 963-972.
08.1-133
Identifying the early genetic consequences of
habitat degradation in a highly threatened
tropical conifer, Araucaria nemorosa Laubenfels
Kettle C J, Hollingsworth P M, Jaffre T, Moran B,
Ennos R A
Switzerland, Scotland, New Caledonia
Biodiversity , Ecology , Plant Sciences , Forestry
The early genetic effects of habitat degradation
were investigated in the critically endangered
conifer Araucaria nemorosa. This species occurs
in New Caledonia, a global biodiversity hotspot
where the world’s greatest concentration of endemic conifer species coincides with an extremely
high level of habitat destruction due to fire and
mining. Using seven microsatellite loci, estimates
were made of genetic marker variation, inbreeding coefficients and population differentiation of
adult and seedling cohorts of A. nemorosa. These
were contrasted with equivalent estimates, made
over similar spatial scales and with the same
marker loci, in the locally common and more
widespread sister species Araucaria columnaris.
There were no significant differences in population genetic parameters between adult populations of the two species, despite their different
abundances. However, in A. nemorosa, the juvenile cohort showed a loss of rare alleles and elevated levels of inbreeding when compared to the
adult cohort. These genetic differences between
the cohorts were not observed in the locally common A. columnaris. This suggests that recent environmental degradation is influencing the genetic
structure of A. nemorosa populations. Although
this is not detectable among predisturbance adult
populations, an early warning of these impacts
is evident in more recently established seedling
cohorts. The conservation implications of these
results are discussed.
Molecular Ecology, 2007, V16, N17, SEP, pp
3581-3591.
08.1-134
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis can counterbalance the negative influence of the exotic
tree species Eucalyptus camaldulensis on the
structure and functioning of soil microbial
communities in a sahelian soil
Kisa M, Sanon A, Thioulouse J, Assigbetse K, Sylla
S, Spichiger R, Dieng L, Berthelin J, Prin Y, Galiana
A, Lepage M, Duponnois R
Senegal, France, Switzerland, Burkina Faso
Forestry , Plant Sciences , Agriculture, Soil Sciences
, Microbiology
The hypothesis of the present study was that bacterial communities would differentiate under Eucalyptus camaldulensis and that an enhancement
of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) density would
minimize this exotic plant species effect. Treatments consisted of control plants, preplanting
fertilizer application and AM inoculation. After 4
months of culture in autoclaved soil, E. camaldulensis seedlings were either harvested for growth
measurement or transferred into containers filled
with the same soil but not sterilized. Other containers were kept without E. camaldulensis seedlings. After 12 months, effects of fertilizer amendment and AM inoculation were measured on the
growth of Eucalyptus seedlings and on soil microbial communities. The results clearly show that
this plant species significantly modified the soil
bacterial community. Both community structure
(assessed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles) and function (assessed by substrateinduced respiration responses including soil catabolic evenness) were significantly affected. Such
changes in the bacterial structure and function
were accompanied by disturbances in the composition of the herbaceous plant species layer.
These results highlight the role of AM symbiosis
in the processes involved in soil bio-functioning
and plant coexistence and in afforestation programmes with exotic tree species that target preservation of native plant diversity.
Fems Microbiology Ecology, 2007, V62, N1, OCT,
pp 32-44.
08.1-135
Response of net ecosystem productivity of
three boreal forest stands to drought (vol 9,
pg 1128, 2006)
Kljun N, Black T A, Griffis T J, Barr A G, Gaumont
Guay D, Morgenstern K, Mccaughey J H, Nesic Z
Canada, USA, Switzerland
Forestry , Plant Sciences , Ecology
In 2000-03, continuous eddy covariance measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) flux were made
above mature boreal aspen, black spruce, and jack
pine forests in Saskatchewan, Canada, prior to and
during a 3- year drought. During the 1st drought
year, ecosystem respiration (R) was reduced at the
aspen site due to the drying of surface soil layers.
Gross ecosystem photosynthesis (GEP) increased
as a result of a warm spring and a slow decrease
of deep soil moisture. These conditions resulted
in the highest annual net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in the 9 years of flux measurements at
this site. During 2002 and 2003, a reduction of 6%
and 34% in NEP, respectively, compared to 2000
was observed as the result of reductions in both
R and GEP, indicating a conservative response to
the drought. Although the drought affected most
of western Canada, there was considerable spatial
variability in summer rainfall over the 100-km extent of the study area; summer rainfalls in 2001
and 2002 at the two conifer sites minimized the
impact of the drought. In 2003, however, precipitation was similarly low at all three sites. Due to
low topographic position and consequent poor
drainage at the black spruce site and the coarse
soil with low water-holding capacity at the jack
pine site almost no reduction in R, GEP, and NEP
was observed at these two sites. This study shows
that the impact of drought on carbon sequestration by boreal forest ecosystems strongly depends
on rainfall distribution, soil characteristics, topography, and the presence of vegetation that is
well adapted to these conditions.
Ecosystems, 2007, V10, N6, SEP, pp 1039-1055.
08.1-136
Assessment of land use impacts on the natural
environment - Part 2: Generic characterization
factors for local species diversity in central
Europe
Köllner T, Scholz R W
Switzerland
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology
Goal, Scope and Background. Land use is an economic activity that generates large benefits for
human society. One side effect, however, is that
it has caused many environmental problems
throughout history and still does today. Biodiversity, in particular, has been negatively influenced
by intensive agriculture, forestry and the increase
in urban areas and infrastructure. Integrated assessment such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA),
thus, incorporate impacts on biodiversity. The
main objective of this paper is to develop generic
characterization factors for land use types using
empirical information on species diversity from
Central Europe, which can be used in the assessment method developed in the first part of this
series of paper. Methods. Based on an extensive
87
meta-analysis, with information about species
diversity on 5581 sample plots, we calculated
characterization factors for 53 land use types and
six intensity classes. The typology is based on the
CORINE Plus classification. We took information
on the standardized alpha-diversity of plants,
moss and mollusks into account. In addition,
threatened plants were considered. Linear and
nonlinear models were used for the calculation of
damage potentials (EDPs). In our approach, we use
the current mean species number in the region
as a reference, because this determines whether
specific land use types hold more or less species
diversity per area. The damage potential calculated here is endpoint oriented. The corresponding
characterization factors EDPs can be used in the
Life Cycle Impact Assessment as weighting factors
for different types of land occupation and land
use change as described in Part 1 of this paper series. Results. The result from ranking the intensity
classes based on the mean plant species number
is as expected. High intensive forestry and agriculture exhibit the lowest species richness (5.7-5.8
plant species/m(2)), artificial surfaces, low intensity forestry and non- use have medium species richness (9.4-11.1 plant species/m2) and low- intensity
agriculture has the highest species richness (16.6
plant species/m(2)). The mean and median are
very close, indicating that the skewedness of the
distribution is low. Standard error is low and is
similar for all intensity classes. Linear transformations of the relative species numbers are linearly
transformed into ecosystem damage potentials
(EDPlinears). The inte gration of threatened plant
species diversity into a more differentiated damage function EDPlinearStotal makes it possible
to differentiate between land use types that have
similar total species numbers, but intensities of
land use that are clearly different (e.g., artificial
meadow and broad-leafed forest). Negative impact
values indicate that land use types hold more species per m(2) than the reference does. In terms of
species diversity, these land use types are superior
(e.g. near-to- nature meadow, hedgerows, agricultural fallow). Discussion. Land use has severe impacts on the environment. The ecosystem damage
potential EDPS is based on assessment of impacts
of land use on species diversity. We clearly base
EDPs factors on alpha- diversity, which correlates
with the local aspect of species diversity of land
use types. Based on an extensive meta-analysis of
biologists’ field research, we were able to include
data on the diversity of plant species, threatened
plant species, moss and mollusks in the EDPS.
The integration of other animal species groups
(e.g. insects, birds, mammals, amphibians) with
88
their specific habitat preferences could change
the characterization factors values specific for
each land use type. Those mobile species groups
support ecosystem functions, because they provide functional links between habitats in the
landscape. Conclusions. The use of generic characterization factors in Life Cycle Impact Assessment of land use, which we have developed, can
improve the basis for decision-making in industry
and other organizations. It can best be applied for
marginal land use decisions. However, if the goal
and scope of an LCA requires it this generic assessment can be complemented with a site-dependent
assessment. Recommendations and Perspectives.
We recommend utilizing the developed characterization factors for land use in Central Europe
and as a reference methodology for other regions.
In order to assess the impacts of land use in other
regions it would be necessary to sample empirical data on species diversity and to develop region
specific characterization factors on a worldwide
basis in LCA. This is because species diversity and
the impact of land use on it can very much differ
from region to region.
International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,
2008, V13, N1, JAN, pp 32-48.
08.1-137
The use of ‘altitude’ in ecological research
Körner C
Switzerland
Ecology , Biodiversity , Plant Sciences
Altitudinal gradients are among the most powerful ‘natural experiments’ for testing ecological and
evolutionary responses of biota to geophysical influences, such as low temperature. However, there
are two categories of environmental changes with
altitude: those physically tied to meters above sea
level, such as atmospheric pressure, temperature
and clear-sky turbidity; and those that are not generally altitude specific, such as moisture, hours of
sunshine, wind, season length, geology and even
human land use. The confounding of the first category by the latter has introduced confusion in
the scientific literature on altitude phenomena.
Trends in Ecology Evolution, 2007, V22, N11, NOV,
pp 569-574.
08.1-138
Creative use of mountain biodiversity databases: The Kazbegi research agenda of GMBADIVERSITAS
Körner C, Donoghue M, Fabbro T, Hauser C,
Nogues Bravo D, Kalin Arroyo M T, Soberon J,
Speers L, Spehn E M, Sun H, Tribsch A, Tykarski P,
Zbinden N
Switzerland, USA, Germany, Denmark, Chile,
Peoples R China, Austria, Poland
Geo-referenced archive databases on mountain
organisms are very promising tools for achieving
a better understanding of mountain biodiversity
and predicting its changes. The Global Mountain
Biodiversity Assessment (GMBA) of DIVERSITAS, in
cooperation with the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, encourages a global effort to mine
biodiversity databases on mountain organisms.
The wide range of climatic conditions and topographies across the world’s mountains offers an
unparalleled opportunity for developing and testing biodiversity theory. The power of openly accessible, interconnected electronic databases for scientific biodiversity research, which by far exceeds
the original intent of archiving for mainly taxonomic purposes, has been illustrated. There is an
urgent need to increase the amount and quality
of geo-referenced data on mountain biodiversity
provided online, in order to meet the challenges
of global change in mountains.
N3, AUG, pp 276-281.
08.1-139
Mobility of black carbon in drained peatland
soils
Leifeld J, Fenner S, Müller M
Switzerland
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , Geochemistry
& Geophysics
Amount, stability, and distribution of black carbon (BC) were studied at four sites of a large peatland (“Witzwil”) formerly used as a disposal for
combustion residues from households to derive
BC displacement rates in the profile. Possible artefacts from thermal oxidation with Differential
Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) on BC quantification of C-rich deposits were inferred by choosing three sites from a second peatland with no
historical record of waste disposal as a reference
(“Seebodenalp”). All sites were under grassland at
time of sampling, but were partially cropped in
the past at Witzwil. Mean BC contents in topsoils
of Witzwil ranged from 10.7 to 91.5 (0-30 cm) and
from 0.44 to 51.3 (30-140 cm) mg BC g(-1) soil, corresponding to BC/OC ratios of 0.04 to 0.3 (topsoil)
and 0.02 to 0.18 (deeper soil). At three sites of Seebodenalp, BC was below the detection limit of 0.4
mg g(-1) organic soil, indicating negligible formation of BC during thermal oxidation of peat. C-13
NMR spectra corroborated the high BC contents at
Witzwil. The data support a considerable vertical
transport of BC given that soils were ploughed not
deeper than 30 cm since abandonment of waste
application about 50 years ago. The total amount
of BC in the Witzwil profiles ranged from 3.2 to 7.5
kg BC m(-2), with 21 to 69 percent of it stemming
from below the former ploughing depth. Under
the premise of negligible rates of BC consumption
since abandonment of waste application, minimum BC transport rates in these peats are 0.6 to
1.2 cm a(-1). The high mobility of BC might be explained by high macropore volumes in combination with occasional water saturation. By means
of DSC peak temperatures, different types of BC
could be distinguished, with deeper horizons containing BC of higher thermal stability. Application of combustion residues likely involved a mixture of various BC types, of which thermally more
stable ones, most likely soots, were preferentially
transported downwards.
08.1-140
Tree species diversity affects canopy leaf temperatures in a mature temperate forest
Switzerland
Forestry , Biodiversity , Plant Sciences , Ecology
Forest canopies play a major role in biosphereatmosphere interaction. Their actual temperature
may deviate substantially from ambient atmospheric conditions as reported by weather stations.
While there is a long tradition of false-colour imagery, new digital technologies in combination
with IR transmission lenses and autocalibration
routines permit unprecedented insight into the
actual temperature regimes in canopies. We report canopy leaf temperature distribution over
space and time assessed over a 35 m tall mixed
deciduous forest in NW Switzerland by means of
a construction crane and a high resolution thermal camera. At an air temperature of 25 degrees
C, conifers (Picea abies, Pinus sylverstris and Larix
decidua) and deciduous broad-leaved trees with
exceptionally high transpiration (Quercus petraea) or very open, low density canopies (Prunus
avium) exhibited mean canopy leaf temperatures
close to air temperature (0.3-2.7 K above ambient) and the maximum amplitude within a given
crown reached 69 K. In contrast, broad-leaved deciduous species with dense canopies (Fagus sylvatica, Carpinus betulus and Tilia platyphyllos)
were 4.5-5 K warmer than air temperature and
showed within canopy temperature amplitudes of
10-12 K. Calculated leaf boundary resistance was
clearly lower for conifers (3-24 m s(-1)) than for
broad-leaved trees (33-64 m s(-1)). The study illustrates that mean leaf temperatures in forest trees
89
are not adequately explained by either stomatal
conductance or leaf dimensions, but strongly depend on canopy architecture (leaf area density,
branching habits) in combination with leaf traits.
Aerodynamic leaf and canopy characteristics lead
to strongly enhanced vapour pressure gradients
(evaporative forcing) and leaf temperatures vary
enormously over short distances, calling for statistical temperature models (frequency distribution)
rather than the use of means in any flux calculations. The presence/absence of certain tree taxa
plays a key role in forest surface temperature.
Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2007, V146,
N1-2, SEP 11, pp 29-37.
08.1-141
Water savings in mature deciduous forest
trees under elevated CO2
Switzerland
Forestry , Plant Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology
Stomatal conductance of plants exposed to elevated CO2 is often reduced. Whether this leads
to water savings in tall forest-trees under future
CO2 concentrations is largely unknown but could
have significant implications for climate and hydrology. We used three different sets of measurements (sap flow, soil moisture and canopy temperature) to quantify potential water savings under
elevated CO2 in a ca. 35 m tall, ca. 100 years old
mixed deciduous forest. Part of the forest canopy was exposed to 540 ppm CO2 during daylight
hours using free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) and
the Swiss Canopy Crane (SCC) . Across species and
a wide range of weather conditions, sap flow was
reduced by 14% in trees subjected to elevated CO2,
yielding ca. 10% reduction in evapotranspiration.
This signal is likely to diminish as atmospheric
feedback through reduced moistening of the air
comes into play at landscape scale. Vapour pressure deficit (VPD)-sap flow response curves show
that the CO2 effect is greatest at low VPD, and that
sap flow saturation tends to occur at lower VPD
in CO2-treated trees. Matching stomatal response
data, the CO2 effect was largely produced by Carpinus and Fagus, with Quercus contributing little.
In line with these findings, soil moisture at 10
cm depth decreased at a slower rate under highCO2 trees than under control trees during rainless periods, with a reversal of this trend during
prolonged drought when CO2-treated trees take
advantage from initial water savings. High-resolution thermal images taken at different heights
above the forest canopy did detect reduced water
loss through altered energy balance only at < 5 m
distance (0.44 K leaf warming of CO2- treated Fa-
90
gus trees). Short discontinuations of CO2 supply
during morning hours had no measurable canopy
temperature effects, most likely because the stomatal effects were small compared with the aerodynamic constraints in these dense, broad-leaved
canopies. Hence, on a seasonal basis, these data
suggest a < 10% reduction in water consumption
in this type of forest when the atmosphere reaches 540% ppm CO2.
Global Change Biology, 2007, V13, N12, DEC, pp
2498-2508.
08.1-142
Anchorage of mature conifers: Resistive turning moment, root-soil plate geometry and root
growth orientation
Lundstroem T, Jonas T, Stöckli V, Ammann W
Switzerland
Eighty-four mature Norway spruce (Picea abies L.
Karst), silver fir (Abies alba Mill) and Scots pine
(Pinus sylvestris L.) trees were winched over to determine the maximum resistive turning moment
(M-a) of the root-soil system, the root-soil plate geometry, the azimuthal orientation of root growth,
and the occurrence of root rot. The calculation of
M-a, based on digital image tracking of stem deflection, accounted not only for the force application and its changing geometry, but also for the
weight of the overhanging tree, representing up
to 42% of M-a. Root rot reduced M-a significantly
and was detected in 25% of the Norway spruce and
5% of the silver fir trees. Excluding trees with root
rot, differences in M. between species were small
and insignificant. About 75% of the variance in M.
could be explained by one of the four variablestree mass, stem mass, stem diameter at breast
height squared times tree height, and stern diameter at breast height squared. Among the seven
allometric variables assessed above ground, stem
diameter at breast height best described the rootsoil plate dimensions, but the correlations were
weak and the differences between species were
insignificant. The shape of the root-soil plate was
well described by a depth-dependent taper model
with an elliptical cross section. Roots displayed
a preferred azimuthal orientation of growth in
the axis of prevailing, winds, and the direction of
frequent weak winds matched the orientation of
growth better than that of rare strong winds. The
lack of difference in anchorage parameters among
species probably reflects the similar belowground
growth conditions of the mature trees.
Tree Physiology, 2007, V27, N9, SEP, pp
1217-1227.
08.1-143
Wheat quality in organic and conventional
farming: results of a 21 year field experiment
Mäder P, Hahn D, Dubois D, Gunst L, Alföldi T,
Bergmann H, Oehme M, Amado R, Schneider H,
Graf U, Velimirov A, Fliebbach A, Niggli U
Switzerland, Germany, Austria
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Plant Sciences
Consumers have become more aware of healthy
and safe food produced with low environmental
impact. Organic agriculture is of particular interest in this respect, as manifested by 5.768 million
hectares managed pursuant to Council Regulation
(EEC) 2092/91 in Europe. However, there can be a
considerable risk that the avoidance of chemical
inputs in organic farming will result in poor food
quality. Here the results of a study on the quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in a 21
year agrosystem comparison between organic and
conventional farming in central Europe are reported. Wheat was grown in a ley (grass/clover) rotation. The 71% lower addition of plant-available
nitrogen and the reduced input of other means
of production to the organic field plots led to 14%
lower wheat yields. However, nutritional value
(protein content, amino acid composition and
mineral and trace element contents) and baking
quality were not affected by the farming systems.
Despite exclusion of fungicides from the organic
production systems, the quantities of mycotoxins
detected in wheat grains were low in all systems
and did not differ. In food preference tests, as an
integrative method, rats significantly preferred
organically over conventionally produced wheat.
The findings indicate that high wheat quality in
organic farming is achievable by lower inputs,
thereby safeguarding natural resources. (c) 2007
Society of Chemical Industry.
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,
2007, V87, N10, AUG 15, pp 1826-1835.
08.1-144
No difference in competitive ability between
invasive North American and native European
Lepidium draba populations
Mckenney J L, Cripps M G, Price W J, Hinz H L,
Schwarzlaender M
USA, Switzerland
Ecology , Plant Sciences , Biodiversity
The evolution of increased competitive ability
(EICA) hypothesis states that plants introduced
into a new range experience reduced herbivory,
which in turn results in a shift in resource allocation from herbivore defense to growth. If genotypes of an invasive plant species from its native
and introduced ranges are grown under common
conditions, introduced genotypes are expected
to grow more vigorously than conspecific native
genotypes. We tested predictions of the EICA hypothesis with the invasive species Lepidium draba by comparing the growth of genotypes from
its native European and introduced western US
ranges under common conditions. To test potential differences in competitive ability, we grew L.
draba from both continents with either Festuca
idahoensis, a weak competitor native to North
America, or Festuca ovina, a strong competitor native to Europe. Contrary to EICA predictions, there
were no differences in the performance of native
and introduced L. draba, independent of whether
plants were grown with F. idahoensis, F. ovina, or
alone. The strong competitor, F. ovina impaired
the growth of L. draba more than the weak competitor F. idahoensis and conversely, F. idahoensis
was generally more impaired by L. draba than was
F. ovina. While the native F. idahoensis was equally affected by L. draba regardless of range, F. ovina
was not: US L. draba had a stronger negative effect
on F. ovina growth than European L. draba. Our
data suggest that the EICA hypothesis is not suitable to explain the invasion success of L. draba in
the US. Instead, the greater competitive effect of
L. draba on the North American F. idahoensis and
the asymmetric competitive effect of L draba from
different origins on F. ovina may indicate superior
competitive ability for resources, or the presence
of allelopathic traits in L. draba, to which plant
species in non-native ranges are maladapted.
Plant Ecology, 2007, V193, N2, DEC, pp 293-303.
08.1-145
Effects of heavy metal soil pollution and acid
rain on growth and water use efficiency of a
young model forest ecosystem
Menon M, Hermle S, Günthardt Goerg M S, Schulin R
USA, Switzerland
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Modelling , Plant Sciences , Forestry , Ecology
In a 4-year lysimeter experiment, we investigated
the effects of topsoil heavy metal pollution (3,000
mg kg(-1) Zn, 640 mg kg(-1) Cu, 90 mg kg(-1) Pb and
10 mg kg(-1) Cd) and (synthetic) acid rain (pH 3.5)
on tree growth and water use efficiency of young
forest ecosystems consisting of Norway spruce (Picea abies), willow (Salix viminalis), poplar (Populus tremula) and birch (Betula pendula) trees and
a variety of understorey plants. The treatments
were applied in a Latin square factorial design
(contaminated vs uncontaminated topsoil, acidified rain vs ambient rain) to 16 open-top chambers,
with 4 replicates each. Each open-top chamber
91
contained two lysimeters, one with a calcareous,
and the other with acidic subsoil. The four tree
species responded quite differently to heavy metal
pollution and type of subsoil. The fine root mass,
which was only sampled at the end of the experiment in 2003, was significantly reduced by heavy
metal pollution in P. abies, P. tremula and B. pendula, but not in S. viminalis. The metal treatment
responses of above-ground biomass and leaf area
varied between years. In 2002, the heavy metal
treatment reduced above-ground biomass and
leaf area in P. tremula, but not in the other species. In 2003, metals did not reduce above-ground
growth in P. tremula, but did so in the other
species. It appears that the responses in aboveground biomass and leaf area, which paralleled
each other, were related to changes in the relative competitive strength of the various species
in the two experimental years. S. viminalis gained
relative to P. tremula in absence of metal stress,
in particular on calcareous subsoil, while P. abies
showed the largest increases in growth rates in all
treatments. Above- and below-ground growth was
strongly inhibited by acidic subsoil in S. viminalis
and to a lesser degree also in P. abies. In P. abies,
this subsoil effect was enhanced by metal stress.
Acid rain was not found to have any substantial
effect. Whole-system water use efficiency was reduced by metal stress and higher on calcareous
than on acidic subsoil.
Plant and Soil, 2007, V297, N1-2, AUG, pp
171-183.
08.1-146
Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls and
polybrominated diphenyl ethers in birds of
prey from Switzerland
Naert C, van Peteghem C, Kupper J, Jenni L,
Nägeli H
Belgium, Switzerland
Zoology , Toxicology
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and the structurally related polybrominated diphenyl ethers
(PBDEs) have been associated with chronic neurotoxicity involving reduced motor activity and
impaired attentiveness. Such fleurobehavioral
effects indicate that the central nervous system
may represent an important target organ for the
action of these persistent contaminants in wildlife. As a consequence, the brain of different terrestrial and aquatic birds collected in Switzerland
was analysed for PCBs and PBDEs. In parallel, the
same contaminants were examined in the accompanying adipose tissue. After clean-up by means
of glass columns containing acidified silica, deactivated alumina and anhydrous sodium sulphate,
92
the samples were analysed by high resolution
gas chromatography /tandem mass spectrometry
(HRGC-MS/MS). Median PCB concentrations in the
brain (sum of PCB 28, PCB 52, PCB 101, PCB 118,
PCB 138, PCB 153 and PCB 180) ranged between
13 ng g (-1) wet weight (ww) in blackbirds (Turdus
merula) and 428 ng g(-1) ww in sparrow hawks (Accipiter nisus). Median PBDE concentrations in the
brain (sum of BDE 28, BDE 47, BIDE 99, BDE 100,
BDE 153, BDE 154 and BDE 183) ranged from below
the decision limit in buzzards (Buteo buteo) and
blackbirds, to 14 ng g(-1) ww in sparrow hawks.
After correction for the respective lipid content,
higher PCB or PBDE concentrations in brain compared to adipose tissue, were found in three sparrow hawks, four buzzards and in all investigated
blackbirds. These results suggest that a deficit in
the neuroprotective function of the blood-brain
barrier may cause unexpected levels of PCBs and
PBDEs in the central nervous system.
Chemosphere, 2007, V68, N5, JUN, pp 977-987.
08.1-147
Effects of experimental lead pollution on the
microbial communities associated with Sphagnum fallax (Bryophyta)
Nguyen Viet H, Gilbert D, Mitchell E A D, Badot P
M, Bernard N
France, Switzerland
Microbiology , Biodiversity , Ecology , Agriculture,
Soil Sciences , Toxicology
Ecotoxicological studies usually focus on single
microbial species under controlled conditions.
As a result, little is known about the responses
of different microbial functional groups or individual species to stresses. In an aim to assess the
response of complex microbial communities to
pollution in their natural habitat, we studied the
effect of a simulated lead pollution on the microbial community (bacteria, cyanobacteria, protists,
fungi, and micrometazoa) living on Sphagnum
fallax. Mosses were grown in the laboratory with
0 (control), 625, and 2,500 µg L-1 of Pb2+ diluted
in a standard nutrient solution and were sampled
after 0, 6, 12, and 20 weeks. The biomasses of bacteria, microalgae, testate amoebae, and ciliates
were dramatically and significantly decreased in
both Pb addition treatments after 6, 12, and 20
weeks in comparison with the control. The biomass of cyanobacteria declined after 6 and 12
weeks in the highest Pb treatment. The biomasses
of fungi, rotifers, and nematodes decreased along
the duration of the experiment but were not significantly affected by lead addition. Consequently,
the total microbial biomass was lower for both Pb
addition treatments after 12 and 20 weeks than
in the controls. The community structure was
strongly modified due to changes in the densities of testate amoebae and ciliates, whereas the
relative contribution of bacteria to the microbial biomass was stable. Differences in responses
among the microbial groups suggest changes in
the trophic links among them. The correlation between the biomass of bacteria and that of ciliates
or testate amoebae increased with increasing Pb
loading. We interpret this result as an effect on
the grazing pathways of these predators and by
the Pb effect on other potential prey (i.e., smaller
protists) . The community approach used here
complements classical ecotoxicological studies by
providing clues to the complex effect of pollutantaffecting organisms both directly and indirectly
through trophic effects and could potentially find
applications for pollution monitoring.
Microbial Ecology, 2007, V54, N2, AUG, pp
232-241.
08.1-148
High specificity but contrasting biodiversity
of Sphagnum-associated bacterial and plant
communities in bog ecosystems independent
of the geographical region
Opelt K, Berg C, Schönmann S, Eberl L, Berg G
Austria, Switzerland
Microbiology , Biodiversity , Ecology , Plant Sciences
Mosses represent ecological niches that harbor a
hitherto largely uncharacterized microbial diversity. To investigate which factors affect the biodiversity of bryophyte-associated bacteria, we analyzed the bacterial communities associated with
two moss species, which exhibit different ecological behaviors and importance in bog ecosystems,
Sphagnum magellanicum and Sphagnum fallax,
from six temperate and boreal bogs in Germany
and Norway. Furthermore, their surrounding
plant communities were studied. Molecular analysis of bacterial communities was determined by
single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP)
analysis using eubacterial and genus-specific
primers for the dominant genera Burkholderia
and Serratia as well as by sequence analysis of a
Burkholderia 16S rRNA gene clone library. Plant
communities were analyzed by monitoring the
abundance and composition of bryophyte and vascular plant species, and by determining ecological
indicator values. Interestingly, we found a high
degree of host specificity for associated bacterial
and plant communities of both Sphagnum species independent of the geographical region. Calculation of diversity indices on the basis of SSCP
gels showed that the S. fallax-associated communities displayed a statistically significant higher
degree of diversity than those associated with S.
magellanicum. In contrast, analyses of plant communities of Sphagnum-specific habitats resulted
in a higher diversity of S. magellanicum-specific
habitats for all six sites. The higher content of nutrients in the S. fallax-associated ecosystems can
explain higher diversity of microorganisms.
Isme Journal, 2007, V1, N6, OCT, pp 502-516.
08.1-149
Degradation of an arid coastal landscape in
relation to land use changes in Southern Tenerife (Canary Islands)
Otto R, Krüsi B O, Kienast F
Spain, Switzerland
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology
The results of the first study of land use changes between 1964 and 1992 in Southern Tenerife
(Canary Islands) are presented and discussed in
relation to the general socio-economic processes
and the current nature conservation policy. The
analysis of five main land use types with a geographic information system (GIS) revealed that
the and coastal landscape has been dramatically
transformed during the past decades due to the
increase of mass tourism and the intensification
of agriculture, resulting in a large-scale destruction of the coastal scrub, the natural, endemicrich vegetation. Between 1964 and 1992, the area
occupied by irrigated crops increased strongly due
to the transition from tomato to banana production. During the same period of time, the amount
of abandoned farmland as well as the area used
for housing and infrastructure increased markedly, the latter by more than 20 times. In nature
reserves, most of the natural vegetation has survived but only in a degraded state, mainly due to
recreation activities and illegal waste dumping. In
unprotected areas, by contrast, 60% of the natural vegetation was lost between 1964 and 1992,
and 86% of the native vegatation of recent lava
flows. The results show that the current practice
of protecting comparatively small natural areas is
not sufficient to stop the massive destruction of
natural vegetation. Surprisingly and disturbingly,
there is evidence, that a substantial part (40%) of
these losses could easily have been avoided by better environmental planning. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd.
All rights reserved.
Journal of Arid Environments, 2007, V70, N3, AUG,
pp 527-539.
93
08.1-150
Probing the responses of barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.) by chlorophyll a fluorescence
OLKJIP under drought stress and re- watering
Oukarroum A, El Madidi S, Schansker G, Strasser R J
Switzerland, Morocco
Plant Sciences , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology
The main objective of this study was to evaluate
the effects of drought and re-watering on 10 varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) originating
from Morocco. Five varieties obtained from the
National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA)
of Morocco and five landraces (local varieties defined by high stress tolerance, high yield stability, an intermediate yield and low-input demand)
collected at five localities in the south of Morocco
were used in the present study. After 2 weeks of
growth, drought stress was initiated by withholding water for 2 weeks followed by 1 week of re-watering. The polyphasic OJIP fluorescence transient
was used to evaluate photosystem, II (PSII) criteria
at the end of the first week of drought stress (moderate drought), at the end of the second week (severe drought) and the end of the recovery phase.
Drought and re- watering had little effect on the
maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry phi(Po)(=F-V/F-M). The photosynthetic performance index (PI) is the product of an antenna,
reaction center and electron transport dependent
parameter. It revealed differences between varieties as a function of drought and re-watering. For
the screening for drought stress tolerance, changes in the PI during a 2-week drought stress treatment were analysed and a new parameter was defined: the drought factor index (DFI) = log(PIweek
1/PIcontrol) + 2 log(PIweek 2/PIcontrol). The DFI of
the tested varieties correlated with their drought
tolerance. Another parameter that was analysed
was the relative water content. It decreased during
the drought stress treatment varying between 61%
and 78.2% at the end of the drought period. During the subsequent recovery period, it increased in
a species-dependent manner (65.1-94.1%). A third
parameter studied were changes in the initial
fluorescence rise. The fluorescence rise during the
first 300 µs (L-band) can give information on the
energetic connectivity between PSII units whereas
changes in the rise during the first 2 ms (K-band)
offer information on developing limitations on
the donor side of PSII. Changes in respectively the
L and K-bands of the fluorescence transients OJIP
were shown to have predictive value with respect
to the vitality of leaves and the tolerance of the
varieties to drought stress.
Environmental and Experimental Botany, 2007,
V60, N3, JUL, pp 438-446.
94
08.1-151
Integrating environmental and economic
performance to assess modern silvoarable
agroforestry in Europe
Palma J, Graves A R, Burgess P J, van der Werf W,
Herzog F
Switzerland, England, Netherlands
Economics
The environmental and economic performance
of silvoarable agroforestry in Europe is highly
variable. Multi-criteria analysis, using the PROMETHEE outranking approach, was used to evaluate the integrated performance of silvoarable
agroforestry on hypothetical farms in nineteen
landscape test sites in Spain, France, and The
Netherlands. The silvoarable scenarios allocated a
proportion of the hypothetical farms (10 or 50%)
to silvoarable agroforestry at two different tree
densities (50 or 113 trees ha(-1)) on two different
qualities of land (best or worst quality land). The
status quo (conventional arable farming) was also
assessed for comparison. The criteria used in the
evaluation (soil erosion, nitrogen leaching, carbon sequestration, landscape biodiversity, and
infinite net present value) were assessed at each
landscape test site; infinite net present value was
assessed under six levels of government support.
In France, the analysis showed, assuming equal
weighting between environmental and economic
performance, that silvoarable agroforestry was
preferable to conventional arable farming. The
best results were observed when agroforestry was
implemented on 50% of the highest quality land
on the farm; the effect of tree density (50113 trees
ha(-1)) was small. By contrast, in Spain and The
Netherlands, the consistently greater profitability of conventional arable agriculture relative to
the agroforestry alternatives made overall performance of agroforestry systems dependent on the
proportion of the farm planted, and the tree density and land quality used.
Ecological Economics, 2007, V63, N4, SEP 15, pp
759-767.
08.1-152
The odd man out? Might climate explain the
lower tree alpha-diversity of African rain forests relative to Amazonian rain forests?
Parmentier I, Malhi Y, Senterre B, Whittaker R J,
Alonso A, Balinga M P B, Bakayoko A, Bongers
F, Chatelain C, Comiskey J A, Cortay R, Kamdem
M N D, Doucet J L, Gautier L, Hawthorne W D,
Issembe Y A, Kouame F N, Kouka L A, Leal M E,
Lejoly J, Lewis S L, Nusbaumer L, Parren M P E, Peh
K S H, Phillips O L, Sheil D, Sonke B, Sosef M S M,
Sunderland T C H, Stropp J, Ter Steege H, Swaine
M D, Tchouto M G P, van Gemerden Barend S, van
Valkenburg J L C H, Wöll H
Belgium, England, USA, Cameroon, Cote Ivoire,
Switzerland, Gabon, Ghana, Indonesia, Netherlands, Scotland
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Forestry ,
Plant Sciences , Ecology , Biodiversity
1. Comparative analyses of diversity variation
among and between regions allow testing of alternative explanatory models and ideas. Here, we
explore the relationships between the tree alphadiversity of small rain forest plots in Africa and
in Amazonia and climatic variables, to test the
explanatory power of climate and the consistency
of relationships between the two continents. 2.
Our analysis included 1003 African plots and 512
Amazonian plots. All are located in old-growth primary non-flooded forest under 900 m altitude. Tree
alpha-diversity is estimated using Fisher’s alpha calculated for trees with diameter at breast height >=
10 cm. Mean diversity values are lower in Africa by a
factor of two. 3. Climate-diversity analyses are based
on data aggregated for grid cells of 2.5 x 2.5 km. The
highest Fisher’s alpha values are found in Amazonian forests with no climatic analogue in our African
data set. When the analysis is restricted to pixels of
directly comparable climate, the mean diversity of
African forests is still much lower than that in Amazonia. Only in regions of low mean annual rainfall
and temperature is mean diversity in African forests
comparable with, or superior to, the diversity in
Amazonia. 4. The climatic variables best correlated
with the tree alpha- diversity are largely different
in the African and Amazonian data, or correlate
with African and Amazonian diversity in opposite
directions. 5. These differences in the relationship
between local/landscape- scale alpha-diversity and
climate variables between the two continents point
to the possible significance of an array of factors
including: macro-scale climate differences between
the two regions, overall size of the respective species pools, past climate variation, other forms of
long-term and short-term environmental variation,
and edaphics. We speculate that the lower alpha-diversity of African lowland rain forests reported here
may be in part a function of the smaller regional
species pool of tree species adapted to warm, wet
conditions. 6. Our results point to the importance
of controlling for variation in plot size and for gross
differences in regional climates when undertaking
comparative analyses between regions of how local
diversity of forest varies in relation to other putative controlling factors.
Journal of Ecology, 2007, V95, N5, SEP, pp
1058-1071.
08.1-153
Are the living collections of the world’s
botanical gardens following species-richness
patterns observed in natural ecosystems?
Pautasso M, Parmentier I
England, Switzerland, Belgium
Biodiversity , Plant Sciences , Ecology , Urban
Studies
Botanical gardens aim to promote the awareness,
study and conservation of plant species diversity,
but little is known about the species diversity of
botanical gardens themselves. We therefore investigated whether the species richness of the
world’s botanical gardens is related to their size,
age and geographical location by compiling data
from gardens in 124 different countries. The data
show that even in these highly managed ecosystems, species richness can be described in terms of
a relatively small number of large-scale patterns.
As with most natural ecosystems, there were positive species-area and species-age relationships.
There was also a positive latitudinal gradient in
species richness, which contrasts with the trend
observed in natural ecosystems. This discrepancy
may be due to the use of heated greenhouses at
high latitudes, the rarity of old botanical gardens
in the tropics, and the problem of poverty in developing countries, where most hotspots of plant
biodiversity are located. There is thus a need to allocate more funds to botanical gardens in speciesrich regions. This study also calls for an increase
in the coordination of data management between
botanical gardens.
15-28.
08.1-154
Common species determine richness patterns
in biodiversity indicator taxa
Pearman P B, Weber D
Switzerland
Biodiversity , Ecology , Zoology , Plant Sciences
Identification of spatial patterns of species diversity is a central problem in conservation biology, with the patterns having implications for
the design of biodiversity monitoring programs.
Nonetheless, there are few field data with which
to examine whether variation in species richness
represents consistent correlations among taxa in
the richness of rare or common species, or the
relative importance of common and rare species
in establishing trends in species richness within
taxa. We used field data on three higher taxa
(birds, butterflies, vascular plants) to examine the
correlation of species richness among taxa and
the contribution of rare and common species to
95
these correlations. We used graphical analysis to
compare the contributions to spatial variation in
species richness by widely- distributed (‘common’)
and sparsely- distributed (‘rare’) species. The data
came from the Swiss Biodiversity Monitoring Program, which is national in scope and based on a
randomly located, regular sampling grid of 1 kM2
cells, a scale relevant to real-world monitoring
and managerrient. We found that the correlation
of species richness between groups of rare and
common species varies among higher taxa, with
butterflies exhibiting the highest levels of correlation. Species richness of common species is consistently positively correlated among these three
taxa, but in no case exceeded 0.69. Spatial patterns of species richness are determined mainly
by common species, in agreement with coarse resolution studies, but the contribution of rare species to variation in species richness varies within
the study area in accordance with elevation. our
analyses suggest that spatial patterns in species
richness can be described by sampling widely distributed species alone. Butterflies differ from the
other two taxa in that the richness of red-listed
species and other rare species is correlated with
overall butterfly species richness. Monitoring of
butterfly species richness may provide information on rare butterflies and on species richness of
other taxa as well.
Biological Conservation, 2007, V138, N1-2, AUG,
pp 109-119.
08.1-155
Earthworm populations in two low-input
cereal farming systems
Pfiffner L, Luka H
Switzerland
Earthworm populations in low-input integrated
crop management (ICM: no application of insecticides, fungicides and growth regulators) and organic farming systems were compared. The study
was performed as a 3-year field survey using a
paired-farm approach in six different locations in
northwestern Switzerland. Earthworms were extracted from soils sampled from 24 winter cereal
fields using a combined method of extraction by
mustard flour solution and handsorting. Earthworm communities differed between these farming systems. Over all sites, the mean biomass, abundance and species richness of earthworms found
in the low-input ICM fields were significantly lower than in the organic fields. Adult earthworms
in organic fields were 114% more abundant than
in ICM fields, but the frequencies of most species
within the respective systems were similar in both
96
farming systems. The numbers of earthworm species and juveniles were higher in organic fields.
Five species - Lumbricus terrestris (L.), Nicodrilus
longus (Ude), Nicodrilus nocturnus (Evans), Nicodrilus caliginosus (Sav.) and Allolobo-phora rosea
(Sav.) - were significantly more numerous in the
organic fields than in the ICM fields. Multivariate analysis showed that the farming system explained most of the variance and was found to be
the key factor in altering the earthworm fauna.
Late ploughing in autumn was found to have a
major negative effect on earthworm abundance,
irrespective of the farming system. Farming practices that differ between these farming systems
and may considerably influence earthworm populations and diversity are discussed. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Applied Soil Ecology, 2007, V37, N3, NOV, pp
184-191.
role, with opposite influences on land-abandonment and forest growth. TreeMig-LAb was also applied to a case study area in the Upper Engadine
(Swiss Alps), along with a model where abandonment probability was a constant. Two scenarios
were used: natural succession only (100% probability) and a probability of abandonment based
on past transition proportions in that area (2.1%
per decade). The former showed new forest growing in all but the highest-altitude locations. The
latter was more realistic as to numbers of newly
forested cells, but their location was random and
the resulting landscape heterogeneous. Using the
logistic regression model gave results consistent
with observed patterns of land-abandonment: existing forests expanded and gaps closed, leading
to an increasingly homogeneous landscape.
Ecological Modelling, 2007, V209, N2-4, DEC 16,
pp 157-168.
08.1-156
Combining probabilistic land-use change and
tree population dynamics modelling to simulate responses in mountain forests
Rickebusch S, Gellrich M, Lischke H, Guisan A, Zimmermann N E
Switzerland
Altitudinal tree lines are mainly constrained by
temperature, but can also be influenced by factors
such as human activity, particularly in the European Alps, where centuries of agricultural use have
affected the tree-line. Over the last decades this
trend has been reversed due to changing agricultural practices and land-abandonment. We aimed
to combine a statistical land-abandonment model
with a forest dynamics model, to take into account the combined effects of climate and human
land-use on the Alpine tree-line in Switzerland.
Land-abandonment probability was expressed by
a logistic regression function of degree-day sum,
distance from forest edge, soil stoniness, slope,
proportion of employees in the secondary and tertiary sectors, proportion of commuters and proportion of full-time farms. This was implemented
in the TreeMig spatio-temporal forest model. Distance from forest edge and degree-day sum vary
through feed-back from the dynamics part of
TreeMig and climate change scenarios, while the
other variables remain constant for each grid cell
over time. The new model, TreeMig-LAb, was tested on theoretical landscapes, where the variables
in the land-abandonment model were varied one
by one. This confirmed the strong influence of distance from forest and slope on the abandonment
probability. Degree-day sum has a more complex
08.1-157
Understanding the low-temperature limitations to forest growth through calibration of a
forest dynamics model with tree-ring data
Rickebusch S, Lischke H, Bugmann H, Guisan A,
Zimmermann N E
Switzerland
Modelling , Plant Sciences
The sensitivity of altitudinal and latitudinal treeline ecotones to climate change, particularly that
of temperature, has received much attention. To
improve our understanding of the factors affecting tree-line position, we used the spatially explicit dynamic forest model TreeMig. Although
well-suited because of its landscape dynamics
functions, TreeMig features a parabolic temperature growth response curve, which has recently
been questioned. and the species parameters are
not specifically calibrated for cold temperatures.
Our main goals were to improve the theoretical
basis of the temperature growth response curve
in the model and develop a method for deriving
that curve’s parameters from tree-ring data. We
replaced the parabola with an asymptotic curve,
calibrated for the main species at the subalpine
(Swiss Alps: Pinus cembra, Larix decidua, Picea
abies) and boreal (Fennoscandia: Pinus sylvestris,
Betula pubescens, P. abies) tree-lines. After fitting
new parameters, the growth curve matched observed tree- ring widths better. For the subalpine
species, the minimum degree-day sum allowing,
growth (kDDMin) was lowered by around 100
degree-days; in the case of Larix, the maximum
potential ring-width was increased to 5.19 mm. At
the boreal tree-line, the kDDMin for P. sylvestris
was lowered by 210 degree-days and its maximum
ring-width increased to 2.943 mm; for Betula (new
in the model) kDDMin was set to 325 degree- days
and the maximum ring-width to 2.51 mm; the
values from the only boreal sample site for Picea
were similar to the subalpine ones, so the same
parameters were used. However, adjusting the
growth response alone did not improve the model’s output concerning species’ distributions and
their relative importance at tree-line. Minimum
winter temperature (MinWiT, mean of the coldest winter month), which controls seedling establishment in TreeMig, proved more important for
determining distribution. Picea, P. sylvestris and
Betula did not previously have minimum winter
temperature limits, so these values were set to the
95th percentile of each species’ coldest MinWiT
site (respectively -7, -11, -13). In a case study for the
Alps, the original and newly calibrated versions of
TreeMig were compared with biomass data from
the National Forest Inventor), (NFI). Both models
gave similar, reasonably realistic results. In conclusion, this method of deriving temperature responses from tree-rings works well. However, regeneration and its underlying factors seem more
important for controlling species’ distributions
than previously thought. More research on regeneration ecology, especially at the upper limit of
forests. is needed to improve predictions of treeline responses to climate change further.
Forest Ecology and Management, 2007, V246,
N2-3, JUL 31, pp 251-263.
08.1-158
Effects of grazing and soil micro-climate on
decomposition rates in a spatio-temporally
heterogeneous grassland
Risch A C, Jurgensen M F, Frank D A
Switzerland, USA
Plant Sciences , Ecology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences
Grazing and seasonal variation in precipitation
and temperature are important controls of soil
and plant processes in grasslands. As these ecosystems store up to 30% of the world’s belowground
carbon (C), it is important to understand how
this variability affects mineral soil C pools/fluxes,
and how C cycling might be affected by changes
in precipitation and temperature, due to climate
change. The aim of this study was to investigate
the effects of grazing and differences in soil temperature and moisture on standard organic matter (OM) decomposition rates (cotton cloth) incubated in the top 10 cm soil of grasslands with
variable topography in Yellowstone National Park
(YNP) during the 2004 growing season. Grazing
did not affect soil temperature, moisture, cot-
97
ton cloth decomposition rates, soil bulk density,
soil C and N concentrations, or soil C:N ratios.
However, a large spatio-temporal variability in
decomposition was observed: cotton cloth decomposition was positively related to soil moisture
and soil C and N concentrations, and negatively
to soil temperature. Highest decomposition rates
were found in wetter slope bottom soils (season
averages of decomposition given as rate of decomposition (cotton rotting rate=CRR)=23-26%) and
lower rates in drier, hill-top soils (season averages,
CRR=20%). Significantly higher decomposition
rates were recorded in spring, early summer and
early fall when soils were moist and cool (spring,
CRR=25%; early summer, CRR=26%; fall, CRR=20%)
compared to mid-summer (CRR=18%) when soils
were dry and warm. Our findings suggest that
climate-change related decreases in precipitation
and increases in temperature predicted for North
American grasslands would decrease soil OM decomposition in YNP, which contrasts the general
assumption that increases in temperature would
accelerate OM decomposition rates.
Plant and Soil, 2007, V298, N1-2, SEP, pp 191-201.
08.1-159
Natural avalanche disturbance shapes plant
diversity and species composition in subalpine
forest belt
Rixen C, Haag S, Kulakowski D, Bebi P
Switzerland, USA
Plant Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology , Forestry ,
Cryology / Glaciology
Background: Disturbances by avalanches have
created unique habitats for animals and plants
in subalpine ecosystems worldwide, but at the
same time avalanches can pose a major threat
to humans. Thus, avalanches are suppressed by
means of avalanche barriers to protect settlements and infrastructures in populated areas of
the European Alps. As a consequence, the disturbance regime in avalanche tracks has fundamentally changed. Methods: In the present study we
address ecological consequences of avalanche
suppression on plant diversity. We analysed plant
diversity and species composition in recent and
old avalanche tracks with and without avalanche
suppression and in undisturbed adjacent forests
at high and low elevations. Results: The number
of species was higher in both active and inactive
avalanche tracks as compared to undisturbed subalpine forest. The species composition indicated
a wider range of ecological niches in active than
in inactive avalanche tracks. The vegetation from
active tracks showed lower indicator values for
temperature and nitrogen availability. The pro-
98
portion of alpine species was lower in formerly
active tracks. Conclusions: The conditions that
exist in active avalanche tracks increase plant
diversity in relation to undisturbed forest. In the
few decades following avalanche suppression, species composition changes in tracks from which
avalanches have been excluded. Continued suppression of avalanche disturbance may lead to a
decline in plant and habitat diversity. Avalanche
disturbance can exert an important influence on
the biodiversity of subalpine forests and provide
important habitats. Anthropogenic changes in
the natural regime of avalanche disturbance are
likely to contribute significantly to future landscape changes in subalpine forests.
Journal of Vegetation Science, 2007, V18, N5, OCT,
pp 735-A7.
08.1-160
The Rauischholzhausen agenda for road ecology
Roedenbeck I A, Fahrig L, Findlay C S, Houlahan J E,
Jäger J, Klar N, Kramer Schadt S, van der Grift E A
Germany, Canada, Switzerland, Netherlands
Ecology , Biodiversity , Zoology , Social Sciences
Despite the documented negative effects of roads
on wildlife, ecological research on road effects
has had comparatively little influence on road
planning decisions. We argue that road research
would have a larger impact if researchers carefully considered the relevance of the research
questions addressed and the inferential strength
of the studies undertaken. At a workshop at the
German castle of Rauischholzhausen we identified five particularly relevant questions, which
we suggest provide the framework for a research
agenda for road ecology: (1) Under what circumstances do roads affect population persistence? (2)
What is the relative importance of road effects vs.
other effects on population persistence? (3) Under what circumstances can road effects be mitigated? (4) What is the relative importance of the
different mechanisms by which roads affect population persistence? (5) Under what circumstances
do road networks affect population persistence at
the landscape scale? We recommend experimental designs that maximize inferential strength,
given existing constraints, and we provide hypothetical examples of such experiments for each of
the five research questions. In general, manipulative experiments have higher inferential strength
than do nonmanipulative experiments, and full
before-after-control- impact designs are preferable
to before-after or control-impact designs. Finally,
we argue that both scientists and planners must
be aware of the limits to inferential strength that
exist for a given research question in a given situation. In particular, when the maximum inferential strength of any feasible design is low, decision
makers must not demand stronger evidence before incorporating research results into the planning process, even though the level of uncertainty
may be high.
Ecology and Society, 2007, V12, N1, JUN ARTN: 11.
08.1-161
Detecting the role of individual species for
overyielding in experimental grassland communities composed of potentially dominant
species
Roscher C, Schumacher J, Weisser W W, Schmid B,
Schulze E D
Biodiversity , Plant Sciences , Ecology
Several studies have shown that the contribution
of individual species to the positive relationship
between species richness and community biomass production cannot be easily predicted from
species monocultures. Here, we used a biodiversity experiment with a pool of nine potentially
dominant grassland species to relate the species
richness-productivity relationship to responses in
density, size and aboveground allocation patterns
of individual species. Aboveground community
biomass increased strongly with the transition
from monocultures to two-species mixtures but
only slightly with the transition from two- to ninespecies mixtures. Tripartite partitioning showed
that the strong increase shown by the former was
due to trait-independent complementarity effects, while the slight increase shown by the latter
was due to dominance effects. Trait- dependent
complementarity effects depended on species
composition. Relative yield total (RYT) was greater
than 1 (RYT > 1) in mixtures but did not increase
with species richness, which is consistent with
the constant complementarity effect. The relative
yield (RY) of only one species, Arrhenatherum elatius, continually increased with species richness,
while those of the other species studied decreased
with species richness or varied among different
species compositions within richness levels. High
observed/expected RYs (RYo/RYe > 1) of individual
species were mainly due to increased module densities, whereas low observed/expected RYs (RYo/
RYe < 1) were due to more pronounced decreases
in module density (species with stoloniferous or
creeping growth) or module size (species with
clearly-defined plant individuals). The trade-off
between module density and size, typical for
plant populations under the law of constant final
yield, was compensated among species. The posi-
tive trait-independent complementarity effect
could be explained by an increase in community
module density, which reached a maximum at
low species richness. In contrast, the increasing
dominance effect was attributable to the speciesspecific ability, in particular that of A. elatius, to
increase module size, while intrinsic growth limitations led to a suppression of the remaining species in many mixtures.
Oecologia, 2007, V154, N3, DEC, pp 535-549.
08.1-162
A Bayesian state-space formulation of dynamic occupancy models
Royle J A, Kery M
USA, Switzerland
Modelling , Zoology , Instruments & Instrumentation , Ecology
Species occurrence and its dynamic components,
extinction and colonization probabilities, are focal quantities in biogeography and metapopulation biology, and for species conservation assessments. It has been increasingly appreciated that
these parameters must be estimated separately
from detection probability to avoid the biases induced by nondetection error. Hence, there is now
considerable theoretical and practical interest in
dynamic occupancy models that contain explicit
representations of metapopulation dynamics
such as extinction, colonization, and turnover as
well as growth rates. We describe a hierarchical
parameterization of these models that is analogous to the state-space formulation of models in
time series, where the model is represented by
two components, one for the partially observable
occupancy process and another for the observations conditional on that process. This parameterization naturally allows estimation of all parameters of the conventional approach to occupancy
models, but in addition, yields great flexibility
and extensibility, e.g., to modeling heterogeneity or latent structure in model parameters. We
also highlight the important distinction between
population and finite sample inference; the latter
yields much more precise estimates for the particular sample at hand. Finite sample estimates can
easily be obtained using the state-space representation of the model but are difficult to obtain under the conventional approach of likelihood-based
estimation. We use R and Win BUGS to apply the
model to two examples. In a standard analysis for
the European Crossbill in a large Swiss monitoring program, we fit a model with year-specific
parameters. Estimates of the dynamic parameters
varied greatly among years, highlighting the irruptive population dynamics of that species. In
99
the second example, we analyze route occupancy of Cerulean Warblers in the North American
Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) using a model allowing for site-specific heterogeneity in model parameters. The results indicate relatively low turnover
and a stable distribution of Cerulean Warblers
which is in contrast to analyses of counts of individuals from the same survey that indicate important declines. This discrepancy illustrates the
inertia in occupancy relative to actual abundance.
Furthermore, the model reveals a declining patch
survival probability, and increasing turnover, toward the edge of the range of the species, which is
consistent with metapopulation perspectives on
the genesis of range edges. Given detection/nondetection data, dynamic occupancy models as described here have considerable potential for the
study of distributions and range dynamics.
Ecology, 2007, V88, N7, JUL, pp 1813-1823.
08.1-163
Microsatellite diversity of the agriculturally
important alpine grass Poa alpina in relation
to land use and natural environment
Rudmann Maurer K, Weyand A, Fischer M,
Stöcklin J
Switzerland
Biodiversity , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology ,
Plant Sciences
Background and Aims The Alpine Meadow Grass
Poa alpina is common in subalpine and alpine natural sites and agriculturally used land, where it is
an important fodder grass. Natural factors and human land use are supposed to have been shaping
its genetic diversity for hundreds of years. The species comprises sexually and vegetatively reproducing plants. The aim of this study was to investigate
the effects of agricultural land use, environmental factors and the mode of reproduction on the
distribution of its microsatellite diversity within
and among populations and to analyse whether
its genetic diversity is correlated with plant species diversity in grassland parcels. Methods Genetic diversity of P. alpina was assessed with five
microsatellite markers for 569 plants originating
from 20 natural sites and from 54 grassland parcels of different cultural tradition, land use and
altitude in the Swiss Alps. Due to polyploidy and
frequent aneuploidy of the species, data analyses were based on the presence of microsatellite
bands. Key Results A low but significant differentiation was found in microsatellite bands among
natural sites and agriculturally used parcels, while
their microsatellite band diversity within populations did not differ. An increased differentiation
was found in microsatellite bands with increas-
100
ing geographic distance among parcels, and a
differentiation among grazed and mown parcels,
and among sexually and vegetatively reproducing
populations. Band richness of sampled plants per
village was higher for villages where parcels represented more different land-use types. Within
populations, microsatellite band diversity was
higher in grazed than in mown parcels. Conclusions The diversity of human land use in the Alps
was associated with genetic diversity of P. alpina.
Therefore, the ongoing socio-economically motivated land-use changes, which reduce the number
of different land-use types, will affect the genetic
diversity of P. alpina negatively.
Annals of Botany, 2007, V100, N6, NOV, pp
1249-1258.
08.1-164
Recent decline in precipitation and tree
growth in the eastern Mediterranean
Sarris D, Christodoulakis D, Körner C
Greece, Switzerland
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Plant Sciences , Forestry
We present evidence of a recent drying in the
eastern Mediterranean, based on weather and
tree-ring data for Samos, an island of the eastern
Aegean Sea. Rainfall declined rapidly after the
late 1970s following trends for the entire Mediterranean and was associated with reduced tree-ring
width in Pinus brutia. The most recent decline
led to the lowest annual radial stem increment
after the last 100 years (as far as records reach).
As moisture availability decreased best correlations of tree growth with rainfall were obtained
for progressively longer integration periods (1-2
years in moister periods, 5-6 years during the severe dryness of 20th century’s last decades), suggesting increasing dependency in deep soil water.
Such long-term integration periods of tree-growth
responses to precipitation have not been reported
before. They may reflect a tree- rooting pattern
adapted to cope with even several successive dry
years. In late summer 2000, moisture reserves became exhausted, however, and a substantial fraction of low altitude pines died, including some
80-year-old trees, which underlines the exceptional extent this trend had reached. Our findings
provide empirical support for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projections derived
from global circulation models that the Mediterranean, its eastern basin in particular, should become drier as temperature rises, as was the case in
the recent past.
Global Change Biology, 2007, V13, N6, JUN, pp
1187-1200.
08.1-165
Modeling the forest transition: Forest scarcity
and ecosystem service hypotheses
Satake A, Rudel T K
Switzerland, USA
Modelling , Forestry , Social Sciences , Ecology ,
Economics
An historical generalization about forest cover
change in which rapid deforestation gives way
over time to forest restoration is called “the forest
transition.” Prior research on the forest transition
leaves three important questions unanswered:
(1) How does forest loss influence an individual
landowner’s incentives to reforest? (2) How does
the forest recovery rate affect the likelihood of
forest transition? (3) What happens after the forest transition occurs? The purpose of this paper is
to develop a minimum model of the forest transition to answer these questions. We assume that
deforestation caused by landowners’ decisions
and forest regeneration initiated by agricultural
abandonment have aggregated effects that characterize entire landscapes. These effects include
feedback mechanisms called the “forest scarcity”
and “ecosystem service” hypotheses. In the forest
scarcity hypothesis, forest losses make forest products scarcer, which increases the economic value
of forests. In the ecosystem service hypothesis, the
environmental degradation that accompanies the
loss of forests causes the value of ecosystem services provided by forests to decline. We examined the
impact of each mechanism on the likelihood of
forest transition through an investigation of the
equilibrium and stability of landscape dynamics.
We found that the forest transition occurs only
when landowners employ a low rate of future discounting. After the forest transition, regenerated
forests are protected in a sustainable way if forests
regenerate slowly. When forests regenerate rapidly, the forest scarcity hypothesis expects instability in which cycles of large- scale deforestation
followed by forest regeneration repeatedly characterize the landscape. In contrast, the ecosystem
service hypothesis predicts a catastrophic shift
from a forested to an abandoned landscape when
the amount of deforestation exceeds the critical level, which can lead to a resource degrading
poverty trap. These findings imply that incentives
for forest conservation seem stronger in settings
where forests regenerate slowly as well as when
decision makers value the future.
Ecological Applications, 2007, V17, N7, OCT, pp
2024-2036.
08.1-166
Ecological niche modelling of two cryptic bat
species calls for a reassessment of their conservation status
Sattler T, Bontadina F, Hirzel A H, Arlettaz R
Switzerland
Modelling , Ecology , Biodiversity , Zoology
It is difficult to establish conservation priorities
for cryptic species when their ecological requirements are confounded by problems with species
identification. In some cases, such as Chiroptera,
cryptic taxa may actually consist of both widespread, abundant species and localized, rare species. Discrimination between these species may
be facilitated by phenotypic, species-specific traits
such as echolocation calls. Echolocation studies supported by genetic data have revealed that
one of the most abundant bat species in Europe
actually consists of two cryptic species: Pipistrellus pipistrellus and P. pygmaeus. We recorded
echolocation calls from both species along road
transects in Switzerland to study their distribution and abundance. Using Ecological Niche Factor Analysis and discriminant analysis, we characterized species-specific habitat requirements,
built habitat suitability maps and examined interspecific differences in niche parameters. The
presence of P. pygmaeus was associated with landscape matrices comprising large rivers and lakes,
human settlements and open woodland. P. pipistrellus utilized similar habitat matrices but was
far more tolerant to deviations from its optimal
habitat. P. pygmaeus occupied a much narrower
ecological niche, encompassed mainly within that
of its sister taxon. Synthesis and applications. P.
pipistrellus is ranked as ‘not threatened’ in Switzerland. The results from this study indicate an
abundance approximately 30 times higher than
that of P. pygmaeus. In contrast, P. pygmaeus is
distributed patchily and occurs at comparatively
low densities. We recommend reclassification of
P. pygmaeus as ‘rare and potentially threatened’.
Conservation of P. pygmaeus should focus on the
management of riparian woodland in areas with
a high probability of occurrence. This study emphasizes the need to recognize the potential existence of cryptic taxa so that effective conservation
management of rare species can be put into place
before they are seriously endangered.
Journal of Applied Ecology, 2007, V44, N6, DEC,
pp 1188-1199.
101
08.1-167
Use of integrated modeling to enhance estimates of population dynamics obtained from
limited data
Schaub M, Gimenez O, Sierro A, Arlettaz R
Switzerland, Scotland, France
Modelling , Zoology , Ecology , Biodiversity
Demographic data of rare and endangered species are often too sparse to estimate vital rates
and population size with sufficient precision for
understanding population growth and decline.
Yet, the combination of different sources of demographic data into one statistical model holds
promise. We applied Bayesian integrated population modeling to demographic data from a colony
of the endangered greater horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). Available data were the
number of subadults and adults emerging from
the colony roost at dusk, the number of newborns
from 1991 to 2005, and recapture data of subadults
and adults from 2004 and 2005. Survival rates did
not differ between sexes, and demographic rates
remained constant across time. The greater horseshoe bat is a long-lived species with high survival
rates (first year: 0.49 (SD 0.06); adults: 0.91 (SD
0.02)) and low fecundity (0.74 (SD 0.12)). The yearly
average population growth was 4.4% (SD 0.1%) and
there were 92 (SD 10) adults in the colony in year
2005. Had we analyzed each data set separately,
we would not have been able to estimate fecundity, the estimates of survival would have been less
precise, and the estimate of population growth
biased. Our results demonstrate that integrated
models are suitable for obtaining crucial demographic information from limited data.
Conservation Biology, 2007, V21, N4, AUG, pp
945-955.
08.1-168
Tree species richness affects litter production
and decomposition rates in a tropical biodiversity experiment
Scherer Lorenzen M, Bonilla J L, Potvin C
Switzerland, Panama, Canada
Forestry , Plant Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology
We report data on leaf litter production and decomposition from a manipulative biodiversity
experiment with trees in tropical Panama, which
has been designed to explore the relationship between tree diversity and ecosystem functioning. A
total of 24 plots (2025 m(2)) were established in
2001 using six native tree species, with 1-, 3-, and
6-species mixtures. We estimated litter production during the dry season 2005 with litter traps;
decomposition was assessed with a litter bag approach during the following wet season. Litter
102
production during the course of the dry season
was highly variable among the tree species. Tree
diversity significantly affected litter production,
and the majority of the intermediate diverse mixtures had higher litter yields than expected based
on yields in monoculture. In contrast, high diverse mixtures did not show such overyielding in
litter production. Litter decomposition rates were
also highly species-specific, and were related to
various measures of litter quality (C/N, lignin/N,
fibre content). We found no overall effect of litter
diversity if the entire litter mixtures were analyzed, i.e. mixing species resulted in pure additive
effects and observed decomposition rates were
not different from expected rates. However, the
individual species changed their decomposition
pattern depending on the diversity of the litter
mixture, i.e. there were species-specific responses
to mixing litter. The analysis of temporal C and
N dynamics within litter mixtures gave only limited evidence for nutrient transfer among litters
of different quality. At this early stage of our tree
diversity experiment, there are no coherent and
general effects of tree species richness on both
litter production and decomposition. Within the
scope of the biodiversityecosystem functioning
relationship, our results therefore highlight the
process-specific effects diversity may have. Additionally, species-specific effects on ecosystem
processes and their temporal dynamics are important, but such effects may change along the gradient of tree diversity.
Oikos, 2007, V116, N12, DEC, pp 2108-2124.
08.1-169
Exploring the functional significance of forest
diversity: A new long-term experiment with
temperate tree species (BIOTREE)
Scherer Lorenzen M, Schulze E D, Don A, Schumacher J, Weller E
Ecology , Plant Sciences , Biodiversity , Forestry
Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning
have been mainly studied in experiments that
artificially create gradients in grassland plant diversity. Woody species were largely excluded from
these early experiments, despite the ecological
and socioeconomic importance of forest ecosystems. We discuss conceptual aspects of mechanistically driven research on the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationship in forests, including
the comparison of scientific approaches like ‘observational studies’, ‘removal experiments’, and
‘synthetic-assemblage experiments’. We give a
short overview on the differences between herbaceous and forest ecosystems, focusing on can-
opy characteristics, and the possibilities for individual versus population-based investigations.
We present detailed information about the first
large-scale, multisite and long-term biodiversityecosystem functioning experiment with tree species of temperate forests (BIOTREE - BIOdiversity
and ecosystem processes in experimental TREE
stands). At three sites of differing geology and local climate, we planted 200,000 saplings on a total
area of 70 ha. At two sites, diversity gradients were
established by varying the number of tree species (BIOTREE-SPECIES). At a third site, only functional diversity at a constant level of tree species
richness was manipulated by selecting mixtures
that differ in the functional trait values of the
corresponding species (BIOTREE-FD). Additional
experimental treatments at the subplot level include silvicultural management options, the addition of subdominant species, and the reduction
of genetic diversity. Response variables focus on
productivity, biogeochemical cycles and carbon
sequestration, and resource use complementarity.
We explore the use of different measures of functional diversity for a posteriori classifications of
functional richness and their use in the analysis
of our tree diversity experiment. The experiment
is thought to provide a long-term research platform for a variety of scientific questions related to
forest biodiversity and ecosystem processes.
Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 2007, V9, N2, pp 53-70.
08.1-170
Patterns of variation of a common fern
(Athyrium filix-femina; Woodsiaceae): Population structure along and between altitudinal
gradients
Schneller J, Liebst B
Switzerland
Genetic variability of Athyrium filix-femina populations was evaluated with regard to phenotypic,
allozyme, and RAPD variation in 20 Swiss populations along five altitudinal gradients at four
different elevations in the northern Swiss Alps.
Additionally, allozyme and phenotypic variations
in one Italian and two Spanish populations were
compared with the variation in the Swiss populations. We hypothesized that there will be statistically significant genetic differences among populations of different altitudes and sites. The results
showed no substantial correlation between genetic variation and phenotypic variation among Swiss
populations. These results imply that outbreeding
and effective gene exchange (long-distance spore
dispersal) are the keys to population structure
in this fern species, and as a consequence, phenotypic plasticity is assumed to be favored. This
contrasts with results found in similar studies
of herbaceous flowering plants where genetic
adaptation to gradients like altitude is common.
However, when data from the more distant Italian
and Spanish populations of A. filix- femina were
included, significant variation was detected.
American Journal of Botany, 2007, V94, N6, JUN,
pp 965-971.
08.1-171
Examining native and exotic species diversity
in European riparian forests
Schnitzler A, Hale B W, Alsum E M
Switzerland, France, USA
Plant Sciences , Ecology , Biodiversity , Forestry
This study performs a meta-analysis of existing
studies of European riparian forests to investigate
which exotic species have successfully established
in intact riparian forests and which characteristics
of these forests correspond with successful establishment. We used analysis of covariance models
to investigate the relationship between community species richness, percent exotic species, and
several environmental variables. We found a total
richness of 1380 species, of which 45 (3.3%) were
exotic. Species- rich communities generally had
the higher percentage of exotics, but were not
significantly related to latitude or environmental
variables. Exotics, in contrast, were at generally
higher levels at lower latitudes and were more
abundant in large river plains and communities
with intermediate levels of disturbance. These
results suggest that future climate change and
human actions that mimic intermediate levels of
disturbance may further enhance the spread of
exotic species.
pp 146-156.
08.1-172
Speciation reversal and biodiversity dynamics
with hybridization in changing environments
Seehausen O, Takimoto G, Roy D, Jokela J
Switzerland, USA
A considerable fraction of the world’s biodiversity
is of recent evolutionary origin and has evolved
as a by-product of, and is maintained by, divergent adaptation in heterogeneous environments.
Conservationists have paid attention to genetic
homogenization caused by human-induced translocations (e.g. biological invasions and stocking),
and to the importance of environmental heterogeneity for the ecological coexistence of species.
103
However, far less attention has been paid to the
consequences of loss of environmental heterogeneity to the genetic coexistence of sympatric species. Our review of empirical observations and our
theoretical considerations on the causes and consequences of interspecific hybridization suggest
that a loss of environmental heterogeneity causes
a loss of biodiversity through increased genetic
admixture, effectively reversing speciation. Loss
of heterogeneity relaxes divergent selection and
removes ecological barriers to gene flow between
divergently adapted species, promoting interspecific introgressive hybridization. Since heterogeneity of natural environments is rapidly deteriorating in most biomes, the evolutionary ecology
of speciation reversal ought to be fully integrated
into conservation biology.
Molecular Ecology, 2008, V17, N1, JAN, pp 30-44.
08.1-173
Altitudinal and horizontal shifts of the upper
boundaries of open and closed forests in the
Polar Urals in the 20th century
Shiyatov S G, Terentev M M, Fomin V V, Zimmermann N E
Russia, Switzerland
Plant Sciences , Ecology
In the Polar Urals (the Rai-Iz massif and Mounts
Tchernaya and Malaya Tchernaya), altitudinal and
horizontal shifts of the upper boundary of open
and closed larch forests in the 20th century have
been studied. Spatiotemporal parameters of these
shifts have been assessed with the aid of the ARC/
INFO geographic information system (ESRI Inc.,
United States), using our original large-scale geobotanical maps showing the distribution of different types of forest-tundra communities in the
early 1910s and 2000s. The results show that tree
vegetation has been actively expanding to higher
elevations over the past 90 years. On average, the
upper boundaries of open and closed forests have
ascended 26 and 35 m and shifted horizontally
290 and 520 m, respectively. These shifts have been
conditioned by climate warming and increasing
humidity observed since the 1920s.
Russian Journal of Ecology, 2007, V38, N4, JUL, pp
223-227.
