World War II casualties - Societa Italiana Storia Militare

World War II
casualties
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
World War II casualties
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
World War II was the deadliest military conflict in history. Over 60 million people were killed,
which was over 2.5% of the world population. The tables below give a detailed country-by-country
count of human losses.
Total dead World War II fatality statistics vary, with estimates of total dead ranging from 50
million to over 70 million.[1] The sources cited in this article document an estimated death toll in
World War II that range from approximately 60 to 80 million, making it the deadliest war in world
history in absolute terms of total dead but not in terms of deaths relative to the world population.
When scholarly sources differ on the number of deaths in a country, a range of war losses is given,
in order to inform readers that the death toll is disputed. Civilians killed totaled from 38 to 55
million, including 13 to 20 million from war-related disease and famine. Total military dead: from
22 to 25 million, including deaths in captivity of about 5 million prisoners of war.
Recent historical scholarship
Recent historical scholarship has shed new insight into the topic of Second World War casualties.
Research in Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union has caused a revision of estimates of
Soviet war dead.[2] Estimated USSR losses within postwar borders now stand at 26.6 million.[3] In
August 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) researchers estimated Poland's
dead at between 5.6 and 5.8 million.[4]
The German Army historian Rüdiger Overmans published a study in 2000 that estimated German
military dead and missing at 5.3 million.[5] War dead totals in this article for the British
Commonwealth are based on the research of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.[6]
Casualties listed here include about 4 to 12 million war-related famine deaths in China, Indonesia,
Vietnam, the Philippines, India that are often omitted from other compilations of World War II
casualties.[7][8]
Classification of casualties Some nations in World War II suffered disproportionally
more casualties than others. This is especially true regarding civilian casualties. The following chart
gives data on the number of dead for each country, along with population information to show the
relative impact of losses. Military figures include battle deaths (KIA) and personnel missing in
action (MIA), as well as fatalities due to accidents, disease and deaths of prisoners of war in
captivity. Civilian casualties include deaths caused by strategic bombing, Holocaust victims,
Japanese war crimes, population transfers in the Soviet Union, other War Crimes and deaths due to
war related famine and disease. Compiling or estimating the numbers of deaths caused during wars
and other violent conflicts is a controversial subject. Historians often put forward many different
estimates of the numbers killed during World War II.[9] The distinction between military and
civilian casualties caused directly by warfare and collateral damage is not always clear cut. For
nations that suffered huge losses such as the Soviet Union, China, Poland, Germany and
Yugoslavia, our sources can give us only the total estimated population loss caused by the war and a
rough estimate of the breakdown of deaths caused by military activity, crimes against humanity and
war related famine. The footnotes give a detailed breakdown of the casualties and their sources,
including data on the number of wounded where reliable sources are available.
Human losses by country
Total deaths
Human losses of World War II by country
(when the number of deaths in a country is disputed, a range of war losses is given)
(the sources of the figures are provided in the footnotes)
Total
population
1/1/1939
Country
AlbaniaA
AustraliaB
Austria (Germancontrolled)C
BelgiumD
BrazilE
F
Bulgaria
Burma (British)G
CanadaH
China I
CubaJ
Czechoslovakia (in 1938
borders)K
DenmarkL
Dutch East IndiesM
Estonia (within 1939
borders)N
1,073,000
Military
deaths
Civilian
deaths due
to
military
activity and
crimes
against
humanity
30,000
6,998,000
39,800
Included with
6,650,000
German
Army
Total
deaths
Deaths
as % of
1939
population
30,000
2.81
700
40,500
0.57
120,000
120,000
(see table
below)
8,387,000
12,100
75,900
88,000
1.05
40,289,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
0.02
6,458,000
22,000
3,000
25,000
0.38
22,000
250,000
272,000
45,400
45,400
3,000,000
7,000,000 10,000,000
517,568,000
to 4,000,000 to 16,000,000 to 20,000,000
4,235,000
100
100
1.69
0.40
(1.93 to
3.86)
0.00
16,119,000
11,267,000
15,300,000
25,000
300,000
325,000
2.12
3,795,000
2,100
1,100
3,200
0.08
3,000,000
3,000,000
to 4,000,000 to 4,000,000
(4.3 to
5.76)
69,435,000
Included with
the Soviet,
1,122,000 German, and
Finnish
Armies
50,000
50,000
4.44
5,000
95,000
100,000
0.6
3,700,000
95,000
2,000
97,000
2.62
FranceQ
41,700,000
217,600
including
colonies
350,000
567,600
1.35
French IndochinaR
24,600,000
GermanyS
69,850,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
to 1,500,000 to 1,500,000
1,500,000
7,000,000
5,500,000
to 3,500,000 to 9,000,000
20,000
320,000
300,000
to 35,100
to 335,100
(4.07 to
6.1)
(see table
below)
EthiopiaO
P
Finland
GreeceT
7,222,000
HungaryU
V
Iceland
India (British)W
IranX
Iraq'Y
17,700,000
9,129,000
300,000
119,000
4.5
280,000
580,000
6.35
200
200
0.17
378,000,000
87,000
1,500,000
1,587,000
to 2,500,000 to 2,587,000
(0.42 to
0.68)
14,340,000
200
200
0.00
3,698,000
500
500
0.01
IrelandZ
2,960,000
ItalyAA
44,394,000
301,400
(includes
10,000
African
conscripts)
JapanAB
71,380,000
2,120,000
Korea (Japanese Colony)AC
23,400,000
Latvia (within 1939
borders)AD
Lithuania (within 1939
borders)AE
LuxembourgAF
Malaya (British)AG
Malta (British)AH
MexicoAI
AJ
Mongolia
Nauru (Australian)AK
Nepal
Included with
the Soviet
1,951,000
and German
Armies
Included with
the Soviet
2,442,000
and German
Armies
200
0.00
153,200
454,600
1.03
500,000 2,620,000 to
to 1,000,000
3,120,000
378,000
378,000
to 483,000
to 483,000
(3.67 to
4.37)
(1.6 to
2.06)
230,000
230,000
11.78
350,000
350,000
14.33
295,000
2,000
2,000
0.68
4,391,000
269,000
100,000
1,500
100,000
1,500
2.28
0.56
19,320,000
100
100
0.00
819,000
300
3,400
300
0.04
500
500
14.7
284,000
301,000
3.45
100
100
0.03
11,900
0.73
6,500
9,500
0.32
15,000
15,000
1.17
Included with
6,000,000 British Indian
Army
BG
NetherlandsAL
8,729,000
Newfoundland (British)AM
included with
the U.K.
1,629,000
11,900
New ZealandAN
AO
Norway
Papua and New Guinea
(Australian)AP
Philippines (U.S.
Territory)AQ
Poland (within 1939
borders)AR
Portuguese TimorAS
Romania (within 1939
borders)AT
Ruanda-Urundi (Belgian)AU
Singapore (British)AV
South Africa
AW
South Pacific Mandate
(Japanese)AX
Soviet Union (within 1939
borders) AY
SpainAZ
200
17,000
300,000
2,945,000
3,000
1,292,000
16,000,000
57,000
500,000
557,000
to 1,000,000 to 1,057,000
(3.48 to
6.6)
34,849,000
240,000
5,380,000
5,620,000
to 5,580,000 to 5,820,000
(16.1 to
16.7)
500,000
19,934,000
300,000
40,000
to 70,000
40,000
to 70,000
(8.00 to
14.00)
500,000
800,000
4.01
50,000
(0.00 to
7.1)
6.87
11,900
0.12
57,000
3.00
9,000,000 13,000,000 23,000,000
to 11,000,000 to 15,000,000 to 24,000,000
Included with
25,637,000
the German
(see table
below)
4,200,000
0 to 300,000 0 to 300,000
728,000
10,160,000
1,900,000
168,524,000
50,000
11,900
57,000
Army
BA
Sweden
SwitzerlandBB
BC
•
•
•
4,210,000
100
100
0.00
2,000
7,600
0.04
200
0.00
17,370,000
Approx. Totals
•
0.01
TurkeyBD
YugoslaviaBG
•
600
15,023,000
United StatesBF
•
600
Thailand
United KingdomBE
•
•
•
•
6,341,000
47,760,000
131,028,000
15,400,000
2,000,000,000
5,600
200
383,800
including
67,100
450,900
colonies
416,800
(includes
Merchant
Marine
1,700
418,500
(9,500) and
Coast Guard
(1,900))
446,000
581,000
1,027,000
22,000,000 38,000,000
60,000,00
to 25,000,000 to 55,000,000 to 80,000,000
0.94
0.32
6.67
(3.17 to
4.00)
Figures for the individual nations are rounded to the nearest hundredth place.
Population in 1939 is taken from Population Statistics website.[10]
War losses are for the national boundaries of 1939.
Military casualties include deaths of regular military forces from combat as well as non-combat causes. Partisan
and resistance fighter deaths forces are included with military losses. The deaths of prisoners of war in captivity
and personnel missing in action are also included with military deaths. The armed forces of the various nations are
treated as single entities, for example the deaths of Austrians, Soviets, French and ethnic Germans in the
Wehrmacht are included with German military losses.
The official casualty statistics published by the governments of the United States, France and the UK do not give
the details of the national origin or race of the losses. The BBC has provided background on the Colonial
contributions to the British Empire war effort.[11][12]
Civilian casualties include deaths caused by strategic bombing, Holocaust victims, Japanese war crimes, population
transfers in the Soviet Union, Allied war crimes and deaths due to war related famine and disease. The exact
breakdown is not always provided in the sources cited.
Total Soviet losses in the postwar 1946–91 boundaries[13][14] were 26.6 million (13.5% of the total population of
196.7 million).[15]
Total Polish losses in the postwar 1946 boundaries[14] were about 3,600,000 (15.8% of the total population of 23.3
million).[16]
Total Romanian losses in the postwar 1946 boundaries[17] were 500,000 (2.5% of the total population of 15.9
million).[18]
Total losses of Czechoslovakia in the post war 1946–1991 borders were about 250,000 (1.9% of the total
population of 14.6 million).[19]
Third Reich Main article: German casualties in World War II
Human losses of the Third Reich in World War II (included in above figures of total war dead)
Country
Austria
Germany (within 1937 borders)
Ethnic Germans from other
nations
Soviet citizens in the German
military
Approx. Totals
Population
1939
6,650,000
69,300,000
6,700,000
Military
deaths
Civilian
deaths
Total
deaths
260,000
120,000
380,000
1,100,000 to 5,500,000 to
4,400,000
2,500,000
6,900,000
200,000 to
800,000 to
600,000
900,000
1,500,000
Deaths as
% of 1939
population
5.7
7.9 to 10.0
9.7 to 19.4
800,000
200,000
200,000
27.5
84,000,000
5,500,000
1,500,000 to 7,000,000 to
3,500,000
9,000,000
8.0 to 10.5
•
•
•
•
Sources for figures and details are listed in the footnotes for Germany and Austria [6]
Figure of 5.3 million military dead for Germany, Austria and the Ethnic Germans is taken from
the study by the German military historian Rüdiger Overmans.[5] Earlier estimates based on the
wartime records compiled by the German High Command (OKW) put total military dead and
missing at about 4.0 million men.[20] The estimated total of about 200,000 deaths of Soviet
citizens conscripted by Germany was made by the Russian military historian Grigoriy
Krivosheyev.[21]
Figure for Germany (within 1937 borders) of 5.5 million total deaths are those directly related to
the war, the higher figure of 6.9 million is demographic estimate of the total population loss
caused by the war.[22] The lower figure of 1.1 million civilian deaths are those losses directly
related to the war, persons killed in air raids and wartime evacuations, as well as victims of Nazi
persecution. The higher figure of 2.5 million includes a combined total of 1.4 million civilian
deaths due to war-related disease and famine in Germany during 1945–46 as well deaths in the
flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) and the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet
Union. The figures for expulsion losses in pre war German borders are currently disputed[23][24]
and range from 400,000 confirmed deaths[25] to 1,225,000 which is a demographic estimate
made in 1966 by the West German government.[26]
Figures for civilian deaths of Ethnic Germans from other nations are those deaths due to the
flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) and the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet
Union. The figures for these losses are currently disputed,[23][24] estimates of the total expulsion
deaths of the ethnic Germans range from about 200,000 confirmed deaths[25] to 886,000 which
is a demographic estimate made in 1966 by the West German government.[26]
USSR Main article: World War II casualties of the Soviet Union
Human losses of the USSR in World War II (included in the above figures of total
war dead)
Country
Soviet Union
(within 1939 borders)[7]
Deaths as
% of 1939
Population
populatio
n
9,000,000 13,000,000 23,000,000
13.6 to
168,524,000
to 11,000,000 to 15,000,000 to 24,000,000
14.2
Military
deaths
Civilian
deaths
Total
deaths
Estonia
(within 1939 borders)
Latvia
(within 1939 borders)
1,122,000
50,000
50,000
4.5
1,951,000
230,000
230,000
11.6
Lithuania
(within 1939 borders[27][28])
2,442,000
350,000
350,000
14.5
11,591,000
2,000,000
2,000,000
17.2
3,700,000
300,000
300,000
8.1
700,000
50,000
50,000
7.1
Poland,
Eastern Regions
(figures included with Poland)
Romania
Bessarabia and Bukovina
(figures included with Romania)
Czechoslovakia[8]–
Carpathian Ruthenia
(figures included with
Czechoslovakia)
Less: population transfers –
net[29][30][31]
(1,237,000)
Growth of population 1939–mid1941
Soviet deaths included in the
German military
Approx. Totals
•
•
•
•
7,923,000
220,000
197,000,000
220,000
9,000,000 16,000,000 26,000,000
to 11,000,000 to 18,000,000 to 27,000,000
13.5
Sources for figures and details are listed in the footnotes for the Soviet Union.[9]
Total population of USSR in June 1941 was 196.7 million within postwar 1946–1991 borders.[32] The
territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union included the Western Ukraine, Western Belarus and
the Vilnius region, not including the Białystok region (population 1,392,000) which reverted to
Poland after the war. The formal transfer of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union
occurred after the war in a treaty of August 1945. The source for population of the annexed regions of
Poland, Romania, the Baltic States and Czechoslovakia is League of Nations' Yearbook 1942–
1944.[33] The borders of the USSR in 1941 are de facto not de jure, the occupation of the Baltic States
by the USSR was considered illegal and never recognized by the United States.
