Using eLoran to Mitigate GNSS/GPS Vulnerabilities

ION Joint Navigation Conference
June 3, 2009
Using eLoran to Mitigate
GNSS/GPS Vulnerabilities
Presented by Charles Schue
With thanks to
John Pinks and Tim Hardy - Nautel, Inc.
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Outline
• What are the problems?
• What are possible
solutions?
• Old versus New
• Uses
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What are the problems?
U.S. Air Force Space Command Commercial
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What are the problems?
• Performance degradation - natural phenomenon
• Ionospheric & solar activities
• Performance degradation - human factors
• Unintentional & intentional (hostile)
• Signal blockage
• Spectrum competition from non-Rnav systems
• Common signal use across GNSS: L1, L2, L5
• Radio frequency interference
• System anomalies & failures
• Jamming
• Spoofing & Counterfeit Signals
• Killer satellites 
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What are the problems?
Unclassified – Sep2008
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What are the problems?
Unclassified – Sep2008
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Specific problem example – low cost jammers?
$116.50
2 - 4 m (200 mW)
“Car Phone Charger”
$32.29
15 – 20 m
“Electronic Gadgets”
“Gift”
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What are the solutions?
•Loran
•PNT service in use in many parts of the northern
hemisphere
•eLoran
•PNT & Data service
Got eLoran?
•Tactical (e)Loran
• Deployable (e)Loran PNT&D service
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What is Loran?
• Radio navigation system
• 90 – 110 kHz
• Ground wave signal
• Typically high power
• Provides lateral position
• Stratum 1 frequency standard
• Timing within +/- 100 nS of UTC
• Typically +/- 60 nS
• Currently operated by 15 nations
• Autonomous
• Interoperable
• Diverse
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Loran (Red), Chayka (Green), World’s 50 Busiest Cargo Ports (Blue)
Courtesy of the General Lighthouse Authorities of the UK & Ireland
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What is eLoran?
• Enhanced Loran
• All the good stuff from Loran, plus:
• New infrastructure & technology
• Solid-state transmitters
• Three atomic clocks per station
• Precision time & frequency equipment
• Whole-station Uninterruptible Power Supply
• Robust telecommunications
• Two-Way Satellite Time Transfer (TWSTT)
• GPS monitoring
• NOT directly coupled or controlled
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What is eLoran (continued)?
•New operational concepts
• Time-of-transmission control
• Differential corrections where applicable
• All-in-view signals
• Data messaging channel(s)
• Currently Loran Data Channel or Eurofix
• Additional integrity
• Differential corrections (DLoran or DGPS)
• Other communication / navigation
messages
• “ComNav” solution
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June 3, 2009
What is eLoran (continued)?
• New user equipment
• Combination eLoran/GNSS receivers
• Latest digital technology & small form factor
• E-field antenna
• H-field antenna (eliminates “p-static”)
• Can use Chip-Scale Atomic Clocks for Direct
Ranging Loran (DRL)
• Seamless across multiple modes (like GPS)
• Aviation; maritime; land mobile; location
based; time & frequency
• Autonomous; interoperable; diverse
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Old versus New
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Old: “antiquated”, “obsolete”, “outdated”
1965 Pontiac GTO
www.musclecarsociety.com
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New State-of-the-Art / Science
2010 Mustang GT
www.fastcoolcars.com
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Service Delivery
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Goal: destination / Build: station
Popular Mechanics Magazine Photo
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Yesterday’s Systems: 1960’s Vintage
• Larger SWAIP
• Very expensive
• Very manpower intensive
USCG Photos
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Yesterday’s Systems: 1970’s Vintage
• Large SWAIP
• Expensive
• Manpower intensive
USCG Photos
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Today’s Systems: 1980’s, 1990’s, early 2000’s
USA, Europe, Asia, Middle East
• Large SWAIP
• Expensive
• Less manpower intensive
USCG Photos
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Today’s Systems: 2007 - UK
• Smaller SWAIP
• Less expensive
• Zero manpower
GLAs & VT Communications Photos