08.1-174
Temperate grasslands and global atmospheric
change: a review
Soussana J F, Lüscher A
France, Switzerland
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Plant Sciences , Ecology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences
104
Recent reviews confirm and extend previous observations that elevated carbon dioxide (COD
concentrations Stimulate photosyn thesis, leading to increased plant productivity. Elevated CO2
concentrations tend to reduce the sensitivity of
grassland ecosystems to low levels of precipitation but induce progressive nitrogen (N) limitations on plant growth which can be alleviated
by supplying a significant external input of N in
the form of mineral fertilizer or through the increased use of N-fixing legumes. Other nutrients,
such as phosphorus, can act as the main limiting
factor restricting the growth response in legumes
to atmospheric CO2 concentration. The botanical
composition of temperate grasslands is affected
by the rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration, possibly through a decline in the relaTive abundance
of grasses. Elevated CO2 concentration will also
alter the feeding value of herbage to grazers both
in terms of fine- scale (for example, crude protein
concentration and C:N ratio) and coarse-scale (legumes vs. grasses and C-3- VS. C-4-species) changes.
The management guidelines of grasslands will
need to be adapted to global atmospheric and
climatic changes and to increased variability in
climate.
Grass and Forage Science, 2007, V62, N2, JUN, pp
127-134.
08.1-175
Conservation of grasshopper diversity in a
changing environment
Steck C E, Bürgi M, Bolliger J, Kienast F, Lehmann
A, Gonseth Y
Switzerland
Biodiversity , Ecology , Zoology , Agriculture, Soil
Sciences
Land-use change is a major driver for changes in
biodiversity. In this study, we investigated how the
objectives of two conservation strategies (largescale conservation of species richness versus conservation of diversity hotspots) can be achieved
for grasshopper diversity under different scenarios of environmental change (land-use and climate change). Based on surveys of 95 grasshopper
species from 2001 to 2004 recorded by the Swiss
Centre for Faunal Cartography, we modelled the
actual richness pattern as a function of different
environmental variables. The impact of potential
future environmental change on species richness
was evaluated by applying four land-use scenarios
(‘liberalization’, ‘business as usual’, ‘lowered agricultural production’, and ‘complete conversion
of intensive open land’) and one climate change
scenario. The effects of the scenarios were assessed at the national scale, as well as on small-
scale hotspots. Environmental change has considerable effect on grasshopper species richness.
At the national scale, the number of grasshopper
species decreased under the ‘liberalization’ scenario (-0.24 species per 1 ha pixel) and increased
under a climate change scenario (+0.63 species
per 1 ha pixel). For most environmental change
scenarios, species richness in small-scale hotspots
was more negatively affected than on average on
the national scale. The response of species richness to the scenarios did not differ significantly
between hotspots of endangered and the hotspots
of common grasshopper species. We conclude
that conservation efforts at the national scale
and small-scale hotspot conservation programs
should be combined to conserve species richness
most successfully. For the long-term conservation
of species richness, common species as well as the
combined effects of land-use and climate change
have to be considered.
Biological Conservation, 2007, V138, N3-4, SEP, pp
360-370.
08.1-176
Hotspots and richness pattern of grasshopper
species in cultural landscapes
Steck C E, Bürgi M, Coch T, Duelli P
Switzerland
Zoology , Biodiversity , Ecology , Agriculture, Soil
Sciences
The success of the hotspot approach for biodiversity conservation depends on the spatial scale and
the indicator species used. In this study, we investigated grasshopper species richness in Switzerland at a 1 ha resolution including a total of 111
species. We compared the representativeness of
common and of endangered grasshopper species
for the overall grasshopper species richness and
we assessed the efficiency of the hotspot approach
for grasshopper conservation. The pattern of overall grasshopper species richness was well represented by both the number of common and the
number of endangered grasshopper species. For
evaluating the efficiency of different hotspot approaches for conservation, we compared hotspots
of common species, hotspots of endangered species (rarity hotspots), and hotspots of all grasshopper species (richness hotspots). Among these
hotspot types, richness hotspots not only featured
most common grasshopper species, but they even
contained more endangered species than the rarity hotspots. The combination of rarity hotspots
and hotspots of common species featured more
species than the other combinations of hotspot
types. However, the gain of combining two hotspot
types compared to the single-hotspot approach
was low (max. 3 species). About 24% of the species
were not contained in any of the hotspots. These
grasshopper species require species-specific action
plans. As rarity hotspots were located in areas that
are rather strongly affected by landscape change,
species richness in rarity hotspots may decrease
in the future. We conclude that, for grasshoppers,
the hotspot approach on the 1 ha scale can be an
effective way to conserve a high proportion of species richness.
Biodiversity and Conservation, 2007, V16, N7, JUN,
pp 2075-2086.
08.1-177
Floral free fall in the Swiss lowlands: environmental determinants of local plant extinction
in a peri-urban landscape
Stehlik I, Caspersen J P, Wirth L, Holderegger R
Switzerland, Canada
Plant Sciences , Urban Studies , Biodiversity , Ecology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences
1. Local floras are being depleted by a host of human activities, including habitat destruction and
fragmentation, eutrophication, and the intensification of agriculture. Species with particular ecological demands or life-history attributes are more
prone to extinction than species with a broader
niche. 2. We used an old herbarium from the municipality of Kusnacht (Swiss lowlands) as a historical record for comparison with contemporary
plant diversity. This comparison revealed that 17%
to 28% of all vascular plants that occurred between
1839 and 1915 were extinct by 2003. 3. Species of
different habitats and life-forms had significantly
different rates of extinction: wetlands, disturbed
sites and meadows lost most species, whereas forests and rocky habitats were least affected; aquatics and annuals were most prone to extinction,
geophytes and hemicryptophytes were intermediate, and phanerophytes and chamaephytes were
least affected. 4. Species adapted to nutrient-poor
soils suffered highest extinction in all habitats,
indicating that eutrophication poses an urgent
threat to species diversity. Light and soil moisture
requirements also had significant effects on extinction, but the direction of the effect varied by
habitat. 5. When species were grouped into IUCN
categories of the red list of Switzerland, the rank
order of the observed extinction matched the red
list assignment. 6. Because many of the remaining species had high estimated extinction probabilities and because extinction is often delayed
(extinction debt), a substantial part of the remaining flora of Kusnacht is likely to go extinct in the
near future. This will increase the dominance of
the common species that already comprise 81% of
105
the local flora. 7. The rates and patterns of extinction in Kusnacht are probably representative of
surrounding Swiss lowlands and peri-urban landscapes in most developed countries. Studies such
as ours can serve as a call for action and form a
basis for future monitoring of biodiversity.
Journal of Ecology, 2007, V95, N4, JUL, pp
734-744.
08.1-178
Cooccurring Gentiana verna and Gentiana
acaulis and their neighboring plants in two
swiss upper montane meadows harbor distinct
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities
Sykorova Z, Wiemken A, Redecker D
Switzerland
Plant Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology
The community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was analyzed in roots of Gentiana verna, Gentiana acaulis, and accompanying
plant species from two species-rich Swiss alpine
meadows located in the same area. The aim of the
study was to elucidate the impact of host preference or host specificity on the AMF community in
the roots. The roots were analyzed by nested PCR,
restriction fragment length polymorphism screening, and sequencing of ribosomal DNA small-subunit and internal transcribed spacer regions. The
AMF sequences were analyzed phylogenetically
and used to define monophyletic sequence types.
The AMF community composition was strongly
influenced by the host plant species, but compositions did not significantly differ between the two
sites. Detailed analyses of the two cooccurring
gentian species G. verna and G. acaulis, as well as
of neighboring Trifolium spp., revealed that their
AMF communities differed significantly. All three
host plant taxa harbored AMF communities comprising multiple phylotypes from different fungal
lineages. A frequent fungal phylotype from Glomus
group B was almost exclusively found in Trifolium
spp., suggesting some degree of host preference
for this fungus in this habitat. In conclusion, the
results indicate that within a relatively small area
with similar soil and climatic conditions, the host
plant species can have a major influence on the
AMF communities within the roots. No evidence
was found for a narrowing of the mycosymbiont
spectrum in the two green gentians, in contrast
to previous findings with their achlorophyllous
relatives.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2007,
V73, N17, SEP, pp 5426-5434.
106
08.1-179
An improved canopy integration scheme for
a land surface model with prognostic canopy
structure
Thornton P E, Zimmermann N E
USA, Switzerland
Modelling , Forestry , Plant Sciences , Ecology
A new logical framework relating the structural
and functional characteristics of a vegetation canopy is presented, based on the hypothesis that the
ratio of leaf area to leaf mass (specific leaf area)
varies linearly with overlying leaf area index within the canopy. Measurements of vertical gradients
in specific leaf area and leaf carbon:nitrogen
ratio for five species (two deciduous and three
evergreen) in a temperate climate support this
hypothesis. This new logic is combined with a
two-leaf (sunlit and shaded) canopy model to arrive at a new canopy integration scheme for use in
the land surface component of a climate system
model. An inconsistency in the released model
radiation code is identified and corrected. Also introduced here is a prognostic canopy model with
coupled carbon and nitrogen cycle dynamics. The
new scheme is implemented within the Community Land Model and tested in both diagnostic
and prognostic canopy modes. The new scheme
increases global gross primary production by 66%
(from 65 to 108 Pg carbon yr(-1)) for diagnostic
model simulations driven with reanalysis surface
weather, with similar results (117 PgC yr (-1)) for
the new prognostic model. Comparison of model
predictions to global syntheses of observations
shows generally good agreement for net primary
productivity (NPP) across a range of vegetation
types, with likely underestimation of NPP in tundra and larch communities. Vegetation carbon
stocks are higher than observed in forest systems,
but the ranking of stocks by vegetation type is accurately captured.
Journal of Climate, 2007, V20, N15, AUG 1, pp
3902-3923.
08.1-180
Fitness-related parameters improve presenceonly distribution modelling for conservation
practice: The case of the red-backed shrike
Titeux N, Dufrene M, Radoux J, Hirzel A H, Defourny P
Belgium, Switzerland
Modelling , Biodiversity , Ecology , Zoology
The red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio L.) is a bird
living in human- altered agricultural areas that
are managed by extensive farming techniques.
This passerine species has declined significantly
in Western Europe over the last 30-40 years. The
development of efficient species-specific conservation strategies relies on fine- grained information
about the ecological resources and environmental
conditions that constitute its reproductive habitat
in this agricultural landscape. Species distribution models are used increasingly in conservation
biology to provide such information. Most studies
investigate the environmental pattern of species
distribution, assuming that species records are
reliable indicators of habitat suitability. However,
ecological theory on source-sink dynamics and
ecological traps points out that some individuals
may be located outside the environmental bounds
of their species’ reproductive niche. Those individuals could reduce model accuracy and limit
model utility. Parameters related to the reproductive success of this shrike in Southern Belgium
were integrated into a fine-scale presence-only
modelling framework to demonstrate this problem and to address critical habitat requirements
of this species relative to conservation management. Integrating reproductive parameters into
the modelling framework showed that individuals occurred, but did not reproduce successfully,
above a certain environmental threshold. This indicated that the reproductive niche of the shrike
is ecologically narrower than standard practice in
species distribution modelling would suggest. The
major resources (nest sites availability, distance to
human settlements, suitable perching sites, foraging areas and insect abundance) required for the
reproduction of the red-backed shrike were quantified and ranked to offer concrete species -specific
conservation management guidelines
pp 207-223.
08.1-181
Response of Pinus leucodermis to climate and
anthropogenic activity in the National Park of
Pollino (Basilicata, Southern Italy)
Todaro L, Andreu L, D’alessandro C M, Gutirrez E,
Cherubinic P, Saracino A
Italy, Spain, Switzerland
Forestry , Plant Sciences , Ecology , Biodiversity
Pinus leucodermis (=P. heldreichii var. leucodermis) is widespread in the Balkan Peninsula and is
present as a post-glacial relict in Southern Italy.
The oldest Italian populations of this species are
located at high elevation in the National Park of
Pollino, where grazing and logging had endangered their survival, especially during the 20th
century. In 1993 the National Park was founded
and anthropogenic activities were restricted. To
understand the response of P. leucodermis at the
upper tree-line to climatic and anthropogenic ac-
tivity variations, we developed a tree-ring width
chronology (1464-2003). For the period 1804-2003
separate chronologies for the earlywood and latewood were built, and resin duct density was assessed on total ring, earlywood and latewood. Age
structure of saplings was also determined. After
1950 a steep decline in tree-ring width was followed by a recovery since 1981. During the 20th
century radial growth response to climate was not
strong and not stable. In the period 19532000 P.
leucadermis radial growth seemed to take advantage of high temperatures and low precipitation.
Resin duct density chronologies were not a reliable
dendroecological variable, but they documented
a metabolic trade-off between growth and differentiation processes. The gap in the age structure
between long- lived trees (over 200 years old) and
saplings around 40 years old, which mainly grow
in protected microsites between rocks, could indicate a negative influence of grazing and related
human activities. We suggest that the protection
strategies introduced by the National Park could
play a positive role in the recruitment of new saplings and in the ring growth recovery of old trees
of P. leucodermis.
Biological Conservation, 2007, V137, N4, JUL, pp
507-519.
08.1-182
Regional assessment of climate change impacts on maize productivity and associated
production risk in Switzerland
Torriani D S, Calanca P, Lips M, Ammann H, Beniston M, Fuhrer J
Switzerland
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Modelling , Ecology ,
Plant Sciences
A simple model of yield was used along with climate scenarios to assess the impact of climate
change on grain maize productivity and associated economic risk in Switzerland. In a first application, changes in the precipitation regime
alone were shown to affect the distribution of
yield considerably, with shifts not only in the
mean but also in the standard deviation and the
skewness. Production risk was found to respond
more markedly to changes in the long-term mean
than in the inter-annual variability of seasonal
precipitation amounts. In a further application,
yield projections were generated with respect to a
full climate scenario, with the emission pathway
as specified in the IPCC A2 scenario. Anticipation
of the sowing date was found to reduce the negative impact of climate change on yield stability,
but was not sufficient to ensure average productivity levels comparable to those observed at pres-
107
ent. We argued that this was caused by the reduction in the duration of the growing season, which
had a stronger impact than suggested by previous
studies. Assuming no change in price relations,
the results also revealed a strong increase in production risk with climate change, with more than
a doubling in the probability of yield falling short
of a critical threshold as compared to today’s situation.
Regional Environmental Change, 2007, V7, N4,
DEC, pp 209-221.
08.1-183
Potential effects of changes in mean climate
and climate variability on the yield of winter
and spring crops in Switzerland
Torriani D S, Calanca P, Schmid S, Beniston M,
Fuhrer J
Switzerland
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , Biodiversity
Climate change is expected to affect both the average level and the variability of crop yields. In
this modelling study, we quantified mean and
inter-annual variability of grain yield for maize
Zea mays L., winter wheat Triticum spp. L. and
winter canola Brassica napus L. for climatic conditions corresponding to current and doubled atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Climate scenarios
with and without taking into account changes
in the inter-annual variability of climate were
developed from the output of a regional climate
model for the time window 2071 to 2100. Climate
change effects on the mean yield of maize and
canola were consistently negative, but a positive
impact was simulated for mean yield of winter
wheat for elevated CO2 concentration. The coefficient of yield variation increased in the scenarios
for maize and canola, but decreased for wheat.
Higher thermal time requirements increased
mean yield and reduced yield variability for all
crops. Shifts in the sowing dates had a beneficial
impact on the yield of maize, but not on the yield
of canola and wheat. It is concluded that in the Alpine region, the potential effect of climate change
is crop-specific. However, the introduction of new
cultivars may provide means by which to maintain or even increase current productivity levels
for most of the crops.
Climate Research, 2007, V34, N1, JUN 14, pp
59-69.
108
08.1-184
Effect of supplementation of fresh and ensiled
clovers to ryegrass on nitrogen loss and methane emission of dairy cows
van Dorland H A, Wettstein H R, Leuenberger H,
Kreuzer M
Switzerland
Zoology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences
Two experiments were carried out to compare
white clover with red clover as supplementation to
ryegrass, in ensiled and fresh form, for differences
in nitrogen loss and methane emission by dairy
cows. In experiment 1, fresh ryegrass was mixed
with fresh white (WF) or red clover (RF) (60/40 on
dry matter basis). Experiment 2 involved similar
mixed diets in ensiled form (WS and RS, respectively), and two ryegrass silage diets, without (GS)
or with supplementary maize gluten meal (600 g
protein/kg DM; GS+). Barley was supplemented to
meet the calculated requirements for milk production. The type of clover did not affect crude
protein (CP) intake in experiment 1. In experiment
2, the highest CP intakes were observed for cows
on the GS+ diet (P<0.05), followed by the WS and
RS diet, compared to the GS diet. Within experiments, no treatment effects occurred for intake
of digestible organic matter, milk and milk protein yield, while milk urea and urine N excretion
mostly reflected the differences in CP intake in
experiment 2. The highest absolute N excretions
(P<0.001) occurred with the GS+ diet, compared to
the other diets. Per unit of N intake, a tendency
for highest urine N losses with GS+ was still noticeable. The slurry characteristics were not affected by clover type during storage in experiment 1.
In experiment 2, initial treatment differences in
ammonia-N levels (P< 0.01) in the slurry were still
observed after 8 weeks of storage. Clover supplementation, but not clover type, slightly enhanced
gaseous N losses per cow per day in relation to GS,
but not as much as GS+ (+53%). Gaseous N losses
relative to milk N yield were slightly lower (P<
0.1) with fresh red clover compared to white clover, a trend not apparent in experiment 2 with
silages where levels were elevated with GS+. Methane emissions were not affected (P> 0.05) either
by clover supplementation or by clover type in
both experiments. This study illustrates that the
white and red clovers investigated were widely
similar for their effects on N losses and methane
emission in dairy cows. Our findings imply that
supplementation of white or red clover to a highprotein ryegrass could enhance nitrogen losses to
the environment, and would not be beneficial in
terms of reducing methane emissions.
Livestock Science, 2007, V111, N1-2, AUG, pp 57-69.
08.1-185
Invasion biology and conservation biology:
time to join forces to explore the links between species traits and extinction risk and
invasiveness
van Kleunen M, Richardson D M
Switzerland, South Africa
Progress in Physical Geography, 2007, V31, N4,
AUG, pp 447-450.
08.1-186
How patch configuration affects the impact of
disturbances on metapopulation persistence
Vuilleumier S, Wilcox C, Cairns B J, Possingham H P
Switzerland, Australia
Modelling , Ecology , Biodiversity
Disturbances affect metapopulations directly
through reductions in population size and indirectly through habitat modification. We consider
how metapopulation persistence is affected by different disturbance regimes and the way in which
disturbances spread, when metapopulations are
compact or elongated, using a stochastic spatially
explicit model which includes metapopulation
and habitat dynamics. We discover that the risk of
population extinction is larger for spatially aggregated disturbances than for spatially random disturbances. By changing the spatial configuration
of the patches in the system-leading to different
proportions of edge and interior patches-we demonstrate that the probability of metapopulation
extinction is smaller when the metapopulation is
more compact. Both of these results become more
pronounced when colonization connectivity decreases. Our results have important management
implication as edge patches, which are invariably
considered to be less important, may play an important role as disturbance refugia.
Theoretical Population Biology, 2007, V72, N1,
AUG, pp 77-85.
08.1-187
Prediction of lichen diversity in an UNESCO
biosphere reserve - correlation of high resolution remote sensing data with field samples
Waser L T, Küchler M, Schwarz M, Ivits E, Stofer S,
Scheidegger C
Biodiversity , Ecology , Plant Sciences , Modelling ,
Remote Sensing
The present study focuses on developing models
to predict lichen species richness in a UNESCO
Biosphere Reserve of the Swiss Pre-Alps following
a gradient of land-use intensity combining remote
sensing data and regression models. The predic-
tive power of the models and the obtained r ranging from 0.5 for lichens on soil to 0.8 for lichens
on trees can be regarded as satisfactory to good,
respectively. The study revealed that a combination of airborne and spaceborne remote sensing
data produced a variety of ecological meaningful
variables.
N4, NOV, pp 315-328.
08.1-188
Radial growth responses to drought of Pinus
sylvestris and Quercus pubescens in an innerAlpine dry valley
Weber P, Bugmann H, Rigling A
Switzerland
Question: Lower montane treeline ecotones
such as the inner Alpine dry valleys are regarded as sensitive to climate change. In the dry Valais valley (Switzerland) the composition of the
widespread, low altitude Pinus forests is shifting towards a mixed deciduous state. The subboreal P. sylvestris shows high mortality rates,
whereas the deciduous sub-mediterranean
Quercus pubescens is spreading. These species
may act as early indicators of climate change.
We evaluate this hypothesis by focusing on
their differences in drought tolerance, which
are hardly known, but are likely to be crucial in
the current forest shift and also for future forest
development. Methods: We used dendroecological methods to detect species-specific patterns
in the growth response to drought. The relationship between radial growth of 401 trees from 15
mixed stands and drought was analysed by calculating response functions using yearly treering indices and monthly drought indices. PCA
was applied to the response ratios to discover
spatial patterns of drought response. Results: A
species-specific response to moisture as well as
a sub- regional differentiation of the response
patterns were found. While Quercus showed a
response mainly to the conditions of the previous autumn and those of current spring, Pinus
did not start responding before May, but showed
responses throughout the whole summer. Quercus may restrict physiological activity to moist
periods; growth of Pinus was much more dependent on prior growth. Conclusions: Given that
the climate is changing towards (1) longer summer drought periods, (2) higher mean temperatures and (3) shifted seasonality of moisture
availability, Quercus may benefit from adapting
better to drier conditions. Pinus may increasingly face problems related to drought stress
109
as it depends on summer moisture and has a
smaller adaptive capacity due to its long-lived
photosynthetic tissue.
Journal of Vegetation Science, 2007, V18, N6, DEC,
pp 777-792.
08.1-189
Landscape-level gene flow in Lobaria pulmonaria, an epiphytic lichen
Werth S, Gugerli F, Holderegger R, Wagner H H,
Csencsics D, Scheidegger C
Switzerland
Plant Sciences , Forestry , Ecology , Biodiversity ,
Microbiology
Epiphytes are strongly affected by the population
dynamics of their host trees. Owing to the spatiotemporal dynamics of host tree populations, substantial dispersal rates - corresponding to high
levels of gene flow - are needed for populations to
persist in a landscape. However, several epiphytic
lichens have been suggested to be dispersal-limited, which leads to the expectation of low gene flow
at the landscape scale. Here, we study landscapelevel genetic structure and gene flow of a putatively dispersal-limited epiphytic lichen, Lobaria pulmonaria. The genetic structure of L. pulmonaria
was quantified at three hierarchical levels, based
on 923 thalli collected from 41 plots situated
within a pasture-woodland landscape and genotyped at six fungal microsatellite loci. We found
significant isolation by distance, and significant
genetic differentiation both among sampling
plots and among trees. Landscape configuration,
i.e. the effect of a large open area separating two
forested regions, did not leave a traceable pattern
in genetic structure, as assessed with partial Mantel tests and analysis of molecular variance. Gene
pools were spatially intermingled in the pasturewoodland landscape, as determined by Bayesian
analysis of population structure. Evidence for local gene flow was found in a disturbed area that
was mainly colonized from nearby sources. Our
analyses indicated high rates of gene flow of L.
pulmonaria among forest patches, which may reflect the historical connectedness of the landscape
through gene movement. These results support
the conclusion that dispersal in L. pulmonaria is
rather effective, but not spatially unrestricted.
Molecular Ecology, 2007, V16, N13, JUL, pp
2807-2815.
110
08.1-190
Rhizodeposition of C and N in peas and oats
after C-13-N-15 double labelling under field
conditions
Wichern F, Mayer J, Jörgensen R G, Müller T
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Plant Sciences
Compounds released by plant roots during growth
can make up a high proportion of below-ground
plant (BGP) carbon and nitrogen, and therefore
influence soil organic matter turnover and plant
nutrient availability by stimulating the soil microorganisms. The present study was conducted
to examine the amount and fate of C (CdfR) and N
rhizodeposits (NdfR), in this study defined as rootderived C or N present in the soil after removal
of roots and root fragments, released during reproductive growth. BGP biomass of peas (Pisum
satiumn L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) was successfully labelled in situ with a C-13-glucose (15) Nurea mixture under field conditions using a stem
feeding method. Pea plants were labelled at the
beginning of flowering and harvested 36 and 52
days after labelling at pod filling (Pp) and maturity (Pm), respectively. Oat plants were labelled
at grain filling and harvested 42 days after labelling at maturity (O-M). CdfR was 24.2% (Pp), 29.6%
(Pm) and 30.8% (O-M) of total recovered plant C.
NdfR was 32.1% (Pp), 36.4% (Pm) and 30.0% (O-M)
of total plant N. Due to higher N assimilation,
amounts of NdfR were four times higher in peas
in comparison with oats. The results for NdfR in
peas were higher than results from other studies.
The C- to-N ratio of rhizodeposits was lower under peas (17.3) than under oats (41.9) at maturity.
At maturity, microbial CdfR at 0 30cm soil depth
was 37% of the microbial biomass C in peas and
59% in oats. Microbial NdfR was 15% of microbial
N in peas and 5% in oats. Furthermore, inorganic
NdfR was 34% in peas and 9% in oats at 0-30cm at
maturity. These results show that rhizodeposits of
peas provide a more easily available substrate to
soil microorganisms, which are incorporated to a
greater extent and turned over faster in comparison with oats. Beside the higher amounts of N released from pea roots, this process contributes to
the higher N-availability for subsequent crops.
Soil Biology Biochemistry, 2007, V39, N10, OCT, pp
2527-2537.
08.1-191
Genetic rescue persists beyond first-generation outbreeding in small populations of a rare
plant
Willi Y, van Kleunen M, Dietrich S, Fischer M
Switzerland, Australia, South Africa, Germany
Biodiversity , Plant Sciences , Ecology
Habitat fragmentation commonly causes genetic
problems and reduced fitness when populations
become small. Stocking small populations with
individuals from other populations may enrich
genetic variation and alleviate inbreeding, but
such artificial gene flow is not commonly used
in conservation owing to potential outbreeding
depression. We addressed the role of long-term
population size, genetic distance between populations and test environment for the performance of
two generations of offspring from between-population crosses of the locally rare plant Ranunculus
reptans L. Interpopulation outbreeding positively
affected an aggregate measure of fitness, and the
fitness superiority of interpopulation hybrids was
maintained in the second offspring (F2) generation. Small populations benefited more strongly
from interpopulation outbreeding. Genetic distance between crossed populations in neutral
markers or quantitative characters was not important. These results were consistent under
near-natural competition-free and competitive
conditions. We conclude that the benefits of interpopulation outbreeding are likely to outweigh
potential drawbacks, especially for populations
that suffer from inbreeding.
Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 2007, V274, N1623, SEP 22, pp 2357-2364.
08.1-192
Vegetation effects on pedogenetic forms of
Fe, Al and Si and on clay minerals in soils in
southern Switzerland and northern Italy
Zanelli R, Egli M, Mirabella A, Giaccai D, Abdelmoula M
Switzerland, Italy, France
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Ecology
The older forest type Quercetum-Bettiletum (oak/
birch; Q-type vegetation) in southern Switzerland
and northern Italy was to a large extent replaced
by chestnut forests (Castanea sativa; C-type vegetation) in roman times. When laurophylloid vegetation (L-type vegetation) invaded some of these
chestnut systems during the last few decades, it
caused detectable changes in organic chemistry.
The invasion of the L-type vegetation was predominately due to increased winter temperatures. We
tested whether these vegetation changes led to
measurable long-term and short-term responses
of the mineral matrix by comparing soils under
Q-type with C-type vegetation (probing for longterm effects; >100-2000 years) and soils under Ctype with L-type vegetation (short-term effects;
a few decades). To do so, we examined soil characteristics including the dithionite-, oxalate- and
pyrophosphate-extractable forms of Fe, Al and
Si as well as the phyllosilicate mineralogy of the
clay fraction with a pair- wise comparison procedure. On L-type patches, short-term changes
resulted in higher contents of secondary, poorly
crystalline Fe. The accumulation of pedogenetic
Fe probably results from a lower availability of
organic complexing moieties under L-type vegetation and thus leading to a reduced removal. As
soil acidity did not change with the vegetation
types, a strong effect of organic compounds on Fe
and At chemistry must be assumed. A correlation
analysis confirmed that metal binding to organic
matter was different between L-type stands (correlation of Fe and Al with organic matter was less
significant) and C-type stands. The differences in
clay phyllosilicate assemblage between the different vegetation sites were rather small. There
was, however, a trend towards higher contents of
hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite (HIV) under Ltype vegetation when compared to C-type sites. It
seems that Al-polymers fixation in interlayers of
2:1 clay minerals was increased or their removal
hindered at sites having L-type vegetation. Changes in the long-term (response to C-type vegetation)
were only measurable for the pyrophosphateextractable Si content (formation of phytolithe?).
The colonisation of laurophyllous species led in
the short-term to significant alterations of the soil
system that were even more pronounced than the
long-term effect of chestnut on soil quality.
Geoderma, 2007, V141, N1-2, SEP 15, pp
119-129.
08.1-193
Importance of dispersal for the expansion of a
Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx population in a fragmented landscape
Zimmermann F, Breitenmoser Wursten C, Breitenmoser U
Switzerland
Zoology , Ecology , Biodiversity
Dispersal allows recolonization of previous areas
of habitat following severe depression of a population but the significance of this is not clear in
felids. There is little evidence to support the general belief that subadult felids will colonize new
areas, although this is a crucial assumption in reintroduction or recovery projects. Eurasian lynx
Lynx lynx were reintroduced into the Swiss Alps
and have subsequently spread over part of their
potential range but the expansion halted in the
mid 1980s. We postulated that high lynx densities
would lead to an expansion of the population,
111
and to assess the potential of this population to
expand we compared the dispersal characteristics
of 22 subadults from the northwest Swiss Alps,
where an increase in lynx abundance occurred
from 1995 onwards, to 17 individuals from the
Jura Mountains, an area with a lower lynx density.
Dispersal data came mainly from radio-telemetry.
Dispersal rates and distances for subadults that
completed dispersal were lower in the north-west
Swiss Alps than in the Jura Mountains. In general,
subadults exhibited little ability to cross major
barriers such as highways. The hypothesis that
high density alone will foster the expansion of
the population was therefore not confirmed. This
has consequences for the reintroduction and recovery of carnivores in fragmented landscapes. To
establish only one strong source population may
not be an optimal strategy, and population nuclei
should therefore be founded in several neighbouring patches.
Oryx, 2007, V41, N3, JUL, pp 358-368.
08.1-194
Remote sensing-based predictors improve
distribution models of rare, early successional
and broadleaf tree species in Utah
Zimmermann N E, Edwards T C, Moisen G G,
Frescino T S, Blackard J A
Switzerland, USA
Ecology , Remote Sensing , Modelling , Plant Sciences , Forestry
1. Compared to bioclimatic variables, remote
sensing predictors are rarely used for predictive
species modelling. When used, the predictors represent typically habitat classifications or filters
rather than gradual spectral, surface or biophysical properties. Consequently, the full potential
of remotely sensed predictors for modelling the
spatial distribution of species remains unexplored. Here we analysed the partial contributions of remotely sensed and climatic predictor
sets to explain and predict the distribution of 19
tree species in Utah. We also tested how these partial contributions were related to characteristics
such as successional types or species traits. 2. We
developed two spatial predictor sets of remotely
sensed and topo-climatic variables to explain the
distribution of tree species. We used variation partitioning techniques applied to generalized linear models to explore the combined and partial
predictive powers of the two predictor sets. Nonparametric tests were used to explore the relationships between the partial model contributions of
both predictor sets and species characteristics. 3.
More than 60% of the variation explained by the
models represented contributions by one of the
112
two partial predictor sets alone, with topo-climatic variables outperforming the remotely sensed
predictors. However, the partial models derived
from only remotely sensed predictors still provided high model accuracies, indicating a significant
correlation between climate and remote sensing
variables. The overall accuracy of the models was
high, but small sample sizes had a strong effect
on cross-validated accuracies for rare species. 4.
Models of early successional and broadleaf species benefited significantly more from adding remotely sensed predictors than did late seral and
needleleaf species. The core-satellite species types
differed significantly with respect to overall model
accuracies. Models of satellite and urban species,
both with low prevalence, benefited more from
use of remotely sensed predictors than did the
more frequent core species. 5. Synthesis and applications. If carefully prepared, remotely sensed
variables are useful additional predictors for the
spatial distribution of trees. Major improvements
resulted for deciduous, early successional, satellite and rare species. The ability to improve model
accuracy for species having markedly different
life history strategies is a crucial step for assessing
effects of global change.
Journal of Applied Ecology, 2007, V44, N5, OCT, pp
1057-1067.
08.1-195
Stomatal regulation by microclimate and tree
water relations: interpreting ecophysiological
field data with a hydraulic plant model
Zweifel R, Steppe K, Sterck F J
Switzerland, Belgium, Netherlands
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Plant Sciences , Forestry , Modelling
Dynamics in microclimate and physiological
plant traits were studied for Pubescent oak and
Scots pine in a dry inner-alpine valley in Switzerland, at a 10 min resolution for three consecutive
years (2001-2003). As expected, stomata tended
to close with increasing drought in air and soil.
However, stomatal aperture in oak was smaller
than in pine under relatively wet conditions, but
larger under dry conditions. To explore underlying mechanisms, a model was applied that (i)
quantifies water relations within trees from physical principles (mechanistic part) and (ii) assumes
that signals from light, stomatal aperture, crown
water potential, and tree water deficit in storage
pools control stomata (systemic part). The stomata
of pine showed a more sensitive response to increasing drought because both factors, the slowly
changing tree water deficit and the rapidly changing crown water potential, closed the stomata. By
contrast, the stomata of oak became less droughtsensitive as the closing signal of crown water potential was opposed by the opening signal of tree
water deficit. Moreover, parameter optimization
suggests that oak withdrew more water from the
storage pools and reduced leaf water potentials
to lower levels, without risking serious damage
by cavitation. The new model thus suggests how
the hydraulic water flow and storage system determines the responses in stomatal aperture and
transpiration to drought at time scales ranging
from hours to multiple years, and why pine and
oak might differ in such responses. These differences explain why oaks are more efficient competitors during drought periods, although this
was not the case in the extremely dry year 2003,
which provoked massive leaf loss and, from July
onwards, physiological activity almost ceased.
Journal of Experimental Botany, 2007, V58, N8, pp
2113-2131.
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Soil and Lithosphere
113
1.3 Soil and Lithosphere
08.1-196
Quantification of soil erosion rates related to
ancient Maya deforestation
Anselmetti F S, Hodell D A, Ariztegui D, Brenner M,
Rosenmeier M F
Switzerland, USA
Geomorphology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Paleontology , Geology
We used seismic and sediment core data to quantify soil erosion rates for the past similar to 6000
yr in the closed catchment of Lake Salpeten, in the
tropical lowlands of northern Guatemala. The region was affected by ancient Maya land use from
before ca. 1000 B.C. to A.D. 900. This period of
human impact coincided with deposition in the
lake of a detrital unit (Maya Clay) as much as 7
m thick that contrasts sharply with the relatively
organic-rich gyttja deposited both before and after Maya occupation of the watershed. The greatest soil loss, with mean sustained values of similar to 1000 t/km(2)yr (-1), occurred in the Middle
and Late Preclassic Periods (700 B.C. to A.D. 250),
associated with relatively low Maya population
densities. Soil erosion slowed during the period
of maximum population density in the Late Classic Period (A.D. 550-830), indicating a decoupling
between human population density and soil erosion rate. The most rapid soil loss occurred early
during initial land clearance, suggesting that
even low numbers of people can have profound
impacts on lowland tropical karst landscapes.
Geology, 2007, V35, N10, OCT, pp 915-918.
08.1-197
Soil biogeochemical processes within the Critical Zone
Chorover J, Kretzschmar R, Garcia Pichel F, Sparks
DL
USA, Switzerland
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Toxicology , Geochemistry & Geophysics
Many processes that affect soil and water quality
occur at the water wetted interface of weathering
products such as clays, oxides, and organic matter. Especially near the sunlit surface of the Critical Zone, these interfaces associate with plant
roots and soil organism to form porous, aggregated structures. Soil aggregates and intervening
pore networks give rise to a patchwork of interconnected microenvironments. The ensuing steep
geochemical gradients affect weathering processes, fuel the activities of microbes, and drive interfacial reactions that retain and transform rock- or
ecosystem- derived chemicals and anthropogenic
pollutants.
Elements, 2007, V3, N5, OCT, pp 321-326.
08.1-198
Scale-dependent relationships between soil
organic carbon and urease activity
Corstanje R, Schulin R, Lark R M
Modelling , Agriculture, Soil Sciences
Many soil properties and processes vary at different spatial scales. As a result, relationships between soil properties often depend on scale. In this
paper we show this for two soil properties of biological importance, by means of a nested analysis
of covariance. The variables were urease activity
(UA) and soil organic carbon (SOC) , sampled on an
unbalanced nested design at three sites with different land uses (arable, forest and pasture). The
objective of this study was to investigate the scaledependent relationships of UA and SOC at these
three sites to exemplify the phenomenon of scaledependency in the covariation of biogeochemical
variables. At each site the variables showed different scale dependencies, expressed in their correlations at different scales. At the pasture site,
UA and SOC were uncorrelated at all scales in the
sampling design (0.2 m, 1 m, 6 m and >= 15 m),
and the overall product moment correlation was
0.10. A significant positive scale dependent correlation (0.65) was found at the 1-m scale for the
forested site. The soil properties were not spatially
correlated at any of the other scales and the associated product moment correlation for this site
was 0.14. Urease activity and soil organic C were
found not to be correlated at the shorter scales in
the arable site. However, significant positive correlation coefficients of 0.89 and 0.82 were obtained
at the longer scales of 6 and >= 15-m respectively
for the arable site. The product moment correlation at this site was 0.65. At both the arable and
forest site, we found that correlations at particular scales were stronger than the overall product
moment correlation. This approach allowed us to
identify significant relationships between urease
activity and soil organic carbon and the scales at
which these relationships occur and to draw conclusions about the spatial scales, which must be
resolved in further studies of these variables in
these contrasting environments. This study highlights the pervasive effect of scale in soil biogeochemistry and shows that scale-dependence must
not be disregarded by soil scientists in their investigations of biogeochemical processes.
European Journal of Soil Science, 2007, V58, N5,
OCT, pp 1087-1095.
114
08.1-199
Effect of climate and vegetation on soil
organic carbon, humus fractions, allophanes,
imogolite, kaolinite, and oxyhydroxides in
volcanic soils of Etna (Sicily)
Egli M, Alioth L, Mirabella A, Raimondi S, Nater M,
Verel R
Switzerland, Italy
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Geology , Geochemistry
& Geophysics
A soil sequence along an elevational gradient ranging from to subalpine climate zones in the Etna region (Sicily, southern Italy) investigated with respect
to organic C, kaolinite, and crystalline noncrystalline Al and Fe phases. Special emphasis was given
to stabilization of soil organic carbon (SOC) and its
interaction with inorganic phases. The soils were
variations of Vitric Andosols developed on a trachybasaltic lava flow with an age of 15,000 years. main
vegetation systems dominated the sites: at the lower
sites, it mainly maquis vegetation and, at the higher
elevated sites, predominantly coniferous forest. The
concentration of SOC in the topsoil, SOC stocks in
the profiles, the humus fractions such as humic
and acids, functional groups and substances of organic matter, type materials (ITM), and oxyhydroxides were found to be related to elevation and, thus,
climate (precipitation and temperature) and vegetation. The C/N ratio in the topsoil was especially
indicative the vegetation type. The amount of SOC,
ITM, and crystalline oxyhydroxides decreased with
increasing altitude. Weathering, as to the proportion of crystalline Fe-oxyhydroxides or the kaolinite
centration in the clay fraction, seemed to be greater
at the lower sites. At these sites, maquis vegetation
led to a higher accumulation SOC as compared with
the coniferous trees at the higher sites. activity, as
indicated by aromatic compounds in the humic
acids and the presence of charcoal in the soil, has
most probably influenced important soil processes.
The identification and radiocarbon dating charcoal revealed evidence that repeated bush fires had
played a significant role in soil formation. The better stabilization of SOC at altitudes might be due to
the specific climatic conditions with a pronounced
change in periods of humidity alternating with periods droughts and resultant fire activity. The positive correlation mean annual temperature and SOC
content supports such a hypothesis. The climateand vegetation-dependent stabilization of organic
matter the soil can be ascribed to the proportion
of aromatics in the humic acids, to the presence
of noncrystalline Al and Fe phases, to the kaolinite
concentration, to the amount of clay, and to a lesser
extent to the fraction.
Soil Science, 2007, V172, N9, SEP, pp 673-691.
08.1-200
Soil moisture - Atmosphere interactions during
the 2003 European summer heat wave
Fischer E M, Seneviratne S I, Vidale P L, Lüthi D,
Schär C
Agriculture, Soil Sciences
The role of land surface-related processes and feedbacks during the record-breaking 2003 European
summer heat wave is explored with a regional climate model. All simulations are driven by lateral
boundary conditions and sea surface temperatures
from the ECMWF operational analysis and 40-yr
ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40), thereby prescribing the large-scale circulation. In particular, the
contribution of soil moisture anomalies and their
interactions with the atmosphere through latent
and sensible heat fluxes is investigated. Sensitivity
experiments are performed by perturbing spring
soil moisture in order to determine its influence
on the formation of the heat wave. A multiyear
regional climate simulation for 1970-2000 using a
fixed model setup is used as the reference period.
A large precipitation deficit together with early
vegetation green-up and strong positive radiative
anomalies in the months preceding the extreme
summer event contributed to an early and rapid
loss of soil moisture, which exceeded the multiyear
average by far. The exceptionally high temperature
anomalies, most pronounced in June and August
2003, were initiated by persistent anticyclonic circulation anomalies that enabled a dominance of
the local heat balance. In this experiment the hottest phase in early August is realistically simulated
despite the absence of an anomaly in total surface
net radiation. This indicates an important role
of the partitioning of net radiation in latent and
sensible heat fluxes, which is to a large extent controlled by soil moisture. The lack of soil moisture
strongly reduced latent cooling and thereby amplified the surface temperature anomalies. The evaluation of the experiments with perturbed spring
soil moisture shows that this quantity is an important parameter for the evolution of European heat
waves. Simulations indicate that without soil moisture anomalies the summer heat anomalies could
have been reduced by around 40% in some regions.
Moreover, drought conditions are revealed to influence the tropospheric circulation by producing
a surface heat low and enhanced ridging in the
midtroposphere. This suggests a positive feedback
mechanism between soil moisture, continentalscale circulation, and temperature.
Journal of Climate, 2007, V20, N20, OCT 15, pp
5081-5099.
08.1-201
Numerical modelling of the hydrogeological
and geomechanical behaviour of a large slope
movement: the Triesenberg landslide (Liechtenstein)
Francois B, Tacher L, Bonnard Ch, Laloui L,
Triguero V
Switzerland
Modelling , Geomorphology , Geology
Using advanced hydrogeological and geomechanical finite element modelling, it has been possible
to model the mechanical behaviour of a large
slope movement, the Triesenberg landslide. This
slope is located along the Rhine valley in the
Principality of Liechtenstein and covers an area
of around 5 km(2), which includes two villages.
Pore-water pressure fields calculated by the hydrogeological model were used as input for the geomechanical model. The results obtained through
numerical simulation agree fairly well with field
measurements of peak velocity, spatial and temporal distribution of velocity, and total displacements. Such results were obtained using a modified Cam-Clay elastoplastic constitutive model for
which the required material parameters were obtained through careful geotechnical tests. These
finite element models were carried out in two and
three dimensions to gradually improve the understanding of the physical phenomena governing
the hydrogeological conditions and the movements of the slope.
Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 2007, V44, N7,
JUL, pp 840-857.
08.1-202
Formation of hydrozincite, Zn layered double
hydroxide and Zn phyllosilicates in contaminated calcareous soils
Jacquat O, Vögelin A, Kretzschmar R
Switzerland
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Geochemistry &
Geophysics , Toxicology
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2007, V71, N15,
AUG, SS, p A437.
08.1-203
The impact of Fe isotope fractionation by
plants on the isotopic signature of soils
Kiczka M, Wiederhold J G, Krämer S M, Bourdon B,
Kretzschmar R
Switzerland, Austria
Plant Sciences , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Geochemistry & Geophysics
AUG, SS, p A482.
115
08.1-204
Sulphur behaviour in forest soils near the largest SO2 emitter in northern Europe
Koptsik G, Alewell C
Russia, Switzerland
Forestry , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Geochemistry
& Geophysics , Toxicology , Ecology
The impact of 60 a of SO2 emissions from a NiCu plant in the Kola Peninsula (Russia) on soil S
contents was assessed in podzols under pine forests. Sulphate desorption and the possible delay
of acidification reversal was investigated, because
the plant will be reconstructed in 2006 with an
expected emission reduction of 90%. Sites were
sampled along a pollution gradient in the prevailing wind direction from 1 to 66 km. The investigated podzols stored S mostly in the organic
form. The concentrations of total and organic S
in soil organic horizons tended to be higher near
the smelter but were only weakly correlated with
S deposition. No relationship between distance to
smelter and S contents was found for the mineral
horizons. Sulphate content and desorption behavior were highly variable due to natural variations
of texture and extractable Al and Fe contents of
the soils. The lack of a clear strong trend with distance from the smelter except in the organic layer
indicated that long range transport and diffuse
input of SO4 played a major role rather than point
source impact. It was concluded that biological
turnover is most likely the regulating process in
these soils and thus low to medium release of SO4
is expected under decreasing deposition scenarios
because organic S was the dominant fraction of
total S in all soils.
Applied Geochemistry, 2007, V22, N6, JUN, pp
1095-1104.
08.1-205
Evidence for in situ degradation of mono-and
polyaromatic hydrocarbons in alluvial sediments based on microcosm experiments with
C-13-labeled contaminants
Morasch B, Höhener P, Hunkeler D
Switzerland, France
Microbiology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Geology
A microcosm study was conducted to investigate
the degradation of mono- and polyaromatic hydrocarbons under in situ-like conditions using
alluvial sediments from the site of a former cokery. Benzene, naphthalene, or acenaphthene were
added to the sediments as C-13- labeled substrates.
Based on the evolution of C-13-CO2 determined by
gas chromatography isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS) it was possible to prove mineraliza-
116
tion of the compound of interest in the presence
of other unknown organic substances of the sediment material. This new approach was suitable to
give evidence for the intrinsic biodegradation of
benzene, naphthalene, and acenaphthene under
oxic and also under anoxic conditions, due to the
high sensitivity and reproducibility of C-13/C-12
stable isotope analysis. This semi-quantitative
method can be used to screen for biodegradation
of any slowly degrading, strongly sorbing compound in long-term experiments.
Environmental Pollution, 2007, V148, N3, AUG, pp
739-748.
08.1-206
Acidification and recovery of soil at a heavily impacted forest catchment (Lysina, Czech
Republic) - SAFE modeling and field results
Navratil T, Kurz D, Kram P, Hofmeister J, Hruska J
Czech Republic, Switzerland
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Modelling , Forestry , Plant Sciences
Soil and soil solution chemistry were simulated
using the dynamic multi-layer soil chemistry
model SAFE for the Lysina catchment, located
in the western part of the Czech Republic. Modeled soil solution chemistry and properties were
compared to a 10-year-long time series of monthly
measurements of soil solution data at 5,15, 20
and 80 cm depths. Historically high deposition of
S and N compounds caused a significant decrease
in soil base saturation and caused severe changes
in the soil solution chemistry. Since year 1990
deposition of S and N compounds decreased substantially due to improved control on S emissions.
SAFE predicted an increase in base saturation at
Lysina in the Oi + Oe and Oa layers, from 36% and
18% in 1994 to 50% and 22% in 2004, respectively.
on the other hand, base saturation of the deeper
soil horizons B and C, which represent the main
mass of the soil at the Lysina catchment, has decreased even further (in B horizon from 4% in 1994
to 3% in 2004 and from 4% to 2% in horizon C).
The measured values of base saturation from year
2004 fit the modeled results of base saturation
development at the Lysina catchment. if atmospheric deposition remains at the 2006 level, the
predicted base saturation in the B and C horizons
for the year 2100 will increase by approximately
2%, to reach only 4.6% and 3.8%, respectively. The
increasing molar ratio Bc/Al ((Ca + Mg + K)/All in
soil solution of Oi + Oe, Oa and E horizons during
the first half of the 21st century represents recovery in the top 20 cm of the soil profile, only This
change may have a positive effect on the health
status of shallow rooting spruce trees. The Bc/Al
ratio in soil solutions in the main mass of the soil
(horizons B and C), however, will remain below
the critical value (<1) in the first half of 21st century. At the Lysina catchment, the values of the
Bc/Al ratio are predicted to increase over the critical value (<1) in solutions of the B and C horizons
in the years 2050 and 2060, respectively. (c) 2007
Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.
Ecological Modelling, 2007, V205, N3-4, JUL 24,
pp 464-474.
08.1-207
Elucidating differences in the sorption properties of 10 humic and fulvic acids for polar and
nonpolar organic chemicals
Niederer C, Schwarzenbach R P, Goss K U
Switzerland
Geochemistry & Geophysics , Agriculture, Soil Sciences
In this work we present a dataset of more than
1000 natural organic matter (NOM)/air partition
coefficients covering polar and nonpolar organic
compounds measured in 10 different humic and
fulvic acids (HAs/FAs) from terrestrial and aquatic
origins. Differences of more than 1 order of magnitude in the sorption coefficients of a given compound measured in HAS and FAs from different
origins were found. The terrestrial HAS exhibited
substantially higher sorption coefficients compared to aquatic HAS and FAs. The difference between any two types of NOM is mainly reflected
by a constant shift in the partition coefficients
that applies to all compounds in the same way.
This indicates that it is the number of available
sorption sites per mass of sorbent rather than the
types of intermolecular interactions between the
sorbate and the sorbent that governs the major
differences between the sorption properties of
various types of NOM. The experimental partition
coefficients measured in all HAS and FAs were successfully described by polyparameter linear free
energy relationships (pp-LFERs) that explicitly account for van der Waals as well as H-donor/acceptor interactions between the sorbate and the sorbent. These pp-LFER equations provide for the first
time a tool that allows including the variability of
the sorption properties of NOM in environmental
fate models.
N19, OCT 1, pp 6711-6717.
08.1-208
Bioavailability of pollutants and soil remediation
Ortega Calvo J J, Ball W P, Schulin R, Semple K T,
Wick L Y
Spain, USA, Switzerland, England, Germany
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Toxicology
Journal of Environmental Quality, 2007, V36, N5,
SEP-OCT, pp 1383-1384.
08.1-209
New method for in situ characterization of
loose material for landslide mapping purpose
Pantet A, Parriaux A, Thelin P
Switzerland
Geomorphology , Geology , Instruments & Instrumentation
The assessment of grain size distribution and
plasticity of loose geological material, during in
situ geological investigations, is not obvious. Visual appreciation allows an approximative quantification of the coarse granulometric fractions,
but not of the fine ones. Field soils determination
methods suggested until now, are visual and tactile tests leading to a very rough estimate, which
is only qualitative and not very reproducible. The
new proposed field test (GEOLEP method) allows a
quick quantification of the fine fraction of loose
material. It allows the determination of the sand
fraction (fine and medium grained sands) as well
as the methylene blue value of the samples. The
necessary equipment to perform this test is light
and compact and the time needed to analyze one
sample is approximately 15 min. Thus it is also
possible to carry out numerous measurements in
one day. The calibrations were carried out on a selection of 13 natural samples, chosen for their representativeness of the typical alpine quaternary
deposits. The results obtained with GEOLEP method are relevant compared with standardized laboratory tests; the obtained correlation indexes are
of 73% for the comparison with laboratory stain
test results and of 89% with a laboratory method
using a similar procedure than the field test. The
correlation we performed with Atterberg’s limits
tests shows that a rough approximation of plasticity index can also be obtained (R-2 = 75%). This
method thus brings a new tool which should allow taking into account the lithological factor (by
some quantitative and representative variables) in
a reliable way for the evaluation of landslide hazards. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Engineering Geology, 2007, V94, N3-4, NOV 2, pp
166-179.
117
08.1-210
Poplar for the phytomanagement of boron
contaminated sites
Robinson B H, Green S R, Chancerel B, Mills T M,
Clothier B E
Switzerland, New Zealand
Toxicology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Plant Sciences
Boron (B) is a widespread environmental contaminant that is mobile relative to other trace
elements. We investigated the potential of hybrid
poplar (Populus sp.) for B phytomanagement using a lysimeter experiment and a field trial on
B-contaminated wood-waste. In both studies, poplars enhanced evapotranspiration from the woodwaste, reduced B leaching, and accumulated Bin
the aerial portions of the tree. When grown in
a substrate containing 30 mg/kg B, poplar leaves
had an average B concentration of 845 mg/kg,
while the stems contained 21 mg/kg B. Leaf B
concentrations increased linearly with leaf age. A
decomposition experiment revealed that abscised
leaves released 14% of their B during the winter
months. Fertiliser application enhanced tree
growth without decreasing the leaf B concentrations. Harvesting alternate rows of trees on a contaminated site would reduce leaching from the
site while removing B. Harvested plant material
may provide bioenergy, stock fodder, or an amendment for B-deficient soils.
Environmental Pollution, 2007, V150, N2, NOV, pp
225-233.
08.1-211
Changes in the macro-pore structure of
restored soil caused by compaction beneath
heavy agricultural machinery: a morphometric
study
Schäffer B, Stauber M, Müller R, Schulin R
Switzerland
Compaction can seriously degrade soil in modern
agriculture. Soil that has been temporarily removed and stored is particularly sensitive to compaction when restored, although little is known
about the structural changes in such soils under
mechanical loads. We investigated the structural
changes in a restored soil that had been gently cultivated for several years and then was trafficked
by a heavy combine harvester, analysing the macro-pore structure by quantitative morphometry of
three-dimensional microcomputed tomography
images. Increased trafficking caused decreases in
both the porosity and connectivity of the macropores. The fraction of spherical pores (and thus the
convexity of the pore space) and the mean pore
118
separation were increased. Trafficking had no
clear effect on the orientation of pores. While the
mean pore diameter tended to decrease, biopores
were more stable than interaggregate pores originating from the packing of soil aggregates. This
is relevant for the development of structural stability in restored soils, as the macro-pores consist
mainly of interaggregate pores initially, whereas
biopores develop and increase in proportion only
gradually over time. Quantitative morphometry
provides valuable morphological indices for the
objective assessment of the macro-pore structure
and changes induced by compaction.
OCT, pp 1062-1073.
08.1-212
Reducing phosphorus losses from over-fertilized grassland soils proves difficult in the
short term
Schärer M, Stamm C, Vollmer T, Frossard E, Oberson A, Flühler H, Sinaj S
Switzerland
Water Resources , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Toxicology , Hydrology
Phosphorus (P) losses from many agricultural
soils are driven by fast transport processes, such
as surface runoff, shallow interflow and macropore flow. Close interaction of rain with topsoil layers (0-5 cm), rich in available P, results in high P
concentrations in these rapid runoff pathways.
This is particularly pronounced in permanent
grassland soils typically characterized by a P enrichment of the topsoil. One option to mitigate P
losses from grassland is therefore to reduce soil
P content, particularly available P, in this critical
surface layer. Omitting application of P fertilizer
will reduce soil P in the long term but more drastic methods may be necessary to achieve P loss
reductions in shorter time-scales. In this study,
three management options to reduce P in runoff
from grassland soils were evaluated in a field experiment lasting 2 years on two grassland sites: (i)
no P inputs, (ii) no P inputs plus soil tillage and
(iii) no P inputs plus tillage combined with application of a P sorbing soil amendment (iron oxide).
Withholding P inputs did not decrease either the
available P in the soil or the P concentrations in
runoff from sprinkler experiments over a 2-year
period. Both the treatments which included tillage caused immediate reductions in both soil
available P and runoff P, with Fe/OH amendment
being more effective. However, in the second year
the effects of both tillage treatments were less apparent and only the Fe/OH treatment significantly
decreased runoff P. The results indicate that the
long-term enrichment of soils due to P application in excess of plant needs is unlikely to be remedied by short-term treatments. However, further
work is required to assess the applicability of our
conclusion to other sites.
Soil Use and Management, 2007, V23, SEP, S1, pp
154-164.
08.1-213
Heavy metal contamination along a soil
transect in the vicinity of the iron smelter of
Kremikovtzi (Bulgaria)
Schulin R, Curchod F, Mondeshka M, Daskalova A,
Keller A
Switzerland, Bulgaria
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Toxicology , Geochemistry & Geophysics
Based on previous preliminary survey results,
elevated heavy metal concentrations of the agricultural soils of the villages of the Kremikovtzi
region east of the Bulgarian capital Sofia were
attributed to pollution from dusts emitted by
the iron smelter in the centre of the region. Additional sampling in a test area indicated that
high metal concentrations in this area could also
be of geogenic origin. In order to test this hypothesis, we sampled a sequence of 14 soil profiles at
increasing distance from the smelter along a 2
km transect through agricultural land outside
the metallurgical complex of Kremikovtzi. The
transect extended through two different units of
soil types: Chromic Luvisols and Alluvial Fluvisols.
Samples of the fine earth fraction (<2 mm grain
size) from various depths were analysed for 19 elements by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF).
Maximum concentrations of the suspected main
pollutants were approximately 170 mg/kg As, 185
mg/kg Pb, and 350 mg/kg Zn. Concentration profiles over depth were distinctly different between
the two soil units for most elements and in comparison to this difference varied little within each
unit. Within the two units there were no trends
with distance to the smelter. The concentration
profiles did not indicate any substantial contribution from atmospheric deposition. The enrichment of elemental concentrations relative to Zr
did not provide sufficiently conclusive evidence to
distinguish anthropogenic from geogenic metal
sources. While the ratios of zinc, copper and arsenic to zirconium were almost constant, chromium, nickel and molybdenum ratios to zirconium
varied between 2- and 5-fold (primarily showing a
decrease) with depth in the majority of profiles,
indicating gradients in the original deposition of
the soil-forming parent material rather than an
anthropogenic source. The study illustrates how
important it can be in identifying the origin of
soil pollution not only to look into areal distribution patterns of suspected contaminants, but also
to investigate their depth profiles as well as that
of other elements and to account for pedological
factors and their variability.
Geoderma, 2007, V140, N1-2, JUN 15, pp 52-61.
08.1-214
Slip rates variability and sediment mobilization on a shallow landslide in the northern
Swiss Alps
Schwab M, Läderach C, Rieke Zapp D,
Schlunegger F
Switzerland
Geology , Geomorphology
Geomorphic and morphometric data imply that
process rates of the Schimbrig landslide, located
in the Entle watershed (Central Switzerland), are
still limited by the elevation of the LGM base level.
At present, the Entle watershed is in a stage of adjusting to the lowered post-glacial base level as indicated by knick zones in the trunk stream. Some
thousands of years later when these knick zones
will reach the Schimbrig site, we anticipate a substantial increase in process rates and sediment
flux for the landslide. The pattern of slip rates
was measured on the Schimbrig landslide over
a 14-months period. We propose that a Bingham
plastic model explains much of how measured
slip rates are linked to the observed topography,
climatic variations and thickness variability of
the landslide mass. This model explains why slip
rates have been highest where the thickness of the
material is substantially higher. It also explains
why slip rates are highest in late summer/autumn
and early spring. It appears then that snow melt
in spring and decreasing temperatures in late
summer/autumn potentially result in a high retention of the pore water and thus in a low viscosity of the material, which, in turns, promotes
slip rates. Interestingly, an extreme rainstorm like
the one of August 2005 only had a local impact
on the landslide mass by triggering small scale
earth flows and debris flows. This implies that the
earth slide material does not directly respond to
an episodic pattern of rainfall. Such precipitation
events, however, superimpose a smaller-scale imprint on the landslide relief.
Swiss Journal of Geosciences, 2007, V100, N2, SEP,
pp 281-292.
119
08.1-215
Dry-end surface soil moisture variability during NAFE’06
Teuling A J, Uijlenhoet R, Hurkmans R, Merlin O,
Panciera R, Walker J P, Troch P A
Switzerland, Netherlands, Australia, USA
Hydrology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences
Characterization of the space-time variability of
soil moisture is important for land surface and
climate studies. Here we develop an analytical
model to investigate how, at the dry-end of the
soil moisture range, the main characteristics of
the soil moisture field (spatial mean and variability, steady state distribution) depend on the intermittent character of low intensity rain storms.
Our model is in good agreement with data from
the recent National Airborne Field Experiment
(NAFE’06) held in the semiarid Australian Murrumbidgee catchment. We find a positive linear
relationship between mean soil moisture and its
associated variability, and a strong dependency
of the temporal soil moisture distribution to the
amount and structure of precipitation.
Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, V34, N17, SEP
13 ARTN: L17402.
08.1-216
Dynamics of soil organic matter turnover and
soil respired CO2 in a temperate grassland
labelled with C-13
Theis D E, Jäggi M, Aeschlimann D, Blum H,
Frossard E, Siegwolf R T W
Switzerland
Plant Sciences , Ecology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences
, Geochemistry & Geophysics
The fate of carbon (C) in grassland soils is of particular interest since the vast majority in grassland
ecosystems is stored below ground and respiratory
C-release from soils is a major component of the
global C balance. The use of C-13-depleted CO2 in a
10-year free- air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE)
experiment, gave a unique opportunity to study
the turnover of the C sequestered during this experiment. Soil organic matter (SOM), soil air and
plant material were analysed for delta C-13 and C
contents in the last year of the FACE experiment
(2002) and in the two following growing seasons.
After 10 years of exposure to CO2 enrichment at
600 ppmv, no significant differences in SOM C
content could be detected between fumigated
and non-fumigated plots. A C-13 depletion of 3.4
parts per thousand was found in SOM (0-12 cm) of
the fumigated soils in comparison with the control soils and a rapid decrease of this difference
was observed after the end of fumigation. Within
2 years, 49% of the C in this SOM (0-12 cm) was
120
exchanged with fresh C, with the limitation that
this exchange cannot be further dissected into respiratory decay of old C and freshly sequestered
new C. By analysing the mechanistic effects of a
drought on the plant-soil system it was shown
that rhizosphere respiration is the dominant factor in soil respiration. Consideration of ecophysiological factors that drive plant activity is therefore
important when soil respiration is to be investigated or modelled.
DEC, pp 1364-1372.
08.1-217
Methanotrophic activity in a diffusive methane/oxygen counter- gradient in an unsaturated porous medium
Urmann K, Norina E S, Schroth M H, Zeyer J
Switzerland
Toxicology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Water Resources
Microbial methane (CH4) oxidation is a main control on emissions of this important greenhouse
gas from ecosystems such as contaminated aquifers or wetlands under aerobic conditions. Due to
a lack of suitable model systems, we designed a
laboratory column to study this process in diffusional CH4/O-2 counter-gradients in unsaturated
porous media. Analysis and simulations of the
steady-state CH4, CO2 and O-2 gas profiles showed
that in a 15-cm-deep active zone, CH4 oxidation
followed first-order kinetics with respect to CH4
with a high apparent first-order rate constant of
similar to 30 h(-1). Total cell counts obtained using DAPI-staining suggested growth of methanotrophic bacteria, resulting in a high capacity
for CH4 oxidation. This together with apparent
tolerance to anoxic conditions enabled a rapid
response of the methanotrophic community to
changing substrate availability, which was induced by changes in O-2 concentrations at the top
of the column. Microbial oxidation was confirmed
by a similar to 7 parts per thousand enrichment
in CH4 stable carbon isotope ratios along profiles.
Using a fractionation factor of 1.025 +/- 0.0005 for
microbial oxidation estimated from this shift and
the fractionation factor for diffusion, simulations
of isotope profiles agreed well with measured data
confirming large fractionation associated with
microbial oxidation. The designed column should
be valuable for investigating response of methanotrophic bacteria to environmental parameters
in future studies.
Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 2007, V94,
N1-2, OCT 30, pp 126-138.
08.1-218
Release of C and N from roots of peas and oats
and their availability to soil microorganisms
Wichern F, Mayer J, Joergensen R G, Müller T
Plant Sciences , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Geochemistry & Geophysics
Nutrient mobilisation in the rhizosphere is driven by soil microorganisms and controlled by the
release of available C compounds from roots. It is
not known how the quality of release influences
this process in situ. Therefore, the present study
was conducted to investigate the amount and
turnover of rhizodeposition, in this study defined
as root-derived C or N present in the soil after
removal of roots and root fragments, released at
different growth stages of peas (Pisum sativum L.)
and oats (Avena sativa L.). Plants were grown in
soil columns placed in a raised bed under outdoor
conditions and simultaneously pulse labelled in
situ with a C-13-glucose-N-15-urea solution using a
stem feeding method. After harvest, C-13 and N-15
was recovered in plant parts and soil pools, including the microbial biomass. Net rhizodeposition of
C and N as a percentage of total plant C and N was
higher in peas than in oats. Moreover, the C-to-N
ratio of the rhizodeposits was lower in peas, and
a higher proportion of the microbial biomass and
inorganic N was derived from rhizodeposition.
These results suggest a positive plant-soil feedback shaping nutrient mobilisation. This process
is driven by the C and N supply of roots, which has
a higher availability in peas than in oats.
Soil Biology Biochemistry, 2007, V39, N11, NOV, pp
2829-2839.
08.1-219
Coupled mobilization of dissolved organic
matter and metals (Cu and Zn) in soil columns
Zhao L Y L, Schulin R, Weng L, Nowack B
Modelling , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Forestry ,
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is a key component involved in metal displacement in soils. In
this study, we investigated the concentration
profiles of soil-borne DOC, Cu and Zn at various
irrigation rates with synthetic rain water under
quasi steady-state conditions, using repacked soil
columns with a metal-polluted topsoil and two
unpolluted subsoils. Soil solution was collected
using suction cups installed at centimeter intervals over depth. In the topsoil the concentrations
of DOC, dissolved metals (Zn and Cu), major cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) and anions (NO3- and SO42-)
increased with depth. In the subsoil, the Cu and
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Soil and Lithosphere | Cryosphere
Zn concentrations dropped to background levels
within 2 cm. All compounds were much faster
mobilized in the first 4 cm than in the rest of the
topsoil. DOC and Cu concentrations were higher
at higher flow rates for a given depth, whereas
the concentrations of the other ions decreased
with increasing flow rate. The decomposition of
soil organic matter resulted in the formation of
DOC, SO42-, and NO3- and was the main driver of
the system. Regression analysis indicated that
121
Cu mobilization was governed by DOC, whereas
Zn mobilization was primarily determined by Ca
and to a lesser extent by DOC. Labile Zn and Cu2+
concentrations were well predicted by the NICADonnan model. The results highlight the value of
high-resolution in-situ measurements of DOC and
metal mobilization in soil profiles.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2007, V71,
N14, JUL 15, pp 3407-3418.
1.4 Cryosphere
08.1-220
ADEOS-II/GLI snow/ice products - Part II: Validation results using GLI and MODIS data
Aoki T, Hori M, Motoyoshi H, Tanikawa T, Hachikubo A, Sugiura K, Yasunari T J, Storvold R, Eide H A,
Stamnes K, Li W, Nieke J, Nakajima Y, Takahashi F
Japan, Norway, Switzerland
Modelling , Remote Sensing , Cryology / Glaciology
For the validation of snow/ice products of the
Advanced Earth Observing Satellite-II/Global Imager (ADEOS-II/GLI), several field campaigns were
performed for various types of snow conditions
with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and GLI overpasses at four sites
in Alaska and eastern Hokkaido, Japan from 2001
to 2005. The target satellite-derived snow parameters are snow surface temperature, mass fraction
of soot, and two types of snow grain size retrieved
from different spectral channels. The retrieved satellite products were compared with in-situ measured snow parameters based on snow pit work
and snow sampling. The satellite- derived snow
surface temperatures agreed well with in-situ
measured values with a correlation coefficient
(R-c) of 0.900 and a root-mean- square error (RMSE)
of 1.1 K. The satellite-derived mass fractions of
soot were close to in-situ measured mass fractions
of snow impurities for the snow layer between the
surface and down to 7 or 10 cm rather than between 0 and 2 cm, while the satellite-derived absolute values were lower than the in-situ measured
ones (R-c=0.506 and RMSE=5.0 parts per million by
weight (ppmw)). This discrepancy is due primarily
to the difference in the composition of snow impurities assumed in the satellite algorithm (soot)
and measured in-situ (mineral dust) suggesting
that the satellite retrieval of soot is not producing soot concentrations in many cases but rather
dust. Snow grain sizes retrieved from two satellite
channels lambda = 0.460 and 0.865 pm had better accuracy (R-c =0.840 and RMSE = 125 µm) than
those from a satellite channel at lambda = 1.64
µm (R-c=0.524 and RMSE = 123 µm) from the comparison with simply depth-averaged snow grain
size. When similar comparisons are made with
the depth-averaged measured grain size by a 1/e
weighting using flux transmittance, the results
for R-c and RMSE are not improved due to some
difficulties in calculating the depth-averaging by
a 1/e weighting. For all our satellite products, the
possible causes of errors are (1) satellite sensor
calibration and (2) the bidirectional reflectance
model (directional emissivity model for surface
temperature) used in the algorithm together with
the atmospheric correction. Two ways to improve
the in-situ measurements are (1) the representativeness of the measured values and (2) the measuring methods. Field measurements also indicated that the increased reflectance due to “sun
crust” observed at wet snow surfaces under clear
sky could cause an underestimation of satellitederived snow grain size. This problem will be
more severe for the grain size retrieved from the
channel at lambda = 1.64 µm.
Remote Sensing of Environment, 2007, V111,
N2-3, NOV 30, pp 274-290.
08.1-221
Current status of Andean glaciers
Casassa G, Rivera A, Haeberli W, Jones G, Käser G,
Ribstein P, Rivera A, Schneider C
Chile, Switzerland, Canada, Austria, France, Germany
Cryology / Glaciology , Meteorology & Atmospheric
Sciences
Global and Planetary Change, 2007, V59, N1-4,
OCT, pp 1-9.
122
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Cryosphere
08.1-222
Diurnal production of gaseous mercury in the
alpine snowpack before snowmelt
Fain X, Grangeon S, Bahlmann E, Fritsche J, Obrist
D, Dommergue A, Ferrari C P, Cairns W, Ebinghaus
R, Barbante C, Cescon P, Boutron C
France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, USA
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Cryology /
Glaciology
(1) In March 2005, an extensive mercury study was
performed just before snowmelt at Col de Porte,
an alpine site close to Grenoble, France. Total
mercury concentration in the snowpack ranged
from 80 + /- 08 to 160 +/- 15 ng l(-1), while reactive
mercury was below detection limit (0.2 ng l(-1)).
We observed simultaneously a production of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) in the top layer
of the snowpack and an emission flux from the
snow surface to the atmosphere. Both phenomena were well correlated with solar irradiation,
indicating photo-induced reactions in the snow
interstitial air (SIA). The mean daily flux of GEM
from the snowpack was estimated at similar to
9 ng m(-2) d(-1). No depletion of GEM concentrations was observed in the SIA, suggesting no occurrence of oxidation processes. The presence of
liquid water in the snowpack clearly enhanced
GEM production in the SIA. Laboratory flux chamber measurements enabled us to confirm that
GEM production from this alpine snowpack was
first driven by solar radiation (especially UVA and
UVB radiation), and then by liquid water in the
snowpack. Finally, a large GEM emission from the
snow surface occurred during snowmelt, and we
report total mercury concentrations in meltwater
of about 72 ng l(-1).
2007, V112, ND21, NOV 13 ARTN: D21311.
08.1-223
Validation of operational AVHRR subpixel
snow retrievals over the European Alps based
on ASTER data
Foppa N, Hauser A, Oesch D, Wunderle S,
Meister R
Switzerland
Remote Sensing , Cryology / Glaciology
Snow is of great economic and social importance
for the European Alps. Accurate monitoring of the
alpine snow cover is a key component in studying
regional climate change as well as in daily weather forecasting and snowmelt runoff modelling.
