Bishopsgate Centenary

Chairmen of the Board
Rev. WilliamRogers1891-96
Evan Spicer K C 18%-97
Noah J o h n CC 1897-99
Rw. Thomas Grem 1899-1900
Richard E v m l 9 W - 0 1
GeorgePalmer 1901-02
CharlesThomas CC FRCS 1902-03
WalterBull CC 1903-04
David Anidjm Romain 1904-05
John E l h CC 1905-06
Lionel Robimn 1906.07
Rev. Tho- Grear 1907-08
John Fquharson 1908-09
Robert Harvey Barton 1909-10
Richard E v m 1910-12
CMesThamar CC FRCS 1912-13
Walter Bull CC1913-14
John E l h CC 1914-15
Rev. Thomas Grear 1915.17
Robm Harvey Barton 1917-18
Walter Bull CC 1918-19
B~~rrm
JohnsonCC
d
1919-20
John Farquharson 1920-22
Arthur St--Stone
CC 1922-23
John E l h OBE 1923-25
Westwed Poner 1925.26
John Todd 1926-27
Thomas W a l k 1927-28
Berirmul Johnson CC 1928-29
Roberr Harvey Barton 1929.30
David Anidjar Romain 1930-1932
Major CharlesPo&ord 1932-33
Arthur Little 1933-34
Richard Grifith 1934-36
Hartley Straker 1936.38
CuthbertHarrowing 1938-190
Walter Bull 194042
Jmnes Kiley JP 1 9 2 4 4
FrederickTidbwy Beer CC 194447
C m h b e r t H m i n g CC 1947-52
SydMy Shovelton CBE MA 1952-55
C d . W ELowdh CBE DL JP CC 1955-58
Albert Howes CC 1958-61
Philip Terry 196164
Alan G r e m q JP CC 196466
Lending Librarians
(Corporation)
Philip Terry 1966.68
Osbert Angel1 1968-73
Ivmr Surton MBE 1973.76
Rev. Strmley Moore TD 1976-78
John Home FCA CC 1978
Memben of the Boardof G o v w m 1991
Ex Officio (four)
Roger Pqton LLB 1978-81
Monrogue Griver FRICS 1981-84
Michael Oliver CC 19%-87
Rev.Alan T a w MA 1987-1990
Colin Graves LLB CC 1990-
The Church Wardens
Philip Allday, Esq.
Deputy E. PatrickRonq, CBE
Clerks to the Foundation
Nominated by The City Pamchial Foundation (two)
Frederick Fitch 18% -1914
E d w d C w k 1914-22
Frederick W d l h 192246
Herbert Hun 1946.81
WdliamDoyle 1981-
Col. Sir Ronald Gardner-Thorpe,GBE TD DCL DH
Ivan Surton, Esq. MBE
Librarians to the Foundation
Ronald Heaton 1894-97
CharlesGoss 1897-1941
Archibald Gritten 1941-62
Ivor Dawson 1962-66
(Front Cover)
Harrisori Townsend's final
for the
famdc of llc Institute (1891). Not 311 the
details shown were act;ally built.
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Denis Hmding 1966-82
Malcdm Key 1981Reference Librarian
(Foundation)
David Webb 1966-
The Rector of S t Botolph Without Bishopsgate
Revd. Alan Ta~er
The Alderman of the Ward of Bishopgate
Alderman Michael Oliver
Co-optative (minimum four. maximumnine)
Colin Graves, Esq. CC (Chairman)
Geoffrey Ince, Esq. @eputy Chairman)
David Colover, Esq.
Gregory L. Denbigh, Esq.
William Dove, Esq. JP
Monty Griver, Esq.
Roga L P a m Esq.
John F. Stimson, Esq. QPM
Mrs.Francesca Quint
ISBN 0-0904036-03-0
Research: David Webb &Alison Carpenter
Text: David Webb
Photography: Godfrey New
Thanks to W~lliarnDoyle and Irene Hull for background detail, and to
Barbara Brownfield for making sense of an illegible manuscript.
O 1991 Governors of the Bishopsgate Foundation. All rights reserved.
Not to be reproduced without prior permission.
The site of the Bishopsgate Institute straddles the Eastern
fringe of the City of London - three-q&rs within the city,
one quarter inside Tower Hamlets; the boundary line runs
through the present Lending Library, marked by appropriate
plaques set in the walls and floor. Past the site ran Ermine
Street, the Roman mad which led eventually to Lincoln and
York, and the area,safely beyond the line of the city wall,
was used by the Romans as an extensive cemetery, remains
from which have been discovered at intervals over the last
400 years, most notably in 1979 during the excavations for
Cutlers Gardens.
Traditionally, the Bishop of Bishopsgate was St. Erkenwald,
who died in 685. The gate, which stood in the road between
Camomile and Wormwood S W t s , is commemorated by the
two golden mines on the walls of the offlces on the site.
Though its maintenance was an obligation of the German
Hansa merchants, in return for freedom from tolls, a tithe of
one stick h m every cartload which passed through the gate
was claimed by the Bishop of London, who in return was
obliged to keep the hmges in good repair. Rebuilt in 1479,
and again in 1609 and 1735, Bishopsgate was finally
demolished in 1760, as a mere traffic obstruction, and the
materials sold for f141. The four stone griffin heads which
surmounted the gate were eventually bought as ballast by
Sir Walter Blackett, a wealthy Newcastle mine owner, and
found a permanent home on the front lawn of his country
house at Wallington, in Northumberland.
Plan of Landon (circa 1560-70)by Ralph Agas,
showing the Bishopsgate area and Spitaljields
together wilh the line ofLondon Wall.
During the Middle Ages, the area was dominated by the
Augustinian foundation of S t Mary's Hospital, colloquially
known as the Spital, whose sunonndimg open spaces formed
the site of the 17th century development called Spitalfields.
Founded in 1197 by Walter Bnm and his wife Roisia, the
hospital was always financially impoverished: even the
popularity of the Spital sermons each Easter failed to improve
its viability, and it was sunendered to Henry Vm in 1534.
The site and buildings were granted to Stephen Vanghan in
1542.