The various sources published in Russia during the Glasnost era estimated from 26.0 million up to
46.0 million total war dead.[34] A study published by the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1993
estimated total population losses of 26.6 million from mid-1941 to 1945. This is the official Russian
government figure for total deaths due to the war.[32][35]
In 1993 the Russian Ministry of Defense issued a report authored by G. I. Krivosheev that put Soviet
military dead at 8,668,400. This is the official Russian government figure for total military deaths due
to the war.[36] S. N. Mikhalev of the History department of Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University
maintained that the official figures cannot be reconciled to the total men drafted and that POW deaths
were understated, he put the total military deaths at 10,922,000.[37] An alternative method to determine
Soviet war losses is the Russian Military Archives data base of individual war dead. S. A. Il'enkov, an
official of the Central Archives of the Russian Ministry of Defense, maintains: We established the
number of irreplaceable losses of our Armed Forces at the time of the Great Patriotic War of about
13,850,000.[38]
The estimated breakdown for each Soviet Republic of total war dead is as follows
Population
Military
Civilian
Soviet Republic
Total
1940
dead
dead
Azerbaijan
3,270,000
210,000
90,000
300,000
Armenia
1,320,000
150,000
30,000
180,000
Belarus
9,050,000
620,000
1,670,000 2,290,000
Estonia
1,050,000
30,000
50,000
80,000
Georgia
3,610,000
190,000
110,000
300,000
Kazakhstan
6,150,000
310,000
350,000
660,000
Kyrgyzstan
1,530,000
70,000
50,000
120,000
Latvia
1,890,000
30,000
230,000
260,000
Lithuania
2,930,000
25,000
350,000
375,000
Moldova
2,470,000
50,000
120,000
170,000
Russia
110,100,000
6,750,000
7,200,000 13,950,000
Tajikistan (See Note
1,530,000
50,000
70,000
120,000
Below)
Turkmenistan
1,300,000
70,000
30,000
100,000
Uzbekistan
6,550,000
330,000
220,000
550,000
Ukraine
41,340,000
1,650,000
5,200,000 6,850,000
Unidentified
–
165,000
130,000
295,000
Total USSR
194,090,000
10,700,000 15,900,000 26,600,000
•
•
Deaths as % of 1940
population
9.1%
13.6%
25.3%
7.6%
8.3%
10.7%
7.8%
13.7%
12.7%
6.9%
12.7%
7.8%
7.7%
8.4%
16.3%
13.7%
The source of the figures on the table is Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX
veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 pp. 23–35 Erlikman notes that these
figures are his estimates.
Figure of 15.9 million civilian war dead includes 3–4 million deaths due to war related
famine and disease in the interior regions not occupied by Nazi Germany.
•
Figures for Belarus and the Ukraine include about 2 million civilian dead that are also listed
in the total war dead of Poland.
• The Russian News Agency RIA Novosti puts the military losses of Tajikistan at 90,000
killed.[39]
Holocaust deaths Further information: The Holocaust Included in the above figures of total war
dead are the victims of the Holocaust.
Jewish deaths The Holocaust is the term generally used to describe the genocide of approximately
six million European Jews during World War II. Martin Gilbert estimates 5.7 million (78%) of the
7.3 million Jews in German occupied Europe were Holocaust victims.[40] Other estimates for
Holocaust deaths range between 4.9 to 6.0 million Jews.[41] Statistical breakdown of Jewish dead:
• In Nazi extermination camps: according to Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN)
researchers 2,830,000 Jews were murdered in the Nazi death camps (500,000 Belzec;
150,000 Sobibor; 850,000 Treblinka; 150,000 Chełmno; 1,100,000 Auschwitz; 80,000
Majdanek).[42] Raul Hilberg puts the Jewish death toll in the death camps, including
Romanian Transnistria at 3.0 million.[43]
• In the USSR by the Einsatzgruppen: Raul Hilberg puts the Jewish death toll in the area of
the mobile killing groups at 1.4 million.[43]
• Aggravated deaths in the Ghettos of Nazi-occupied Europe: Raul Hilberg puts the Jewish
death toll in the Ghettos at 700,000.[43]
[44]
• Yad Vashem has identified the names of four million Jewish Holocaust dead.
[45]
The figures in the table below are from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust.
Country
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic[46]
Denmark
Estonia
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary (borders 1940)[47]
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland (borders 1939)
Romania (borders 1940)
Slovakia
Soviet Union (borders 1939)
Yugoslavia
Total
Pre-war Jewish population Low estimate deaths High estimate deaths.[45]
191,000
50,000
65,000
60,000
25,000
29,000
92,000
77,000
78,300
8,000
60
116
4,600
1,500
2,000
260,000
75,000
77,000
566,000
135,000
142,000
73,000
59,000
67,000
725,000
502,000
569,000
48,000
6,500
9,000
95,000
70,000
72,000
155,000
130,000
143,000
3,500
1,000
2,000
112,000
100,000
105,000
1,700
800
800
3,250,000
2,700,000
3,000,000
441,000
121,000
287,000
89,000
60,000
71,000
2,825,000
700,000
1,100,000
68,000
56,000
65,000
9,067,000
4,869,860
5,894,716
Non-Jews persecuted and killed by the Nazis Some scholars maintain that the definition of the
Holocaust should also include the other victims persecuted and killed by the Nazis.[48][49] Estimates
of the death toll of non-Jewish victims vary by millions, partly because the boundary between death
by persecution and death by starvation and other means in a context of total war is unclear. Donald
Niewyk maintains that the Holocaust can be defined in four ways: first, that it was the genocide of
the Jews alone; second, that there were several parallel Holocausts, one for each of the several
groups; third, the Holocaust would include Roma and the handicapped along with the Jews; fourth,
it would include all racially motivated German crimes, such as the murder of Soviet prisoners of
war, Polish and Soviet civilians, as well as political prisoners, religious dissenters, and
homosexuals. Using this definition, the total number of Holocaust victims is between 11 million
and 17 million people.[50] According to the College of Education of the University of South Florida
Approximately 11 million people were killed because of Nazi genocidal policy.[51] R. J. Rummel
estimated the death toll due to Nazi Democide at 20.9 million persons.[52] Timothy Snyder put the
victims of the Nazis killed only as result of deliberate policies of mass murder such as executions,
deliberate famine and in death camps at 10.4 million persons including 5.4 million Jews.[53] The
German scholar Hellmuth Auerbach puts the death toll in the Hitler era at 6 million Jews killed in
the Holocaust and 7 million other victims of the Nazis.[54] Dieter Pohl puts the total number of
victims of the Nazi era at between 12 and 14 million persons, including 5.6–5.7 million Jews.[55]
[50][56][57]
• Roma Most estimates of Roma (Gypsies) victims range from 130,000 to 500,000.
Ian Hancock, Director of the Program of Romani Studies and the Romani Archives and
Documentation Center at the University of Texas at Austin, has argued in favour of a higher
figure of between 500,000 and 1,500,000 Roma dead.[58] Hancock writes that,
proportionately, the death toll equaled "and almost certainly exceed[ed], that of Jewish
victims".[59] In a 2010 publication, Ian Hancock stated that he agrees with the view that the
number of Romanis killed has been underestimated as a result of being grouped with others
in Nazi records under headings such as "remainder to be liquidated", "hangers-on" and
"partisans".[60]
[61]
• Handicapped persons: 200,000 to 250,000 handicapped persons were killed.
A 2003
report by the German Federal Archive put the total murdered during the Action T4 and
Action 14f13 programs at 200,000.[62][63]
[64]
• Prisoners of War: POW deaths in Nazi captivity totaled 3.1 million
including 2.6 to 3
[65]
million Soviet prisoners of war.
• Ethnic Poles: 1.8 to 1.9 million ethnic Polish civilians were victims during the German
occupation (see Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles).[66]
• Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians: According to Nazi ideology, Slavs were useless
sub-humans. As such, their leaders, the Soviet elite, were to be killed and the remainder of
the population enslaved or expelled further eastward. As a result of these racist fantasies,
millions of civilians in the Soviet Union were deliberately killed, starved, or worked to
death.[67] The Cambridge History of Russia puts overall civilian deaths in the Nazi occupied
USSR at 13.7 million persons including 2 million Jews. There were an additional 2.6 million
deaths in the interior regions of the Soviet Union. The authors maintain "scope for error in
this number is very wide". At least 1 million perished in the wartime GULAG camps or in
deportations. Other deaths occurred in the wartime evacuations and due to war related
malnutrition and disease in the interior. The authors maintain that both Stalin and Hitler
"were both responsible but in different ways for these deaths", and "In short the general
picture of Soviet wartime losses suggests a jigsaw puzzle. The general outline is clear:
people died in colossal numbers but in many different miserable and terrible circumstances.
But individual pieces of the puzzle do not fit well; some overlap and others are yet to be
found".[68] Bohdan Wytwycky maintained that civilian losses of 3.0 million Ukrainians and
1.4 million Belarusians "were racially motivated".[69][70] According to Paul Robert Magocsi,
between 1941 and 1945, approximately 3,000,000 Ukrainian and other non-Jewish victims
were killed as part of Nazi extermination policies in the territory of modern Ukraine.[71]
Dieter Pohl puts the total number of victims of the Nazi policies in the USSR at 500,000
civilians killed in the repression of partisans, 1.0 million victims of the Nazi Hunger Plan, c.
3.0 million Soviet POW and 1.0 million Jews (in pre-war borders).[72] Soviet author Georgiy
A. Kumanev put the civilian death toll in the Nazi-occupied USSR at 8.2 million (4.0
million Ukrainians, 2.5 million Belarusians, and 1.7 million Russians).[73] A report
published by the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1995 put the death toll due to the German
occupation at 13.7 million civilians (including Jews): 7.4 million victims of Nazi genocide
and reprisals; 2.2 million persons deported to Germany for forced labor; and 4.1 million
famine and disease deaths in occupied territory. Sources published in the Soviet Union were
cited to support these figures.[74] Contemporary Russian sources use the terms "genocide"
and "premeditated extermination" when referring to civilian losses in the occupied USSR.
Civilians killed in reprisals during the Soviet partisan war and wartime-related famine
account for a major part of the huge toll.[75]
[76]
• Homosexuals: 10,000–15,000 gay men perished in Nazi concentration camps.
[77]
• Other victims of Nazi persecution: Between 1,000 to 2,000 Roman Catholic clergy,
about 1,000 Jehovah's Witnesses,[78] and an unknown number of Freemasons[79] perished in
Nazi prisons and camps. "The fate of black people from 1933 to 1945 in Nazi Germany and
in German-occupied territories ranged from isolation to persecution, sterilization, medical
experimentation, incarceration, brutality, and murder."[80] During the Nazi era Communists,
Socialists, Social Democrats, and trade union leaders were victims of Nazi persecution.[81]
• Serbs: (See World War II persecution of Serbs.) The numbers of Serbs persecuted by the
Ustaše is the subject of much debate and estimates vary widely. Yad Vashem estimates over
500,000 murdered, 250,000 expelled and 200,000 forcibly converted to Catholicism.[82] The
estimate of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is that the Ustaše authorities
murdered between 320,000 and 340,000 ethnic Serb residents of Croatia and Bosnia during
the period of Ustaše rule, out of which between 45,000 and 52,000 were murdered in the
Jasenovac concentration camp.[83]
Roma losses by country Included in the figures of total war dead are the Roma victims of the Nazi
persecution, some scholars include the Roma deaths with the Holocaust. The following figures are
from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust.[84]
Country
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic[46]
Estonia
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Poland
Romania
Slovakia
Soviet Union (borders 1939)
Yugoslavia
Total
Pre-war Roma population Low estimate High estimate
11,200
6,800
8,250
600
350
500
13,000
5,000
6,500
1,000
500
1,000
40,000
15,150
15,150
20,000
15,000
15,000
?
50
50
100,000
1,000
28,000
25,000
1,000
1,000
5,000
1,500
2,500
1,000
500
1,000
200
100
200
500
215
500
50,000
8,000
35,000
300,000
19,000
36,000
80,000
400
10,000
200,000
30,000
35,000
100,000
26,000
90,000
947,500
130,565
285,650
Japanese war crimes Main article: Japanese war crimes Included with total war dead are
victims of Japanese war crimes.