These applications require snow cover information on a high temporal resolution in near-real
time. For the European Alps, operational snow
cover fraction maps are generated on a daily basis
using data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on board the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
platforms. Snow cover distribution is inherently
discontinuous and heterogeneous in this mountainous region. We have therefore implemented a
straightforward multiple endmember unmixing
approach to estimate fractional snow cover. Subpixel proportions are difficult to validate because
similar products are not available and appropriate ground-based observations do not exist. In this
study, we validate AVHRR subpixel snow retrievals
using binary classified data sets from the Advanced
Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) to establish absolute errors of
our operational approach at three test sites. Our
analysis indicates that the AVHRR subpixel maps
compare well with the aggregated ASTER data,
showing an overall correlation of 0.78 and providing subpixel estimates with a mean absolute error
of 10.4% fractional snow cover. Discrepancies between AVHRR and ASTER snow fraction maps can
be attributed to varying snow conditions, terrain
effects and density in forest cover.
International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2007,
V28, N21, pp 4841-4865.
08.1-224
An overview of snow photochemistry: evidence, mechanisms and impacts
Grannas A M, Jones A E, Dibb J, Ammann M,
Anastasio C, Beine H J, Bergin M, Bottenheim J,
Boxe C S, Carver G, Chen G, Crawford J H, Domine
F, Frey M M, Guzman M I, Heard D E, Helmig D,
Hoffmann M R, Honrath R E, Huey L G, Hutterli M,
Jacobi H W, Klan P, Lefer B, Mc Connell J, Plane J,
Sander R, Savarino J, Shepson P B, Simpson W R,
Sodeau J R, von Glasow R, Weller R, Wolff E W,
Zhu T
USA, England, Switzerland, Italy, Canada, France,
Germany, Czech Republic, Ireland, Peoples R China
Sciences
It has been shown that sunlit snow and ice plays
an important role in processing atmospheric species. Photochemical production of a variety of
chemicals has recently been reported to occur in
snow/ice and the release of these photochemically generated species may significantly impact the
chemistry of the overlying atmosphere. Nitrogen
oxide and oxidant precursor fluxes have been measured in a number of snow covered environments,
where in some cases the emissions significantly
impact the overlying boundary layer. For example,
photochemical ozone production (such as that
occurring in polluted mid-latitudes) of 3-4 ppbv/
day has been observed at South Pole, due to high
OH and NO levels present in a relatively shallow
boundary layer. Field and laboratory experiments
have determined that the origin of the observed
NOx flux is the photochemistry of nitrate within
the snowpack, however some details of the mechanism have not yet been elucidated. A variety of
low molecular weight organic compounds have
been shown to be emitted from sunlit snowpacks,
the source of which has been proposed to be either direct or indirect photo-oxidation of natural
organic materials present in the snow. Although
myriad studies have observed active processing
of species within irradiated snowpacks, the fundamental chemistry occurring remains poorly
understood. Here we consider the nature of snow
at a fundamental, physical level; photochemical
processes within snow and the caveats needed for
comparison to atmospheric photochemistry; our
current understanding of nitrogen, oxidant, halogen and organic photochemistry within snow; the
current limitations faced by the field and implications for the future.
N16, pp 4329-4373.
08.1-225
Snow avalanche hazard modelling of large
areas using shallow water numerical methods
and GIS
Gruber U, Bartelt P
Switzerland
Cryology / Glaciology , Modelling , Instruments &
Instrumentation
Snow avalanches threaten settlements and roads
in steep mountainous areas. Hazard mitigation
strategies apply numerical models in combination
with GIS-based methods to determine run out distances and pressure maps of snow avalanches in
three-dimensional terrain. The snow avalanche
modelling system is usually applied to study
single avalanche tracks. In this paper we investigate the application of a numerical modelling
system for large area hazard analysis. We begin by
briefly presenting the depth-averaged equations
governing avalanche flow. Then, we describe the
statistical and GIS-based methods that are applied
to define the initial fracture depths and release
areas for snow avalanche modelling. We discuss
the calibration of the avalanche model friction
coefficients for extreme avalanches in function
of altitude, avalanche size and topography. Seven
test sites with areas between 100 and 350 km(2),
that are well distributed over the different snow
climates and elevation ranges of Switzerland,
were used to calibrate the model by comparing
123
the simulation results with historic avalanche
events and existing avalanche hazard maps. We
then show how the avalanche modelling system
was applied over the mountainous region of Switzerland (25,000 km(2)) to delineate forests with
protective function against avalanches.
Environmental Modelling Software, 2007, V22,
N10, OCT, pp 1472-1481.
08.1-226
Retreat scenarios of Unteraargletscher, Switzerland, using a combined ice-flow mass-balance model
Huss M, Sugiyama S, Bauder A, Funk M
Switzerland, Japan
The future evolution of Unteraargletscher, a large
valley glacier in the Swiss Alps, is assessed for the
period 2005 to 2050 using a flowline model. Detailed measurements of surface velocity from the
last decade allow us to relate ice flux to glacier
thickness and width. Mass balance is calculated
using a distributed temperature- index model
calibrated with ice volume changes derived independently from comparison of repeated digital
elevation models. The model was validated for the
period 1961 to 2005 and showed good agreement
between the simulated and observed evolution
of surface geometry. Regional climate scenarios
with seasonal resolution were used to investigate
the anticipated response of Unteraargletscher to
future climate changes. Three mass balance scenarios were defined, corresponding to 2.5%, 50%,
and 97.5% quantiles of a statistical analysis of 16
different climate model results. We present a forecast of the future extent of Unteraargletscher in
the next five decades and analyze relevant parameters with respect to the past. The model predicts
a retreat of the glacier terminus of 800-1025 in by
2035, and of 1250-2300 in by 2050. The debris coverage of the glacier tongue reduces the retreat rate
by a factor of three. The thinning, rate increased
by 50-183% by 2050 depending on the scenario applied, compared to the period 1997 to 2005.
Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research, 2007, V39,
N3, AUG, pp 422-431.
124
08.1-227
Hazard assessment of potential periglacial
debris flows based on GIS- based spatial modelling and geophysical field surveys: A case
study in the Swiss Alps
Kneisel C, Rothenbühler C, Keller F, Haeberli W
Cryology / Glaciology , Modelling , Geomorphology
Geology
Combined geomorphological and geophysical approaches were used to perforrn a hazard assessment of potential periglacial debris flow. Possible
debris flow initiation zones were identified within
a GIS- based model and located based on geomorphic attributes which contribute the most to this
type of instability. In permafrost- affected alpine
environments, these include the extent and location of ground ice and permafrost. In a potential
debris flow-starting zone in the Upper Engadine
(moraine/debris rock glacier complex Boval) twodimensional electrical resistivity surveys were
used to detect the presence/absence of permafrost and to estimate active- layer depth. The results show that the moraine complex represents
a periglacial debris reservoir which consists of
frozen and unfrozen debris. The ice-bonded part
of the moraine is largely protected from sudden
destabilisation and retrogressive erosion can be
assumed to be limited. However, future degradation or loss of permafrost in the lower parts of the
debris rock glacier would increase the amount of
erodible debris and generally reduce mechanical
stability.
Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 2007, V18,
N3, JUL-SEP, pp 259-268.
08.1-228
Tracing glacier wastage in the Northern Tien
Shan (Kyrgyzstan/Central Asia) over the last
40 years
Niederer P, Bilenko V, Ershova N, Hurni H, Yerokhin
S, Maselli D
Switzerland, Kyrgyzstan
Sciences
The status and dynamics of glaciers are crucial
for agriculture in semiarid parts of Central Asia,
since river flow is characterized by major runoff in
spring and summer, supplied by glacier- and snowmelt. Ideally, this coincides with the critical period
of water demand for irrigation. The present study
shows a clear trend in glacier retreat between 1963
and 2000 in the Sokoluk watershed, a catchment of
the Northern Tien Shan mountain range in Kyrgyzstan. The overall area loss of 28% observed for the
period 1963-2000, and a clear acceleration of wast-
age since the 1980s, correlate with the results of
previous studies in other regions of the Tien Shan
as well as the Alps. In particular, glaciers smaller
than 0.5 km(2) have exhibited this phenomenon
most starkly. While they registered a medium decrease of only 9.1% for 1963-1986, they lost 41.5% of
their surface area between 1986 and 2000. Furthermore, a general increase in the minimum glacier
elevation of 78 m has been observed over the last
three decades. This corresponds to about one-third
of the entire retreat of the minimum glacier elevation in the Northern Tien Shan since the Little Ice
Age maximum.
Climatic Change, 2008, V86, N1-2, JAN, pp
227-234.
08.1-229
Validation of the SNOWPACK model in five different snow zones in Finland
Rasmus S, Gronholm T, Lehning M, Rasmus K,
Kulmala M
Cryology / Glaciology , Modelling
The performance of a snow pack structure model
SNOWPACK was studied in five locations around
Finland during two winters. Reasonable agreement between modelled and observed snow depth
and snow pack structure evolution was found
in all other locations except in coastal Santala.
Agreement grew when going towards the north;
better agreements were obtained during the early
winter than during the melting period. Several
test runs with changed input data were done for
Hyytiala. Water equivalent, temperature, grain
form and grain size were the most sensitive of the
model output quantities to changes in the input
data. The use of measured precipitation instead
of snow depth for driving the mass balance or the
use of different radiation schemes had relatively
large effects on the model output. Model sensitivity was high when many phase changes were involved such as during the melting phase in spring
or in temperate climate zones.
Boreal Environment Research, 2007, V12, N4, AUG
27, pp 467-488.
08.1-230
Rockglacier activity studies on a regional scale:
comparison of geomorphological mapping and
photogrammetric monitoring
Roer I, Nyenhuis M
Geomorphology , Geology , Instruments & Instrumentation , Cryology / Glaciology
In their spatial distribution as well as in their
different states of activity, rockglaciers imply
important information on former and recent
permafrost conditions. Two different methods
were applied in one study area (Turtmann Valley,
Swiss Alps) in order to compare their suitability
in assessing rockglacier activity. The comparison
of geomorphological mapping and photogrammetric monitoring demonstrated a good accordance, especially on a regional scale. On a local
scale, some differences in delimitation of the
landforms as well as in the degree of activity were
found. One reason for the observed differences
is the qualitative character of geomorphological
mapping resulting from the variable suitability
of single parameters and combinations thereof in
the determination of rockglacier activity. Based
on these results, geomorphological mapping of
rockglaciers can be improved by data from photogrammetric monitoring. Therefore, at best the
two methods are combined when analysing former and present permafrost distribution.
Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2007, V32,
N12, OCT 30, pp 1747-1758.
08.1-231
Influence of different digital terrain models
(DTMs)on alpine permafrost modeling
Salzmann N, Gruber S, Hugentobler M, Hölzle M
Switzerland
Modelling , Cryology / Glaciology , Instruments &
Instrumentation
The thawing of alpine permafrost due to changes
in atmospheric conditions can have a severe impact, e.g., on the stability of rock walls. The energy balance model, PERMEBAL, was developed
in order to simulate the changes and distribution
of ground surface temperature (GST) in complex
high-mountain topography. In such environments,
the occurrence of permafrost depends greatly on
the topography, and thus, the digital terrain model (DTM) is an important input of PERMEBAL. This
study investigates the influence of the DTM on the
modeling of the GST. For this purpose, PERMEBAL
was run with six different DTMs. Five of the six
DTMs are based on the same base data, but were
generated using different interpolators. To ensure
that only the topographic effect on the GST is calculated, the snow module was turned off and uniform conditions were assumed for the whole test
area. The analyses showed that the majority of the
deviations between the different model outputs
related to a reference DTM had only small differences of up to 1 K, and only a few pixels deviated
more than 1 K. However, we also observed that the
use of different interpolators for the generation of
a DTM can result in large deviations of the model
output. These deviations were mainly found at
125
topographically complex locations such as ridges
and foot of slopes.
N4, NOV, pp 303-313.
08.1-232
Modeling the effect of snow and ice on the
global environmental fate and long-range
transport potential of semivolatile organic
compounds
Stocker J, Scheringer M, Wegmann F,
Hungerbühler K
Switzerland
Modelling , Cryology / Glaciology , Geochemistry &
Geophysics
Snow and ice have been implemented in a global
multimedia box model to investigate the influence
of these media on the environmental fate and longrange transport (LRT) of sernivolatile organic compounds (SOCs). Investigated compounds include
HCB, PC1328, PCB180, PBDE47, PBDE209, alphaHCH, and dacthal. In low latitudes, snow acts as a
transfer medium taking up chemicals from air and
releasing them to water or soil during snowmelt. In
high latitudes, snow and ice shield water, soil, and
vegetation from chemical deposition. In the model
version including snow and ice (scenario 2), the mass
of chemicals in soil in high latitudes is between 27%
(HCB) and 97% (alpha-HCH) of the mass calculated
with the model version without snow and ice (scenario 1). Amounts in Arctic seawater in scenario 2
are 8% (alpha- HCH) to 21% (dacthal) of the amounts
obtained in scenario 1. For all investigated chemicals
except alpha-HCH, presence of snow and ice in the
model increases the concentration in air by a factor
of 2(HCB)to 10(PBDE209). Because of reduced net deposition to snow-covered surfaces in high latitudes,
LRT to the Arctic is reduced for most chemicals
whereas transport to the south is more pronounced
than in scenario 1 (“southward shift”). The presence
of snow and ice thus considerably changes the environmental fate of SOCs.
N17, SEP 1, pp 6192-6198.
08.1-233
Climate warming revealed by englacial temperatures at Col du Dome (4250 m, Mont Blanc
area)
Vincent C, Le Meur E, Six D, Possenti P, Lefebvre E,
Funk M
France, Switzerland
Glaciology
Temperatures were measured in two deep boreholes drilled at the same location in the ice at Col
126
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Cryosphere | Oceans and Fresh Water
du Dome (4250 m) in 1994 and 2005, providing
clear evidence of atmospheric warming. The 1994
temperature profile was already far from steady
state conditions. Results from a heat transfer
model reveal that the englacial temperature increase cannot be explained solely by atmospheric
temperature rise. The latent heat produced by the
refreezing of surface meltwater below the surface
also contributes to the englacial temperature increase. Although surface melting is normally very
low at this altitude, this contribution became significant after 1980 for temperatures at the top of
the borehole. Simulations for different climatic
scenarios show that glaciated areas located between 3500 and 4250 m could become temperate
in the future. This warming could have a major
impact on the stability of hanging glaciers frozen
to their beds if the melting point is reached.
08.1-234
Introduction to special section: Permafrost and
seasonally frozen ground under a changing
climate
Zhang T, Nelson F E, Gruber S
USA, Switzerland
Sciences
Journal of Geophysical Research Earth Surface,
2007, V112, NF2, JUN 28 ARTN: F02S01.
1.5 Oceans and Fresh Water Systems
08.1-235
Impact of monsoonal rains on spatial scaling
patterns in water chemistry of a semiarid river
network
Acuna V, Dahm C N
Switzerland, USA
Hydrology , Geochemistry & Geophysics
The chemical composition of surface waters of
nine streams with drainage sizes ranging from
44 to 8900 km(2) within a semiarid catchment
in the southwestern United States was examined
over the monsoonal season of 2006. Primary goals
were to determine the impact of monsoonal rains
on linkages between landscape cover features
and water chemistry in a semiarid river network
and to identify whether drainage size influences
the temporal variability in water chemistry of
streams. Landscape cover features (geology, soil,
and vegetation types) were quantified for the subcatchment upstream of each study site and the
riparian ecotone. Processes of binary mixing, dilution, and concentration were identified by end
member mixing analysis (EMMA). Results showed
that most chemical constituents corresponded
to geological features at the basin scale, but
other constituents (TSS and PO43-) corresponded
more closely to riparian features. Importantly,
statistical relationships between land cover and
water chemistry differed between baseflow and
monsoonal conditions, suggesting that seasonal
changes in hydrologic routing and water sources
(e. g., overland flow versus groundwater sources)
have important consequences for stream chemistry. In contrast with mesic drainages, temporal
variability in water chemistry increased with spatial scale. The variety of contributing water sources and the relative effect of dilution and concentration in each spatial scale may be underlying
processes that explain differences across spatial
scales. Observed patterns in the Gila basin suggest
that climate variability interacts with hydrologic
routing to influence spatial patterns of stream water chemistry in arid basins. Observations made
here may be similar to other systems with strongly seasonal climate patterns, and the underlying
determinants of stream chemistry change with
drainage size.
Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences,
2007, V112, NG4, DEC 1 ARTN: G04009.
08.1-236
The tracing of riverine U in Arctic seawater
with very precise U-234 /U-238 measurements
Andersen M B, Stirling C H, Porcelli D, Halliday A N,
Andersson P S, Baskaran M
England, Switzerland, New Zealand, USA
Geochemistry & Geophysics , Oceanography ,
Hydrology
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Oceans and Fresh Water Systems
The riverine flux of U that enters the deep oceans
is not well constrained since the net losses during
estuarine mixing are difficult to quantify. Riverine-dissolved U normally has a higher U-234/(238)
U activity ratio (U-234/U-238(ar)) than the uniform
value that characterizes open ocean seawater and
could be used as a tracer of riverine inputs if one
could resolve subtle variations in seawater composition. Using new mass spectrometry techniques
we achieve a long-term reproducibility +/- 0.3
parts per thousand on U-234/U-238 (ar) which permits the tracing of riverine U in seawater samples
from the Arctic - a partially restricted basin that is
ideal for such a study. We find that surface waters
from the Arctic basins carry elevated U-234/(238)
Uar when compared with deep ocean seawater.
Samples from the Canada Basin have a significant
freshwater component and provide evidence that
the Mackenzie River loses similar to 65% of its U
in the Mackenzie shelf/estuary zone before entering the deeper basin. This is in contrast to samples
from the Makarov Basin, which provide evidence
that all of the freshwater input is derived from
the major Yenisey River alone, despite the proximity of the Lena and Ob Rivers. The differing behaviour of U between the Mackenzie and Yenisey
Rivers is most likely a consequence of the strong
binding of U to dissolved organic matter (DOC) or
secondary phases in these rivers. The Yenisey River appears to transport the majority of the DOC
through the shelf and into the Makarov Basin. In
contrast, the Mackenzie River appears to lose a
significant amount of DOC (> 50%) in the estuary/
shelf zone, which may lead to loss of associated
U. These findings offer a more detailed picture of
the fresh riverine water flow patterns in the Arctic
Ocean when compared to other geochemical proxies. The non-conservative behaviour of U in the
Mackenzie River through the shelf/estuaries has
important implications for U input into oceans
and the total marine budget.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2007, V259,
N1-2, JUL 15, pp 171-185.
08.1-237
Effects of Alpine hydropower dams on particle
transport and lacustrine sedimentation
Anselmetti F S, Bühler R, Finger D, Girardclos S,
Lancini A, Rellstab C, Sturm M
Switzerland
Hydrology , Limnology , Geomorphology , Water
Resources
The effects of high-alpine hydropower damming
on lacustrine sedimentation and transport of
solid particles were investigated in the glaciated
Grimsel area and in downstream Lake Brienz,
127
providing quantitative denudation rates and sediment yield on a source-sink basis. A total of 271
kt/yr of solid particles entered the Grimsel reservoirs on average in the last 71 years, mostly by
turbiditic underflows that focused sedimentation
in depocenters upstream of obstacles such as bedrock ridges, submerged moraines, or dams. This
is equivalent to a sediment yield of 2430 t/(km(2)
yr) in the catchment (111.5 km(2)) or a denudation
rate of 0.94 mm/yr. A total of 39 kt/yr of the fine
fraction (<similar to 4 µm) leave the reservoirs and
are transported to downstream Lake Brienz, while
232 kt/yr of mostly coarse particles are retained,
reducing total sediment input of the River Aare
into Lake Brienz by two thirds. Modeling the particle budgets in the Aare with and without dams
indicates that the fine fraction budgets are only
slightly affected by damming, but that the reservoirs cause a shift in seasonal runoff timing
resulting in increasing and decreasing particle
transport in winter and summer, respectively.
Thus, hydrodamming alters mostly deltaic sedimentation in Lake Brienz, where the coarse fraction is deposited, whereas fine grained distal sedimentation and varve formation on lateral slopes
are less affected. All varved records of the reservoirs and Lake Brienz that provide sediment rates
and grain size records on an annual basis indicate
that climate is the main control on these proxies,
while, for instance, the onset of pump storage activity in the reservoirs did not impose any significant change in lacustrine sedimentation pattern.
Aquatic Sciences, 2007, V69, N2, JUN, pp 179-198.
08.1-238
Flood events overrule fertiliser effects on
biomass production and species richness in
riverine grasslands
Beltman B, Willems J H, Güsewell S
Netherlands, Switzerland
Biodiversity , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology ,
Hydrology , Plant Sciences
Question: Do severe winter flood events lift the
nutrient limitation of biomass production in a
river floodplain? How does this affect plant species richness? How long do the effects last? Location: Floodplain grassland on calcareous sandy
loam near river Rhine in The Netherlands. Methods: Plots were fertilised with four treatments
(control, N, P, N+ P) for 21 years; plant species
composition, vegetation biomass and tissue nutrient concentrations were determined every year
between 1985 and 2005. Results: Fertilisation
with N generally increased biomass production
and reduced species richness, but these effects
varied over time. During the. rst four years of the
128
experiment, biomass production appeared to be
co-limited by N and P, while N fertilisation dramatically reduced plant species richness; these
effects became weaker subsequently. Following
two extreme winter floods in 1993-94 and 1994-95
and a drought in spring 1996, the effects of fertilisation disappeared between 1998 and 2001 and
then appeared again. Flooding caused an overall
reduction in species richness (from c. 24 to 15 species m(-2)) and an increase in biomass production,
which were only partly reversed after ten years.
Conclusions: Long time series are necessary to
understand vegetation dynamics and nutrient
limitation in river floodplains, since they are influenced by occasional flood and drought events,
whose effects may persist for more than ten years.
A future increase in flooding frequency might
be detrimental to species richness in floodplain
grasslands.
Journal of Vegetation Science, 2007, V18, N5, OCT,
pp 625-634.
08.1-239
Large-scale climatic signatures in lakes across
Europe: a meta- analysis
Blenckner T, Adrian R, Livingstone D M, Jennings
E, Weyhenmeyer G A, George D G, Jankowski T,
Jarvinen M, Aonghusa Caitriona N, Noges T, Straile
D, Teubner K
Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, Ireland, England,
Finland, Estonia, Austria
Zoology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences ,
Limnology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Ecology
Recent studies have highlighted the impact of the
winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on water
temperature, ice conditions, and spring plankton
phenology in specific lakes and regions in Europe.
Here, we use meta-analysis techniques to test
whether 18 lakes in northern, western, and central Europe respond coherently to winter climate
forcing, and to assess the persistence of the winter climate signal in physical, chemical, and biological variables during the year. A meta-analysis
approach was chosen because we wished to emphasize the overall coherence pattern rather than
individual lake responses. A particular strength
of our approach is that time-series from each of
the 18 lakes were subjected to the same robust
statistical analysis covering the same 23-year period. Although the strongest overall coherence in
response to the winter NAO was exhibited by lake
water temperatures, a strong, coherent response
was also exhibited by concentrations of soluble
reactive phosphorus and soluble reactive silicate,
most likely as a result of the coherent response
exhibited by the spring phytoplankton bloom.
Lake nitrate concentrations showed significant
coherence in winter. With the exception of the
cyanobacterial biomass in summer, phytoplankton biomass in all seasons was unrelated to the
winter NAO. A strong coherence in the abundance
of daphnids during spring can most likely be attributed to coherence in daphnid phenology. A
strong coherence in the summer abundance of
the cyclopoid copepods may have been related to
a coherent change in their emergence from resting stages. We discuss the complex nature of the
potential mechanisms that drive the observed
changes.
Global Change Biology, 2007, V13, N7, JUL, pp
1314-1326.
08.1-240
The ecology of European ponds: defining
the characteristics of a neglected freshwater
habitat
Cereghino R, Biggs J, Oertli B, Declerck S
France, England, Switzerland, Belgium
Marine & Freshwater Biology , Biodiversity , Ecology
There is growing awareness in Europe of the importance of ponds, and increasing understanding
of the contribution they make to aquatic biodiversity and catchment functions. Collectively, they
support considerably more species, and specifically
more scarce species, than other freshwater waterbody types. Ponds create links (or stepping stones)
between existing aquatic habitats, but also provide
ecosystem services such as nutrient interception,
hydrological regulation, etc. In addition, ponds are
powerful model systems for studies in ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation biology, and
can be used as sentinel systems in the monitoring of global change. Ponds have begun to receive
greater protection, particularly in the Mediterranean regions of Europe, as a result of the identification of Mediterranean temporary ponds as a priority in the EU Habitats Directive. Despite this, they
remain excluded from the provisions of the Water
Framework Directive, even though this is intended
to ensure the good status of all waters. There is now
a need to strengthen, develop and coordinate existing initiatives, and to build a common framework
in order to establish a sound scientific and practical basis for pond conservation in Europe. The articles presented in this issue are intended to explore
scientific problems to be solved in order to increase
the understanding and the protection of ponds, to
highlight those aspects of pond ecology that are
relevant to freshwater science, and to bring out research areas which are likely to prove fruitful for
further investigation.
Hydrobiologia, 2008, V597, FEB, pp 1-6.
08.1-241
Biodiversity and distribution patterns of freshwater invertebrates in farm ponds of a southwestern French agricultural landscape
Cereghino R, Ruggiero A, Marty P, Angelibert S
France, Switzerland
Biodiversity , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , Zoology
We assessed the importance for biodiversity of
man-made farm ponds in an agricultural landscape in SW France lacking natural wetlands.
The ponds were originally created to provide a
variety of societal services (irrigation, visual amenity, water for cattle, etc.). We also assessed the
environmental factors influencing invertebrate
assemblages in these ponds. Only 18 invertebrate
taxa out of 114 taxa occurring in the study area
were common to ponds and rivers indicating that
the contribution of farm ponds to freshwater biodiversity was potentially high. A Self-Organizing
Map (SOM, neural network) was used to classify 36
farm ponds in terms of the 52 invertebrate families and genera they supported, and to specify
the influence of environmental variables related
to land-use and to pond characteristics on the
assemblage patterns. The SOM trained with taxa
occurrences showed five clusters of ponds, most
taxa occurring only in 1-2 clusters of ponds. Abandoned ponds tended to support higher numbers
of taxa, probably because they were allowed to
undergo a natural succession. Nevertheless, abandoned ponds were also amongst the largest, so
that it remained difficult to separate the effects of
pond size and abandonment, although both factors were likely to interact to favour higher taxon
richness. The invertebrate communities in the
ponds appeared to be influenced mainly by widely
acting environmental factors (e.g. area, regionalization of assemblages) with little evidence that
pond use (e.g. cattle watering, amenity) generally
influenced assemblage composition. Our results
support the idea that agricultural landscapes
containing man- made ponds make a significant
contribution to freshwater biodiversity indicating
that protection of farm ponds from threats such
as in- filling and pollution can make a positive
contribution to the maintenance of aquatic biodiversity. This added value for biodiversity should
be considered when calculating the economic
costs and benefits of constructing water bodies
for human activities.
129
08.1-242
The Mar Menor lagoon (SE Spain): A singular natural ecosystem threatened by human
activities
Conesa H M, Jimenez Carceles F J
Switzerland, Spain
Ecology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Marine &
Freshwater Biology
The Mar Menor lagoon is one of the most important ecological singularities in the Mediterranean
area. At the same time, it is an area where many
economic and industrial activities meet. The sum
of the impacts of mining, agriculture and urban
development in the surroundings to the lagoon
during the last decades has affected its ecosystem.
In this paper, we have reviewed the studies done
by researchers over two decades regarding the
impacts of human activities in the lagoon, reporting data of contamination levels and the effects
generated in the ecosystem of the lagoon. The
discharge of enriched nutrient waters seems to be
the most important input in the lagoon. Changes
to more friendly agricultural techniques in the
surrounding areas are therefore necessary. After
our review, we can conclude that it is necessary
to have higher efforts from the public administrations and stricter environmental regulations in
order to preserve, on one hand, the important ecological values of the lagoon, and on other hand,
public health.
Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2007, V54, N7, JUL, pp
839-849.
08.1-243
Earth Observation for wetland inventory, assessment and monitoring
Davidson N C, Finlayson C M
Switzerland, Sri Lanka
Marine & Freshwater Biology , Instruments & Instrumentation , Remote Sensing , Ecology
1. Wetland inventory, assessment and monitoring are widely recognized as essential tools for a
range of purposes that underpin sound decisionmaking and the management of wetlands so as to
maintain their ecological character, including the
critical services they provide to people worldwide.
2. In recognition of this, the Ramsar Convention
on Wetlands has adopted a suite of tools designed
for: (i) describing the ecological character of wetlands; (ii) assessing the pressures and associated
risks of adverse change; and (iii) monitoring the
extent of any change that occurs as a consequence
of management actions. 3. As a prelude to considering the application of Earth Observation techniques to wetlands a review of the needs and purposes of inventory, assessment and monitoring is
130
provided and linked with the wetlands ‘toolkit’
that the Convention has developed. In particular
the usefulness of Earth Observation for undertaking such work more widely, and making its results more accessible to users, is considered. 4. As
the wide typological, geographical and temporal
variability of wetlands poses major challenges for
inventory and assessment there have been many
calls for the effective application of Earth Observation. In response a number of remote-sensing
techniques have been developed or are being considered, such as the application of satellite-based
radar, with more recent attention given to the
application of long-wavelength (L-band) synthetic
aperture radar. Copyright (c) 2007 John Wiley &
Sons, Ltd.
Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 2007, V17, N3, MAY, pp 219-228.
08.1-244
Biodegradation and environmental behavior
of biodiesel mixtures in the sea: An initial
study
Demello J A, Carmichael C A, Peacock E E, Nelson R
K, Arey J S, Reddy C M
USA, Switzerland
Toxicology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Ecology
Biodiesel, a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters
(FAMEs) derived from animal fats or vegetable
oils, is rapidly moving towards the mainstream
as an alternative source of energy. However, the
behavior of biodiesel, or blends of biodiesel with
fossil diesel, in the marine environment have yet
to be fully understood. Hence, we performed a series of initial laboratory experiments and simple
calculations to evaluate the microbial and environmental fate of FAMEs. Aerobic seawater microcosms spiked with biodiesel or mixtures of biodiesel and fossil diesel revealed that the FAMEs were
degraded at roughly the same rate as n-alkanes,
and more rapidly than other hydrocarbon components. The residues extracted from these different microcosms became indistinguishable within
weeks. Preliminary results from physical-chemical calculations suggest that FAMEs in biodiesel
mixtures will not affect the evaporation rates of
spilled petroleum hydrocarbons but may stabilize
oil droplets in the water column and thereby facilitate transport. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved.
Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2007, V54, N7, JUL, pp
894-904.
08.1-245
Effect of water-table fluctuation on dissolution and biodegradation of a multi-component, light nonaqueous-phase liquid
Dobson R, Schroth M H, Zeyer J
Switzerland
Geochemistry & Geophysics , Water Resources ,
Marine & Freshwater Biology
Light nonaqueous-phase liquids (LNAPLs) such as
gasoline and diesel fuel are among the most common causes of soil and groundwater contamination. Dissolution and subsequent advective transport of LNAPL components can negatively impact
water supplies, while biodegradation is thought
to be an important sink for this class of contaminants. We present a laboratory investigation of
the effect of a water-table fluctuation on dissolution and biodegradation of a multi-component
LNAPL (85% hexadecane, 5% toluene, 5% ethylbenzene, and 5% 2-methylnapthalene on a molar
basis) in a pair of similar model aquifers (80 cm
x 50 cm x 3 cm), one of which was subjected to
a water-table fluctuation. Water-table fluctuation
resulted in LNAPL and air entrapment below the
water table, an increase in the vertical extent of
the LNAPL source zone (by factor 6.7), and an increase in the volume of water passing through
the source zone (by factor similar to 18). Effluent
concentrations of dissolved LNAPL components
were substantially higher and those of dissolved
nitrate lower in the model aquifer where a fluctuation had been induced. Thus, water-table fluctuation led to enhanced biodegradation activity
(28.3 mmol of nitrate consumed compared to 16.3
mmol in the model without fluctuation) as well
as enhanced dissolution of LNAPL components.
Despite the increased biodegradation, fluctuation
led to increased elution of dissolved LNAPL components from the system (by factors 10-20). Hence,
water-table fluctuations in LNAPL-contaminated
aquifers might be expected to result in increased
exposure of downgradient receptors to LNAPL
components. Accordingly, water-table fluctuations in contaminated aquifers are probably undesirable unless the LNAPL is of minimal solubility or the dissolved-phase plume is not expected to
reach a receptor due to distance or the presence of
some form of containment.
Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 2007, V94,
N3-4, DEC 7, pp 235-248.
08.1-246
Ecosystem expansion and contraction dynamics along a large Alpine alluvial corridor
(Tagliamento River, Northeast Italy)
Doering M, Uehlinger U, Rotach A, Schlaepfer D R,
Tockner K
Switzerland
Hydrology , Ecology , Geomorphology
Riverine floodplains are pulsing ecosystems that
expand and contract with changing flow. In this
study we quantified large-scale expansion and
contraction dynamics of surface waters along
a 41.5 km braided section of the last remaining
semi-natural large Alpine gravel-bed river (Tagliamento River; NE Italy). To assess surface-subsurface
exchange patterns We measured discharge and
vertical hydraulic gradients at multiple locations
along the corridor. We identified two river sections
delineated by distinct geomorphic knickpoints. In
the upper 29 km, Section I (losing zone), surface
flow decreased on average by 2.5 +/- 0.8 m(3) s(-1)
per river-km. In the downstream 12.5 km, Section
II (gaining zone), surface How increased on average by 0.3 +/- 0.1 m(3)s(-1) per river-km. The losing
zone experienced frequent and extensive drying
and rewetting cycles. The length of the dry river
section was measured over a 1.5 year period using
differential GPS. Up to 23 km of Section I fell dry
at the surface. Frequent and irregular flow pulses
led to rapid expansions of the wetted channel at
velocities of up to 3 km h(-1), while the subsequent
contraction velocities were less than 0-5 km h(-1).
Water level was linearly regressed against the total length of the dry river section (r(2) = 0.74; p
< 0.0001). This relationship, in combination with
a continuous stage record, was used to evaluate
expansion and contraction dynamics over a 4 year
period. Timing, frequency, magnitude (spatial extent) and duration of expansion and contraction
dynamics reflected the flashy flow regime of the
Tagliamento River, including a high intra- and
inter-annual variability of surface drying and rewetting. Our study emphasizes that even small
changes in How can cause major increases or
decreases of ecosystem size, thereby creating a
highly dynamic and harsh environment for both
terrestrial and aquatic organisms.
N11, OCT 15, pp 1693-1704.
131
08.1-247
Field evidence of a dynamic leakage coefficient for modelling river- aquifer interactions
Doppler T, Franssen H J H, Kaiser H P, Kuhlman U,
Stauffer F
Switzerland
Modelling , Water Resources , Hydrology
In groundwater flow modelling, the interaction
between rivers and aquifers is usually modelled
with spatially and temporally constant leakage
coefficients. We used conventional model calibration techniques to investigate the time-varying
river-aquifer interactions in the sandy gravel
aquifer of the upper Limmat valley in Zürich
(Switzerland). The aim of the study was to determine whether the leakage coefficients have to be
treated as time-dependent in order to adequately
model the dynamics of the groundwater flow. A
transient horizontal two-dimensional groundwater flow model was established together with a
one-dimensional hydraulic model for river flow,
as well as a scheme calculating groundwater recharge and lateral inflow from meteorological
data and a soil water balance model. The groundwater flow model was calibrated using hydraulic
head data from May and June 2004 and July and
August 2005. The verification period covered 13
years using hydraulic head data from 90 piezometers. The comparison of the model results with
the measurements in the verification period revealed three phenomena concerning river-aquifer
interaction which all showed up as systematic deviations between model and observations. (1) The
major flood event in May 1999 had a significant
and persistent influence on the river-aquifer interaction. In an impounded river section upstream
of a weir, the infiltration of river water was enhanced by the flooding probably due to erosion
processes. (2) Seasonal river water temperature
fluctuations influenced the infiltration rate, due
to the temperature dependence of hydraulic
conductivity of the river bed. (3) Depending on
geometry and hydraulic characteristics of the riverbanks the leakage coefficient can be a function
of the river stage. With higher water levels, additional areas can contribute to the infiltration of
river water. Therefore, in modelling groundwater
flow with strong river-aquifer interactions, it can
become necessary to consider dynamic leakage
coefficients and to recalibrate periodically.
Journal of Hydrology, 2007, V347, N1-2, DEC 15,
pp 177-187.
132
08.1-248
The GLOWA Jordan river project: Integrated
research for sustainable water management
Drexler C, Tielbörger K
Water Resources , Hydrology
N3, AUG, pp 274-275.
08.1-249
Hydropower production and river rehabilitation: A case study on an alpine river
Fette M, Weber C, Peter A, Wehrli B
Switzerland
Hydrology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Ecology
Despite the numerous benefits of hydropower production, this renewable energy source can have serious negative consequences on the environment.
For example, dams act as barriers for the longitudinal migration of organisms and transport of
particulate matter. Accelerated siltation processes
in the receiving river reduce the vertical connectivity between river and groundwater. Hydropeaks, caused by short-term changes in hydropower
operation, result in a negative impact on both
habitat and organisms, especially during winter
months when natural discharge is low and almost
constant. In this study, we report the current deficits present in the River Rhone from two different
scientific perspectives - fish ecology and hydrology. Potential rehabilitation solutions in synergy
with flood protection measures are discussed. We
focus on the effects of hydropeaking in relation to
longitudinal and vertical dimensions and discuss
local river widening as a potential rehabilitation
tool. The fish fauna in the Rhone is characterized
by a highly unnatural structure (low diversity,
impaired age distribution). A high correlation between fish biomass and monotonous morphology
(poor cover availability) was established. Tracer
hydrology provided further details about the reduced permeability of the riverbank, revealing a
high degree of siltation with K values of about 4.7
x 10 (-6) m s(-1). Improving the hydrologic situation is therefore essential for the successful rehabilitation of the Rhone River. To this end, hydropeaks in the river reaches must be attenuated. This
can be realized by a combination of different hard
technical and soft operational measures such as
retention reservoirs or slower up and down ramping of turbines.
N4, NOV, pp 257-267.
08.1-250
Effects of alpine hydropower operations on
primary production in a downstream lake
Finger D, Bossard P, Schmid M, Jaun L, Müller B,
Steiner D, Schäffer E, Zeh M, Wüest A
Switzerland
Limnology , Hydrology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Ecology , Water Resources
During the past century, the construction of hydropower dams in the watershed of Lake Brienz
has significantly altered the dynamics of turbidity, which has important implications for lake
productivity. To assess these effects, we measured
in situ carbon assimilation rates and ambient
light intensities over 18 months. Based on experimental data, a numerical model was developed
to assess gross primary production under present
light conditions and those under a hypothetical
case without upstream dams. Light conditions
for the hypothetical ‘no-dam’ situation were estimated from pre-dam Secchi depths and simulated
‘no-dam’ particle concentrations. Current gross
primary production is low (similar to 66 gC m(-2)
yr(-1)), and could increase similar to 44% if the lake
was less turbid. Disregarding nutrient retention
in reservoirs, we estimate gross primary production would be similar to 35% lower in summer and
similar to 23% higher in winter in the absence of
reservoirs. The annual primary production (similar to 58 gC m(-2)yr(-1)) would decrease similar to
12% compared to the current primary production
with dams. According to model calculations, hydropower operations have significantly altered
the seasonal dynamics, but have little effect on
annual primary production in Lake Brienz.
08.1-251
Comparing effects of oligotrophication and
upstream hydropower dams on plankton and
productivity in perialpine lakes
Finger D, Schmid M, Wüest A
Switzerland
Modelling , Hydrology , Water Resources , Marine
& Freshwater Biology
In recent decades, many perialpine lakes have
been affected by oligotrophication due to efficient
sewage treatment and by altered water turbidity
due to upstream hydropower operations. Such
simultaneous environmental changes often lead
to public debate on the actual causes of observed
productivity reductions. We evaluate the effects
of those two changes by a combined approach
of modeling and data interpretation for a case
study on Lake Brienz (Switzerland), a typical oligotrophic perialpine lake, located downstream
of several hydropower reservoirs. A physical kepsilon scheme and a biogeochemical advectiondiffusion-reaction model were implemented and
applied for several hypothetical scenarios with different nutrient loads and different particle input
dynamics. The simulation results are compared to
long-term biotic data collected from 1999 to 2004.
The analysis shows that enhanced nutrient supply increases the nutritious value of algae, stimulating zooplankton growth, while phytoplankton
growth is limited by stronger top-down control.
Annually integrated productivity is only slightly
influenced by altered turbidity, as phosphorous
limitation prevails. Simulations indicate that the
spring production peak is delayed because of increased turbidity in winter caused by upstream
hydropower operation. As a consequence, the entire nutrient cycle is seasonally delayed, creating
an additional stress for zooplankton and fish in
the downstream lake.
Water Resources Research, 2007, V43, N12, DEC
11 ARTN: W12404.
08.1-252
Characterizing water circulation and contaminant transport in Lake Geneva using bacteriophage tracer experiments and limnological
methods
Goldscheider N, Haller L, Pote J, Wildi W, Zopfi J
Switzerland
Limnology , Microbiology , Marine & Freshwater
Biology
Multi-tracer tests with three types of marine bacteriophages (H4/4, H6/1, and H40/1), together with
various limnological methods, including physicochemical depth profiling, surface drifters, deep
current measurements, and fecal indicator bacteria analyses, have been applied to characterize
water circulation and pathogen transport in the
Bay of Vidy (Lake Geneva, Switzerland). The experimental program was carried out twice, first in November 2005, when the lake was stratified, and a
second time during holomixis in February 2006.
The bacteriophages were injected at three points
at different depths, where contaminated waters
enter the lake, including the outlet pipe of a wastewater treatment plant, a river, and a stormwater
outlet. Thereafter, water samples were collected
in the lake at 2 m depth during a 48 h sampling
campaign. The results demonstrate that (i) contaminated river water spreads rapidly in the bay; (ii) a
well- developed thermocline is highly effective in
preventing contamination from the depth to rise
up to the surface; (iii) rapid vertical mixing and
pathogen transport occur under thermally homogeneous conditions; and (iv) repeated multi-tracer
133
tests with bacteriophages are a powerful technique
to assess water circulation and contaminant transport in lakes where high dilution occurs.
N15, AUG 1, pp 5252-5258.
08.1-253
Bubble gas-exchange in an artificially aerated
lake traced using noble gases
Holzner C P, Graser N, Kipfer R
Switzerland
Limnology , Geochemistry & Geophysics
AUG, SS, p A413.
08.1-254
Accumulation of cyanobacterial toxins in
freshwater “seafood” and its consequences for
public health: A review
Ibelings B W, Chorus I
Switzerland, Netherlands, Germany
Marine & Freshwater Biology , Toxicology , Human
& Public Health
This review summarizes and discusses the current understanding of human exposure to cyanobacterial toxins in “seafood” collected from
freshwater and coastal areas. The review consists
of three parts: (a) the existing literature on concentrations of cyanobacterial toxins in seafood is
reviewed, and the likelihood of bioaccumulation
discussed; (b) we derive cyanotoxin doses likely
to occur through seafood consumption and propose guideline values for seafood and compare
these to guidelines for drinking water; and (c) we
discuss means to assess, control or mitigate the
risks of exposure to cyanotoxins through seafood
consumption. This is discussed in the context of
two specific procedures, the food specific HACCPapproach and the water- specific Water Safety
Plan approach by the WHO. Risks of exposure to
cyanotoxins in food are sometimes underestimated. Risk assessments should acknowledge this and
investigate the partitioning of exposure between
drinking-water and food, which may vary depending on local circumstances.
177-192.
08.1-255
Effects of upstream hydropower operation
and oligotrophication on the light regime of a
turbid peri-alpine lake
Jaun L, Finger D, Zeh M, Schurter M, Wüest A
Switzerland
Hydrology , Limnology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Ecology , Water Resources
134
Anthropogenic activities in catchments can alter
the light regimes in downstream natural waters,
affecting light attenuation and the perceived optical properties of the waters. We analyzed the
effects of upstream hydropower operation and
oligotrophication on light attenuation and reflectance in Lake Brienz (Switzerland). For this
purpose, we reconstructed its light regime for the
pre-dam condition and for periods of 4-fold increased primary productivity, based on direct observations of light and beam attenuation as well
as concentrations of optically active compounds,
especially observed and simulated mineral particle concentrations. Based on our assessment, light
attenuation before the construction of upstream
dams was double the current value during summer and nearly half in winter. This result is consistent with pre-dam measurements of Secchi depths
in the early 1920s. Using a simple optical model, a
significant increase in reflectance since the 1970s
was estimated, assuming a 4-fold decrease of optical active organic compounds within the lake. As
reflectance is perceived by human eyes as turbidity, this may explain subjective reports by local
residents of increasing turbidity in recent years.
08.1-256
Decadal water mass variations along 20 degrees W in the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean
Johnson G C, Gruber N
USA, Switzerland
Oceanography
Water mass variations in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean along 20 degrees W are analyzed with
pentadal resolution over the past 15 years using
data from four repeat occupations of a meridional
hydrographic section running south from Iceland.
The section was sampled in 1988, 1993, 1998, and
2003. The results are interpreted in the context of
changes in air-sea forcing, ocean circulation, and
water properties associated with the North Atlantic
Oscillation (NAO) . The NAO index oscillated around
zero from 1984 to 1988, was strongly positive from
1989 to 1995, after which it shifted to lower positive,
and occasionally negative values from 1996 to 2003.
Previously published studies suggest that after the
1995-1996 shift of the NAO, the subpolar gyre largely
retreated to the northwest in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, resulting in an increasingly southeastern character of local water masses with time. Water property changes extending from the Subpolar
Mode Water (SPMW) just below the seasonal pycnocline through the density range shared by Mediterranean Outflow Water and SubArctic Intermediate
Water (SAIW) along 20 degrees W are consistent
with changes in wind-driven ocean circulation and
air-sea heat flux associated with shifts in the NAO,
especially after accounting for ocean memory. After
periods of lower NAO index the SPMW is warmer,
saltier, and lighter. At these same times, large increases of apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) and
potential vorticity are found at the SPMW base, consistent with SPMW ventilation to lighter densities
during lower NAO index periods. Deeper and denser
in the water column, the cold, fresh, and dense
SAIW signature within the permanent pycnocline
that was most strongly present in 1993, near the culmination of a period of high NAO index, is much
reduced in 1988 and 1998. In 2003, after a prolonged
period of lower NAO index, increasing influence of
warmer, saltier subtropical waters is clear within
the permanent pycnocline. The deep penetration of
the changes implies that they are caused primarily
by circulation changes resulting from NAO-associated wind shifts, but changes in air-sea heat flux could
also have played a role.
Progress in Oceanography, 2007, V73, N3-4, pp
277-295.
08.1-257
Relationships among recent Alpine Cladocera
remains and their environment: Implications
for climate-change studies
Kamenik C, Szeroczynska K, Schmidt R
Switzerland, Poland, Austria
Limnology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Ecology
Our objective was to assess the potential of Cladocera from mountain lakes for climate reconstruction. We related Cladocera from surface sediments
of Alpine lakes (1,502-2,309 m asl) to 29 abiotic environmental variables using statistical methods. The
environmental dataset included water chemistry,
lake depth, and bi-hourly water- temperature logs,
which were used to assess mean monthly water
temperatures, dates of freezing and breakup, spring
and autumn mixing. We found 14 different Cladocera of the families Bosminidae, Daphniidae, and
Chydoridae. Lakes without Cladocera (eight lakes)
were cold and/or ultra-oligotrophic, whereas lakes
with planktonic and littoral Cladocera (19 lakes)
were warmer and/or less oligotrophic. Lakes with
only littoral Cladocera (18 lakes) had intermediate
water temperatures/trophy. Changes in Cladocera
assemblages were related to changes in climate,
nutrients, and/or alkalinity. We found a climate
threshold at which Bosminidae disappeared in
95% of the lakes. For climate-change research, we
propose studying Cladocera along transects that
include climatic thresholds.
Hydrobiologia, 2007, V594, DEC, pp 33-46.
08.1-258
Implementation of a process-based catchment
model in a poorly gauged, highly glacierized
Himalayan headwater
Konz M, Uhlenbrook S, Braun L, Shrestha A, Demuth S
Switzerland, Netherlands, Germany, Nepal
Modelling , Hydrology
The paper presents a catchment modeling approach for remote glacierized Himalayan catchments. The distributed catchment model TAC
(D), which is widely based on the HBV model, was
further developed for the application in highly
glacierized catchments on a daily timestep and
applied to the Nepalese Himalayan headwater
Langtang Khola (360 km(2)). Low laying reference
stations are taken for temperature extrapolation applying a second order polynomial function. Probability based statistical methods enable bridging data gaps in daily precipitation
time series and the redistribution of cumulated
precipitation sums over the previous days. Snow
and ice melt was calculated in a distributed way
based on the temperature- index method employing calculated daily potential sunshine durations.
Different melting conditions of snow and ice and
melting of ice under debris layers were considered. The spatial delineation of hydrological response units was achieved by taking topographic
and physiographic information from maps and
satellite images into account, and enabled to
incorporate process knowledge into the model.
Simulation results demonstrated that the model
is able to simulate daily discharge for a period of
10 years and point glacier mass balances observed
in the research area with an adequate reliability.
The simple but robust data pre-processing and
modeling approach enables the determination of
the components of the water balance of a remote,
data scarce catchment with a minimum of input
data.
Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2007, V11,
N4, pp 1323-1339.
08.1-259
Effects of impoundment on nutrient availability and productivity in lakes
Matzinger A, Pieters R, Ashley K I, Lawrence G A,
Wüest A
Switzerland, Canada
Modelling , Limnology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Geochemistry & Geophysics
We investigate the hydraulic alteration and the
effect on primary productivity of the Hugh Keenleyside Dam built at the outlet of the Arrow Lakes
(British Columbia, Canada) in 1967. Three dam-
135
induced hydraulic changes have been identified
as relevant: (1) water level increase, (2) leveling of
the seasonal outflow, and (3) subsurface release of
water from the dam. The potential effect of these
alterations on primary productivity were tested
with a numerical model supported by field observations. Hydraulic modifications can reduce lake
productivity by up to 40%, primarily as a result
of altered flow path and allowing nutrients to
pass through the reservoir without entering the
productive zone near the surface. This productivity loss is comparable to the reduction caused
by nutrient retention behind dams constructed
upstream of the Arrow Lakes Reservoir. The combined productivity loss from both of these two
mechanisms is significant and may well be responsible for the dramatic decline of kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka) observed in the Arrow Lakes
Reservoir in the 1990s.
Limnology and Oceanography, 2007, V52, N6,
NOV, pp 2629-2640.
08.1-260
Eutrophication: are mayflies (Ephemeroptera)
good bioindicators for ponds?
Menetrey N, Oertli B, Sartori M, Wagner A, Lachavanne J B
Switzerland
Zoology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Water
Resources , Biodiversity
Ephemeroptera larvae are recognized worldwide
for their sensitivity to oxygen depletion in running waters, and are therefore commonly used as
bioindicators in many monitoring programmes.
Mayflies inhabiting lentic waters, like lakes and
ponds, in contrary have been poorly prospected
in biomonitoring. For this purpose, a better understanding of their distribution in lentic habitats and of the relations of species presence with
environmental conditions are needed. Within
this framework, 104 ponds were sampled in Switzerland. The Ephemeroptera are found to be an
insect order particularly well represented in the
ponds studied here (93% of the lowland ponds).
Nevertheless, in terms of diversity, they are relatively poorly represented (mean species number
= 1.9). Two species dominated: Cloeon dipterum
(Baetidae) and Caenis horaria (Caenidae). The investigations contributed to the updating of the
geographical distribution of the species in Switzerland, as many of the observations appear to
be from new localities. The trophic state of ponds
appears here to be important for Ephemeroptera
communities. First, there is a negative relationship between total phosphorus (TP) concentrations and species richness. Second, the presence of
136
Caenis horaria or Cloeon dipterum is dependent
on the trophic state. Caenis horaria is most closely
associated with low levels of TP concentrations,
while Cloeon dipterum appears to be less sensitive, and is most frequently found in hypertrophic
conditions. A probable consequence of these relations, is that Baetidae are always present when
Caenidae are also present. Contrastingly, Baetidae
is observed as the only mayflies family present in
several ponds.
08.1-261
Inorganic carbon fixation by sulfate-reducing
bacteria in the Black Sea water column
Neretin L N, Abed R M M, Schippers A, Schubert C
J, Kohls K, Kuypers M M M
Microbiology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Geochemistry & Geophysics
The Black Sea is the largest anoxic water basin on
Earth and its stratified water column comprises
an upper oxic, middle suboxic and a lower permanently anoxic, sulfidic zone. The abundance
of sulfate- reducing bacteria (SRB) in water samples was determined by quantifying the copy
number of the dsrA gene coding for the alpha
subunit of the dissimilatory (bi)sulfite reductase
using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The
dsrA gene was detected throughout the whole
suboxic and anoxic zones. The maximum dsrA
copy numbers were 5 x 10(2) and 6.3 x 10(2) copies ml(-1) at 95 m in the suboxic and at 150 m in
the upper anoxic zone, respectively. The proportion of SRB to total Bacteria was 0.1% in the oxic,
0.8-1.9% in the suboxic and 1.2-4.7% in the anoxic
zone. A phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA clones
showed that most clones from the anoxic zone
formed a coherent cluster within the Desulfonema-Desulfosarcina group. A similar depth profile
as for dsrA copy numbers was obtained for the
concentration of non-isoprenoidal dialkyl glycerol diethers (DGDs), which are most likely SRBspecific lipid biomarkers. Three different DGDs
were found to be major components of the total
lipid fractions from the anoxic zone. The DGDs
were depleted in C-13 relative to the delta C-13
values of dissolved CO2 (delta C-13(CO2)) by 14-19
parts per thousand. Their delta C-13 values (delta
C-13(DGD(II-III))) co-varied with depth showing
the least C-13-depleted values in the top of the
sulfidic, anoxic zone and the most C-13-depleted
values in the deep anoxic waters at 1500 m. This
co-variation provides evidence for CO2 incorporation by the DGD(II-III)-producing SRB, while
the 1:2 relationship between delta C-13(CO2) and
delta C-13(DGD(II-III)) indicates the use of an additional organic carbon source.
Environmental Microbiology, 2007, V9, N12, DEC,
pp 3019-3024.
08.1-262
Impacts of environmental change on water
resources in the Mt. Kenya region
Notter B, Macmillan L, Viviroli D, Weingartner R,
Liniger H P
Switzerland
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Water Resources , Modelling
Water resources are becoming increasingly scarce
in the Mt. Kenya region. Land use and climate
change may pose additional challenges to water
management in the future. In order to assess
the impacts of environmental change, the NRM3
Streamflow Model, a simple, semi- distributed,
grid-based water balance model, is evaluated as
a too(for discharge prediction in six meso-scale
catchments on the western slopes of Mt. Kenya,
and used to analyse the impact of Land use and
climate change scenarios on water resources. The
calibration and validation results show an acceptable performance of the NRM3 Streamflow Model
in simulating discharge. Input data represent the
main (imitation. Rainfall patterns in the mountainous catchments are very heterogeneous and
difficult to capture with the monitoring network.
River water abstractions make up 80-100% of naturalized dry season discharge, but amounts can
only be approximately estimated. Under the scenarios of (and use and climate change examined,
the total amount as well as the variability of discharge wilt increase: Conversion of the forest area
to crop- or grassland wilt increase annual runoff
by 11% or 59%, respectively, by mainly increasing
flood flows and, under cropland, slightly reducing Low flows. Climate change as projected by the
IPCC Task Group on Scenarios for Impact Assessment (IPCC-TCGIA, 1999. Guidelines in the use of
data for climate impact and adaptation assessment. Version 1. Prepared by Carter, T.R., Hulme,
M.., Lal, M., Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change, Task Group on Scenarios for Climate Impact Assessment.) will result in an increase of annual runoff by 26%, with a severe increase in flood
flows, and a reduction of the lowest flows to about
a tenth of the current value.
Journal of Hydrology, 2007, V343, N3-4, SEP 20,
pp 266-278.
08.1-263
Influence of temperature and high acetate
concentrations on methanogenensis in lake
sediment slurries
Nozhevnikova A N, Nekrasova V, Ammann A,
Zehnder A J B, Wehrli B, Holliger C
Switzerland, Russia
Limnology , Microbiology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Marine & Freshwater Biology
Methanogenesis from main methane precursors
H-2/CO2 and acetate was investigated in a temperature range of 2-70 degrees C using sediments from
Lake Baldegg, Switzerland. Psychrophilic, psychrotrophic, mesophilic, and thermophilic methanogenic microbial communities were enriched
by incubations for 1-3 months of nonamended
sediment slurries at 5, 15, 30, and 50 degrees
C. Isotope experiments with slurries amended
with C-14-labeled bicarbonate and C-14-2-acetate
showed that in the psychrophilic community
(enriched at 5 degrees C), about 95% of methane
originated from acetate, in contrast to the thermophilic community (50 degrees C) where up to
98% of methane was formed from bicarbonate. In
the mesophilic community (30 degrees C), acetate
was the precursor of about 80% of the methane
produced. When the hydrogen-carbon dioxide
mixture (H-2/CO2) was used as a substrate, it was
directly converted to methane under thermophilic conditions (70 and 50 degrees C). Under
mesophilic conditions (30 degrees C), both pathways, hydrogenotrophic and acetoclastic, were
observed. At low temperatures (5 and 15 degrees
C), H-2/CO2 was converted into methane by a twostep process; first acetate was formed, followed by
methane production from acetate. When slurries
were incubated at high partial pressures of H-2/
CO2, the high concentrations of acetate produced
of more than 20 mM inhibited acetoclastic methanogenesis at a temperature below 15 degrees C.
However, slow adaptation of the psychrophilic
microbial community to high acetate concentrations was observed.
Fems Microbiology Ecology, 2007, V62, N3, DEC,
pp 336-344.
08.1-264
Macroinvertebrate assemblages in 25 high alpine ponds of the Swiss National Park (Cirque
of Macun) and relation to environmental
variables
Oertli B, Indermühle N, Angelibert S, Hinden H,
Stoll A
Switzerland
Zoology , Biodiversity , Marine & Freshwater
Biology , Ecology
137
High-altitude freshwater ecosystems and their biocoenosis are ideal sentinel systems to detect global
change. In particular, pond communities are likely
to be highly responsive to climate warming. For this
reason, the Swiss National Park has included ponds
as part of a long-term monitoring programme of
the high-alpine Macun cirque. This cirque covers 3.6
km(2), has a mean altitude of 2,660 m a.s.l., and includes a hydrographic system composed of a stream
network and more than 35 temporary and permanent ponds. The first two steps in the programme
were to (i) make an inventory of the macroinvertebrates of the waterbodies in the Macun cirque,
and (ii) relate the assemblages to local or regional
environmental variables. Sampling was conducted
in 25 ponds between 2002 and 2004. The number of
taxa characterising the region (Macun cirque) was
low, represented by 47 lentic taxa. None of them
was endemic to the Alps, although several species
were cold stenothermal. Average pond richness
was low (11.3 taxa). Assemblages were dominated
by Chironomidae (Diptera), and Coleoptera and Oligochaeta were also relatively well represented. Other groups, which are frequent in lowland ponds,
had particularly poor species richness (Trichoptera,
Heteroptera) or were absent (Gastropoda, Odonata,
Ephemeroptera). Macroinvertebrate assemblages
(composition, richness) were only weakly influenced by local environmental variables. The main
structuring processes were those operating at regional level and, namely, the connectivity between
ponds, i.e. the presence of a physical connection
(tributary) and/or small geographical distance between ponds. The results suggest that during the
long-term monitoring of the Macun ponds (started
in 2005), two kinds of change will affect macroinvertebrate assemblages. The first change is related
to the natural dynamics, with high local- scale turnover, involving the metapopulations characterising
the Macun cirque. The second change is related to
global warming, leading to higher local and regional richness through an increase in the number of
colonisation events resulting from the upward shift
of geographical ranges of species. At the same time
the cold stenothermal species from Macun will be
subject to extinction.
08.1-265
Aquatic macroinvertebrate response along a
gradient of lateral connectivity in river floodplain channels
Paillex A, Castella E, Carron G
Switzerland
Marine & Freshwater Biology, Ecology, Biodiversity,
Zoology
138
Large river floodplains potentially include the
full range of freshwater ecosystems from permanently flowing channels to temporary pools and
springs. Attempts to restore such complex systems
require tools adapted to assess restoration success.
In an analysis of invertebrate assemblages in the
Rhone River floodplain (France), taxonomic-based
indices (rarefied richness and assemblage composition) were compared with functional metrics
using trait-based ratios as surrogates of ecosystem
processes. Their ability to respond to a gradient
of hydrological connectivity was assessed in 7
cut-off channels. The sampling design included
2 sites/channel (upstream and downstream), 4
randomly chosen sampling points (0.5 x 0.5-m
quadrats) /site, and 2 sampling seasons (spring
and summer). Water physicochemical and habitat
variables were recorded when invertebrates were
sampled. Environmental variables, including water conductance, (NH3-N), submerged vegetation
cover, diversity of sediment grain size, and organic matter content of the sediment, were used to
construct a synthetic variable describing the hydrological connectivity of each site with the main
river channel. A quadratic regression of rarefied
taxonomic richness and the connectivity gradient
was not quite significant, but assemblage composition was strongly related to the gradient. Four
of 8 trait-based metrics; were correlated with the
connectivity gradient. Values of metrics that are
surrogates for top-down control of assemblage
structure and habitat stability (based on functional feeding groups) declined along the gradient
from disconnected sites to more connected sites.
Values of metrics that are surrogates for voltinism
and food supply for water- column-feeding fish increased with connectivity. Top-down control and
voltinism surrogates suggested a decline in predator-prey relationships and lower habitat stability,
respectively, in the more connected sites. Assemblage composition and some of the trait-based
metrics were sensitive to a flood that occurred before one of the sampling dates. Some of the traitbased metrics showed potential for explaining
floodplain invertebrate assemblages and for monitoring postrestoration conditions in floodplain
water bodies. However, the metrics were developed initially for studies of lotic systems and their
use in heterogeneous floodplain water bodies will
require further investigation, e.g., delineation of
reference conditions for trait-based metrics.
Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 2007, V26, N4, DEC, pp 779-796.
08.1-266
Bipolar gene flow in deep-sea benthic foraminifera
Pawlowski J, Fahrni J, Lecroq B, Longet D, Cornelius
N, Excoffier L, Cedhagen T, Gooday A J
Switzerland, England, Denmark
Biodiversity , Ecology , Marine & Freshwater Biology
Despite its often featureless appearance, the deepocean floor includes some of the most diverse
habitats on Earth. However, the accurate assessment of global deep-sea diversity is impeded by
a paucity of data on the geographical ranges of
bottom-dwelling species, particularly at the genetic level. Here, we present molecular evidence
for exceptionally wide distribution of benthic
foraminifera, which constitute the major part of
deep-sea meiofauna. Our analyses of nuclear ribosomal RNA genes revealed high genetic similarity
between Arctic and Antarctic populations of three
common deep-sea foraminiferal species (Epistominella exigua, Cibicides wuellerstorfi and Oridorsalis umbonatus), separated by distances of up to
17 000 km. Our results contrast with the substantial level of cryptic diversity usually revealed by
molecular studies, of shallow- water benthic and
planktonic marine organisms. The very broad
ranges of the deep-sea foraminifera that we examined support the hypothesis of global distribution of small eukaryotes and suggest that deep-sea
biodiversity may be more modest at global scales
than present estimates suggest.
Molecular Ecology, 2007, V16, N19, OCT, pp
4089-4096.
08.1-267
Earlier onset of the spring phytoplankton
bloom in lakes of the temperate zone in a
warmer climate
Peeters F, Straile D, Lorke A, Livingstone D M
Marine & Freshwater Biology , Meteorology &
Atmospheric Sciences , Oceanography , Biodiversity
Ecology
The decoupling of trophic interactions is potentially one of the most severe consequences of climate warming. In lakes and oceans the timing
of phytoplankton blooms affects competition
within the plankton community as well as foodweb interactions with zooplankton and fish. Using Upper Lake Constance as an example, we present a model-based analysis that predicts that in
a future warmer climate, the onset of the spring
phytoplankton bloom will occur earlier in the
year than it does at present. This is a result of the
earlier occurrence of the transition from strong
to weak vertical mixing in spring, and of the as-
sociated earlier onset of stratification. According
to our simulations a shift in the timing of phytoplankton growth resulting from a consistently
warmer climate will exceed that resulting from a
single unusually warm year. The numerical simulations are complemented by a statistical analysis of long-term data from Upper Lake Constance
which demonstrates that oligotrophication has a
negligible effect on the timing of phytoplankton
growth in spring and that an early onset of the
spring phytoplankton bloom is associated with
high air temperatures and low wind speeds.
Global Change Biology, 2007, V13, N9, SEP, pp
1898-1909.
08.1-268
Water level fluctuations and dynamics of amphibious plants at Lake Constance: Long-term
study and simulation
Peintinger M, Prati D, Winkler E
Plant Sciences , Modelling , Limnology , Marine &
Freshwater Biology
Inundations of lakeshores are classical examples
of how disturbance can influence community diversity and composition. As the occurrence and
intensity of flooding are predicted to change dramatically as a result of climate change, predicting
the consequences of such changes has become a
major task for community ecology. Here we present abundance data of five species that comprise a
species-poor community of high conservation value at lakeshores of Lake Constance over 17 years,
during which one of the longest flood periods
and the lowest water levels since 1890 occurred.
We used simple regression models and increasingly sophisticated Markov chain models plus
non-linear parameter estimation to put down
abundance changes to direct effects of flooding
on population-dynamic parameters and to indirect effects of flooding through modification of
interspecific competition. We found a negative effect of flood duration on abundance changes for
the non-specialist species Agrostis stolonifera and
Phalaris arundinacea, but no effect on Carex acuta. The specialist species, Ranunculus reptans but
not Littorella uniflora showed a positive effect of
flooding. Data analysis revealed an unambiguous
competitive hierarchy with the two graminoid
species (C acuta, P. arundinacea) being superior,
and the habitat specialists being most sensitive
to interspecific competition. We used estimated
parameters to project the community dynamics
under different flooding regimes. Long-term projection showed that the original community is
threatened by two non-specialist species (C acuta
139
and P. arundinacea). Even if this forecast was influenced by various model limitations, it may indicate irreversible changes in soil fertility during
the phase of high eutrophication between 1950
and 1980. Our study demonstrated that long-term
abundance releves combined with Markov modelling and predictive simulations are an important
counterpart to detailed short-term studies. The
combination of empirical and theoretical methods elucidates the interaction of biotic and abiotic
factors in community change.
Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 2007, V8, N4, pp 179-196.
08.1-269
Phytoplankton blooms in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: Interannual variability in magnitude,
temporal patterns, and composition
Peloquin J A, Smith W O Jr
USA, Switzerland
Oceanography , Marine & Freshwater Biology
The continental shelf of the Ross Sea, Antarctica,
is a unique region within the Southern Ocean.
Phytoplankton growth is believed to be seasonally
limited, first in austral spring by irradiance, and
then in summer by biologically available iron. It
also is historically known to have taxonomically
distinct regimes: the south-central portion is
dominated by Phaeocystis antarctica and to the
west diatoms are abundant. We measured photochemical yield to interpret the health of the phytoplankton assemblage from 2001-2004 and interfaced these measurements with satellite remote
sensing of pigments. The bloom of 2001-2002 was
similar in both temporal and spatial distributions
to the climatological mean of the Ross Sea, with a
peak in biomass being observed in mid-December
within the Ross Sea polynyas; F-v/F-m values averaged 0.43. We found high (0.50-0.65) F-v/F-m for
most of the seasonal phytoplankton bloom for
2002-2003, suggesting that it was not seasonally
iron limited. An unusual, large bloom occurred
during 2003-2004, with an initial bloom of P. antarctica during austral spring followed by an extensive diatom bloom in summer that may have
been enhanced by an intrusion of modified circumpolar deep water. On the basis of an analysis
of the historical SeaWiFS records, accumulation
of phytoplankton biomass in February may occur
approximately every 2-4 years, potentially being
a significant source of carbon on the continental
shelf.
Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans, 2007,
V112, NC8, AUG 23 ARTN: C08013.
140
08.1-270
One-year survey of a single Micronesian reef
reveals extraordinarily rich diversity of Symbiodinium types in soritid foraminifera
Pochon X, Garcia Cuetos L, Baker A C, Castella E,
Pawlowski J
USA, Switzerland
Recent molecular studies of symbiotic dinoflagellates (genus Symbiodinium) from a wide array
of invertebrate hosts have revealed exceptional
fine-scale symbiont diversity whose distribution
among hosts, regions and environments exhibits significant biogeographic, ecological and evolutionary patterns. Here, similar molecular approaches using the internal transcribed spacer-2
(ITS-2) region were applied to investigate cryptic
diversity in Symbiodinium inhabiting soritid foraminifera. Approximately 1,000 soritid specimens
were collected and examined during a 12-month
period over a 40 m depth gradient from a single
reef in Guam, Micronesia. Out of 61 ITS-2 types
distinguished, 46 were novel. Most types found
are specific for soritid hosts, except for three types
(Cl, C15 and C19) that are common in metazoan
hosts. The distribution of these symbionts was
compared with the phylotype of their foraminifera hosts, based on soritid small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences, and three new phylotypes
of soritid hosts were identified based on these
sequences. Phylogenetic analyses of 645 host-symbiont pairings revealed that most Symbiodinium
types associated specifically with a particular
foraminiferal host genus or species, and that the
genetic diversity of these symbiont types was positively correlated with the genetic diversity found
within each of the three host genera. Compared
to previous molecular studies of Symbiodinium
from other locations worldwide, the diversity reported here is exceptional and suggests that Micronesian coral reefs are home to a remarkably
large Symbiodinium assemblage.
Coral Reefs, 2007, V26, N4, DEC, pp 867-882.
08.1-271
Continuous measurement of sediment transport in the Erlenbach stream using piezoelectric bedload impact sensors
Rickenmann D, Mcardell B W
Switzerland
Hydrology , Geomorphology
We report on bedload transport observations using piezoelectric bedload impact sensors (PBIS),
an indirect method of estimating the volume of
bedload transport of coarse sediment. The PBIS
device registers vibrations produced by bedload
(particle diameter >similar to 20 mm) and records
the signal as a sum of the number of impulses per
time. Sediment transport at the Erlenbacb stream
has been continuously monitored with a PBIS array starting in 1986. The sensor array spans the
width of an entire cross-section and is mounted
Hush with the surface of a check dam immediately upstream of a sediment retention basin. We
compare PBIS data with long-term sedimentation records obtained from repeated surveys of
material stored in the sediment retention basin,
with artificial sediment input under controlled
conditions in the field, and also with laboratory
experiments. The rate of bedload transport is proportional to the number of impacts on the sensor
per unit time. The reliability of the calibration relationship increases with the length of the observation period, e.g. for higher numbers of impacts
and larger bedload volumes. Sediment volumes
for individual flood events estimated with the
PBIS method are in agreement with volumes estimated using an independent empirical method
based on the effective runoff volume of water, the
peak water discharge, and the critical discharge
for the onset of sediment transport. Copyright (c)
2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
N9, AUG, pp 1362-1378.