3 container solution
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Goal: provide a service / Build: site
Thermo Bond
Gichner
Alkan
Shelter One
Miller Building Systems
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Tomorrow’s System – Available Today
eLoran-In-A-Box “ELB” Concept
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“CONEX” Box
Timing, Frequency, & Control
Antenna Simulator
eLoran-In-A-Box “ELB” Concept
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Next Generation Prototype (e)Loran Transmitter
Low Voltage
Power Supply
Control Board
Antenna Current
Probe
Exciter
Antenna Tuning
Power Amps (16
active, 2 spare) and
Resistive Damping
Modules (1 Active, 1
Spare)
Harmonic Filter
375V Power
Supply
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“ELB” System Benefits
 size
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weight
input power
maintenance
installation time
installation personnel
installation materials
HVAC
price
manufacturing time
logistics tail
training
staffing
shipping
sparing
…
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efficiency
reliability (MTBF)
availability
continuity
accuracy
operational ease
Pulses Per Second
soft fail capability
stability
diagnostics & analytics
flexibility
modulation types & speeds
interoperability
diversity
autonomy
…
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User Equipment
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1989 Voyager SportNav Loran Receiver
eLoran E-field antenna
2009 reelektronika GPS/dGPS/eLoran Receiver
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2009 reelektronika combined GPS/eLoran
Receiver + E-field antenna
H-field + GPS
cell
phone
H-field + GPS
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Tactical Systems
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Tactical Antenna Configurations
REQUIREMENTS
Frequency:
100kHz
Operating Range: 25 nautical miles (46 km) radius
Field Strength:
+55 dBuv/m (1124 uv/m peak) at ground level
Location:
Worldwide
Soil Type:
Conductivity 1 mS/m, Permittivity 15
Minimal physical size, suitable for rapid deployment.
A radiated power level of 10 watts (40 watts peak) is necessary to
achieve this range.
Soil type has a significant effect on antenna ground loss but minimal
effect on propagation.
Top loading is typically used with electrically short antennas to
optimize effective height and efficiency.
Peak antenna voltage is the limiting factor in these applications.
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75 Foot Whip with 6 x 70 foot Top Loading guys
Ground Radials 60 x 60 feet
La=31uH
Ca=678pf
Rr=0.0287 ohms
Rg=4.248 ohms
Lc=3741.8uH
Rc=2.3ohms
Ia=26.4A peak
Peak Voltage=62KV
Transmitter output – into 625 TLM equivalent – 58 kW
Input AC power requirement @ 300 PPS – 551 W
Input AC power requirement @ 600 PPS – 702 W
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“Tee” Antenna 60 feet high x 150 feet long
Ground Radials 26 x 90 feet and 18 x 135 feet
La=27uH
Ca=568pf
Rr=0.04 ohms
Rg=2.319 ohms
Lc=4464uH
Rc=2.78 ohms
Ia=21.6 A peak
Peak voltage=60KV
Transmitter output – into 625 TLM equivalent – 58 kW
Input AC power requirement @ 300 PPS – 487 W
Input AC power requirement @ 600 PPS – 573 W
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Inverted Cone Antenna 60 x 60 x 60 feet
Ground Radials 36 x 60 feet
La=10uH
Ca=985pf
Rr=0.0317
Rg=7.1 ohms
Lc=2572uH
Rc=1.6 ohms
Ia=24 A peak
Peak Voltage=38.7KV
Transmitter output – into 625 TLM equivalent – 26 kW
Input AC power requirement @ 300 PPS – 573 W
Input AC power requirement @ 600 PPS – 747 W
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Inverted Cone 70 x 70 x 70 feet
Ground Radials 36 x 70 feet
La=16uH
Ca=1145pf
Rr=0.0431
Rg=6.81 ohms
Lc=2202uH
Rc=1.4 ohms
Ia=20.5A peak
Peak Voltage=28.3KV
Transmitter output – into 625 TLM equivalent – 14 kW
Input AC power requirement @ 300 PPS – 519 W
Input AC power requirement @ 600 PPS – 638 W
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Uses
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• Additional security at high-profile events
• 2010 / 2012 Olympics
• Timing
• capable of +/- 30 nS to UTC
• maintain 28 – 60 days with no GPS
• Interference-enabled crime fighting
• car theft, border crossing, tracking felons, toll cheating
• Irregular warfare / counterinsurgency (COIN)
operations
• sky impaired warrior (triple canopy)
• pointing (compass) capability
• geo-encryption
• encrypted data channel
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We are the exclusive worldwide reseller of Nautel and Symmetricom (e)Loran products.