• R. J. Rummel estimates the civilian victims of Japanese democide at 5,424,000. Detailed by
country: China 3,695,000; Indochina 457,000; Korea 378,000; Indonesia 375,000; MalayaSingapore 283,000; Philippines 119,000, Burma 60,000 and Pacific Islands 57,000. Rummel
estimates POW deaths in Japanese custody at 539,000 Detailed by country: China 400,000;
French Indochina 30,000; Philippines 27,300; Netherlands 25,000; France 14,000; UK
13,000; UK-Colonies 11,000; US 10,700; Australia 8,000.[8][85]
• Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian deaths at 20,365,000. Detailed by country: China
12,392,000; Indochina 1,500,000; Korea 500,000; Dutch East Indies 3,000,000; Malaya and
Singapore 100,000; Philippines 500,000; Burma 170,000; Forced laborers in Southeast Asia
70,000, 30,000 interned non-Asian civilians; Timor 60,000; Thailand and Pacific Islands
60,000.[86] Gruhl estimates POW deaths in Japanese captivity at 331,584. Detailed by
country: China 270,000; Netherlands 8,500; U.K. 12,433; Canada 273; Philippines 20,000;
Australia 7,412; New Zealand 31; and the United States 12,935.[86]
• The historian Chalmers Johnson has written that "the Japanese slaughtered as many as 30
million Filipinos, Malays, Vietnamese, Cambodians, Indonesians and Burmese, at least 23
million of them ethnic Chinese".[87]
• Out of 60,000 Indian Army POWs taken at the Fall of Singapore, 11,000 died in
captivity.[88]
• There were 14,657 deaths among the total 130,895 western civilians interned by the
Japanese due to famine and disease.[89][90]
Repression in the Soviet Union The total war dead in the USSR includes victims of Soviet
repression. The number of deaths in the Gulag labor camps increased as a result of wartime
overcrowding and food shortages.[91] The Stalin regime deported the entire populations of ethnic
minorities considered to be potentially disloyal.[92] Since 1990 Russian scholars have been given
access to the Soviet-era archives and have published data on the numbers of persons executed and
those who died in Gulag labor camps and prisons.[93] The Russian scholar Viktor Zemskov puts the
death toll from 1941–1945 at about 1 million based on data from the Soviet archives.[94] The Sovietera archive figures on the Gulag labor camps has been the subject of a vigorous academic debate
outside Russia since their publication in 1991. J. Arch Getty and Stephen G. Wheatcroft maintain
that Soviet-era figures more accurately detail the victims of the Gulag labor camp system in the
Stalin era.[95][96] Robert Conquest and Steven Rosefielde have disputed the accuracy of the data
from the Soviet archives, maintaining that the demographic data and testimonials by survivors of
the Gulag labor camps indicate a higher death toll.[97][98] Rosefielde believes that the release of the
Soviet Archive figures is disinformation generated by the modern KGB.[99] Rosefielde maintains
that the data from the Soviet archives is incomplete; for example, he pointed out that the figures do
not include the 22,000 victims of the Katyn massacre.[100] Rosefielde's demographic analysis puts
the number of excess deaths due to Soviet repression at 2,183,000 in 1939–1940 and 5,458,000
from 1941–1945.[101] Michael Haynes and Rumy Husun accept the figures from the Soviet archives
as being an accurate tally of Stalin's victims, they maintain that the demographic data depicts an
underdeveloped Soviet economy and the losses in World War Two rather than indicating a higher
death toll in the Gulag labor camps.[102] In August 2009 the Polish Institute of National
Remembrance (IPN) researchers estimated 150,000 Polish citizens were killed due to Soviet
repression. Since the collapse of the USSR, Polish scholars have been able to do research in the
Soviet archives on Polish losses during the Soviet occupation.[103] Andrzej Paczkowski puts the
number of Polish deaths at 90,000–100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000
executed by the Soviets.[104] In 2005 Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated the death toll in Soviet hands at
350,000.[105] The Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression put civilian
deaths due to the Soviet occupation in 1940–1941 at 33,900 including (7,800 deaths) of arrested
people, (6,000) deportee deaths, (5,000) evacuee deaths, (1,100) people gone missing and (14,000)
conscripted for forced labor. After the reoccupation by the U.S.S.R., 5,000 Estonians died in Soviet
prisons during 1944–45.[106]
The following is a summary of the data from the Soviet archives:
Reported deaths for the years 1939–1945 1,187,783, including: judicial executions 46,350; deaths
in Gulag labor camps 718,804; deaths in labor colonies and prisons 422,629.[107]
Deported to special settlements: (figures are for deportations to Special Settlements only, not
including those executed, sent to Gulag labor camps or conscripted into the Soviet Army. Nor do
the figures include additional deportations after the war).
Deported from annexed territories 1940–41 380,000 to 390,000 persons, including: Poland 309–
312,000; Lithuania 17,500; Latvia 17,000; Estonia 6,000; Moldova 22,842.[108] In August 1941,
243,106 Poles living in the Special Settlements were amnestied and released by the Soviets.[109]
Deported during the War 1941–1945 about 2.3 million persons of Soviet ethnic minorities
including: Soviet Germans 1,209,000; Finns 9,000; Karachays 69,000; Kalmyks 92,000;Chechens
and Ingush 479,000; Balkars 37,000; Crimean Tatars 191,014; Meskhetian Turks 91,000; Greeks,
Bulgarians and Armenians from Crimea 42,000; Ukrainian OUN members 100,000; Poles
30,000.[110]
A total of 2,230,500[111] persons were living in the settlements in October 1945 and 309,100 deaths
were reported in special settlements for the years 1941–1948.[112]
Russian sources list Axis prisoner of war deaths of 580,589 in Soviet captivity based on data in the
Soviet archives (Germany 381,067; Hungary 54,755; Romania 54,612; Italy 27,683; Finland 403,
and Japan 62,069).[113] However some western scholars estimate the total at between 1.7 and 2.3
million.[114]
Military casualties by branch of service
Casualties of World War II by Branch of Service
Country
Branch of service
Germany
Army[115]
Air Force (including
infantry units)[115]
Navy[115]
Waffen SS[115]
Volkssturm and
other Paramilitary
Forces[115]
Soviet citizens in
German military
service[21][116]
Unidentified by
branch of service
(see note below)
Total Germany
13,600,000
4,202,000
Prisoners of
Percent
war
killed
Captured
30.9
2,500,000
433,000
17.3
1,200,000
900,000
138,000
314,000
11.5
34.9
18,200,000
5,533,000
6,035,000
11,100,000
30.4
Army (1937–1945)
Navy (1941–1945)
POW dead after
Surrender.[121][122][123]
Total Japan
6,300,000
2,100,000
1,326,076
414,879
85,600
8,900
30,000
10,000
24.22
19.76
320,000 1,300,000[126]
8.49
[119][120]
Japan
Italy
All branches of
service
All branches of
service[127]
All branches of
Soviet Union (1941–45)
service[128]
Conscripted
Reservists not yet in
active service (see
note below)[129]
Number
served
Killed/missing Wounded
231,000
215,000
6,035,000[117] 11,100,000[118]
381,000
2,121,955
3,430,000[124]
Soviet Union (1939–40)
34,476,700
291,376[125]
136,945
205,924
8,668,400
14,685,593
500,000
4,050,000
25.1
Civilians in POW
camps (see note
below)[130]
Paramilitary and
Soviet partisan
units[131]
Total USSR
1,000,000
1,750,000
400,000
10,725,345
14,915,517
5,750,000
318,000
All branches of
British
Commonwealth[6][132][133] service
11,115,000
580,497
475,000
United States[134]
11,260,000
318,274
565,861
2.8
(3,400,000)
(88,119)
(17,360)
2.5
4,183,446
669,100
62,614
24,511
37,778
68,207
1.5
3.66
241,093
1,917
243,000
9,521
Army[135]
Air Force (included
with Army)[136]
Navy
Marine Corps
United States Coast
Guard[137]
United States
Merchant Marine[138]
Unidentified by
branch of service[139]
Total US
5.2
0.78
12,000
3.9
c.130,000
16,596,639
416,837
683,846
c.130,000
2.5
Germany
1. The number killed in action was 2,303,320; died of wounds, disease or accidents 500,165;
11,000 sentenced to death by court martial; 2,007,571 missing in action or unaccounted
for after the war; 25,000 suicides; 12,000 unknown;[140] 459,475 confirmed POW deaths,
of whom 77,000 were in the custody of the U.S., UK and France; and 363,000 in Soviet
custody. POW deaths includes 266,000 in the post-war period after June 1945, primarily
in Soviet captivity.[141]
2. Rüdiger Overmans writes "It seems entirely plausible, while not provable,that one half of
the 1.5 million missing on the eastern front were killed in action, the other half (700,000)
however in fact died in Soviet custody".[142]
3. Soviet sources list the deaths of 474,967 of the 2,652,672 German Armed Forces POW
taken in the war.[143]
USSR
1. Estimated total Soviet military war dead from 1941–45 on the Eastern Front (World War
II) including missing in action, POWs and Soviet partisans range from 8.6 to 10.6
million.[131] There were an additional 127,000 war dead in 1939–40 during the Winter
War with Finland.[144]
2. The official figures for military war dead and missing from 1941–45 are 8,668,400
comprising 6,329,600 combat related deaths, 555,500 non-combat deaths.[145] 500,000
missing in action and 1,103,300 POW dead and another 180,000 liberated POWs who
most likely emigrated to other countries.[146][147][148] Figures include Navy losses of
154,771.[149] Non-combat deaths include 157,000 sentenced to death by court martial.[150]
3. Casualties in 1939–40 include the following dead and missing, Battle of Khalkhin Gol in
1939 (8,931); Invasion of Poland of 1939 (1,139); Winter War with Finland (1939–40)
(126,875).[127]
4. The number of wounded includes 2,576,000 permanently disabled.[151]
5. The official Russian figure for total POW held by the Germans is 4,059,000; the number
of Soviet POW who survived the war was 2,016,000, including 180,000 who most likely
emigrated to other countries, and an additional 939,700 POW and MIA who were
redrafted as territory was liberated. This leaves 1,103,000 POW dead. However, western
historians put the number of POW held by the Germans at 5.7 million and about 3 million
as dead in captivity (in the official Russian figures 1.1 million are military POW and
remaining balance of about 2 million are included with civilian war dead).[146][152]
6. Conscripted reservists is an estimate of men called up, primarily in 1941, who were killed
in battle or died as POWs before being listed on active strength. Soviet and Russian
sources classify these losses as civilian deaths.[153]
British Commonwealth
1. Number served: UK and Crown Colonies (5,896,000); India (2,582,000), Australia
(993,000); Canada (1,100,000); New Zealand (295,000); South Africa (250,000).[154]
2. Total war related deaths reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission: UK
and Crown Colonies (383,786); Undivided India (87,032), Australia (40,464); Canada
(45,383); New Zealand (11,929); South Africa (11,903).[6]
3. Wounded: UK and Crown Colonies (284,049); India (64,354), Australia (39,803); Canada
(53,174); New Zealand (19,314); South Africa (14,363).[132][155][156]
4. Prisoner of war: UK and Crown Colonies (180,488); India (79,481); Australia (26,358);
South Africa (14,750); Canada (9,334); New Zealand (8,415).[132][155][156]
5. The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the
1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world
wars.[157]
U.S.
1. Battle deaths were 292,131: Army 234,874 (including Army Air Forces 52,173); Navy
36,950; Marine Corps 19,733; and Coast Guard 574. (185,924 deaths occurred in the
European/Atlantic theater of operations and 106,207 deaths occurred in Asia/Pacific
theater of operations.)[158][159]
2. The United States Merchant Marine war dead of 9,521 are included with military losses.
U.S. Merchant Mariners in "ocean-going service" during World War II have Veteran
Status.[160]
3. During World War II, 1.2 million African Americans served in the Armed Forces and 708
were killed in combat. 350,000 American women served in the military during World War
II and 16 were killed in action.[161]
Commonwealth military casualties The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual
Report 2010-2011[6] is the source of the military dead for the British Empire The war dead totals
listed in the report are based on the research by the CWGC to identify and commemorate
Commonwealth war dead. The statistics tabulated The Commonwealth War Graves Commission
are representative of the number of names commemorated for all servicemen/women of the Armed
Forces of the Commonwealth and former U.K. Dependencies, whose death was attributable to their
war service. Some auxiliary and civilian organizations are also accorded war grave status if death
occurred under certain specified conditions. For the purposes of C.W.G.C. the dates of inclusion for
Commonwealth War Dead are 03/09/1939 to 31/12/1947.
Charts and graphs
•
Deaths per country by number and percentage of population, with piechart of percentage of
military and civilian deaths for the Allied and the Axis Powers
•
Military and civilian deaths during World War II for the Allied and the Axis Powers.
•
Axis Military personnel killed, percentage by country.
•
Military deaths during World War II for the Allied and the Axis Powers by alliance, theater,
year.
•
Huge population losses of Russia influence the country's population pyramid. Russian male
to female ratio is one of the lowest in the world (especially, in older generations), and
pyramid shows distinctive age fluctuations due to the loss of a generation during the war.