08.1-272
Cadmium isotope fractionation in seawater - A
signature of biological activity
Ripperger S, Rehkamper M, Porcelli D, Halliday A N
Oceanography , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Marine & Freshwater Biology
Investigations of cadmium isotope variations in
the oceans may provide new insights into the factors that control the marine distribution and cycling of this element. Here we present the results
of Cd isotope and concentration analyses for 22
seawater samples from the Atlantic, Southern, Pacific, and Arctic Oceans. The results reveal, for the
first time, large and well resolved Cd isotope fractionations in the marine environment. The majority of the seawater samples display an inverse
relationship between dissolved Cd contents and
isotope compositions, which range from epsilon
Cd-114 /110 approximate to +3 +/- 0.5 for Cd-rich
waters (0.8-1.0 nmol/kg) to epsilon Cd-114/110 approximate to 38 +/- 6 for surface water with a Cd
concentration of only 0.003 nmol/kg (all epsilon
Cd-114/110 data are reported relative to the JMC
Cd Munster standard). This suggests that the Cd
isotope variations reflect kinetic isotope effects
that are generated during closed system uptake
of dissolved seawater Cd by phytoplankton. A
few samples do not follow this trend, as they exhibit extremely low Cd contents (<0.008 nmol/kg)
and nearly unfractionated Cd isotope compositions. Such complexities, which are not revealed
by concentration data alone, require that the Cd
distribution at the respective sites was affected by
additional processes, such as water mass mixing,
atmospheric inputs of Cd and/or adsorption. Uniform isotope compositions of epsilon Cd-114/110
= + 3.3 +/- 0.5 (1 S.D.) were determined for seawater from >= 900 in depth, despite of Cd concentrations that display the expected increase along
the global deep-water pathway from the Atlantic
(similar to 0.3 nmol/kg) to the Pacific Ocean (similar to 0.9 nmol /kg). This indicates that the biomass, which is remineralized in the deeper ocean,
is also characterized by a very constant Cd isotope
composition. This observation is in accord with
the interpretation that the Cd distribution in
surface waters is primarily governed by Rayleigh
fractionation during near-quantitative uptake of
dissolved seawater Cd.
N3-4, SEP 30, pp 670-684.
08.1-273
Density-dependent life history differences in
a stream mayfly (Deleatidium) inhabiting permanent and intermittent stream reaches
Robinson C T, Buser T
Switzerland
Marine & Freshwater Biology , Ecology , Zoology
A life-history response by the mayfly Deleatidium
(Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from a permanent-fl owing and an intermittent- flowing reach
of the Selwyn River, New Zealand, to failing water
conditions was examined using field populations
and laboratory experiments in January 2006.
Field populations had similar densities under
flowing water conditions, but size distributions
were skewed towards larger larvae in the intermittent reach relative to the permanent reach. Under
field conditions of falling water at the intermittent reach, more larvae were caught in the drift
during the day and more adults at dusk at the
intermittent than at the permanent reach. A desiccation study in the laboratory showed that larvae survived up to 3 days under moist conditions,
whereas larvae died within 3 h under dry conditions. Another laboratory experiment revealed
that both populations increased emergence under falling water in the high density treatment
but not in the ambient density treatment. We
conclude that a density increase caused by falling
water cues late instar larvae to hasten emergence,
141
an adaptive trait that may reduce population
mortality from stream drying.
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater
Research, 2007, V41, N3, SEP, pp 265-271.
08.1-274
Macroinvertebrate assemblages of a high elevation stream/lake network with an emphasis on the Chironomidae
Robinson C T, Hieber M, Wenzelides V, Lods Crozet B
Switzerland
Limnology , Marine & Freshwater Biology ,
Hydrology , Zoology
Macroinvertebrate assemblages of inlet and outlet
streams were examined in a high elevation cirque
comprising two basins in the Swiss Alps. Average
taxon richness, with chironomids included as a
single taxon, was < 8 at most sites. Chironomids
represented between 26 and 85 % of the individuals and at least 50 % of the species collected at the
different sites with over 22 chironomid species
identified in total. No differences in the relative
abundance of common macroinvertebrate taxa
were found between inlet and outlet streams,
but composition differed between the north and
south basin of the cirque. The north basin was
mostly fed by groundwater and snowmelt, whereas the south basin was dominated by glacier-melt
from rock glaciers. Chironomids were 26 % more
abundant and had more species in south basin
than north basin streams, whereas the simuliid
Prosimulium latimucro was 24 % more abundant
in north basin streams. Other common taxa, e.g.,
Nemoura sp., Dicranota sp., Crenobia alpina and
Pseudopsilopteryx zimmeri, also showed substantial differences in abundance between the two
basins. Diamesinae and Orthocladiinae were the
most common chironomid subfamilies collected
with Diamesa zernyilcinerella, Pseudodianiesa
branickii, Pseudodiamesa arctica, Corynoneura
scutellata, and Tvetenia calvescens together representing on average > 10 % of the assemblage at
most sites. Chironomid abundance typically was
higher in outlets than inlets. An exception was Diamesa zernyilcinerella, which had greater relative
abundances in inlets (24 %) than outlets (6 %). The
results suggest that alpine macroinvertebrates,
chironomids in particular, are sensitive to subtle
differences in habitat conditions and may thus
make good sentinels of environmental change to
alpine waters.
Fundamental and Applied Limnology, 2007, V169,
N1, pp 25-36.
142
08.1-275
Hydrological heterogeneity of an alpine
stream-lake network in Switzerland
Robinson C T, Matthaei S
Switzerland
Limnology , Water Resources , Hydrology
Water source and lake landscape position can
strongly influence the physico-chemical characteristics of flowing waters over space and time. We
examined the physico-chemical heterogeneity in
surface waters of an alpine stream-lake network
(>2600 m a.s.l.) in Switzerland. The catchment comprises two basins interspersed with 26 cirque lakes.
The larger lakes in each basin are interconnected
by streams that converge in a lowermost lake
with an outlet stream. The north basin is primarily fed by precipitation and groundwater, whereas
the south basin is fed mostly by glacial melt from
rock glaciers. Surface flow of the entire channel
network contracted by similar to 60% in early autumn, when snowmelt runoff ceased and cold temperatures reduced glacial outputs, particularly in
the south basin. Average water temperatures were
similar to 4 degrees C cooler in the south basin,
and temperatures increased by about 4-6 degrees C
along the longitudinal gradient within each basin.
Although overall water conductivity was low (<27
µS cm(-1)) because of bedrock geology (ortho-gneiss),
the south basin had two times higher conductivity
values than the north basin. Phosphate-phosphorus levels were below analytical detection limits,
but particulate phosphorus was about four times
higher in the north basin (seasonal average: 9 µg
1(-1)) than in the south basin (seasonal average: 2 µg
1(-1)). Dissolved nitrogen constituents were around
two times higher in the south basin than in the
north basin, with highest values averaging >300 µg
1(-1) (nitrite + nitrate-nitrogen), whereas particulate
nitrogen was approximately nine times greater in
the north basin (seasonal average: 97 µg 1(-1)) than
in the south basin (seasonal average: 12 µg 1(-1)).
Total inorganic carbon was low (usually <0.8 mg
1(-1)). silica was sufficient for algal growth, and particulate organic carbon was 4.5 times higher in the
north basin (average: 0.9 mg 1(-1)) than in the south
basin (average: 0.2 mg 1(-1)). North- basin streams
showed strong seasonality in turbidity, particulatenitrogen and -phosphorus, and particulate organic
carbon, whereas strong seasonality in south-basin
streams was observed in conductivity and dissolved
nitrogen. Lake position influenced the seasonal
dynamics in stream temperatures and nutrients,
particularly in the groundwater/precipitation-fed
north-basin network.
Hydrological Processes, 2007, V21, N23, NOV 1, pp
3146-3154.
08.1-276
Sources and sinks of methane in Lake Baikal: A
synthesis of measurements and modeling
Schmid M, de Batist M, Granin N G, Kapitanov V
A, Mcginnis D F, Mizandrontsev I B, Obzhirov A I,
Wüest A
Switzerland, Belgium, Russia
Limnology , Modelling , Geochemistry & Geophysics
We studied the methane (CH4) budget of Lake
Baikal, the most voluminous lake in the world
and the only freshwater body with known occurrences of methane hydrates in the sediments. CH4
concentrations were measured in water samples
taken during six expeditions between October
2002 and June 2004; these expeditions covered
the entire lake volume. A one- dimensional model
was applied to (1) estimate the large- scale vertical
CH4 fluxes within the South Basin of Lake Baikal,
(2) determine the exchange with the atmosphere,
and (3) constrain the CH4 inputs from seeps and
mud volcanoes to the deep water. Fluxes were generally several orders of magnitude below previous
estimates. The annual internal source of CH4 to
the pelagic surface mixed layer was roughly estimated to be 40 Mg CH4. A large part of this input
diffuses downwards and is consumed in the water
column, with a CH4 residence time of about 4 yr.
The input of CH4 from deep gas seeps and mud
volcanoes is less than a few 10 Mg CH4 yr (-1), most
of which is oxidized before reaching the surface.
The net CH4 flux between the atmosphere and the
main waterbody distant from shallow areas is negligible and not significantly different from zero.
However, occasional high CH4 concentrations,
both in the surface water and in the atmosphere,
indicate that the region near the Selenga delta is
a local CH4 source to the atmosphere. CH4 fluxes
in the Central Basin are very similar to those in
the South Basin, whereas in the North Basin, the
shallow CH4 sources are weaker.
Limnology and Oceanography, 2007, V52, N5, SEP,
pp 1824-1837.
08.1-277
Towards a hydrological classification of European soils: preliminary test of its predictive
power for the base flow index using river
discharge data
Schneider M K, Brunner F, Hollis J M, Stamm C
Switzerland
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Modelling , Hydrology
Predicting discharge in ungauged catchments
or contaminant movement through soil requires
knowledge of the distribution and spatial heterogeneity of hydrological soil properties. Because
hydrological soil information is not available at a
European scale, we reclassified the Soil Geographical Database of Europe (SGDBE) at 1:1 million in a
hydrological manner by adopting the Hydrology Of
Soil Types (HOST) system developed in the UK. The
HOST classification describes dominant pathways
of water movement through soil and was related to
the base flow index (BFI) of a catchment (the longterm proportion of base flow on total stream flow).
In the original UK study, a linear regression of the
coverage of HOST classes in a catchment explained
79% of BFI variability. We found that a hydrological
soil classification can be built based on the information present in the SGDBE. The reclassified SGDBE
and the regression coefficients from the original UK
study were used to predict BFIs for 103 catchments
spread throughout Europe. The predicted BFI explained around 65% of the variability in measured
BFI in catchments in Northern Europe, but the explained variance decreased from North to South.
We therefore estimated new regression coefficients
from the European discharge data and found that
these were qualitatively similar to the original estimates from the UK. This suggests little variation
across Europe in the hydrological effect of particular HOST classes, but decreasing influence of soil
on BFI towards Southern Europe. Our preliminary
study showed that pedological information is useful
for characterising soil hydrology within Europe and
the long-term discharge regime of catchments in
Northern Europe. Based on these results, we draft a
roadmap for a refined hydrological classification of
European soils.
Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2007, V11,
N4, pp 1501-1513.
08.1-278
Selecting scenarios to assess exposure of surface waters to veterinary medicines in Europe
Schneider M K, Stamm C, Fenner K
Switzerland
Water Resources , Agriculture, Soil Sciences
Registering a veterinary medicinal product (VMP) in
the European Union requires assessing its potential
to contaminate surface waters (SW) on a European
scale. VMP are spread to land in manure or excreted
during grazing and may enter SW through runoff,
erosion, or leaching. Since the factors driving these
processes vary largely across Europe, it is necessary
to identify characteristic conditions, so-called scenarios, un(er which VMP enter SW. These scenarios
may guide the parameterization of mechanistic fate
models to predict environmental concentrations for
environmental risk assessment. A number of such
scenarios for pesticides and VMP have been developed rather pragmatically. Here, we describe how a
143
geo-referenced European database of driving factors
was used to divide the European environment into
groups with similar conditions for SW contamination by VMP. Out of these groups, relevant exposure
scenarios in Europe were selected by a simple scoring system. Comparing these to the existing scenarios showed that a number of situations are not well
covered. The newly identified scenarios are primarily located in hilly areas of Central Europe and the
Mediterranean, and in Eastern European plains with
a continental climate. We recommend that they are
included in the technical guidelines for higher-tier
assessment of VMP.
N13, JUL 1, pp 4669-4676.
08.1-279
Assessing iron-mediated oxidation of toluene
and reduction of nitroaromatic contaminants
in anoxic environments using compound- specific isotope analysis
Tobler N B, Hofstetter T B, Schwarzenbach R P
Switzerland
Geochemistry & Geophysics , Microbiology , Marine
We evaluated compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) as a tool to assess the coupling of microbial toluene oxidation by Fe(III)- reducing
bacteria and abiotic reduction of nitroaromatic
contaminants by biogenic mineral-bound Fe(II)
species. Examination of the two processes in
isolated systems revealed a reproducible carbon
isotope fractionation for toluene oxidation by
Geobacter metallireducens with a solid Fe(111)
phase as terminal electron acceptor. We found a
carbon isotope enrichment factor, epsilon(C), of
-1.0 +/- 0.1%o, which corresponds to an apparent
kinetic isotope effect (AKIE(C)) of 1.0073 +/- 0.0009
for the oxidative cleavage of a C-H bond. Nitrogen
isotope fractionation of the reduction of nitroaromatic compounds (NAC) by mineral-bound Fe(11)
species yielded a nitrogen isotope enrichment factor, EN, of -39.7 +/- 3.4%o for the reduction of an
aromatic NO2-group (AKIE(N) = 1.0413 +/- 0.0037)
that was constant for variable experimental conditions. Finally, AKIE values for C and N observed
in coupled experiments, where reactive Fe(11) was
generated through microbial activity, were identical to those obtained in the isolated experiments.
This study provides new evidence on isotope fractionation behavior during contaminant transformation and promotes the use of CSIA for-the elucidation of complex contaminant transformation
pathways in the environment.
N22, NOV 15, pp 7773-7780.
144
08.1-280
Iron-mediated microbial oxidation and abiotic
reduction of organic contaminants under anoxic conditions
Tobler N B, Hofstetter T B, Straub K L, Fontana D,
Schwarzenbach R P
Microbiology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Marine
In anoxic environments, the oxidation of organic
compounds, such as BTEX fuel components, by
dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction can generate reactive mineral-bound Fe(II) species, which in turn
are able to reduce other classes of organic and inorganic groundwater contaminants. In this study,
we designed and evaluated an anaerobic batch reactor that mimicks iron-reducing conditions to investigate the factors that favor the coupling of microbial toluene oxidation and abiotic reduction of
nitroaromatic contaminants . We investigated the
influence of different Fe(III)-bearing minerals and
combinations thereof on the coupling of these two
processes. Results from laboratory model systems
show that complete oxidation of toluene to CO2
by Geobacter metallireducens in the presence of
Fe(III)-bearing minerals leads to the formation of
mineral-bound Fe(II) species capable of the reduction of 4-nitroacetophenone. Whereas significant
microbial toluene oxidation was only observed in
the presence of amorphous Fe(III) phases, reduction of nitroaromatic compounds only proceeded
with Fe(II) species bound to crystalline Fe(III) oxides. Our results suggest that in anoxic soils and
sediments containing amorphous and crystalline
iron phases simultaneously, coupling of microbial oxidation and abiotic reduction of organic
compounds may allow for concurrent natural attenuation of different contaminant classes.
N22, NOV 15, pp 7765-7772.
08.1-281
Probabilistic flood forecasting with a limitedarea ensemble prediction system: Selected
case studies
Verbunt M, Walser A, Gurtz J, Montani A, Schär C
Switzerland, Italy
Modelling , Hydrology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
A high-resolution atmospheric ensemble forecasting system is coupled to a hydrologic model to
investigate probabilistic runoff forecasts for the
alpine tributaries of the Rhine River basin (34 550
km(2)). Five-day ensemble forecasts consisting of
51 members, generated with the global ensemble
prediction system (EPS) of the European Centre
for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF),
are downscaled with the limited-area model Lokal
Modell (LM). The resulting limited-area ensemble
prediction system (LEPS) uses a horizontal grid
spacing of 10 km and provides one-hourly output
for driving the distributed hydrologic model Precipitation-Runoff-Evapotranspiration-Hydrotope
(PREVAH) hydrologic response unit (HRU) with a
resolution of 500 x 500 m(2) and a time step of 1
h. The hydrologic model component is calibrated
for the river catchments considered, which are
characterized by highly complex topography, for
the period 1997-98 using surface observations,
and validated for 1999-2002. This study explores
the feasibility of atmospheric ensemble predictions for runoff forecasting, in comparison with
deterministic atmospheric forcing. Detailed analysis is presented for two case studies: the spring
1999 flood event affecting central Europe due to
a combination of snowmelt and heavy precipitation, and the November 2002 flood in the Alpine
Rhine catchment. For both cases, the deterministic simulations yield forecast failures, while the
coupled atmospheric-hydrologic EPS provides
appropriate probabilistic forecast guidance with
early indications for extreme floods. It is further
shown that probabilistic runoff forecasts using a
subsample of EPS members, selected by a cluster
analysis, properly represent the forecasts using all
51 EPS members, while forecasts from randomly
chosen subsamples reveal a reduced spread compared to the representative members. Additional
analyses show that the representation of horizontal advection of precipitation in the atmospheric
model may be crucial for flood forecasts in alpine
catchments.
Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2007, V8, N4, AUG,
pp 897-909.
08.1-282
Where a springhead becomes a springbrook a regional zonation of springs
von Fumetti S, Nagel P, Baltes B
Switzerland
Ecology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Biodiversity
Hydrology , Zoology
Springs are important freshwater habitats that
provide specific abiotic conditions for many species. These conditions may change very rapidly
downstream. Limnologists tend to treat spring
sources and their adjacent springbrooks as a unity because of the lack of clear criteria to separate
these sections. In this study, we investigated the
longitudinal distribution of macroinvertebrate
assemblages in ten undisturbed springs in northwestern Switzerland at three different distances
from the source. Using non-metric multidimensional scaling and analysis of similarities, we detected significant differences between the macroinvertebrate assemblages of the investigated
sections in all spring ecosystems, even over short
distances. These results stress the importance of
distinguishing between the sequential habitats in
this upper region of headwaters. Although a complex of abiotic factors is responsible for the distribution of macroinvertebrates, we consider temperature to be of special importance. Based on our
faunistic data, we propose that the rheocrene-like
springs in the Jura Mountains consist of two sections: the springhead and the springbrook, with
the springhead consisting of the source and the
upper part of the adjacent downstream section.
In accordance with literature and our faunistic
and temperature data, we place the beginning of
the springbrook at approximately 5 m from the
springhead. With this distinction, we justify that
springheads and springbrooks are unique, discrete ecosystems, and as such must be considered
in conservation legislation.
Fundamental and Applied Limnology, 2007, V169,
N1, pp 37-48.
08.1-283
Nitrate-depleted conditions on the increase in
shallow northern European lakes
Weyhenmeyer G A, Jeppesen E, Adrian R, Arvola
L, Blenckner T, Jankowski T, Jennings E, Noges P,
Noges T, Straile D
Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Finland, Switzerland,
Ireland, Italy, Estonia
Limnology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Marine &
Freshwater Biology
We determined relative nitrate-nitrogen (NO3- N)
loss rates in 100 north-mid-European lakes from
late spring to summer by using the exponential
function N-2 5 N-1e(-k)((t)(2) - (t)(2)), where N-1 and
N-2 are NO3- N concentrations at the beginning
(t(1)) and the end (t (2)) of the time interval, respectively, and k is the specific NO3- N loss rate. We
found that k decreased with increasing lake depth.
Adjusting k to the lake depth (k(adj)), we observed
that k(adj) was positively related to spring NO3-N
concentrations, but this relationship became insignificant at mean lake depths exceeding 12.5 m.
A relationship between k(adj) and spring NO3-N
concentrations in lakes shallower than 12.5 m implies that changes in spring NO3-N concentrations
influence the NO3- N loss rate and thereby summer NO3- N concentrations. Time series from one
Estonian, one German, and 14 Swedish lakes shallower than 12.5 m since 1988 revealed that May
to August NO3- N concentrations have decreased
145
over time everywhere, and the number of time periods exhibiting a NO3- N depleted condition, i.e.,
NO3-N levels below 10 µ g L-1, in these lakes has
tripled since 1988. We explained the decreasing
NO3- N concentrations by a reduction in external
nitrogen loading including atmospheric deposition, and by changes in climate. The observed prolongation of NO3- N depleted conditions might be
one possible explanation for the increasing occurrence of nitrogen- fixing cyanobacteria in a variety of lake ecosystems.
Limnology and Oceanography, 2007, V52, N4, JUL,
pp 1346-1353.
08.1-284
Differential decline and recovery of haplochromine trophic groups in the Mwanza Gulf
of Lake Victoria
Witte F, Wanink J H, Kishe Machumu M, Mkumbo
O C, Goudswaard P C, Seehausen O
Netherlands, Tanzania, Switzerland
Zoology
Lake Victoria had a fish fauna dominated by 500+
species of haplochromine cichlids that made up
more than 80% of the fish mass. The five main
trophic groups caught with bottom trawlers in
the sub- littoral areas of the Mwanza Gulf were:
detritivores, zooplanktivores, insectivores, molluscivores and piscivores. The detritivores (13+
species) formed the most important guild, making up 60-80% of the number of individuals, followed by the zooplanktivores (12+ species), which
comprised 10-30%. In the 1980s the haplochromines from the sub-littoral and offshore areas (estimated at some 200 species) vanished almost completely. Commercial trawl fishery, the upsurge
of the introduced Nile perch, and an increase of
eutrophication were potential causes of this decline. In the 1990s, when Nile perch was heavily
fished, a recovery of some haplochromine species
was observed. We studied the decline and partial
recovery of the different haplochromine trophic
groups in the northern part of the Mwanza Gulf.
The rate at which the trophic groups declined differed; the relatively large piscivores, insectivores
and molluscivores were the first to disappear from
the catches. The small detritivores and zooplanktivores declined at lower rates, especially the latter group. From the beginning of the 1990s a resurgence of both groups was observed. By 2001,
the zooplanktivores had reached their previous
level of abundance, but their diversity declined
from more than 12 species to only three. Though
four detritivorous species began being regularly
caught again, they constituted only about 15% of
146
the number of individuals, while the zooplanktivores made up more than 80%. The patterns of
decline and recovery indicate that, though fishery
played a role locally, predation by Nile perch and
eutrophication were the main factors determining the fate of the haplochromines. However, it
has so far been impossible to establish the causal
relationship between the two, and the relative
impact of each of these phenomena separately.
The potential effects of the changed trophic dominance, and the importance of the haplochromines for the ecosystem and a sustainable fishery,
are discussed.
Aquatic Ecosystem Health Management, 2007,
V10, N4, pp 416-433.
08.1-285
Oxygen isotope biogeochemistry of pore water sulfate in the deep biosphere: Dominance
of isotope exchange reactions with ambient
water during microbial sulfate reduction (ODP
Site 1130)
Wortmann U G, Chernyavsky B, Bernasconi S M,
Brunner B, Böttcher M E, Swart P K
Canada, Switzerland, USA, Germany
Geology , Modelling , Geochemistry & Geophysics ,
Microbiology
Microbially mediated sulfate reduction affects the
isotopic composition of dissolved and solid sulfur
species in marine sediments. Experiments and field
data show that the delta O-18(SO4)2- composition is
also modified in the presence of sulfate-reducing microorganisms. This has been attributed either to a
kinetic isotope effect during the reduction of sulfate
to sulfite, cell-internal exchange reactions between
enzymatically-activated sulfate (APS), and /or sulfite
with cytoplasmic water. The isotopic fingerprint of
these processes may be further modified by the cellexternal reoxidation of sulfide to elemental sulfur,
and the subsequent disproportionation to sulfide
and sulfate or by the oxidation of sulfite to sulfate.
Here we report delta O-18(SO4)2- values from interstitial water samples of ODP Leg 182 (Site 1130) and
provide the mathematical framework to describe
the oxygen isotope fractionation of sulfate during
microbial sulfate reduction. We show that a purely
kinetic model is unable to explain our delta(OSO42-)O-18 data, and that the data are well explained by a
model using oxygen isotope exchange reactions. We
propose that the oxygen isotope exchange occurs between APS and cytoplasmic water, and/or between
sulfite and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) during
APS formation. Model calculations show that cell external reoxidation of reduced sulfur species would
require up to 3000 mol/m(3) of an oxidant at ODP
Site 1130, which is incompatible with the sediment
geochemical data. In addition, we show that the
volumetric fluxes required to explain the observed
delta O-18(SO4)2- data are on average 14 times higher
than the volumetric sulfate reduction rates (SRR)
obtained from inverse modeling of the porewater
data. The ratio between the gross sulfate flux into
the microbes and the net sulfate flux through the
microbes is depth invariant, and independent of sulfide concentrations. This suggests that both fluxes
are controlled by cell density and that cell-specific
sulfate reduction rates remain constant with depth.
N17, SEP 1, pp 4221-4232.
08.1-286
Virtual water: An unfolding concept in integrated water resources management
Yang H, Zehnder A
Switzerland
Political Sciences , Economics , Water Resources
In its broadest sense, virtual water refers to the water
required for the production of food commodities. Issues relating to virtual water have drawn much attention in scientific communities and the political
sphere since the mid 1990s. This paper provides a
critical review of major research issues and results
in the virtual water literature and pinpoints the remaining questions and the direction of research in
future virtual water studies. We conclude that virtual water studies have helped to raise the awareness
of water scarcity and its impact on food security and
to improve the understanding of the role of food
trade in compensating for water deficit. However,
the studies so far have been overwhelmingly concerned with the international food trade, and many
solely quantified virtual water flows associated with
food trade. There is a general lack of direct policy
relevance to the solutions to water scarcity and food
insecurity, which are often local, regional, and river
basin issues. The obscurity in the conceptual basis of
virtual water also entails some confusion. The methodologies and databases of the studies are often
crude, affecting the robustness and reliability of the
results. Looking ahead, future virtual water studies
need to enhance the policy relevance by strengthening their linkages with national and regional water resources management. Meanwhile, integrated
approaches taking into consideration the spatial
and temporal variations of blue and green water resources availability and the complexity of natural,
socioeconomic, and political conditions are necessary in assessing the trade-offs of the virtual water
strategy in dealing with water scarcity. To this end,
interdisciplinary efforts and quantitative methods
supported by improved data availability are greatly
important.
Water Resources Research, 2007, V43, N12, DEC 5
ARTN: W12301.
08.1-287
Hydrological modelling of the chaohe basin
in china: Statistical model formulation and
Bayesian inference
Yang J, Reichert P, Abbaspour K C, Yang H
Switzerland
Hydrology , Modelling
Calibration of hydrologic models is very difficult
because of measurement errors in input and response, errors in model structure, and the large
number of non-identifiable parameters of distributed models. The difficulties even increase in arid
regions with high seasonal variation of precipitation, where the modelled residuals often exhibit
high heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation. On
the other hand, support of water management by
hydrologic models is important in and regions,
particularly if there is increasing water demand
due to urbanization. The use and assessment of
model results for this purpose require a careful
calibration and uncertainty analysis. Extending
earlier work in this field, we developed a procedure to overcome (i) the problem of non-identifiability of distributed parameters by introducing
aggregate parameters and using Bayesian inference, (ii) the problem of heteroscedasticity of errors by combining a Box-Cox transformation of
results and data with seasonally dependent error
variances, (iii) the problems of autocorrelated errors, missing data and outlier omission with a
continuous-time autoregressive error model, and
(iv) the problem of the seasonal variation of error
correlations with seasonally dependent characteristic correlation times. The technique was tested
with the calibration of the hydrologic sub-model
of the Soil and Water Assessment Toot (SWAT) in
the Chaohe Basin in North China. The results demonstrated the good performance of this approach
to uncertainty analysis, particularly with respect
to the fulfilment of statistical assumptions of the
error model. A comparison with an independent
error model and with error models that only considered a subset of the suggested techniques clearly showed the superiority of the approach based
on all the features (i)-(iv) mentioned above.
Journal of Hydrology, 2007, V340, N3-4, JUL 15,
pp 167-182.
08.1-288
Bayesian uncertainty analysis in distributed
hydrologic modeling: A case study in the Thur
River basin (Switzerland)
Yang J, Reichert P, Abbaspour K C
Switzerland
Modelling , Hydrology , Instruments & Instrumentation
147
Calibration and uncertainty analysis in hydrologic
modeling are affected by measurement errors in
input and response and errors in model structure.
Recently, extending similar approaches in discrete time, a continuous time autoregressive error
model was proposed for statistical inference and
uncertainty analysis in hydrologic modeling. The
major advantages over discrete time formulation
are the use of a continuous time error model for
describing continuous processes, the possibility of
accounting for seasonal variations of parameters
in the error model, the easier treatment of missing data or omitted outliers, and the opportunity
for continuous time predictions. The model was
developed for the Chaohe Basin in China and had
some features specific for this semiarid climatic
region (in particular, the seasonal variation of parameters in the error model in response to seasonal variation in precipitation). This paper tests and
extends this approach with an application to the
Thur River basin in Switzerland, which is subject
to completely different climatic conditions. This
application corroborates the general applicability
of the approach but also demonstrates the necessity of accounting for the heavy tails in the distributions of residuals and innovations. This is done
by replacing the normal distribution of the innovations by a Student t distribution, the degrees of
freedom of which are adapted to best represent
the shape of the empirical distribution of the innovations. We conclude that with this extension,
the continuous time autoregressive error model
is applicable and flexible for hydrologic modeling
under different climatic conditions. The major
remaining conceptual disadvantage is that this
class of approaches does not lead to a separate
identification of model input and model structural errors. The major practical disadvantage is the
high computational demand characteristic for all
Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques.
Water Resources Research, 2007, V43, N10, OCT 2
ARTN: W10401.
08.1-289
Salinization of groundwater in the Nefzawa
oases region, Tunisia: results of a regionalscale hydrogeologic approach
Zammouri M, Siegfried T, El Fahem T, Kriaa S,
Kinzelbach W
Tunisia, Switzerland, Germany, Nigeria
Water Resources , Hydrology , Modelling
Groundwater pumped from the semi-confined
Complexe Terminal (CT) aquifer is an important
production factor in irrigated oases agriculture in
southern Tunisia. A rise in the groundwater salinity has been observed as a consequence of increas-
148
ing abstraction from the aquifer during the last
few decades. All sources of contamination were
investigated using hydrochemical data available
from the 1980s. Water samples were taken from
drains and observation wells tapping both the
CT and the phreatic aquifers and analyzed with
regard to chemistry, temperature, isotopes and
other environmental tracers. Local salinization
mechanisms are suggested, i.e. the upwelling of
saline water from the underlying, confined Continental Intercalaire (CI) aquifer, as well as backflow
of agricultural drainage water. At this stage, the
main salt pan, the Chott el Djerid, is not a contamination source. A finite difference model was
also developed to simulate groundwater flow and
contaminant transport in the oases. Calibration
for the period 1950-2000 was carried out in order
to adjust geological and chemical system parameters. The simulation of planned extraction projects predicts a worsening of the present situation.
Maintenance of the present abstraction regime
will not reduce or stop the salinity increase.
Hydrogeology Journal, 2007, V15, N7, NOV, pp
1357-1375.
08.1-290
Extreme heat and runoff extremes in the Swiss
Alps
Zappa M, Kan C
Switzerland
Cryology / Glaciology , Hydrology
The hydrological response of Swiss river basins
to the 2003 European summer heatwave was
evaluated by a combined analysis of historical
discharge records and specific applications of distributed hydrological modeling. In the summer
of 2003, the discharge from headwater streams
of the Swiss Central Plateau was only 40%-60% of
the long-term average. For alpine basins runoff
was about 60%-80% of the average. Glacierized basins showed the opposite behavior. According to
the degree of glacierization, the average summer
runoff was close or even above average. The hydrological model PREVAH was applied for the period
1982-2005. Even if the model was not calibrated for
such extreme meteorological conditions, it was
well able to simulate the hydrological responses
of three basins. The aridity index phi describes
feedbacks between hydrological and meteorological anomalies, and was adopted as an indicator of
hydrological drought. The anomalies of phi and
temperature in the summer of 2003 exceeded the
1982-2005 mean by more than 2 standard deviations. Catchments without glaciers showed negative correlations between phi and discharge R.
In basins with about 15% glacierization, phi and
R were not correlated. River basins with higher
glacier percentages showed a positive correlation
between phi and R. Icemelt was positively correlated with phi and reduced the variability of discharge with larger amounts of meltwater. Runoff
generation from the non-glaciated sub-areas was
limited by high evapotranspiration and reduced
precipitation. The 2003 summer heatwave could
be a precursor to similar events in the near future.
Hydrological models and further data analysis
will allow the identification of the most sensitive
regions where heatwaves may become a recurrent
natural hazard with large environmental, social
and economical impacts.
Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 2007,
V7, N3, pp 375-389.
08.1-291
Insights into the management of sea turtle
internesting area through satellite telemetry
Zbinden J A, Aebischer A, Margaritoulis D, Arlettaz
R
Switzerland, Greece
Zoology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Ecology ,
Biodiversity
Female sea turtles typically lay several clutches
during each nesting season and rest in the time
between laying clutches (the internesting period)
in the waters off the nesting beach. Adequate protection of turtles in the internesting area requires
knowledge on their spatial behaviour and was so
far hampered by methodological limitations. Satellite telemetry data of exceptionally high quality
allowed us to scrutinize internesting area use of
four logger-head sea turtles nesting in the Bay of
Laganas (Zakynthos, Greece). We assessed the efficacy of two zones of a marine reserve with distinct
levels of protection (boats are excluded from one
zone). Most of the obtained locations of three of the
four turtles were within the bay, a result consistent
with a strategy to minimize energy expenditure.
T Turtles showed no obvious preference for the
highly protected area of the bay. The availability
of warmer water in the less protected area may be
more crucial than avoidance of boat disturbance.
Biological Conservation, 2007, V137, N1, JUN, pp
157-162.
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Energy Balance
149
1.6 Energy Balance
08.1-292
Impact of ice supersaturated regions and thin
cirrus on radiation in the midlatitudes
Fusina F, Spichtinger P, Lohmann U
Switzerland
(1) In this study we investigate the radiative impact
of ice supersaturated regions (ISSRs, i.e., cloud
free air masses in the upper troposphere that are
supersaturated with respect to ice) and thin cirrus. For this purpose we use corrected radiosonde
data obtained from routine measurements over
the meteorological observatory in Lindenberg,
Germany. The radiative effect of the measured ice
supersaturation is determined. By constructing
an idealized profile from the measurement data
the radiative properties of ISSRs and thin cirrus
containing ice supersaturation were studied. The
impact of ISSRs on the surface forcing is negligible but locally, within the vertical profile, changes
in the heating rates up to 1 K d (-1) for typical values of 130% relative humidity with respect to ice
compared to the saturated profiles are found. This
is also important for the local dynamics within
the supersaturated layers. The outgoing longwave
radiation due to the enhanced water vapor content inside ISSRs decreases up to 0.8 W m(-2). The
radiative impact of thin cirrus is much stronger.
Thin cirrus influence the surface budget, the top
of the atmosphere radiation and the vertical profile of the heating rates. Changes in the outgoing
longwave radiation and in the reflected shortwave
flux at top of the atmosphere up to 64 W m(-2) and
79 W m(-2), respectively, are possible. Changes in
the surface flux (downward) up to 89 W m(-2) are
found. The maximal heating rate differences between thin cirrus and ISSR amount to 15 K d(-1).
The radiative impact of thin cirrus clouds depends strongly on cloud ice content and the size
of the ice crystals. Additionally, the radiative impact of cirrus formed by parameterizations not allowing ice supersaturations in large-scale models
is estimated. The errors due to artificially formed
cirrus are quite large; differences up to 3 K d(-1) in
the vertical heating profiles and up to 38 and 40
W m(-2) in the outgoing longwave radiation and
the surface flux, respectively, are found. Thus we
recommend using physically based parameterizations in GCMs which allow ice supersaturation.
2007, V112, ND24, DEC 15 ARTN: D24514.
08.1-293
Year-round observation of longwave radiative
flux divergence in Greenland
Hoch S W, Calanca P, Philipona R, Ohmura A
Switzerland
Longwave radiative flux divergence within the lowest 50 m of the atmospheric boundary layer was
observed during the Eidgenossische Technische
Hochschule (ETH) Greenland Summit experiment.
The dataset collected at 72 degrees 35’N, 38 degrees
30’W, 3203 m MSL is based on longwave radiation
measurements at 2 and 48 m that are corrected for
the influence of the supporting tower structure.
The observations cover all seasons and reveal the
magnitude of longwave radiative flux divergence
and its incoming and outgoing component under
stable and unstable conditions. Longwave radiative flux divergence during winter corresponds to
a radiative cooling of -10 K day(-1), but values of -30
K day(-1) can persist for several days. During summer, the mean cooling effect of longwave radiative
flux divergence is small (-2 K day(-1)) but exhibits a
strong diurnal cycle. With values ranging from -35
K day(-1) around midnight to 15 K day(-1) at noon,
the heating rate due to longwave radiative flux divergence is of the same order of magnitude as the
observed temperature tendency. However, temperature tendency and longwave radiative flux divergence are out of phase, with temperature tendency
leading the longwave radiative flux divergence by 3
h. The vertical variation of the outgoing longwave
flux usually dominates the net longwave flux divergence, showing a strong divergence at nighttime
and a strong convergence during the day. The divergence of the incoming longwave flux plays a secondary role, showing a slight counteracting effect.
Fog is frequently observed during summer nights.
Under such conditions, a divergence of both incoming and outgoing fluxes leads to the strongest radiative cooling rates that are observed. Considering all
data, a correlation between longwave radiative flux
divergence and the temperature difference across
the 2-48-m layer is found.
Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,
2007, V46, N9, SEP, pp 1469-1479.
08.1-294
Long-term changes in the cosmic ray intensity
at Earth, 1428-2005
Mccracken K G, Beer J
USA, Switzerland
(1) The instrumental cosmic ray data recorded in
the interval 1933-1965 by S. E. Forbush and H. V.
Neher and cosmogenic 10 Be data are merged with
150
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Energy Balance
the neutron monitor data since 1951 to study the
long- and short-term variations in the galactic cosmic radiation intensity for the interval 1428-2005.
It is shown that the ionization chamber data
published by S. E. Forbush were deliberately detrended to remove long- term changes. The highaltitude ionization chambers used by H. V. Neher
during this interval were well calibrated and their
data exhibit a substantial decrease between 1933
and 1954 that is consistent with the long- term
trends in the cosmogenic 10 Be data. Using the
specific yield functions appropriate to neutron
monitors, ionization chambers, and 10 Be, the
nonlinear relationships between these data types
are determined. It is shown that the nonlinearities are large and will introduce serious errors if
ignored. An intercalibrated record (the “pseudoClimax neutron monitor record’’) is developed for
the interval 1428-2005. It is used to study several
features of the long- term periodicities in the cosmic radiation, after discussion of residual effects
due to meteorological effects, and the production
of 10 Be by solar cosmic rays. It is shown that (1)
the average intensity in the neutron monitor energy range for the interval 1954-1996 is similar to
16% less than the average for the period 1428-1944
and that it shows a consistency and depth of
modulation that had not occurred in the previous 580 years. (2) The residual cosmic ray modulation was low throughout the Gleissberg cycle
1540-1645, considerably higher for the next two
Gleissberg Cycles, and highest of all since 1944. (3)
The cosmogenic data imply that solar activity was
anomalously low throughout the whole interval
1428-1715, the amplitude of the solar activity during the Gleissberg cycle 1540-1645 being similar to
50% of that during the following two Gleissberg
cycles and similar to 25% of that in the post-1954
era. (4) It is proposed that the steadily increasing
cosmic ray modulation since 1428 constitutes a
quarter cycle of the previously identified 2300 year
periodicity in the cosmogenic data. (5) The cosmic
ray intensity decreased in two steps between 1889
and 1901 and 1944 and 1954, in broad agreement
with the two-step increase in heliomagnetic field
strength determined by Schrijver et al. (2002). It
is proposed that the “pseudo-Climax neutron record’’ will be of benefit in the normalization of
other cosmogenic records to the neutron monitor
record starting in 1951.
Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics,
2007, V112, NA10, OCT 5 ARTN: A10101.
08.1-295
Modelling the ground heat flux of an urban
area using remote sensing data
Rigo G, Parlow E
Switzerland
Urban Studies , Remote Sensing , Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
During the Basel Urban Boundary Layer Experiment (BUBBLE) conducted in 2002, micrometeorological in-situ data were collected for different
sites using a variety of instruments. This provides
a unique data set for urban climate studies. Nevertheless, the spatial distribution of energy and
heat fluxes can only be taken into account with
remote sensing methods or numerical models.
Therefore, multiple satellite images from different platforms (NOAA-AVHRR, MODIS and LANDSAT ETM+) were acquired, processed and analysed.
In addition, a high resolution digital elevation
model (DEM) and a 1 m resolution digital surface
model (DSM) of a large part of the city of Basel
was utilized. This paper focuses on the calculation and modelling of the ground (or storage) heat
flux density using remotely sensed data combined
with in-situ measurements using three different
approaches. First, an empirical regression function was generated to estimate the storage heat
flux from NDVI values second approach used the
Objective Hysteresis Model (OHM) which is often
used for in-situ measurements. The last method
used information of the geometric parameters of
urban street canyons, computed from the high
resolution digital urban surface model. Modelled
and measured data are found to be in agreement
within +/- 30 Wm(-2) and result in a coefficient of
determination (R-2) of 0.95.
Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2007, V90,
N3-4, NOV, pp 185-199.
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Coupled Systems and Cycles
151
1.7 Coupled Systems and Cycles
08.1-296
An Earth-system perspective of the global
nitrogen cycle
Gruber N, Galloway J N
Switzerland, USA
Ecology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences ,
Oceanography , Geochemistry & Geophysics
With humans having an increasing impact on the
planet, the interactions between the nitrogen cycle, the carbon cycle and climate are expected to
become an increasingly important determinant
of the Earth system.
Nature, 2008, V451, N7176, JAN 17, pp 293-296.
08.1-297
Comparison of quantification methods to measure fire-derived (black /elemental) carbon in
soils and sediments using reference materials
from soil, water, sediment and the atmosphere
Hammes K, Schmidt M W I, Smernik R J, Currie L
A, Ball W P, Nguyen T H, Louchouarn P, Houel S,
Gustafsson O, Elmquist M, Cornelissen G, Skjemstad J O, Masiello C A, Song J, Peng P, Mitra S,
Dunn J C, Hatcher P G, Hockaday W C, Smith
Dwight M, Hartkopf Fröder C, Böhmer A, Lueer B,
Huebert B J, Amelung W, Brodowski S, Huang L,
Zhang W, Gschwend P M, Flores C D X, Largeau C,
Rouzaud J N, Rumpel C, Guggenberger G, Kaiser
K, Rodionov A, Gonzalez Vila F J, Gonzalez Perez J
A, de La Rosa J M, Manning D A C, Lopez Capel E,
Ding L
Switzerland, Germany, USA, Sweden, Spain, Canada, France, England, Peoples R China, Australia
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Geology , Geochemistry
& Geophysics , Meteorology & Atmospheric
Sciences
Black carbon (BC), the product of incomplete
combustion of fossil fuels and biomass (called elemental carbon (EC) in atmospheric sciences), was
quantified in 12 different materials by 17 laboratories from different disciplines, using seven different methods. The materials were divided into
three classes: (1) potentially interfering materials,
(2) laboratory-produced BC-rich materials, and (3)
BC-containing environmental matrices (from soil,
water, sediment, and atmosphere). This is the first
comprehensive intercomparison of this type (multimethod, multilab, and multisample) , focusing
mainly on methods used for soil and sediment
BC studies. Results for the potentially interfering
materials (which by definition contained no firederived organic carbon) highlighted situations
where individual methods may overestimate BC
concentrations. Results for the BC-rich materials
(one soot and two chars) showed that some of the
methods identified most of the carbon in all three
materials as BC, whereas other methods identified only soot carbon as BC. The different methods
also gave widely different BC contents for the environmental matrices. However, these variations
could be understood in the light of the findings
for the other two groups of materials, i.e., that
some methods incorrectly identify non-BC carbon
as BC, and that the detection efficiency of each
technique varies across the BC continuum. We
found that atmospheric BC quantification methods are not ideal for soil and sediment studies as
in their methodology these incorporate the definition of BC as light-absorbing material irrespective of its origin, leading to biases when applied to
terrestrial and sedimentary materials. This study
shows that any attempt to merge data generated
via different methods must consider the different, operationally defined analytical windows of
the BC continuum detected by each technique,
as well as the limitations and potential biases of
each technique. A major goal of this ring trial was
to provide a basis on which to choose between the
different BC quantification methods in soil and
sediment studies. In this paper we summarize the
advantages and disadvantages of each method. In
future studies, we strongly recommend the evaluation of all methods analyzing for BC in soils and
sediments against the set of BC reference materials analyzed here.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2007, V21, N3, AUG
31 ARTN: GB3016.
08.1-298
Analysis of seasonal terrestrial water storage
variations in regional climate simulations over
Europe
Hirschi M, Seneviratne S I, Hagemann S, Schär C
Modelling , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Hydrology ,
Land-surface processes play a major role in the
climate system, and their validation is crucial to
improve current climate models. Here we investigate the seasonal evolution of terrestrial water
storage (TWS) (includes all water stored on land)
in an ensemble of 30-year- long climate simulations from the PRUDENCE archive (9 regional and
2 global models), representing current and future
climatic conditions. For validation purposes we
employ a recently published basin-scale waterbalance (BSWB) data set of diagnosed monthly
TWS variations, where the term variations refers
to monthly changes in TWS. The analysis is conducted in five large-scale European domains composed of major river basins. This analysis shows
that the climatology of most models lies within
152
the interannual variability of the BSWB data set
in the investigated regions, but the different models sometimes display considerable discrepancies
in the seasonal evolution of TWS. In particular,
we find that all models suffer from a considerable
underestimation of interannual TWS variability.
The deviations of the individual models from the
BSWB data set can be linked to biases in the hydrological fluxes (i.e., precipitation, runoff, evapotranspiration). The simulated future changes for
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) A2 scenario suggest an enhancement of the
seasonal cycle of TWS, with drier soils in summer.
Mainly in the Central European domain, several
models show a reduction of the year-to-year variability of summer TWS variations, indicating an
exhaustion of the models’ soil water reservoirs by
the end of summer under future climatic conditions.
2007, V112, ND22, NOV 30 ARTN: D22109.
08.1-299
Evaluation of AMIP II global climate model
simulations of the land surface water budget
and its components over the GEWEX-CEOP
regions
Irannejad P, Henderson Sellers A
Iran, Australia, Switzerland
Hydrology
The land surface water balance components simulated by 20 atmospheric global circulation models
(AGCMs) participating in phase II of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP II)
are analyzed globally and over seven Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment Coordinated
Enhanced Observing Period basins. In contrast to
the conclusions from analysis of AMIP I, the results presented here suggest that the group average of available AGCMs does not outperform all
individual AGCMs in simulating the surface water balance components. Analysis shows that the
available reanalysis products are not appropriate
for evaluation of AGCMs’ simulated land surface
water components. The worst simulation of the
surface water budget is in the Murray-Darling, the
most arid basin, where all the reanalyses and seven of the AGCMs produce a negative surface water
budget, with evaporation alone exceeding precipitation and soil moisture decreasing over the
whole AMIP II period in this basin. The spatiotemporal correlation coefficients between observed
and AGCM- simulated runoff are smaller than
those for precipitation. In almost all basins (except for the two most arid basins), the spatiotem-
poral variations of the AGCMs’ simulated evaporation are more coherent and agree better with
observations, compared to those of simulated precipitation. This suggests that differences among
the AGCMs’ surface water budget predictions are
not solely due to model- generated precipitation
differences. Specifically, it is shown that different
land surface parameterization schemes partition
precipitation between evaporation and runoff differently and that this, in addition to the predicted
differences in atmospheric forcings, is responsible
for different predictions of basin-scale water budgets. The authors conclude that the selection of
a land surface scheme for an atmospheric model
has significant impacts on the predicted continental and basin-scale surface hydrology.
Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2007, V8, N3, JUN,
pp 304-326.
08.1-300
Comprehensive comparison of gap-filling techniques for eddy covariance net carbon fluxes
Moffat A M, Papale D, Reichstein M, Hollinger D
Y, Richardson A D, Barr A G, Beckstein C, Braswell
B H, Churkina G, Desai A R, Falge E, Gove J H,
Heimann M, Hui D, Jarvis A J, Kattge J, Noormets
Asko, Stauch V J
Germany, Italy, USA, Canada, England, Switzerland
Modelling , Forestry , Plant Sciences , Agriculture,
Soil Sciences
We review 15 techniques for estimating missing
values of net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) in
eddy covariance time series and evaluate their
performance for different artificial gap scenarios
based on a set of 10 benchmark datasets from six
forested sites in Europe. The goal of gap filling is
the reproduction of the NEE time series and hence
this present work focuses on estimating missing
NEE values, not on editing or the removal of suspect values in these time series due to systematic
errors in the measurements (e.g., nighttime flux,
advection). The gap filling was examined by generating 50 secondary datasets with artificial gaps
(ranging in length from single half- hours to 12
consecutive days) for each benchmark dataset and
evaluating the performance with a variety of statistical metrics. The performance of the gap filling
varied among sites and depended on the level of aggregation (native half-hourly time step versus daily), long gaps were more difficult to fill than short
gaps, and differences among the techniques were
more pronounced during the day than at night.
The non-linear regression techniques (NLRs), the
look-up table (LUT), marginal distribution sampling (MDS), and the semiparametric model (SPM)
generally showed good overall performance. The
153
artificial neural network based techniques (ANNs)
were generally, if only slightly, superior to the other techniques. The simple interpolation technique
of mean diurnal variation (MDV) showed a moderate but consistent performance. Several sophisticated techniques, the dual unscented Kalman filter (UKF), the multiple imputation method (MIM),
the terrestrial biosphere model (BETHY), but also
one of the ANNs and one of the NLRs showed high
biases which resulted in a low reliability of the
annual sums, indicating that additional development might be needed. An uncertainty analysis
comparing the estimated random error in the 10
benchmark datasets with the artificial gap residuals suggested that the techniques are already at or
very close to the noise limit of the measurements.
Based on the techniques and site data examined
here, the effect of gap filling on the annual sums
of NEE is modest, with most techniques falling
within a range of +/- 25 g C m(-2) year(-1.)
Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2007, V147,
N3-4, DEC 10, pp 209-232.
too high in the tropics. There is a high sensitivity
of the results to circulation, as evidenced by (1)
the correlation of surface DOC and export with
circulation metrics, including chlorofluorocarbon
inventory and deep-ocean radiocarbon, (2) very
large intermodel differences in Southern Ocean
export, and (3) greater export production, fraction of export as DOM, and SNO in models with
explicit mixed layer physics. However, deep-ocean
oxygen, which varies widely among the models, is
poorly correlated with other model indices. Crossmodel means of several biogeochemical metrics
show better agreement with observation-based
estimates when restricted to those models that
best simulate deep-ocean radiocarbon. Overall,
the results emphasize the importance of physical processes in marine biogeochemical modeling
and suggest that the development of circulation
models can be accelerated by evaluating them
with marine biogeochemical metrics.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2007, V21, N3, AUG
8 ARTN: GB3007.
08.1-301
Impact of circulation on export production,
dissolved organic matter, and dissolved oxygen in the ocean: Results from Phase II of the
Ocean Carbon-cycle Model Intercomparison
Project (OCMIP-2)
Najjar R G, Jin X, Louanchi F, Aumont O, Caldeira K,
Doney S C, Dutay J C, Follows M, Gruber N, Joos F,
Lindsay K, Maier Reimer E, Matear R J, Matsumoto
K, Monfray P, Mouchet A, Orr J C, Plattner G K,
Sarmiento J L, Schlitzer R, Slater R D, Weirig M F,
Yamanaka Y, Yool A
USA, France, Switzerland, Algeria, Germany, Australia, Belgium, Japan, England
Modelling , Oceanography , Geochemistry & Geophysics
Results are presented of export production, dissolved organic matter (DOM) and dissolved oxygen
simulated by 12 global ocean models participating in the second phase of the Ocean Carbon-cycle
Model Intercomparison Project. A common, simple biogeochemical model is utilized in different
coarse-resolution ocean circulation models. The
model mean (+/- 1 sigma) downward flux of organic matter across 75 m depth is 17 +/- 6 Pg C yr(-1).
Model means of globally averaged particle export,
the fraction of total export in dissolved form, surface semilabile dissolved organic carbon (DOC),
and seasonal net outgassing (SNO) of oxygen are
in good agreement with observation- based estimates, but particle export and surface DOC are
08.1-302
Experimental assessment of N2O background
fluxes in grassland systems
Neftel A, Flechard C, Ammann C, Conen F, Emmenegger L, Zeyer K
Switzerland
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
In the absence of, or between, fertilization events
in agricultural systems, soils are generally assumed to emit N2O at a small rate, often described
as the ‘background’ flux. In contrast, net uptake of
N2O by soil has been observed in many field studies, but has not gained much attention. Observations of net uptake of N2O form a large fraction
(about half) of all individual flux measurements
in a long- term time series at our temperate fertilized grassland site. Individual uptake fluxes from
chamber measurements are often not statistically
significant but mean values integrated over longer
time periods from days to weeks do show a clear
uptake. An analysis of semi- continuous chamber
flux data in conjunction with continuous measurements of the N2O concentration in the soil profile
and eddy covariance measurements suggests that
gross production and gross consumption of N2O
are of the same order, and as consequence only a
minor fraction of N2O molecules produced in the
soil reaches the atmosphere.
Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology,
2007, V59, N3, JUL, pp 470-482.
154
08.1-303
Effects of increased soil water availability on
grassland ecosystem carbon dioxide fluxes
Risch A C, Frank D A
USA, Switzerland
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , Plant Sciences
There is considerable interest in how ecosystems
will respond to changes in precipitation. Alterations in rain and snowfall are expected to influence the spatio-temporal patterns of plant and soil
processes that are controlled by soil moisture, and
potentially, the amount of carbon (C) exchanged
between the atmosphere and ecosystems. Because
grasslands cover over one third of the terrestrial
landscape, understanding controls on grassland
C processes will be important to forecast how
changes in precipitation regimes will influence
the global C cycle. In this study we examined how
irrigation affects carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes in
five widely variable grasslands of Yellowstone National Park during a year of approximately average
growing season precipitation. We irrigated plots
every 2 weeks with 25% of the monthly 30-year average of precipitation resulting in plots receiving
approximately 150% of the usual growing season
water in the form of rain and supplemented irrigation. Ecosystem CO2 fluxes were measured with
a closed chamber-system once a month from MaySeptember on irrigated and unirrigated plots in
each grassland. Soil moisture was closely associated with CO2 fluxes and shoot biomass, and was
between 1.6% and 11.5% higher at the irrigated
plots (values from wettest to driest grassland) during times of measurements. When examining the
effect of irrigation throughout the growing season (May-September) across sites, we found that
water additions increased ecosystem CO2 fluxes
at the two driest and the wettest sites, suggesting that these sites were water-limited during the
climatically average precipitation conditions of
the 2005 growing season. In contrast, no consistent responses to irrigation were detected at the
two sites with intermediate soil moisture. Thus,
the ecosystem CO2 fluxes at those sites were not
water-limited, when considering their responses
to supplemental water throughout the whole season. In contrast, when we explored how the effect
of irrigation varied temporally, we found that irrigation increased ecosystem CO2 fluxes at all the
sites late in the growing season (September). The
spatial differences in the response of ecosystem
CO2 fluxes to irrigation likely can be explained
by site specific differences in soil and vegetation
properties. The temporal effects likely were due to
delayed plant senescence that promoted plant and
soil activity later into the year. Our results suggest
that in Yellowstone National Park, above-normal
amounts of soil moisture will only stimulate CO2
fluxes across a portion of the ecosystem. Thus, depending on the topographic location, grassland
CO2 fluxes can be water-limited or not. Such information is important to accurately predict how
changes in precipitation/soil moisture will affect
CO2 dynamics and how they may feed back to the
global C cycle.
Biogeochemistry, 2007, V86, N1, OCT, pp 91-103.
08.1-304
Chemistry, transport and dry deposition of
trace gases in the boundary layer over the
tropical Atlantic Ocean and the Guyanas during the GABRIEL field campaign
Stickler A, Fischer H, Bozem H, Gurk C, Schiller C,
Martinez Harder M, Kubistin D, Harder H, Williams
J, Eerdekens G, Yassaa N, Ganzeveld L, Sander R,
Lelieveld J
Switzerland, Germany, Canada
We present a comparison of different Lagrangian
and chemical box model calculations with measurement data obtained during the GABRIEL campaign over the tropical Atlantic Ocean and the
Amazon rainforest in the Guyanas, October 2005.
Lagrangian modelling of boundary layer (BL) air
constrained by measurements is used to derive a
horizontal gradient (approximate to 5.6 pmol/mol
km(-1)) of CO from the ocean to the rainforest (east
to west). This is significantly smaller than that derived from the measurements (16-48 pmol/mol
km(-1)), indicating that photochemical production
from organic precursors alone cannot explain the
observed strong gradient. It appears that HCHO
is overestimated by the Lagrangian and chemical
box models, which include dry deposition but not
exchange with the free troposphere (FT). The relatively short lifetime of HCHO implies substantial
BL-FT exchange. The mixing-in of FT air affected
by African and South American biomass burning
at an estimated rate of 0.12 h(-1) increases the CO
and decreases the HCHO mixing ratios, improving
agreement with measurements. A mean deposition velocity of 1.35 cm/s for H2O2 over the ocean
as well as over the rainforest is deduced assuming BL-FT exchange adequate to the results for CO.
The measured increase of the organic peroxides
from the ocean to the rainforest (approximate to
0.66 nmol/mol d(-1)) is significantly overestimated
by the Lagrangian model, even when using high
values for the deposition velocity and the entrainment rate. Our results point at either heterogeneous loss of organic peroxides and/or their radical precursors, underestimated photodissociation
or missing reaction paths of peroxy radicals not
forming peroxides in isoprene chemistry. We
calculate a mean integrated daytime net ozone
production (NOP) in the BL of (0.2+/-5.9) nmol/mol
(ocean) and (2.4+ /-2.1) nmol/mol (rainforest). The
NOP strongly correlates with NO and has a positive tendency in the boundary layer over the rainforest.
N14, pp 3933-3956.
08.1-305
Challenges in quantifying biosphere-atmosphere exchange of nitrogen species
Sutton M A, Nemitz E, Erisman J W, Beier C, Butterbach Bahl K, Cellier P, de Vries W, Cotrufo F,
Skiba U, Di Marco C, Jones S, Laville P, Soussana J F,
Loubet B, Twigg M, Famulari D, Whitehead J, Gallagher M W, Neftel A, Flechard C R, Herrmann B,
Calanca P, Schjoerring J K, Daemmgen U, Horvath
L, Tang Y S, Emmett B A, Tietema A, Penuelas J,
Kesik M, Brueggemann N, Pilegaard K, Vesala T,
Campbell C L, Olesen J E, Dragosits U, Theobald M
R, Levy P, Mobbs D C, Milne R, Viovy N, Vuichard N,
Smith J U, Smith P, Bergamaschi P, Fowler D, Reis S
Scotland, Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, France,
Italy, England, Switzerland, Hungary, Wales, Spain,
Finland
Recent research in nitrogen exchange with the
atmosphere has separated research communities
according to N form. The integrated perspective
needed to quantify the net effect of N on greenhouse-gas balance is being addressed by the NitroEurope Integrated Project (NEU). Recent advances
have depended on improved methodologies, while
ongoing challenges include gas-aerosol interactions, organic nitrogen and N-2 fluxes. The NEU
strategy applies a 3-tier Flux Network together
with a Manipulation Network of global-change experiments, linked by common protocols to facilitate model application. Substantial progress has
been made in modelling N fluxes, especially for
N2O, NO and bi-directional NH3 exchange. Landscape analysis represents an emerging challenge
to address the spatial interactions between farms,
fields, ecosystems, catchments and air dispersion
/deposition. European up-scaling of N fluxes is
highly uncertain and a key priority is for better
data on agricultural practices. Finally, attention is
needed to develop N flux verification procedures
to assess compliance with international protocols.
125-139.
155
08.1-306
Sensitivity of carbon cycling in the European
Alps to changes of climate and land cover
Zierl B, Bugmann H
Switzerland
Forestry , Modelling , Plant Sciences , Ecology
Assessments of the impacts of global change on
carbon stocks in mountain regions have received
little attention to date, in spite of the considerable
role of these areas for the global carbon cycle. We
used the regional hydro-ecological simulation system RHESSys in five case study catchments from
different climatic zones in the European Alps to
investigate the behavior of the carbon cycle under
changing climatic and land cover conditions derived from the SRES scenarios of the IPCC. The focus of this study was on analyzing the differences
in carbon cycling across various climatic zones of
the Alps, and to explore the differences between
the impacts of various SRES scenarios (A1FI, A2, B1,
B2), and between several global circulation models (GCMs, i.e., HadCM3, CGCM2, CSIRO2, PCM).
The simulation results indicate that the warming
trend generally enhances carbon sequestration in
these catchments over the first half of the twenty- first century, particularly in forests just below treeline. Thereafter, forests at low elevations
increasingly release carbon as a consequence of
the changed balance between growth and respiration processes, resulting in a net carbon source at
the catchment scale. Land cover changes have a
strong modifying effect on these climate- induced
patterns. While the simulated temporal pattern of
carbon cycling is qualitatively similar across the
five catchments, quantitative differences exist due
to the regional differences of the climate and land
cover scenarios, with land cover exerting a stronger influence. The differences in the simulations
with scenarios derived from several GCMs under
one SRES scenario are of the same magnitude as
the differences between various SRES scenarios
derived from one single GCM, suggesting that the
uncertainty in climate model projections needs to
be narrowed before accurate impact assessments
under the various SRES scenarios can be made at
the local to regional scale. We conclude that the
carbon balance of the European Alps is likely to
shift strongly in the future, driven mainly by land
cover changes, but also by changes of the climate.
We recommend that assessments of carbon cycling
at regional to continental scales should make sure
to adequately include sub-regional differences of
changes in climate and land cover, particularly in
areas with a complex topography.
Climatic Change, 2007, V85, N1-2, NOV, pp
195-212.
156
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Past Global Changes
08.1-307
Pleistocene ice and paleo-strain rates at Taylor
Glacier, Antarctica
Aciego S M, Cuffey K M, Kavanaugh J L, Morse D L,
Severinghaus J P
USA, Switzerland, Canada
Cryology / Glaciology , Paleontology
Ice exposed in ablation zones of ice sheets can
be a valuable source of samples for paleoclimate
studies and information about long-term ice dynamics. We report a 28-km long stable isotope
sampling transect along a flowline on lower Taylor Glacier, Antarctica, and show that ice from
the last glacial period is exposed here over tens
of kilometers. Gas isotope analyses on a small
number of samples confirm our age hypothesis.
These chronostratigraphic data contain information about past ice dynamics and in particular
should be sensitive to the longitudinal strain rate
on the north flank of Taylor Dome, averaged over
millennia. The imprint of climatic changes on ice
dynamics may be discernible in these data.
Quaternary Research, 2007, V68, N3, NOV, pp
303-313.
08.1-308
Sequencing events across the Permian-Triassic
boundary, Guryul Ravine (Kashmir, India)
Algeo T J, Hannigan R, Rowe H, Brookfield M, Baud
A, Krystyn L, Ellwood B B
USA, Canada, Switzerland
Geochemistry & Geophysics , Geology ,
Paleontology
The Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) section at
Guryul Ravine (Kashmir, India) comprises a >
100-m-thick, apparently conformable succession
of mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments deposited in a deep-shelf or ramp setting. This section,
although long important in debates concerning
placement of the PTB, has not previously been the
focus of an integrated chemostratigraphic study.
In the present study, samples from a 20-m-thick
interval straddling the PTB were analyzed for major- and trace-element concentrations, TOC-TIC,
REEs, and organic delta C-13-delta N-15 to investigate contemporaneous environmental changes.
The Guryul Ravine section exhibits a sequence of
discrete events that provide potentially important
information about the character and cause(s) of
the PTB. Two transient negative C-isotopic excursions within the upper changxingensis zone predate the Late Permian event horizon (LPEH, i.e., the
global mass extinction event) by similar to 200-400
kyr and are associated with the onset of a major
eustatic rise and with secondary extinction peaks.
These excursions may record minor environmen-
tal disturbances prior to the main end-Permian
crisis, supporting an intrinsic mechanism such
as volcanism and climate change rather than an
extrinsic mechanism such as a bolide impact. The
onset of a large (similar to -4.0 to -4.5%), sustained
negative C-isotope shift marks the LPEH, which is
located at the Zewan-Khunamub formation contact similar to 260 cm below the biostratigraphically defined PTB, The Guryul Ravine section
exhibits a stepwise extinction pattern, with the
largest peak between the LPEH and PTB and a secondary peak just above the PTB, a pattern similar
to that observed in the Meishan D GSSP.
Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,
2007, V252, N1-2, AUG 20, pp 328-346.
08.1-309
Sub-orbital sea-level change in early MIS 5e:
New evidence from the Gulf of Corinth, Greece
Andrews J E, Portman C, Rowe P J, Leeder M R,
Kramers J D
Paleontology , Geochemistry & Geophysics ,
Geology
New evidence from uplifted marine isotope stage
(MIS) 5e carbonate deposits in the Gulf of Corinth
demonstrate two rapid, sub-orbitally forced, sealevel oscillations in the early part of MIS 5e. Microbial bioherms with inter-grown marine coralline
algae are interpreted as early highstand deposits.
Presence of thin vadose flowstone (speleothem)
coating inter-bioherm surfaces mark a short-lived
regression of > 10 m, followed by sea-level recovery
and reestablishment of the highstand, marked
by coralline algae coating inter-bioherm cavity surfaces. These marine algae are then coated
by a younger vadose flowstone, thick enough to
provide an uncontaminated U/Th date of 134.8 +/12.0 ka. The dated flowstone is itself encrusted by
marine fauna and the entire sequence overlain by
highstand marine sediments and marine aragonite cements dated to 114-118 ka, part of the sustained MIS 5e highstand. The age of the younger
flowstone demonstrates that the early highstand
occurred before 134.8 +/- 2.0 ka, and uplift arguments suggest that the bioherms are unlikely to
be older than similar to 136 ka. These data are
consistent with the notion that most of termination II (TII) sea- level rise had occurred before
135 ka; indeed they suggest sea-level at this time
reached about 2-4 (+/- 4) m below present sea-level,
6-18 (+/- 4) m higher than previous estimates. This
early highstand was itself punctuated by a rapid
sea-level oscillation of > 10 m (as yet undated),
and this oscillation, supported by new TII sealevel data from the Red Sea (Siddall, M., Bard, E.,
Rohling, E.J., Hemleben, C., 2006, Sea-level reversal during termination 11, Geology, 34, 817-820.),
probably occurred in about 1000 yr. The flowstone
dated at 134.8 2.0 ka is interpreted to record the
early part of the ‘Aladdin’s Cave’ regressive event
from Papua New Guinea, although in Greece only
the first 16 m of the event is recorded. The new
data presented here support a recently published
Red Sea TII sea- level curve: they also highlight minor discrepancies in the absolute dating of these
early MIS 5e sea-level events worldwide.
N3-4, JUL 30, pp 457-468.
08.1-310
Age and significance of former low-altitude
corrie glaciers on Hoy, Orkney Islands
Ballantyne C K, Hall A M, Phillips W, Binnie S,
Kubik P W
Scotland, USA, Switzerland
Geomorphology , Paleontology , Cryology /
Glaciology
Geomorphological mapping provides evidence for
two former low-level corrie glaciers on Hoy, both
defined by end moraines. Five Be-10 exposure ages
obtained from sandstone boulders on moraine
crests fall within the range 12.4 +/- 1.5 ka to 10.4
+/- 1.7 ka (weighted mean 11.7 +/- 0.6 ka), confirming that these glaciers developed during the Loch
Lomond (Younger Dryas) Stade (LLS) of 12.9-11.5
cal. ka BP, and demonstrate the feasibility of using this approach to establish the age of LLS glacier limits. The equilibrium line altitude (ELA) of
one of the glaciers (99 m) is the lowest recorded
for any LLS glacier, and the area-weighted mean
ELA for both (141 m) is consistent with a general northward ELA decrease along the west coast
of Britain. The size of moraines fronting these
small (<= 0.75 km(2)) glaciers implies that glacier
termini remained at or close to their limits for a
prolonged period. The apparent restriction of LLS
glaciers to only two sites on Hoy probably reflects
topographic favourability, and particularly the extent of snow-contributing areas.
Scottish Journal of Geology, 2007, V43, 2, pp
107-114.
08.1-311
Vegetation history, fire history and lake development recorded for 6300 years by pollen,
charcoal, loss on ignition and chironomids
at a small lake in southern Kyrgyzstan (Alay
Range, Central Asia)
Beer R, Heiri O, Tinner W
Paleontology , Geology , Limnology , Plant Sciences
157
Analyses of pollen, microscopic charcoal, loss on
ignition (LOI) and chironomids in the sediment of
the small sub-alpine lake Kichikol (2541 m a.s.l;
39 degrees 59’N, 73 degrees 33’E; Alay Range, Kyrgyzstan) provide new data to reconstruct the vegetational and lacustrine history during the past
6300 years. From 6300-5100 calibrated C-14 years
BP (cal. yr BP) semi-deserts with Chenopodiaceae
and Ephedra and rather open Juniperus stands
persisted around the lake. At 5100-4000 cal. yr BP
dense Juniperus forest established. Around 4000
cal. yr BP the forest retreated and was probably restricted to north-facing slopes, as is the case today.
Changes in the hydrology of Kichikol are inferred
from lithological properties, pollen of aquatic
plants and remains of aquatic invertebrates. The
lacustrine development of Kichikol suggests a
step-wise increase in humidity during the mid
and late Holocene, with major shifts recorded at
5000 and 4000 cal. yr BP. At the beginning of the
record Kichikol was a very shallow, possibly temporary pond. An initial rise in water-table is registered at c. 5000 cal. yr BP, followed by a second rise
to near present levels at c. 4000 cal. yr BP. These
hydrological shifts could be related to an increase
of westerly moisture transport from the Mediterranean region as a consequence of a late-Holocene
weakening of the Central Asian High and Indian
monsoon systems. Moderate human impact in
the region is recorded after 2100 cal. yr BP, as indicated by pollen of Plantago lanceolata-type and
a slight increase of charcoal accumulation rates.
Considering the general course of climate as well
as human impact we conclude that the present
forest composition is natural or quasi- natural.
Holocene, 2007, V17, N7, NOV, pp 977-985.
08.1-312
Pollen representation in surface samples of
the Juniperus, Picea and Juglans forest belts of
Kyrgyzstan, central Asia
Beer R, Tinner W, Carraro G, Grisa E
Switzerland, Kyrgyzstan
Paleontology , Plant Sciences , Forestry
Surface pollen deposition at five sites (Kichikol,
Karakol, Nishneye and Verkhneye Ozero, and
Bakaly) in four different forest types (Juniperus,
Picea, Juglans and mixed forests) in Kyrgyzstan
have been investigated to assess the relationship
between modern vegetation and pollen composition in order to calibrate the pollen representation. Vegetation surveys with an estimation of
the tree-crown cover (%) were made in 10 m X 10
to plots to relate the vegetation to surface pollen
of moss polsters. Correlation calculations show a
close relationship between vegetation (tree-crown
158
cover) and pollen for the Juniperus site (eg, r(2) =
0.76 between crown cover and arboreal pollen, AP)
and the Picea site (r(2) = 0.85), whereas the linkage is weaker at the Juglans site (r(2) = 0.35) and
in mixed forests (r(2) = 0.32). The results of the
surface samples of moss polsters are compared
and discussed with surface samples of lake sediments that were taken at the same locations. We
use vegetational maps from around the lakes to
discuss the link between vegetation and pollen at
extra-local scales (800 m around the sites). These
comparisons show that AP underestimates the effective tree cover around all sites, with in extreme
cases densely forested areas corresponding to AP
values as low as < 60; 30%. We explain this finding by the prevalent background pollen load that
derives from the dry lowland and slope steppes
(Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae). Our investigation may improve the reconstruction of
Quaternary vegetation and climate history of
these forest belts in Kyrgyzstan (Central Asia) on
the basis of fossil pollen assemblages from mire
and lake sediments. It provides new insights into
the pollen reflection of forest isles (eg, on humid
slopes or mountain tops) that are surrounded by
continental steppes; a vegetational situation that
may be used as an analogue for the conditions
during the full glacial in Eurasia and Northern
America.