In the later Middle Ages, cloth worldng fanned an important
the
industry in this area,as can be seen in early maps
many tenter kames, on which the cloth was siretched Teasels
were used to raise the nap on the cloth, and a parcel of land,
known as the Teasel Ground, on the south side of the
Hospital, was leased in 1538 to the artillery companies for
weapon practice - on the Tudor map both archery and
gunnery can be seen, and by the early 1600s some 6000
soldiers exercised here twice weekly. As the Honourable
Artillery Company, the amalgamated bodies of artillery
finally moved to Fmsbmy in 1611, and the Artillery Gmund,
whose outline was marked by broad arrows in bronze on the
walls (one or two still survive), was sold for housing
development in the 1680s. The century of occupation is
reflected in the street names on the site -Artillery Lane, Gnn
Street, Fort Stleet - though the oft repeated claim that the
bronze bollards still to be seen in this area are actually old
his period, may be only local folklore.
cannon from t
The area facing the Institute mirrored over many centuries the
changing face of local welfare. The church of S t Botolph
dated from the early 13th century, and its near neighbour, the
hospital of St. Mary of Bethlehem, founded by Simon
FitLMary in 1247, was one of London's first lunatic asylums,
eventually giving its name to the English language in the
corrupted form of Bedlam. S t Botolph's was rebuilt in the
1720s by James Gould and George Dance the Elder, Bedlam
moved to a grander building in Moorfields after the Great
F
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e of 1666, and eventually to Sonthwark in the early 19th
centmy. During the Tudor and Stuart periods the City suburb
of Bishopsgate was developed as the location of a number of
mansions belonging to weal
ants - Crosby Hall by
Sir John Crosby in the 148
's House by Sir Paul
Pindar at the turn of the 17th century, Dashwood House by
Sir Francis Dashwood in Devonshire Square, in 1682. In
1649 the City of London opened its fust workhouse in
Bishopsgate; the building was demolished in 1830.
The late 18th century saw the constroction of the warehouses
of the East India Company, on land between Devonshire
Square and Petticoat Lane; these eventually passed to the Port
of London Authority, to be redeveloped in the 1970s as
Cutlers Gardens. This period also saw the zenith of the
coaching inns which dotted the Bishopsgate landscape the
White Hart, the Green Dragon, the Bull. All were to fall
victim to a new and devastating mode of transport in the early
19th century - the railways. The Eastern Counties Railway
Company opened its first station at Shoreditch in 1839
(shortly to be completely redeveloped), but more than 25
years passed before the North London opened two stations in
the area,Broad Street in 1866 and Live~poolStreet in 1875.
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The displaced inhabitants (the Liverpool Street site had
been covered by a rabbit warren of interlocking alleyways
and covered cul-de-sacs) traipsed forlornly over the border
into Shoreditch, turning it into an almost instant slum. It
was probably no accident that Bishopsgate's police station
arrived in 1866 (predecessor of the present building), and
the fire station in 1885 (now redeveloped behind the main
facade). The City of London Theatre, on the border with
Norton Folgate, had already fallen victim to the march of
the railways. The former mansions reopened as gin palaces
or restaurants; a Congregational Chapel (1838) fought a
losing battle against the relentless pressure of the slums,
which filled every fetid alley on both sides of Bishopsgate.
A shining light in the gloom of the late 19th century was
the Rector of S t Botolph's, Rev. William Rogers,
incumbent from 1863-96. Rogers founded schools for the
poor of the neighbourhood, notably the Bishopsgate School
for Girls in Spital Square (1892); his advocacy of secular
education in these schools earned him the nickname of
'Hang theology Rogers'. Rogers erected baths, wash hon~es
and drinking fountains, and opened public toilets in
Bishopsgate; he established soup kitchens in the winter for
the army of casual labourers attracted by the railway work,
and supported the Metropolitan Free Hospital in
Devonshire Square, founded in 1836. He managed to
squeeze £75W compensation from therzilway company for
its demolition of St. Botolph's sister church, All Saints,
Skinner Street (1830-66). and in the last years of his life, in
a parish whose population was visibly declining (from
11000 in 1863 to 5000 in 1880). and barely emerging from
the lurid notoriety of the Jack the Ripper murders, Rogers
oversaw the establishment and building of his pride and
joy, the Bishopsgate Institute.
The origin of the Bishopsgate Institute is to be sought in the
small local charities which accrued to the church of St.
Botolph, in the f o m of donations, wills and bequests, over a
period of almost 400 years. Rumours were rife in the 19th
century that funds had been misappropriated, and charities
diverted from their original purpose. A Royal Commission
on the charities of the churches in the City of London was
insmmental in establishing the City of London Parochial
Charities Act of 1883, under which the individual charities
were consolidated, and provided for the administration of
the income to purposes beneficial to the inhabitants of the
parish and the public generally. The five largest parishes,
including St. Botolph Bishopsgate, were exempted from the
Act, and allowed to retain the management of their own
charitable endowments. The scheme was formally approved
on February 23rd 1891. and this booklet marks the
centenary of that scheme. SimiIar schemes were introduced
at St Giles, Cripplegate, and St. Bride, Heet Street, and the
City Parochial Foundation was set up in 1891 to administer
them.
The oldest charity involved in the Bishopsgate consolidation
was that founded by Alderman John Steward in 1481, and
the most recent that of Martha Nash in 1862. In all, 52
charities were included, the greater majority established
before 1700. A few may be notcd. In 1644 the sum of £2
was left by Joan Ford to defray the cost of a 'love Feast', at
which people in dispute could meet and be reconciled. By
1878 this feast had expanded into a 'charitable' dinner
costing about £60. The Rev. Pit1 gave 60 penny loaves to the
poor of the parish, to be distributed yearly on Whitsunday at
8 o'clock, from his tomb in Elwin's Garden, Broad Street
Buildings, now somewhere under Liverpool Street Smtion.
The new scheme did not receive universal approval.
Blackwood's -Magazine, in a rather flippant article,
commented 'There was an instance the other day of the
alienation of a charitable hust which is so glaring in its
foolishness as to catch the general attention. Somebody in
Bishopsgate some hundreds of years ago left a smn of money
to supply flannel petticoats for poor women. Now, it is almost
incredible that so golden an age can have come to
Bishopsgate. as that flannel petticoats for poor women are no
longer required there. The flannel petticoats have been
converted into a Free Library! Books may come and books
may go, but flannel is a perennial need and it is improbable
that any member of the human race, even in the millenium,
wiU be able to do without it. And to think that we have done
away with that in order that a number of louts may have a
nice warm room in which to read the worst novels and the
sporting news in the papers and neglect their natural work! It
is impossible to imagine a more unpardonable interference
with a dead man's will." In fact, it was Rogers himself, in his
Reminiscences (1888), who had originated the reference: "It
is not that we scatter shillings and deal out souptickets and
write ordersfor flannel petticoats We do neither these things
nor the like of them."
Charles Harrison Townsend 1851-1928
architect of the Institute
and consisted of the following members: Arthur Coleman,
Frederick Dadswell, Horatio Davies, Frank Desmond,
Richard Evans, Thomas Gower, Rev. Thomas Grear, Rev.