See also
•
•
•
•
•
•
World War II casualties of Poland
World War II casualties of the Soviet Union
German casualties in World War II
Equipment losses in World War II
World War I casualties
List of wars and disasters by death toll
Footnotes
1. ^A Albania No reliable statistics on Albania's wartime losses exist, but the United Nations Relief
and Rehabilitation Administration reported about 30,000 Albanian war dead. Albanian official
statistics claim somewhat higher losses.[162] Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 200, these Jews were
Yugoslav citizens resident in Albania. Jews of Albanian origin survived the Holocaust.[163]
1. ^B Australia The Australian War Memorial[164] reports 39,761 military deaths. This figure includes
all personnel who died from war-related causes during 1939–47. The Australian government does
not regard merchant mariners as military personnel and the 349 Australians killed in action while
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
crewing merchant ships around the world,[165] are included in the total civilian deaths. Other civilian
fatalities were due to air raids and attacks on passenger ships. The preliminary 1945 data for
Australian losses was 23,365 killed, 6,030 missing, 39,803 wounded and 26,363 POWs.[156]
^C Austria Military war dead reported by Rüdiger Overmans of 260,749 are included with
Germany.[140] The Austrian government provides the following information on human losses during
the rule of the Nazis. For Austria the consequences of the Nazi regime and the Second World War
were disastrous: During this period 2,700 Austrians had been executed and more than 16,000
citizens murdered in the concentration camps. Some 16,000 Austrians were killed in prison, while
over 67,000 Austrian Jews were deported to death camps, only 2,000 of them lived to see the end of
the war. In addition, 247,000 Austrians lost their lives serving in the army of the Third Reich or were
reported missing, and 24,000 civilians were killed during bombing raids.[166] These figures include
the genocide of Romani people of 6,500 persons[167] and Jewish Holocaust victims totaling
65,000.[163]
^D Belgium Belgian government sources reported that military war dead included 8,800 killed, 500
missing in action, 200 executed, 800 resistance movement fighters and 1,800 POWs. Civilian losses
included deaths due to military operations of 32,200 and 16,900 non-Jewish victims of Nazi reprisals
and repression.[168] Losses of about 10,000 in the German Armed Forces are not included in these
figures, they are included with German military casualties.[169] The genocide of Roma people was
500 persons.[167] Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 24,387.[163]
^E Brazil The Brazilian Expeditionary Force war dead were 510,[170] Navy losses in the Battle of the
Atlantic were 492. Civilian losses due to attacks on merchant shipping were 470 merchant mariners
and 502 passengers.[171]
^F Bulgaria Bulgarian military war dead were as follows, 2,000 military with Axis in Yugoslavia
and Greece; 10,124 military dead as allies of the USSR and 10,000 Anti-Fascist Partisan deaths.[172]
Regarding partisan and civilian casualties the Russian journalist Vadim Erlikman notes "According
to the official data of the royal government 2,320 were killed and 199 executed. The communists
claim that 20–35,000 persons died. In reality deaths were 10,000, including and unknown number of
civilians."[172] 3,000 civilians were killed by Anglo-American air raids,[173] including 1,374 in
Bombing of Sofia in World War II.[174]
^G Burma Military dead of 22,000 were with the pro-Japanese Burma National Army.[175] Civilian
deaths during the Japanese occupation of Burma totaled 250,000; 110,000 Burmese, plus 100,000
Indian and 40,000 Chinese civilians in Burma.[176] Werner Gruhl estimates Burma's dead at 170,000
civilians due to the Japanese occupation.[86]
^H Canada The Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists 45,383 war dead.[6] is the source of
the military dead for the British Empireincluding 102 deaths from Newfoundland with the Canadian
forces.[177] The Canadian War Museum puts military losses at 42,000 plus 1,600 Merchant Navy
deaths.[178] The Canadian Virtual War Memorial contains a registry of information about the graves
and memorials of Canadians and Newfoundlanders who served valiantly and gave their lives for
their country.[179] The preliminary 1945 data for Canadian losses was killed 37,476, missing 1,843,
wounded 53,174 and POW 9,045.[180]
^I China Sources for total Chinese war dead range from 10 to 20 million as detailed below.
John W. Dower has noted "So great was the devastation and suffering in China that in the end it is
necessary to speak of uncertain 'millions' of deaths. Certainly, it is reasonable to think in general
terms of approximately 10 million Chinese war dead, a total surpassed only by the Soviet Union."[181]
The official Chinese government statistics for China's civilian and military casualties in the Second
Sino-Japanese War from 1937–1945 are 20 million dead and 15 million wounded. The figures for
total military casualties, killed and wounded are: Nationalist 3.2 million; Communist 580,000 and
collaborator forces 1.18 million; captured: collaborator forces 950,000.[182] The official account of
the war published in Taiwan reported the Nationalist Chinese Army lost 3,238,000 men (1.797,000
WIA; 1,320,000 KIA and 120,000 MIA.) and 5,787,352 civilians in casualties.[183]
An academic study published in the United States estimates total war deaths of 15–20 million from
all causes: military casualties: 1.5 million killed in battle, 750,000 missing in action, 1.5 million
deaths due to disease and 3 million wounded; civilian casualties: due to military activity, killed
1,073,496 and 237,319 wounded; 335,934 killed and 426,249 wounded in Japanese air attacks.[184]
R. J. Rummel's estimate of total war dead from 1937–45 is 19,605,000.[185] The details are as
follows:
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
Military dead: 3,400,000 (including 400,000 POW) Nationalist/Communist, and 432,000
collaborator forces.Civilian war deaths: 3,808,000 killed in fighting and 3,549,000 victims of
Japanese war crimes (not including an additional 400,000 POWs).Other deaths: Repression by
Chinese Nationalists 5,907,000 (3,081,000 military conscripts who died due to mistreatment and
2,826,000 civilian deaths caused by Nationalist government, including the 1938 Yellow River
flood); political repression by Chinese Communists 250,000 and by Warlords 110,000. Additional
deaths due to famine were 2,250,000.Werner Gruhl estimates China's war losses at 12,392,000
civilian dead due to the Japanese occupation and 3,162,00 military dead. He also estimates an
additional 1,445,000 deaths due to internal Chinese conflicts.[86]
^J Cuba Cuba lost 5 merchant ships and 79 dead merchant mariners.[171]
^K Czechoslovakia The Population of the pre-war Czechoslovakia in 1938 prior to the Munich
Agreement was 15.3 million (10.8 million in the Czech lands; 3.8 million in Slovakia and 700,000 in
Carpathian Ruthenia). As a result of the First Vienna Award the population of the Second
Czechoslovak Republic) was reduced to about 10.4 million (7.1 million in the Czech lands; 2.6
million in Slovakia and 700,000 in Carpathian Ruthenia). The Allies later declared the Munich
Agreement to be invalid.[186] Military war dead of 25,000 included: killed during 1938 occupation
(171); Czechoslovak Forces with the Western Allies (3,220); Czechoslovak military units on Eastern
front (4,570); Slovak Republic Axis forces (7,000); partisan losses (2,170), and those killed in 1945
uprising (8,000). Civilian losses include those killed during 1938 occupation(262); non-Jewish
victims of Nazi reprisals (26,500), and those killed in military operations (10,000).[187][188] Civilian
losses include the territories of pre-war Czechoslovakia including Carpathian Ruthenia which was
ceded to the USSR after the war. The genocide of Roma people was estimated at 7,500 persons.[189]
Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 277,000.[163]
^L Denmark During the Occupation of Denmark military war dead included 1,281Merchant Marine,
797 resistance fighters and 39 Army personnel. Civilian deaths included 628 victims of Nazi
reprisals and 427 killed during military operations. Total deaths 3,172. There were an additional
3,900 Danish deaths in German military service that are included with German losses.[190]
Deaths of Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 77.[163]
^M Dutch East Indies John W. Dower cites a UN report that estimated 4 million famine and forced
labor dead during the Japanese Occupation of Indonesia.[181]The United Nations reported in 1947 that
"about 30,000 Europeans and 300,000 Indonesian internees and forced laborers died during the
occupation." They reported, "The total number who were killed by the Japanese, or who died from,
hunger, disease and lack of medical attention is estimated at 3,000,000 for Java alone, 1,000,000 for
the Outer Islands. Altogether 35,000 of the 240,000 Europeans died; most of them were men of
working age."[191]The Dutch Red Cross reported the deaths in Japanese custody of 14,800 European
civilians out of 80,000 interned and 12,500 of the 34,000 POW captured.[192] Werner Gruhl estimates
the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 3,000,000 Indonesians and 30,000
interned Europeans.[86]
^N Estonia Civilian deaths due to the Soviet and German occupation of Estonia from 1940 to 1945
were approximately 51,000 persons based on a study by Estonian State Commission on Examination
of Policies of Repression. A. Civilian deaths due to the Soviet occupation in 1940–1941 were 33,900
including (7,800 deaths)of arrested people, (6,000) deportee deaths, (5,000) evacuee deaths, (1,100)
people gone missing and (14,000) conscripted for forced labor.[106] B. Losses during the 1941–1944
Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany were 12,040, including (7,800) executed by Nazis and
(1,040) killed in prison camps. (200) people died in forced labor in Germany. (800) deaths in Soviet
bombing raids against Estonian cities, (1,000) killed in Allied air raids on Germany and (1,200)
perished at sea while attempting to flee the country in 1944–45.[106] Included in the above figures is
the genocide of Roma people of (243) persons,[193] Jewish Holocaust victims totaling (1,000).[163]
C. After the reoccupation by the U.S.S.R 5,000 Estonians died in Soviet prisons during 1944–45.[106]
D. The figures do not include the military deaths of the illegally drafted conscripts by the Soviet
(10,000) and German armed forces (11,000).[106] E. Figures do not include the executions, deportee
deaths, and insurgent losses in 1944–1989 during the Soviet reoccupation of 11,000 persons.
Total deaths from 1940–53 due the war and the Soviet occupation was approximately 82,000 persons
(8% of the population).[106]
^O Ethiopia Total military and civilian dead in the East African Campaign were 100,000 (not
including 15,000 native military with Italian forces).[194] Small and Singer put the military losses at
5,000.[195] These totals do not include losses in the Italian Second Italo-Abyssinian War and Italian
occupation from 1935–41. The official Ethiopian government report lists 760,000 deaths due to the
war and Italian occupation from 1935–41.[196] However, R. J. Rummel estimates 200,000 Ethiopians
and Libyans killed by the Italians from the 1920s–41, his estimate is "based on Discovery TV Cable
Channel Program 'Timewatch'" 1/17/92.[197]
1. ^P Finland The Finnish National Archives website lists the names of the 95,000 Finnish military
war dead.[198] Figures include killed and missing from the Winter War and Continuation War with
the Soviet Union, as well as action against German forces in 1944–45. Winter War (1939–40) losses
were 22,830, military deaths from 1941–44 were 58,715, and 1,036[199] in 1944–45 in the Lapland
War. Soviet sources list the deaths of 403 of the 2,377 Finnish POW taken in the War.[200] During the
Winter war of 1939–40 the Swedish Volunteer Corps served alongside the Finns in combat. 1,407
Finnish volunteers served in the Finnish Volunteer Battalion of the Waffen-SS and 256 were killed
in action.[201] Civilian war dead were 2,000,[202] due in part to the bombing of Helsinki in World War
II.
1. ^Q France Military war dead include 150,000 regular forces (1939–40 Battle of France 92,000;
1940–45 on Western Front (World War II) 58,000); 20,000 French resistance fighters and 40,000
POWs in Germany.[203] There were an additional 5,000 military deaths in French Indochina.[204] The
pro-German Vichy France forces lost 2,653 killed.[205] Vadim Erlikman a Russian journalist,
estimates losses of Africans in the French Colonial Forces at about 22,000.[206] French deaths in
German Army (30–40,000), mostly men conscripted in Alsace-Lorraine, are not included in these
totals, they are included with Germany Civilian losses of 250,000 include: 60,000 killed in
bombardments, 60,000 in land fighting, 30,000 murdered in executions, 60,000 political deportees,
and 40,000 workers in Germany .[203] The genocide of Roma people was 15,000 persons.[189] Jewish
Holocaust victims totaled 83,000.[207] 752 civilians were killed during the US air attacks on French
Tunisia in 1942–43.[208] R. J. Rummel estimates the deaths of 20,000 anti-Fascist Spanish refugees
resident in France who were deported to Nazi camps, these deaths are included with French civilian
casualties.[52]
1. ^R French Indochina Sources for total IndoChinese civilian war dead range from 1 to 1.5 million as
detailed below.John W. Dower estimated 1.0 million deaths due to Vietnamese Famine of 1945
during Japanese occupation.[119] Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian death toll due to the war and
Japanese occupation at 1,500,000.[86]
1. ^S Germany
German population The 1939 Population is for Germany within 1937 borders and Danzig and Memel
Territory which were annexed in 1939, not included with the German population are Austria and the
6,700,000[209] ethnic Germans of Europe.[210] However, the 601,000 military deaths of ethnic Germans from
Eastern and Western Europe and 261,000 Austrians are included with total German military losses.[211]
Total German war dead Sources for total German war deaths, within 1937 borders, range from 5.5 to 6.9
million.[22] In 1956 The German government estimated 5.5 million of deaths directly caused by the war.[212] A
German demographic study estimated 6.9 million excess deaths caused by the war, for the population within
the 1937 borders.[213] These losses included about 4.4 million military dead and missing; 1.0 million civilian
deaths during the war and 1.5 civilians who died as a result of expulsions from Poland and the famine in
Germany during 1945–46. There were additional deaths of the ethnic Germans in Eastern Europe. A recent
study by Rüdiger Overmans found 538,000 military deaths of ethnic Germans who were conscripted by
Germany in Eastern Europe.[5] The number of war related civilian deaths among the ethnic Germans from
Eastern European countries is disputed. An analysis by the West German government in 1958 estimated
civilian deaths among the ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe countries at 886,000.[214] However, a more
recent study by the German government archives estimated c.200,000 civilian deaths directly caused by the
war among the ethnic Germans from Eastern European countries.[25][215]
German military casualties Rüdiger Overmans, an associate of the German Armed Forces Military History
Research Office from 1987 until 2004,[216] has provided an official reassessment of German military war
dead based on a statistical survey of German military personnel records. The results of the Overmans
research project were published with the endorsement of the German Armed Forces Military History
Research Office of the Federal Ministry of Defense (Germany). The study found that the statistics collected
by German military during the war were incomplete and did not provide an accurate accounting of casualties.