Holocene, 2007, V17, N5, JUL, pp 599-611.
08.1-313
Surface-exposure ages of Front Range moraines that may have formed during the
Younger Dryas, 8.2cal ka, and Little Ice Age
events
Benson L, Madole R, Kubik P W, Mcdonald R
USA, Switzerland
Paleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Geomorphology , Geology
Surface-exposure (Be-10) ages have been obtained
on boulders from three post-Pinedale end-moraine
complexes in the Front Range, Colorado. Boulder
rounding appears related to the cirque-to-moraine
transport distance at each site with subrounded
boulders being typical of the 2-km-long Chicago
Lakes Glacier, subangular boulders being typical
of the 1-km-long Butler Gulch Glacier, and angular boulders being typical of the few-hundred-mlong Isabelle Glacier. Surface-exposure ages of angular boulders from the Isabelle Glacier moraine,
which formed during the Little Ice Age (LIA) according to previous lichenometric dating, indicate cosmogenic inheritance values ranging from
0 to similar to 3.0 Be-10 ka. (1) Subangular boulders from the Butler Gulch end moraine yielded
surface-exposure ages ranging from 5 to 10.2 Be-10
ka. We suggest that this moraine was deposited
during the 8.2 cal ka event, which has been associated with outburst floods from Lake Agassiz and
Lake Ojibway, and that the large age range associated with the Butler Gulch end moraine is caused
by cosmogenic shielding of and(or) spalling from
boulders that have ages in the younger part of the
range and by cosmogenic inheritance in boulders
that have ages in the older part of the range. The
surface-exposure ages of eight of nine subrounded
boulders from the Chicago Lakes area fall within
the 13.0-11.7 Be-10 ka age range, and appear to
have been deposited during the Younger Dryas
interval. The general lack of inheritance in the
eight samples probably stems from the fact that
only a few thousand years intervened between the
retreat of the Pinedale glacier and the advance of
the Chicago Lakes glacier; in addition, bedrock in
the Chicago Lakes cirque area may have remained
covered with snow and ice during that interval,
thus partially shielding the bedrock from cosmogenic radiation.
Quaternary Science Reviews, 2007, V26, N11-12,
JUN, pp 1638-1649.
08.1-314
Palaeoclimate-induced range shifts may explain current patterns of spatial genetic variation in renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis,
Asteraceae)
Bergh N G, Hedderson T A, Linder H P, Bond W J
South Africa, Switzerland
Paleontology , Microbiology , Plant Sciences , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
The impact of Pleistocene climatic fluctuations on
the distributions of plant species in the Greater
Cape Floristic Region is largely unknown. We used
a molecular fingerprinting tool, inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) PCR to examine the spatial
distribution of genetic variation in the common
and widespread shrub Elytropoppus rhinocerotis. We wished to test the hypothesis that refugia
for the species were located in areas which were
buffered from marked variations in precipitation
between glacial and interglacial periods. Populations from less protected areas, in contrast, should
have suffered size reductions or extinctions during the dry Holocene optimum. We detected a
large amount of genetic variation in the species,
which was apportioned largely amongst individuals within populations rather than amongst populations or regions, as expected for an outcrossing
and well-dispersed plant species. However, there
was significant spatial structure and an uneven
distribution of diversity across the range. Geo-
graphic distance is a very poor predictor of genetic distance between localities, especially towards
the cast of the range. This may be due to range
alteration over the time-scale reflected by ISSR
polymorphism. Inter-SSR variation declined from
south to north in the western arm of the range,
consistent with the prediction of Holocene aridification starting first and being most extreme in
the north. Areas shown by the marker to harbour
populations with high levels of variability include
most parts of the eastern arm of the range, and
the Kamiesberg highlands. Possible explanations
for the observed patterns of ISSR variation are discussed.
Taxon, 2007, V56, N2, MAY, pp 393-408.
08.1-315
Decadal-scale autumn temperature reconstruction back to AD 1580 inferred from the varved
sediments of Lake Silvaplana (southeastern
Swiss Alps)
Blass A, Bigler C, Grosjean M, Sturm M
Switzerland, Sweden
Limnology , Geology , Geochemistry & Geophysics
Paleontology
A quantitative high-resolution autumn (September-November) temperature reconstruction for
the southeastern Swiss Alps back to AD 1580 is
presented here. We used the annually resolved
biogenic silica (diatoms) flux derived from the accurately dated and annually sampled sediments of
Lake Silvaplana (46 degrees 27’N, 9 degrees 48’E,
1800 m a.s.l.). The biogenic silica flux smoothed
by means of a 9-yr running mean was calibrated
(r=0.70, p < 0.01) against local instrumental temperature data (AD 1864-1949). The resulting reconstruction (+/- 2 standard errors= 0.7 degrees C) indicates that autumns during the late Little Ice Age
were generally cooler than they were during the
20th century. During the cold anomaly around
AD 1600 and during the Maunder Minimum, however, the reconstructed autumn temperatures did
not experience strong negative departures from
the 20th-century mean. The warmest autumns
prior to 1900 occurred around AD 1770 and 1820
(0.75 degrees C above the 20th-century mean). Our
data agree closely with two other autumn temperature reconstructions for the Alps and for Europe
that are based on documentary evidence and are
completely unrelated to our data, revealing a very
consistent picture over the centuries.
Quaternary Research, 2007, V68, N2, SEP, pp
184-195.
159
08.1-316
Signature of explosive volcanic eruptions in
the sediments of a high- altitude Swiss lake
Blass A, Grosjean M, Livingstone D M, Sturm M
Switzerland
Paleontology , Limnology , Geology
The analysis of 125 years of well-dated varved sediments in Lake Silvaplana, located at 1,791 m a.s.l.
in the Upper Engadine region of south-eastern
Switzerland, reveals that 7 out of the 8 climatically relevant explosive volcanic eruptions between
A.D. 1880 and 2004 were followed by distinct
peaks in median grain-size. Although the underlying mechanisms are yet unclear, an analysis of
local meteorological data suggests that this phenomenon is unlikely to be related to any change
in air temperature associated with the eruptions,
but instead may be related to an increase in autumn precipitation subsequent to the eruptions
that led to the erosion and fluvial transport of particles larger than normal.
Journal of Paleolimnology, 2008, V39, N1, JAN, pp
35-42.
08.1-317
A European pattern climatology 1766-2000
Casty C, Raible C C, Stocker T F, Wanner H, Luterbacher J
Switzerland
Paleontology
Using monthly independently reconstructed gridded European fields for the 500 hPa geopotential
height, temperature, and precipitation covering
the last 235 years we investigate the temporal and
spatial evolution of these key climate variables
and assess the leading combined patterns of climate variability. Seasonal European temperatures
show a positive trend mainly over the last 40 years
with absolute highest values since 1766. Precipitation indicates no clear trend. Spatial correlation
technique reveals that winter, spring, and autumn
covariability between European temperature and
precipitation is mainly influenced by advective
processes, whereas during summer convection
plays the dominant role. Empirical Orthogonal
Function analysis is applied to the combined
fields of pressure, temperature, and precipitation.
The dominant patterns of climate variability for
winter, spring, and autumn resemble the North
Atlantic Oscillation and show a distinct positive
trend during the past 40 years for winter and
spring. A positive trend is also detected for summer pattern 2, which reflects an increased influence of the Azores High towards central Europe
and the Mediterranean coinciding with warm
160
and dry conditions. The question to which extent
these recent trends in European climate patterns
can be explained by internal variability or are a
result of radiative forcing is answered using cross
wavelets on an annual basis. Natural radiative
forcing (solar and volcanic) has no imprint on annual European climate patterns. Connections to
CO2 forcing are only detected at the margins of
the wavelets where edge effects are apparent and
hence one has to be cautious in a further interpretation.
Climate Dynamics, 2007, V29, N7-8, DEC, pp
791-805.
08.1-318
Reconstructing recent environmental changes
from proglacial lake sediments in the western
Alps (Lake blanc huez, 2543 m a.s.l., grandes
rousses massif, france)
Chapron E, Faien X, Magand O, Charlet L, Debret
M, Melieres M A
Switzerland, France
Paleontology , Geology , Geomorphology
The evolution of high-altitude glaciers and human activities in the Grandes Rousses massif is
documented by high-resolution seismic reflection profiling and multiproxy analysis of short
sediment cores in proglacial Lake Blanc Huez.
These lacustrine data are compared with historical chronicles, geomorphological features and
glaciological studies in this region of the western
Alps and they allow the documentation of recent
environmental changes. The specific geometry
of high-amplitude reflections in the uppermost
seismic unit, the lithology of short cores and the
available limnological data in the lake suggest
that elastic particles eroded by the glaciers and
transported in suspension by glacial melt waters
in early summer essentially develop homopycnal flood events in the lake. A conceptual model
linking fluctuations of glacier equilibrium line
altitudes in the catchment area with sedimentary facies retrieved in the lake basin is proposed.
This approach allows reconstructing continuous
glacier fluctuations since AD1820-1850 and suggests several phases of glacier fluctuations during
the Little Ice Age (LIA). These reconstructions are
based on changes in lacustrine sediment laminations, density, magnetic susceptibility, reflectance
spectra, organic matter and Arsenic content. The
age-depth model of short sediment cores is provided by Pb-210, 117CS and Am-241 radionuclide
dating. This chronology is further supported by
identifying in lacustrine sediments the impact of
(i) the nearby M 5.3 Corren on earthquake in AD
1962, (ii) the development of the ski resort at high-
altitude close to the lake and (iii) the last advance
of glaciers during the LIA in AD1820-1850 and the
following phase of glacier retreat observed in the
alpine region at the end of the LIA in AD 1880. Frequent sandy layers enriched in organic matter and
associated with fluctuations in the Arsenic concentrations may result from hydraulic remobilisation of Middle Age mine tailings at the lake shore
by snow melt or heavy rain fall events during the
LIA. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2007, V252, N3-4, SEP 3, pp 586-600.
08.1-319
Long-term interactions between Mediterranean climate, vegetation and fire regime at
Lago di Massaciuccoli (Tuscany, Italy)
Colombaroli D, Marchetto A, Tinner W
Switzerland, Italy
Plant Sciences , Forestry , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Paleontology , Ecology
1. A Holocene sedimentary sequence from a coastal lake in the Mediterranean area (Lago di Massaciuccoli, Tuscany, Italy, 0 m a.s.l.) was sampled
for pollen and microscopic charcoal analyses.
Contiguous 1-cm samples represent an estimated
time interval of c. 13 years, thus providing a highresolution sequence from 6100 to 5400 cal. years
BP. 2. Just before 6000 cal. years BP, sub-Mediterranean and Mediterranean forests were present together with fir (Abies alba), a submontane species
that is today absent at low altitudes in the Mediterranean. A sharp vegetational change occurred
after 6000 cal. years BP involving a drastic decline
of Abies alba around the site. 3. Time-series analyses suggest that increased fire activity at this time
caused a strong decline in Abies alba, a highly
fire-sensitive species. During 100 years of higher
fire incidence, diverse (predominantly evergreen)
forest communities were converted to low- diversity fire-prone shrub communities. 4. Cross-correlations reveal that fire during the mid-Holocene
hindered the expansion of holm oak (Quercus
ilex), the most common tree species today in Mediterranean environments. While the factors that
triggered the Holocene expansion of this species
in the Mediterranean area are unclear, our results
do not support the hypothesis that fire was key
for holm oak expansion. 5. Diatom analyses of
the same sediment core provide an independent
palaeoenvironmental proxy for palaeoclimatic
reconstruction. A change in the eutrophy and
salinity of the lake occurred just before 6000 cal.
years BP, suggesting that a climatic shift towards
aridity may have triggered the observed change
in hydrology and possibly also in fire regime. 6.
Over the millennia fire has decisively contributed
to the establishment of the present fire-adapted
vegetation type (macchia). Native fire-sensitive
species were displaced or repressed, and arboreal
vegetation became less diverse. Combined ecological and palaeoecological data may help to assess
possible future scenarios of biosphere responses
to global change. Our results imply that the forecasted global warming and fire increase may trigger irrecoverable biodiversity losses and shifts in
vegetational composition within a few decades or
centuries at most. In particular, fire and droughtsensitive vegetation types, such as the relict forests of Abies alba in the Apennines, seem particularly threatened by large-scale displacement.
Journal of Ecology, 2007, V95, N4, JUL, pp
755-770.
08.1-320
Using toponymy to reconstruct past land use:
a case study of ‘brusada’ (burn) in southern
Switzerland
Conedera M, Vassere S, Neff C, Meurer M, Krebs P
History , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , Paleontology
Toponyms are frequently the outcome of a creative process, a subjective interpretation by the
local inhabitants at the time of naming. They often survive changes in the local landscape, thus
becoming historical documents of landscape dynamics or changes in land use. In this contribution we provide a systematic synchronic analysis
of the toponym brusada (burn) in Canton Ticino.
In total, 182 instances of place names containing
brusada were recorded, of which 102 cases (56.0%)
were localised. Based on oral information provided by the local people or on archival documents, it
was possible to group the selected toponyms into
different meaning classes such as burnt building,
exposed sites, pasture-land and others without
any indication (classified here as generic). On the
basis of etymological, topographic, documentary, bibliographic, and historic evidence, as well
as proxy-archives (such as charcoal in lake sediments), we hypothesise that most of the toponyms
associated with pasture-land - and probably also a
large portion of the generic toponyms - are directly or indirectly related to the habit of using fire
to clear brushwood to improve pasture-land or to
eliminate trees. In the study area, the practice of
pasture-fires appears to have been a very well controlled and targeted activity in medieval times. In
contrast, pasture-fires became very frequent and
uncontrolled in the second half of the nineteenth
century up until the Second World War. Our study
161
confirms the usefulness and suitability of toponymy, in combination with other disciplines, for
ecohistorical reconstructions of past environmental and land-use changes.
Journal of Historical Geography, 2007, V33, N4,
OCT, pp 729-748.
08.1-321
Multiproxy late quaternary stratigraphy of
the Nile deep-sea turbidite system - Towards a
chronology of deep-sea terrigeneous systems
Ducassou E, Capotondi L, Murat A, Bernasconi
S M, Mulder T, Gonthier E, Migeon S, Duprat J,
Giraudeau J, Mascle J
France, Italy, Switzerland
Geology , Paleontology
Understanding the recent formation of a sedimentary system such as a deep-sea turbidite system
(DSTS) requires an accurate stratigraphic control
on deposits. Due to the important terrigeneous input which disrupts the sedimentary record, DSTS
is an environment where stratigraphic control
is difficult to assess. Most of the time, traditional
stratigraphic tools are not accurate enough. This
has led to a rather limited number of studies concerning stratigraphy in DSTS. In this study, we examine several hemipelagic long piston cores collected from the Nile DSTS (eastern Mediterranean),
in order to understand the recent evolution of the
complex sedimentary system in this area. The first
aim of this study is to show how to obtain a reliable
timeframe in DSTS. Indeed, we provided a detailed
ecostratigraphical scheme based on planktonic foraminiferal distribution, oxygen isotope records and
lithostratigraphy (sapropels and tephra) of three
cores where the sedimentation is least disturbed.
We have identified 29 foraminiferal ecozones during the last 250,000 years BP, with an approximately 2000-year time resolution. The time span of each
ecozone was constrained by the oxygen isotope
record, C-14 AMS radiometric data, tephrochronology and the sapropel chronology. These high-resolution ecostratigraphical time subdivisions have
been applied in discontinuous mixed hemipelagic/
turbiditic sequences of a levee record. This example
shows how to date gravity events, formation and
time periods of sedimentary accumulations. (c)
2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sedimentary Geology, 2007, V200, N1-2, AUG 1,
pp 1-13.
08.1-322
Paleoecology of Pennsylvanian phylloid algal
buildups in south Guizhou, China
Enpu G, Samankassou E, Changqing G, Yongli Z
Baoliang S
162
Switzerland, Peoples R China
Paleontology , Marine & Freshwater Biology
Pennsylvanian phylloid algal reefs are widespread
and well exposed in south Guizhou, China. Here
we report on reefs ranging from 2 to 8 m thickness and 30-50 m lateral extension. Algae, the
main components, display a wide spectrum of
growth forms, but are commonly cyathiform
(cup-shaped) and leaf-like (undulate plates). The
algal reef facies is dominated by boundstone. Algal thalli form a dense carpet whose framework
pores are filled with marine cement and peloidal
micrite. The peloidal matrix is dense, partly laminated or clotted with irregular surfaces and often
gravity defying. Algal reefs in Guizhou differ from
examples reported to date by the high biodiversity of organisms other than phylloids: e.g., the
intergrowth of algae with corals (some of which
are twice the size of algal thalli) and numerous
large brachiopods. This contrasts to previous
views that phylloid algal “meadows” dominated
the actual seafloor, excluding other biota. Also,
the pervasive marine cements (up to 50%) including botryoidal cement are noteworthy. Algal reefs
developed at platform margins, a depositional
environment similar to that of modern Halimeda
mounds in Java, Australia and off Bahamas, and to
that of time-equivalent examples reported from
the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Whereas nutrients appear decisive in the growth of Halimeda
reefs, algal reefs reported herein seemingly grew
under conditions of low nutrient levels. Overall,
algal reefs in Guizhou challenge previous views
on growth forms, diversity patterns, and depositional environments and add to the spectrum of
these partly puzzling biogenic structures.
Facies, 2007, V53, N4, NOV, pp 615-623.
08.1-323
Long-term drought severity variations in
Morocco
Esper J, Frank D, Buentgen U, Verstege A, Luterbacher J
Switzerland
Plant Sciences , Forestry , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Paleontology
Cedrus atlantica ring width data are used to reconstruct long-term changes in the Palmer Drought
Severity Index (PDSI) over the past 953 years in
Morocco, NW Africa. The reconstruction captures
the dry conditions since the 1980s well and places
this extreme period within a millennium-long
context. PDSI values were above average for most
of the 1450-1980 period, which let recent drought
appear exceptional. However, our results also indicate that this pluvial episode of the past millen-
nium was preceded by generally drier conditions
back to 1049. Comparison of PDSI estimates with
large-scale pressure field reconstructions revealed
steady synoptic patterns for drought conditions
over the past 350 years. The long-term changes
from initially dry to pluvial to recent dry conditions are similar to PDSI trends reported from N
America, and we suggest that they are related to
long-term temperature changes, potentially teleconnected with ENSO variability and forced by
solar irradiance changes.
Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, V34, N17, SEP
5 ARTN: L17702.
08.1-324
Modern pollen assemblages as climate indicators in southern Europe
Finsinger W, Heiri O, Valsecchi V, Tinner W,
Lotter A F
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Plant Sciences , Paleontology
Aim and Location Our aim is to develop pollen-climate inference models for southern Europe and
to test their performance and inference power by
cross-validation with modern climate data. Surface sediments collected from lakes along a climate gradient from the winter-cold/summer-wet
Alps to winter-wet/summer-dry Sicily were analysed for modern pollen assemblages. Methods For
each lake, mean monthly temperatures, seasonal
precipitation and site-specific climate uncertainties have been estimated. Pollen-climate relationships were studied using numerical analyses, and
inference models were derived by partial least
squares (PLS) and weighted-averaging PLS (WA-PLS)
regressions for January and July temperatures (T),
and for winter, spring and summer precipitation
(P). In order to assess whether these variables are
also of ecological importance for vegetation in the
subregions, we split the data set into an Alpine
and a Mediterranean subset. Results Low bootstrap cross-validated root mean square errors of
prediction (RMSEP) for January T (1.7 degrees C),
July T (2.1 degrees C) and summer P (38 mm), as
well as low RMSEPs expressed as a percentage of
the gradient length (8-9%), indicate a good inference power. Models revealed excellent to good
performance statistics for January T, July T and
summer P (r(2)= 0.8), and for winter and spring P
(r(2) =c. 0.5). We show that the variables with the
highest explanatory power differ between the two
subregions. These are summer T and P for the Alpine set, and January T, winter P and July T for the
Mediterranean set. Main conclusions The study
reveals the influence of climatic conditions dur-
ing the growing season on modern pollen assemblages and indicates the potential of pollen data
for long-term climate reconstructions of parameters such as winter precipitation and temperature, which seem to be the main factors having
an influence on the variability of Mediterranean
climate. These models may therefore provide important information on past regional climate variability in southern Europe.
SEP, pp 567-582.
08.1-325
Reconstruction of millennial changes in dust
emission, transport and regional sea ice coverage using the deep EPICA ice cores from the
Atlantic and Indian Ocean sector of Antarctica
Fischer H, Fundel F, Ruth U, Twarloh B, Wegner A,
Udisti R, Becagli S, Castellano E, Morganti A, Severi
M, Wolff E, Littot G, Röthlisberger R, Mulvaney
R, Hutterli M A, Kaufmann P, Federer U, Lambert
F, Bigler M, Hansson M, Jonsell U, de Angelis M,
Boutron C, Siggaard Andersen M L, Steffensen J P,
Barbante C, Gaspari V, Gabrielli P, Wagenbach D
Germany, Italy, England, Switzerland, Sweden,
France, Denmark
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Cryology / Glaciology , Paleontology
Continuous sea salt and mineral dust aerosol records have been studied on the two EPICA (European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica) deep ice
cores. The joint use of these records from opposite
sides of the East Antarctic plateau allows for an
estimate of changes in dust transport and emission intensity as well as for the identification of
regional differences in the sea salt aerosol source.
The mineral dust flux records at both sites show a
strong coherency over the last 150 kyr related to
dust emission changes in the glacial Patagonian
dust source with three times higher dust fluxes in
the Atlantic compared to the Indian Ocean sector
of the Southern Ocean (SO). Using a simple conceptual transport model this indicates that transport can explain only 40% of the atmospheric dust
concentration changes in Antarctica, while factor
5-10 changes occurred. Accordingly, the main
cause for the strong glacial dust flux changes in
Antarctica must lie in environmental changes in
Patagonia. Dust emissions, hence environmental
conditions in Patagonia, were very similar during the last two glacials and interglacials, respectively, despite 2-4 degrees C warmer temperatures
163
recorded in Antarctica during the penultimate
interglacial than today. 2-3 times higher sea salt
fluxes found in both ice cores in the glacial compared to the Holocene are difficult to reconcile
with a largely unchanged transport intensity and
the distant open ocean source. The substantial
glacial enhancements in sea salt aerosol fluxes
can be readily explained assuming sea ice formation as the main sea salt aerosol source with
a significantly larger expansion of (summer) sea
ice in the Weddell Sea than in the Indian Ocean
sector. During the penultimate interglacial, our
sea salt records point to a 50% reduction of winter
sea ice coverage compared to the Holocene both
in the Indian and Atlantic Ocean sector of the SO.
However, from 20 to 80 ka before present sea salt
fluxes show only very subdued millennial changes despite pronounced temperature fluctuations,
likely due to the large distance of the sea ice salt
source to our drill sites.
N1-2, AUG 15, pp 340-354.
08.1-326
Adjustment for proxy number and coherence
in a large-scale temperature reconstruction
Frank D, Esper J, Cook E R
Switzerland, USA
Paleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
(1) Proxy records may display fluctuations in climate variability that are artifacts of changing replication and interseries correlation of constituent
time-series and also from methodological considerations. These biases obscure the understanding
of past climatic variability, including estimation of
extremes, differentiation between natural and anthropogenic forcing, and climate model validation.
Herein, we evaluate as a case-study, the Esper et al.
(2002) extra-tropical millennial-length temperature
reconstruction that shows increasing variability
back in time. We provide adjustments considering
biases at both the site and hemispheric scales. The
variance adjusted record shows greatest differences
before 1200 when sample replication is quite low. A
reduced amplitude of peak warmth during Medieval Times by about 0.4 degrees C (0.2 degrees C)
at annual (40-year) timescales slightly re-draws the
longerterm evolution of past temperatures. Many
other regional and large-scale reconstructions appear to contain variancerelated biases.
164
08.1-327
Carbon dioxide release from the North Pacific
abyss during the last deglaciation
Galbraith E D, Jaccard S L, Pedersen T F, Sigman D
M, Haug G H, Cook M, Southon J R, Francois R
Canada, USA, Switzerland
Paleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric
Sciences , Oceanography
Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were
significantly lower during glacial periods than
during intervening interglacial periods, but the
mechanisms responsible for this difference remain uncertain. Many recent explanations call
on greater carbon storage in a poorly ventilated
deep ocean during glacial periods(1-5), but direct
evidence regarding the ventilation and respired
carbon content of the glacial deep ocean is sparse
and often equivocal(6). Here we present sedimentary geochemical records from sites spanning the
deep subarctic Pacific that-together with previously published results(7)- show that a poorly ventilated water mass containing a high concentration
of respired carbon dioxide occupied the North Pacific abyss during the Last Glacial Maximum. Despite an inferred increase in deep Southern Ocean
ventilation during the first step of the deglaciation (18,000-15,000 years ago)(4,8), we find no
evidence for improved ventilation in the abyssal
subarctic Pacific until a rapid transition similar
to 14,600 years ago: this change was accompanied
by an acceleration of export production from the
surface waters above but only a small increase in
atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (8). We
speculate that these changes were mechanistically linked to a roughly coeval increase in deep water formation in the North Atlantic (9-11), which
flushed respired carbon dioxide from northern
abyssal waters, but also increased the supply of
nutrients to the upper ocean, leading to greater
carbon dioxide sequestration at mid-depths and
stalling the rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide
concentrations. Our findings are qualitatively
consistent with hypotheses invoking a deglacial
flushing of respired carbon dioxide from an isolated, deep ocean reservoir(1-5,12), but suggest that
the reservoir may have been released in stages,
as vigorous deep water ventilation switched between North Atlantic and Southern Ocean source
regions.
Nature, 2007, V449, N7164, OCT 18, pp 890-U9.
08.1-328
Smithian-Spathian boundary event: Evidence
for global climatic change in the wake of the
end-Permian biotic crisis
Galfetti T, Hochuli P A, Brayard A, Bucher H, Weissert H, Vigran J O
Switzerland, France
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Paleontology , Geology
One of the most important carbon cycle perturbations following the end-Permian mass extinction
event straddles the Smithian-Spathian boundary
(SSB) (Olenekian, Early Triassic). This anomaly
is characterized by a prominent positive carbon
isotope excursion known from Tethyan marine
rocks. Its global significance is established here
by a new high paleolatitude record (Spitsbergen).
Paleontological evidence, such as Boreal palynological data (Barents Sea, Norway) and global patterns of ammonoid distribution, indicates a synchronous major change in terrestrial and marine
ecosystems near the SSB. The reestablishment of
highly diverse plant ecosystems, including the
rise of woody gymnosperms and decline of the
formerly dominating lycopods, is interpreted as
an effect of a major climate change. This hypothesis is supported by modeling of ammonoid paleobiogeography, the distribution patterns of which
are interpreted as a proxy for sea surface temperatures (SST). The latest Smithian thus appears to
have been a time of a warm and equable climate
as expressed by an almost flat pole to equator SST
gradient. In contrast, the steep Spathian SST gradient suggests latitudinally differentiated climatic conditions. We propose that this drastic climate
change and the global carbon cycle perturbation
were triggered by a massive end-Smithian CO2 injection. The SSB event could therefore represent
one of the causes for stepwise and delayed recovery of marine and terrestrial biotas in the wake of
the end- Permian biotic crisis.
Geology, 2007, V35, N4, APR, pp 291-294.
08.1-329
Dating of syngenetic ice wedges in permafrost
with Cl-36
Gilichinsky D A, Nolte E, Basilyan A E, Beer J, Blinov
A V, Lazarev V E, Kholodov A L, Meyer H, Nikolskiy
P A, Schirrmeister L, Tumskoy V E
Russia, Germany, Switzerland
A new method of permafrost dating with the cosmogenic radionuclide Cl-36 is presented. In the
first application, syngenetic ice wedges are dated
using the ratio of Cl-36 and Cl concentrations in
ice as the signal. Cl-36 is produced in the atmo-
sphere by nuclear reactions of cosmic rays on argon. Stable chlorine enters the atmosphere from
the oceans. Their ratio does not depend on chloride concentration in precipitations and on sublimation of snow. In situ production of Cl-36 in
permafrost ice via cosmic ray-induced reactions
and neutron capture are calculated and the dating age limit is estimated as 3 million years. Cl-36/
Cl ratios in permafrost samples from cape Svyatoy
Nos (Laptev Sea coast), North-Eastern Siberia, are
measured by accelerator mass spectrometry. Analysis of the first results and the calculated dates
support the feasibility of the Cl-36 permafrost dating method.
JUN, pp 1547-1556.
08.1-330
Assimilation of the plutonic roots of the Andean arc: Evidence from CO2-rich fluid inclusions in olivines
Ginibre C, Dungan M A
Switzerland
Paleontology
N15, AUG, SS, p A325.
08.1-331
Paleoecology of Late Carboniferous phylloid
algae in southern Guizhou, SW China
Gong E, Mang Y, Guan C, Samankassou E, Sun B,
Sun B L
Peoples R China, Switzerland
Ecology , Paleontology , Marine & Freshwater
Biology
Phylloid algae are important reef-builders in the
late Carboniferous. This paper focuses on the paleoecology of phylloid algae in the Late Carboniferous on well-exposed reefs in Ziyun County,
Guizhou Province. Phylloid algae growing closely
packed are attached via holdfast or similar structure to substrate. They were growing in environments such as shallow water, photic zone and below the wave base with medium energy currents.
They have a variety of morphological forms, such
as single cup-shaped, cabbage-shaped and clustering cup-shaped. The thalli are of certain tenacity
and intensity. In the areas dominated by phylloid algae, other marine organisms are relatively
scarce. Obviously, phylloid algae are stronger competitors for living space than other co-occurring
organisms.
Acta Geologica Sinica English Edition, 2007, V81,
N4, AUG, pp 566-572.
165
08.1-332
Late Quaternary river development in the
southwest Chad Basin: OSL dating of sediment
from the Komadugu palaeofloodplain (northeast Nigeria)
Gumnior M, Preusser F
Paleontology , Geology , Hydrology
The Komadugu river system is the major Nigerian
tributary to Lake Chad. its large alluvial complex
represents an important archive of the late Quaternary environmental history of the Chad Basin.
Modern floodplains are incised into an older fluvial terrace that extends over 5000 km(2). Evidence
from satellite images suggests that the ancient
river system was dammed up by the Bama Beach
Ridge during high stands of mega Lake Chad. This
caused the formation of extensive wetlands with
a chaotic network of relic channels. The first set
of luminescence ages presented here fits well, into
the previously established environmental history
of the Chad Basin. Both the early and mid-Holocene pluvial periods as well as a final relatively humid period during the late Holocene are reflected
by point bar to overbank deposits or channel fills.
The onset of the Holocene was characterised by
erosion of older dune fields as indicated by grainsize distributions of the alluvium. Satellite images and sedimentological observations show that
the floodplain was dominated by meandering
channels shifted by frequent avulsion, reflecting
a high variability in precipitation and discharge
patterns at the beginning and end of Holocene
humid periods.
Journal of Quaternary Science, 2007, V22, N7,
OCT, pp 709-719.
08.1-333
Radiocarbon ages of soil charcoals from the
southern Alps, Ticino Switzerland
Hajdas I, Schlumpf N, Minikus Stary N, Hagedorn F,
Eckmeier E, Schoch W, Burga C, Bonani G, Schmidt
M W I, Cherubini P
Switzerland
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Forestry , Plant Sciences , Paleontology
Radiocarbon dating of macroscopic charcoal is a
useful toot for paleocliniatic and paleoecologic reconstructions. Here we present results of C-14 dating of charcoals found in charcoal-rich soils of Ticino and the Misox Valley (southern Switzerland)
which indicate that the Late Glacial and early
Holocene fires coincided with warm phases in the
North Atlantic region and low lake levels in the
Central Europe. Late Holocene charcoals found
in these soils document an earlier than believed
166
presence of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.)
in southern Switzerland. Sweet chestnut trees
play a key role in Mediterranean woodlands, and
for longer than two millennia have been used as a
food source. Based on palynological evidence it is
commonly believed that in southern Switzerland
C. sativa was first introduced 2000 years ago by
the Romans, who cultivated it for wood and fruit
production. Our results indicate that this tree
species was present on the southern slopes of the
Alps similar to 1500 years earlier than previously
assumed, and therefore was likely introduced independently from cultivation by the Romans.
Nuclear Instruments Methods in Physics Research
Section B Beam Interactions with Materials and
Atoms, 2007, V259, N1, JUN, pp 398-402.
08.1-334
Cosmogenic Be-10-ages from the Store Koldewey island, NE Greenland
Hakansson L, Graf A, Strasky S, Ivy Ochs S, Kubik P
W, Hjort C, Schlüchter C
Switzerland, Sweden, USA
Paleontology , Cryology / Glaciology , Geology
Earlier work in northeast Greenland has suggested a limited advance of the Greenland Ice Sheet
during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). However,
this concept has recently been challenged by marine geological studies, indicating grounded ice on
the continental shelf at this time. New Be-10-ages
from the Store Koldewey island, northeast Greenland, suggest that unscoured mountain plateaus
at the outer coast were covered at least partly by
cold-based ice during the LGM. It is, however, still
inconclusive whether this ice was dynamically
connected to the Greenland Ice Sheet or not. Regardless of the LGM ice sheet extent, the Be-10 results from Store Koldewey add to a growing body
of evidence suggesting considerable antiquity of
crystalline unscoured terrain near present and
Pleistocene ice sheet margins.
Geografiska Annaler Series A Physical Geography,
2007, V89A, N3, pp 195-202.
08.1-335
Evidence for recurrent changes in Lower Triassic oceanic circulation of the Tethys: The delta
C-13 record from marine sections in Iran
Horacek M, Richoz S, Brandner R, Krystyn L,
Spoetl C
Paleontology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Oceanography , Geology
Stable carbon isotope curves derived from Lower
Triassic carbonate rocks from three Iranian sections are established to investigate changes in the
carbon cycle during the Early Triassic in this area.
The sections are located in the south-center (Abadeh), north (Amol), and northwest (Zal) of Iran.
All three curves show a similar pattern starting
out with high delta C-13 values in the uppermost
Permian decreasing across the Permian-Triassic
boundary, an increase toward more positive values during the Griesbachian that slowly increase
further up during the Dienerian, followed by a
positive excursion to values as high as +8%o near
the Dienerian/Smithian boundary. During the
Smithian values return to below O%o, whereas
second positive excursion to values higher than +
3%o is recorded at the Smithian /Spathian boundary, again followed by a drop in delta C-13 into
the Spathian and a final excursion to positive
values at the Spathian /Anisian boundary. The
results from these Iranian sections are consistent
with previous studies from Italy and China, thus
strongly suggesting that the recorded delta C-13
variability represents at least Tethys-wide geochemical signals. Moreover, the new curves reveal
evidence of hich-amplitude, frequent oscillations
pointing toward rapid and profound changes in
the global carbon cycle during the Lower Triassic.
Stratification of the ocean interrupted by episodic
overturning transporting deep water to the ocean
surface is a viable mechanism to account for the
recorded isotope variations. Provided that the delta C-13 curve is representative of the global Lower
Triassic ocean. it has high potential for accurately
dating sedimentary successions via chemostratigraphy.
2007, V252, N1-2, AUG 20, pp 355-369.
08.1-336
1. Flaje-Kiefern (Krusne Hory Mountains): Late
Glacial and Holocene vegetation development
Jankovska V, Kunes P, van der Knaap W O
Czech Republic, Switzerland
Paleontology , Forestry , Plant Sciences
Grana, 2007, V46, N3, pp 214-216.
08.1-337
Microgram level radiocarbon (C-14) determination on carbonaceous particles in ice
Jenk T M, Szidat S, Schwikowski M, Gäggeler H W,
Wacker L, Synal H A, Saurer M
Switzerland
Cryology / Glaciology , Geochemistry & Geophysics
Paleontology , Instruments & Instrumentation
In climate research the interest on carbonaceous
particles has increased over the last years because
of their influence on the radiation balance of the
earth. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of available
data regarding their concentrations and sources
in the past. Such data would be important for a
better understanding of their effects and for estimating their influence on future climate. Here,
a technique is described to extract carbonaceous
particles from ice core samples with subsequent
separation of the two main constituents into organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) for
analysis of their concentrations in the past. This
is combined with further analysis of OC and EC
C-14/C-12 ratios by accelerator mass spectrometry
(AMS), what can be used for source apportionment
studies of past emissions. We further present how
C-14 analysis of the OC fraction could be used in
the future to date any ice core extracted from a
high-elevation glacier. Described sample preparation steps to final analysis include the combustion
of micrograms of water- insoluble carbonaceous
particles, primary collected by filtration of melted ice samples, the graphitisation of the obtained
CO2 to solid AMS target material and final AMS
measurements. Possible fractionation processes
were investigated for quality assurance. Procedural blanks were reproducible and resulted in
carbon masses of 1.3 +/- 0.6 µ g OC and 0.3 +/- 0.1 µ
g EC per filter. The determined fraction of modern
carbon (f(M)) for the OC blank was 0.61 0.13. The
analysis of processed IAEA-C6 and IAEA-C7 reference material resulted in f(M) = 1.521 +/- 0.011 and
delta C-13 = -10.85 0.19%, and f(M) = 0.505 +/- 0.011
and delta C-13 = - 14.21 0.19 parts per thousand,
respectively, in agreement with consensus values.
Initial carbon contents were thereby recovered
with an average yield of 93%.
Atoms, 2007, V259, N1, JUN, pp 518-525.
08.1-338
Orbital and millennial Antarctic climate variability over the past 800,000 years
Jouzel J, Masson Delmotte V, Cattani O, Dreyfus G,
Falourd S, Hoffmann G, Minster B, Nouet J, Barnola
J M, Chappellaz J, Fischer H, Gallet J C, Johnsen S,
Leuenberger M, Loulergue L, Lüthi D, Oerter H, Parrenin F, Raisbeck G, Raynaud D, Schilt A, Schwander J, Selmo E, Souchez R, Spahni R, Stauffer B,
Steffensen J P, Stenni B, Stocker T F, Tison J L,
Werner M, Wolff E W
France, Germany, Denmark, Iceland, Switzerland,
Italy, Belgium, England
Paleontology , Cryology / Glaciology , Meteorology
& Atmospheric Sciences
A high-resolution deuterium profile is now available along the entire European Project for Ice
Coring in Antarctica Dome C ice core, extending
167
this climate record back to marine isotope stage
20.2, similar to 800,000 years ago. Experiments
performed with an atmospheric general circulation model including water isotopes support
its temperature interpretation. We assessed the
general correspondence between Dansgaard-Oeschger events and their smoothed Antarctic counterparts for this Dome C record, which reveals the
presence of such features with similar amplitudes
during previous glacial periods. We suggest that
the interplay between obliquity and precession
accounts for the variable intensity of interglacial
periods in ice core records.
Science, 2007, V317, N5839, AUG 10,
pp 793-796.
08.1-339
Applying SAR-IRSL methodology for dating
fine-grained sediments from lake El’gygytgyn,
north-eastern Siberia
Juschus O, Preusser F, Melles M, Radtke U
Geology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Paleontology
Lake El’gygytgyn is situated in a 3.6 Ma old impact
crater in northeastern Siberia and probably represents one of the most complete archives of Arctic climate change. Investigated here is the potential of infra-red stimulated luminescence (IRSL)
using the single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR)
approach for dating sediments from this lake.
Independent age control is available from a published age model of a parallel core that is based on
tuning sediment proxies with regional insolation
and the results of previous multiple aliquot IRSL
dating. Although the site is located within volcanic bedrock, anomalous fading seems to have
little effect on the calculated ages. The modelled
water content for the entire time of burial is seen
as the most prominent uncertainty at this particular site. Despite these potential error sources,
SAR-IRSL ages are in acceptable agreement with
the given timeframe and clearly point to the possibility to establish independent chronologies at
this site up to at least 400,000 years.
Quaternary Geochronology, 2007, V2, N1-4, SI, pp
187-194.
08.1-340
Unfractionated excess air: The result of incomplete dissolution of entrapped air?
Klump S, Cirpka O A, Kipfer R
Switzerland
Paleontology , Geochemistry & Geophysics
AUG, SS, p A496.
168
08.1-341
Excess air as a potential tracer for paleohydrological conditions
Klump S, Grundl T, Purtschert R, Kipfer R
Switzerland, USA
Paleontology , Hydrology , Geochemistry & Geophysics
AUG, SS, p A497.
gorge topography by subglacial sediment fill during the last (Wurm) extensive glaciation and implies that glaciers were insufficient to fully eradicate fluvially sculpted bedrock topography. This
leads us to conclude that lithology and major climate oscillations should be considered as further
alternative controls on inner gorge formation.
2007, V112, NF3, SEP 27 ARTN: F03027.
08.1-342
Bedrock landsliding, river incision, and
transience of geomorphic hillslope-channel
coupling: Evidence from inner gorges in the
Swiss Alps
Korup O, Schlunegger F
Switzerland
Paleontology , Geomorphology , Geology
The formation of inner gorges cut into bedrock
has been explained as relief rejuvenation by fluvial incision in response to rapid base level drop,
repeated glaciations, frequent pore pressuredriven landsliding focused at hillslope toes, or
catastrophic outburst flows from natural dam
failures. Prominent inner gorges occur in soft
Mesozoic Bundner schist and lower Tertiary
flysch units of the formerly glaciated Alpenrhein
catchment, eastern Swiss Alps. Their channel and
hillslope morphologies differ from basins characterized by strong glacial or landslide imprints,
while formally resembling the theoretically predicted transient response of detachment-limited
bedrock rivers to rapid base level fall by headward
knickpoint migration. Assuming a postglacial onset of fluvial bedrock incision into a Last Glacial
Maximum surface in response to base level drop
induced by downwasting of trunk valley glaciers
requires downcutting rates E > 20 mm yr(-1) and
requires hillslopes to adjust by frequent landsliding toward development of a threshold state. We
test this scenario using data on surface uplift,
geomorphometry, geomorphic hillslope coupling,
and probabilistic slope stability models. We find
that adjustment of inner gorge walls through
landsliding is mainly strength limited and structurally controlled, and threshold conditions are
restricted to the lower 25% of local hillslope relief.
Mass movement processes on upper hillslopes remain largely decoupled from channel incision despite inferred postglacial specific sediment yields
of 10(4) m(3) km(-2) yr(-1) from the studied basins.
Conversely, several constraints imposed by fluvial
bedrock detachment, postglacial sediment yields,
and bedrock landsliding argue for a pre-Holocene
origin for at least some of the inner gorges in the
area. This implies partial protection of fluvial
08.1-343
Millenial scale variations of the isotopic composition of atmospheric oxygen over Marine
Isotopic Stage 4
Landais A, Masson Delmotte V, Combourieu
Nebout N, Jouzel J, Blunier T, Leuenberger M, Dahl
Jensen D, Johnsen S
Israel, France, Switzerland, Denmark
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Paleontology , Cryology / Glaciology , Geochemistry &
Geophysics
During rapid events of the last glacial period (DO
events), dramatic changes are recorded at high
and low latitudes. Without a precise common
timescale, links between changes in Greenland
temperature and changes in biosphere productivity, hydrology regimes and sea level are difficult
to establish. The composition of atmospheric
oxygen (delta O-18(atm)) is influenced by global
sea level changes, the global hydrologic cycle and
the biosphere productivity. Since delta O-18(atm)
is measured in ice cores it gives the opportunity
to investigate the underlying processes with no
timescale uncertainty. Here, we present the first
high resolution (50 yrs) record of the isotopic composition of atmospheric oxygen (delta O-19(atm))
measured in the air trapped in a Greenland ice
core (NorthGRIP). Our record covers a sequence of
DO events (18-19-20) corresponding to the Marine
Isotopic Stage 4, similar to 75 to 60 ka ago. Our
measurements reveal rapid changes of delta O18(atm) associated with the DO events. With a few
additional measurements of the third isotope of
oxygen (O-17) during the DO event 19, we exclude
the hypothesis that sea level changes are responsible for the isotopic variations. They originate
more likely from large changes in relative humidity and latitudinal repartition of the continental
vegetation over the DO events.
N1-2, JUN 15, pp 101-113.
08.1-344
Ages for the Big Stone Moraine and the oldest
beaches of glacial Lake Agassiz: Implications
for deglaciation chronology
Lepper K, Fisher T G, Hajdas I, Lowell T V
USA, Switzerland
Paleontology , Cryology / Glaciology , Geology
Glacial Lake Agassiz has been implicated as the
tritmer for numerous episodes of abrupt climate
change at the close of the last ice age, yet the beginning age of the lake has never been determined.
Here we report the first numerical age data on the
Big Stone Moraine and the oldest beaches of glacial
Lake Agassiz. Organic remains from lakes, bogs,
and channels distal to, and inset to, the Big Stone
Moraine require that glacial activity at this moraine ceased prior to 12,000 C-14 yr B.P. (13,950 cal
(calendar) yr). A site near New Effington, South Dakota (United States), implies full glacial recession
north of the topographic divide prior to 11,810 C-14
yr B.P. (13,670 cal yr), synchronous with the beginning of glacial Lake Agassiz. Lake Agassiz shorelines
inset to the moraine yield optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages from 14,200-12,600 yr cal.
Lower strandlines are younger, but the similarity of
ages suggests that initial lake lowering was faster
than OSL ages can currently resolve. Nevertheless,
the OSL ages represent the first numerical age assignments for the Herman, Norcross, and Upham
beach ridges, setting the stage for future numerical age assignments within the Lake Agassiz basin.
These two dating methods yield strongly consistent results within stated uncertainties. The age of
the Big Stone Moraine implies an interval of rapid
retreat for the Des Moines lobe of the Laurentide
Ice Sheet during the BiAling-Allerod warm interval. The overlapping ages for the uppermost beach
levels and abandonment of the highest Lake Agassiz spillway indicate a rapidly evolving lake until at
least 13,500 yr cal.
Geology, 2007, V35, N7, JUL, pp 667-670.
08.1-345
Variable Be-10 fluxes in lacustrine sediments
from Tristan da Cunha, South Atlantic: a solar
record?
Ljung K, Bjorck S, Muscheler R, Beer J, Kubik P W
Sweden, USA, Switzerland
Geology , Geochemistry & Geophysics ,
Oceanography , Paleontology
A 650-yr-long sediment sequence from a crater
lake on Tristan da Cunha, South Atlantic, was
analysed for its Be-10 content. Based on C-14 dating, and sedimentary, geochemical, magnetic
and palynological records, the period between
900 and 1450 AD appears to have been unusually
169
stable in terms of sedimentation and vegetation
and therefore this period was chosen for analysis
of the Be-10 content. During this period of highly
organic sedimentation and closed vegetation, the
pattern of Be-10 flux variations follows the Be-10
fluctuations from the GRIP ice core and estimated
C-14 production rates well. However, before and
after this stable period, variable sedimentation
rates have to be accounted for to obtain results
that are comparable to the established Be-10/C-14
records. Our data show not only the possibility of
obtaining detailed enough Be-10 flux data from
sedimentary sequences to reconstruct past solar
forcing but also how sensitive this type of record
is to sedimentary and environmental changes. If
suitable archives can be found, they have the potential to improve reconstructions of solar activity
far back in time.
APR, pp 829-835
08.1-346
Characterizing carbon isotopic variability in
Sphagnum
Loader N J, Mccarroll D, van der Knaap W O,
Robertson I, Gagen M
Wales, Switzerland
Paleontology , Plant Sciences , Forestry , Geology
To understand more fully the nature of isotopic
fractionation in mosses and to explore the potential of stable isotope analyses of selected peat
constituents for palaeoenvironmental research,
we present results from a study of inter- and intraplant delta C-13 variability in Sphagnum spp. Subdivisions of stem, pendant and horizontal branch
elements of modern Sphagnum capillifolium
plants revealed consistent and statistically significant differences in their isotopic composition. Sequential (downstem) analysis of a further cohort
of four modern Sphagnum capillifolium plants
also reveals evidence of common forcing on the
isotopic composition of sequentially formed stem
and branch increments. This relationship was
tested further by analysis of a series of branch and
stem samples manually recovered from Sphagnum fuscum preserved within a late Holocene (AD
2003-1970) peat monolith from a European mire.
The high degree of isotopic coherence observed
between plants supports the analysis of Sphagnum in palaeoecological investigations. However
inter- and intra-plant variability between both
branch and stem. sections emphasize the need for
representative sampling, replication and sample
homogeneity when conducting palaeoecological
studies.
Holocene, 2007, V17, N3, APR, pp 403-410.
170
08.1-347
Detailed record of the mid-Oxfordian (Late
Jurassic) positive carbon- isotope excursion in
two hemipelagic sections (France and Switzerland): A plate tectonic trigger?
Louis Schmid B, Rais P, Bernasconi S M, Pellenard P,
Collin P Y, Weissert H
Switzerland, France
Paleontology , Oceanography , Geology , Geochemistry & Geophysics
The Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) was a time of widespread change in Jurassic marine (carbonate) sedimentation patterns. A marked positive excursion
in delta C-13 is dated as Middle Oxfordian in age.
In this study we investigate if changes in carbonate sedimentation coincided with altered carbon
cycling and climate. We use C-isotope records as
a proxy for the evolution of the carbon cycle and
compare delta C-13- trends with the evolution of
sedimentation in a segment of the opening Tethys
seaway. One of the studied sections is located in
the Subalpine basin of France (Trescleoux and
Oze), the other in the Swiss Jura mountains (Liesberg). Carbon-isotope stratigraphy of carbonate
carbon locates the peak values of the Middle Oxfordian positive excursion to the antecedens and
parandieri subzones of the plicatilis and transversarium ammonite zones, respectively. Causes of
the excursion remain enigmatic. The excursion
seems not to coincide with a global oceanic anoxic event, but regionally enhanced organic carbon
accumulation during the Early and early Middle
Oxfordian may be the cause of the increase in
delta C-13. The excursion occurs during a time of
progressive climate warming, and its peak values
coincide with the first calcareous sediments recurring after a period of reduced carbonate accumulation in the Early and early Middle Oxfordian.
The excursion is also time-equivalent to a major
reorganisation of global ocean currents: the opening Atlantic and Tethys oceans combined with rising sea level led to the formation of an efficient
circumglobal seaway. We conclude that this favoured the widespread recurrence of carbonate
producers by providing new habitats. As a result,
C-carb burial increased, leading to a lower C- org/
C-carb burial rate and therefore to stabilisation
and decrease in delta C-13 in the Middle Oxfordian. Thus, the mid-Oxfordian positive excursion
in carbonate C-isotopes may reflect changes in the
carbon cycle that were triggered by a copious reorganisation of the ocean current system caused by
major plate tectonic movements.
2007, V248, N3-4, MAY 25, pp 459-472.
08.1-348
Impact of methane seeps on the local carbonisotope record: a case study from a Late Jurassic hemipelagic section
Louis Schmid B, Rais P, Logvinovich D, Bernasconi S
M, Weissert H
Switzerland
Geology , Paleontology , Geochemistry &
Geophysics
An Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) hemipelagic succession from Beauvoisin (SE France) contains a
pronounced, short-lived negative excursion in
the bulk-carbonate carbon-isotope record, with
an amplitude of 47 parts per thousand. it was
shown previously that the Beauvoisin paleoenvironment was impacted by hydrocarbon seepage.
New isotopic data corroborate that methane was
a significant constituent of these hydrocarbons.
The negative excursion was caused by transient
enhanced precipitation of 13 C-depleted carbonate, mediated by anaerobic oxidation of methane.
Despite its local diagenetic origin, the Beauvoisin
excursion is similar in shape and duration to globally recognized negative C-isotope excursions that
have been related to catastrophic, massive dissociation of methane hydrate. Shape and duration
of negative excursions therefore cannot be used
as an argument when determining their origin if
they have not been shown to represent a global
perturbation of the carbon cycle.
Terra Nova, 2007, V19, N4, AUG, pp 259-265.
08.1-349
Plate tectonic trigger of changes in pCO(2)
and climate in the Oxfordian (Late Jurassic):
Carbon isotope and modeling evidence
Louis Schmid B, Rais P, Schäffer P, Bernasconi S M,
Weissert H
Switzerland, France
Modelling , Paleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Geochemistry & Geophysics
The transition from the Middle to the Late Jurassic was characterized by significant changes
in oceanography and climate and by changes in
global carbon cycle as shown in the C-isotope
record. A prominent mid-Oxfordian positive excursion in bulk carbonate carbon isotope values
(delta C-13(carb)) With an amplitude of more than
1% has been documented from many sections in
the Northern Tethys realm. In this study we present new bulk organic matter C-isotope data (delta
C-13 (org)) from northwestern Tethys that do not
record the mid-Oxfordian positive excursion in
carbonate carbon. On the contrary, delta C-13
(org) decreases during the interval of the most
rapid increase in delta C-13(carb). We demonstrate
that this decrease is not due to a changing marine-terrestrial organic carbon partitioning but
that the contrasting isotope trends record peculiar environmental and climate changes which
occurred near the beginning of the Late Jurassic. Using a simple carbon cycle model we show
that an increase in atmospheric p CO(2) starting
at modem levels could be the cause of contrasting trends in delta C-13(carb) and delta C-13(org).
We suggest that a reorganisation of ocean currents related to the opening and/or widening of
the Tethys-Atlantic-Pacific seaway, and a massive
spread of shallow-sea carbonate production led
to higher pCO(2). Model simulations indicate that
this increase in pCO(2) may have triggered changes in the biological carbon pump and in organic
carbon burial that can explain the Middle Oxfordian C-isotope record.
N1-2, JUN 15, pp 44-60.
08.1-350
New constraints on the gas age-ice age difference along the EPICA ice cores, 0-50 kyr
Loulergue L, Parrenin F, Blunier T, Barnola J M,
Spahni R, Schilt A, Raisbeck G, Chappellaz J
France, Switzerland
Paleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Cryology / Glaciology
Gas is trapped in polar ice sheets at similar to 50-120
m below the surface and is therefore younger than
the surrounding ice. Firn densification models
are used to evaluate this ice age-gas age difference
(Delta age) in the past. However, such models need
to be validated by data, in particular for periods
colder than present day on the East Antarctic plateau. Here we bring new constraints to test a firn
densification model applied to the EPICA Dome C
(EDC) site for the last 50 kyr, by linking the EDC
ice core to the EPICA Dronning Maud Land (EDML)
ice core, both in the ice phase (using volcanic horizons) and in the gas phase (using rapid methane
variations). We also use the structured Be-10 peak,
occurring 41 kyr before present (BP) and due to
the low geomagnetic field associated with the
Laschamp event, to experimentally estimate the
Delta age during this event. Our results seem to
reveal an overestimate of the Delta age by the firn
densification model during the last glacial period
at EDC. Tests with different accumulation rates
and temperature scenarios do not entirely resolve
this discrepancy. Although the exact reasons for
the Delta age overestimate at the two EPICA sites
remain unknown at this stage, we conclude that
current densification model simulations have def-
171
icits under glacial climatic conditions. Whatever
the cause of the Delta age overestimate, our finding suggests that the phase relationship between
CO2 and EDC temperature previously inferred for
the start of the last deglaciation (lag of CO2 by 800
+/- 600 yr) seems to be overestimated.
Climate of the Past, 2007, V3, N3, pp 527-540.
08.1-351
Comparison of techniques for dating of subsurface ice from Monlesi ice cave, Switzerland
Luetscher M, Bolius D, Schwikowski M, Schotterer
U, Smart P L
Paleontology , Cryology / Glaciology
The presence of cave ice is documented in many
karst regions but very little is known about the age
range of this potential paleoclimate archive. This
case study from the Monlesi ice cave, Swiss Jura
Mountains, demonstrates that dating of cave ice
is possible using a multi-parameter approach. Ice
petrography, debris content and oxygen isotope
composition have the potential for identification
of annual growth layers, but require a continuous
core from the ice deposits, limiting application
of this approach. Furthermore, complete melting of ice accumulations from individual years
may occur, causing amalgamation of several annual bands. Use of H-3 content of the ice and C-14
dating of organic debris present in the ice proved
to be of limited utility, providing rather broad
bounds for the actual age. Initial estimates based
on Pb-210 analyses from clear ice samples gave
results comparable to those from other methods.
The most reliable techniques applied were the determination of ice turnover rates, and the dating
of anthropogenic inclusions (a roof tile) in the ice.
These suggest, respectively, that the base of the
cave ice was a minimum of 120 and a maximum
of 158 years old. Therefore, our data support the
idea that mid-latitude and low-altitude subsurface ice accumulations result from modern deposition processes rather than from presence of
Pleistocene relict ice.
Journal of Glaciology, 2007, V53, N182,
pp 374-384.
08.1-352
Detailed sedimentary N isotope records from
Cariaco Basin for terminations I and V: Local
and global implications
Meckler N A , Haug G H, Sigman D M, Plessen B,
Peterson L C, Thierstein H R
Switzerland, Germany, USA
Geology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Oceanography , Paleontology
172
(1) For the last deglaciation and Termination
V (the initiation of MIS 11 at around 430 ka) we
report high-resolution sedimentary nitrogen
isotope (delta N-15)records from Cariaco Basin
in the Caribbean Sea. During both terminations
the previously reported interglacial decrease in
delta N-15 clearly lags local changes such as water column anoxia as well as global increases in
denitrification by several thousand years. On top
of the glacial-interglacial change, several delta
N-15 peaks were observed during the last deglaciation. The deglacial signal in Cariaco Basin can be
best explained as a combination of (1) local variations in suboxia and water column denitrification
as the reason for the millennial-scale peaks, (2) a
deglacial maximum in mean ocean nitrate delta
N-15, and (3) increasing N-2 fixation in response
to globally increased denitrification causing the
overall deglacial delta N-15 decrease. In the Holocene, much of the decrease in delta N-15 occurred
between 6 and 3 ka, coinciding with an expected
precession-modulated increase in African dust
transport to the tropical North Atlantic and the
Caribbean. This begs the hypothesis that N-2 fixation in this region increased in response to interglacial maxima in denitrification elsewhere but
that this response strengthened with increased
mid- Holocene iron input. It remains to be seen
whether the data for MIS 11 support this interpretation.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2007, V21, N4, DEC
15 ARTN: GB4019.
08.1-353
Grape harvest dates as a proxy for Swiss April
to August temperature reconstructions back to
AD 1480
Meier N, Rutishauser T, Pfister C, Wanner H, Luterbacher J
Switzerland
Plant Sciences , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Paleontology
We present an annually resolved record of grape
harvest dates for Switzerland. The strong negative relationship between grape harvest dates
and April August temperatures allowed a new
reconstruction, with associated uncertainties, to
be derived back to 1480. Calibration (1928 -1979)
was performed with monthly data from the Basel and Geneva stations and verified over 1980
-2006. Twelve days of grape harvest difference
correspond to around 1 degrees C April - August
temperature difference. Periods cooler (late grape
harvest dates) than the 1961 -1990 mean are reconstructed during the 17th century and at the beginning of the 19th century. Warmer conditions were
experienced in the early 18th century and during
the recent decades, in agreement with grape harvest temperature reconstructions from France and
other independent temperature estimates. On
decadal (annual) time-scales the earliest harvests
were in the 1580s (2003) and the latest vintages in
the 1740s (1816). Large tropical volcanic eruptions
led to significantly later grape harvest dates (cooling) one to two years after the event.
Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, V34, N20, OCT
24 ARTN: L20705.
08.1-354
Evidence of a two-fold glacial advance during
the last glacial maximum in the Tagliamento
end moraine system (eastern Alps)
Monegato G, Ravazzi C, Donegana M, Pini R, Calderoni G, Wick L
Italy, Switzerland
Paleontology , Cryology / Glaciology ,
Geomorphology
The glacial history of the Tagliamento morainic
amphitheater (southeastern Alpine foreland, Italy) during the last glacial maximum (LGM) has
been reconstructed by means of a geological survey and drillings, radiocarbon dating and pollen
analysis in the amphitheater and in the sandur.
Two phases of glacial culmination, separated by a
distinct recession, are responsible for glacial landforms and related sediments in the outer part of
the amphitheater. The age of the younger advance
fits the chronology of the culmination of the last
glaciation in the Alps, well established between
24 and 21 cal ka BP (20 to 17.5 C-14 ka BP), whereas
the first pulse between 26.5 and 23 cal ka BP (22
to 21 (14C) ka BP), previously undated, was usually
related to older (pre-LGM) glaciations by previous
authors. Here, the first pulse is the most extensive
LGM culmination, but is often buried by the subsequent pulse. The onset and final recession of the
late Wurm Alpine glaciation in the Tagliamento
amphitheater are synchronous with the established global glacial maximum between 30 and 19
cal ka BP. The two-fold LGM glacial oscillation is interpreted as a millennial-scale modulation within
the late Warm glaciation, caused by oscillations in
inputs of southerly atmospheric airflows related
to Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles. Phases of enhanced
southerly circulation promoted increased rainfall
and ice accumulation in the southern Alps.
Quaternary Research, 2007, V68, N2, SEP, pp
284-302.
08.1-355
European ammonoid diversity questions the
spreading of anoxia as primary cause for the
Cenomanian/Turonian (Late Cretaceous) mass
extinction
Monnet C, Bucher H
Switzerland
Marine & Freshwater Biology , Geology ,
Paleontology , Biodiversity
Ammonoid diversity patterns show that the
spreading of oceanic anoxia is not the initial and
major kill mechanism for the Cenomanian /Turonian mass extinction as usually suggested. In the
Anglo-Paris Basin and the Vocontian Basin, the
drop of ammonoid species richness starts around
the middle/late Cenomanian boundary, i.e. 0.75
myr before the occurrence of anoxic deep-water
sediments. The stepwise extinction of first heteromorphs and then acanthoceratids is incompatible
with the rise of the oxygen minimum zone. Moreover, shelf environments of these basins remained
well oxygenated during the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary interval. Thus, we stress that other
causative mechanisms initiated the ammonoid
extinction even if anoxia subsequently participated in the demise of marine ecosystems.
Swiss Journal of Geosciences, 2007, V100, N1,
JUN, pp 137-144.
08.1-356
Phosphorus and the roles of productivity and
nutrient recycling during oceanic anoxic event 2
Mort H P, Adatte T, Föllmi K B, Keller G, Steinmann
P, Matera V, Berner Z, Stüben D
Switzerland, USA, Germany
Oceanography , Geology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Paleontology
Four sections documenting the impact of the late
Cenomanian oceanic anoxic event (OAE 2) were
studied in basins with different paleoenvironmental regimes. Accumulation rates of phosphorus (P) bound to iron, organic matter, and authigenic phosphate are shown to rise and arrive at a
distinct maximum at the onset of OAE 2, with an
associated increase in delta C-13 values. Accumulation rates of P return to preexcursion values in
the interval where the delta C-13 record reaches
its first maximum. An offset in time between the
maximum in P accumulation and peaks in organic
carbon burial, hydrogen indices, and C-org/P-react
molar ratios is explained by the evolution of OAE 2
in the following steps. (1) An increase in productivity increased the flux of organic matter and P into
the sediments; the preservation of organic matter
was low and its oxidation released P, which was
predominantly mineralized. (2) Enhanced produc-
173
tivity and oxidation of organic matter created dysoxic bottom waters; the preservation potential for
organic matter increased, whereas the sediment
retention potential for P decreased. (3) The latter
effect sustained high primary productivity, which
led to an increase in the abundance of free oxygen
in the ocean and atmosphere system. After the
sequestration of CO2 in the form of black shales,
this oxygen helped push the ocean back into equilibrium, terminating black shale deposition and
removing bioavailable P from the water column.
Geology, 2007, V35, N6, JUN, pp 483-486.
08.1-357
The Cenomanian/Turonian anoxic event at the
Bonarelli level in Italy and Spain: enhanced
productivity and/or better preservation?
Mort H, Jacquat O, Adatte T, Steinmann P, Föllmi K
B, Matera V, Berner Z, Stüben D
Paleontology , Geology , Oceanography
The upper Cenomanian pelagic sediments of Furlo in the northern Apennines, Italy, are characterized by a 1.5-m-thick organic-rich stratigraphic horizon called the Bonarelli Level, which represents
the second major oceanic anoxic event in the
Cretaceous (OAE 2). The Bonarelli Level is depleted
in carbonates and consists essentially of biogenic
quartz, phyllosilicates, and organic matter, with
values of TOC reaching 18%. The age of the Furlo
section is constrained by correlating its delta C-13
curve with that of the well-dated Pueblo (USA)
and Eastbourne (UK) sections. The presence of all
the planktonic foraminiferid zones and details of
the OAE 2 delta C-13 excursion indicates a relatively continuous but reduced sedimentation rate
across the Cenomanian/Turonian (C/T) boundary.
Sediment and TOC mass accumulation rates have
been calculated and suggest a sedimentation
break in the upper Bonarelli Level. This may be an
artifact of the diachronous FAD of the planktonic
foraminiferid Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica and
suggests that in some sections the delta C-13 curve
may provide more reliable age control for dating
the C/T boundary. In order quantitatively to explain the carbon isotope curve and the measured
TOC mass accumulation rate, a simple dynamic
model of the isotope effects of organic versus inorganic carbon burial was developed. In order to
verify the consistency of the model we correlated
the modeled Output of the Furlo section with
that of the Manilva section, in southeast Spain.
The modeling shows that increasing productivity
only partially explains the measured delta C-13
excursion and is not the only factor relevant to
black shales deposition. Preservation may play a
174
central role, especially in the later stages of OAE 2.
Phosphorus and TOC accumulation patterns in the
Bonarelli Level in both Furlo and Manilva suggest a
similar process although other factors may also be
involved. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Cretaceous Research, 2007, V28, N4, AUG,
pp 597-612.
08.1-358
Glacial in situ survival in the Western Alps and
polytopic autopolyploidy in Biscutella laevigata L. (Brassicaceae)
Parisod C, Besnard G
Switzerland
Cryology / Glaciology , Plant Sciences , Paleontology , Microbiology
Past climatic changes and especially the ice ages
have had a great impact on both the distribution
and the genetic composition of plant populations,
but whether they promoted speciation is still controversial. The autopolyploid complex Biscutella
laevigata is a classical example of polyploidy linked
to glaciations and is an interesting model to explore migration and speciation driven by climate
changes in a complex alpine landscape. Diploid
taxa survived the last glacial maximum in several
never-glaciated areas and autotetraploids are clearly dominant in the central parts of the Alps; however, previous range-wide studies failed to identify
their diploid ancestor(s). This study highlights the
phylogeographical relationships of maternal lineages in the Western Alps and investigates the polyploidy process using plastid DNA sequences (trn StrnG and trnK-intron) combined with plastid DNA
length polymorphism markers, which were transferable among Brassicaceae species. Twenty- one
distinct plastid DNA haplotypes were distinguished
in 67 populations densely sampled in the Western
Alps and main lineages were identified by a median-joining network. The external Alps harboured
high levels of genetic diversity, while the Central
Alps contained only a subset of haplotypes due to
postglacial recolonization. Several haplotypes were
restricted to local peripheral refugia and evidence
of in situ survival in central nunataks was detected
by the presence of highly differentiated haplotypes
swamped by frequent ones. As hierarchical genetic
structure pointed to an independent evolution of
the species in different biogeographical districts,
and since tetraploids displayed haplotypes belonging to different lineages restricted to either
the northern or the southern parts of the Alpine
chain, polytopic autopolyploidy was also apparent
in the Western Alps.
Molecular Ecology, 2007, V16, N13, JUL,
pp 2755-2767.
08.1-359
The EDC3 chronology for the EPICA dome C ice
core
Parrenin F, Barnola J M, Beer J, Blunier T, Castellano E, Chappellaz J, Dreyfus G, Fischer H, Fujita S,
Jouzel J, Kawamura K, Lemieux Dudon B, Loulergue L, Masson Delmotte V, Narcisi B, Petit J R, Raisbeck G, Raynaud D, Ruth U, Schwander J, Severi
M, Spahni R, Steffensen J P, Svensson A, Udisti R,
Waelbroeck C, Wolff E
France, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, Japan, Denmark, England
Paleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Cryology / Glaciology
The EPICA (European Project for Ice Coring in
Antarctica) Dome C drilling in East Antarctica has
now been completed to a depth of 3260 m, at only
a few meters above bedrock. Here we present the
new EDC3 chronology, which is based on the use
of 1) a snow accumulation and mechanical flow
model, and 2) a set of independent age markers
along the core. These are obtained by pattern
matching of recorded parameters to either absolutely dated paleoclimatic records, or to insolation variations. We show that this new time scale
is in excellent agreement with the Dome Fuji and
Vostok ice core time scales back to 100 kyr within
1 kyr. Discrepancies larger than 3 kyr arise during MIS 5.4, 5.5 and 6, which points to anomalies
in either snow accumulation or mechanical flow
during these time periods. We estimate that EDC3
gives accurate event durations within 20% (2 sigma) back to MIS11 and accurate absolute ages with
a maximum uncertainty of 6 kyr back to 800 kyr.
08.1-360
Palaeoceanographic and palaeoclimatic reorganization around the Middle-Late Jurassic
transition
Rais P, Louis Schmid B, Bernasconi S M, Weissert H
Switzerland
Paleontology , Oceanography , Geology
A Middle to Upper Jurassic succession of submarine hardgrounds overlain by nodular limestones is exposed in the Jura mountains and in
the Helvetic of the Swiss Alps. These sediments
were accumulated along the northern shelf of
the cast-west trending Tethys seaway. Submarine
hardgrounds and nodular limestones were also
formed on the Brianconnais High, today outcropping in the middle Perminic nappe pile of the
Alps. Hardgrounds record strong and persistent
current activity along the northern Tethys shelf
and on the Brianconnais High during the Callovian and Early Oxfordian. The transition from
hardgrounds to nodular limestones corresponds
to a major reorganization of Tethys oceanography.
The change occurred in Plicatilis ammonite Zone
(Middle Oxfordian). Carbon isotope stratigraphy,
calibrated against an ammonite-dated reference
section in the French Subalpine Basin, serves as
a correlation tool between ammonite-dated sections and successions with poor biostratigraphic
resolution. Correlation demonstrates that the end
of hardground formation was synchronous over
wide parts of the northern Tethys. The change
in shelf sedimentation coincides with a positive
carbon isotope excursion with an amplitude of
1.5%o. The change in Cisotope stratigraphy indicates that observed reorganization of current patterns along the northern Tethys shelf was coupled
with global change in oceanography and climate.
We propose that the change in northern Tethys
sedimentation was caused by opening of new seaways at a time of progressive collapse of Pangaea.
(c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2007, V251, N3-4, AUG 8, pp 527-546.
08.1-361
Direct north-south synchronization of abrupt
climate change record in ice cores using Beryllium 10
Raisbeck G M, Yiou F, Jouzel J, Stocker T F
France, Switzerland
Paleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric
Sciences , Cryology / Glaciology
A new, decadally resolved record of the Be-10 peak
at 41 kyr from the EPICA Dome C ice core (Antarctica) is used to match it with the same peak
in the GRIP ice core (Greenland). This permits a
direct synchronisation of the climatic variations
around this time period, independent of uncertainties related to the ice age-gas age difference
in ice cores. Dansgaard-Oeschger event 10 is in the
period of best synchronisation and is found to be
coeval with an Antarctic temperature maximum.
Simulations using a thermal bipolar seesaw model agree reasonably well with the observed relative climate chronology in these two cores. They
also reproduce three Antarctic warming events
observed between A1 and A2.
175
08.1-362
Temporal stability of climate-isotope relationships in tree rings of oak and pine (Ticino,
Switzerland)
Reynolds Henne C E, Siegwolf R T W, Treydte K S,
Esper J, Henne S, Saurer M
Switzerland
Paleontology , Plant Sciences , Forestry
Climate reconstructions based on stable isotopes
in tree rings commonly rely on the assumption
that climate-isotope relations are stable over time.