Robert Hadden, Noel Johnson, Charles More, George Palmer,
Thomas Robinson, Evan Spicer,
Teetgen, Edward
Maunde Thompson, Alfred WagstaE and Charles Webb,
under the chairmanship of Rogers. One of these members,
Frank Desmond, proved an embarrassment when it was
discovered in the autumn of 1893 that he had been convicted
of a criminal offence. An immediate request that he should
resign was ignored by Desmond, and the board were forced to
resort to the Charity Commissioners to have him removed.
Of the consolidated income, f1014 was set aside as pensions
to 39 p r inhabitants of the parish, £400 provided as
emergency medical relief for the poor, £260 as rent charges
Site of Bishopsgate Institute 1838 (Tallis)
Under the Bishopsgate Foundation Scheme, a board of
govemors was appointed: the Rector and churchwardens of
St. Botolph Bishopsgate; two representatives appointed by the
City Parochial Foundation; ten elected by the parish; and one
from the Aldgate Foundation. The last no longer exists, but
the number of governors has been maintained at 15. The
governors are appointed for life, or until they feel inclined to
re&, on the other hand, the post carries no remuneration. In
the fust few decades, there was no fixed length of tenure for
the chairman; since the 1930s. this has been reylarised to 3
years. Two chairmen have served two successive terms of
office - Cuthkrt Harrowing, and Osben Angell, while John
Hoare is the only chairman to have died in offce. A full list
of chairman is given at the kont The fust board, appointed in
1891, was composed of local business men and small traders,
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Foundation stone ofthe Institute
Bishopsgate in 1870. The police station now stands opposite the site of this building,
whose Tudorfrontage was removed to the Wctoria & Albert Museum in 1890.
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the establishment of the Bishopsgate Institute. The site,
between Bishopsgate, B~shiieldS m t and Duke S a t (now
Fort Street) was bonght from the executors of a former Lord
mayor, Sir Thomas Scarnbler Owden, in June 1887 for
£28516. For most of the 19th cen!my, the site had k e n
covered by Stapleton's livery stables, which went into terminal
decline on the opening of the railway stations in the 1870s. In
the last years before the Institute, part of the site was occupied
by an oyster bar.
The Governors of the Foundation decided, in consultation with
MacVicar Anderson, President of the R.I.B.A., to organise a
competition for the design of the building. This was won by
the candidate using the pseudonym "Halfpenny StampPPCharles Harrison Townsend, whose previous work haci
consisted chiefly of church restoration. Townsend's design
called down on his head much the same sort of vituperation
which Richard Rogers amacted some 75 years later with his
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style of American architect H.H. Richardson, the building in
fact bridged the two prevailing styles of the Arts and Crafts
movement, and the Art Nouveau movement which was
sweeping in from the continent in the early 1890s. The local
builders J.T. Chappell, who had submitted the lowest tender
of £24933, proved unable to complete the work, and the bulk
of the building was completed by John Mowlem and
Company. In one of the basement rooms is a cobbled floor,
which may be all that remains of the livery stahles, though
when extension work was k i n g carried out on the entrance in
the 1970s. several workmen commented on the aroma of
horse manure under the flm! Townsend went on to design
the Whitechapel Art Gallery (1899) and the Horniman
Museum (1901).
The foundation stone of the Institute was laid on May 13th
1893 by W i Rogers, the ceremony being attended by
nearly 500 people. Eighteen months later on November 24
1894, the institute was formally opened by the Prime Mister,
Lord Rosebery, supported by the Lord Mayor and Sheriffs, and
including a future Prime Minister, Herbert Asquith. Prior to
the ceremony, Rogers was entertained to lunch at the Mansion
House where he was presented with his pomait in oils, to mark
his 75th biiday. Almost inevitably, his remarks on flannel
petticoats were included in Rogers' qmch of welcome, while
Lord Rosebery's comments on the same subject were
incorporated into almost all of the press reports of the opening
in the following week
The Institute had been constructed to comprise a large hall
with seating accomodation for 500, a lending library with
50,000 volumes (of which some 20,000 were already on the
shelves at the opening), and a reference library for 10,000
volumes. On the first floor was a reading room with newspaper
stands and tables to accomodate 250 readers. This latter was
smctly segregated, with separate entrances for men and
women, and a porter to patrol the divide and ensure that the
sexes never met The room continued for this purpose until
World War 11, when it was closed down, being converted in
the late 1940s to a more functional use, initially as a
restaurant, later for leisure activities, and since the 1960s for
Rev. William Rogers by A.S. Cope 1894
Presented to him on his 75th birthday.
mu exluu~uuns.3u11lt:~ l l e r n ~ULr sj u n w u IIUL
easily forget the activities of the Puffm Club, which used the
room for their annual children's party on more than one
occasion in the 1980s.
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Rogersr failing health led to the library being opened on
On the first day, 4,500 application f o m s were issued to
potential borrowers (no lending library financed by the rates
existed in the City of London, and several of the surrounding
local authorities were proving laggard in implementing the
Public Libraries Act - the so-called Penny Rate). The first
ULC L I C ~ U L ~ L I I ~ I I I Z L I , I Y U ~ L L JUIIIIWII.
Humourous drmaric reciral by Professor W7lliam Miles, March 15 1910. One of the gentlemen at
fhe back on the left bears a marked resemblance to Dr. Crippen!
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Librarian, Ronald Heaton, had once reputedly been a
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nnls tenure was snort,
anu> ne res~gneuin
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over what he called "the bad adminishation " of the library.
The dispute revolved around the adoption of an open-access
system for issuing books. The arrival of Heatonnssuccedor,
Charles Goss, who had started his library career at
Sunderland, and had recently been dismissed from Lewisham
Library after a protracted row with that body's chairman,
Theoph'i W h s , was the signal for a long-drawn out
attempt to convince the Governors of the total impracticability
of the open-access system. Goss based his arguments chiefly
on the level of thefts (nearly 700 in his first year), and the
utter futility of allowing members of the public to browse
among the shelves - "they can never make up their minds, and
merely get in each others way". In 1901 Cotgrave's indicator
boards were insralled for the closed-access system at a cost of
£700. At the same time, Goss issued the f i t volume of a
comprehensive catalogue of the Lending Library stock (at 7s.
6 4 ,followed by a supplement a decade later. By Easter 1895
it was reported that 160,000 people had visited the Reading
Room, and that lone Queuesformed daily outside the Lending
Library. Rogers died on January 19th 18%; he is shown in
middle age in an oil portrait in the Board Room (by Al6ed
Bishop 1879) aand in later life in a marble bust (by F.J.
Williamson 1889) in the entrance. As a mark of their aopmval
CP the building, Walter Crane des;igned the I
@late,
vvhile in 18:27, shortly after the dcath of her :
7illiam
t . x m books from the
Morris, his widow Jane prese
Kelmscott Press - "Sidonia the Sorceress", and "The Well at
the World's End".