In the mid-1990s when Overmans began the project German military dead in the war were estimated at about
4.3 million men. Since the collapse of communism previously classified documentation regarding German
military casualties became available to German researchers. The research by Overmans concluded in 2000
that German military dead and missing were 5,318,000. Included in this total are 344,000 deaths that were
previously listed as civilian expulsion losses in eastern Europe; 230,000 deaths of paramilitary, Volkssturm
and police forces fighting with the regular forces and the deaths of 266,000 POW after the surrender in May
1945.[5] The figure of 3.2 million German military dead that still appears in many sources was a preliminary
estimate made in November 1949 by the West German government for losses only within the borders of
1937 Germany, not including Austria and Volksdeutsche conscripted by Nazi Germany.[217] Overmans did
not include an additional 215,000 deaths of Soviet citizens conscripted by Germany.[21]
Military losses by theatre Overmans lists the following losses: Africa 16,066; the Balkans 103,693; Northern
Europe 30,165; Western Europe until 12/31/44 339,957; Italy 150,660; against the U.S.S.R. until 12/31/44
2,742,909; final battles in Germany during 1945 1,230,045; other (including air war in Germany and at sea)
245,561; confirmed deaths of POWs in captivity 459,475.[211]
Military losses by country of origin Overmans lists deaths of 4,456,000 men from pre-war Germany (1937
borders) and the Free City of Danzig, 261,000 from Austria, 534,000 ethnic Germans conscripted in eastern
Europe, 30,000 French (mostly men conscripted in Alsace-Lorraine), and 37,000 volunteers from western
Europe.
Military losses by branch of service Overmans lists losses by branch as: Army 4,202,030; Air Force
432,706; Navy 138,429; Waffen SS 313,749; Volkssturm 77,726; other paramilitary and support forces
153,891.[211]
Military prisoners of war and missing Overmans includes in the total of 5,318,000 war dead 2,008,000 men
that are listed as missing in action or unaccounted for after the war and 459,000 prisoners of war who died in
captivity.[211] The details of these POW deaths by country that held them in custody are as follows: USSR
363,000; France 34,000; USA 22,000; UK 21,000; Yugoslavia 11,000; other nations 8,000.[218] Rüdiger
Overmans believes that "It seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that one half of the 1.5 million
missing on the eastern front were killed in action, the other half (700,000) however in fact died in Soviet
custody".[142] A 1995 study by the Russian Academy of Science lists the deaths of 474,967 of the 2,652,672
German Armed Forces POW taken in the War.[143]
Military casualties in other sources The casualty figures compiled by the German High Command (OKW)
as of December 31, 1944 put total military losses at 1,965,000 dead, 1,858,000 missing and POW held by
Allies and 5,240,000 wounded. The casualty figures compiled by the German High Command (OKW) are
often cited by military historians.[219] The West German government in November 1949 estimated military
losses for Germany in 1937 borders at 3,250,000 (1,650,000 killed and 1,600,000 missing). Figures do not
include Austria and conscripted ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe.[220] Based on a demographic estimate
the West German government in 1960 put the total military losses of the Wehrmacht at 4,440,000: 3,760,000
for Germany in 1937 borders; 430,000 conscripted ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe and 250,000 from
Austria.[221] The German Red Cross Reported that their records list 3.1 million dead and 1.2 million missing
German military personnel from World War Two. Their figures include Austria and conscripted ethnic
Germans from Eastern Europe.[222]
German civilian casualties during the war The West German government estimated 655,000 civilian deaths
during war in Germany and Austria: 500,000 killed by strategic bombing, 135,000 in the 1945 flight and
evacuations from East Europe and 20,000 civilians killed during the land campaign in Germany. For
Germany within the 1937 borders 465,000 killed by strategic bombing, 127,000 in the 1945 flight and
evacuations from East Europe and 20,000 civilians were killed during the land campaign in Germany.[223][224]
A 1990 study by the German historian de:Olaf Groehler estimated 360,000–370,000 civilians were killed by
Allied strategic bombing within the 1937 German boundaries, for the German Reich including Austria,
forced laborers, POW and military the total is estimated at 406,000. This revised estimate was published in
the authoritative series The German Reich and the Second World War.[225] The West German government put
the number of Germans killed by the Nazi political, racial and religious persecution at 300,000 (including
160,000 German Jews).[226] A 2003 report by the German Federal Archive put the total murdered during the
Action
T4
euthanasia
program
at
200,000.[227]
Civilian deaths due to the flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) and the forced labor of Germans
in the Soviet Union These losses are sometimes included with World War II casualties. The figures for these
losses are currently disputed, estimates of the total deaths range from 500,000 to 2,000,000. The following is
a summary of the various estimates for German civilian deaths in Eastern Europe.
A In 1950 the West German government made a preliminary estimate of 3.0 million civilian deaths in
the expulsions. At the same time German Red Cross began to investigate the cases of persons reported
missing in the area of the expulsions.[215] The first attempt to compute the losses was made in 1953 by
the German scholar Gotthold Rhode who estimated German military and civilian deaths in East Europe
at 3,140,000.[228] The Schieder commission estimated a civilian death toll in the expulsions of about 2.3
million persons, broken out as follows: Poland 2,000,000; Czechoslovakia 225,600; Yugoslavia 69,000;
Romania 20,000; Hungary 6,000.[229] These early estimates are no longer considered valid because
subsequent investigations provided a revised accounting of the losses.
B. A 1958 West German government demographic study estimated 2,225,000 civilians died during the
flight during the war, post war expulsions and the forced labor in the Soviet Union, broken out as
follows: Poland 1,607,000; Czechoslovakia 273,000; Yugoslavia 136,000; Romania 101,000; Hungary
57,000; Baltic States 51,000.[214] A figure of about 2 million civilian deaths is often cited in English
language sources dealing with the expulsions based on the 1958 German government statistical analysis
as well as the report of the Schieder commission.[230] In 1967 the West German government issued a
revised figure of 2,111,000 total dead.[26][231] In 2006 The German government reaffirmed its belief that 2
million civilians perished in the flight and expulsion from Eastern Europe.[232] However, the German
historian Ingo Harr believes that civilian losses in the expulsions have been overstated in Germany for
decades for political reasons. Harr argues that Cold War political pressure influenced the findings of the
Schieder commission and the 1958 West German government demographic study of Expulsion
deaths.[23][233] The German scholar Rüdiger Overmans believes that the statistical foundations of the 1958
West German government demographic report are questionable and cannot be regarded as definitive.[215]
A recent analysis by a Polish scholar found that "Generally speaking, the German estimates... are not
only highly arbitrary, but also clearly tendentious in presentation of the German losses".[234] He maintains
that the German government figures from 1958 overstated the total number of the ethnic Germans living
in Poland prior to war as well as the total civilian deaths due to the expulsions.[234][235]
C. By 1965, the Suchdienst (search service) of the German churches was able to confirm 473,013
civilian deaths in eastern Europe due to the war and expulsions, broken out as follows: Poland 367,392;
Sudetenland 18,889; Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia 64,779; Baltic States 9,064; and
Germans resettled in Poland 12,889. There were an additional 1,905,991 unsolved cases of persons
reported missing and presumed dead. Rüdiger Overmans gave a summary of this data at a 1994 historical
symposium in Poland. Overmans pointed out that the figures are incomplete and only a partial not an
exact accounting of total deaths. Overmans believed that since there were only about 500,000 confirmed
deaths of German civilians in eastern Europe, the balance being a demographic estimate, that new
research on the number of expulsion deaths was needed.[215] However, the German historian Ingo Harr
believes that the Church Service figure of 473,000 confirmed deaths is a realistic view of the total deaths
due to the flight during the war and expulsions.[23][233]
D. A 1974 study by the German government archives estimated a death toll of about 600,000 of civilians
who died as a result of what they call "crimes against international law". Their definition of crimes
includes deaths caused by military activity in the 1944–45 campaign as well as deliberate killings. The
total of 600,000 is broken out as follows: Poland c. 400,000(120,000 killed by Soviet forces and their
Allies; 200,000 dead during the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union; 60,000 dead in Polish
internment and labor camps and 40,000 in Soviet camps in the Kaliningrad Oblast); Czechoslovakia
30,000 killed by Soviet forces and their Allies, and an estimated 100,000 in internment camps;
Yugoslavia c. 80,000(killed by Soviet forces and their Allies 15–20,000; dead during the forced labor of
Germans in the Soviet Union 4,500; dead in internment camps c. 60,000). This report did not provide an
estimate for ethnic German deaths in Romania and Hungary.[25] Rüdiger Overmans believes that the
1974 report is only a partial not a definitive accounting of total deaths in the expulsions.[24] However, the
German historian Ingo Harr believes the Archives study has provided a more realistic view of the total
deaths due to the expulsions.[23][233]
E. A revised demographic analysis published in 1995, which has the support of the German government,
estimated 2,020,000 civilians died during the post war expulsions and the forced labor of Germans in the
Soviet Union broken out as follows: Poland 1,192,000; Czechoslovakia 220,000; Yugoslavia 106,000;
Romania 75,000; Hungary 84,000; Baltic States 33,000; USSR 310,000.[209] The German government
maintains that the figure of about 2 million deaths is correct because it includes additional post war
deaths from hunger and disease of those civilians subject to the expulsions.[232]
F. In 1996 a joint Czech–German Historical Commission determined that between 15,000 and 30,000
Germans perished in the expulsions. The commission found that the demographic estimates by the
German government of 220,000 to 270,000 civilian deaths due to expulsions from Czechoslovakia were
based on faulty data. The Commission determined that the demographic estimates by the German
government counted as missing 90,000 ethnic Germans assimilated into the Czech population; military
deaths were understated and that the 1950 census data used to compute the demographic losses was
unreliable.[236][237]
G. Research by former ethnic Germans from Yugoslavia determined that 58,730 civilians perished after
the war, broken out as follows: killed by partisans 8,049; dead during the forced labor of Germans in the
Soviet Union 1,994; dead in internment camps 48,687.[238]
H. In his 2000 study of German military casualties Rüdiger Overmans found 344,000 additional military
deaths of Germans from the former eastern territories of Germany and conscripted ethnic Germans from
Eastern Europe. Overmans believes this will reduce the number of civilians previously listed as missing
in the expulsions.[239]
I. The Polish historian Bernadetta Nitschke has provided a summary of the research in Poland on the
calculation of German losses due to the flight and resettlement of the Germans from Poland only, not
including other eastern European countries. Nitschke contrasted the estimate of 1.6 million deaths in
Poland reported in 1958 by the West German government with the more recent figure of 400,000 that
was detailed by Rűdiger Overmans in 1994. She noted that the Polish researcher Stefan Banasiak
estimated in 1963 that the death toll in the post deportations was 1,136 persons, a figure accepted by
other Polish historians who maintain that most of the deaths occurred during the flight and evacuation
during the war, the deportation to the U.S.S.R. for forced labor, and after the resettlement due to the
harsh conditions in the Soviet occupation zone in post war Germany.[240] This is in sharp contrast to the
West German Schieder commission report which maintained that 1.7 million civilian deaths occurred
after the war on Polish territory.