However, studies of tree ring growth have revealed
trends thought to result from either physiological
changes or changes in the climate-growth relationship. We investigated whether or not similar
trends exist for tree ring stable isotopic ratios using a statistical approach. Correlations between
climate (temperature and precipitation amount)
and tree ring cellulose delta C-13 and delta O-18
of oak and pine from Ticino, Switzerland, were
calculated for the period AD 1660 - 2000. Climate
calibration of tree rings was enabled by long-term
monthly resolved temperature and precipitation
data sets on the basis of instrumental and documentary proxy data. Overall, five findings have
been identified: (1) Isotopic ratios in tree rings
most strongly reflect conditions of the current
growing season, (2) temporally stable climate signals are found in pine delta C-13 only, (3) all other
correlations between tree ring isotopes and climate are temporally unstable and characterized
by shifts in correlation sign and strength, (4) climate signals in oak are strongest in the 20th century, and (5) tree ring delta C-13 reflects local climatic conditions while delta O-18 is influenced by
large- scale synoptic circulation. The nonstationary relationships observed could reflect changes
in the relationship between the climate variables
or a physiological adaptation to warmer conditions. Our results provide a cautionary note for
the calibration of long tree ring series with 20th
century relationships, at least for trees located at
ecologically nonextreme sites.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2007, V21, N4, NOV
2 ARTN: GB4009.
08.1-363
Climatic cycles during a Neoproterozoic
“snowball” glacial epoch
Rieu R, Allen P A, Ploetze M, Pettke T
Spain, England, Switzerland
Glaciology , Modelling , Paleontology
The profound glaciations of the Neoproterozoic
Cryogenian period (ca. 850-544 Ma) represent an
extreme climatic mode when, it is claimed, Earth
176
was fully or almost completely covered with ice
for millions of years. We show that the geochemistry and mineralogy of finegrained Neoproterozoic
sedimentary rocks in Oman are best explained by
climatic oscillations that drove variations in the
intensity of chemical weathering on contemporary land surfaces. The cold climate modes of the
Cryogenian were therefore cyclical, punctuated
with welldefined warm-humid interglacial periods. The hydrological cycle and the routing of sediment were active throughout the glacial epoch,
which requires substantial open ocean water. This
reconstruction represents a significantly different
target for numerical climate models at this critical time in the evolution of Earth’s biosphere.
Geology, 2007, V35, N4, APR, pp 299-302.
08.1-364
EDML1: a chronology for the EPICA deep ice
core from Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica,
over the last 150 000 years
Ruth U, Barnola J M, Beer J, Bigler M, Blunier T,
Castellano E, Fischer H, Fundel F, Huybrechts P,
Kaufmann P, Kipfstuhl S, Lambrecht A, Morganti A,
Oerter H, Parrenin F, Rybak O, Severi M, Udisti R,
Wilhelms F, Wolff E
Germany, France, Switzerland, Italy, England, Denmark, Belgium
A chronology called EDML1 has been developed
for the EPICA ice core from Dronning Maud Land
(EDML). EDML1 is closely interlinked with EDC3, the
new chronology for the EPICA ice core from Dome-C
(EDC) through a stratigraphic match between EDML
and EDC that consists of 322 volcanic match points
over the last 128 ka. The EDC3 chronology comprises
a glaciological model at EDC, which is constrained
and later selectively tuned using primary dating
information from EDC as well as from EDML, the
latter being transferred using the tight stratigraphic link between the two cores. Finally, EDML1 was
built by exporting EDC3 to EDML. For ages younger than 41 ka BP the new synchronized time scale
EDML1/EDC3 is based on dated volcanic events and
on a match to the Greenlandic ice core chronology
GICC05 via Be-10 and methane. The internal consistency between EDML1 and EDC3 is estimated to be
typically similar to 6 years and always less than 450
years over the last 128 ka (always less than 130 years
over the last 60 ka), which reflects an unprecedented
synchrony of time scales. EDML1 ends at 150 ka BP
(2417 m depth) because the match between EDML
and EDC becomes ambiguous further down. This
hints at a complex ice flow history for the deepest
350 m of the EDML ice core.
08.1-365
Six millennia of atmospheric dust deposition
in southern South America (Isla Navarino,
Chile)
Sapkota A, Cheburkin A K, Bonani G, Shotyk W
Paleontology , Geology
To characterize dust deposition in southern
South America for the Holocene, a 542 cm long
core from a peat bog in southern Chile (Oreste
bog. Isla Navarino) was studied. Peat formation
started similar to 11 160 C-14 yr before present
(BP). The titanium (Ti) concentration in bulk peat,
combined with dry bulk density, and peat accumulation rate, were used to calculate the mineral
accumulation rate (MAR) in the Oreste bog. The
distribution of calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn) and
titanium (Ti) showed that mineral accumulation
for the last c. 6000 yr was predominantly atmospheric with a record of effectively constant deposition (0.43 +/- 0.12g/m(2) per yr). Similarly, Ti
and zirconium (Zr) concentrations in the acid
insoluble ash (AIA) were also effectively constant
and agreed well with the MAR for the last six millennia, except at c. 4200 cal. yr BP, where Zr was
enriched relative to Ti. Here, Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM) micrographs A showed that the
AIA was dominated by volcanic particles (> 20-40
µm), with the Mt Burney eruption identified as
the most likely source. In contrast with this anomalous zone, SEM studies showed that the mineral
particles found in the majority of the sample were
predominantly fine grained (< 20 ton) and rounded. Derived from surficial sediment and supplied
by long-range atmospheric transport, they reflect
the climate stability for the past 6000yr.
Holocene, 2007, V17, N5, JUL, pp 561-572.
08.1-366
Siliceous algae-based seasonal temperature
inference and indicator pollen tracking ca.
4,000 years of climate/land use dependency in
the southern Austrian Alps
Schmidt R, Kamenik C, Roth M
Austria, Switzerland
Paleontology , Limnology , Marine & Freshwater
Biology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Diatom and chrysophyte cyst-based reconstructions of the dates of spring and autumn lakemixing enabled us to estimate spring (STanom)
and autumn (AT(anom)) temperature anomalies
as well as ice-cover of the last ca. 4,000 years in
a lake sediment core (Oberer Landschitzsee, 2,076
m a.s.l.) from the southern slopes of the Austrian
Central Alps. The two independently inferred temperature anomalies were significantly correlated.
On average, spring and autumn temperatures
were lower during the two millennia B.C than during 0-1,300 A.D. Marked spring and autumn temperature minima occurred at about 1,300 and 600
B.C. At about 1,300 A.D, STanom declined again.
Spring-temperature anomalies during Roman
and Medieval times equaled or slightly exceeded
the modern values and paralleled tree-line and
glacier fluctuations. The de-coupling of autumn
and spring climates, which began during the Medieval period, might indicate changes in major
circulation modes. It was assumed that the NorthAtlantic influence, triggering winter-rain climate
in the Northern Mediterranean, became weaker
during Medieval times, resulting in a trend towards warmer autumns and overall more continental climate conditions in the study area. Four
pulses of land use, inferred from indicator pollen,
occurred during (1) the Early to Late Bronze, (2)
the transition from Late Bronze to Early Iron Age
(Hallstatt), (3) Late Iron Age (La Tene, Celtic time)
to Roman times, and (4) during high to late Medieval times. Climate seemed to be an important,
though complex, trigger of Alpine land use.
Journal of Paleolimnology, 2007, V38, N4, NOV, pp
541-554.
08.1-367
Synchronisation of the EDML and EDC ice
cores for the last 52 kyr by volcanic signature
matching
Severi M, Becagli S, Castellano E, Morganti A,
Traversi R, Udisti R, Ruth U, Fischer H, Huybrechts
P, Wolff E, Parrenin F, Kaufmann P, Lambert F, Steffensen J P
Italy, Germany, England, France, Switzerland, Denmark, Belgium
A common time scale for the EPICA ice cores from
Dome C (EDC) and Dronning Maud Land (EDML)
has been established. Since the EDML core was not
drilled on a dome, the development of the EDML1
time scale for the EPICA ice core drilled in Dronning Maud Land was based on the creation of a detailed stratigraphic link between EDML and EDC,
which was dated by a simpler 1D ice-flow model.
The synchronisation between the two EPICA ice
cores was done through the identification of several common volcanic signatures. This paper describes the rigorous method, using the signature
of volcanic sulfate, which was employed for the
last 52 kyr of the record. We estimated the discrepancies between the modelled EDC and EDML
glaciological age scales during the studied period,
by evaluating the ratio R of the apparent duration
of temporal intervals between pairs of isochrones.
177
On average R ranges between 0.8 and 1.2 corresponding to an uncertainty of up to 20% in the
estimate of the time duration in at least one of
the two ice cores. Significant deviations of R up
to 1.4-1.5 are observed between 18 and 28 kyr before present (BP), where present is defined as 1950.
At this stage our approach does not allow us unequivocally to find out which of the models is affected by errors, but assuming that the thinning
function at both sites and accumulation history
at Dome C (which was drilled on a dome) are correct, this anomaly can be ascribed to a complex
spatial accumulation variability (which may be
different in the past compared to the present day)
upstream of the EDML core.
08.1-368
A high-resolution, absolute-dated deglacial
speleothem record of Indian Ocean climate
from Socotra Island, Yemen
Shakun J D, Burns S J, Fleitmann D, Kramers J D,
Matter A, Al Subary A
USA, Switzerland, Germany, Yemen
Paleontology , Geology , Geochemistry &
Geophysics
Stalagmite M1-5 from Socotra Island, Yemen in
the northwest Indian Ocean provides a robust,
high-resolution paleoclimate record from similar
to 27.4-11.1 ka based on 717 stable isotope and 28
Th-230 measurements. Variations in M1-5 oxygen
isotope ratios (delta O-18) are interpreted to be
primarily driven by an amount effect related to
changes in the mean position and/or intensity of
convection of the intertropical convergence zone,
the island’s only source of precipitation. The M
1-5 delta O-18 time series is strongly correlated
to the Greenland ice cores, similar to an older
Socotra speleothem deposited from 53-40 ka (S.J.
Bums, D. Fleitmann, A. Matter, J. Kramers, A. AlSubbary, Indian Ocean climate and an absolute
chronology over Dansgaard/Oeschger events 9 to
13, Science 301 (2003) 1365-1367), indicating that
a North Atlantic-Indian Ocean cold-dry/warm-wet
teleconnection persisted through the end of the
last glacial period. Peak aridification occurred at
similar to 23 ka and a gradual increase in moisture thereafter was interrupted by an abrupt drying event at similar to 16.4 ka, perhaps related to
Heinrich event 1. Indian Ocean rainfall increased
dramatically during the Bolling period and then
decreased continuously and gradually through
the Allerod and Younger Dryas. The Holocene began abruptly with increased precipitation at 11.4
ka and was followed by a major but short-lived
drying during the Preboreal Oscillation at similar
178
to 11.2 ka. M1-5 is highly correlated to the Dongge
Cave record from 15.5-11 ka, suggesting much of
the Indian Ocean monsoon region responded similarly to the major climate changes of the last deglaciation. The transitions into the Younger Dryas
and to a lesser extent the Bolling are remarkably
gradual in M1-5, as they are in all other Asian speleothem records, occurring over several centuries.
These gradual transitions are in striking contrast
to high-resolution records from around the North
Atlantic basin where the transitions are extremely abrupt and generally occur in under a century.
This spatially variable pattern of climate change
is consistent with an Atlantic origin for these deglacial climate events.
N3-4, JUL 30, pp 442-456.
08.1-369
Climate changes and volcanic signals during
the Bronze Age: A stalagmite record
Siklosy Z, Demeny A, Vennemann T W, Hegner E,
Kramers J D, Leel Ossy Sz
Hungary, Switzerland
Paleontology
AUG, SS, p A936.
08.1-370
Hyalinea marmarica, a new species of benthic
foraminifera from the sea of Marmara (Turkey)
Spezzaferri S, Yanko Hombach V
Switzerland, Canada
Paleontology , Marine & Freshwater Biology
Traditionally, the benthic foraminifera Hyalinea
balthica (Schroter) has been considered a species
with high intraspecific variability, possibly related to climatic changes, and, therefore, a potential
indicator of paleoclimate in the Mediterranean
Sea. However, a stable and characteristic morphology very different from the syntype of the species can be observed in specimens from the Sea
of Marmara. By identification and documentation
of this morphology and a subsequent comparison
to specimens similar to the type species, clear
differences between the two groups have been established. Hyalinea marmarica n. sp. is proposed
as an example of possible environment- related
speciation in benthic foraminifera. It differs from
H. balthica in having less numerous chambers in
the last whorl (maximum of eight), depressed sutures at least in the last four chambers, a moderate increase in chamber size as added, a subacute
profile and accessory apertures on the peripheral
margin. Speciation could have occurred between
14 and 12 ka. At this time, increasingly efficient
connections were progressively established between the Sea of Marmara and the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, allowing Hyalinea balthica to migrate into the Sea of Marmara. Here this species
might have modified its morphology in response
to the extreme environmental conditions.
Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 2007, V37, N4,
OCT, pp 309-317.
08.1-371
Mesolithic agriculture in Switzerland? A critical review of the evidence
Tinner W, Nielsen E H, Lotter A F
Paleontology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Plant
Sciences , Ecology
Accumulating palaeobotanical evidence points to
agricultural activity in Central Europe well before
the onset of the Neolithic, commonly dated at ca
5500-5200 cal BC. We reinvestigated an existing
pollen profile from Soppensee with refined taxonomical resolution by further subdividing the
Cerealia pollen type into Triticum t. and Avena t.
because the sediments at this site currently provide the highest temporal resolution and precision for the period of interest among all sites in
Switzerland. Our new results are in agreement
with previous high-resolution investigations from
Switzerland showing scattered but consistent
presence of pollen of Cerealia, Plantago lanceolata, and other cultural plants or weeds during
the late Mesolithic period (6700-5500 cal BC).
Chronologically, this palynological evidence for
sporadic agricultural activities coincides with a
major break in material culture at ca 6700 cal BC
(i.e. the transition from early to late Mesolithic).
Here, we review possible arguments against palaeobotanical evidences of Mesolithic agriculture
(e.g. chronological uncertainties, misidentification, contamination, long-distance transport)
and conclude that none of these can explain the
consistent pollen pattern observed at several sites.
The palynological evidence can, of course, not
prove the existence of pre-ceramic agriculture in
Central Europe. However, it is so coherent that
this topic should be addressed by systematic archaeolbotanical analyses in future archaeological
studies. If our interpretation should turn out to
be true, our conclusions would have fundamental
implications for the Neolithic history of Europe.
Currently, it is intensely debated whether Central
European agriculture developed locally under the
influence of incoming ideas from areas where
Neolithic farming had already developed earlier
(e.g. southeastern Europe) or whether it was in-
troduced by immigrating farmers. On the basis
of our results, we suggest that agriculture developed locally throughout the late Mesolithic and
Neolithic. Mesolithic trading networks connecting Southern and Central Europe also support the
hypothesis of a slow and gradual change towards
sessile agriculture, probably as a result of incoming ideas and regional cultural transformation
MAY, pp 1416-1431.
08.1-372
Signal strength and climate calibration of a
European tree-ring isotope network
Treydte K, Frank D, Esper J, Andreu L, Bednarz Z,
Berninger F, Boettger T, Dalessandro C M, Etien N,
Filot M, Grabner M, Guillemin M T, Gutierrez E,
Haupt M, Helle G, Hilasvuori E, Jungner H, Kalela
Brundin M, Krapiec M, Leuenberger M, Loader
N J, Masson Delmotte V, Pazdur A, Pawelczyk S,
Pierre M, Planells O, Pukiene R, Reynolds Henne
C E, Rinne K T, Saracino A, Saurer M, Sonninen
E, Stievenard M, Switsur V R, Szczepanek M,
Szychowska Krapiec E, Todaro L, Waterhouse J S,
Weigl M, Schleser G H
Switzerland, Spain, Poland, Canada, Germany, Italy,
France, Austria, Finland, Sweden, Wales, Lithuania,
England
Plant Sciences , Instruments & Instrumentation ,
Paleontology
We present the first European network of tree ring
delta C-13 and delta O-18, containing 23 sites from
Finland to Morocco. Common climate signals are
found over broad climatic-ecological ranges. In temperate regions we find positive correlations with
summer maximum temperatures and negative
correlations with summer precipitation and Palmer Drought Severity Indices (PDSI) with no obvious
speciesspecific differences. Regional delta C-13 and
delta O-18 chronologies share high common variance in year-to-year variations. Long-term variations, however, exhibit differences that may reflect
spatial variability in environmental forcings, age
trends and/or plant physiological responses to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. Rotated
principal component analysis (RPCA) and climate
field correlations enable the identification of four
subregions in the delta O-18 network - northern
and eastern Central Europe, Scandinavia and the
western Mediterranean. Regional patterns in the
delta C-13 network are less clear and are timescale
dependent. Our results indicate that future reconstruction efforts should concentrate on delta O-18
data in the identified European regions.
Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, V34, N24, DEC
19 ARTN: L24302.
179
08.1-373
Oncoid growth and distribution controlled
by sea-level fluctuations and climate (Late
Oxfordian, Swiss Jura Mountains)
Vedrine S, Strasser A, Hug W
Switzerland
Paleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Geology
Abundant lagoonal oncoids occur in the Late Oxfordian Hauptmumienbank Member of the Swiss
Jura Mountains. Four oncoid types are observed
in the studied sections and classified according to
the oncoid surface morphology, the structure and
composition of the cortex, and the texture and fauna of the encasing sediment. Micrite-dominated
oncoids (types 1 and 2) have a smooth surface. Type
1 has a rather homogeneous cortex and occurs in
moderate-energy environments. Type 2 presents
continuous or discontinuous micritic laminae. It
is associated with a low-diversity fauna and occurs
in high-energy facies. Bacinella and Lithocodium
oncoids (types 3 and 4) display a lobate surface.
They are dominated by microencrusters (Bacinella
irregularis and Lithocodium aggregatum) and are
found in low-energy facies. The stratigraphic and
spatial distribution of these oncoid types shows a
correlation with the sequence-stratigraphic evolution of the studied interval, and thus with relative sea-level fluctuations. It can be shown that
these sea-level fluctuations were controlled by
orbital cycles with 100- and 20-kyr periodicities.
At the scale of 100- and 20-kyr sequences, types
1 and 2 oncoids are preferentially found around
sequence boundaries and in transgressive deposits, while types 3 and 4 oncoids are preferentially
found around maximum floodings and in highstand deposits. This implies that changes of water energy and water depth were direct controlling factors. Discrepancies in oncoid distribution
point to additional controlling factors. Platform
morphology defines the distribution and type of
the lagoon where the oncoids flourished. A low
accumulation rate is required for oncoid growth.
Additionally, humidity changes in the hinterland
act on the terrigenous influx, which modifies water transparency and trophic level and thus plays
a role in the biotic composition and diversity in
the oncoid cortex.
Facies, 2007, V53, N4, NOV, pp 535-552.
180
08.1-374
Interactions between climate and vegetation
during the Lateglacial period as recorded by
lake and mire sediment archives in Northern
Italy and Southern Switzerland
Vescovi E, Ravazzi C, Arpenti E, Finsinger W, Pini R,
Valsecchi V, Wick L, Ammann B, Tinner W
Switzerland, Italy, Netherlands
Cryology / Glaciology , Geology , Paleontology ,
History
We reconstruct the vegetational history of the
southern side of the Alps at 18,000-10,000 cal yr BP
using previous and new ANIS-dated stratigraphic
records of pollen, stomata, and macrofossils. To address potential effects of climatic change on vegetation, we compare our results with independent
paleoclimatic series (e.g. isotope and chironomid
records from the Alps and the Alpine forelands).
The period before 16,000 cal yr BP is documented
only at the lowland sites. The previous studies
used for comparison with our new Palughetto
record, however, shows that Alpine deglaciation
must have started before 18,000-17,500 cal yr BP
south of the Alps and that deglaciated sites were
colonized by open woods and shrublands (Juniperits, tree Betula, Larix, Pinus cembra) at ca 17,500
cal yr BP. The vegetational history of a new site
(Palughetto, 1040 m a.s.l.) is consistent with that
of previous investigations in the study region.
Our results show three conspicuous vegetational
shifts delimited by statistically significant pollen zones, at ca 14,800-14,400, 13,300-12,800 and
11,600-11,200 cal yr BP. At sites situated above 1000
m a.s.l. (e.g. Palughetto, Pian di Gembro) forests
expanded in alpine environments at ca 14,500 cal
yr BP (onset of Bolling period, GI-1 in the Greenland ice record). At the same time, rather closed
treeline communities of the lowlands were replaced by dense stands of Pinus sylvestris and Betula. These early forests and shrublands consisted
of Larix, P. cembra, Juniperus, P. sylvestris, Pinus
mugo, and Betula, and had become established
at ca 16,000 cal yr BP, probably in response to a
temperature increase. If combined with other records from the Southern Alps, our data suggest
that treeline ascended by ca 800-1000 m in a few
centuries at most, probably as a consequence of
climatic warming at the beginning of the Bolling
period. At 13,100-12,800 cal yr BP the onset of a
long- lasting decline of P. sylvestris was accompanied by the expansion of Quercus and other thermophilous tree taxa below ca 600 m a.s.l. This vegetational change was probably induced by a shift
to warmer climatic conditions before the onset of
the Younger Dryas, as indicated by independent
paleoclimatic records. Only a few centuries later,
at ca 12,700-12,500calyr BP, an expansion of herbaceous taxa occurred in the lowlands as well as
at higher altitudes, documenting an opening of
forested habitats. This change coincided with the
beginning of the Younger Dryas cooling (GS-1),
which according to the paleoclimatic series (e.g.
oxygen isotope series), started at 12,700-12,600
cal yr BP and lasted for about 1000 years. Environments south of the Alps responded markedly to
climatic warming at the onset of the Holocene
(11,600-11,500 cal yr BP). Thermophilous trees that
had declined during the Younger Dryas re-expanded very rapidly in the lowlands and reached the
high altitude sites below ca 1500 m a.s.l. within a
few centuries at most. Our study implies that the
synchronous vegetational changes observed over
wide areas were probably a consequence of abrupt
climatic shifts at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and during the Lateglacial. We emphasize that important vegetational changes such
as the expansion of forests occurred millennia before the onset of similar processes in northwestern and central Europe.
JUN, pp 1650-1669.
08.1-375
Primary carbonates and Ca-chloride brines as
monitors of a paleohydrological regime in
the Dead Sea basin
Waldmann N, Starinsky A, Stein M
Israel, Switzerland
Paleontology , Geology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Lakes Samra, Lisan and the Dead Sea occupied the
Dead Sea basin during the Last Interglacial (similar to 140-75ka BP), last glacial (similar to 70-14 ka
BP) and Holocene periods, respectively. The age
of Lake Lisan and Samra was determined by U-Th
dating of primary aragonites comprising parts of
the lacustrine sedimentary sequences. The lakes
have periodically deposited sequences of layered
calcitic marls (Lake Sarnra) or laminated primary
aragonite (Lake Lisan). The deposition of aragonite
as the primary carbonate phase reflects the contribution of the incoming freshwater (loaded with
bi-carbonate) and high Mg-, Ca-chloride brine that
originated from the subsurface vicinity of the
Dead Sea basin. Deposition of calcitic marls suggests a minor effect of the brines. The Ca-chloride
subsurface brine has been migrating in and out
of the wall rocks of the Dead Sea basin, reflecting the regional hydrological conditions. During
most of the last glacial period and during the late
Holocene, sufficient precipitation above the Judea
Mountains pushed the subsurface Cachloride
brines into the lakes causing the deposition of
aragonite. During the Last Interglacial period the
rain that precipitated above the Judea Mountains
was insufficient to induce brine flow toward Lake
Samra. It appears that sporadic floods provided
calcium, bicarbonate and detritus to produce the
Samra calcitic marls. Travertines deposited at the
Samra-Lisan boundary indicate the early stage in
the resumption of groundwater (springs) activity
that led to the resurgence of Ca-chloride brine
and rise of Lake Lisan. Similar variations in the
regional rain precipitation and hydrological activity probably characterized the long-term geochetnical evolution of Pleistocene lacustrine waterbodies in the Dead Sea basin, enabling the use of
the carbonates as paleo-hydrological monitors.
SEP, pp 2219-2228.
08.1-376
16 000 years of vegetation and settlement history from Egelsee (Menzingen, central Switzerland)
Wehrli M, Tinner W, Ammann B
Switzerland
Paleontology , History , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Plant Sciences
Past vegetation dynamics and human impact from
the Lateglacial to the present are reconstructed
by pollen analysis of a core 12 in long from the
raised bog Egelsee, central Switzerland (770 in
a.s.l.). The depth-age model of the core is based on
29 AMS C-14 dates. The oldest dated macrofinssil
has an age of 13 080 +/- 105 radiocarbon yr BP (15
370 cal. yr BP); extrapolation leads to a basal age
of the core of 16 200 cal. yr BP. The biostratigraphy shows a typical vegetation development for
Central Europe from open pioneer vegetation to
Betula-Pinus forests in the Lateglacial, thermophilous mixed deciduous forests in the early Holocene, then mesophilous Abies-Fagus forests, and
finally to the present cultural landscape. The initial population expansion of Abies alba may have
coincided with climatic change at c. 8500 cal. yr
BP. The mass expansion of Abies alba at 8 100 cal.
yr BP may have been triggered by the 8.2-ka event
and coincided with the empirical limit of Fagus
silvatica, indicating initial population expansions. The succession of ecosystems with different plant composition is confirmed by detrended
correspondence analysis (DCA): the main changes
in the DCA axis I and 2 correspond to the transition phases between the different ecosystems.
DCA axis I has an eigenvalue of lambda(1) = 0.46
and is significantly correlated (r = 0.82) to the
non-arboreal pollen percentage curve. Rarefac-
181
tion analysis shows a high pollen diversity in the
Lateglacial, lower pollen diversity in the Holocene
before human impact, and increasing pollen diversity correlated with increasing human impact.
Very little is known about the archaeology of the
montane belt in central Switzerland. This study
provides new data concerning human impact and
settlement history in this area. Human activities
are indicated by cereal pollen (earliest Hordeum/
Triticum type at 4700 cal. yr BP). Distinct pulses of
anthropogenic forest clearances can be observed
from the Neolithic period onwards.
Holocene, 2007, V17, N6, SEP, pp 747-761.
08.1-377
Surface topography and ice flow in the vicinity
of the EDML deep- drilling site, Antarctica
Wesche C, Eisen O, Oerter H, Schulte D,
Steinhage D
Cryology / Glaciology , Geomorphology ,
Paleontology
Interpretation of ice-core records requires accurate knowledge of the past and present surface
topography and stress-strain fields. The European
Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) drilling
site (75.0025 degrees S, 0.0684 degrees E; 2891.7 m)
in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, is located in
the immediate vicinity of a transient and forking
ice divide. A digital elevation model is determined
from the combination of kinematic GPS measurements with the GLAS12 datasets from the ICESat.
Based on a network of stakes, surveyed with static
GPS, the velocity field around the drilling site is
calculated. The annual mean velocity magnitude
of 12 survey points amounts to 0.74 m a(-1). Flow
directions mainly vary according to their distance
from the ice divide. Surface strain rates are determined from a pentagon-shaped stake network
with one center point close to the drilling site.
The strain field is characterized by along-flow
compression, lateral dilatation and vertical layer
thinning.
Journal of Glaciology, 2007, V53, N182,
pp 442-448.
08.1-378
Leaf area index for northern and eastern
North America at the Last Glacial Maximum: a
data-model comparison
Williams J W, Gonzales L M, Kaplan J O
USA, Switzerland
Paleontology , Plant Sciences , Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Aim To estimate the effects of full-glacial atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climate upon
182
leaf area index (LAI), using both global vegetation
models and palaeoecological data. Prior simulations indicate lowered LAIs at the Last Glacial
Maximum (LGM), but this is the first attempt to
corroborate predictions against observations. Location Eastern North America and eastern Beringia. Methods Using a dense surface pollen data set
and remotely sensed LAIs from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument, we evaluate the ability of analogue-based
techniques to reconstruct modern LAIs from pollen data. We then apply analogue techniques to
LGM pollen records, calculate the ratio of LGM to
modern LAIs (RLAI) and compare reconstructed
RLAIs to RLAIs simulated by BIOME4. Sensitivity
experiments with BIOME4 distinguish the effects
of CO2 and climate on glacial LAIs. Results Modern LAIs are skilfully predicted (r(2) = 0.83). Data
and BIOME4 indicate that LAIs at the LGM were up
to 12% lower than modern values in eastern North
America and 60-94% lower in Beringia. In eastern
North America, LGM climates partially counteracted CO2-driven decreases in LAI, while in Beringia both contributed to lowered LAIs. Main conclusions In both regions climate is the primary
driver of LGM LAIs. The decline in eastern North
America LAIs is smaller than previously reported,
so regional vegetation feedbacks to LGM climate
may have been less significant than previously
supposed. CO2 exerts both physiological and community effects upon LAI, by regulating resource
availability for leaf production and by influencing
the competitive balance among species and hence
the composition and structure of plant communities. Pollen-based reconstructions using analogue
methods do not incorporate the physiological effect and so are upper estimates of full-glacial LAIs.
BIOME4 sensitivity experiments indicate that the
community and physiological effects together
caused 10% to 20% decrease in LAIs at the LGM, so
simulated RLAIs that are 80-100% of reconstructed
RLAIs are regarded as consistent with data.
JAN, pp 122-134.
08.1-379
A matter of divergence: Tracking recent warming at hemispheric scales using tree ring data
Wilson R, D’arrigo R, Buckley B, Büntgen U, Esper J,
Frank D, Luckman B, Payette S, Vose R, Youngblut D
Scotland, USA, Switzerland, Canada
Paleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Plant Sciences , Forestry
No current tree ring (TR) based reconstruction of
extratropical Northern Hemisphere (ENH) temperatures that extends into the 1990s captures the
full range of late 20th century warming observed
in the instrumental record. Over recent decades,
a divergence between cooler reconstructed and
warmer instrumental large-scale temperatures
is observed. We hypothesize that this problem is
partly related to the fact that some of the constituent chronologies used for previous reconstructions show divergence against local temperatures
in the recent period. In this study, we compiled TR
data and published local /regional reconstructions
that show no divergence against local temperatures. These data have not been included in other
large-scale temperature reconstructions. Utilizing this data set, we developed a new, completely
independent reconstruction of ENH annual temperatures (1750-2000). This record is not meant to
replace existing reconstructions but allows some
degree of independent validation of these earlier
studies as well as demonstrating that TR data can
better model recent warming at large scales when
careful selection of constituent chronologies is
made at the local scale. Although the new series
tracks the increase in ENH annual temperatures
over the last few decades better than any existing reconstruction, it still slightly under predicts
values in the post-1988 period. We finally discuss
possible reasons why it is so difficult to model
post- mid-1980s warming, provide some possible
alternative approaches with regards to the instrumental target and detail several recommendations that should be followed in future large-scale
reconstruction attempts that may result in more
robust temperature estimates.
2007, V112, ND17, SEP 11 ARTN: D17103.
08.1-380
Relation between rock uplift and denudation
from cosmogenic nuclides in river sediment in
the Central Alps of Switzerland
Wittmann H, von Blanckenburg F, Kruesmann T,
Norton K P, Kubik P W
Geology , Paleontology , Cryology / Glaciology
A north-south traverse through the Swiss Central
Alps reveals that denudation rates correlate with
recent rock uplift rates in both magnitude and
spatial distribution. This result emerges from a
study of in situ-produced cosmogenic Be-10 in riverborne quartz in Central Alpine catchments. As a
prerequisite, we took care to investigate the potential influence of shielding from cosmic rays due
to snow, glaciers, and topographic obstructions;
to calculate a possible memory from Last Glacial
Maximum (LGM) glaciation; and to identify a
watershed size that is appropriate for systematic
sampling. Mean denudation rates are 0.27 +/- 0.14
mm/ a for the Alpine foreland and 0.9 +/- 0.3 mm/
a for the crystalline Central Alps. The measured
cosmogenic nuclide-derived denudation rates
are in good agreement with post-LGM lake infill
rates and are about twice as high as denudation
rates from apatite fission track ages that record
denudation from 9 to 5 Ma. In general, denudation rates are high in areas of high topography
and high crustal thickness. The similarity in the
spatial distribution and magnitude of denudation
rates and those of rock uplift rates can be interpreted in several ways: (1) Postglacial rebound or
climate change has introduced a transient change
in which both uplift and denudation follow each
other with a short lag time; (2) the amplitude of
glacial to interglacial changes in both is small and
is contained in the scatter of the data; (3) both are
driven by ongoing convergence where their similarity might hint at some form of long-term quasi
steady state; or (4) enhanced continuous Quaternary erosion and isostatic compensation of the
mass removed accounts for the distribution of
present-day rock uplift.
2007, V112, NF4, NOV 29 ARTN: F04010.
183
08.1-381
The prelude of the end-Permian mass extinction predates a postulated bolide impact
Yin H, Feng Q, Baud A, Xie S, Benton M J, Lai X,
Bottjer D J
Peoples R China, Switzerland, England, USA
Paleontology , Geology
The mass extinction at the Permian-Triassic
Boundary (PTB) is said to have been abrupt and
probably caused by an extraterrestrial impact.
However, evidence from the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the base of the Induan
at Meishan, China, shows that the biotic crisis began prior to the level, in beds 25 and 26 at which
the postulated impact event occurred. Evidence
of such an earlier biotic crisis occurs in other sections in South China, and in central and western
Tethyan regions. This event is characterized by
the extinction of a range of faunas, including corals, deep-water radiolarians, most fusulinids and
pseudotirolitidammonoids, and many Permian
brachiopods. In all sections, this extinction level
is usually a few decimeters to meters below that
of the main mass extinction in the event beds (25
and 26) at Meishan, and their correlatives elsewhere. This earlier extinction event happened before the postulated bolide impact at the level of
beds 25 and 26, and constrains interpretation of
the mechanisms that brought about this greatest
mass extinction.
International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2007, V96,
N5, OCT, pp 903-909.
184
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Human Dimensions
3 Human Dimensions
08.1-382
Linking extreme climate events and economic
impacts: Examples from the Swiss Alps
Beniston M
Switzerland
Modelling , Economics , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
This paper focuses upon topics related to current and possible future extreme weather events
in order to highlight the links between climatic
change and its economic impacts. Most of the examples given here are drawn from observations
in Switzerland and the Alpine region that have
a wealth of climatic, environmental and socioeconomic data. These enable detailed studies to
be undertaken on trends in mean and extreme
climates and their impacts. Model simulations for
a “greenhouse climate” suggest that risks associated with various forms of extreme events that
affect the Alps may increase in the future, which
could lead to high damage costs. In addition to the
direct impacts of extremes, it is also necessary to
take into account the increasing economic value
of infrastructure located in zones potentially at
risk. The final part of the paper addresses some of
the issues that are related to fully integrated modeling approaches that are aimed at assessing the
costs of damage in the wake of an extreme event.
(C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Energy Policy, 2007, V35, N11, NOV, pp
5384-5392.
08.1-383
Reduced exposure to PM10 and attenuated
age-related decline in lung function
Downs S H, Schindler C, Liu L J S, Keidel D, Bayer
Oglesby L, Brutsche M H, Gerbase M W, Keller
R, Kuenzli N, Leuenberger P, Probst Hensch N M,
Tschopp J M, Zellweger J P, Rochat T, Schwartz J,
Ackermann Liebrich U
Switzerland, USA, Spain
Human & Public Health , Medicine , Meteorology &
Atmospheric Sciences
Background Air pollution has been associated
with impaired health, including reduced lung
function in adults. Moving to cleaner areas has
been shown to attenuate adverse effects of air
pollution on lung function in children but not
in adults. Methods We conducted a prospective
study of 9651 adults (18 to 60 years of age) randomly selected from population registries in 1990
and assessed in 1991, with 8047 participants reassessed in 2002. There was complete information
on lung volumes and flows (e. g., forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second
(FEV1), FEV1 as a percentage of FVC, and forced
expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of the FVC
(FEF25-75)), smoking habits, and spatially resolved
concentrations of particulate matter that was
less than 10 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10)
from a validated dispersion model assigned to
residential addresses for 4742 participants at
both the 1991 and the 2002 assessments and in
the intervening years. Results Overall exposure
to individual home outdoor PM10 declined over
the 11-year follow-up period (median, -5.3 µg per
cubic meter; interquartile range, -7.5 to -4.2). In
mixed-model regression analyses, with adjustment for confounders, PM10 concentrations at
baseline, and clustering within areas, there were
significant negative associations between the decrease in PM10 and the rate of decline in FEV1 (P
= 0.045), FEV1 as a percentage of FVC (P = 0.02),
and FEF25-75 (P = 0.001). The net effect of a decline
of 10 µg of PM10 per cubic meter over an 11-year
period was to reduce the annual rate of decline in
FEV1 by 9% and of FEF25-75 by 16%. Cumulative
exposure in the interval between the two examinations showed similar associations. Conclusions
Decreasing exposure to airborne particulates appears to attenuate the decline in lung function related to exposure to PM10. The effects are greater
in tests reflecting small-airway function.
New England Journal of Medicine, 2007, V357,
N23, DEC 6, pp 2338-2347.
08.1-384
Climate change-related health impacts in the
Hindu Kush-Himalayas
Ebi K L, Woodruff R, von Hildebrand A, Corvalan C
USA, Australia, India, Switzerland
Human & Public Health , Social Sciences
Our goal was to identify the climate change-related health risks and vulnerable populations specific
to the mountainous regions of the Hindu KushHimalayas. We reviewed published information of
the likely health consequences of climate change
in mountain regions, especially the findings of a
workshop for countries in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya region, organized by the World Health Organization, World Meteorological Organization, United
Nations Environment Programme, and United Nations Development Programme. The main climaterelated risks in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya region
include the expansion of vector-borne diseases as
pathogens take advantage of new habitats in altitudes that were formerly unsuitable. Diarrheal diseases could become more prevalent with changes
in freshwater quality and availability. More extreme rainfall events are likely to increase the
number of floods and landslides with consequent
death and injuries. A unique risk is sudden floods
from high glacier lakes, which cause substantial
destruction and loss of life. Because glaciers are the
main source of freshwater for upland regions and
downstream countries, the long-term reduction in
annual glacier snowmelt is expected to heighten
existing water insecurity in these areas. Climate
change also is bringing some benefits to mountain
populations, including milder winters and longer
growing seasons. Populations in mountain regions
have unique combinations of vulnerabilities to
climate change. The extent of the health impacts
experienced will depend on the effectiveness of
public health efforts to identify and implement
low-cost preparedness and response measures, and
on the speed at which emissions of greenhouse gas
emissions can be reduced.
Ecohealth, 2007, V4, N3, SEP, pp 264-270.
08.1-385
Lasting management of the countryside. The
lessons that new regional natural parks must
take from the experience of old communities
Switzerland
Ecology , Social Sciences
Le paysage est de plus en plus perçu comme une
ressource. À ce titre, il est nécessaire de trouver des instruments juridiques, politiques ou
économiques susceptibles de gérer cette « ressource-paysage » sur le long terme. Le gouvernement suisse a introduit récemment l’instrument
des parcs naturels régionaux, organisés selon le
modèle français, dans sa législation de protection
de la nature et du paysage. Une mise en regard
des nouveaux parcs avec des structures de gestion
beaucoup plus anciennes, les bourgeoisies et les
corporations, permet de mettre en évidence les
forces et les faiblesses de chacun de ces instruments dans leur contribution à résoudre les rivalités d’usage entre acteurs utilisant ou influençant
la ressource paysage. Cette comparaison permet
de formuler des recommandations pratiques concernant la gestion de cette ressource.
Revue de Geographie Alpine Journal of Alpine
08.1-386
The sustainable management of the landscape: the lessons the new regional nature
parks must draw from the experience of the
old corporations
Switzerland
Social Sciences , Ecology
The landscape is increasingly perceived as a resource. For this reason, it is necessary to find le-
185
gal, political and economic instruments that will
succeed in managing this << resource landscape
>> in the long term. The Swiss government recently introduced the instrument of regional nature parks into the legislation governing nature
and landscape preservation; the proposed parks
are organized on the basis of the French model.
The examination of the new parks from the perspective of much older management structures,
i.e. the civic municipalities (bourgeoisies) and
corporations, makes it possible to demonstrate
the strengths and weaknesses of each of these instruments in their contribution to die resolution
of use rivalries between actors who use or influence the resource landscape. This comparison
also enables the formulation of practical recommendations regarding the management of this
resource.
Revue de Geographie Alpine Journal of Alpine
08.1-387
Recognising the complexities of ecosystem
management and the ecosystem service concept
Ghazoul J
Switzerland
Forestry , Plant Sciences , Social Sciences
Ecosystem management emphasises ecosystem
service concepts in order to improve land management and to justify nature conservation. This
approach rests on the assumption that conserving ecosystem services can deliver net benefits
for human welfare in terms of economic development. To retain credibility, the advocates of
ecosystem service concepts must acknowledge
the constraints that may limit the reliability of
this assumption, including trade-offs with other
land- use benefits. The fact that ecosystem service
concepts have not been well integrated into management implies that such initiatives have not
been persuasive among land managers and agriculturalists. I argue that this is due to the combination of a failure by scientists, conservationists,
and other advocates of the ecosystem management approach to account for the trade-offs and
opportunity costs inherent in land management,
and a lack of willingness to accept that managing
for ecosystem services may place constraints on
future management options. However, the ecosystem service concept has the opportunity to make
substantial contributions toward more effective
management by influencing thinking among policy makers, land managers, and the wider public.
Gaia Ecological Perspectives For Science and Society, 2007, V16, N3, pp 215-221.
186
08.1-388
Sink or Swim? Water security for growth and
development
Grey D, Sadoff C W
India, Sri Lanka, Switzerland
Economics , Social Sciences , Water Resources
Achieving basic water security, both harnessing
the productive potential of water and limiting
its destructive impact, has always been a societal
priority. To capture this duality, water security
is defined here as the availability of an acceptable quantity and quality of water for health,
livelihoods, ecosystems and production, coupled
with an acceptable level of water-related risks to
people, environments and economies. This paper looks broadly at those countries that have
achieved water security, the paths they chose and
the costs they paid, and those countries that have
not achieved water security and how this constrains economies and societies. It defines three
typologies: countries that have harnessed hydrology, those hampered by hydrology and those that
are hostage to hydrology. It finds that countries
remaining hostage to hydrology are typically
among the world’s poorest. They face “difficult”
hydrologies often characterized by high inter- and
intra-annual rainfall and runoff variability, where
the level of institutional and infrastructure investment needed is very high and the ability to invest
is low. This paper seeks to capture the dynamics
of achieving water security in a hypothetical water and growth “S-curve”, which illustrates how a
minimum platform of investments in water institutions and infrastructure can produce a tipping
point beyond which water makes an increasingly
positive contribution to growth and how that tipping point will vary in different circumstances.
As there are inevitable trade-offs, achieving water
security is never without social and environmental costs; in some countries these are significant,
often unforeseen and even unacceptable. This
brief analysis suggests that the only historically
demonstrated path to achieving water security
at the national level has been through investment in an evolving balance of complementary
institutions and infrastructure, but that lessons
exist for following this basic path in more sustainable and balanced ways. Insights are provided for
balancing and sequencing investments, adapting
to changing values and priorities, and pushing
down the social and environmental costs. The
paper concludes that most water-insecure countries today face far greater challenges than those
that achieved water security in the last century
and are wealthy countries today. They face more
difficult hydrologies and a greater understanding
of and therefore greater responsibility for, the social and environment trade-offs inherent in water
management. As the costs of poor countries not
achieving water security, in terms of human suffering, sustained poverty, constrained growth and
social unrest, would be very high, achieving water
security is a challenge that must be recognized
and must be met.
Water Policy, 2007, V9, N6, pp 545-571.
08.1-389
Carbon constraints in the fourteenth and
twenty-first centuries
Hoffmann V, Busch T
Switzerland
Economics , History
Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2007, V11, N3, SUM,
pp 4-6.
08.1-390
Assessing psycho-social effects of participatory landscape planning
Höppner C, Frick J, Buchecker M
Switzerland
Social Sciences
Participation has become an important issue in
landscape planning. Within the relevant literature, an increasing number of authors emphasise
the meaning of psycho-social effects such as the
building of trust and engagement for planning
projects. Yet, empirical studies examining psycho-social effects of participatory techniques in
landscape planning are still an exception and are
often conceptually and methodologically limited.
The present paper addresses these gaps by adapting a mixed method design consisting of repeated
measurement (n = 35) and qualitative interviews
(n = 11). In the course of a municipal Landscape
Development Concept (LDC) in Switzerland, shortterm effects were assessed regarding participants’
(a) trust in other persons involved, (b) confidence
in the outcomes of the LDC, and (c) intention to
participate. Significant changes were found on
trust in involved persons and on the confidence
in the general benefit of the LDC. The intention
to participate did not change significantly. Information events had no significant effect on participants, whereas workshops had a significant effect
on participants’ trust. Trust of workshop attendees decreased during the planning process, which
may partly represent a shift from enthusiastic expectations to a more realistic view, and must not
be regarded as a negative outcome, since it prevents participants from serious frustration. The
paper concludes that a long-term participation
strategy, providing different participatory arenas
and settings, is essential in order to comprehensively affect all dimensions of trust and to foster
engagement.
Landscape and Urban Planning, 2007, V83, N2-3,
NOV 19, pp 196-207.
08.1-391
Local learning-networks on energy efficiency
in industry - Successful initiative in Germany
Jochem E, Gruber E
Energy & Fuels , Political Sciences , Economics
Profitable energy-efficiency potentials are often
not exploited in industry since management
tends not to focus on energy issues. Sharing experiences between companies reveals possibilities
for reducing the transaction costs involved. For
this purpose, regionally or locally-organised learning networks of companies have been established.
Social mechanisms are used to motivate management to pay more attention to energy efficiency in
Switzerland and Germany. The main elements of
the activities include initial consultation for each
company with an experienced engineer, agreement on a common target for energy-efficiency
improvement, regular meetings with technical
presentations and an exchange of experiences,
yearly control of energy consumption and CO2
emissions as well as scientific monitoring and
evaluation of the process. The results of some evaluations show that substantial progress has been
made in implementing organisational measures
and investments in energy efficiency in the participating companies. The reasons for these achievements are discussed and conclusions drawn about
the opportunities and limits of this instrument.
Finally, a recommendation is made to implement
this instrument on a broader level.
Applied Energy, 2007, V84, N7-8, JUL-AUG, pp
806-816.
08.1-392
Objectives of public participation: Which actors should be involved in the decision making
for river restorations?
Junker B, Buchecker M, Müller Böker U
Switzerland
Political Sciences , Water Resources , Hydrology
(1) River restoration as a measure to improve both
flood protection and ecological quality has become a common practice in river management.
This new practice, however, has also become a
source of conflicts arising from a neglect of the
social aspects in river restoration projects. Therefore appropriate public involvement strategies
have been recommended in recent years as a way
187
of coping with these conflicts. However, an open
question remains: Which stakeholders should be
involved in the decision-making process? This, in
turn, raises the question of the appropriate objectives of public participation. This study aims to
answer these questions drawing on two case studies of Swiss river restoration projects and a related
representative nationwide survey. Our findings
suggest that public involvement should not be restricted to a small circle of influential stakeholder
groups. As restoration projects have been found
to have a substantial impact on the quality of life
of the local population, avoiding conflicts is only
one of several objectives of the involvement process. Including the wider public provides a special
opportunity to promote social objectives, such as
trust building and identification of people with
their local environment.
Water Resources Research, 2007, V43, N10, OCT
31 ARTN: W10438.
08.1-393
Portfolio screening to support the mainstreaming of adaptation to climate change
into development assistance
Klein R J T, Eriksen S E H, Naess L O, Hammill A,
Tanner T M, Robledo C, O’brien K L
Sweden, Norway, England, Switzerland
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Economics ,
Political Sciences
The need to mainstream adaptation to climate
change into development planning and ongoing
sectoral decision-making is increasingly recognised, and several bilateral and multilateral development agencies are starting to take an interest.
Over the past years at least six development agencies have screened their project portfolios, generally with two goals in mind: (1) to ascertain the
extent to which existing development projects
already consider climate risks or address vulnerability to climate variability and change, and (2) to
identify opportunities for incorporating climate
change explicitly into future projects. As each
portfolio screening was conducted independently, the broader lessons emerging from the screenings have not been systematically analysed. In this
paper we assess the screening activities to date,
focusing on both the results and the methods
applied. Based on this assessment we identify opportunities for development agencies to expand
their current focus on the links between climate
and development. Most agencies already consider climate change as a real but uncertain threat
to future development, but they have given less
thought to how different development patterns
might affect vulnerability to climate change. The
188
screenings undertaken have shown the need to
take a comprehensive approach to adaptation and
its integration into development planning and
sectoral decision-making, and a number of policy
initiatives have been taken to promote such integration. We provide some initial guidance as to
how portfolio screening can be carried out in a
way that would allow agencies to assess systematically the relevance of climate change to their
ongoing and planned development projects.
Climatic Change, 2007, V84, N1, SEP, pp 23-44.
08.1-394
A MERGE model with endogenous technological change and the cost of carbon stabilization
Kypreos S
Switzerland
Modelling , Economics , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Two stylized backstop systems with endogenous
technological learning (ETL) are introduced in the
“model for evaluating regional and global effects”
(MERGE): one for the electric and the other for the
non- electric markets. Then the model is applied to
analyze the impacts of ETL on carbon-mitigation
policy, contrasting the resulting impacts with the
situation without ETL. We model research and development (R&D) spending and learning subsidies
for the demonstration and deployment stage as
control variables, and we investigate the ability of
this extra spending to create path-dependent experience and knowledge to aid in the implementation of carbon-free technologies. Based on model
estimations and sensitivity analyses, we conclude
that increased commitments for the development
of new technologies to advance along their learning curves has a potential for substantial reductions in the cost of mitigating climate change and
thereby helping to reach safe concentrations of
carbon in the atmosphere. (
Energy Policy, 2007, V35, N11, NOV, pp
5327-5336.
08.1-395
Characterization of source-specific air pollution exposure for a large population-based
Swiss Cohort (SAPALDIA)
Liu L J S, Curjuric I, Keidel D, Heldstab J, Künzli N,
Bayer Oglesby L, Ackermann Liebrich U, Schindler C
Switzerland, USA, Spain
Human & Public Health , Medicine
BACKGROUND: Although the dispersion model approach has been used in some epidemiologic studies to examine health effects of traffic- specific air
pollution, no study has evaluated the model predictions vigorously. METHODS: We evaluated total
and traffic-specific particulate matter < 10 and < 2.5
pm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10, PM2.5), nitrogren dioxide, and nitrogen oxide concentrations
predicted by Gaussian dispersion models against
fixed-site measurements at different locations,
including traffic-impacted, urban-background,
and alpine settings between and across cities. The
model predictions were then used to estimate
individual subjects’ historical and cumulative exposures with a temporal trend model. RESULTS:
Modeled PM10 and NO2 predicted at least 55%
and 72% of the variability of the measured PM10
and NO2, respectively. Traffic- specific pollution
estimates correlated with the NOx measurements
(R-2 >= 0.77) for background sites but not for traffic sites. Regional background PM10 accounted for
most PM10 mass in all cities. Whereas traffic PM10
accounted for < 20% of the total PM10, it varied
significantly within cities. The modeling error for
PM10 was similar within and between cities. Traffic NOx accounted for the majority of NOx mass in
urban areas, whereas background NOx accounted
for the majority of NOx in rural areas. The within-city NO2 modeling error was larger than that
between cities. CONCLUSIONS: The dispersion
model predicted well the total PM10, NOx, and
NO2 and traffic-specific pollution at background
sites. However, the model underpredicted traffic
NOx and NO2 at traffic sites and needs refinement
to reflect local conditions. The dispersion model
predictions for PM10 are suitable for examining
individual exposures and health effects within
and between cities.
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2007, V115,
N11, NOV, pp 1638-1645.
08.1-396
Climate risks and peak oil: Challenge for the
trans disciplinary research
Maibach M, Guyer M, Kläy A
Switzerland
Economics , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences ,
Gaia Ecological Perspectives For Science and Society,
2007, V16, N3, pp 229-231.
08.1-397
Does climate policy promote development?
Switzerland
Political Sciences , Economics , Meteorology &
Atmospheric Sciences
08.1-398
Climate or development: is ODA diverted from
its original purpose?
Switzerland
Political Sciences
We analyze the interaction of climate and development policy that has taken place since the early
1990s. Increasing dissatisfaction about the results
of traditional development cooperation and the appeal of climate policy as a new policy field led to a
rapid reorientation of aid flows. At the turn of the
century, over 7% of aid flows were spent on greenhouse gas emissions mitigation. However, the contribution of emissions mitigation projects to the
central development objective of poverty reduction
as specified in the Millennium Development Goals
is limited and other project types are likely to be
much more effective. Adaptation to climate change
can be expected to have higher synergies with poverty alleviation than mitigation, primarily through
its impact on health, the conservation of arable
land and the protection against natural disasters.
An analysis of the Clean Development Mechanism
shows that projects addressing the poor directly
are very rare; even small renewable energy projects in rural areas tend to benefit rich farmers and
the urban population. Use of development aid for
CDM projects and / or their preparation via capacity
building is thus clearly not warranted. We further
analyze whether the use of development aid for climate policy could be justified as a countermeasure
against the emission increase related to successful
development itself. However, countries that are
achieving an improvement of human development
from a low level are unlikely to increase their energy
consumption substantially. Only at a level where the
middle class expands rapidly, energy consumption
and greenhouse gas emissions soar. Thus targeting
middle class energy consumption by appliance efficiency standards and public transport-friendly
urban planning are the most effective measures to
address developing country emissions. Rural renewable energy provision in poor countries has a much
higher impact on poverty, but a much lower impact
on greenhouse gas emissions. We conclude that
while there are valid reasons for long-term collaboration with emerging economies on greenhouse gas
mitigation, there should be a separate budget line
for such activities to avoid “obfuscation” of a decline
of resources aimed at poverty alleviation. Nevertheless, mitigation will remain attractive for donors because it ensures quick disbursements and relatively
simple measures of success. Moreover, mitigation activities in developing countries provide politicians
189
in industrialized countries with a welcome strategy
to divert the attention of their constituencies from
the lack of success in reducing greenhouse gas emissions domestically.
08.1-399
Phenology of Ixodes ricinus and infection
with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato along a
North- and South-facing altitudinal gradient
on Chaumont Mountain, Switzerland
Moran Cadenas F, Rais O, Jouda F, Douet V, Humair
P F, Moret J, Gern L
Switzerland
Zoology , Medicine , Meteorology & Atmospheric
Sciences
Questing Ixodes ricinus L. ticks were collected
monthly from 2003 to 2005 on the north- and southfacing slopes of Chaumont Mountain in Neuchatel,
Switzerland, at altitudes varying from 620 to 1,070
in. On the south-facing slope, questing tick density
was higher than on the north-facing slope, and it
decreased with altitude. Density tended to increase
with altitude on the north-facing slope. Saturation
deficit values higher than 10 mmHg and lasting
for >2 mo were often recorded on the south-facing
slope, explaining seasonal patterns of questing tick
activity. The overall prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was 22.4%, and prevalence differed
according to exposure and among years. No difference was noticed between nymphs and adults. Four
Borrelia species were identified. Mixed infections
were detected in 52 ticks, B. garinii and B. valaisiana (n = 21) and B. afzelii and B. burgdorferi s.s. (n
= 20) were the most frequent associations observed.
The density of infected ticks varied from 3.6 to 78.7
infected nymphs per 1 00 m(2) and from 0.6 to 16.9
infected adults per 100 m(2), both slopes combined.
The study on the south-facing slope was a followup of a previous study carried out at the same location during 1999-2001. Comparison of climatic
data between the two periods showed a marked
increase in saturation deficit. Substantial differences in density and phenology of ticks also were
observed. At high elevations, ticks were significantly more abundant during the current study. This
can be explained by rising temperatures recorded
during summer at altitude, reaching values similar to those registered in the first study beneath.
At the lowest altitude, adults were significantly less
abundant, probably due to long-lasting high saturation deficits that impaired nymphal survival. The
density of Borrelia-infected ticks was higher than
in the previous study.
Journal of Medical Entomology, 2007, V44, N4,
JUL, pp 683-693.
190
08.1-400
Integrated assessment of global climate
change with learning-by-doing and energyrelated research and development
Müller Fürstenberger G, Stephan G
Energy & Fuels
This paper presents a small-scale version of an Integrated Assessment Model (IAM) of global climate
change, which is based on a global, regionally differentiated computable general equilibrium (CGE)
model with endogenous technological change.
This model can be viewed as a basic framework
for analyzing a broad range of economic issues related to climate change, in particular since technological change is represented in two ways: on
the one hand, there is learning-by- doing (LbD) in
non-fossil energy supply technologies, and on the
other hand there is research and development
(R&D)-driven energy- saving technical progress
in production. Computational experiments are
added for illustrating the role of technological
innovation in a world both with and without cooperation in the solution of the global climate
problem.
Energy Policy, 2007, V35, N11, NOV,
pp 5298-5309.
08.1-401
CDM potential of bagasse cogeneration in
India
Purohita P, Michaelowa A
Engineering , Energy & Fuels , Economics
So far, the cumulative capacity of renewable energy systems such as bagasse cogeneration in India is far below their theoretical potential despite
government subsidy programmes. One of the major barriers is the high investment cost of these
systems. The Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM) provides industrialized countries with an
incentive to invest in emission reduction projects
in developing countries to achieve a reduction in
CO2 emissions at lowest cost that also promotes
sustainable development in the host country. Bagasse cogeneration projects could be of interest
under the CDM because they directly displace
greenhouse gas emissions while contributing
to sustainable rural development. This study assesses the maximum theoretical as well as the
realistically achievable CDM potential of bagasse
cogeneration in India. Our estimates indicate
that there is a vast theoretical potential of CO2
mitigation by the use of bagasse for power generation through cogeneration process in India.
The preliminary results indicate that the annual
gross potential availability of bagasse in India is
more than 67 million tonnes (MT). The potential
of electricity generation through bagasse cogeneration in India is estimated to be around 34TWh
i.e. about 5575MW in terms of the plant capacity.
The annual CER potential of bagasse cogeneration
in India could theoretically reach 28 MT. Under
more realistic assumptions about diffusion of
bagasse cogeneration based on past experiences
with the government-run programmes, annual
CER volumes by 2012 could reach 20 26 million.
The projections based on the past diffusion trend
indicate that in India, even with highly favorable
assumptions, the dissemination of bagasse cogeneration for power generation is not likely to reach
its maximum estimated potential in another 20
years. CDM could help to achieve the maximum
utilization potential more rapidly as compared to
the current diffusion trend if supportive policies
are introduced. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Energy Policy, 2007, V35, N10, OCT,
pp 4779-4798.
08.1-402
The economic potential of bagasse cogeneration as CDM projects in Indonesia
Restuti D, Michaelowa A
Economics , Energy & Fuels
Surplus bagasse in Indonesian sugar mills is potential for arid- connected electricity-generating
projects under Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM) scheme. In addition, it is further perceived
to considerably support the efforts to address
prevailing crises in domestic sugar industry and
power generation sector. This paper aims at analyzing the economic potential of bagasse cogeneration as CDM projects in Indonesia with the
main deliverables of total emission reductions
per year and Certified Emission Reduction (CFR)
earnings. The analysis was made by following the
applicable methodologies and based on publicly
available data from official and other sources on
the websites. The results show that with the electricity displacement potential at 260,253 MWh,
Indonesia could generate Greenhouse Gas (GHG)
emission reductions as much as 240,774 (large
scale) or 198,177 tCO(2) (small scale) per annum
from the recently-employed low efficiency cogeneration leading to the earnings of about US$1.36
or 1.12 million, respectively. Out of 6 regional
grids where the electricity from the project activities can be grid-connected, the primary emission
reductions potentials are encountered in Java-Bali
and Southern Sumatera grids. Additionally, various barriers in technical, institutional, financial,
and other aspects have been identified as the justifications to pass the additionality test.
Energy Policy, 2007, V35, N7, JUL, pp 3952-3966.
08.1-403
Short-term effects of carbon monoxide on
mortality: An analysis within the APHEA
project
Samoli E, Touloumi G, Schwartz J, Anderson H R,
Schindler C, Forsberg B, Vigotti M A, Vonk J, Kosnik
M, Skorkovsky J, Katsouyanni K
Greece, USA, England, Switzerland, Sweden, Italy,
Netherlands, Slovenia, Czech Republic
Medicine , Human & Public Health
OBJECTIVES: We investigated the short-term effects of carbon monoxide on total and cardiovascular mortality in 19 European cities participating
in the APHEA-2 (Air Pollution and Health: A European Approach) project. METHODS: We examined
the association using hierarchical models implemented in two stages. In the first stage, data from
each city were analyzed separately, whereas in the
second stage the cityspecific air pollution estimates were regressed on city-specific covariates
to obtain overall estimates and to explore sources
of possible heterogeneity. We evaluated the sensitivity of our results by applying different degrees
of smoothing for seasonality control in the cityspecific analysis. RESULTS: We found significant
associations of CO with total and cardiovascular
mortality. A 1-mg/m(3) increase in the 2-day mean
of CO, levels was associated with a 1.20% (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.63-1.77%) increase in total
deaths and a 1.25% (95% CI, 0.30-2.21%) increase
in cardiovascular deaths. There was indication of
confounding with black smoke and nitrogen dioxide, but the pollutant- adjusted effect of CO on
mortality remained at least marginally statistically significant. The effect of CO on total and cardiovascular mortality was observed mainly in western and southern European cities and was larger
when the standardized mortality rate was lower.
CONCLUSIONS: The results of this large study are
consistent with an independent effect of CO on
mortality. The heterogeneity found in the effect
estimates among cities may be explained partly by
specific city characteristics.
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2007, V115,
N11, NOV, pp 1578-1583.
191
08.1-404
A synopsis of land use, land-use change and
forestry (LULUCF) under the Kyoto Protocol
and Marrakech Accords
Schlamadinger B, Bird N, Johns T, Brown S,
Canadell J, Ciccarese L, Dutschke M, Fiedler J,
Fischlin A, Fearnside P, Forner C, Freibauer A, Frumhoff P, Hoehne N, Kirschbaum M U F, Labat A, Marland G, Michaelowa A, Montanarella L, Moutinho
P, Murdiyarso D, Pena N, Pingoud K, Rakonczay Z,
Rametsteiner E, Rock J, Sanz M J, Schneider U A,
Shuidenko A, Skutsch M, Smith P, Somogyi Z, Trines
E, Ward M, Yamagata Y
Austria, USA, Australia, Italy, Germany, Switzerland,
Brazil, Indonesia, Luxembourg, Finland, Belgium,
Spain, Netherlands, Scotland, Hungary, New Zealand, Japan
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Political Sciences , International Relations , Meteorology & Atmospheric
Sciences
The complexities inherent in land use, land-use
change and forestry (LULUCF) activities have led
to contentious and prolonged debates about the
merits of their inclusion in the 2008-2012 first
commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. Yet the
inclusion of these activities played a key role in
agreement on the general framework of the Kyoto
Protocol, and LULUCF will likely continue to play
a substantial part in negotiations on national
commitments post-2012. The Marrakech Accords
dictate which LULUCF activities are to be included
under the Kyoto Protocol and provide rules on how
they are to be accounted in the first commitment
period. However, these rules have limitations and
drawbacks that may be avoided in the structure
of future commitments beyond 2012. Through
adherence to the objectives of the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate. Change (UNFCCC), and the incorporation of several critical
features, a future framework can more effectively
address the mitigation challenges and opportunities of this sector.
Environmental Science Policy, 2007, V10, N4, JUN,
pp 271-282.
08.1-405
How is climate change perceived in relation
to other socioeconomic and environmental
threats in Nairobi, Kenya?
Shisanya C A, Khayesi M
Kenya, Switzerland
Social Sciences , Economics , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
This article examines the perception of climate
change, in relation to 21 other socioeconomic
and environmental problems, on the part of 132
192
respondents to a survey conducted in the city of
Nairobi, Kenya. Factor analysis, used to condense
these interrelated problems into a few dimensions,
identified two overriding threats: the first being to
socioeconomic security, and the second to the physical environment. Threats to socioeconomic security
explained 76.6% of the variance in the rating of environmental and socioeconomic problems facing Nairobi, with very high factor loadings from corruption,
unemployment, crime, street children, garbage,
transport, poverty, pollution of Nairobi River, HIV/
AIDS and immorality/promiscuity. Threats to the
physical and living environment explained 22.2% of
the variance in the rating of environmental and socioeconomic problems facing Nairobi. We were led
to conclude that the respondents did not perceive
climate change as being a significant problem in
Nairobi. The global concern about climate change
appeared like a mere drop in the oceanic context
pervaded by problems of poverty, unemployment,
crime and corruption, etc. which Nairobi faces, as
does Kenya as a whole. Our conclusion is partially reflected in the priorities of the Kenyan government,
which focus on poverty alleviation, the fight against
crime and graft, improved access to education, and
on addressing health problems; it also poses a challenge to the climate change community to find ways
to making interventions relevant to local socioeconomic reality facing a developing country city like
Nairobi. There may be a need to reconsider ‘whose
reality counts’ (borrowing from Robert Chambers,
Whose reality counts? Putting the first last, Intermediate Technology Publications, London, p 122, 1997)
in addressing climate change: should protracted
Kyoto protocol negotiations be given priority or
should a long lasting solution be sought to socioeconomic problems facing developing world cities such
as Nairobi? We recommend that the ongoing efforts
at integrating climate risk management, as components of climate-sensitive sustainable development,
be studied in many settings, with a focus on the
developing world which is the most vulnerable, in
order to inform decision-making and development
of intervention measures.
Climatic Change, 2007, V85, N3-4, DEC,
pp 271-284.
08.1-406
The future of the Swiss Alps: A participatory
sustainability assessment of agricultural and
landscape scenarios
Soliva R
Switzerland
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Social Sciences , Ecology
In the Swiss Alps, as in other European Alpine
regions, agricultural decline is leading to land
abandonment and natural reforestation, which
may have wider implications for a sustainable
development of these areas. A sustainability assessment of three scenarios involving discussions
with a local stakeholder group was performed
as part of a case study in the Swiss canton of
Grisons. The first scenario, called “liberalisation”,
assumed withdrawal of all agricultural support.
A second scenario, called “biodiversity”, assumed
full replacement of agricultural support by biodiversity payments. These two scenarios were compared with a “trend” scenario, i.e., continuation
of current trends. The liberalisation scenario was
found to have the most negative consequences
on livelihoods as well as social and environmental aspects, and it was completely rejected by the
local stakeholder group. The trend scenario was
best received, although it does not substantially
contribute to sustainable development. The biodiversity scenario was the most controversial
scenario, with positive environmental outcomes
but negative cultural and social consequences.
Using scenarios in a participatory sustainability
assessment was found helpful both as a research
technique and for stimulating a debate about the
future of European mountain areas.
08.1-407
Output and abatement effects of allocation
readjustment in permit trade
Sterner T, Müller A
Sweden, USA, Switzerland
Economics , Political Sciences , International Relations
In permit trading systems, free initial allocation
is common practice. A recent example is the European Union Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading
Scheme (EU-ETS). We investigate effects of different free allocation schemes on incentives and
identify significant perverse effects on abatement
and output employing a simple multi- period
model. Firms have incentives for strategic action
if allocation in one period depends on their actions in previous ones and thus can be influenced
by them. These findings play a major role where
trading schemes become increasingly popular
as environmental or resource use policy instruments. This is of particular relevance in the EUETS where the current period is a trial-period
before the first commitment period of the Kyoto
protocol. Finally, this paper fills a gap in the literature by establishing a consistent terminology for
initial allocation.
Climatic Change, 2008, V86, N1-2, JAN, pp 33-49.
08.1-408
Does the current Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) deliver its sustainable development claim? An analysis of officially registered
CDM projects
Sutter C, Parreno J C
Switzerland
Economics , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
This article presents an analytical framework for
analyzing Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
projects in terms of their contribution to employment generation, equal distribution of CDM
returns, and improvement of local air quality. It
assesses 16 officially registered CDM projects with
regard to whether they fulfill the two objectives
required by the Kyoto Protocol: greenhouse gas
emission reductions and contribution to sustainable development in the host country. While a
large part (72%) of the total portfolio’s expected
Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) are likely to
represent real and measurable emission reductions, less than 1% are likely to contribute significantly to sustainable development in the host
country. According to our analysis, there are currently no UNFCCC registered CDM projects that
are likely to fulfill the Kyoto Protocol’s twofold objective of simultaneously delivering greenhouse
gas (GHG) emission reduction and contributing to
sustainable development.
08.1-409
Technology in climate policy and climate models - Introduction
Thalmann P
Switzerland
Modelling , Instruments & Instrumentation , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Political Sciences
Energy Policy, 2007, V35, N11, NOV,
pp 5263-5266.
08.1-410
Perceptions and evaluations of biosphere
reserves by local residents in Switzerland and
Ukraine
Wallner A, Bauer N, Hunziker M
Switzerland
Social Sciences , Ecology
In a cross-cultural study perceptions of local
people living in the surroundings of biosphere reserves in Switzerland and Ukraine were examined
using the method of qualitative interviews. In
the UNESCO Biosphere Entlebuch in Switzerland
people stated that they hoped for a better regional economic development due to the existence of
the biosphere reserve. However, at the same time
193
people feared further restrictions regarding landuse. In the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve located
in Transcarpathia/Ukraine people tended to connect certain conditions - such as the high price for
wood - directly to the existence of the biosphere
reserve, when in fact these conditions and the
biosphere reserve were separate, parallel developments. In both case studies three key-categories
influencing local residents’ perceptions and evaluations of biosphere reserves could be identified.
These categories are (1) the economic situation, (2)
the history of nature protection, and (3) the power
balance between the involved stakeholders. Paying close attention to those three categories will
help planners and managers of protected areas to
better understand the reasoning of local residents
for or against a biosphere reserve in their area.
Landscape and Urban Planning, 2007, V83, N2-3,
NOV 19, pp 104-114.
08.1-411
The concept of sustainable development - consequences for social theory. Research desiderata and a proposal for a research strategy in
social geography
Zierhofer W
Switzerland
Economics , Social Sciences
The concept of sustainable development - consequences for social theory. Research desiderata and
a proposal for a research strategy in social geography According to the mainstream of modern
social sciences, nature and environment are opposed to the social and not regarded as part of the
disciplinary object field. This view is profoundly
challenged by the regulative idea of sustainable
development, since it urges reconciliation of ecological, economic and social demands. This paper
discusses the state of the art of integrating nature, environment or the biophysical world into
the basics of social theory. It shows further that
so far the relations between society and environment have so far not been sufficiently conceptualized on the level of collective or aggregated interactions, and thus the macro-level of social theory.
In respect of this research desideratum, the paper
presents a research strategy, which sets out from
the concept of “ecological regimes”.
Erdkunde, 2007, V61, N3, JUL-SEP, pp 239-247.
194
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies
4 Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies
08.1-412
Thermo-economic optimization of a solid oxide fuel cell, gas turbine hybrid system
Autissier N, Palazzi F, Marechal F, van Herle J, Favrat D
Switzerland
Engineering , Energy & Fuels
Large scale power production benefits from the
high efficiency of gas-steam combined cycles.
fit the lower power range, fuel cells are a good
candidate to combine with gas turbines. Such
systems can achieve efficiencies exceeding 60%.
High-temperature solid oxide fuel cells SOFC) offer good opportunities for this coupling. In this
paper a systematic method to select a design according to user specifications is presented. The
most attractive configurations of this technology
coupling art? identified using a thermoeconomic
multi-objective optimization approach. The SOFC
model includes detailed computation of losses of
the electrodes and thermal management. The system is integrated using pinch based methods. A
thermo-econonnic approach is then used to compute the integrated system performances, size,
and cost. This allows to perform the optimization of the system with regard to two objectives:
minimize the specific cost and maximize the efficiency Optimization results prove the existence
of designs with costs from 2400 $ / kW for a 44%
efficiency to 6700 $ /kW for a 70% efficiency. Several design options are analyzed regarding, among
others fuel processing, pressure ratio, or turbine
inlet temperature. The model of a pressurized
SOFC-mu GT hybrid cycle combines a state-of-theart planar SOFC with a high- speed micro-gas turbine sustained by air bearings.
Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology, 2007,
V4, N2, MAY, pp 123-129.
08.1-413
Effect of pressure and fuel-air unmixedness
on NOx emissions from industrial gas turbine
burners
Biagioli F, Güthe F
Switzerland
Energy & Fuels , Engineering
The effect of fuel-air unmixedness on NOx emissions from industrial lean premixed gas turbine
burners fueled with natural gas is analyzed in the
pressure range from 1 to 30 bar. The analysis is
based on a model where NOx production is split,
according to a Darnkohler number criterion, into
a “prompt” (fast) contribution generated within
the very narrow instantaneous heat release region (flamelet) and a “postflame” (slow) one, generated in the combustion products. Using GRIM
chemical kinetics, it is found that (a) the prompt
NOx contribution is approximately a factor of
3 less sensitive to adiabatic flame temperature
variations than postflame NOx and (b) prompt
and postflame NOx change with pressure respectively according to an exponent alpha(PR) similar
or equal to -0.45 and alpha(PF) similar or equal to
0.67. It is shown that total NOx emissions change
from being mostly of prompt type at 1 bar to being mostly of postflame type at 30 bar, so that the
effect of fuel-air unmixedness on NOx emissions
significantly increases with increasing pressure.
The combination of these findings yields a negative NOx pressure exponent under fully premixed
conditions across a rather large range of equivalence ratios but a positive one for levels of fuel-air
unmixedness typical of industrial burners. This
result is confirmed by the application of the NOx
model in the large eddy simulation of the ALSTOM
EV double cone burner, which gives, in line with
experimental data, an NOx pressure exponent
growing, with equivalence ratio, from similar or
equal to 0.1 to similar or equal to 0.67.
Combustion and Flame, 2007, V151, N1-2, OCT,
pp 274-288.
08.1-414
Consumption and efficiency of a passenger car
with a hydrogen/oxygen PEFC based hybrid
electric drivetrain
Büchi F N, Paganelli G, Dietrich P, Laurent D, Tsukada A, Varenne P, Delfino A, Koetz R, Freunberger
S A, Magne P A, Walser D, Olsommer D
Switzerland
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Engineering,
Energy & Fuels
The main factors for reducing the consumption
of a vehicle are reduction of curb weight, air drag
and increase in the drivetrain efficiency. Highly
efficient drivetrains can be developed based on
PEFC technology and curb weight may be limited
by an innovative vehicle construction. In this paper, data on consumption and efficiency of a fourplace passenger vehicle with a curb weight of 1
850 kg and an H-2/O-2 fed PEFC/Supercap hybrid
electric powertrain are presented. Hydrogen consumption in the New European Driving Cycle is
0.67 kg H-2/100 km, which corresponds to a gasoline equivalent cosumption of 2.51/100 km. When
including the energy needed to supply pure oxygen, the calculated consumption increases from
0.67 to 0.69-0.79 kg H-2/100 km, depending on the
method of oxygen production.
Fuel Cells, 2007, V7, N4, AUG, pp 329-335.
08.1-415
Flame-synthesized LaCoO3-supported Pd 2.
Catalytic behavior in the reduction of NO by
H-2 under lean conditions
Chiarello G L, Ferri D, Grunwaldt J D, Forni L, Baiker A
Italy, Switzerland
Engineering , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
A 0.5 wt% Pd/LaCoO3, prepared by flame-spray pyrolysis (FP), was tested as catalyst for the low-temperature selective reduction of NO by H-2 in the
presence of excess O-2. In particular, the effect of
the precalcination and prereduction temperature
on catalytic activity was compared with that of a
similar Pd/LaCoO3 sample prepared by impregnation with a Pd solution of FP-prepared LaCoO3.
The FP-made catalyst allowed full NO conversion
at 150 degrees C, with 78% selectivity to N-2, thus
outperforming the catalytic behavior of the corresponding sample prepared by impregnation.
The higher activity of the FP-made catalyst has
been attributed to the formation of segregated Co
metal particles, not present in the impregnated
sample, formed during the precalcination at 800
degrees C, followed by reduction at 300 degrees C.
Two reaction mechanisms can be deduced from
the temperature-programmed experiments. The
first of these, occurring at lower temperatures, indicates cooperation between the Pd and Co metal
particles, with formation of active nitrates on cobalt, successively reduced by hydrogen spillover
from Pd. The second, occurring at higher temperature, allows 50% conversion of NO, with >90% selectivity to N-2, and involves N adatoms formed by
dissociative NO adsorption over Pd. Prereduction
at 600 degrees C led to a slight increase in catalytic activity, due to the formation of a Pd-Co alloy,
which is more stable on reoxidization compared
with Pd alone. Moreover, the cooperative reaction
mechanism seems to be favored by the proximity
of Co and Pd in metal particles.
Journal of Catalysis, 2007, V252, N2, DEC 10,
pp 137-147.
08.1-416
Flame-synthesized LaCoO3-supported Pd 1.
Structure, thermal stability and reducibility
Chiarello G L, Grunwaldt J D, Ferri D, Krumeich R,
Oliva C, Forni L, Baiker A
Italy, Switzerland
Engineering , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Nanosized LaCoO3 (LCO) and 0.5 wt% Pd/LaCoO3
(PdLCO) were synthesized in a single step by
flame-spray pyrolysis (FP) and characterized by
N-2 adsorption-desorption at 77 K (BET), electron
microscopy (HRTEM, STEM-EDXS), in situ XRD, in
situ fluorescence XANES and EXAFS (around the
195
Pd K-edge), EPR, and H-2 TGA-TPR. The stability
of the perovskite structure under different treatments and the location of Pd were addressed by
calcination at 600 and 800 degrees C and successive reduction in 10% H-2/He to 300 and 600 degrees C. The as-prepared Pd LCO exhibited a high
surface area (ca. 100 m(2)/g). Palladium appeared
to be finely dispersed on the FP material and was
partially incorporated in the perovskite lattice.
Calcination at 800 degrees C caused sintering and
substantial incorporation of Pd at the B-site of the
ABO(3) framework. EXAFS revealed that the Pd-O
distance was shorter than in PdO and further decreased with increasing calcination temperature,
simultaneously with the appearance of a Pd-La
contribution. The reduction process involved
both Pd and Co. In the 100-300 degrees C range,
the reduction of Co3+ to Co2+ (from LaCoO3 to
La2CO2O5) and the segregation of Pd in the form
of metal particles occurred. The reduction of Co
was already reversible at 120 degrees C, and the
perovskite structure was restored after exposure
to oxygen. In contrast, Pd remained in the metallic state. Therefore, the final structure of PdLCO
after mild reoxidation consisted of Pd and Co particles supported on LaCoO3- In contrast, reduction
at 600 degrees C led to the formation of a Pd-Co
alloy. The composition of PdLCO reduced at different temperatures is likely to strongly influence
the catalytic processes involved in combustion exhaust after treatment.
Journal of Catalysis, 2007, V252, N2, DEC 10,
pp 127-136.
08.1-417
Increase of passenger car engine efficiency
with low engine-out emissions using hydrogen-natural gas mixtures: A thermodynamic
analysis
Dimopoulos P, Rechsteiner C, Soltic P, Laemmle C,
Boulouchos K
Switzerland
In this study a state of the art passenger car natural gas engine was optimised for hydrogen natural
gas mixtures and high exhaust gas recirculation
(EGR) rates in the part load domain. With optimal combinations of spark timing (ST) and EGR
rate the achievements are significant efficiency
increase with substantially lower engine-out NOx
while total unburned hydrocarbons or CO-engineout emissions are not affected. Comprehensive investigations of the parameter space using design
of experiments (DoE) algorithms provided a complete picture of the potential of such applications.
Combustion analysis on the other hand allowed to
196
identify improvements on the basis of accelerated
combustion caused by the hydrogen as well as the
reduced gas exchange losses due to EGR and associated less required throttling for a given engine
output. The best combinations of EGR rate, hydrogen-fraction in the fuel and ST exhibited optimal
in- cylinder pressure characteristics accompanied
by moderate combustion peak temperatures and
low expansion cylinder temperatures. (c) 2007 International Association for Hydrogen Energy.
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2007,
V32, N14, SI, SEP, pp 3073-3083.
08.1-418
Multi-regional long-term electricity supply
scenarios with fusion
Gnansounou E, Bednyagin D
Switzerland
This paper examines the global potential for deployment of fusion power through elaboration
of multi-regional long-term electricity market
scenarios for the time horizon 2100. The probabilistic simulation dynamic programming model
PLANELEC-Pro was applied in order to determine
the expansion plans of the power generation systems in different world regions that adequately
meet the projected electricity demand at minimum cost given the quality-of-service and CO2
emissions constraints. It was found that the deployment of total 330 - 950 GWe of fusion power
world-wide could allow for reducing 1.8 - 4.3 % of
global CO2 emissions from electricity generation,
while entailing a slight increase of levelized system electricity cost (by approx. 0.1 - 0.4 is an element of(cents)/ kWh). By the end of century, the
estimated share of fusion in regional electricity
mixes varies from 1.5 to 23% depending on the
region. It is concluded that economic analysis of
fusion technology should be complemented with
the evaluation of the whole fusion RTD program
in terms of social rate of return taking into account its external “spillover” benefits.
Fusion Science and Technology, 2007, V52, N3,
OCT, pp 388-392.
08.1-419
Carbothermal reduction of alumina: Thermochemical equilibrium calculations and
experimental investigation
Halmann M, Frei A, Steinfeld A
Israel, Switzerland
The production of aluminum by the electrolytic
Hall-Heroult process suffers from high energy
requirements, the release of perfluorocarbons,
and vast greenhouse gas emissions. The alternative carbothermic reduction of alumina, while
significantly less energy- intensive, is complicated
by the formation of aluminum carbide and oxycarbides. In the present work, the formation of Al,
as well as Al2OC, Al4O4C, and Al4C3 was proven by
experiments on mixtures of Al2O3 and activated
carbon in an Ar atmosphere submitted to heat
pulses by an induction furnace. Thermochemical equilibrium calculations indicate that the
Al2O3-reduction using carbon as reducing agent is
favored in the presence of limited amounts of oxygen. The temperature threshold for the onset of
aluminum production is lowered, the formation
of Al4C3 is decreased, and the yield of aluminum
is improved. Significant further enhancement in
the carbothermic reduction of Al2O3 is predicted
by using CH4 as the reducing agent, again in the
presence of limited amounts of oxygen. In this
case, an important by-product is syngas, with a
H-2/CO molar ratio of about 2, suitable for methanol or Fischer-Tropsch syntheses. Under appropriate temperature and stoichiometry of reactants,
the process can be designed to be thermo-neutral.
Using alumina, methane, and oxygen as reagents,
the co-production of aluminum with syngas, to
be converted to methanol, predicts fuel savings of
about 68% and CO2 emission avoidance of about
91%, vis-A-vis the conventional production of Al
by electrolysis and of methanol by steam reforming of CH4. When using carbon (such as coke or
petcoke) as reducing agent, fuel savings of 66%
and CO2 emission avoidance of 15% are predicted.
Preliminary evaluation for the proposed process
indicates favorable economics, and the required
high temperatures process heat is readily attainable using concentrated solar energy.
Energy, 2007, V32, N12, DEC, pp 2420-2427.
08.1-420
Secondarv effects of catalytic diesel particulate filters: Copper- induced formation of
PCDD/Fs
Heeb N V, Zennegg M, Gujer E, Honegger P, Zeyer
K, Gfeller U, Wichser A, Kohler M, Schmid P,
Emmenegger L, Ulrich A, Wenger D, Petermann J L,
Czerwinski J, Mosimann T, Kasper M, Mayer A
Switzerland
Engineering, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences,
Human & Public Health
Potential risks of a secondary formation of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) were
assessed for two cordierite- based, wall-through
diesel particulate filters (DPFs) for which soot
combustion was either catalyzed with an iron- or
a copper-based fuel additive. A heavy duty diesel
engine was used as test platform, applying the
eightstage ISO 8178/4 C1 cycle. DPF applications
neither affected the engine performance, nor did
they increase NO, NO2, CO, and CO2 emissions.
The latter is a metric for fuel consumption. THC
emissions decreased by about 40% when deploying DPFs. PCDD/F emissions, with a focus on tetrato octachlorinated congeners, were compared under standard and worst case conditions (enhanced
chlorine uptake). The iron-catalyzed DPF neither
increased PCDD/F emissions, nor did it change the
congener pattern, even when traces of chlorine
became available. In case of copper, PCDD/F emissions increased by up to 3 orders of magnitude
from 22 to 200 to 12 700 pg I-TEO./L with fuels of
< 2, 14, and 110 µg/g chlorine, respectively. Mainly
lower chlorinated DD/Fs were formed. Based on
these substantial effects on PCDD/F emissions, the
copper-catalyzed DPF system was not approved for
workplace applications, whereas the iron system
fulfilled all the specifications of the Swiss procedures for DPF approval (VERT).
N16, AUG 15, pp 5789-5794.
08.1-421
Towards multi-source multi-product energy
systems
Hemmes K, Zachariah Wolff J L, Geidl M, Andersson G
Energy & Fuels , Engineering , Modelling
Historically, energy conversion was seen as a onedimensional system, in the sense that one form
of energy was converted into another form. Byproducts of the conversions such as heat were
disregarded and/or treated as waste. Cogeneration
is a first step towards system improvement since
the ‘waste heat’ is recovered and used as a valuable product. Trigeneration systems, which take
the concept even further, are proposed for the simultaneous production of chemicals, power, and
heat, and are integrated into larger systems, such
as chemical plants, to achieve increased overall
performance. In these systems electricity may just
be a by-product. However, co- and trigeneration
systems are still characterized by a single input.
In this paper we further extend this concept and
explore the potential role of multi-source multiproduct (MSMP) systems.
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2007,
V32, N10-11, JUL-AUG, pp 1332-1338.
197
08.1-422
An energy management method for the food
industry
Müller D C A, Marechal F M A, Wolewinski T,
Roux P J
Switzerland
Economics , Energy & Fuels , Engineering
This article presents a method aimed at tracking
energy saving opportunities in the food-processing industry through a combination of top-down
and bottom-up approaches. On the one hand, the
top-down modelling method aims at correlating
the measured energy consumptions with the final
products and auxiliaries as well as at allocating
the energy bills among major consumers. This
approach will, therefore, set priorities for energy
saving actions. On the other hand, the bottom-up
approach, which is based on the thermodynamic
requirements of the process operations, is used to
define the energy requirements of these consumers. A comparison of the measured consumptions
and the energy requirements enables the identification of energy saving opportunities. In the case
study presented in this article, these opportunities have been evaluated using thermo-economic
modelling tools and range from good housekeeping measures and optimised process operations to
energy saving investments.
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2007, V27, N16,
NOV, pp 2677-2686.
08.1-423
H2O-splitting thermochemical cycle based on
ZnO/Zn-redox: Quenching the effluents from
the ZnO dissociation
Müller R, Steinfeld A
Switzerland
Geochemistry & Geophysics , Engineering
The production of zinc by thermal dissociation of
zinc oxide has been experimentally investigated
in the range of 1700-1950 K using a 10 kW solar
chemical reactor directly exposed to concentrated
solar radiation. The gaseous products Zn(g) and
O-2 exiting the reactor underwent rapid cooling by flowing through an annular water-cooled
quench unit and by injection of Ar. XRD analysis
along with SEM and TEM images of the solid products deposited at the quenching zone revealed
the formation of spherical particles of sizes in the
0.1-30 µm range, with their surface covered with
smaller edged structures, which are characteristic of Zn(g) undergoing condensation followed by
Zn(l)/Zn(s) oxidation and coalescence.
Chemical Engineering Science, 2008, V63, N1, JAN,
pp 217-227.
198
08.1-424
Towards an improved architectural quality
of building integrated solar thermal systems
(BIST)
Munari Probst M C , Roecker C
Switzerland
Architectural integration is a major issue in the
development and spreading of solar thermal technologies. Yet the architectural quality of most
existing building integrated solar thermal systems (BIST) is quite poor, which often discourages
potential new users. In this paper, the results of
a large web survey on architectural quality, addressed to more than 170 European architects
and other building professionals are presented
and commented. Integration criteria and design
guidelines established and confirmed through
the analysis of these results are proposed. Subsequently, a novel methodology to design future
solar thermal collectors systems suited to building integration is described, showing a new range
of design possibilities. The methodology focuses
on the essential teamwork between architects and
engineers to ensure both energy efficiency and
architectural integrability, while playing with
the formal characteristics of the collectors (size,
shape, colour, etc.). Finally a practical example of
such a design process conducted within the European project SOLABS is given; the resulting collector is described, and integration simulations are
presented.
Solar Energy, 2007, V81, N9, SI, pp 1104-1116.
08.1-425
Biofuels must deliver on their promise of sustainability
Opal C
Switzerland
Power Engineer, 2007, V21, N3, JUN-JUL, p 18.
08.1-426
A methodology for thermo-economic modeling and optimization of solid oxide fuel cell
systems
Palazzi F, Autissier N, Marechal F M A, Favrat D
Switzerland
Modelling , Energy & Fuels , Engineering
In the context of stationary power generation, fuel
cell-based systems are being foreseen as a valuable
alternative to thermodynamic cycle-based power
plants, especially in small scale applications. As
the technology is not yet established, many aspects of fuel cell development are currently investigated worldwide. Part of the research focuses on
integrating the fuel cell in a system that is both
efficient and economically attractive. To address
this problem, we present in this paper a thermoeconomic optimization method that systematically generates the most attractive configurations of
an integrated system. In the developed methodology, the energy flows are computed using conventional process simulation software. The system is
integrated using the pinch based methods that
rely on optimization techniques. This defines the
minimum of energy required and sets the basis to
design the ideal heat exchanger network. A thermo-economic method is then used to compute the
integrated system performances, sizes and costs.
This allows performing the optimization of the
system with regard to two objectives: minimize
the specific cost and maximize the efficiency. A
solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) system of 50 kW integrating a planar SOFC is modeled and optimized
leading to designs with efficiencies ranging from
34% to 44%. The multi- objective optimization
strategy identifies interesting system configurations and their performance for the developed
SOFC system model. The methods proves to be
an attractive tool to be used both as an advanced
analysis tool and as support to decision makers
when designing new systems.
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2007, V27, N16,
NOV, pp 2703-2712.
08.1-427
Dynamics of a solar thermochemical reactor
for steam-reforming of methane
Petrasch J, Steinfeld A
Switzerland
Engineering , Modelling , Plant Sciences
A nonlinear dynamic model is developed for a
steam/methane-reforming reactor that uses concentrated solar radiation as the source of hightemperature process heat. The model incorporates
a set of lumped- parameter reservoirs for mass and
energy. For each reservoir, the unsteady mass and
energy conservation equations are formulated,
which couple conduction, convection, and radiation heat transfer with the temperature dependent chemical conversion. Radiative exchange,
the dominant heat transfer mode at above 800 K,
is solved by a band- approximation Monte Carlo
technique. The dynamic model is applied to predict the transient behavior of a 400kW prototype
solar reformer in operational modes of purging,
thermal testing, startup, chemical reaction, shutdown, and cyclical operation. Time constants vary
between 2 s for species transport and 1 x 10(5) s for
thermal energy transport through ceramic insulation. Validation is accomplished by comparing
modeled and experimentally measured outlet gas
temperatures obtained from reactor tests in a solar tower facility.
Chemical Engineering Science, 2007, V62, N16,
AUG, pp 4214-4228.
08.1-428
Development steps for parabolic trough solar
power technologies with maximum impact on
cost reduction
Pitz P R, Dersch J, Milow B, Tellez F, Ferriere A,
Langnickel U, Steinfeld A, Karni J, Zarza E, Popel O
Germany, Spain, France, Switzerland, Israel, Russia
Besides continuous implementation of concentrating solar power plants (CSP) in Europe, which
stipulate cost reduction by mass production effects, further R&D activities are necessary to
achieve the cost competitiveness to fossil power
generation. The European Concentrated Solar
Thermal Roadmap (ECOSTAR) study that was conducted by European research institutes in the field
of CSP intends to stipulate the direction for R&D
activities in the context of cost reduction. This paper gives an overview about the methodology and
the results for one of the seven different CSP system concepts that are currently under promotion
worldwide and considered within ECOSTAR. The
technology presented here is the Parabolic trough
with direct steam generation (DSG), which may be
considered as an evolution of the existing parabolic systems with thermal oil as heat transfer
fluid. The methodology is explained using this exemplary system, and the technical improvements
are evaluated according to their cost- reduction
potential using a common approach, based on an
annual performance model. Research priorities
are given based on the results. The simultaneous
implementation of three measures is required in
order to achieve the cost-reduction target: Technical improvement by R&D, upscaling of the unit
size, and mass production of the equipment.
Journal of Solar Energy Engineering Transactions of
the Asme, 2007, V129, N4, NOV, pp 371-377.
08.1-429
Optimum battery size for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle - Part I
Switzerland, USA
This study explores different hybridization levels of a midsized vehicle powered by a polymer
electrolyte membrane fuel cell stack. The energy
buffer considered is a lead-acid-type battery. The
effects of the battery size on the overall energy
199
losses for different drive cycles are determined
when dynamic programming determines the optimal current drawn from the fuel cell system.
The different hybridization levels are explored
for two cases: (i) when the batter), is only used
to decouple the fuel cell system from the voltage
and current demands from the traction motor to
allow the, fuel cell system to operate as close to
optimally as possible and (ii) when regenerative
braking is included in the vehicle with different
efficiencies. The optimal power-split policies are
analyzed to quantify all the energy losses and
their paths in an effort to clarify the hybridization needs for a fuel cell vehicle. Results show that
without any regenerative braking, hybridization
will not decrease, fuel consumption unless the
vehicle is driving in a mild drive cycle (city drive
with low speeds) . However, when the efficiency of
the regenerative braking increases, the fuel consumption (total energy losses) can be significantly
lowered by choosing an optimal battery size.
V4, N2, MAY, pp 167-175.
08.1-430
Optimum Battery Size for Fuel Cell Hybrid
Electric Vehicle With Transient Loading Consideration—Part II
Switzerland, USA
This study presents a simplified model of a midsized vehicle powered by a polymer electrolyte
membrane fuel cell stack together with a leadacid battery as an energy buffer. The model is
used with dynamic programming in order to
find the optimal coordination of the two power
sources while penalizing transient excursions
in oxygen concentration in the fuel cell and the
state of charge in the battery. The effects of the
battery size on the overall energy losses for different drive cycles are determined, and the optimal power split policies are analyzed to quantify
all the energy losses and their paths in an ‘effort
to clarify the hybridization needs for a fuel cell
vehicle with constraints on dynamically varying
variables. Finally, a causal nonpredictive controller is presented. The battery sizing results from
the dynamic programming optimizations and the
causal controller are compared.
V4, N2, MAY, pp 176-184.
200
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | General Topics
5 General Topics
08.1-431
What is a green solvent? A comprehensive
framework for the environmental assessment
of solvents
Capello C, Fischer U, Hungerbühler K
Switzerland
Economics
Solvents define a major part of the environmental performance of processes in chemical industry
and also impact on cost, safety and health issues.
The idea of “green’’ solvents expresses the goal
to minimize the environmental impact resulting
from the use of solvents in chemical production.
Here the question is raised of how to measure how
“green’’ a solvent is. We propose a comprehensive
framework for the environmental assessment of
solvents that covers major aspects of the environmental performance of solvents in chemical production, as well as important health and safety
issues. The framework combines the assessment
of substance-specific hazards with the quantification of emissions and resource use over the full
life-cycle of a solvent. The proposed framework
is demonstrated on 26 organic solvents. Results
show that simple alcohols (methanol, ethanol) or
alkanes (heptane, hexane) are environmentally
preferable solvents, whereas the use of dioxane,
acetonitrile, acids, formaldehyde, and tetrahydrofuran is not recommendable from an environmental perspective. Additionally, a case study is
presented in which the framework is applied for
the assessment of various alcohol -water or pure
alcohol mixtures used for solvolysis of p-methoxybenzoyl chloride. The results of this case study
indicate that methanol - water or ethanol -water
mixtures are environmentally favourable compared to pure alcohol or propanol water mixtures.
The two applications demonstrate that the presented framework is a useful instrument to select
green solvents or environmentally sound solvent
mixtures for processes in chemical industry. The
same framework can also be used for a comprehensive assessment of new solvent technologies as
soon as the present lack of data can be overcome.
Green Chemistry, 2007, V9, N9, pp 927-934.
08.1-432
Effect of solar water disinfection (SODIS) on
model microorganisms under improved and
field SODIS conditions
Dejung S, Fuentes I, Almanza G, Jarro R, Navarro L,
Arias G, Urquieta E, Torrico A, Fenandez W, Iriarte
M, Birrer C, Stahel W A, Wegelin M
Switzerland
Water Resources , Microbiology , Modelling ,
Engineering
SODIS is a solar water disinfection process which
works by exposing untreated water to the sun in
plastic bottles. Field experiments were carried
out in Cochabamba, Bolivia, to obtain standard
UV-A (320-405 nm) dose values required to inactivate non-spore forming bacteria, spores of Bacillus subtilis, and wild type coliphages. inactivation kinetics for non-spore forming bacteria are
similar under SODIS conditions, exhibiting dose
values ranging between 15 and 30 Wh m(-2) for 1
log(10) (90%) inactivation, 45 to 90 Wh m(-2) for 3
log(10) (99.9%), and 90 to 180 Wh m(-2) for 6 log(10)
(99.9999%) inactivation. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
was found to be the most resistant and Salmonella
typhi, the most sensitive of the non- sporulating
organisms studied here. Phages and spores serve
as model organisms for viruses and parasite cysts.
A UV-A dose of 85 to 210 wh m(-2) accumulated
during one to two days was enough to inactivate 1
log(10) (90%) of these strong biological structures.
The process of SODIS depended mainly on the radiation dose (Wh m(-2)) an organism was exposed
to. An irradiation intensity exceeding some 12 W
m(-2) did not increase the inactivation constant. A
synergistic effect of water temperatures below 50
degrees C was not observed. Data plotting from
various experiments on a single graph proved to
be a reliable alternative method for analysis. inactivation rates determined by this method were revealed to be within the same range as individual
analysis.
Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology
Aqua, 2007, V56, N4, JUN, pp 245-256.
08.1-433
Cumulative energy extraction from the natural
environment (CEENE): a comprehensive life
cycle impact assessment method for resource
accounting
Dewulf J, Bosch M E, de Meester B, van der Vorst
G, van Langenhove H, Hellweg S, Huijbregts M A J
Belgium, Switzerland, Netherlands
Energy & Fuels , Ecology
The objective of the paper is to establish a comprehensive resource- based life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) method which is scientifically
sound and that enables to assess all kinds of resources that are deprived from the natural ecosystem, all quantified on one single scale, free of
weighting factors. The method is based on the
exergy concept. Consistent exergy data on fossils,
nuclear and metal ores, minerals, air, water, land
occupation, and renewable energy sources were
elaborated, with well defined system boundaries.
Based on these data, the method quantifies the exergy “taken away” from natural ecosystems, and is
thus called the cumulative exergy extraction from
the natural environment (CEENE). The acquired
data set was coupled with a state-of-the art life
cycle inventory database, ecoinvent. In this way,
the method is able to quantitatively distinguish
eight categories of resources withdrawn from the
natural environment: renewable resources, fossil
fuels, nuclear energy, metal ores, minerals, water
resources, land resources, and atmospheric resources. Third, the CEENE method is illustrated
for a number of products that are available in ecoinvent, and results are compared with common
resource oriented LCIA methods. The application
to the materials in the ecoinvent database showed
that fossil resources and land use are of particular
importance with regard to the total CEENE score,
although the other resource categories may also
be significant.
N24, DEC 15, pp 8477-8483.
08.1-434
The environmental relevance of capital goods
in life cycle assessments of products and
services
Frischknecht R, Althaus H J, Bauer C, Doka G, Heck
T, Jungbluth N, Kellenberger D, Nemecek T
Switzerland
Economics
Goal and Scope. Many life cycle assessment case
studies neglect the production of capital goods
that are necessary to manufacture a good or to
provide a service. In ISO standards 14040 and
14044 the capital goods are explicitly part of the
product system. Thus, it is doubtful if capital
goods can be excluded per se as has been done
in quite a number of case studies and LCA databases. There is yet no clear idea about if and when
capital goods play an important role in life cycle
assessments. The present paper evaluates the contribution of capital goods in a large number and
variety of product and service systems. A classification of product and service groups is proposed
to give better guidance on when and where capital goods should be included or can be neglected.
Methods. The life cycle inventory database ecoinvent data v1.2 forms the basis for the assessment
of the environmental importance of capital goods.
The importance is assessed on the basis of several
hundreds of cradle-to-gate LCAs of heat and electricity supply systems, of materials extraction
and production, of agricultural products, and of
transport and waste management services. The
importance within product (and service) groups is
evaluated with statistical methods by comparing
the LCA results including and excluding capital
201
goods. The assessment is based on characterised
cumulative LCI results using the CML baseline
characterisation factors of the impact categories
of global warming, acidification, eutrophication,
human toxicity, freshwater acquatic toxicity, terrestrial ecotoxicity, ionising radiation, and land
competition, based on proxy indicators (fossil and
nuclear) cumulative energy demand, and based
on the endpoint indicators Eco-indicator 99 (H,
A) mineral resources, human health, eco system
quality and totals. Results. The analysis confirms
the fact that capital goods cannot be excluded per
se. On one hand, toxicity related environmental
impacts such as freshwater ecotoxicity or human
toxicity are more sensitive towards an inclusion
or exclusion of capital goods. On the other, certain products like photovoltaic and wind electricity are very much or even completely affected by
capital goods contributions, no matter which
indicator is chosen. Nuclear electricity, agricultural products and processes, and transport services often behave differently (showing a higher
or lower share of capital goods contribution) than
products from other sectors. Discussions. Some
indicators analysed in this paper show a rather
similar behaviour across all sectors analysed. This
is particularly true for ‘mineral resources’, and
- to a lesser extent - for ‘Eco- indicator 99 total’,
‘acidification’ and ‘climate change’. On the other
hand, ‘land use’ and ‘freshwater ecotoxicity’ show
the most contrasting behaviour with shares of
capital goods’ impacts between less than 1% and
more than 98%. Recommendations. Capital goods
must be included in the assessment of climate
change impacts of non-fossil electricity, agricultural products and processes, transport services
and waste management services. They must be
included in any sector regarding the assessment
of toxic effects. Energy analyses (quantifying the
non- renewable cumulative energy demand) of
agricultural products and processes, of wooden
products and of transport services should include
capital goods as well. The mixing of datasets including and excluding capital goods is no problem as long as their share on total impacts is low
and partial omissions do not lead to a significant
imbalance in comparative assertions. Perspectives. If in doubt whether or not to include capital goods, it is recommended to check two things:
(1) whether maintenance and depreciation costs
of capital equipment form a substantial part of
the product price (Heijungs et al. 1992a), and (2)
whether actual environmental hot spots occur
along the capital goods’ supply chain.
2007, V12, 1, AUG, pp 7-17.
202
08.1-435
New concepts of Be-10 AMS at low energies
Grajcar M, Döbeli M, Kubik P W, Synal H A,
Wacker L, Suter M
Switzerland
Instruments & Instrumentation , Engineering ,
Isotopic ratios of Be-10/Be-9 with a background
sensitivity of 2 x 10 (-14) can now be measured
with the 0.6 MV Tandem accelerator of PST /ETH
Zürich using BeF2 instead of BeO as sample material and injecting BeF- to suppress the boron
detector count rate. A new, high-resolution gas
ionization detector with a thin silicon nitride
entrance window and special preamplifier design
are essential in order to achieve this sensitivity. A
particle transmission of 50% is possible for charge
state 1+. Due to the maximum count rate that
can be accepted by the detector the BeF- currents
are limited to a few hundred nA. Measurements
of Be-10 in rainwater samples performed under
these conditions at the low terminal voltage of
0.6 MV with the new compact AMS system show
good agreement with results using the conventional Be-10 measurement setup on the 6 MV facility. Thus, this type of small scale equipment can
now also be applied for Be-10 AMS as long as Be-10/
Be-9 ratios are sufficiently high and measurement
time is not a limiting factor. Instead, using BeO
and the degrader foil technique with a silicon
nitride membrane the boron count rate can also
be suppressed sufficiently but the Be-10/Be-9 background level is limited to 10 (-13) by scattered Be-9
and the overall transmission is less than 5%.
Atoms, 2007, V259, N1, JUN, pp 173-177.
08.1-436
Terrestrial ecotoxicity and effect factors of
metals in life cycle assessment (LCA)
Haye S, Slaveykova V I, Payet J
Switzerland
Ecology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Toxicology
Life cycle impact assessment aims to translate the
amounts of substance emitted during the life cycle
of a product into a potential impact on the environment, which includes terrestrial ecosystems.
This work suggests some possible improvements in
assessing the toxicity of metals on soil ecosystems
in life cycle assessment (LCA). The current available
data on soil ecotoxicity allow one to calculate the
chronic terrestrial HC50(EC50) (hazardous concentration affecting 50% of the species at their EC50
level, i.e. the level where 50% of the individuals of
the species are affected) of nine metals and metal-
loids (As(III) or (V), Be(II), Cr(III) or (VI), Sb(III) or (V),
Pb(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II)). Contrarily to what is
generally advised in LCIA, the terrestrial HC50 of
metals shall not be extrapolated from the aquatic
HC50, using the Equilibrium Partitioning method
since the partition coefficient (Kd) of metals is
highly variable. The experimental ecotoxicology
generally uses metallic salts to contaminate artificial soils but the comparison of the EC50 or NOEC
obtained for the same metal with different salts
reveals that the kind of salt used insignificantly
influences these values. In contrast, depending
on the metallic fraction of concern, the EC50 may
vary, as for cadmium: the EC50 of Folsotnia candida, expressed as free Cd in pore water is almost
2.5 orders of magnitude lower than that expressed
as total metal. A similar result is obtained with
Eisenia fetida, confirming the importance of metals speciation in assessing their impact on soils.
By ranking the metals according to the difference
between their terrestrial and aquatic HC50 values,
two groups are distinguished, which match the
hard soft acids and bases (HSAB) concept. This allows to estimate their affinity for soil components
and potential toxicity according to their chemical
characteristics.
Chemosphere, 2007, V68, N8, JUL, pp 1489-1496.
08.1-437
Challenges for forestry and forest research
- How to promote effective cooperation between science and practice?
Jäger J, Pluess A, Klank C, Ghazoul J
Canada, Switzerland
Forestry , Plant Sciences , Social Sciences
Wie vielerorts steht in der Schweiz das Waldmanagement angesichts des Klimawandels und
gesellschaftlicher Änderungen vor großen Herausforderungen. Die verschiedenen Ansprüche an
den Wald wie rentable Holznutzung, Risikominderung, Freizeit oder Erhaltung der Biodiversität
bergen ein Konfliktpotenzial. Wie können und
sollen Forstwirtschaft und forstliche Forschung
die Probleme angehen?
08.1-438
Environmental impacts of conventional and
sustainable investment funds compared using
input-output life-cycle assessment
Köllner T, Suh S, Weber O, Moser C, Scholz R W
Switzerland
Modelling , Economics , Ecology
This study compares equity funds that are managed according to sustainability goals with con-
ventionally managed funds with respect to their
environmental impacts. Overlap in the portfolios
of sustainable equity funds and conventional equity funds can be very large. Further, the sector
allocation of both types of funds is generally very
similar, because portfolio managers follow a chosen benchmark to minimize risk. These two effects may result in no difference existing between
the two types of funds in terms of their environmental impact and damage (null hypothesis of
this research). This study comparatively assesses
the environmental impact of portfolios of 26 investment funds: 13 sustainable investment funds
and 13 conventional funds, which are managed
according to the benchmark MSCI World. The
study applies input output life-cycle assessment
(IO-LCA) in combination with a simulation of company- specific environmental performance. The
environmental impact is evaluated per functional
unit for each fund, measured as the risk- adjusted
financial performance. The statistical analysis
showed that the analyzed sustainable investment
funds performed better with respect to environmental impact assessment but worse in economic
risk-adjusted performance (RAP) over the period
2000-2004. In 2004, however, the RAP of the selected sustainable investment funds showed better
performance. Both samples considerably overlap
for the environmental and economic parameters.
The results suggest that the environmental impact
of sustainable investment funds in the sample is
slightly less than that of conventional funds.
Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2007, V11, N3, SUM,
pp 41-60.
08.1-439
Problem-oriented environmental research: The
view of geography and landscape ecology on
science and application
Leser H
Switzerland
Ecology , Modelling
Environmental research is a broad field of study. On
the one hand, environmental research is carried
out on the basis of specialised approaches and on
the other, on an integrative (i.e. holistic) approach.
In this contribution about environmental research,
landscape ecology is understood as a man-naturespace system, the subject of which is the functional
connection of nature, technology and society, according to Ernst Neef. Landscape ecology defines it
as the so-called “landscape ecosystem”. This model
comprises the three very complex subsystems: the
geosystem, biosystem, and anthroposystem. This
complex subject of environmental research can only
be adequately examined if the approach is integra-
203
tive. This in turn means that the various sciences
must scrutinise their approaches and methods, so
that they do not over-specialise, and that they cooperate on a transdisciplinary basis. The results of
this transdisciplinary research work are directed to
the various sciences as well as the different fields of
practice.
08.1-440
Linking models of land use, resources, and
economy to simulate the development of
mountain regions (ALPSCAPE)
Lundstroem C, Kytzia S, Walz A, Gret Regamey A,
Bebi P
Switzerland
Modelling , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Economics
We present a framework of a scenario-based model
that simulates the development of the municipality of Davos (Swiss Alps). ‘We illustrate our method
with the calculation of the scenario for 2050 “Decrease in subsidies for mountoin agriculture and
liberalization of markets.” The main objective was
to link submodels of land-use allocation (regression-based approach), material and energy flows
submodels (Material and Energy Flux Analysis),
and economic submodels (Input- Output Analysis).
Letting qualitative and quantitative information
flow from one SUbmodel to the next, following the
storyline describing a scenario, has proven to be
suitable for linking submodels. The succession of
the submodels is then strongly dependent on the
scenario. Qualitative information flows are simulated with microsimulations of actor choices. Links
between the submodels show different degrees of
robustness: although the links involving microsimulations are the weakest, the uncertainty introduced by the land-use allocation model is actually
advantageous because it allows one possible change
in the landscape in the future to be simulated. The
modeling results for the scenario here presented
show that the disappearance of agriculture only
marginally affects the region’s factor income, but
that the consequences for the self-sufficiency rate,
for various landscape-related indicators and ecosystem services, and for the economy in the long term
may be considerable. These benefits compensate
for agriculture’s modest direct economic value.
The framework presented can potentially be applied to any region and scenario. This framework
provides a basis for a learning package that allows
potential detrimental consequences of regional development to be anticipated at an early stage.
Environmental Management, 2007, V40, N3, SEP,
pp 379-393.
204
08.1-441
Occurrence, behavior and effects of nanoparticles in the environment
Nowack B, Bucheli T D
Switzerland
Engineering
The increasing use of engineered nanoparticles
(NP) in industrial and household applications
will very likely lead to the release of such materials into the environment. Assessing the risks of
these NP in the environment requires an understanding of their mobility, reactivity, ecotoxicity
and persistency. This review presents an overview
of the classes of NP relevant to the environment
and summarizes their formation, emission, occurrence and fate in the environment. The engineered NP are thereby compared to natural products such as soot and organic colloids. To date only
few quantitative analytical techniques for measuring NP in natural systems are available, which results in a serious lack of information about their
occurrence in the environment. Results from ecotoxicological studies show that certain NP have
effects on organisms under environmental conditions, though mostly at elevated concentrations.
The next step towards an assessment of the risks
of NP in the environment should therefore be to
estimate the exposure to the different NP. It is
also important to notice that most NP in technical applications are functionalized and therefore
studies using pristine NP may not be relevant for
assessing the behavior of the NP actually used.
Environmental Pollution, 2007, V150, N1, NOV,
pp 5-22.
08.1-442
Life cycle assessment in the telecommunication industry: A review
Scharnhorst W
Switzerland
Economics , Engineering
Background, Goal and Scope. Today, after the technologically and commercially successful breakthrough of electronic telecommunication facilities, rapid and globally untrammelled information
exchange has become an indispensable service in
daily life. Associated with the tremendous growth
in electronic telecommunication hardware (GSMAssociation 2005), however, was and continues
to be an increasing awareness of the environmental effects related to both the operation and the
production, as well as the End-of-Life (EoL) treatment of such communication equipment. Environmental concerns, for example, have resulted
in various governmental regulations such as the
WEEE- (CEC 2003b) and the RoHS-directives (CEC
2003a). To analyse, interpret and improve the environmental performance of electronic telecommunication equipment, life cycle assessment (LCA) is
increasingly recognised as one promising analytical tool. Based on a thorough review of the scientific work and by discussing industrial views, this
paper is intended to determine the key milestones
achieved, to analyse the current research situation and to outline the key challenges concerning
LCA and electronic telecommunication industries. Method. Starting with a brief reflection of
the LCA approach, the particularities in context
with telecommunication products’ are discussed.
Exemplary for various stakeholders participating
in the supply chain of telecommunication means
recent industry perspectives are also presented.
Results. In the core section of the proposed paper,
the pertinent scientific literature on LCA and electronic telecommunication means is reviewed and
the most impressive achievements are documented. Particular attention is dedicated to subcomponents of individual electronic telecommunication devices (e.g. Printed Wiring Board Assemblies
(PWBA) of mobile phones), components of mobile
communication networks (e.g. Base Transceiver
Stations (BTS)) and entire networks concentrating
on product comparisons, inventory approaches,
impact assessment method development, result
interpretations and presentation, and usability
of LCA in decision- making. Discussion. From the
reviewed scientific literature and industry views,
it was found that telecommunication products,
in general, represent complex objects requiring
a well thought-out performance of the LCA tool.
It has been shown that today there is a lack of
stakeholder involvement resulting in LCA studies which only partly fulfil the expectations of
the contractors. In this spirit it was recognised, at
present, that most of the LCA studies on telecommunication equipment result in bulky and stakeholder unspecific compilations of findings impossible to be used in rapid decision-making. This
aspect may explain why LCA so far is not or only
partly integrated into decision-making of globally
integrated industries, such as in telecommunication industries. Conclusions. In summary, it can
be stated that LCA represents a promising alternative to analyse, to interpret and essentially to adjust the environmental performance of electronic
telecommunication products. The review showed
that there is a need to focus research efforts in
order to arrive at sound improvements of the
LCA methodology. Perspectives. The conclusions
from the presented review suggest concentrating
in particular on further development of the LCA
methodology with respect to efficiency, effectivity
and flexibility. This challenge is associated with
the need for LCA to be understood as a process
rather than a discontinuously applicable tool,
attending industrial processes, in essence to contribute to improved environmental performances
of products. In this context, particular attention
should be paid to proper stakeholder involvement
and continuous exchange of concentrated information relevant for the respective stakeholder.
2008, V13, N1, JAN, pp 75-86.
08.1-443
Agricultural decline, landscape change, and
outmigration: Debating the sustainability of
three scenarios for a Swiss mountain region
Soliva R
Switzerland
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Multidisciplinary Sciences , Political Sciences , Economics
As in many other mountain areas, peripheral regions of the Swiss Alps are experiencing outmigration, especially of younger people, due to lack of
opportunities. Winter tourism, often the backbone
of regional economies, is declining in many smalland medium-sized resorts. At the same time, agricultural decline is leading to land abandonment
and natural reforestation, which may have implications for the sustainability of development in
these areas. In a case study of the European Union
(EU) BioScene research project, 3 agricultural and
land use scenarios were developed for the Surses
valley in the Canton of Grisons and assessed with
respect to their sustainability implications, including discussions with a local stakeholder group. In
mitigating outmigration from this peripheral area,
it is important that local people can identify with
the development taking place in their region, and
with the landscape in which they live. Based on the
discussion of the scenarios with local stakeholders
and the sustainability assessment, it was possible
to formulate policy recommendations.
N2, MAY, pp 124-129.
08.1-444
Advances in particle identification in AMS at
low energies
Suter M, Döbeli M, Grajcar M, Müller A, Stocker M,
Sun G, Synal H A, Wacker L
Switzerland
Instruments & Instrumentation , Engineering , Paleontology , Geochemistry & Geophysics
Special gas ionisation detectors have been developed for ANIS at low energies (0.3-3 MeV). By using
very thin silicon nitride foils as entrance windows
205
and low-noise preamplifiers, significant improvements in the performance has been obtained. In
addition, electronic noise has been reduced by a
compact design which minimises cable length
and input capacitance. The resolution has been
systematically studied as a function of energy for
various projectiles ranging from protons to uranium. Energy straggling in the thin entrance foil is
only a minor contribution to the total energy resolution. For heavier ions z(p) > 6 the resolution is
limited by the statistical nature of the ionisation
process in the counter gas. For light elements, the
electronic noise is the dominant contribution to
the resolution. Particle identification with Delta
E - E techniques has been studied as well. Good
isobar separation for Be-10-B-10 can be obtained
in the energy range of 0.3-0.8 MeV. Also isobaric
molecules such as BeH and CH can be identified
in the energy range of I MeV. These advances in
detector performance represent an essential step
forward in the development of multi-isotope AMS
facilities at low energies. The detector development has also a potential for application in other
fields of research where good energy resolution
and particle identification is needed.
Atoms, 2007, V259, N1, JUN, pp 165-172.
08.1-445
MICADAS: A new compact radiocarbon AMS
system
Synal H A, Stocker M, Suter M
Switzerland
Instruments & Instrumentation , Engineering ,
A novel tabletop AMS system with overall dimensions of only 2.5 x 3 m (2) has been built and tested.
The mini radiocarbon dating System (MICADAS) is
based on a vacuum insulated acceleration unit that
uses a commercially available 200 kV power supply
to generate acceleration fields in a tandem configuration. At the high-energy end, ions in charge
state 1(+) are selected and interfering molecules of
mass 14 amu are destroyed in multiple collisions.
The new system is now fully operational. It is the
prototype of a new generation of radiocarbon spectrometers which fulfill the requirements for radiocarbon dating applications as well as for the less
demanding C-14/C-12 isotopic ratio measurements
as needed, e.g. in biomedical applications. A detailed description of the system is given and results
of performance tests are discussed.
Atoms, 2007, V259, N1, JUN, pp 7-13.
206
08.1-446
Restoring dense vegetation can slow mountain erosion to near natural benchmark levels
Vanacker V, von Blanckenburg F, Govers G, Molina
A, Poesen J, Deckers J, Kubik P W
Germany, Belgium, Switzerland
Geomorphology , Geology , Agriculture, Soil
Sciences
Tropical mountain areas may undergo rapid land
degradation as demographic growth and intensified agriculture cause more people to migrate
to fragile ecosystems. To assess the extent of the
resulting damage, an erosion rate benchmark
against which changes in erosion can be evaluated is required. Benchmarks reflecting natural
erosion rates are usually not provided by conventional sediment fluxes, which are often biased due
to modern land use change, and also miss large,
episodic events within the measuring period. To
overcome this, we combined three independent
assessment tools in the southern Ecuadorian Andes, an area that is severely affected by soil erosion. First, denudation rates from cosmogenic nuclides in river sediment average over time periods
of 1-100 k.y. and establish a natural benchmark of
only 150 +/- 100 t km(-2) yr(-1). Second, we find that
land use practices have increased modern sediment yields as derived from reservoir sedimentation rates, which average over periods of 10-100 yr
to as much as 15 x 10(3) t km(-2)yr(-1). Third, our
land cover analysis has shown us that vegetation
cover exerts first-order control over present-day
erosion rates at the catchment scale. Areas with
high vegetation density erode at rates that are
characteristically similar to those of the natural
benchmark, regardless of whether the type of
vegetation is native or anthropogenic. Therefore,
our data suggest that even in steep mountain environments sediment fluxes can slow to near their
natural benchmark levels with suitable revegetation programs. A set of techniques is now in place
to evaluate the effectiveness of erosion mitigation
strategies.
Geology, 2007, V35, N4, APR, pp 303-306.
08.1-447
Wooden building products in comparative LCA
Werner F, Richter K
Switzerland
Background, Aim and Scope. We revised the results of approx. 20 years of international research
on the environmental impact of the life cycle of
wood products used in the building sector compared to functionally equivalent products from
other materials. Main Features. Original studies
either technical reports or scientific papers in
English or German were considered. This literature was obtained via an extensive literature review (February 2006), via a consultation of compilations of life cycle assessments (LCA) of wood
products (e.g. elaborated during the COST action
E9) and from secondary literature. The resulting
list of literature is considered to be quite complete
and therefore covers the most relevant original
comparative LCA studies of wood products in the
building sector in Europe, Northern America and
Australia. The documentation of the studies differs considerably in terms of completeness (life
cycle stages included, assessment methods), transparency (description of methodological assumptions, characteristics of the products, available
data, etc.) and scientific rigor (e.g. related to the
functional equivalency). All encountered original
studies are cited and their scope and transparency
is shortly described. For the environmental ranking of wood products compared to functionally
equivalent products, only quantitative, transparently described studies with no obvious methodological flaws were included, preferably covering
the whole life cycle and conducted according to
the ISO series of standards 14’040ff. For the assessment, the contribution of each product to
an impact category was compared to the mean
of all functionally equivalent products included
in a study. Results and Discussion. Among the
most important results are: fossil fuel consumption, potential contributions to the greenhouse
effect and quantities of solid waste tend to be
minor for wood products compared to competing products; impregnated wood products tend to
be more critical than comparative products with
respect to toxicological effects and/or photosmog
depending on the type of preservative; incineration of wood products can cause higher impacts
of acidification and eutrophication than other
products, whereas thermal energy can be recovered; although composed wood products such as
particle board or fibreboard make use of a larger
share of wood of a tree compared to products out
of solid wood, there is a high consumption of fossil energy associated with the production of fibres
and particles/chips as well as with the production of glues, resins, etc. In LCAs of whole buildings, the materials used outside the areas of applicability of wood dominate the environmental
profile of the building; current methods used for
the impact assessment do not allow to consider
(also favourable) impacts of forests, such as land
occupation, impacts on biodiversity, purification
of air, etc. Conclusions. Wood products that have
been installed and are used in an appropriate way
tend to have a favourable environmental profile
compared to functionally equivalent products
from other materials. For the dispersion and application of these conclusions, it is necessary to
adapt LCA to a form, which can be used on a regular basis for the decision making of different actors in the construction sector. Perspectives. LCA
methodology in general (the series of standards
ISO 14’040ff) and for the environmental assessment of wood products in particular have been developed and consolidated considerably in Europe
and Northern America during the last decade;
the more and more representative and reliable
LCI data for wood products and competing products has become available. For the future use of
the environmental value of wood products within
sustainable development, the general perception
of the beneficiary use of wood products has to be
increased at various stages of decision-making.
2007, V12, N7, NOV, pp 470-479.