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The euphoria of the early weeks did not last. By May of 1895
there were already complaints, of the type voiced in the City
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Press by "Houndsditch": "Although the system (i.e. the open
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:m me unuurg ~ ~ m a r ywa)s men mucn
access
sysEm
eulogised I greatly fear that they have simply judged from a
theoretical point of view in the morning or about 3 oSclockin
the afternoon - periods when every ordinary business
individual finds it
to make application. Otherwise the
p r wight is destined to waste much of his time in company
with a corridor full of patient (!) borrowers. Perhaps to some
extent this inconvenience is inevitable, but it might certainly
be lessened if a staff of qualified assistants were engaged.
When one has eventually passed the awkward turnstile he is
entirely at a loss to know where to lay his hand upon any
particular volume, the catalogue for this purpose being
useless; and if he is either short of stature or near-sighted it is
absolutely impossible for him to discern what books rest upon
the top two shelves. To the majority of business people 10
days is inmflicient
for the perusal of a volume, the popuku 15
days being none too long". Later correspondents advocated a
rail for a queue, the use of a date stamp(!) and Sunday
opening.
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The library pest was early on the scene. In May 1897, Victor
Brooke was convicted at the Central Criminal Court of
stealing books from the reference library, and was sentenced
to 3 years penal servitude. In 1904, James Leversuch was
prosecuted for mutilating a copy of the 'Eraain the reading
room; the magistrate, at the court hearing, told him:"We must
put a stop to this. You will be fmed 20s., and the value of the
paper or 14 days. It is very desirable that a notice of these
convictions should be posted up, so that people may know
what they are liable to for this sort of thing. The Attendant:
We put up a notice about 12 months ago but no one read it.
The majority of these people who come in think they can do
The site of the Institute I892
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taught differently". It appears that the Institute had
something of an identity problem in its early years; when the
caretaker was interviewed in 1899, he noted that "One
ingenious person entered with a pair of roller-skates in one
hand and asked to be diiected to the rink. On Saturday a
gentleman, carrying a Gladstone bag, and with a travelling
m g thrown over his arm, rushed up and asked when the train
left. But the most disconcerting experience was when a
young woman entered and demurely asked '1s this a
malrimonial agency?". Her disappointment was quite
saddening when informed that marriages were not performed
there".
It had always been intended that the Insrk~ieshould be much
more than just a library, and evening lectures, sometimes
three or four times a week, were started in 1896. Nearly
16,000 attended these lectures in the year 1897-98 and they
were supplemented by educational classes in bookkeeping,
shorthand, languages, etc. Well-known speakers were
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Teny, Bransby Williams, Harry Furniss, George Sims and
most memorably, the explorer Ernest Shackleton, whose
lectures in the winter of 1910 packed the hall to capacity - at
2s. 6 6 for back seats and 5s. for stalls.
Lunch time concerts have a long ancestry at the Institute, and
their popularity was geatly enhanced by the installation of a
magnificent organ in November 1913. Constructed by
Brindley and Foster to a specification drawn up by Sir
Frederick Bridge, the organ featured a carillon stop, and
Bridge composed a special piece based on the theme of Bow
Bells for the opening concert, dedicated to the Governors of
the Foundation. Sadly, no transcript of it seems to have
survived. Early in 1914, Reginald Goss-Custard was
appointed official organist to the Institute - the fust and (as it
turned out) last such appointment - and recitals were given
twice weekly, on Tuesday lunchtimes and Friday evenings.
Although the evening concerts were never very popular,
Goss-Custard had notched up 1MX) recitals by 1929, includimg
The site of the Institute 1892 - looking out into Bishopsgarefrom the inner courtyard
several performances on radio in the early 1920s. On the
outbreak of war in 1939, these performances ceased, and did
not resume until 1947. By then the vogue for organ recitals
had declined dramatically, and a few performances in the
early 1950s were poorly attended (GossCusmd had retired in
1945). An attempt in 1971 by a long-time con& goer,
Joshua Knott, to revive the recitals was unsuccessFu1, and in
July 1972, faced with spiralling costs for its maintenance, the
Governors decided to have the organ removed. Efforts to fiid
an authority to house the organ were unavailing, and sadly, it
had to be demolished by sledge-hammer, a few of the larger
pipes lingering in the basement for almost a decade. Today,
the grilles on the side of the stage mark the site of the
entrances to the organ loft - the only visible trace of the
M)-years old instrument
Goss had always been keenly interested in local history, and
he wasted no time in building up a magnificent collection on
the history and topography of the inner London area, buying
extensively at auction (notably at the Huth sales in the early
years of the century), and patronising the major antiquarian
dealers. He was especially interested in London directories,
and in later years published the first bibliography on the
subject (1932). But he was also keen to establish the Institute
as the location of a special collection, and an opportuniry
arose in 1905 with the acquisition of the personal library of
George Howell, who had been MP for Bethnal Green
North-East in the 188Os, and earlier secretary to the Reform
League and the Plimsoll Committee. Howell had also been
active in the early trade union movement, and his collection
of early reports, rules and papers was regarded as one of the
finest in private hands.A subscription was raised to provide
Howell with a pension in his penniless old age and a suitable
library found to house his collection, after efforts to sell it at
auction had been rebuffed. The single most famous
manuscript in the collection is the Minute Book of the First
International Working Men's Association, 1866-69, whose
history Howell at one time hoped to write. This fmt meeting
of what later became the Communist International, is
celebrated particuhly from the incIusion of Karl h k x as one
of the delegates, and the manuscript remains a key document
in the history of international Communism. In the following
year, 1906, the Institute acquired half of the personal library
of George Jacob Holyoake, the pioneer of the Co-operative
Movement Mrs. Holyoake-Marsh divided her father's
collection between the Institute (which got the manuscripts,
diaries, books, pamphlets and magazines) and the
Cooperative Union in Manchester, which acquired the
correspondence. Faced with two major collections both
needing considerable exm space, an opportunity was sought
to open an extension at the back of the Reference Library.
Designed by Franklin Gadsden, and built by Ashby Bros. for
£6000,the extension was opened on November 7th 1911,
once again by Lord Rosebery. A new offie was also built
-
unsubstantiated, Harrison was suspended, and only reinstaled
on signing a total abstinance pledge! He finally resigned in
1918. In 1912 Goss had to deal with an attempted suicide,
who swallowed cyanide of potassium in the corridor; a death
in the hall during a dance (from a heart attack): infernal
rackets from organ grinders in the street outside, and from the
employees of Leon's, a boot manufacturers in nearby Artillery
Lane, who catcalled and whiilled at users of the reading room
(''Why don't you get yourselves a proper job?"); and the
wholly unwelcome attentions of the local prostitutes "Street
women - The librarian reported that women of a certain class
were in the habit of paradimg opposite the Institute - the Clerk
was instructed to write to the Commissioner of Police*. By
then war was imminent The educational classes, never well
artended, were dropped in favour of activities such as choral
practices, while the hall was chiefly occupied by the military,
initially for recruiting meetings, and later for medical
examinations. Parties of war-wounded arrived regularly for
entertainment, and the Institute more than earned its wartime
sobriquet of "Patriotic Bishopsgate".