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See us at booths 20 & 21.
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Additional Information Slides
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Loran- C vs. eLoran Metrics
FAA 2002 “Murder Board” Requirements
Accuracy
Availability
Integrity
Continuity
0.997
Loran-C Definition of
Capability* (US FRP)
0.25 nm
(463 m)
0.997
10 second
alarm/
25 m error
FAA NPA (RNP 0.3)**
Requirements
0.16 nm
(307 m)
0.999 – 0.9999
0.9999999
(1 x 10-7)
0.999 - 0.9999
over 150 sec
0.997 - 0.999
10 second
alarm/
25 m error
(3 x 10-5)
0.9985 – 0.9997
over 3 hours
US Coast Guard HEA
Requirements
0.004 - 0.01 nm
(8 – 20 m)
* Includes Stratum 1 timing and frequency capability
** Non-Precision Approach Required Navigation Performance
Courtesy of the Federal Aviation Administration
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Aviation Mode
Support aircraft operations gate-to-gate
– Departure, En-Route, Approach, landing
Non-precision approaches by providing sufficient horizontal
guidance.
– Horizontal Accuracy 0.3 Nautical Mile (556 meters) - 307
meters, 95%
– Availability: 0.999 – 0.9999
– Integrity: 1 x 10-7 per hour
– Continuity: 0.999 – 0.999
Signal Propagation Corrections are published for each airport and
applied by the user receiver in real-time during each phase of
operation.
Most eLoran aviation receivers employ so-called H-field (or,
magnetic loop) antennas. Extensive tests have shown that these
antennas are almost immune to the effects of the Precipitation
Static (P-Static) experienced in rain and snow, which has been a
major problem for users of traditional Loran-C airborne receivers.
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Maritime Mode
e-Navigation will improve: safety, security, maritime economy
GNSS is the principal Source: Cannot be guaranteed to meet the
required availability and reliability. Combination of GNSS and
eLoran will.
Harbor Entrance and Approach (HEA)
Accuracy: 10 meters (95%)
Signal Availability: 0.998 over 2 years
Time-to-Alarm: 10 seconds
Service Reliability: 0.9997 over 3 hours
The signal propagation errors along the channels and throughout
the harbors are measured. Corrections are published, and stored
in each receiver. Real-time differential corrections are applied to
remove small weather induced signal fluctuations.
Pointing (compass) capability.
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Land Mobile Mode
Pointing (compass) capability.
Authenticates its own and GNSS data.
Signal penetration: indoors, urban canyons, shipping containers,
warehouses, triple canopy.
Tracking items:
High-value
Safe and timely delivery must be guaranteed.
Hazardous cargo
Performance Standards:
Unlike aviation and maritime systems, those designed for land
tracking applications are generally not required to meet
published performance standards. Rather, their performance is
normally assessed and optimized for user specific applications.
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Location Based Mode
Signal penetration:
E-911(US) or E-112 (Europe) response systems
Location-based encryption systems (geo-encryption)
Geo-fencing
Weather balloon tracking
Offender tracking
Location-based billing
Performance Standards:
These applications, as with those for any land mobile
applications, need to be assessed and optimized for user
specific applications.
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Time & Frequency Mode
eLoran is a viable alternative source of time:
Transmissions are precisely synchronized to UTC
Loran Data Channel (LDC) – Station ID and Time of day
LDC – corrections
Recover time to ~50 nSec RMS (UTC)
Signals are available indoors:
Avoid installing an outside antenna with a clear view of the sky
Downtown / urban canyons
Meets Stratum 1 even without LDC corrections
Possible Uses:
Telecommunications networks
E-911 or E-112
Power grid phase synchronization; flow control; fault isolation
Power system billing assurance
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