J. In 2006 The German government reaffirmed its belief that 2 million civilians perished in the flight and
expulsion from Eastern Europe. They maintain that the figure is correct because it includes additional
post war deaths from malnutrition and disease of those civilians subject to the expulsions State Secretary
in the German Federal Ministry of the Interior, Christoph Bergner, outlined the stance of the respective
governmental institutions in Deutschlandfunk saying that the numbers presented by the German
government and others are not contradictory to the numbers cited by Haar, and that the below 600,000
estimate comprises the deaths directly caused by atrocities during the expulsion measures and thus only
includes people who on the spot were raped, beaten, or else brought to death, while the above two
millions estimate also includes people who on their way to post-war Germany have died of epidemics,
hunger, cold, air raids and the like.[241]
K. In 2005 the German Red Cross Search Service still maintained that their research put losses at
2,252,500 persons in the expulsions and deportations. They did not provide details of the figure.[242]
Famine deaths 1945–1946 The German economist Bruno Gleitze from the German Institute for
Economic Research estimated that there were 1,200,000 deaths caused by an increase in mortality due to
harsh conditions in Germany during and after the war.[243] In Allied-occupied Germany the shortage of
food was an acute problem in 1946–47. The average kilocalorie intake per day was only 1,600 to 1,800,
an amount insufficient for long-term health.[244]
1. ^T Greece Gregory Frumkin, who was throughout its existence editor of the Statistical Year-Book of
the League of Nations gave the following assessment of Greek losses in the war. He points out that
that "the data on Greek war losses are frequently divergent and even inconsistent". His estimates for
Greek losses are as follows: the war dead included 20,000 military deaths in the Greco-Italian War
of 1940–41, 60,000 non-Jewish civilians, 20,000 non-Jewish deportees, 60,000 Jews and 140,000
famine deaths during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II.[245]
The Greek National Council for Reparations from Germany reports the following casualties during
the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II. Military dead 35,077, including: 13,327 killed
in the Greco-Italian War of 1940–41; 1,100 with the Greek Forces in the Mid-East, and 20,650
partisan deaths. Civilian deaths 771,845, including: 56,225 executed by Axis forces; 105,000 dead in
German concentration camps (including Jews); 7,120 deaths due to bombing; 3,500 merchant marine
dead; and 600,000 war-related famine deaths.[246] Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 69,500.[163]
1. ^U Hungary Tamás Stark of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences has provided the following
assessment of Hungarian losses. Total losses were 750,000 in the Greater Hungary; 350,000 Military
dead including 110–120,000 killed in action, 20–25,000 Jews in Hungarian military labor camps and
200,000 in Soviet POW and labor camps. Civilian dead included 340,000 Hungarian Jews and
50,000 deaths attributed to military actions and the persecution of national minorities. However only
64% of these losses(480,000) were within the 1939 borders of Hungary, military killed were 80,000
and 130,000 in Soviet POW and labor camps, Jewish Holocaust dead were 220,000 and civilian war
dead 44,000. Hungarian military losses include 110,000men who were conscripted from the annexed
territories of Greater Hungary in Slovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia and the deaths of 20,000–
25,000 Jews conscripted for Army labor units. Civilian losses were 44,500 killed in the 1944–45
military campaign and in air attacks.[247] Russian sources give the deaths of 54,700 of the 513,700
Hungarian POW taken in the War.[21] The genocide of Roma people of 28,000 persons.[248] Jewish
Holocaust victims within the 1939 borders were 200,000.[163]
1. ^V Iceland Confirmed losses of civilian sailors due to German attacks and mines.[249]
1. ^W India 1939 Population of India included the present day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The
war dead listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, total deaths
were 87,032.[6] is the source of the military dead for the British Empire The 'Debt of Honour
Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the men and women of the
Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars.[250] Gurkhas recruited from Nepal
fought with the British Indian Army during the Second World War. Gurkha casualties with the
British Indian Army can be broken down as: 8,985 killed or missing and 23,655 wounded.[251] The
preliminary 1945 data for Indian losses was, killed 24,338, missing 11,754, wounded 64,354 and
POW 79,489.[156] Out of 60,000 Indian Army POWs taken at the Fall of Singapore, 11,000 died in
captivity.[88] The pro-Japanese Indian National Army lost 2,615 dead and missing.[176]
Sources for total Indian civilian war dead range from 1.5 to 2.5 million as detailed below.
John W. Dower estimated 1.5 million civilian deaths in the Bengal famine of 1943.[252] Amartya Sen
currently the Lamont University Professor at Harvard University has recently estimated that a figure
of 2.0 to 2.5 million fatalities may be more accurate.[253] Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian death
toll due to the Bengal famine of 1943 at 2,000,000.[86]
1. ^X Iran Losses during allied occupation in 1941.[254]
1. ^Y Iraq Losses during Anglo-Iraqi War and UK occupation in 1941.[254]
1. ^Z Ireland Despite being neutral, Ireland suffered casualties serving in the UK Armed Forces.
Between 1939–1945 an estimated 70,000 citizens of neutral Ireland served in the British armed
forces, together with 50,000 or so from Northern Ireland. In April 1995 Taoiseach John Bruton
spoke at Islandbridge and paid tribute to the 150,000 Irish people North and South who "volunteered
to fight against Nazi tyranny in Europe, at least 10,000 of whom were killed while serving in British
uniforms ... In recalling their bravery, we are recalling a shared experience of Irish and British
people ... We remember a British part of the inheritance of all who live in Ireland".[255] The civilian
death figure includes 33 Irish merchantmen were killed when a U-Boat torpedoed the SS Irish Pine
(1919) and deaths caused by the presumably accidental bombing of Ireland in three instances.[256]
1. ^AA Italy The official Italian government accounting of World War II 1940–45 losses listed the
following data. Total military dead and missing from 1940–45 were 291,376, losses prior to the
September 8, 1943 Armistice with Italy totaled 204,346 (66,686 killed, 111,579 missing, 26,081 died
of disease), after the September 8, 1943 Armistice with Italy, 87,030 (42,916 killed, 19,840 missing,
24,274 died of disease). Losses by branch of service: Army 201,405; Navy 22,034; Air Force 9,096;
Colonial Forces 354; Chaplains 91; Fascist militia 10,066; Paramilitary 3,252; not indicated 45,078.
Military Losses by theatre of war: Italy 74,725 (37,573 post armistice); France 2,060 (1,039 post
armistice); Germany 25,430 (24,020 post armistice); Greece, Albania, and Yugoslavia 49,459
(10,090 post armistice); USSR 82,079 (3,522 post armistice); Africa 22,341 (1,565 post armistice),
at sea 28,438 (5,526 post armistice); other and unknown 6,844 (3,695 post armistice). POW losses
are included with military losses mentioned above. Civilian losses were 153,147 (123,119 post
armistice) including 61,432 (42,613 post armistice) in air attacks.[257] A brief summary of data from
this report can be found online.[258] There were in addition to these losses the deaths of African
soldiers conscripted by Italy which were estimated by the Italian military at 10,000 in East African
Campaign of 1940–41.[259] Civilian losses as a result of the fighting in Italian Libya were estimated
by an independent Russian journalist to be 10,000.[260] Included in the losses are 64,000 victims of
Nazi reprisals and genocide including 30,000 POWs and 8,500 Jews.[52] Russian sources list the
deaths of 28,000 of the 49,000 Italian war prisoners in Soviet Union 1942-1954.[261] Military losses
in Italy after the September 1943 Armistice with Italy, included 5,927 with the Allies, 17,488 Italian
resistance movement fighters and 13,000 RSI Italian Social Republic Fascist forces.[262] The
genocide of Roma people was 1,000 persons.[189] Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 8,562 (including
Libya).[207]
1. ^AB Japan 1939 Japanese population includes 1.7 million Japanese in China and Korea.[263]
Japanese military losses were 2,120,000 including 1,740,000 in the war from 1937 to 1945 and
380,000 POW deaths after the surrender. John W. Dower reported that Japanese government figures
list the military deaths of 1,740,955 during 1937–45. The details are as follows: 185,647 in China
from 1937 to 1941, and 1,555,308 from 1941 to 1945 in the Pacific War. Army: against US 485,717;
against UK/Netherlands 208,026; in China 202,958; against Australia 199,511; French Indochina
2,803; against USSR 7,483; other overseas 23,388; Japan proper 10,543. Navy: 1941–45 414,879.
"Only one third of the military deaths occurred in actual combat, the majority being caused by illness
and starvation."[264] In addition there were the deaths of prisoners after the surrender. According to
John W. Dower, the "known deaths of Japanese troops awaiting repatriation in Allied (non-Soviet)
hands were listed as 81,090 by U.S. authorities".[265] An additional 300,000 Japanese prisoners died
in Soviet hands after the surrender in Manchuria, Korea and the USSR."[264] The Japanese Ministry
of Welfare and Foreign Office reported that 347,000 military personnel and civilians were dead or
missing in Soviet hands after the war. The Japanese list the losses of 199,000 in Manchurian transit
camps, 36,000 in North Korea, 9,000 from Sakhalin and 103,000 in the USSR.[266] These figures
were disputed by the Soviet Union, Russian sources report the POW deaths of 62,105(61,855
Japanese and 214 collaborator forces) out of the 640,105 captured(609,448 Japanese and 30,657
collaborator forces).[267] Military deaths include Koreans and Chinese from Taiwan conscripted by
Japan. Not included in Japanese war dead are 432,000 Chinese military forces collaborating with
Japan.[8]
Estimates for Japanese civilian losses range from 500,000,[268] to 1,000,000 dead.[269] The lower
figure of 500,000 includes those deaths during the war caused by allied bombing and the fighting on
Okinawa. The higher estimate of 1,000,000 includes additional post war deaths of persons injured in
the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and excess deaths due to adverse post war
conditions. In Allied occupied Japan the shortage of food was an acute problem, in 1946 the average
kilocalorie intake per day was only 1,530 compared to the average of 1,950 during the war years,
this was an amount insufficient for long-term health.[270] The General Headquarters for the Allied
Powers in Tokyo reported the civilian death rate in Japan in the first year after the war to be 2.1%
compared to the pre-war level of 1.6%.[263]John W. Dower reports civilian losses due to U.S.
strategic bombing according to official Japanese figures were 393,367 dead, including 210,000 killed
in the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and 97,031 in the Bombing of Tokyo in World
War II. In addition to these deaths 150,000 civilians were killed on Okinawa and 10,000 on Saipan
during the fighting. The Japanese government reported that 60,000 civilians dead or missing in
Soviet hands after the war.[264] War related deaths of Japanese merchant marine personnel were
27,000.[271] The US Strategic bombing survey estimated 252,769 killed Japanese in the air war.[272]
They also estimated the death toll in Hiroshima and Nagasaki at 105,000 to 115,000.[273]
The Yasukuni Shrine in Japan lists a total of 2,325,128 military deaths from 1937 to 1945 including
civilians who participated in combat, Chinese(Taiwan) and Koreans in the Japanese Armed Forces.
1. ^AC Korea Sources for total Korean civilian war dead range from 378,000 to 483,000 as detailed
below. The American researcher R. J. Rummel estimates 378,000 Korean dead due to forced labor in
Japan and Manchuria. According to Rummel, "Information on Korean deaths under Japanese
occupation is difficult to uncover. We do know that 5,400,000 Koreans were conscripted for labor
beginning in 1939, but how many died can only be roughly estimated."[274]John W. Dower has noted
"Between 1939 and 1945, close to 670,000 Koreans were brought to Japan for fixed terms of work,
mostly in mines and heavy industry, and it has been estimated that 60,000 or more of them died
under harsh conditions of their work places. Over 10,000 others were probably killed in the atomic
bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki".[275] Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian death toll due to the
war and Japanese occupation at 483,000 and an additional 50,000 deaths of Koreans conscripted in
the Japanese military service.[86] A Korean demographic study reports "the mortality level and the
course of mortality changes among Koreans in Korea during the war, appear not to have been much
affected. Even for all Koreans living in Korea, Japan and Manchuria, the impact of World War II on
the trend and level of mortality is not likely to have been significant. The same source reports 6,369
Koreans to have died in the Japanese military forces, and the number rising to 14,527 when civilians
attached to the military forces are added.[276] Korean military forces fighting against Japan were the
Korean Liberation Army under Chinese Nationalist command and the Korean Volunteer Army
which fought with the Chinese Communist guerrillas.
1. ^AD Latvia Includes civilian losses due to war (220,000) and Soviet occupation in 1940–41 (7,000).
Does not include military dead with Soviet (13,000) and German Armed Forces (24,000). Total
deaths from 1940 to 1953 due the war and the Soviet occupation were 287,000 (14% of the
population).[277] The genocide of Roma people was 2,500 persons.[248] Jewish Holocaust victims
totaled 80,000.[163]
1. ^AE Lithuania Includes civilian losses due to war (345,000) and Soviet occupation in 1940–41
(8,000). Does not include military dead with Soviet (27,000) and German Armed Forces (8,000).
Total deaths from 1940 to 1953 due the war and the Soviet occupation were 448,000 (15% of the
population).[278] The genocide of Roma people was 1,000 persons.[248] Jewish Holocaust victims
totaled 141,000.[163]
1. ^AF Luxembourg Total war dead were 5,000[279] which included military losses of about 3,000 with
the German Armed Forces and 200 in Belgian Army. The genocide of Roma people was 200
persons.[248] Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 700.[163]
1. ^AG Malaysia Victims of forced labor and reprisals during the Japanese occupation.[252]
1. ^AH Malta Air attack victims.[280] The BBC has an online report on the siege of Malta.[281]
1. ^AI Mexico Mexico lost 7 merchant ships and 63 dead merchant mariners.[280] A Mexican Air Force
unit Escuadrón 201 served in the Pacific and suffered 5 combat deaths.