The Institute shortly after opening 1895
for the librarian with Howell's superb Victorian desk as its
chief feature (the desk happily survives), and an additional
book store constructed in the basement.
The years before the First World War brought additional
problems. One of the senior assistants, John Harrison, who
had been sacked from Bmmley Library in 1904 for having let
the fiction issues reach an unacceptably high level, was
accused in 1913 of being drunk on duty. Although a
committee of the Governors decided that the charges were
t
The Brindley and Foster organ in the hall in the days of its glory.
The inter-war years were largely those of consolidation. A
performance of Elgar's "Dream of Gemntins" conducted by
the composer, and broadcast by the B.B.C. from the hall in
1927, amcted a bnee crowd. The Reference Library was
involved in 2I bizarre affair over
usly-mentioned
Minute Book of the Fir:;t Intematic
manuscript was
used by the hirtrrrinn P Iurnma P"<
,stgate, in his history of the
Builders Union (1923), but he was one of the last to see it. In
1919, one of the governors, David Anidjar Romain, had
decided that the book was nothing less than a blueprint for
Red Revolution, and insisted on its immediate banning and
incarceliltion in the shungroom. This of course, merely led to
an increased demand for use; fmally in 1933, during Romain's
absence on holiday, it was offered to the British Museum in
order to rid the Institute of its baleful presence. This ran
totally counter to Romain's wishes - that nobody, anywhere,
should ever see iS on his return, be had the offer rescinded,
and the offending volume locked up in a safe deposit box in a
u
.,.,
,.
A
The organ in the late 1940s. The hallfloor
is marked outfor table tennis.
13
.
. .. ~~-~
~~
~
Walter Crane's original drawi.ngfor the
Institute bookplate 1894.
local baik from which it was belatedly rescued in 1941, at
the instance of the Soviet Ambassador in London, Ivan
Maisky, who had requested permission to make a facsimile
for the Lenin Library in Momw. His initial request was, as
usual, refused (the approach had been made through the News
Chronicle), but a letter hum Winston Churchill led to a swift
change of heart on the part of the board. Maisky's wife and a
secretary spent several years making the transcript which was
e v e n M y published in Moscow in 1950.
Board of governors on tour ofinspection
at the UUndenvood Estate c1900
A corner of the new reference library 1914
Lending Library was visibly deteriorating dming this
period. The closed access system, long abandoned elsewhere,
continued relentlessly owing to Goss's dogged refusal to
consider any alternative. This tended to give the library the air
of a museum - it used to infuriate Goss when library students
turned up to examine a system obsolete for more than 30
years throughout the rest of the country. The hopelessly
outdated catalogue was now totally useless for practical
plrrposes. There were times when the library almost ground to
T
i
&
Outside the Institufe 1923
a halt; only the outbreak of World War 11 kept the system
intact until 1945. Goss himself, heartbroken at the destruction
of the Guildhall Library during the fire-bomb raid in
December 1940, finally retiredin the Spring of 1941, aged 77,
after 44 years as librarian; he died in 1946. Uncertain how to
proceed, (two members of the Board had not even been bom
at the time Goss took up office) the Governors left the
a.,.,,,..,,; for choosing his successor in the hands of the
newly elected Librarian of Wesbninster, Lionel McColvin.
The choice fell on Archibald Gritten, who had been Librarian
of Eastbourne; his f i t act, in the Summer of 1946, was to
close the Library for two months, scrap the indicator boards,
and finally convert the Lending Library to open access.
Saturday opening was another casualty at this period.
Early in the war, the Hall and other rooms were requisitioned
by the Corporation of London as an AR.P Depot, though the
libraries continued to function throughout. The special
collections were sent away to be stored in a slate quarry in
Wales, and latterly in the basement of the Bodleian Library at
Oxford: ironically, the Institute, which had been heavily
sandbagged at the outset, was barely damaged at all during
the war, despite the saturation bombimg of Liverpool Sheet
opposite. Only the glass in the Reference Library dome was
blown out, to be replaced after the war by the present pattern,
which is much plainer than Townsend's exotic design. More
uagically, at the same time the superb double bronze gates
crowned with a sun-burst decoration, were removed and sold
for scrap - it was said that they had rusted up and the present
insensitive e n m c e installed. A magnificent marble fmplace
in the boardmom was similarly disposed of at this time;
Victorian architecture had reached its lowest ebb in the
post-war years.
The Institute however, played its part in the war effort, despite
the depredations. Concerts by famous pianists were given in
the hall, in spite of its evening use by the A.R.P., often for
target practice(!): Myra Hess was a frequent performer, and in
memory of these concerts, her Steinway grand piano was
acquired in 1966 after her death. At the height of the war, the
City Music Society was founded by Ivan Sumn and a group
of musicai fiiends in 1943; after a few years of wandering
between such venues as the Chanered Insurance Institute and
the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, the Society took
former reading-room blossomed into a fully-developed
restaurant, which moved to more congenial premises in a
former lumber room in the basement; sadly economic
conditions in the 1970s pmved impssible to overcome, and
the restaurant closed in 1985. Several of the ladies who
helped to maintain the restaurant served over 25 years in the
kitchen.
George Howell (1833 - 1910). Photograph c1885
up permanent residence at the Institute in 1947. The first
concert here was given by Louis Kentner, and he rehnned in
1983 for the 1000th. Many well-hown musicians have made
their debut at a Music Society concert over the 48 years
during which Ivan Sntton has directed its fortunes, while
AJP. Taylor, t
k histcrian, w s president from 1975 until his
death in September 1990.
In the mid-1950s, a jazz group applied to perform in the hall;
the board asked the librarian, Gritten, to report on their
playing, and he duly sat through a performance at their Soho
"dive". To the board's credit, it ignored Gritten's adverse
report, and sanctioned the concert, which pmved extremely
popular, and led indirectly to the Jazz Society which gave
regular performances in the hall during the early 1960s;
members of Johnny Dankworth's band were freqnent visitors.