207
208
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Index of Authors
Index of Authors
Aaltonen V
Abbaspour K C
Abdaladze O
Abdelmoula M
Abed R M M
Aciego S M
Ackermann Liebrich U
Acuna V
Adatte T
Adrian R
Aebischer A
Aeschlimann D
Aguilar E
Ahlholm J
Akimoto H
Akiyoshi H
Al Subary A
Albrecht M
Alewell C
Alfarra M R
Alföldi T
Algeo T J
Alioth L
Allaart M
Allan J D
Allen P A
Allman D J
Almanza G
Alonso A
Alsum E M
Althaus H J
Amado R
Amelung W
Ammann A
Ammann B
Ammann C
Ammann H
Ammann M
Ammann W
Amundson N R
An S I
Anastasio C
Ancellet G
Andersen M B
Andersen S B
Anderson H R
Andersson G
Andersson P S
Andreani Aksoyoglu S
Andreu L
Andrews E
Andrews J E
Andriambololonera S
Angelibert S
Annis J L
Anselmetti F S
08.1-70
08.1-287 , 08.1-288
08.1-108
08.1-192
08.1-261
08.1-307
08.1-383 , 08.1-395
08.1-235
08.1-356 , 08.1-357
08.1-239 , 08.1-283
08.1-291
08.1-216
08.1-11
08.1-128
08.1-68
08.1-24
08.1-368
08.1-80 , 08.1-81
08.1-204
08.1-1 , 08.1-14 , 08.1-79
08.1-143
08.1-308
08.1-199
08.1-39 , 08.1-60
08.1-79
08.1-363
08.1-62
08.1-432
08.1-152
08.1-171
08.1-434
08.1-143
08.1-297
08.1-263
08.1-374 , 08.1-376
08.1-96 , 08.1-302
08.1-182
08.1-66 , 08.1-224
08.1-142
08.1-2
08.1-69
08.1-224
08.1-60
08.1-236
08.1-39 , 08.1-60
08.1-403
08.1-421
08.1-236
08.1-40 , 08.1-44
08.1-181 , 08.1-372
08.1-70
08.1-309
08.1-101
08.1-241 , 08.1-264
08.1-10
08.1-196 , 08.1-237
Aoki T
Aonghusa Caitriona N
Appenzeller C
Archer E
Arey J S
Arias G
Ariztegui D
Arlettaz R
Arnaldos R
Arnold U
Arp H P H
Arpenti E
Arvola L
Aschwanden J
Ashley K I
Assigbetse K
Astorga Llorens C
Attie J L
Augenstein I
Aumont O
Austin J
Autissier N
Aviron S
Bacchi B
Backman L
Badot P M
Bae M S
Bahlmann E
Bahreini R
Baiker A
Bailey D
Bakayoko A
Baker A C
Baker M B
Balinga M P B
Ball W P
Ballantyne C K
Baltensperger U
Baltes B
Barbante C
Barnola J M
Barr A G
Barrie L A
Bartelt P
Basilyan A E
Baskaran M
Bassin S
Battipaglia G
Baud A
Bauder A
Bauer C
Bauer N
Bauerfeind M
08.1-220
08.1-239
08.1-41
08.1-82
08.1-244
08.1-432
08.1-196
08.1-166 , 08.1-167 , 08.1-291
08.1-102 , 08.1-103
08.1-130
08.1-3
08.1-374
08.1-283
08.1-83
08.1-259
08.1-134
08.1-44
08.1-28
08.1-107
08.1-301
08.1-24
08.1-412 , 08.1-426
08.1-84 , 08.1-85
08.1-58
08.1-18
08.1-147
08.1-4
08.1-222
08.1-79
08.1-415 , 08.1-416
08.1-107
08.1-152
08.1-270
08.1-5
08.1-152
08.1-208 , 08.1-297
08.1-310
08.1-1 , 08.1-6 , 08.1-14 , 08.1-16 , 08.1-52 , 08.1-71
08.1-282
08.1-222 , 08.1-325
08.1-338 , 08.1-350 , 08.1-359 , 08.1-364
08.1-135 , 08.1-300
08.1-29 , 08.1-38
08.1-225
08.1-329
08.1-236
08.1-86
08.1-87
08.1-308 , 08.1-381
08.1-226
08.1-434
08.1-410
08.1-61
Baumann Stanzer K
Baur A
Baur B
Baur P
Bayer Oglesby L
Bazeley White E
Beagley S R
Bebi P
Becagli S
Beckstein C
Bednarz Z
Bednyagin D
Beer J
Beer R
Beffrey G
Beier C
Beierkuhnlein C
Beine H J
Belalcazar L C
Beltman B
Benech B
Beniston M
Benito J L
Benson L
Benton M J
Berg C
Berg G
Bergamaschi P
Bergamini A
Berger H
Bergh N G
Bergin M
Bergmann H
Bernard N
Bernasconi S M
Berner Z
Berninger F
Berthelin J
Besnard G
Best A S
Bey I
Bhartia P K
Biagioli F
Biedermann R
Biggs J
Bigler C
Bigler M
Biksham G
Bilenko V
Billeter R
Binnie S
Binzenhöfer B
08.1-23
08.1-88
08.1-88 , 08.1-89
08.1-119
08.1-383 , 08.1-395
08.1-126
08.1-24
08.1-159 , 08.1-440
08.1-325 , 08.1-367
08.1-300
08.1-372
08.1-418
08.1-294 , 08.1-329 ,
08.1-345 , 08.1-359 ,
08.1-364
08.1-311 , 08.1-312
08.1-23
08.1-305
08.1-126
08.1-224
08.1-78
08.1-238
08.1-23
08.1-7 , 08.1-182 , 08.1-183 , 08.1-382
08.1-108
08.1-313
08.1-381
08.1-148
08.1-148
08.1-305
08.1-90
08.1-23
08.1-314
08.1-224
08.1-143
08.1-147
08.1-285 , 08.1-321 ,
08.1-347 , 08.1-348 ,
08.1-349 , 08.1-360
08.1-356 , 08.1-357
08.1-372
08.1-134
08.1-358
08.1-91
08.1-28
08.1-60
08.1-413
08.1-127
08.1-240
08.1-92 , 08.1-315
08.1-325 , 08.1-364
08.1-93
08.1-228
08.1-94 , 08.1-107
08.1-310
08.1-127
Bird N
Birrer C
Bjorck S
Black T A
Blackard J A
Blass A
Blenckner T
Blindheim S
Blinov A V
Blum H
Blunier T
Bodeker G E
Boettger T
Böhmer A
Bohn B
Bojkov B
Bolius D
Boller M
Bolliger J
Bollschweiler M
Boltshauser A
Bonani G
Bond W J
Bongers F
Bonilla J L
Bonnard Ch
Bontadina F
Boone A
Borel J L
Borrmann S
Bosch M E
Bossard P
Böttcher M E
Bottenheim J
Bottjer D J
Boulouchos K
Boumard F
Bourdon B
Boutron C
Boville B A
Bower K
Bower K N
Boxe C S
Boyd I
Bozem H
Braathen G O
Braesicke P
Brandner R
Brandt J
Braswell B H
Braun L
Brayard A
Breitenmoser U
Breitenmoser Wursten C
Brenner M
209
08.1-404
08.1-432
08.1-345
08.1-135
08.1-194
08.1-315 , 08.1-316
08.1-239 , 08.1-283
08.1-70
08.1-329
08.1-216
08.1-343 , 08.1-350 , 08.1-359 , 08.1-364
08.1-24 , 08.1-39 , 08.1-60
08.1-372
08.1-297
08.1-66
08.1-39 , 08.1-60
08.1-351
08.1-64
08.1-90 , 08.1-175
08.1-95
08.1-100
08.1-333 , 08.1-365
08.1-314
08.1-152
08.1-168
08.1-201
08.1-166
08.1-67
08.1-108
08.1-79
08.1-433
08.1-250
08.1-285
08.1-224
08.1-381
08.1-417
08.1-8
08.1-203
08.1-222 , 08.1-325
08.1-24
08.1-71 , 08.1-79
08.1-14 , 08.1-52
08.1-224
08.1-34 , 08.1-63
08.1-304
08.1-44
08.1-24
08.1-335
08.1-97
08.1-300
08.1-258
08.1-328
08.1-193
08.1-193
08.1-196
210
Brenninkmeijer C A M
Breon F M
Brito O
Brodbeck S
Brodowski S
Brönnimann S
Brooker R
Brookfield M
Brown S
Brueggemann N
Brühl C
Brunet M
Brunner A
Brunner B
Brunner F
Brutsche M H
Buchecker M
Bucheli T D
Bucher H
Büchi F N
Buchmann B
Buchmann N
Buckley B
Buentgen U
Bugmann H
Bühler R
Bühler S A
Bunce R G H
Büntgen U
Burel F
Burga C
Burgess P J
Bürgi M
Burns S J
Burtscher H
Busch T
Buser T
Bussotti F
Butchart N
Butterbach Bahl K
Caballero R
Caboussat A
Cachorro V E
Caffrey P
Cairns B J
Cairns W
Calanca P
Caldeira K
Caldeira M C
Calderoni G
Callmander M W
Calpini B
Campanelli M
08.1-8
08.1-28
08.1-100
08.1-130
08.1-297
08.1-9 , 08.1-10 , 08.1-73
08.1-108
08.1-308
08.1-404
08.1-305
08.1-24
08.1-11 , 08.1-20
08.1-96
08.1-285
08.1-277
08.1-383
08.1-390 , 08.1-392
08.1-441
08.1-328 , 08.1-355
08.1-414
08.1-74
08.1-86 , 08.1-113
08.1-379
08.1-323
08.1-157 , 08.1-188 , 08.1-306
08.1-237
08.1-12
08.1-97
08.1-379
08.1-85
08.1-333
08.1-151
08.1-98 , 08.1-175 ,
08.1-176
08.1-368
08.1-26 , 08.1-46
08.1-389
08.1-273
08.1-99
08.1-24
08.1-305
08.1-100
08.1-2
08.1-70
08.1-72
08.1-186
08.1-222
08.1-182 , 08.1-183 , 08.1-293 , 08.1-305
08.1-301
08.1-126
08.1-354
08.1-101
08.1-39 , 08.1-60
08.1-70
Campbell C L
Canadell J
Canagaratna M R
Capello C
Capotondi L
Carmichael C A
Carraro G
Carron G
Carver G
Casassa G
Cascio C
Caspersen J P
Castella E
Castellano E
Casty C
Cattani O
Cedhagen T
Cellier P
Cereghino R
Cescon P
Chamecki M
Chancerel B
Chandra S
Changqing G
Chappellaz J
Chapron E
Charlet L
Chatelain C
Chaves M M
Cheburkin A K
Chen G
Chernyavsky B
Cherubini P
Cherubinic P
Chiarello G L
Chimani B
Chipperfield M P
Chorover J
Chorus I
Choularton T
Chow F K
Christodoulakis D
Churkina G
Chylek P
Ciccarese L
Cirpka O A
Clappier A
Claude H
Clement A
Clothier B E
Coch T
Coe H
Coelho Inockdo S
Coetzee G
08.1-305
08.1-404
08.1-79
08.1-431
08.1-321
08.1-244
08.1-312
08.1-265
08.1-224
08.1-221
08.1-99
08.1-177
08.1-265 , 08.1-270
08.1-325 , 08.1-359 , 08.1-364 , 08.1-367
08.1-317
08.1-338
08.1-266
08.1-305
08.1-240 , 08.1-241
08.1-222
08.1-13
08.1-210
08.1-60
08.1-322
08.1-338 , 08.1-350 , 08.1-359
08.1-318
08.1-318
08.1-152
08.1-104
08.1-365
08.1-224
08.1-285
08.1-54 , 08.1-87 ,
08.1-333
08.1-181
08.1-415 , 08.1-416
08.1-23
08.1-24
08.1-197
08.1-254
08.1-14 , 08.1-71
08.1-75
08.1-164
08.1-300
08.1-15
08.1-404
08.1-340
08.1-78
08.1-39 , 08.1-60
08.1-69
08.1-210
08.1-176
08.1-14 , 08.1-79
08.1-100
08.1-39 , 08.1-60
Cofield R E
Coldea G
Collaud Coen M
Collin P Y
Colombaroli D
Combourieu Nebout N
Comiskey J A
Conedera M
Conen F
Conesa H M
Connolly P
Consiglio T K
Cook E R
Cook M
Cordero E
Cornelissen G
Cornelius N
Corstanje R
Cortay R
Corvalan C
Cotrufo F
Cotrufo M F
Cottrell L
Cozic J
Crawford I
Crawford J H
Cremene C
Cripps M G
Croci Maspoli M
Crosier J
Crutzen P
Csencsics D
Cuddy D T
Cuevas E
Cuffey K M
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Curjuric I
Currie L A
Czerwinski J
D‘alessandro C M
D‘arrigo R
Dabas A
Daemmgen U
Daffer W H
Dahl Jensen D
Dahm C N
Dalessandro C M
Dameris M
Damski J
Danna B
Daskalova A
Dauer T
08.1-39
08.1-108
08.1-16
08.1-347
08.1-319
08.1-343
08.1-152
08.1-320
08.1-302
08.1-102 , 08.1-103 , 08.1-242
08.1-14 , 08.1-52 , 08.1-71
08.1-101
08.1-326
08.1-327
08.1-24
08.1-297
08.1-266
08.1-198
08.1-152
08.1-384
08.1-305
08.1-87
08.1-79
08.1-14 , 08.1-16 , 08.1-52 , 08.1-55 , 08.1-71
08.1-14
08.1-224
08.1-88
08.1-144
08.1-17
08.1-14
08.1-8
08.1-189
08.1-39
08.1-60
08.1-307
08.1-213
08.1-395
08.1-297
08.1-420
08.1-181
08.1-379
08.1-23
08.1-305
08.1-39
08.1-343
08.1-235
08.1-372
08.1-24
08.1-18
08.1-66
08.1-213
08.1-8
David J S
David T S
Davidson N C
Davies H C
Davies J
Davis C P
de Angelis M
de Backer H
de Batist M
de Blust G
de Frutos A M
de La Rosa J M
de Meester B
de Vries W
Debret M
Decarlo P F
Deckers J
Deckert R
Declerck S
Decrem M
Defilippi R
Defourny P
Dejung S
Delfino A
Della Marta P M
Demello J A
Demeny A
Demerjian K L
Demuth S
Denoth M
Dersch J
Desai A R
Dessler A E
Deushi M
Dewulf J
Di Carmine C
Di Marco C
Dibb J
Didone M
Diemer M
Dieng L
Dier H
Dietrich P
Dietrich S
Dilley M
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Dimopoulos P
Ding L
Dix B
Döbeli M
Dobson R
Docherty K
Doering M
211
08.1-104
08.1-104
08.1-243
08.1-17 , 08.1-22 , 08.1-37 , 08.1-50
08.1-39 , 08.1-60 , 08.1-63
08.1-12
08.1-325
08.1-39 , 08.1-60
08.1-276
08.1-97 , 08.1-107
08.1-70
08.1-297
08.1-433
08.1-305
08.1-318
08.1-79
08.1-446
08.1-24
08.1-240
08.1-105
08.1-107
08.1-180
08.1-432
08.1-414
08.1-11 , 08.1-19 , 08.1-20 , 08.1-56
08.1-244
08.1-369
08.1-4 , 08.1-79
08.1-258
08.1-106
08.1-428
08.1-300
08.1-21
08.1-24
08.1-433
08.1-70
08.1-305
08.1-224
08.1-22
08.1-94
08.1-134
08.1-39 , 08.1-60
08.1-414
08.1-191
08.1-82
08.1-126
08.1-417
08.1-297
08.1-8
08.1-435 , 08.1-444
08.1-245
08.1-79
08.1-246
212
Doi H
Doka G
Domine F
Dommergue A
Don A
Donegana M
Doney S C
Dong B
Donoghue M
Doppler T
Dormann C F
Dorninger M
Dorokhov V
Doucet J L
Douet V
Downs S H
Dragosits U
Drewnick F
Drexler C
Dreyfus G
Drobinski P
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Dubey M
Dubois D
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Duelli P
Dufrene M
Düggelin C
Dullinger S
Duncan B
Dungan M A
Dunlea E
Dunn J C
Duponnois R
Duprat J
Dürr B
Dutay J C
Dutschke M
Dzepina K
Eberl L
Ebert M
Ebi K L
Ebinghaus R
Ecker K
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Edwards T C
Eerdekens G
Egli M
Ehrmann O
Eide H A
Eisen O
El Fahem T
El Madidi S
Elena Rossello R
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08.1-68
08.1-434
08.1-224
08.1-222
08.1-169
08.1-354
08.1-301
08.1-69
08.1-138
08.1-247
08.1-107
08.1-23
08.1-60
08.1-152
08.1-399
08.1-383
08.1-305
08.1-79
08.1-248
08.1-338 , 08.1-359
08.1-23
08.1-39
08.1-15
08.1-143
08.1-321
08.1-80 , 08.1-81 ,
08.1-176
08.1-180
08.1-130
08.1-108
08.1-60
08.1-330
08.1-79
08.1-297
08.1-134
08.1-321
08.1-23
08.1-301
08.1-404
08.1-79
08.1-148
08.1-52
08.1-384
08.1-8 , 08.1-222
08.1-114
08.1-109 , 08.1-110 , 08.1-333
08.1-194
08.1-304
08.1-192 , 08.1-199
08.1-109 , 08.1-110
08.1-220
08.1-377
08.1-289
08.1-150
08.1-97
08.1-124
Ellwood B B
Elmquist M
Elshorbany Y
Emde C
Emmenegger L
Emmett B A
Ennos R A
Enpu G
Epstein H E
Erhardt A
Eriksen S E H
Eriksson P
Erisman J W
Ershova N
Esper J
Esperschuetz J
Esswein H
Etien N
Eugster W
Evans K F
Excoffier L
Eyring V
Fabbro T
Fahrig L
Fahrni J
Faien X
Fain X
Falge E
Falourd S
Famulari D
Favrat D
Faz A
Fearnside P
Federer U
Feist D G
Feldmeyer C E
Feller U
Fenandez W
Feng Q
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Fereday D R
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Ferrachat S
Ferrari C P
Ferri D
Ferriere A
Fette M
Fiebig M
Fiedler J
Fierz M
Filipiak M J
Filippi D
Filot M
08.1-308
08.1-297
08.1-66
08.1-12
08.1-113 , 08.1-302 , 08.1-420
08.1-305
08.1-133
08.1-322
08.1-111
08.1-88
08.1-393
08.1-12
08.1-305
08.1-228
08.1-323 , 08.1-326 , 08.1-362 , 08.1-372 , 08.1-379
08.1-112
08.1-131
08.1-372
08.1-113
08.1-12
08.1-266
08.1-24 , 08.1-42
08.1-138
08.1-160
08.1-266
08.1-318
08.1-222
08.1-300
08.1-338
08.1-305
08.1-412 , 08.1-426
08.1-102 , 08.1-103
08.1-404
08.1-325
08.1-25
08.1-114
08.1-115 , 08.1-117
08.1-432
08.1-381
08.1-278
08.1-139
08.1-56
08.1-121
08.1-45
08.1-222
08.1-415 , 08.1-416
08.1-428
08.1-249
08.1-55
08.1-404
08.1-26
08.1-39
08.1-8
08.1-372
Findlay C S
Finger D
Finlayson C M
Finn J A
Finsinger W
Fischer E M
Fischer H
Fischer M
Fischer U
Fischlin A
Fisher T G
Flamant C
Flechard C
Flechard C R
Fleitmann D
Flemming J
Fleuti E
Fliebbach A
Fliessbach A
Flores C D X
Flühler H
Flynn M
Föllmi K B
Follows M
Fomin V V
Fontana D
Fook L S
Foppa N
Forner C
Forni L
Forsberg B
Fowler D
Francois B
Francois R
Frank D
Frank D A
Franke H
Franssen H J H
Frei A
Freibauer A
Frelechoux F
Frenzel M
Frescino T S
Freunberger S A
Frey M M
Frick G
Frick J
Friess H
Friess U
Frioud M
Frischknecht R
Frith S M
08.1-160
08.1-237 , 08.1-250 ,
08.1-251 , 08.1-255
08.1-243
08.1-126
08.1-324 , 08.1-374
08.1-200
08.1-8 , 08.1-304 , 08.1-325 , 08.1-338 ,
08.1-359 , 08.1-364 ,
08.1-367
08.1-163 , 08.1-191
08.1-431
08.1-404
08.1-344
08.1-23
08.1-302
08.1-305
08.1-368
08.1-40
08.1-61
08.1-143
08.1-112
08.1-297
08.1-123 , 08.1-212
08.1-14 , 08.1-71
08.1-356 , 08.1-357
08.1-301
08.1-173
08.1-280
08.1-39
08.1-57 , 08.1-223
08.1-404
08.1-415 , 08.1-416
08.1-403
08.1-305
08.1-201
08.1-327
08.1-323 , 08.1-326 ,
08.1-372 , 08.1-379
08.1-158 , 08.1-303
08.1-8
08.1-247
08.1-419
08.1-404
08.1-116
08.1-107
08.1-194
08.1-414
08.1-224
08.1-72
08.1-390
08.1-77
08.1-8
08.1-23 , 08.1-70
08.1-434
08.1-24
Fritsche J
Froeberg L
Froidevaux L
Frossard E
Frumhoff P
Fuentes I
Füglistaler S
Fuhrer J
Fuhrer O
Fujita S
Fujiwara M
Fuller R A
Fundel F
Funk M
Furger M
Fusina F
Gabrielli P
Gagen M
Gäggeler H W
Galbraith E D
Galfetti T
Galiana A
Gallagher M W
Galle A
Gallet J C
Galloway J N
Gander A
Gander M J
Ganzeveld L
Garcia Cuetos L
Garcia G
Garcia Pichel F
Garcia R R
Gaspari V
Gattinger A
Gaumont Guay D
Gausa M
Gautier L
Gavin D G
Gazarini L C
Gedamke S
Geer A J
Gehrig R
Geidl M
Gellrich M
Generoso S
George C
George D G
Gerbase M W
Gerber J D
Gerlach R
Gern L
Gettelman A
Gfeller U
213
08.1-222
08.1-89
08.1-34 , 08.1-39 , 08.1-60
08.1-212 , 08.1-216
08.1-404
08.1-432
08.1-21
08.1-54 , 08.1-86 , 08.1-182 , 08.1-183
08.1-27
08.1-359
08.1-39 , 08.1-60
08.1-39
08.1-325 , 08.1-364
08.1-226 , 08.1-233
08.1-23
08.1-292
08.1-325
08.1-346
08.1-337
08.1-327
08.1-328
08.1-134
08.1-14 , 08.1-71 , 08.1-305
08.1-117
08.1-338
08.1-296
08.1-125
08.1-118
08.1-304
08.1-270
08.1-102 , 08.1-103
08.1-197
08.1-24
08.1-325
08.1-112
08.1-135
08.1-70
08.1-152
08.1-92
08.1-104
08.1-48
08.1-25
08.1-16 , 08.1-46
08.1-421
08.1-119 , 08.1-156
08.1-28
08.1-66
08.1-239
08.1-383
08.1-385 , 08.1-386
08.1-109 , 08.1-110
08.1-399
08.1-24
08.1-420
214
Ghazoul J
Ghosn D
Giaccai D
Gil A
Gilbert D
Gilichinsky D A
Gillet F
Gimenez O
Gimmi U
Ginibre C
Giorgetta M A
Girardclos S
Giraudeau J
Gnansounou E
Godin Beekmann S
Goldscheider N
Gong E
Gong S L
Gonseth Y
Gonthier E
Gonzales L M
Gonzalez Perez J A
Gonzalez Vila F J
Gooday A J
Goss K U
Gottfried M
Goudswaard P C
Gove J H
Govers G
Grabherr G
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Graf A
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Graham C H
Grajcar M
Grangeon S
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Grannas A M
Grant A N
Graser N
Graves A R
Green S R
Gret Regamey A
Grey D
Griffin R E M
Griffin R J
Griffis T J
Grimm V
Grisa E
Grobety B
Gröhn I
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Groom G B
Grosjean M
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08.1-120 , 08.1-387 , 08.1-437
08.1-108
08.1-192
08.1-100
08.1-147
08.1-329
08.1-116
08.1-167
08.1-98
08.1-330
08.1-24
08.1-237
08.1-321
08.1-418
08.1-39 , 08.1-60
08.1-252
08.1-331
08.1-29 , 08.1-38
08.1-175
08.1-321
08.1-378
08.1-297
08.1-297
08.1-266
08.1-3 , 08.1-207
08.1-108
08.1-284
08.1-300
08.1-446
08.1-108
08.1-372
08.1-334
08.1-121
08.1-114 , 08.1-143
08.1-124
08.1-435 , 08.1-444
08.1-222
08.1-276
08.1-224
08.1-62
08.1-253
08.1-151
08.1-210
08.1-440
08.1-388
08.1-73
08.1-79
08.1-135
08.1-121
08.1-312
08.1-46
08.1-23
08.1-229
08.1-97
08.1-315 , 08.1-316
08.1-88
Gruber E
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Gruber S
Gruber U
Grübler M U
Grundl T
Grunwaldt J D
Gschwend P M
Guan C
Gubser S
Guerova G
Gueydon A
Gugerli F
Guggenberger G
Guglielmetti M
Guillemin M T
Guilyardi E
Guisan A
Gujer E
Gulitski G
Gumnior M
Gunning C
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Günthardt Goerg M S
Gurk C
Gurtz J
Güsewell S
Gustafsson O
Gutermann T
Güthe F
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Guzman M I
Gysel M
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Häberli C
Hachikubo A
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Hagedorn F
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Hahn D
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Hak C
Hakansson L
Halada L
Hale B W
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Häller Scharnhorst E
Halliday A N
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Hammes K
Hammill A
08.1-391
08.1-256 ,
08.1-301
08.1-231 ,
08.1-225
08.1-122
08.1-341
08.1-415 ,
08.1-297
08.1-331
08.1-23
08.1-30
08.1-100
08.1-130 ,
08.1-297
08.1-123
08.1-372
08.1-69
08.1-124 ,
08.1-157
08.1-420
08.1-31 ,
08.1-33
08.1-332
08.1-92
08.1-143
08.1-145
08.1-304
08.1-281
08.1-125 ,
08.1-297
08.1-23
08.1-413
08.1-372
08.1-181
08.1-396
08.1-224
08.1-14
08.1-159
08.1-23
08.1-220
08.1-221 ,
08.1-333
08.1-298
08.1-143
08.1-333 ,
08.1-44
08.1-334
08.1-97
08.1-171
08.1-310
08.1-252
08.1-23
08.1-236 ,
08.1-419
08.1-297
08.1-393
08.1-296 , 08.1-234
08.1-416
08.1-189
08.1-156 , 08.1-32 ,
08.1-238
08.1-227
08.1-344
08.1-272
Hanisco T F
Hannigan R
Hansen G
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Hansson M
Harder H
Hartkopf Fröder C
Harwood R S
Hatakeyama S
Hatcher P G
Haug G H
Haupt M
Hauser A
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Hawthorne W D
Hayden K
Haye S
Haylock M R
He J W
Heard D E
Heck T
Hector A
Hedderson T A
Heeb N V
Hegner E
Heimann M
Hein S
Heintzenberg J
Heiri O
Helander M
Heldstab J
Helle G
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Hellweg S
Helmig D
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Herrmann B
Herzog F
Heymsfield A J
Hieber M
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Hillamo R
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Hinneri S
Hinz H L
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08.1-21
08.1-308
08.1-60
08.1-70
08.1-325
08.1-304
08.1-297
08.1-39
08.1-79
08.1-297
08.1-327 , 08.1-352
08.1-372
08.1-57 , 08.1-223
08.1-138
08.1-152
08.1-49
08.1-436
08.1-19
08.1-2
08.1-224
08.1-434
08.1-126
08.1-314
08.1-420
08.1-369
08.1-300
08.1-127
08.1-8
08.1-311 , 08.1-324
08.1-128
08.1-40 , 08.1-395
08.1-372
08.1-8
08.1-433
08.1-224
08.1-421
08.1-299
08.1-42 , 08.1-55
08.1-107
08.1-362
08.1-16
08.1-104
08.1-70
08.1-8
08.1-145
08.1-305
08.1-84 , 08.1-105 , 08.1-107 , 08.1-151
08.1-12
08.1-274
08.1-372
08.1-70
08.1-264
08.1-128
08.1-144
08.1-298
Hirzel A H
Hjort C
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Hockaday W C
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Hoegger B
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Hoffmann M R
Hoffmann V
Hofmeister J
Hofstetter P
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Hollingsworth P M
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Hu A
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Huebert B J
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Hugentobler M
Hui D
Huijbregts M A J
Humair P F
215
08.1-129 , 08.1-166 , 08.1-180
08.1-334
08.1-293
08.1-328
08.1-297
08.1-34
08.1-196
08.1-130
08.1-63
08.1-404
08.1-97
08.1-61
08.1-338
08.1-100
08.1-224
08.1-389
08.1-206
08.1-100
08.1-279 , 08.1-280
08.1-4
08.1-35 , 08.1-36
08.1-205
08.1-37
08.1-130 , 08.1-177 , 08.1-189
08.1-263
08.1-300
08.1-133
08.1-277
08.1-108
08.1-83
08.1-231
08.1-253
08.1-420
08.1-224
08.1-45
08.1-4
08.1-72
08.1-390
08.1-335
08.1-220
08.1-305
08.1-297
08.1-160
08.1-97
08.1-206
08.1-69
08.1-297
08.1-29 , 08.1-38
08.1-297
08.1-224
08.1-373
08.1-231
08.1-300
08.1-433
08.1-399
216
Hungerbühler K
Hunkeler D
Huntrieser H
Hunziker M
Hurkmans R
Hurni H
Huss Danell K
Huss M
Hutterli M
Hutterli M A
Huybrechts P
Ibelings B W
Indermühle N
Irannejad P
Iriarte M
Isaksen I S A
Issembe Y A
Ivits E
Ivy Ochs S
Jaccard S L
Jacobeit J
Jacobi H W
Jacquat O
Jaffre T
Jäger J
Jäggi M
Jahn C
Jankovska V
Jankowski T
Jarnot R F
Jarro R
Jarvinen M
Jarvis A J
Jaun L
Jayne J T
Jeanneret P
Jenk T M
Jenni L
Jennings E
Jeppesen E
Jiang Y B
Jimenez C
Jimenez Carceles F J
Jimenez J L
Jin X
Jochem E
Joeckel P
Joergensen R G
John V O
Johns T
Johnsen S
Johnson B
Johnson B J
Johnson G C
Johst K
Jokela J
08.1-232 , 08.1-431
08.1-205
08.1-55
08.1-410
08.1-215
08.1-228
08.1-126
08.1-226
08.1-224
08.1-325
08.1-364 , 08.1-367
08.1-254
08.1-264
08.1-299
08.1-432
08.1-44
08.1-152
08.1-187
08.1-334
08.1-327
08.1-56
08.1-224
08.1-202 , 08.1-357
08.1-133
08.1-131 , 08.1-160 , 08.1-437
08.1-132 , 08.1-216
08.1-61
08.1-336
08.1-239 , 08.1-283
08.1-39
08.1-432
08.1-239
08.1-300
08.1-250 , 08.1-255
08.1-79
08.1-84
08.1-337
08.1-83 , 08.1-146
08.1-239 , 08.1-283
08.1-283
08.1-39
08.1-12
08.1-242
08.1-79
08.1-301
08.1-391
08.1-42
08.1-218
08.1-12
08.1-404
08.1-338 , 08.1-343
08.1-39
08.1-60 , 08.1-63
08.1-256
08.1-91
08.1-172
Jonas T
Jones A E
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Jones P D
Jones S
Jongman R H G
Jonsell U
Joos F
Jörgensen R G
Joseph E
Joshi J
Jouda F
Jouzel J
Jumpponen A
Jung J Y
Jungbluth N
Jungclaus J H
Jungner H
Junker B
Junkermann W
Jürgens N
Jurgensen M F
Juschus O
Kägi R
Kahn R
Kaiser H P
Kaiser K
Kalela Brundin M
Kalin Arroyo M T
Kamdem M N D
Kamenik C
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Kaplan J O
Karni J
Käser G
Kasper M
Katsouyanni K
Kattge J
Kaufmann P
Kavanaugh J L
Kawamura K
Keel S G
Keidel D
Kelder H
Kellenberger D
Keller A
Keller F
Keller G
Keller J
08.1-142
08.1-224
08.1-221
08.1-30
08.1-10 , 08.1-11 , 08.1-56
08.1-305
08.1-97
08.1-325
08.1-301
08.1-190
08.1-60
08.1-126
08.1-399
08.1-338 , 08.1-343 , 08.1-359 , 08.1-361
08.1-126
08.1-68
08.1-434
08.1-69
08.1-372
08.1-392
08.1-44
08.1-74
08.1-158
08.1-339
08.1-46
08.1-15
08.1-247
08.1-297
08.1-372
08.1-138
08.1-152
08.1-257 , 08.1-366
08.1-29
08.1-25 , 08.1-34
08.1-290
08.1-108
08.1-276
08.1-111 , 08.1-378
08.1-428
08.1-221
08.1-420
08.1-403
08.1-300
08.1-325 , 08.1-364 , 08.1-367
08.1-307
08.1-359
08.1-132
08.1-383 , 08.1-395
08.1-39 , 08.1-60
08.1-434
08.1-213
08.1-227
08.1-356
08.1-40 , 08.1-44
Keller M
Keller R
Kery M
Kesik M
Kettle C J
Khayesi M
Kholmyansky M
Kholodov A L
Kiczka M
Kienast F
Kim K R
Kindlmann P
Kinnison D E
Kinzelbach W
Kipfer R
Kipfstuhl S
Kirschbaum M U F
Kisa M
Kishe Machumu M
Klan P
Klank C
Klar N
Klausenn J
Kläy A
Kleffmann J
Kleijn D
Klein R J T
Kleinbauer I
Klettner C
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Kock H H
Koenig Langlo G
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Kohls K
Köllner T
Kondo Y
König Langlo G
Konz M
Koptsik G
Körner C
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08.1-40
08.1-383
08.1-162
08.1-305
08.1-133
08.1-405
08.1-31 , 08.1-32
08.1-33
08.1-329
08.1-203
08.1-149 , 08.1-175
08.1-68
08.1-85
08.1-24
08.1-31 , 08.1-32 , 08.1-33 , 08.1-289
08.1-253 , 08.1-340 ,
08.1-341
08.1-364
08.1-404
08.1-134
08.1-284
08.1-224
08.1-437
08.1-160
08.1-68
08.1-396
08.1-66
08.1-80
08.1-393
08.1-108
08.1-108
08.1-135
08.1-45
08.1-107
08.1-340 , 08.1-341
08.1-227
08.1-385 , 08.1-386
08.1-39
08.1-8
08.1-39
08.1-8
08.1-414
08.1-420
08.1-261
08.1-136 , 08.1-438
08.1-79
08.1-60
08.1-258
08.1-204
08.1-132 , 08.1-137 ,
08.1-138 , 08.1-140 ,
08.1-141 , 08.1-164
08.1-342
08.1-403
08.1-152
,
Kouka L A
Kovar P
Kram P
Krämer S M
Kramer Schadt S
Kramers J D
Krapiec M
Kräuchi N
Krebs P
Kretzschmar R
Kreuzer M
Kriaa S
Kruesmann T
Krumeich R
Krüsi B O
Krystyn L
Kubik P W
Kubistin D
Küchler M
Kuechler M
Kuenzli N
Kuhlman U
Kulakowski D
Kulawik S
Kulmala M
Kunes P
Kunz H
Künzli N
Kupper J
Kurz Besson C
Kurz D
Kuypers M M M
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Kyro E
Kyroe E
Kyrola E
Kytzia S
Labat A
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Lachavanne J B
Läderach C
Laemmle C
Lai X
Laivao M O
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Lambert A
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217
08.1-152
08.1-97
08.1-206
08.1-203
08.1-121 , 08.1-160
08.1-309 , 08.1-368 ,
08.1-369
08.1-372
08.1-54
08.1-320
08.1-197 , 08.1-202 ,
08.1-203
08.1-184
08.1-289
08.1-380
08.1-416
08.1-149
08.1-308 , 08.1-335
08.1-310 , 08.1-313 ,
08.1-334 , 08.1-345 ,
08.1-380 , 08.1-435 ,
08.1-446
08.1-304
08.1-187
08.1-114
08.1-383
08.1-247
08.1-159
08.1-60
08.1-18 , 08.1-229
08.1-336
08.1-41
08.1-395
08.1-146
08.1-104
08.1-206
08.1-261
08.1-394
08.1-39
08.1-60
08.1-34
08.1-440
08.1-404
08.1-100
08.1-260
08.1-214
08.1-417
08.1-381
08.1-101
08.1-201
08.1-39
08.1-325 , 08.1-367
08.1-364
08.1-237
08.1-343
08.1-2
218
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Leadley P W
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Lewis S L
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08.1-39
08.1-428
08.1-1
08.1-297
08.1-198
08.1-76
08.1-42 , 08.1-55
08.1-414
08.1-305
08.1-55
08.1-259
08.1-329
08.1-233
08.1-126
08.1-49
08.1-152
08.1-39
08.1-266
08.1-68
08.1-68
08.1-309
08.1-369
08.1-233
08.1-224
08.1-43
08.1-175
08.1-229
08.1-49
08.1-139
08.1-152
08.1-8 , 08.1-304
08.1-39
08.1-359
08.1-60
08.1-134
08.1-344
08.1-439
08.1-59
08.1-184
08.1-8 , 08.1-338 ,
08.1-343 , 08.1-372
08.1-383
08.1-140 , 08.1-141
08.1-60
08.1-305
08.1-152
08.1-220
08.1-29
08.1-170
08.1-70
08.1-107
08.1-68
08.1-314
08.1-301
08.1-262
08.1-41
Lips M
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Livingstone D M
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Lopez Capel E
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Lorenzo R
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Lotter A F
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08.1-182
08.1-111 , 08.1-156 , 08.1-157
08.1-11
08.1-325
08.1-44
08.1-76 , 08.1-383 ,
08.1-395
08.1-39 , 08.1-60
08.1-239 , 08.1-267 , 08.1-316
08.1-345
08.1-346 , 08.1-372
08.1-274
08.1-348
08.1-12 , 08.1-15 ,
08.1-42 , 08.1-45 ,
08.1-49 , 08.1-59 ,
08.1-292
08.1-266
08.1-297
08.1-11
08.1-126
08.1-46
08.1-267
08.1-324 , 08.1-371
08.1-301
08.1-305
08.1-297
08.1-347 , 08.1-348 , 08.1-349 , 08.1-360
08.1-338 , 08.1-350 , 08.1-359
08.1-344
08.1-101
08.1-379
08.1-297
08.1-351
08.1-155
08.1-440
08.1-142
08.1-70
08.1-174
08.1-19 , 08.1-20 , 08.1-317 , 08.1-323 , 08.1-353
08.1-31 , 08.1-32 ,
08.1-33
08.1-22 , 08.1-200 ,
08.1-338
08.1-262
08.1-112 , 08.1-143
08.1-313
08.1-107
08.1-318
08.1-414
Maibach M
Maier Reimer E
Malhi Y
Mancini E
Mang Y
Mann M E
Manning D A C
Manzi V
Manzini E
Marchetto A
Marcolli C
Marechal F
Marechal F M A
Margaritoulis D
Marland G
Marsh D R
Marshall J
Martinez Harder M
Martinsson B G
Martius O
Martucci G
Marty P
Martynenko A V
Masamvu K
Mascle J
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Masiello C A
Masson Delmotte V
Matear R J
Matera V
Matsueda H
Matsumoto K
Matter A
Matthaei S
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Matthey R
Matzinger A
Mätzler C
Mayer A
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Mazza C
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Mcdermid I S
Mcdonald R
Mcginnis D F
Mckenney J L
Meckler N A Meier N
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08.1-396
08.1-301
08.1-152
08.1-24
08.1-331
08.1-47
08.1-297
08.1-78
08.1-24
08.1-319
08.1-48
08.1-412
08.1-422 ,
08.1-291
08.1-404
08.1-24
08.1-49
08.1-304
08.1-8
08.1-50
08.1-51
08.1-241
08.1-2
08.1-82
08.1-321
08.1-228
08.1-297
08.1-338 ,
08.1-359 ,
08.1-301
08.1-356 ,
08.1-68
08.1-301
08.1-368
08.1-275
08.1-24
08.1-51
08.1-259
08.1-123
08.1-420
08.1-190 ,
08.1-118
08.1-224
08.1-271
08.1-346
08.1-135
08.1-294
08.1-39
08.1-313
08.1-276
08.1-144
08.1-352
08.1-353
08.1-116
08.1-223
08.1-318
08.1-426
08.1-343 , 08.1-372
08.1-357
08.1-218
Melles M
Menetrey N
Meneveau C
Menon M
Merlin O
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Mertes S
Merzouki A
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Meurer M
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Michaelowa A
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Michna P
Middlebrook A M
Miemczyk S
Migeon S
Mills T M
Milne R
Milow B
Minikus Stary N
Minster B
Mirabella A
Mishchenko M
Mitchell E A D
Mitev V
Mitra S
Miyoshi T
Mizandrontsev I B
Mkumbo O C
Mobbs D C
Moberg A
Moffat A M
Mohr M
Moiseev P
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Molau U
Molina A
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Monegato G
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Monnet C
Montanarella L
Montani A
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Morganti A
219
08.1-339
08.1-260
08.1-13
08.1-145
08.1-215
08.1-39 , 08.1-60
08.1-52 , 08.1-71
08.1-108
08.1-97
08.1-320
08.1-329
08.1-397 , 08.1-398 , 08.1-401 , 08.1-402 , 08.1-404
08.1-397 , 08.1-398
08.1-113
08.1-79
08.1-8
08.1-321
08.1-210
08.1-305
08.1-428
08.1-333
08.1-338
08.1-192 , 08.1-199
08.1-15
08.1-147
08.1-51
08.1-297
08.1-79
08.1-276
08.1-284
08.1-305
08.1-11 , 08.1-56
08.1-300
08.1-1
08.1-108
08.1-194
08.1-108
08.1-446
08.1-213
08.1-354
08.1-301
08.1-355
08.1-404
08.1-281
08.1-60
08.1-133
08.1-399
08.1-122
08.1-205
08.1-100
08.1-8
08.1-399
08.1-325 , 08.1-364 , 08.1-367
220
Morgenstern K
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Mort H
Mort H P
Moser C
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Motik E
Motoyoshi H
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Mucher C A
Mukai H
Mukhala E
Mulder C P H
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Müller D C A
Müller Fürstenberger G
Müller M
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Müller S W
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Munari Probst M C Münkemüller T
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08.1-135
08.1-39 , 08.1-60
08.1-307
08.1-357
08.1-356
08.1-438
08.1-420
08.1-100
08.1-220
08.1-301
08.1-404
08.1-72
08.1-97
08.1-68
08.1-82
08.1-126
08.1-321
08.1-407 , 08.1-444
08.1-250
08.1-392
08.1-80
08.1-81
08.1-422
08.1-400
08.1-131 , 08.1-139
08.1-53
08.1-211 , 08.1-423
08.1-25
08.1-89
08.1-190 , 08.1-218
08.1-325
08.1-424
08.1-91
08.1-321
08.1-404
08.1-129
08.1-345
08.1-100
08.1-106
08.1-70
08.1-122
08.1-146
08.1-393
08.1-24
08.1-282
08.1-146
08.1-108
08.1-301
08.1-220
08.1-359
08.1-199
08.1-432
08.1-206
08.1-66
08.1-38
08.1-320
Neftel A
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Noormets Asko
Norina E S
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08.1-96 , 08.1-302 , 08.1-305
08.1-263
08.1-234
08.1-244
08.1-434
08.1-305
08.1-261
08.1-135
08.1-126
08.1-47
08.1-39 , 08.1-60
08.1-24
08.1-8
08.1-297
08.1-147
08.1-207
08.1-228
08.1-220
08.1-371
08.1-24
08.1-143
08.1-329
08.1-129
08.1-29
08.1-283
08.1-239 , 08.1-283
08.1-138
08.1-329
08.1-300
08.1-217
08.1-63
08.1-380
08.1-262
08.1-338
08.1-54
08.1-219 , 08.1-441
08.1-263
08.1-104
08.1-152
08.1-16
08.1-230
08.1-8
08.1-393
08.1-123
08.1-212
08.1-222
08.1-276
08.1-143
08.1-338 , 08.1-364 , 08.1-377
08.1-240 , 08.1-260 , 08.1-264
08.1-223
08.1-15 , 08.1-293
08.1-69
Olesen J E
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Otto R
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Padoa Schioppa E
Paelinx D
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Panciera R
Pantet A
Papale D
Parisod C
Parlange M B
Parlow E
Parmentier I
Parren M P E
Parrenin F
Parreno J C
Parriaux A
Parrish A
Parrondos M C
Pauli H
Pautasso M
Pawelczyk S
Pawlowski J
Pawson S
Payet J
Payette S
Pazdur A
Peacock E E
Pearman P B
Pedersen T F
Peeters F
Peh K S H
Peintinger M
Pellenard P
08.1-305
08.1-416
08.1-414
08.1-39 , 08.1-60 ,
08.1-63
08.1-79
08.1-425
08.1-148
08.1-8
08.1-44
08.1-301
08.1-4
08.1-208
08.1-70
08.1-8
08.1-149
08.1-68
08.1-150
08.1-97
08.1-97
08.1-414
08.1-265
08.1-412 , 08.1-426
08.1-151
08.1-126
08.1-97
08.1-215
08.1-209
08.1-300
08.1-358
08.1-13
08.1-53 , 08.1-295
08.1-152 , 08.1-153
08.1-152
08.1-338 , 08.1-350 , 08.1-359 , 08.1-364 , 08.1-367
08.1-408
08.1-209
08.1-34
08.1-39 , 08.1-60
08.1-108
08.1-153
08.1-372
08.1-266 , 08.1-270
08.1-24
08.1-436
08.1-379
08.1-372
08.1-244
08.1-154
08.1-327
08.1-267
08.1-152
08.1-94 , 08.1-268
08.1-347
Peloquin J A
Pena N
Peng P
Penkett S
Penuelas J
Pereira J S
Perez Soba M
Perun V S
Petelski T
Peter A
Peter T
Petermann J L
Peterson A T
Peterson L C
Petit J R
Petrasch J
Pettke T
Petzold A
Pfiffner L
Pfister C
Philipona R
Philipp A
Phillips O L
Phillips S
Phillips W
Pierre M
Pieters R
Pilegaard K
Pingoud K
Pini R
Pitari G
Pitz P R
Plane J
Planells O
Platt U
Plattner G K
Plessen B
Ploetze M
Pluess A
Plummer D A
Pochanart P
Pochon X
Poesen J
Poethke H J
Pohl M
Polyakov A V
Poon S
Popel O
Popp C
Porcelli D
Portman C
Posny F
Possenti P
Possingham H P
Pote J
221
08.1-269
08.1-404
08.1-297
08.1-8
08.1-305
08.1-104
08.1-97
08.1-39
08.1-70
08.1-249
08.1-5 , 08.1-48
08.1-420
08.1-124
08.1-352
08.1-359
08.1-427
08.1-363
08.1-55
08.1-155
08.1-353
08.1-293
08.1-56
08.1-152
08.1-124
08.1-310
08.1-372
08.1-259
08.1-305
08.1-404
08.1-354 , 08.1-374
08.1-24
08.1-428
08.1-224
08.1-372
08.1-8
08.1-301
08.1-352
08.1-363
08.1-437
08.1-24
08.1-68
08.1-270
08.1-446
08.1-127
08.1-125
08.1-34
08.1-68
08.1-428
08.1-57
08.1-236 , 08.1-272
08.1-309
08.1-39 , 08.1-60 ,
08.1-63
08.1-233
08.1-186
08.1-252
222
Potvin C
Prati D
Preusser F
Prevot A S H
Price W J
Prin Y
Probst Hensch N M
Pronk W
Pszenny A A P
Pukiene R
Pupek M
Purohita P
Purtschert R
Radionov V
Radoux J
Radtke U
Raharimampionona J
Raible C C
Raimondi S
Rais O
Rais P
Raisbeck G
Raisbeck G M
Rakonczay Z
Rametsteiner E
Raminosoa T
Ramonet M
Ramos I L
Randa B
Ranzi R
Rappenglück B
Rasmus K
Rasmus S
Ratheiser G
Rautiainen J
Ravazzi C
Raynaud D
Read D J
Read W G
Real E
Rechsteiner C
Reddy C M
Redecker D
Redondas A
Rehkamper M
Reichelt M
Reichert P
Reichstein M
Reimann S
Reis S
Reiter K
Rellstab C
08.1-168
08.1-268
08.1-332 , 08.1-339
08.1-1 , 08.1-6 , 08.1-40 , 08.1-44
08.1-144
08.1-134
08.1-383
08.1-64
08.1-62
08.1-372
08.1-8
08.1-401
08.1-341
08.1-70
08.1-180
08.1-339
08.1-101
08.1-317
08.1-199
08.1-399
08.1-347 , 08.1-348 , 08.1-349 , 08.1-360
08.1-338 , 08.1-350 , 08.1-359
08.1-361
08.1-404
08.1-404
08.1-101
08.1-8
08.1-97
08.1-8
08.1-58
08.1-61
08.1-229
08.1-229
08.1-23
08.1-79
08.1-354 , 08.1-374
08.1-338 , 08.1-359
08.1-126
08.1-39
08.1-55
08.1-417
08.1-244
08.1-178
08.1-60
08.1-272
08.1-8
08.1-287 , 08.1-288
08.1-300
08.1-43 , 08.1-44 , 08.1-74
08.1-305
08.1-108
08.1-237
Renold M
Restuti D
Reynolds Henne C E
Rhee T S
Rhoads K
Ribstein P
Richardson A D
Richardson D M
Richner H
Richner W
Richoz S
Richter K
Rickebusch S
Rickenmann D
Rieke Zapp D
Rieu R
Rigling A
Rigo G
Rinne K T
Ripperger S
Risch A C
Riseth J A
Rivera A
Rixen C
Robertson I
Robinson B H
Robinson C T
Robledo C
Rochat T
Roche P
Rock J
Röckner E
Rodewald R
Rodionov A
Roecker C
Roedenbeck I A
Roeder N
Roer I
Rohwer J
Roiger A
Rosch M
Roscher C
Rosenfeld K
Rosenmeier M F
Rossi G
Rotach A
Rotach M W
Rotach P
Roth M
Rothenbühler C
Röthlisberger R
Roux P J
Rouzaud J N
Rowe H
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08.1-69
08.1-402
08.1-362 , 08.1-372
08.1-8
08.1-4
08.1-221
08.1-300
08.1-185
08.1-23 , 08.1-51
08.1-105
08.1-335
08.1-447
08.1-156 , 08.1-157
08.1-271
08.1-214
08.1-363
08.1-188
08.1-295
08.1-372
08.1-272
08.1-158 , 08.1-303
08.1-100
08.1-221 , 08.1-221
08.1-159
08.1-346
08.1-210
08.1-273 , 08.1-274 , 08.1-275
08.1-393
08.1-383
08.1-97
08.1-404
08.1-45
08.1-385 , 08.1-386
08.1-297
08.1-424
08.1-160
08.1-100
08.1-230
08.1-8
08.1-55
08.1-110
08.1-161
08.1-8
08.1-196
08.1-108
08.1-246
08.1-75
08.1-130
08.1-366
08.1-227
08.1-325
08.1-422
08.1-297
08.1-308
08.1-309
Roy D
Royle J A
Rozanov E
Rudel T K
Rudmann Maurer K
Ruffieux D
Ruggiero A
Rummler H
Rumpel C
Ruth U
Rutishauser T
Rybak O
Rydberg B
Sabbatelli T A
Sadoff C W
Sahsuvar L
Saikkonen K
Saladie O
Salam A
Salcedo D
Salzmann N
Samankassou E
Samoli E
Sander R
Sandradewi J
Sanon A
Sanz M J
Sapkota A
Saracino A
Sarmiento J L
Sarris D
Sartori M
Satake A
Sattler T
Saurer M
Savarino J
Sawa Y
Schäfer K
Schäffer B
Schäffer E
Schäffer P
Schansker G
Schär C
Schärer M
Scharffe D
Scharnhorst W
Schatz G E
Schaub M
Scheidegger C
08.1-172
08.1-162
08.1-24
08.1-165
08.1-163
08.1-23 , 08.1-34
08.1-241
08.1-118
08.1-297
08.1-325 , 08.1-359 , 08.1-364 , 08.1-367
08.1-353
08.1-364
08.1-12
08.1-47
08.1-388
08.1-29
08.1-128
08.1-11
08.1-59
08.1-79
08.1-231
08.1-322 , 08.1-331
08.1-403
08.1-224 , 08.1-304
08.1-1
08.1-134
08.1-404
08.1-365
08.1-181 , 08.1-372
08.1-301
08.1-164
08.1-260
08.1-165
08.1-166
08.1-54 , 08.1-87 ,
08.1-337 , 08.1-362 , 08.1-372
08.1-224
08.1-68
08.1-61
08.1-211
08.1-250
08.1-349
08.1-150
08.1-27 , 08.1-35 ,
08.1-36 , 08.1-67 ,
08.1-200 , 08.1-281 , 08.1-298
08.1-212
08.1-8
08.1-442
08.1-101
08.1-54 , 08.1-167
08.1-90 , 08.1-187 , 08.1-189
Scherer Lorenzen M
Scheringer M
Scherrer L
Scherrer S C
Schier W
Schileyko A A
Schiller C
Schilt A
Schindler C
Schippers A
Schirrmeister L
Schjoerring J K
Schlaepfer D R
Schlager H
Schlamadinger B
Schleser G H
Schlitzer R
Schloter M
Schlüchter C
Schlumpf N
Schlunegger F
Schmid B
Schmid M
Schmid P
Schmid S
Schmidlin F
Schmidlin F J
Schmidt Lüttman M
Schmidt M W I
Schmidt R
Schmidt T
Schmutz C
Schneider C
Schneider H
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Schneider M K
Schneider U A
Schneller J
Schneuwly D M
Schnitzler A
Schoch W
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Scholz R W
Schönmann S
Schotterer U
Schraner M
Schreiber D
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223
08.1-126 , 08.1-168 ,
08.1-169
08.1-232
08.1-46
08.1-41
08.1-110
08.1-88
08.1-304
08.1-338 , 08.1-350
08.1-383 , 08.1-395 ,
08.1-403
08.1-261
08.1-329
08.1-305
08.1-246
08.1-8 , 08.1-55
08.1-404
08.1-372
08.1-301
08.1-112
08.1-334
08.1-333
08.1-214 , 08.1-342
08.1-80 , 08.1-81
08.1-126 , 08.1-161
08.1-250 , 08.1-251 ,
08.1-276
08.1-420
08.1-183
08.1-39
08.1-60 , 08.1-63
08.1-131
08.1-109 , 08.1-110 ,
08.1-297 , 08.1-333
08.1-257 , 08.1-366
08.1-107
08.1-53
08.1-221
08.1-143
08.1-52 , 08.1-79
08.1-277 , 08.1-278
08.1-404
08.1-170
08.1-95
08.1-171
08.1-333
08.1-60
08.1-136 , 08.1-438
08.1-148
08.1-351
08.1-24
08.1-1
08.1-127
08.1-217 , 08.1-245
08.1-261
,
224
Schulin R
Schulte D
Schultz M
Schulz T
Schulze E D
Schumacher J
Schumann U
Schüpbach B
Schürmann G
Schurter M
Schwab F J
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Schwander J
Schwank M
Schwartz J
Schwartz M J
Schwarz M
Schwarz von Raumer H G Schwarzenbach R P
Schwarzlaender M
Schweiger O
Schwierz C
Schwikowski M
Scinocca J F
Seehausen O
Seidel T M
Seinfeld J H
Seiz G
Selmo E
Semeniuk K
Semple K T
Seneviratne S I
Senterre B
Settele J
Severi M
Severinghaus J P
Shakun J D
Sharma S
Sheil D
Shepherd T G
Shepson P B
Shibata K
Shimono A
Shisanya C A
Shiyatov S G
Shotyk W
Shrestha A
Shuidenko A
Siamantziouras A S D
Sieber T N
Siegfried T
Siegwolf R
08.1-145 , 08.1-198 , 08.1-208 , 08.1-211 , 08.1-213 , 08.1-219
08.1-377
08.1-44
08.1-64
08.1-161 , 08.1-169
08.1-161 , 08.1-169
08.1-8
08.1-84
08.1-61
08.1-255
08.1-4
08.1-214
08.1-338 , 08.1-359
08.1-123
08.1-383 , 08.1-403
08.1-39
08.1-187
08.1-131
08.1-3 , 08.1-207 , 08.1-279 , 08.1-280
08.1-144
08.1-107
08.1-17 , 08.1-50
08.1-337 , 08.1-351
08.1-24
08.1-172 , 08.1-284
08.1-62
08.1-2
08.1-23
08.1-338
08.1-24
08.1-208
08.1-200 , 08.1-298
08.1-152
08.1-127
08.1-325 , 08.1-359 , 08.1-364 , 08.1-367
08.1-307
08.1-368
08.1-70
08.1-152
08.1-24
08.1-224
08.1-24
08.1-79
08.1-405
08.1-173
08.1-365
08.1-258
08.1-404
08.1-126
08.1-128
08.1-289
08.1-104
Siegwolf R T W
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Signarbieux C
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Siklosy Z
Simpson W R
Sinaj S
Six D
Sjogren S
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Skelly J M
Skiba U
Skjemstad J O
Skorkovsky J
Skrivankova P
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Slater R D
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Smernik R J
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Snyder W V
Soberon J
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Sosef M S M
Souchez R
Soussana J F
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Spahni R
Sparks D L
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Speers L
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Spezzaferri S
Spichiger R
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Spiess E
Spirig C
Spoetl C
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08.1-87 , 08.1-132 , 08.1-216 , 08.1-362
08.1-167
08.1-325
08.1-327 , 08.1-352
08.1-115
08.1-11
08.1-369
08.1-224
08.1-212
08.1-233
08.1-14
08.1-97
08.1-54
08.1-305
08.1-109 , 08.1-297
08.1-403
08.1-39 , 08.1-60
08.1-404
08.1-301
08.1-436
08.1-8
08.1-351
08.1-297
08.1-63
08.1-297
08.1-305
08.1-305 , 08.1-404
08.1-269
08.1-39
08.1-138
08.1-224
08.1-406 , 08.1-443
08.1-417
08.1-404
08.1-297
08.1-152
08.1-372
08.1-152
08.1-338
08.1-174 , 08.1-305
08.1-327
08.1-338 , 08.1-350 , 08.1-359
08.1-197
08.1-23
08.1-107
08.1-138
08.1-126 , 08.1-138
08.1-370
08.1-134
08.1-292
08.1-105
08.1-96
08.1-335
08.1-8
Sreerekha T R
Stahel W A
Stähelin J
Stamm C
Stamnes K
Stanisci A
Starinsky A
Stauber M
Stauch V J
Stauffer B
Stauffer F
Stebel K
Steck C E
Steck T
Stefanopoulou A
Steffensen J P
Stehlik I
Steil B
Stein M
Steinacker R
Steinbacher M
Steiner D
Steiner M
Steinfeld A
Steinhage D
Steinle P
Steinmann P
Stek P C
Stemmler K
Stenni B
Stephan G
Steppe K
Sterck F J
Sterner T
Stickler A
Stier P
Stievenard M
Stirling C H
Stock P
Stocker J
Stocker M
Stocker T F
Stöckli R
Stöckli V
Stöcklin J
Stofer S
Stoffel M
Stohl A
Stolarski R S
Stoll A
Stone R S
08.1-12
08.1-432
08.1-43 , 08.1-73
08.1-212 , 08.1-277 , 08.1-278
08.1-220
08.1-108
08.1-375
08.1-211
08.1-300
08.1-338
08.1-247
08.1-70
08.1-175 , 08.1-176
08.1-34
08.1-429 , 08.1-430
08.1-325 , 08.1-338 , 08.1-359 , 08.1-367
08.1-177
08.1-24
08.1-375
08.1-23
08.1-43 , 08.1-74
08.1-250
08.1-64
08.1-77 , 08.1-419 ,
08.1-423 , 08.1-427 , 08.1-428
08.1-377
08.1-65
08.1-356 , 08.1-357
08.1-39
08.1-43 , 08.1-66
08.1-338
08.1-400
08.1-195
08.1-195
08.1-407
08.1-304
08.1-45
08.1-372
08.1-236
08.1-8
08.1-232
08.1-444 , 08.1-445
08.1-69 , 08.1-317 ,
08.1-338 , 08.1-361
08.1-67
08.1-142
08.1-163
08.1-90 , 08.1-187
08.1-95
08.1-55
08.1-24
08.1-264
08.1-70
Storvold R
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Straeter W
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Strasser A
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Straub K L
Strehler C
Stroem J
Stropp J
Strumia S
Stüben D
Stubenrauch C J
Stubi R
Stuebi R
Sturm M
Sugiura K
Sugiyama S
Suh S
Sullivan W
Sun B
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Sun G
Sun H
Sun J Y
Sun Y L
Sunderland T C H
Sundstrom O
Suter M
Sutter C
Sutton M A
Sutton R
Svensson A
Swaine M D
Swart P K
Switsur V R
Sykorova Z
Sylla S
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Szeroczynska K
Szidat S
Szidatt S
Szychowska Krapiec E
Taalas P
Tacher L
Takahashi F
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Takegawa N
225
08.1-220
08.1-69
08.1-63
08.1-60
08.1-239 , 08.1-267 , 08.1-283
08.1-334
08.1-373
08.1-99
08.1-150
08.1-280
08.1-125
08.1-70
08.1-152
08.1-87
08.1-356 , 08.1-357
08.1-12
08.1-39 , 08.1-63
08.1-60
08.1-237 , 08.1-315 , 08.1-316
08.1-220
08.1-226
08.1-438
08.1-72
08.1-331
08.1-331
08.1-444
08.1-138
08.1-79
08.1-79
08.1-152
08.1-429 , 08.1-430
08.1-86 , 08.1-435 ,
08.1-444 , 08.1-445
08.1-408
08.1-305
08.1-69
08.1-359
08.1-152
08.1-285
08.1-372
08.1-178
08.1-134
08.1-337 , 08.1-435 , 08.1-444 , 08.1-445
08.1-372
08.1-257
08.1-337
08.1-1
08.1-372
08.1-18
08.1-201
08.1-220
08.1-79
08.1-79
226
Takimoto G
Tang Y S
Tanikawa T
Tanimoto H
Tanner T M
Tarasick D
Tarasick D W
Targino A
Tchouto M G P
Tellez F
Ter Steege H
Terentev M M
Terry A C
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Theurillat J P
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Thioulouse J
Thlix L
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08.1-172
08.1-305
08.1-220
08.1-68
08.1-393
08.1-39
08.1-60 , 08.1-63
08.1-14
08.1-152
08.1-428
08.1-152
08.1-173
08.1-126
08.1-239
08.1-215
08.1-8
08.1-409
08.1-216
08.1-209
08.1-305
08.1-108
08.1-352
08.1-134
08.1-18
08.1-39
08.1-60 , 08.1-63
08.1-179
08.1-39 , 08.1-60
08.1-39
08.1-24
08.1-248
08.1-305
08.1-69
08.1-34
08.1-40
08.1-311 , 08.1-312 , 08.1-319 , 08.1-324 , 08.1-371 , 08.1-374 , 08.1-376
08.1-338
08.1-180
08.1-279 , 08.1-280
08.1-246
08.1-181 , 08.1-372
08.1-70
08.1-108
08.1-70
08.1-2
08.1-182 , 08.1-183
08.1-432
08.1-403
08.1-367
08.1-91
08.1-70
08.1-372
08.1-362
Tribsch A
Triguero V
Trines E
Troch P A
Troumbis A Y
Tschannett S
Tschopp J M
Tsinober A
Tsuboi K
Tsukada A
Tumskoy V E
Twarloh B
Twigg M
Tykarski P
Tyran E
Udisti R
Uehlinger U
Uhlenbrook S
Uijlenhoet R
Ulbrich I
Ulrich A
Unterlugauer P
Urmann K
Urquieta E
Valente F
Valentino F
Valsecchi V
van den Bergh H
van der Grift E A
van der Knaap W O
van der Vorst G
van der Werf W
van Dorland H A
van Gemerden Barend S
van Herle J
van Hout R
van Kleunen M
van Langenhove H
van Peteghem C
van Valkenburg J L C H
van Velthoven P
van Wingerden W K R E
Vanacker V
Vanderborght J
Varenne P
Vassere S
Vaz M
Veblen T T
Vedrine S
Velimirov A
Venkatachari P
Vennemann T W
Verbunt M
Verel R
08.1-138
08.1-201
08.1-404
08.1-215
08.1-126
08.1-23
08.1-383
08.1-31 ,
08.1-33
08.1-68
08.1-414
08.1-329
08.1-325
08.1-305
08.1-138
08.1-100
08.1-325 ,
08.1-364 ,
08.1-246
08.1-258
08.1-215
08.1-79
08.1-420
08.1-108
08.1-217
08.1-432
08.1-104
08.1-8
08.1-324 ,
08.1-78
08.1-160
08.1-336 ,
08.1-433
08.1-151
08.1-184
08.1-152
08.1-412
08.1-13
08.1-185 ,
08.1-433
08.1-146
08.1-152
08.1-8
08.1-107
08.1-446
08.1-123
08.1-414
08.1-320
08.1-104
08.1-92
08.1-373
08.1-143
08.1-4
08.1-369
08.1-281
08.1-199
08.1-32 ,
08.1-359 , 08.1-367
08.1-374
08.1-346
08.1-191
Verheggen B
Vernooij M G C
Verstege A
Vesala T
Vescovi E
Viatte P
Vidale P L
Vigotti M A
Vigran J O
Vincent C
Viovy N
Virkkula A
Vitale V
Vittoz P
Viviroli D
Voemel H
Vögelin A
Vogler C
Vogt S
Volk M
Vollmer M K
Vollmer T
Vomel H
von Blanckenburg F
von Clarmann T
von der Gathen P
von Fumetti S
von Glasow R
von Hildebrand A
von Hoyningen Huene W
von Weissenfluh H
Vonk J
Vose R
Vuichard N
Vuilleumier S
Wacker L
Waelbroeck C
Wagenbach D
Wagner A
Wagner H H
Wagner P A
Waibel A
Waldmann N
Walker J P
Walker S
Wallner A
Walser A
Walser D
Walter S
Walther A
Walz A
Wandel A
Wang J L
08.1-14 , 08.1-16 , 08.1-52 , 08.1-71 ,
08.1-72
08.1-26
08.1-323
08.1-305
08.1-374
08.1-39 , 08.1-60
08.1-67 , 08.1-200
08.1-403
08.1-328
08.1-233
08.1-305
08.1-70
08.1-70
08.1-108
08.1-262
08.1-60
08.1-202
08.1-10 , 08.1-73
08.1-23
08.1-86
08.1-74
08.1-212
08.1-39
08.1-380 , 08.1-446
08.1-34
08.1-39 , 08.1-60
08.1-282
08.1-224
08.1-384
08.1-70
08.1-20
08.1-403
08.1-379
08.1-305
08.1-186
08.1-126 , 08.1-337 , 08.1-435 , 08.1-444
08.1-359
08.1-325
08.1-260
08.1-189
08.1-39
08.1-8
08.1-375
08.1-215
08.1-82
08.1-410
08.1-281
08.1-414
08.1-52
08.1-11
08.1-440
08.1-8
08.1-68
Wang T
Wanink J H
Wanner H
Ward M
Waschitschek K
Waser L
Waser L T
Waterhouse J S
Waters J W
Waugh D W
Weber C
Weber D
Weber O
Weber P
Wegelin M
Wegmann F
Wegner A
Wehrli B
Wehrli C
Wehrli M
Weigel A P
Weigl M
Weilenmann M
Weimer A
Weimer S
Weinbruch S
Weingartner E
Weingartner R
Weinzierl B
Weirig M F
Weisser W W
Weissert H
Weller E
Weller R
Weng L
Wenger D
Wenzelides V
Werner F
Werner M
Werner R
Werth S
Wesche C
Westberg H H
Wettstein H R
Weyand A
Weyhenmeyer G A
Whitehead J
Whittaker R J
Wichern F
Wichser A
227
08.1-68
08.1-284
08.1-19 , 08.1-20 ,
08.1-56 , 08.1-317 ,
08.1-353
08.1-404
08.1-8
08.1-114
08.1-187
08.1-372
08.1-39
08.1-24
08.1-249
08.1-154
08.1-438
08.1-188
08.1-432
08.1-232
08.1-325
08.1-249 , 08.1-263
08.1-70
08.1-376
08.1-75
08.1-372
08.1-74 , 08.1-126
08.1-4
08.1-1 , 08.1-79
08.1-52
08.1-14 , 08.1-16 , 08.1-52 , 08.1-55 ,
08.1-71
08.1-262
08.1-55
08.1-301
08.1-161
08.1-328 , 08.1-347 , 08.1-348 , 08.1-349 , 08.1-360
08.1-169
08.1-224
08.1-219
08.1-420
08.1-274
08.1-447
08.1-338
08.1-23
08.1-189
08.1-377
08.1-76
08.1-184
08.1-163
08.1-239 , 08.1-283
08.1-305
08.1-152
08.1-190 , 08.1-218
08.1-420
228
Wick L
Wick L Y
Wiedensohler A
Wiederhold J G
Wiemken A
Wilcox C
Wildi W
Wilhelms F
Willems J H
Willi Y
Williams J
Williams J W
Williams P
Williamson J
Wilson R
Winkler E
Wirth L
Witte F
Witte J C
Wittmann H
Wolewinski T
Wolff E
Wolff E W
Wöll H
Wong A
Woodruff R
Worsnop D R
Wortmann U G
Wrbka T
Wu C F
Wu S Y
Wüest A
Wunderle S
Xie S
Xie S P
Xoplaki E
Xueref Remy I
Yamagata Y
Yamanaka Y
Yamanouchi T
Yang H
Yang J
Yanko Hombach V
Yassaa N
Yasunari T J
Yela M
Yerokhin S
Yin H
Yin J
Yiou F
Yonemura S
Yongli Z Baoliang S
Yool A
08.1-354 , 08.1-374
08.1-208
08.1-8
08.1-203
08.1-178
08.1-186
08.1-252
08.1-364
08.1-238
08.1-191
08.1-304
08.1-378
08.1-79
08.1-76
08.1-379
08.1-268
08.1-177
08.1-284
08.1-60 , 08.1-63
08.1-380
08.1-422
08.1-325 , 08.1-359 , 08.1-364 , 08.1-367
08.1-224 , 08.1-338
08.1-152
08.1-68
08.1-384
08.1-79
08.1-285
08.1-97
08.1-68 , 08.1-76
08.1-76
08.1-250 , 08.1-251 , 08.1-255 , 08.1-259 , 08.1-276
08.1-57 , 08.1-223
08.1-381
08.1-69
08.1-20
08.1-8
08.1-404
08.1-301
08.1-70
08.1-286 , 08.1-287
08.1-287 , 08.1-288
08.1-370
08.1-304
08.1-220
08.1-39 , 08.1-60
08.1-228
08.1-381
08.1-69
08.1-361
08.1-68
08.1-322
08.1-301
Yorish S
Yoshiki M
Young D
Youngblut D
Yu Qin
Z‘graggen A
Zablocki G
Zachariah Wolff J L
Zahn A
Zammouri M
Zanelli R
Zängl G
Zappa M
Zarate E
Zarza E
Zbinden J A
Zbinden N
Zbinden R
Zech U
Zeeman M
Zeh M
Zehnder A
Zehnder A J B
Zellweger J P
Zellwegern C
Zennegg M
Zeyer J
Zeyer K
Zhang J
Zhang Q
Zhang T
Zhang W
Zhang Y M
Zhao L Y L
Zhao T L
Zhu T
Zielinski T
Ziemke J R
Ziereis H
Zierhofer W
Zierl B
Zimmermann F
Zimmermann N E
Zingg A
Zobel M
Zobrist B
Zopfi J
Zweifel R
08.1-31 , 08.1-32 , 08.1-33
08.1-24
08.1-43
08.1-379
08.1-111
08.1-77
08.1-39 , 08.1-60
08.1-421
08.1-8
08.1-289
08.1-192
08.1-23
08.1-58 , 08.1-290
08.1-78
08.1-428
08.1-291
08.1-138
08.1-40
08.1-8
08.1-113
08.1-250 , 08.1-255
08.1-286
08.1-263
08.1-383
08.1-68
08.1-420
08.1-217 , 08.1-245
08.1-113 , 08.1-302 ,
08.1-420
08.1-45
08.1-4 , 08.1-79
08.1-234
08.1-297
08.1-79
08.1-219
08.1-29 , 08.1-38
08.1-224
08.1-70
08.1-60
08.1-8
08.1-411
08.1-306
08.1-193
08.1-119 , 08.1-124 ,
08.1-156 , 08.1-157 ,
08.1-173 , 08.1-179 ,
08.1-194
08.1-113
08.1-107
08.1-48
08.1-252
08.1-195
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Index of Disciplines
229
Index of Disciplines
08.1-80 – 08.1-85 , 08.1-94 , 08.1-96 , 08.1-100 ,
08.1-102 , 08.1-103 , 08.1-105 , 08.1-109 , 08.1-112 ,
08.1-116 , 08.1-119 , 08.1-122 , 08.1-125 , 08.1-134 ,
08.1-136 , 08.1-139 , 08.1-143 , 08.1-145 , 08.1-147 ,
08.1-149 , 08.1-150 , 08.1-151 , 08.1-155 , 08.1-156 ,
08.1-158 , 08.1-163 , 08.1-174 – 08.1-177 , 08.1-182 ,
08.1-183 , 08.1-184 , 08.1-190 , 08.1-192 , 08.1-196 –
08.1-200 , 08.1-202 , 08.1-203 , 08.1-204 , 08.1-206 ,
08.1-207 , 08.1-208 , 08.1-210 – 08.1-213 , 08.1-215 –
08.1-219 , 08.1-238 , 08.1-241 , 08.1-242 , 08.1-277 ,
08.1-278 , 08.1-297 , 08.1-298 , 08.1-300 , 08.1-302 ,
08.1-303 , 08.1-305 , 08.1-320 , 08.1-333 , 08.1-371 ,
08.1-404 , 08.1-406 , 08.1-436 , 08.1-440 , 08.1-443 ,
08.1-446
Biodiversity
08.1-80 , 08.1-81 , 08.1-84 , 08.1-85 , 08.1-86 ,
08.1-88 , 08.1-90 , 08.1-91 , 08.1-93 , 08.1-94 ,
08.1-97 , 08.1-100 , 08.1-101 , 08.1-106 , 08.1-107 ,
08.1-112 , 08.1-116 , 08.1-120 , 08.1-125 – 08.1-131 ,
08.1-133 , 08.1-136 , 08.1-137 , 08.1-138 , 08.1-140 ,
08.1-141 , 08.1-144 , 08.1-147 , 08.1-148 , 08.1-151 –
08.1-154 , 08.1-159 , 08.1-160 , 08.1-161 , 08.1-163 ,
08.1-166 – 08.1-172 , 08.1-175 – 08.1-178 , 08.1-180 ,
08.1-181 , 08.1-183 , 08.1-185 , 08.1-186 , 08.1-187 ,
08.1-189 , 08.1-191 , 08.1-193 , 08.1-238 , 08.1-240 ,
08.1-241 , 08.1-260 , 08.1-264 , 08.1-265 , 08.1-266 ,
08.1-267 , 08.1-270 , 08.1-282 , 08.1-284 , 08.1-291 ,
08.1-355
08.1-159 ,
08.1-307 ,
08.1-337 ,
08.1-351 ,
08.1-363 ,
08.1-380
Ecology
08.1-80 – 08.1-86 , 08.1-88 – 08.1-94 , 08.1-96 –
08.1-102 , 08.1-106 – 08.1-109 , 08.1-111 – 08.1-116 ,
08.1-118 , 08.1-120 , 08.1-121 , 08.1-122 , 08.1-124 –
08.1-131 , 08.1-133 , 08.1-135 – 08.1-141 , 08.1-144 ,
08.1-145 , 08.1-147 – 08.1-158 , 08.1-159 – 08.1-163 ,
08.1-165 – 08.1-183 , 08.1-185 – 08.1-189 , 08.1-191 –
08.1-194 , 08.1-204 , 08.1-216 , 08.1-238 – 08.1-244 ,
08.1-246 , 08.1-249 , 08.1-250 , 08.1-255 , 08.1-257 ,
08.1-264 – 08.1-267 , 08.1-270 , 08.1-273 , 08.1-282 ,
08.1-284 , 08.1-291 , 08.1-296 , 08.1-303 , 08.1-306 ,
08.1-319 , 08.1-320 , 08.1-331 , 08.1-371 , 08.1-385 ,
08.1-386 , 08.1-406 , 08.1-410 , 08.1-433 , 08.1-436 ,
08.1-438 , 08.1-439
Economics
08.1-151 ,
08.1-389 ,
08.1-397 ,
08.1-405 ,
08.1-431 ,
08.1-443
08.1-220 – 08.1-234 ,
08.1-310 , 08.1-325 ,
08.1-338 , 08.1-343 ,
08.1-354 , 08.1-358 ,
08.1-364 , 08.1-367 ,
08.1-165 ,
08.1-391 ,
08.1-398 ,
08.1-407 ,
08.1-434 ,
08.1-286 ,
08.1-393 ,
08.1-400 ,
08.1-408 ,
08.1-438 ,
08.1-290 ,
08.1-329 ,
08.1-344 ,
08.1-359 ,
08.1-374 ,
08.1-382 ,
08.1-394 ,
08.1-401 ,
08.1-411 ,
08.1-440 ,
08.1-292 ,
08.1-334 ,
08.1-350 ,
08.1-361 ,
08.1-377 ,
08.1-388 ,
08.1-396 ,
08.1-402 ,
08.1-422 ,
08.1-442 ,
230
Energy + Fuels
08.1-391 ,
08.1-413 ,
08.1-421 ,
08.1-428 ,
08.1-400 ,
08.1-414 ,
08.1-422 ,
08.1-429 ,
08.1-401 , 08.1-402 , 08.1-412 ,
08.1-417 , 08.1-418 , 08.1-419 ,
08.1-424 , 08.1-425 , 08.1-426 ,
08.1-430 , 08.1-433 , 08.1-447
Engineering
08.1-3 , 08.1-77 , 08.1-401 , 08.1-412 – 08.1-432 ,
08.1-435 , 08.1-441 , 08.1-442 , 08.1-444 , 08.1-445 ,
08.1-447
Forestry
08.1-13 , 08.1-54 , 08.1-55 , 08.1-80 , 08.1-87 ,
08.1-90 , 08.1-92 , 08.1-95 , 08.1-98 , 08.1-99 ,
08.1-101 , 08.1-104 , 08.1-109 , 08.1-110 , 08.1-113 ,
08.1-114 , 08.1-117 , 08.1-119 , 08.1-123 , 08.1-124 ,
08.1-128 , 08.1-130 , 08.1-132– 08.1-135 , 08.1-140 ,
08.1-141 , 08.1-142 , 08.1-145 , 08.1-152 , 08.1-157 ,
08.1-159 , 08.1-164 , 08.1-165 , 08.1-168 , 08.1-169 ,
08.1-171 , 08.1-173 , 08.1-179 , 08.1-181 , 08.1-188 ,
08.1-189 , 08.1-194 , 08.1-195 , 08.1-204 , 08.1-206 ,
08.1-219 , 08.1-300 , 08.1-306 , 08.1-312 , 08.1-319 ,
08.1-323 , 08.1-333 , 08.1-336 , 08.1-346 , 08.1-362 ,
08.1-379 , 08.1-387 , 08.1-437
Geochemistry & Geophysics
08.1-31 , 08.1-32 , 08.1-33 , 08.1-102 , 08.1-103 ,
08.1-139 , 08.1-190 , 08.1-192 , 08.1-197 , 08.1-199 ,
08.1-202 – 08.1-207 , 08.1-213 , 08.1-216 – 08.1-219 ,
08.1-232 , 08.1-235 , 08.1-236 , 08.1-245 , 08.1-253 ,
08.1-259 , 08.1-261 , 08.1-263 , 08.1-272 , 08.1-276 ,
08.1-279 , 08.1-280 , 08.1-283 , 08.1-285 , 08.1-296 ,
08.1-297 , 08.1-301 , 08.1-308 , 08.1-309 , 08.1-315 ,
08.1-325 , 08.1-330 , 08.1-333 , 08.1-335 , 08.1-337 ,
08.1-339 , 08.1-340 , 08.1-341 , 08.1-343 , 08.1-345 ,
08.1-347 , 08.1-348 , 08.1-349 , 08.1-352 , 08.1-356 ,
08.1-368 , 08.1-369 , 08.1-423 , 08.1-435 , 08.1-444 ,
08.1-445
Geology
08.1-196 , 08.1-199 ,
08.1-214 , 08.1-227 ,
08.1-308 , 08.1-309 ,
08.1-316 , 08.1-318 ,
08.1-332 , 08.1-334 ,
08.1-344 – 08.1-348 ,
08.1-357 , 08.1-360 ,
08.1-373 , 08.1-374 ,
08.1-446
Geomorphology
08.1-95 , 08.1-196 , 08.1-201 , 08.1-209 , 08.1-214 ,
08.1-227 , 08.1-230 , 08.1-237 , 08.1-246 , 08.1-271 ,
08.1-310 , 08.1-313 , 08.1-318 , 08.1-342 , 08.1-354 ,
08.1-377 , 08.1-446
History
08.1-9 , 08.1-98 , 08.1-110 , 08.1-320 , 08.1-374 ,
08.1-376 , 08.1-389
Human & Public Health
08.1-254 , 08.1-383 , 08.1-384 , 08.1-395 , 08.1-403 ,
08.1-420
08.1-201 ,
08.1-230 ,
08.1-311 ,
08.1-321 ,
08.1-335 ,
08.1-352 ,
08.1-365 ,
08.1-375 ,
08.1-205 ,
08.1-285 ,
08.1-313 ,
08.1-328 ,
08.1-339 ,
08.1-355 ,
08.1-368 ,
08.1-380 ,
08.1-209 ,
08.1-297 ,
08.1-315 ,
08.1-330 ,
08.1-342 ,
08.1-356 ,
08.1-369 ,
08.1-381 ,
231
Hydrology
08.1-58 , 08.1-67 , 08.1-212 , 08.1-215 , 08.1-235 ,
08.1-236 , 08.1-237 , 08.1-238 , 08.1-246 – 08.1-251 ,
08.1-255 , 08.1-258 , 08.1-271 , 08.1-274 , 08.1-275 ,
08.1-277 , 08.1-281 , 08.1-282 , 08.1-287 , 08.1-288 ,
08.1-289 , 08.1-290 , 08.1-298 , 08.1-299 , 08.1-332 ,
08.1-341 , 08.1-392
Instruments & Instrumentation
08.1-8 , 08.1-46 , 08.1-48 , 08.1-51 , 08.1-77 ,
08.1-162 , 08.1-209 , 08.1-225 , 08.1-230 , 08.1-231 ,
08.1-243 , 08.1-288 , 08.1-337 , 08.1-372 , 08.1-409 ,
08.1-435 , 08.1-444 , 08.1-445
International Relations
08.1-65 , 08.1-68 , 08.1-404 , 08.1-407
Limnology
08.1-237 ,
08.1-255 ,
08.1-274 ,
08.1-315 ,
Marine & Freshwater Biology
08.1-239 – 08.1-245 ,
08.1-255 , 08.1-257 ,
08.1-263 – 08.1-270 ,
08.1-279 , 08.1-280 ,
08.1-291 , 08.1-322 ,
08.1-370
Medicine
08.1-383 , 08.1-395 , 08.1-399 , 08.1-403
08.1-1 – 08.1-79 , 08.1-82 , 08.1-86 , 08.1-87 , 08.1-91 ,
08.1-96 , 08.1-111 , 08.1-115 , 08.1-132 , 08.1-152 ,
08.1-157 , 08.1-164 , 08.1-173 , 08.1-174 , 08.1-183 ,
08.1-195 , 08.1-200 , 08.1-221 , 08.1-222 , 08.1-224 ,
08.1-226 , 08.1-228 , 08.1-233 , 08.1-234 , 08.1-239 ,
08.1-257 , 08.1-262 , 08.1-267 , 08.1-281 , 08.1-290 ,
08.1-292 – 08.1-299 , 08.1-302 , 08.1-304 , 08.1-305 ,
08.1-313 , 08.1-314 , 08.1-317 , 08.1-319 , 08.1-323 –
08.1-328 , 08.1-338 , 08.1-343 , 08.1-349 , 08.1-350 ,
08.1-353 , 08.1-359 , 08.1-361 , 08.1-363 , 08.1-366 ,
08.1-373 , 08.1-375 , 08.1-376 , 08.1-378 , 08.1-379 ,
08.1-382 , 08.1-383 , 08.1-393 , 08.1-394 , 08.1-396 –
08.1-400 , 08.1-404 , 08.1-405 , 08.1-408 , 08.1-409 ,
08.1-414 , 08.1-415 , 08.1-416 , 08.1-420
Microbiology
08.1-112 ,
08.1-147 ,
08.1-261 ,
08.1-314 ,
08.1-239 ,
08.1-257 ,
08.1-275 ,
08.1-316 ,
08.1-250 , 08.1-252 , 08.1-253 ,
08.1-259 , 08.1-263 , 08.1-268 ,
08.1-276 , 08.1-283 , 08.1-311 ,
08.1-366
08.1-249 – 08.1-252 ,
08.1-259 , 08.1-260 ,
08.1-272 , 08.1-273 ,
08.1-282 , 08.1-283 ,
08.1-331 , 08.1-355 ,
08.1-254 ,
08.1-261 ,
08.1-274 ,
08.1-284 ,
08.1-366 ,
08.1-118 , 08.1-128 , 08.1-130 , 08.1-134 ,
08.1-148 , 08.1-189 , 08.1-205 , 08.1-252 ,
08.1-263 , 08.1-279 , 08.1-280 , 08.1-285 ,
08.1-358 , 08.1-432
232
Modelling
08.1-2 , 08.1-7 , 08.1-12 , 08.1-15 , 08.1-18 , 08.1-21 ,
08.1-22 , 08.1-24 , 08.1-27– 08.1-30 , 08.1-36 ,
08.1-38 , 08.1-39 , 08.1-40 , 08.1-42 , 08.1-44 ,
08.1-45 , 08.1-53 , 08.1-55 , 08.1-58 , 08.1-60 ,
08.1-63 , 08.1-64 , 08.1-67 , 08.1-69 , 08.1-70 ,
08.1-72 , 08.1-74 , 08.1-76 , 08.1-78 , 08.1-85 ,
08.1-91 , 08.1-105 , 08.1-108 , 08.1-111 , 08.1-114 ,
08.1-119 , 08.1-121 , 08.1-122 , 08.1-123 , 08.1-124 ,
08.1-127 , 08.1-129 , 08.1-145 , 08.1-157 , 08.1-162 ,
08.1-165 , 08.1-166 , 08.1-167 , 08.1-179 , 08.1-180 ,
08.1-182 , 08.1-183 , 08.1-186 , 08.1-187 , 08.1-194 ,
08.1-195 , 08.1-198 , 08.1-200 , 08.1-201 , 08.1-206 ,
08.1-219 , 08.1-220 , 08.1-225 , 08.1-226 , 08.1-227 ,
08.1-229 , 08.1-231 , 08.1-232 , 08.1-247 , 08.1-251 ,
08.1-258 , 08.1-259 , 08.1-262 , 08.1-268 , 08.1-276 ,
08.1-277 , 08.1-281 , 08.1-285 , 08.1-287 , 08.1-288 ,
08.1-289 , 08.1-290 , 08.1-292 , 08.1-293 , 08.1-295 ,
08.1-298 , 08.1-299 , 08.1-300 , 08.1-301 , 08.1-304 ,
08.1-305 , 08.1-306 , 08.1-317 , 08.1-349 , 08.1-363 ,
08.1-378 , 08.1-382 , 08.1-394 , 08.1-409 , 08.1-421 ,
08.1-426 , 08.1-427 , 08.1-432 , 08.1-438 , 08.1-439 ,
08.1-440
08.1-9 , 08.1-396 , 08.1-443
Oceanography
08.1-17 , 08.1-31 , 08.1-32 , 08.1-33 , 08.1-47 ,
08.1-69 , 08.1-236 , 08.1-256 , 08.1-267 , 08.1-269 ,
08.1-272 , 08.1-296 , 08.1-301 , 08.1-327 , 08.1-335 ,
08.1-345 , 08.1-347 , 08.1-352 , 08.1-356 , 08.1-357 ,
08.1-360
Paleontology
08.1-196 , 08.1-307 – 08.1-381 , 08.1-435 , 08.1-444 ,
08.1-445
Plant Sciences
08.1-13 , 08.1-54 , 08.1-55 , 08.1-80 , 08.1-86 –
08.1-90 , 08.1-92 , 08.1-94 , 08.1-95 , 08.1-96 ,
08.1-98 , 08.1-99 , 08.1-101 – 08.1-104 , 08.1-106 –
08.1-110 , 08.1-112 – 08.1-117 , 08.1-119 , 08.1-123 –
08.1-126 , 08.1-128 , 08.1-130 , 08.1-132 , 08.1-133 ,
08.1-134 , 08.1-135 , 08.1-137 , 08.1-140 – 08.1-145 ,
08.1-148 , 08.1-150 , 08.1-152 , 08.1-153 , 08.1-154 ,
08.1-157 , 08.1-158 , 08.1-159 , 08.1-161 , 08.1-163 ,
08.1-164 , 08.1-168 , 08.1-169 , 08.1-170 , 08.1-171 ,
08.1-173 , 08.1-174 , 08.1-177 , 08.1-178 , 08.1-179 ,
08.1-181 , 08.1-182 , 08.1-185 , 08.1-187 – 08.1-191 ,
08.1-194 , 08.1-195 , 08.1-203 , 08.1-206 , 08.1-210 ,
08.1-216 , 08.1-218 , 08.1-238 , 08.1-268 , 08.1-300 ,
08.1-303 , 08.1-306 , 08.1-311 , 08.1-312 , 08.1-314 ,
08.1-319 , 08.1-323 , 08.1-324 , 08.1-333 , 08.1-336 ,
08.1-346 , 08.1-353 , 08.1-358 , 08.1-362 , 08.1-371 ,
08.1-372 , 08.1-376 , 08.1-378 , 08.1-379 , 08.1-387 ,
08.1-427 , 08.1-437
Political Sciences
08.1-286 , 08.1-391 , 08.1-392 , 08.1-393 , 08.1-397 ,
08.1-398 , 08.1-404 , 08.1-407 , 08.1-409 , 08.1-443
233
Remote Sensing
08.1-57 , 08.1-123 , 08.1-187 , 08.1-194 , 08.1-220 ,
08.1-223 , 08.1-243 , 08.1-295
Social Sciences
08.1-82 , 08.1-160 , 08.1-165 , 08.1-384 – 08.1-388 ,
08.1-390 , 08.1-405 , 08.1-406 , 08.1-410 , 08.1-411 ,
08.1-437
Toxicology
08.1-102 , 08.1-103 , 08.1-105 , 08.1-146 , 08.1-147 ,
08.1-197 , 08.1-202 , 08.1-204 , 08.1-208 , 08.1-210 ,
08.1-212 , 08.1-213 , 08.1-217 , 08.1-244 , 08.1-254 ,
08.1-436
Urban Studies
08.1-1 , 08.1-4 , 08.1-6 , 08.1-40 , 08.1-66 , 08.1-73 ,
08.1-76 , 08.1-78 , 08.1-79 , 08.1-131 , 08.1-153 ,
08.1-177 , 08.1-295
Water Resources
08.1-105 ,
08.1-247 ,
08.1-260 ,
08.1-289 ,
Zoology
08.1-80 , 08.1-81 , 08.1-83 , 08.1-85 , 08.1-88 ,
08.1-100 , 08.1-107 , 08.1-122 , 08.1-127 , 08.1-146 ,
08.1-154 , 08.1-160 , 08.1-162 , 08.1-166 , 08.1-167 ,
08.1-175 , 08.1-176 , 08.1-180 , 08.1-184 , 08.1-193 ,
08.1-239 , 08.1-241 , 08.1-260 , 08.1-264 , 08.1-265 ,
08.1-273 , 08.1-274 , 08.1-282 , 08.1-284 , 08.1-291 ,
08.1-399
08.1-212 ,
08.1-248 ,
08.1-262 ,
08.1-388 ,
08.1-217 , 08.1-237 , 08.1-245 ,
08.1-250 , 08.1-251 , 08.1-255 ,
08.1-275 , 08.1-278 , 08.1-286 ,
08.1-392 , 08.1-432
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Global Change Abstracts The Swiss Contribution

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