1. ^AJ Mongolia Military losses with USSR against Japan in the 1939 Battle of Khalkhin Gol (200) and
the 1945 Soviet invasion of Manchuria (72) campaigns.[282]
1. ^AK Nauru Deaths are 463 Nauruan labourers deported by Japanese authorities to the Caroline
Islands.[283]
1. ^BG Nepal Gurkhas recruited from Nepal fought with the British Indian Army and Nepalese Army
during the Second World War. The war dead reported by the Commonwealth War Graves
Commission for India include Nepalese in the British Indian Army and Nepalese Army. Gurkha
casualties can be broken down as: 8,985 killed or missing and 23,655 wounded.[251] In addition to the
Nepalese serving in the British Indian Army Nepal sent 16 battilialions to fight in the Burma
campaign.[284] There was a bilateral treaty between Nepal and Britain about the mobilization of
Nepalese soldiers. The units which took part were Sri Nath, Kalibox, Surya Dal, Naya Gorakh,
Barda Bahadur, Kali Bahadur, Mahindra Dal, Second Rifle, Bhairung, Jabbar Jung, Shumsher Dal,
Sher, Devi Dutta, Bhairab Nath, Jagannath and Purano Gorakh Battalions. Besides, there were many
high ranking Nepalese in the Joint Army HQ. Late Commander-in-Chief Kiran Shumsher Rana and
ex-Commander-in-Chief and Field Marshal Nir Shumsher Rana were amongst the officers deployed
by the Nepalese Army. Nepalese battalions – Mahindra Dal, Sher, Kali Bahadur and Jagannath –
were also deployed. These Nepalese battalions fought under Allied Command. The Jagannath
Battalion took part as engineers to construct tracks, bridges, water points etc. Nepalese troops fought
with distinction in the 14th Army under Slim and helped force the eventual Japanese retreat.[285]
1. ^AL Netherlands Dutch government figures for losses in Europe released in 1948[286] listed 210,000
direct war casualties plus an additional 70,000 post-war disease deaths caused by the war. The
details are as follows. Military deaths of 8,100, which included 2,200 regular Army, 1,700 Dutch
Resistance forces, 2,600 Navy forces, 250 POW in Germany and 1,350 Merchant seaman. Civilian
deaths of 271,900, which included 27,000 forced workers in Germany, 7,500 missing and presumed
dead in Germany, 2,800 victims of executions, 2,500 deaths in Dutch concentration camps, 18,000
political prisoners in Germany, 20,400 deaths due to military activities, 3,700 Dutch serving in the
German military, 104,000 deported Jews and 16,000 deaths in the Dutch famine of 1944. The
official statistics also reported an additional 70,000 "indirect war casualties", which are attributed to
various diseases caused by wartime conditions. Not included in these figures are an additional 1,650
foreign nationals killed while serving in the Dutch Merchant Marine.[287] The losses of the 3,700
Dutch in the German Armed Forces are not in Dutch war casualties in this article, they are included
with the military of Germany.The Dutch suffered additional losses in the Far East which were not
included in the above figures except for the Navy. Military losses in Asia were 900 in the 1942
Dutch East Indies campaign and 8,500 military POW deaths in Japanese captivity.[288] The
Australian War Memorial reports 8,000 of the 37,000 Dutch POW died in Japanese captivity.[289]
Civilian losses in Asia reported by the Dutch Red Cross included the deaths in Japanese custody of
14,800 Europeans out of 80,000 interned in the Dutch East Indies.[192] The Netherlands War Graves
Foundation maintains a registry of the names of Dutch war dead.[290] The genocide of Roma people
was 500 persons.[248]
1. ^AM Newfoundland Newfoundland's losses are not listed separately by the Commonwealth War
Graves Commission since they served with U.K. and Canadian Forces during the war. Military
losses were 1,058: 956 with the UK: Navy(351), Army (115), Air Force (134), and Merchant Navy
(356), and 102 with Canada: Navy (21), Army(41), and Air Force (40).[291] The losses of the
Newfoundland Merchant Navy are commemorated at the Allied Merchant Navy Memorial in
Newfoundland,[292] Civilian losses were due to the sinking of the SS Caribou in October 1942.[293]
1. ^AN New Zealand The military deaths listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War
Graves Commission Total deaths were 11,929.[6] is the source of the military dead for the British
Empire. The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the
men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars.[294] Details can
be found online at the New Zealand Armed Forces Memorial Project.[295] The preliminary 1945 data
for New Zealand losses was, killed 10,033, missing 2,129, wounded 19,314 and POW 8,453.[156]
1. ^AO Norway Military deaths were 2,000 regular forces; 1,500 resistance fighters and political
prisoners. Civilian dead include 3,600 merchant marine, 1,800 war related civilian deaths and 700
Jews. The 700 deaths with German Armed Forces are included with Germany on this schedule.[296]
The Norwegian Foreign Ministry reported that "10,262 Norwegians had been killed, including 3,670
seamen. The Germans had executed 366 and tortured 39 to death. Among political prisoners and
members of the underground, 658 died at home and 1,433 abroad. About 6,000 Norwegians had
served the German war cause, and 709 of them had fallen in battle.[297] Jewish Holocaust victims
totaled 728.[163]
1. ^AP Papua New Guinea Civilian deaths were caused by Allied bombing and shellfire and Japanese
atrocities. Both the Allies and Japanese also conscripted civilians to work as laborers and porters.[298]
1. ^AQ Philippines Sources for total Filipino civilian war dead range from 500,000 to 1,000,000 as
detailed below.The United States State Dept. has reported that, In total, an estimated one million
Filipinos lost their lives in the war.[299] The primary reason for this high death toll was war related
famine and disease. Civilian losses included victims of Japanese war crimes, such as the Bataan
Death March and the Manila massacre which claimed the lives of 90,000 Filipinos.[7]
Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 500,000
(141,000 massacred, 22,500 forced labor deaths and 336,500 deaths due war related famine).[86]
The estimate in 1946 by the U.S. War Dept. for Filipino military war dead was 27,260.[274] More
recent figures for military war dead, include 7,000 in the Battle of the Philippines (1941-42), 8,000
anti-Japanese guerrillas and 42,000 (out of 98,000) POWs in Japanese captivity.[300] Werner Gruhl
estimates an 27,000 Filipinos died serving in the military(including 20,000 POW).[86]
1. ^AR Poland Total Polish war dead In August 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance
(IPN) put the figure of Poland's dead at between 5,620,000 and 5,820,000; including an estimated
150,000 Polish citizens who died due to Soviet repression. The IPN's figures include 2.7 to 2.9
million Polish Jews who died in the Holocaust as well as 2,770,000 ethnic Poles, other ethnic
minorities are not included in these figures.[301] The Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) figure
for deaths of ethnic Poles. due the German occupation is 2,770,000. This figure includes "Direct War
Losses" −543,000; "Murdered in Camps and in Pacification" −506,000; "Deaths in prisons and
Camps" 1,146,000; "Deaths outside of prisons and Camps" 473,000; "Murdered in Eastern Regions"
100,000; "Deaths in other countries" 2,000.[302] Polish researchers have determined that the Nazis
murdered 1,860,000 Polish Jews in the extermination camps in Poland, in addition over 1.0 million
Polish Jews were murdered by the Einsatzgruppen in the eastern regions or died of starvation and
disease while in ghettos.[301] The classification of ethnic groups in pre-war Poland is disputed. The
Polish demographer Piotr Eberhardt maintains that it is commonly agreed that the criterion of
declared language given in the 1931 census led to an overestimation of the number of Poles in prewar Poland. He notes that in general, the numbers declaring a particular language do not mesh with
the numbers declaring the corresponding nationality. Members of ethnic minority groups believe that
the language criterion led to an overestimation of Poles.[303] Czesław Łuczak estimated in 1994 the
actual total of war dead to be 5.9 to 6.0 million, including 2.9 to 3.0 million Jews. He estimated the
number of ethnic Poles who died at 2.0 million, including 1.5 million, due to the German occupation
of the territory of modern-day Poland and the balance of 500,000 in the former eastern Polish
regions under both Soviet and German occupation. Łuczak also included in his figures an estimated
1,000,000 war dead of Polish citizens from the ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian ethnic groups who
comprised 20% of Poland's pre-war population. The Polish government estimate made in 1947 of 6.0
million war dead excluded ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian losses.[304][305] Tadeusz Piotrowski
estimated in 2005 Poland's losses in World War II to be 5.6 million; including 5,150,000 victims of
Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles and The Holocaust, 350,000deaths during the Soviet occupation in
1940–41 and about 100,000 Poles killed in 1943–44 during the massacres of Poles in Volhynia.
Losses by ethnic group were 3,100,000 Jews; 2,000,000 ethnic Poles; 500,000 Ukrainians and
Belarusians.[306]
Civilian losses by geographic area were about 3.5 million in present-day Poland[307] and about 2.0
million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union.[103][304] Contemporary Russian sources also
include Poland's losses in the annexed territories with Soviet war deaths.[308]
The official Polish government report on war damages prepared in 1947 listed 6,028,000 war victims
during the German occupation (including 123,178 military deaths, 2.8 million Poles and 3.2 million
Jews), out of a population of 27,007,000 ethnic Poles and Jews; this report excluded ethnic
Ukrainian and Belarusian losses. Losses were calculated for the territory of Poland in 1939,
including the territories annexed by the USSR.[309] The figure of 6.0 million war dead has been
disputed by Polish scholars since the fall of communism who now put the total actual losses at about
3.0 million Jews and 2.0 million ethnic Poles, not including other ethnic groups (Ukrainians and
Belarussians). They maintain that the official statistics include those persons who were missing and
presumed dead, but actually remained abroad in the west and the USSR after the war.[304][305] The
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum maintains that in addition to 3 million Polish Jews killed
in the Holocaust. "Documentation remains fragmentary, but today scholars of independent Poland
believe that 1.8 to 1.9 million Polish civilians (non-Jews) were victims of German Occupation
policies and the war."[310] The genocide of Roma people was 35,000 persons.[311] Jewish Holocaust
victims, in 1939 borders, totaled 3,000,000,[163] including 2 million within the borders of
contemporary Poland and 1 million in the territories annexed by the USSR.[312]
Polish losses during the Soviet occupation (1939–1941)In August 2009 the Polish Institute of
National Remembrance (IPN) researchers estimated 150,000 Polish citizens were killed due to
Soviet repression. Since the collapse of the USSR, Polish scholars have been able to do research in
the Soviet archives on Polish losses during the Soviet occupation.[103] Andrzej Paczkowski puts the
number of Polish deaths at 90,000–100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000 executed
by the Soviets.[104] In 2005 Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated the death toll in Soviet hands at
350,000.[313] An earlier estimate made in 1987 by Franciszek Proch of the Polish Association of
Former Political Prisoners of Nazi and Soviet Concentration Camps estimated the total dead due to
the Soviet occupation at 1,050,000.[314] Polish military casualties Poland lost a total of 139,800
regular soldiers and 100,000 Polish resistance movement fighters during the war.[305] Polish military
casualties. Military dead and missing were 66,000 and 130,000 wounded in the 1939 Invasion of
Poland, in addition 17,000–19,000 were killed by the Soviets in the Katyn massacre and 12,000 died
in German POW camps.[315] The Polish contribution to World War II included the Polish Armed
Forces in the West, and the 1st Polish Army fighting under Soviet command. Total casualties of
these forces in exile were 33,256 killed in action, 8,548 missing in action, 42,666 wounded and
29,385 interned.[315] The Polish Red Cross reported that the 1944 Warsaw Uprising cost the lives of
120,000 -130,000 Polish civilians and 16,000–17,000 Polish resistance movement fighters.[305][316]
The names of Polish war dead are presented at a database online.[317] During the war, 2,762,000[318]
Polish citizens of German descent declared their loyalty to Germany by signing the Deutsche
Volksliste. A West German government report estimated the deaths of 108,000 Polish citizens
serving in the German armed forces,[214] these men were conscripted in violation of international
law.[319] The Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) estimates 200,000–210,000 Polish citizens,
including 76,000 ethnic Poles were conscripted into the Soviet armed forces in 1940–1941 during
the occupation of the eastern regions. The (IPN) also reported that the Germans conscripted 250,000
Polish nationals into the Wehrmacht, 89,300 later deserted and joined the Polish Armed Forces in the
West.[302]
1. ^AS Timor Officially neutral, East Timor was occupied by Japan during 1942–45. Allied
commandos initiated a guerilla resistance campaign and most deaths were caused by Japanese
reprisals against the civilian population. The civilian death toll is estimated at 40,000 to 70,000.[320]
1. ^AT Romania Total Romanian military war dead were approximately 300,000.[205] Total killed were
93,326 (72,291 with Axis and 21,035 with Allies). Total missing and POW were 341,765 (283,322
with Axis and 58,443 with Allies), only about 80,000 survived Soviet captivity.[321] Russian sources
list the deaths of 54,600 of the 201,800 Romanian POW taken in the War.[322] Figures do not include
an additional estimated 40,000 to 50,000 dead included with the Hungarian Army.[247] Civilian losses
of 64,000 included 20,000 during Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Bukovina in 1940–41;[322] the
genocide of Roma people 36,000 deaths;[189] Allied air raids on Romania caused the deaths of 7,693
civilians.[323]
Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 469,000 in 1939 borders which includes 300,000 in Bessarabia and
Bukovina occupied by the U.S.S.R. in 1940.[17][163]
1. ^AU Ruanda Urundi The 1943 famine in Ruanda which took 300,000 lives was due to a local
drought and the harsh wartime policies of the Belgian colonial administration to increase food
production for the war effort in the Congo.[324][325] Since Rwanda was not occupied nor the supply of
food cut off, these deaths are not usually included with World War II casualties. However, at least
one historian has compared the 1943 famine in Ruanda to the Bengal famine of 1943 which is
attributed to the war.[326]
1. ^AV Singapore Victims of Japanese war crimes including the Japanese Occupation of Singapore and
the Sook Ching massacre.[274]
1. ^AW South Africa The military deaths listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War
Graves Commission Total deaths were 11,903.[6] is the source of the military dead for the British
Empire. The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the
men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars.[294] The
preliminary 1945 data for South African losses was killed 6,840, missing 1,841 wounded 14,363 and
POW 14,589.[156]
1. ^AX South Pacific Mandate This territory includes areas now known as the Marshall Islands,
Micronesia, Palau, and the Northern Mariana Islands. The estimate by R. J. Rummel of the number
of victims due to Japanese war crimes on the various Pacific Islands is 57,000.[274]
Micronesian war related civilian deaths were caused by American bombing and shellfire; and
malnutrition caused by the U.S. blockade of the islands. In addition the civilian population was
conscripted by the Japanese as forced laborers and were subjected to numerous mindless
atrocities.[327]
During the Battle of Guam (1944) the number of Chamorro people killed or wounded is not
accurately known but it was well over six hundred.[327] During the Battle of Saipan 10,000 persons in
a mass suicide of the Japanese civilian population.[7]
1. ^AY Soviet Union Military losses Military deaths from 1939 to 1945, totaling 10.7 million, include
7.7 million killed or missing in action; 2.6 million POW dead, and 400,000 paramilitary and Soviet
partisan losses.[328] The official Russian Ministry of Defense figure for military total dead and
missing from 1941 to 1945 is 8,668,400; including 6,330,000 killed in action or died of wounds and
556,000 dead from non-combat causes; 500,000 MIA and 1,283,000 dead and missing POW.