The formation of the Bishopsgate Club in 1947 was the
brainchild of Cuthbert Harrowing, the longest-serving of all
governors (1931-81). Harrowing, as a newly-appointed
governor in the mid-thirties, had won a narrow vote to open
the hall w badminton and table-tennis, and their popularity in
the post-war period was extended in the Club, which also
included snooker and old-time dancing. (One reason for the
partial replacement of the wood blocks in the hall floor was
the damage caused by stiletto heels during the 1950s!). The
club flourished for some 15 years, until the lure of television
caused it to go into terminal decline, and it was wound up in
1962. During the same period, a war-time sandwich bar in the
Length of service was, indeed, a feature of many of the
Institute staff over the last century. Goss's 44 years has
aleady been mentioned, today, one of the library staff can
still remember him - just. Goss's successor, Archibald
Gritten, was forced to retire prematurely through illness in
1962, after a mere 21 years, while Goss's long-time deputy,
Frederick Cudlip, soldiered on fmm 1900 to 1948. Herbert
Hutt, who was briefly at Cripplegate Institute after World
War 11, served as clerk from 1946 to 1981. Gritten was
succeeded by Ivor Dawson, but his term as librarian was cut
short by his decision to move to the Corporation of London
Libraries in 1966 in the wake of the successful negotiations by
the Corporation to take over the Lending Library. Under the
provisions of the new Public Libraries Act of 1965, the
Corporation found itself without a Lending Library, and
entered into immediate terms with the three exisring Institutes.
Cripplegate and St. Bride's, both less well<ndowed than
Bishopsgate, agreed on total takeovers; Bishopsgate, realsing
that the ever-increasing costs of m i n g two large libraries
would evenndly exceed the limits of its endowments, agreed
that the Lending Library should become a branch of the
Corporation Libraries, while the Reference Library and all
other functions would continue to be maintained by the
Foundation. 25 years later, this is still the position today.
These upheavals led to a complete refurbishment of the
Lending Library, and the eventual innoduction of computer
charging in the mid-1980s, shortly after Dawson's successor,
Denis Harding had himself retired in favour of Malcolm Key.
The Reference Library was reconstituted with its own
George Jacob Holyoake (1817 - 1906)
painting by Felix Moscheles 1903
Charles Goss in early 1920s
Charles Goss in 1940
staff, and an opportunity taken to update the furniture and
other equipment in the mom, until then substantially that of
Townsend's time -as the photograph, taken 1914, will testify.
After the two collections acquired by the reference Library at
the tum of the century, 75 years passed before any further
were added - and then, in the early 1980s, several such
collections were added within a short space of time. The
Library of the National Secular Society was deposited on
permanent loan in 1981, including the substantial (over 3000
items) and unique collection of materials on the life and
career of Charles Bradlaugh, assembled by his daughter.
Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner; in 1982 the archives of the
London Co+perative Society were deposited, covering the
histom of the society since its origins in various local
cwperative societies in the Greater London area, from the
n~iddleof tlle 19th cenitury; in more recent years, the library
of the Free,,.An", qnri
,--.ety, the pioneer East End anarchist
organisation has been acquired, as well as part of the
cooperative collection of the ICA pioneer, Paul Derrick. The
~
~
,...
London collection has continued to be maintained, and is now
in urgent need of more accomodation.
Over most of this century, the Institute has been home to a
number of organisations, which have used this accomodation
as their headquarters. The London & Middlesex
Archaeological Society had its offices at the Institute fiom
1910-1976. when it left for new premises in the Museum of
London: the British Archaeological Society used part of the
basement for storage purposes from the 1940s until the late
1960s; the London Topographical Society has used another
basement room as offices since 1961; the Incorporated
Phonographic Society has had its offices at the Instute since
1981: the religious group, Christian Life, had a briefer
existarice at the Institute from 1986-1989. Both the London
Philharmonic Choir and the London Symphony Chorus have
used the Institute's hall for practice for severai decades now,
and store their scores in the basement. Two chess societies, as
well as the City of London Boy Scout coupe (the Lord
Mayor's Own) use the Institute as their meeting place, while
the former caretaker's tlat, bwlt on the side ot the lnst~tutem
Brushfield Sireet, was converted into offices after the
caretaker ceased to reside on the premises; it has been
tenanted by the City Arts Trust since 1982.
Herbert Hutt retired as Clerk in 1981, to be succeeded by
William Doyle, who was instrumental in creating an art
gallery in the main comdor; this has shown both
contemporary artists and photographers, and is always
heavily booked for exhibitions. It was used by the
Whitechapel Art Gallwy in 1987-88, for temporaxy shows,
while their own building was closed for extension work.
The Hall has, in the last few years, been extensively restored
and redecorated - woodwork, painting and lighting - and
more recently, the entrance has had a similar treatment It is
hoped, as part of the celebrations for the centenary of the
Foundation, to recreate the entrance gates, so wilfully
removed 45 years ago. At the same time, the Institute is
contemplaung, wirn a cerraln amount or rrepiuanun, rnc
massive changes in the surrounding area - the rebuilding of
Liverpool Street Station and the erection of Bmadgate, the
"Covent Garden of the City" - and the forthcoming
redevelopment of the Spitalfields Market area, behind the
Institute, which bids fair to continue well into the next
millenium.
A hopeful portent for the f u m can be seen in the recent
election of the first woman to the Board of Governors. In the
concrete canyon which will be the Bishopsgate of the 1990s.
the Bishopsgate Foundation still feels that it has a role to play
in the lives of all those who can see beyond the M e 1
petticoats to the achievementof William Rogers.
THE CHARITABLE GIFT FUNDS BELONGING TO THE PARISH OF
ST. BOTOLPH WlTHOUT BISHOPSGATE, LONDON, AS RECORDED IN 1876.
Dec 1 1481. John Steward gave f 12 in will for coal to be distributed to the poor.
Oct 27 1567. Sir Wiiliam M e n gave £6 by indenture for bread to be distributed weekly to the poor.
May 6 1568. Robert Ripley gave in will the rent charge on 181 BishopsgateWithout to purchase 2 loads of charcoal for
the poor.
1579. Margaret Dean gave in will to the Ironmongers' Company a large sum whose profits were to be employed in
charity in the ward.
Feb 8 1582. Mary Wilkinson, gave in will a rent charge on "the Candle Honse" to purchase 2 loads of charcoal for the
poor; her late husband, Paul W i i s o n , gave, Jan 29 1582, another rent charge on "the Brick House" to augment the
pift.
1584. Sir Stephen Scudamore gave funds in will for coals to be given to the poor.
Oct 22 1600. Joan Wood gave in will £23 based on an estate in Half Moon Alley, for bread and coals to be disnibuted
to the poor.
1602. Peter Collet gave in will 2 rent charges for bread to be given to the poor; one on 105-108 Bishopsgate Without,
the other on certain houses in Gingerbread Court.
Oct 7 1603. Morgan Thomas gave in will 2 rent c h q e s on 105-108 Houndsditch andPhil's Buildings, Houndsditch,
for bread to be given to the poor.
Oct 20 1618. Susannah Ibell gave in will, through the Tallow Chandlers Company, £35 for coals to be distributed to the
poor.
Jul2 1622. Ralph Pindar gave in will £60 for bread to be distributed to the poor.
Feb 27 1626. Nicholas Reeve gave in will £406 for the sick aged and decayed poor of the parish: the money was
invested in the Bromley Estate.
1628. Edward Alleyne ordained that 5 men & 5 womcn from the parish be made Poor Brethren & Sisters of the College
of God's Gift, at Dulwich which he had founded, of whom 3 should be selected to reside in the college.
1628. Thomas Curzon gave £ 100 for clothing to be given to 36 widows, 18 to receive it every 2nd year.
1629. The Earl of Devonshire gave in will £ 100 to purchase an annuity, for bread to be dishibnted to the poor.
1630. Bernard Hyde gave money to the Salters' Company to be given to 18 poor widows and maidens of the parish, in
sums of 5 shillings each.
1632. William Avenon gave f 100 to the vesmy to purchase land
Sept 25 1633. Sir John Fenner in will gave f 11 to purchase Bibles to be given to the poor, as well as funds to the sick
and needy poor.
Dec 1 1633. Sir Paul Pindar gave £300 for the use of the poor generally.
1634. Mary Webster gave the rent charge on 44 Bishopsgate W~thontto purchase coals to be distributed to the poor.
1635. Captain John Greenhill gave f 100 to purchase clothing for 8 poor men, 4 of them to receive it every 2nd year.
Oct 19 1640. The Widow Paradine gave f 100 for the relief of the poor forever.
1641. Anthony Bailey g v e a rent charge on a house in Turnstile, HoIboin, to purchase bread to be dishlited to the
poor.
Jul 13 1644. Joan Ford gave in will her interest in an estate in Half Moon Alley, to provide pensims of £3 to 9 poor
widows, and the costs of a friendly meeting of the parishioners.
Apr 3 1655. Andrew Parhidge gave arent charge on a house in BishopsgateWithout to purchase coals to be given to
the poor.
Oct 6 1656. John Quince gave in will £60 to purchase bread for the poor, and defray expenses of a dinner to the parish
officers.
Feb 8 1658. John Marshall gave by indenture £50 to purchase coals and bread to be distributed to the poor for ever.
May 18 1658. George Carter gave a sum for bread to be dishibnted weekly to the poor.
Mar 24 1662. William Tutchin gave by indenture a tenement in Garland Court to be applied to purchase clothing for 3
poor men & 3 poor women, and to defray the cost of a dinner to ward and parish officers.
Ju126 1661. Edward &Jane Underwood gave f 100 to the parish to purchase house & land for the use of 16 poor
people residing in the 8 almshouses built by them, and for 12 outdoor pensioners.
1665. Viscountess Lnmley left money for 3 almswomen toreside on the UnderwoodEstate in Shoreditch.
Feb 3 1668. Griffith Owen gave in will f 1505 from the realization of his estate for the purchasing of land and houses
for the poor of the parish.
1673. Andrew Dandy gave in win money to the Merchant Taylors' Company to pay an annuity of £6 to 6 poor women
of the parish.
June 1678. Joshua Booth gave El00 to purchase bread to be distributed to the poor.
1683. Richard Mulford gave £200 to purchase clothing for 2 poor men and 2 poor women, to be weavers and
inhabitants of the parish.
Feb 13 1689. Andrew Willaw gave ground and tenements in Two Swan Yard to purchase clothingfor 12poor men and
12 poor women.
1702. Captain Russon & his daughter, Mrs Marriott each gave £5 to purchase clothing for 10 poor men and 10 poor
women.
1702. Samuel Saunders gave in will 5
3 to purchase clothing for 2 poor men & 2 poor women.
Jun 15 1711. Susannah Brereton gave 2 houses in One Swan Yard Gate to purchase clahing for 18 poor widows.
May 17 1731. Hannah Fyge gave in will a messuage called "The Fleece" in Newgate Sneet & Bagnio Court, to be
given in pensions to 10 widows.
1731. Anhur Batt gave f103 to be distributed to the poor of the parish.
Aug 9 1745. Mary Grignan gave in will f lOOO 3% Consols to be given in pensions to 10 poor widows.
Jun 8 1752. Henry Sanderson gave in will f600to be invested to provide for decayed housekeepers.
Jun 8 1820. Thomas Talbot Gorsuch gave in will f3W reduced 3%to repair family graves and gravestonesmd to
provide regular attendants at divine service with16 sums of 10 shillings each.
Feb 12 1821. Samuel Nash gave in will £50 3%Consols to keep his vault in repair.
Nov 30 1829. William Andrews gave in will £903 reduced annuities to be distributed in bread and coals to the poor of
the parish on the anniversary of his decease.
Apr 9 1845 Henry Scambler gave in will 3% stock amounting to £ 1865, to be given to 6 poor inhabitants of the parish
for their lives, who have been good and respectable members of society.
1862. Martha Nash gave f lOOO to invest in public funds, the income to be divided quarterly between 3 poor women.
Rev. Pin. See note on page 4.
BISHOPSGATE FOUNDATION
List of Duties and Emoluments of the Staff
May 1899
NAME.
OF'FICE AND DUTIES
F. D. Fitch
Clerk
:-To summon and attend Meetings of Board and Committees, keep the Minute and
Account Books and attend Audits, conduct Correspondence, Insme. Let and
Manage the Foundation properties, prepare Rent Roll and receive the I n m e
thereof from the tenants and the Library and Hall Receipts from the Librariq
prepare and sign cheques for and pay the several outgoings. give notices to and
pay pensioners and prepare lists of same, administer the Emergency Fund under
direction of the Committee, and advise the Governors generally. and to provide the
necessary staff in the Clerks OEce fmmm 11 till 4 daily, and 11 till 1 on Samday.
Salary (exclusive of about f30 per m u m for Commission on Fire h m c e
premiums, and about£ 16 16 0 per m u m registration fees).
D. R. Dale
Sarvqor
:-To attend Meeting and Officers when required and inrgect the prcperties of h e
Foundatia, including those at Sevenoaks. already or to te acquired, and prepare
plans, schehles and r e p m when necessary and generally advise therena to keep
up plan book to comply with requiremats of public authorities, and other duties
as ret out in his Agreement.
C. W. F. Goss
Librarian
:-To administer the business of the Institute and control the staff: select, purchase,
catabgue and r q r t upon the Books for lending and Reference Lilraries and
Literature f a Reading Rmm, also tomake arrangments for use of the Hall. attend
all meetings therein, manage and couoDl Societies and Classes, report monthly m
the Committee, and generally promote ihe success of the Institure.
Hugh Smith
Sul-Librmiorr
:- To assist in cataloguing the Books, keep the Lending and Reference Library
Stock Books and Donation Book, assist in correspmdence, check all books
purchased with Invoices and Superintend their collation, cutting. stampmg and
othcr necessary steps prior to their cirmlation, keep Bmdiing Bmk examining and
entering therein all books sent out for birding, examining and checking them on
their rerum; receive ail fees and issue Membership Cards for Classes md Musical
Societies, di~ectand control Staff including p n e r s under Librarian's slpervision.
and in his absence to be responsible for all his duties.
Miss A. N. Thomas
hissrant Librarian
:-To generally zssist the Librarian in lis several &ties, incluiing the use of the
J. J. Jacobs
Senior Artendant
:-To attend at Exit and relieve at Ennance Lending Library, inserting dates and
numbers of Books and Borrowers, conate and prepare bwks for Lendkg Library,
write Borrowers for re~iacementof lost books. check Reading Room Acwmts.
insert change of ~ o A w e r saddresses on Vouchers and Inbex Cards. assist
Sub-Librarian in receipt of Class Fees. and attend =,hen required in Pay Office, for
Concerts. Lectures. etc.
W. A. Reed
Senior Arrendant
:-To receive and account for Lending Library Fines and Desk Receipts, assist at
Entrance Lending Library at lunch times and when required. collate and prepare
books for Lending Library, check and pass Application F o m and prepare
Borrowers Tkkets, w~iteIndex Cards and Guarantor Cards; prepare
and maintain
. .
Lists of Borrowers containing numbers in each ward and street, with occupations
and sex; Write Borrowers in respect of damages books, examine, extract and cancel
expired Vouchers, allotting the; numbers for new applications, and attend when
required in Pay Office for Concerts. Lectures, e x .
J. C. Darby
:-To relieve at Entrance and Exit Lending Library and in Reference L i b r q when
required. inserting dates and nunlbcn of Books Borrowers, collate and prepare
books for Lending and Reference Libraries. enter up overdue Books and write
Bononers for their return. also to unte Borrowers for replacement or payment of
cost of books reported to be lost, and when paid for. ro enter Order Book for
replacement; examine imperfect tmoks and order replacement check and collate
second-hand bwks proposed for purchase; relieve when necessary at Musical
Society Meetings, and attcnd when required in Pay Office for Concerts. Lectures.
etc.
Scnior Artendmu
tpzu~iter.
SALARY PER ANNUM
G. A. Stephen
Senior Attendrmt
:- To keep Invoice, Accession, Petty Cash Voucher, and Stamp Books, index
Letters and Estimates, assist Snb-Librarian in receipt of Fees and issue of
Memtmshiu Cards for Classes and Musical Society and anend the latter, keeping
music and r-rd
of aumdanucs, awist Librarian with cont.cpondmce, including
use of Cvclostyle
- for circulars and copies of bookkeeping exercises weekly, print
posters, notices, etc., with hand ck
issue c i r ~ u l a r s , ~ ~ ~ r a mtickets,
m e s , erc to
manbas of Classes, Society and Board of Governors; stamp, wllate and a t
Books for Reference Library, assist in cataloguing the Books, and operate Lantern
at Insstilute Lectares.
E Painton
Junior Anendant
:-To auend at Entrance and relieve at Exit Lending Library, inserting dates and
numbers of Bmks and Borrowers also to relieve in Reference Library when
required, collate and prepare Ba,ks for Lending and Reference Libraries. check
amlicatious for Borrowers Tickets, index Letter Book, assist the Librarian with
typewriting. and attend when required in Pay Office for Concerts, Lectures, etc.
A A
C. A. Hanis
Boy Attend&
:-To anend at Exit and relieve at Entrance Lending Library, inserting dates and
numbers of Books and Borrowers, collate and prepare Books for Lending and
Kefermce Libraries, collalc Appltcaion Forms in n&crical order, and Guarantor
1ndL.x Cards and Ronowvrs Index Cards in alphahelical order, examine damaged
books and pockets and keep them in order, replace books on Lending Library
shelves returned by Bouowers, and to post letters, etc.
W. G. Peck
Boy Artendant
:-To relieve at Exit Lending Library, inserting dates and numbers of Books and
Borrowers, collate and prepare Bwks for Lending Library, replace books on
Lending Library shelves returned by Borrowers and generally keep that Library in
order and cancelBorrowers tickets when necessary.
A. E. Billington
Boy Attendrmt
:- To relieve at Exit Lendine.
- Library, insertiug.dates and numbers of Books and
Ronowm, wllatc and Feparc Books for Lending Library. replace Books on
Lcndinc Libran, shelves returned by Bormwen, and gcnnally keep that Library in
order, &d to cieck and count the pockets of the pre&dmg dayqsissueof Books.
1. Sweet
Reading R w m
Attemiani
:-To attend in the Reading Room, in Livery, from 9 3 0 a.m. to 9 3 0 pm. (relieved
for meals by C. W. Piggott, one of the porters), placing the newspapers and
magazines daily on the proper star~dsand tables, and generally keeping order in the
department
:-To s w i s e the porters and cleaners and with their assistance to keep the whole
of the building clean and in g i l d order, to stokc and keep in ordn the two hilers
for beating
whcn requind. to wear Lhe uniform p r o v i u . and relicvc the
- -purposes
porten at Entrance when necesrary, to receive the newspapers and magazines
placing advertisement sheets in the vesh%ule, opening the front gates at 7 am. and
the inner doors at 10 am. daily. ;~lsoto protect the Institute generally. having for
ld
the purpose all necessary keys, and residing in the house, No. 6, B r ~ s ~ eSueet.
provided for the purpose.
E Powney
Porter
:-To attend at 6.30 am. and assist the Caretaker in cleaning the Institute, atrend in
uniform at emance, and watch ths maps, &c.. in corridor, and generally act under
directions of the Caretaker.
C. W. PiggoU
Porter
:-To attend at 630 am., and assist the Caretaker in cleaning the Institute. anend in
Uniform at entrance, and watch the maps, &c.. in corridor, relieve Reading Rwm
Attendant for meals. and generally act under the diiections of the Caretakers.
W. Smith
Porter
:-To attend at 6.30 am., and assist the caretaker in cleaning the Institute, attend in
uniform at Eneance and watch the maps, etc., in Corridor, and generally act under
the directim of the Caretaker,
Mrs. Milham
CIeaner
:-To superintwd and assist in brushing and dusting the InstiNte building each
morning and evening and superintend the work done by Miss Wemham and the
Scrubbers.
Miss Wemham
CI-
:- To assist in brushing and dusting the Institute building each morning and
evening.
Scrubbers
:-These are engaged from eight la nine in number to scrub the wwden floors in
the buildine as reauired (the corridors beinp.
- kept
. clean by the porters) at an
average cost per m u m of
-