Official Russian figures indicate 4,559,000 POWs and missing, out of which about 500,000 missing
were killed in battle, 939,700 were conscripted back into the Soviet army during the war as
territories were being liberated,2,016,000 POW survived the war, 1,836,000 POWs are known to
have returned to the USSR after the war, this leaves 1,103,300 POW dead and another 180,000
missing POWs who most likely emigrated to other countries.[146][147] Richard Overy has noted that
"The official figures themselves must be viewed critically, given the difficulty of knowing in the
chaos of 1941 and 1942 exactly who had been killed, wounded or even conscripted".[329] The official
Russian statistics for military dead do not include an additional estimated 500,000 conscripted
reservists missing or killed before being listed on active strength, 1,000,000 civilians treated as POW
by Germany; and an estimated 150,000 militia and 250,000 Soviet partisan dead, which are
considered civilian war losses in the official figures.[328] The estimate by most western historians of
Soviet military POW deaths is about 3 million out of 5.7 million total POWs in German hands.[52]
There were additional casualties in 1939–40, which totaled 136,945: Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939
(8,931); Invasion of Poland of 1939 (1,139); and the Winter War with Finland (1939–40)
(126,875).[127]
The names of many Soviet war dead are presented in the OBD Memorial database online.[330]
Total population losses of the Soviet Union 1941–1945 A report published by the Russian Academy
of Science in 1993 estimated that the total Soviet population losses from 1941 to 1945, within Soviet
borders of 1946–1991, were 26.6 million out of a total population of 196.7 million, which included
the annexed territories.[15][32] In 2000, the late S. N. Mikhalev of the History department of
Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University[331] published a critical analysis of the official Russian
wartime casualty statistics, he estimated actual Soviet military war dead at more than 10.9 million
persons. He maintained that the official figures cannot be reconciled to the total men drafted and that
POW deaths were understated. Mikhalev believed that the official figure of 26.6 million war dead
should not be regarded as definitive. His analysis of the demographic balance of the USSR in the
war indicated total losses ranging from 21.240 million to 25.854 million, with the mid range being
23.568 million total war dead. Mikhalev pointed out that the estimate of total war deaths are based
on a range of estimates for the population in 1939 and the population of the annexed territories that
are by no means certain.[332] Michael Haynes has noted that "We do not know the total number of
deaths as a result of the war and related policies" We do know that the demographic estimate of
excess deaths was 26.6 million plus an additional 16.1 million natural deaths that would have
occurred in peacetime, bringing the total dead to 42.7 million. At this time the actual total number of
deaths caused by the war is unknown since among the 16.1 million "natural deaths" some would
have died peacefully and others as a result of the war.[35] Civilian war dead Civilian deaths listed on
the table above of 12.7 million are for the USSR within 1939 borders and does not include an
estimated 3.0 million civilian dead in the territories annexed by the USSR in 1939–1945 and the
215,000 Soviet war dead in the German armed forces. Civilian losses in territories annexed by USSR
are included in totals of the Baltic states (650,000),[333] Poland (2,000,000),[103][304] Romania
(300,000), and Czechoslovikia (50,000).[163] The deaths of Soviet civilians, including Jews, were
documented from 1942 to 1946 by the Soviet Extraordinary State Commission.[334][335][336] In 1995
the Russian Academy of Science published a report that summarized Soviet losses in the war. They
reported civilian deaths in the German occupied USSR(including annexed territories) totaling 13.7
million, which includes 7.4 million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals; 2.2 million deaths of
persons deported to Germany for forced labor; and 4.1 million famine and disease deaths in occupied
territory.[68][337] Total Soviet war dead include losses include an estimated 2.5 to 3.2 million civilian
dead due to famine in Soviet territory not occupied by the Germans.[338] Additional famine deaths
which totaled 1 million during 1946–47 are not included with World War II casualties.[328]
Documents from the Soviet archives list the total deaths of prisoners in the Gulag from 1941 to 1945
at 621,637.[339] An independent Russian journalist believes the actual death toll may be as high as 1.7
million, when one takes into account summary executions and deaths of those forcibly deported
during the war.[340] The genocide of Roma people was 30,000 persons.[189] Jewish Holocaust victims,
within 1939 borders, totaled 1,000,000.[163]
1. ^AZ Spain There were 4,500 military deaths with the all Spanish Blue Division serving with the
German Army in the U.S.S.R. The unit was withdrawn by Spain in 1943.[341] R. J. Rummel estimates
the deaths of 20,000 anti-Fascist Spanish refugees resident in France who were deported to Nazi
camps, these deaths are included with French civilian casualties.[52]
1. ^BA Sweden During the Winter war of 1939–40 the Swedish Volunteer Corps served with the
Finnish Armed Forces and lost 117 men in combat.[342] About 300 Swedish volunteers served in the
German Wehrmacht and 30–45 were killed in action.[343] 33 Swedish sailors were killed when
submarine HMS Ulven was sunk by a German mine on April 16, 1943.During 1939–1941 Swedish
merchant shipping was attacked by German submarines and 391 merchant seamen were killed.
Soviet attacks on Swedish merchant shipping from 1941–1944 cost the lives of 187 merchant
seamen. The Red Cross Ship Stureborg was attacked by Italian aircraft in July 1942 resulting in the
deaths of 19 of the crew and a Red Cross Official.[344]
1. ^BB Switzerland The Americans accidentally bombed Switzerland during the war causing civilian
casualties.[345][346] Losses of about 300 Swiss in the German Armed Forces are included with German
casualties.[169]
1. ^BC Thailand Military deaths included: 108 dead in the French–Thai War (1940–41)[347] and 5,559
who died either resisting the Japanese invasion (1941), or fighting alongside Japanese forces in the
Burma Campaign of 1942–45.[348] Allied bombing in 1944–45 caused 2,000 civilian deaths.[349]
Unlike other parts of South East Asia, Thailand did not suffer from famine during the war.[350]
1. ^BD Turkey The Refah tragedy (Turkish: Refah faciası) refers to a maritime disaster during World
War II, when the cargo steamer Refah of neutral Turkey, carrying Turkish military personnel from
Mersin in Turkey to Port Said, Egypt was sunk in eastern Mediterranean waters by a torpedo fired
from an unidentified submarine. Of the 200 passengers and crew aboard, only 32 survived.
1. ^BE United Kingdom and Colonies The losses listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth
War Graves Commission. Total military deaths were 383,786.[6] is the source of the military dead for
the British Empire. The losses of Newfoundland (956 military) are included in these figures.[291] The
'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the men and
women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars.[250]The Commonwealth
War Graves Commission maintains a Roll of Honour of those civilians under Crown Protection who
died as a result of enemy actions in the Second World War. The names of 67,080 are commemorated
in the Civilian War Dead Roll of Honour.[351]UK casualties include losses of the colonial forces.[352]
UK colonial forces included units from East Africa, West Africa, Ghana, the Caribbean, Malaya,
Burma, Hong Kong, Jordan, Sudan, Malta and the Jewish Brigade. The Cyprus Regiment made up
of volunteers that fought with the UK Army, and suffered about 358 killed and 250 missing.[353]
Gurkhas recruited from Nepal fought with the British Army during the Second World War.
The preliminary 1945 data for colonial forces was killed 6,877, missing 14,208, wounded 6,972 and
POW 8,115.[156] The official UK report on war casualties of June 1946 provided a preliminary tally
of war losses. This report listed the war deaths of 357,116; Navy (50,758); Army (144,079); Air
Force (69,606); Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service (624); Merchant Navy (30,248); British
Home Guard (1,206) and Civilians (60,595). The total still missing on 2/28/1946 was 6,244; Navy
(340); Army (2,267); Air Force (3,089); Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service (18); Merchant Navy
(530); British Home Guard (0) and Civilians (0). These figures included the losses of Newfoundland
and Southern Rhodesia. There were an additional 31,271 military deaths due to "natural causes"
which are not included in these figures. Deaths due to air and rocket attacks were 60,595 civilians
and 1,206 British Home Guard. The deaths of civilians interned was not given in the report.[132][354]
1. ^BF United States Total U. S. military deaths in battle and from other causes were 416,837, the U.S.
Coast Guard and U.S. Merchant Marine are not included in United States Department of Defense
total of 405,399 war dead. The breakout by service is as follows: Army 318,274,[134] Navy
62,614,[355] Marine Corps 24,511,[134] United States Coast Guard 1,917,[356][357] and United States
Merchant Marine 9,521.[160][358]Deaths in battle were 292,131. The breakout by service is as follows:
Army 234,874,[134] Navy 36,950,[134] Marine Corps 19,733,[134] United States Coast Guard
574.[280][356] These losses were incurred during the period 12/1/41 until 12/31/46 including an
additional 126 men in October 1941 when the USS Kearny and the USS Reuben James were
attacked by U-Boats. The United States Army Air Forces losses, which are included in the Army
total, were 52,173 deaths due to combat and 35,946 from non-combat causes.[136] U.S. Combat Dead
by Theater of war: Europe–Atlantic 183,588 (Army ground forces 141,088, United States Army Air
Forces 36,461, and Navy/Coast Guard 6,039); Asia–Pacific 108,504 (Army ground forces 41,592,
United States Army Air Forces 15,694, Navy/Coast Guard 31,485, Marine Corps 19,733);
unidentified theaters 39 (Army 39).[136][159] Included with combat deaths are 14,059 POWs (1,124 in
Europe and 12,935 in Asia).[159] The details of U.S. casualties are listed online: the US Army,[136] the
U.S. Army Air Force,[359] the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps,[360] the U.S. Merchant Marine.[160]
Civilian dead were 1,704 American civilians interned: 1,536 by the Japanese, and 168 by
Germany.[361][362][363] During the Attack on Pearl Harbor 68 U.S. civilians were killed by friendly
fire,[364] and 6 U.S. civilians were killed in Oregon in 1945 by Japanese balloon bombs.[365]
The names of individual U.S. military personnel killed in World War II can be found at the U.S.
National Archives.[366] The names of U.S. Merchant Mariners killed in World War II are listed by
USMM.org.[367] American Battle Monuments Commission website lists the names of military and
civilian war dead from World War II buried in ABMC cemeteries or listed on Walls of the
Missing.[368]
1. ^BG Yugoslavia Based on recent research actual losses are now put at about 1.0 million persons.[369]
The U.S. Bureau of the Census published a report in 1954 that concluded that Yugoslav war related
deaths were 1,067,000. The U.S. Bureau of the Census noted that the official Yugoslav government
figure of 1.7 million war dead was overstated because it "was released soon after the war and was
estimated without the benefit of a postwar census".[370] A recent study by Vladimir Žerjavić estimates
total war related deaths at 1,027,000 which included military losses of 237,000 Yugoslav partisans,
Chetniks, and 209,000 Ustaše. Civilian dead of 581,000, including 57,000 Jews. Losses of the
Yugoslav Republics were: Bosnia 316,000; Serbia 273,000; Croatia 271,000; Slovenia 33,000;
Montenegro 27,000; Macedonia 17,000; and killed abroad 80,000.[371] Bogoljub Kočović a Yugoslav
statistician,calculated that the actual war losses were 1,014,000.[372] The late Jozo Tomasevich,
Professor Emeritus of Economics at San Francisco State University, believes that the calculations of
Kočović and Žerjavić "seem to be free of bias, we can accept them as reliable".[373] The reasons for
the high human toll in Yugoslavia were as follows:
A.Military operations between the Germans, Italians and their Ustaše collaborators on one hand against
the Yugoslav partisans and Chetniks.[374]
B. German forces, under express orders from Hitler, fought with a special vengeance against the Serbs,
who were considered Untermensch.[374] One of the worst massacres during the German military
occupation of Serbia was the Kragujevac massacre.
C. Deliberate acts of reprisal against target populations were perpetrated by all combatants. All sides
practiced the shooting of hostages on a large scale. At the end of the war many Ustaše collaborators were
killed during the Bleiburg tragedy.[374]
D. The systematic extermination of large numbers of people for political, religious or racial reasons. The
most numerous victims were Serbs.[374] The USHMM reports between 77,000 and 99,000 persons were
killed at the Jasenovac concentration camp.[375] The genocide of Roma was 40,000 persons.[189] Jewish
Holocaust victims totaled 67,122.[207]
E. The reduced food supply caused famine and disease.[374]
F. Allied bombing of German supply lines caused civilian casualties. The hardest hit localities were
Podgorica, Leskovac, Zadar and Belgrade.[374]
G. The demographic losses due to a 335,000 reduction in the number of births and emigration of about
660,000 are not included with war casualties.[374]
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^ Geoffrey A. Hosking (2006). "Rulers and victims: the Russians in the Soviet Union". Harvard University
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^ Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov, Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: a note – World War II – Europe
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^ Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema
okupacjami.Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6
^ a b c d Rűdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3486-56531-1
^ a b c d e f g h i The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2010-2011
^ a b c John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ISBN 0-394-75172-8
^ a b c R. J. Rummel. China's Bloody Century . Transaction 1991 ISBN 0-88738-417-X
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2011-06-15.
^ "Population Statistics". Library.uu.nl. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
^ Colonies, Colonials and World War Two By Marika Sherwood
^ BBC – Africa's forgotten wartime heroes
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^ a b Post-war map of Poland
^ a b Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov, Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War:a note – World War II –
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^ U.S. Bureau of the Census The Population of Poland Ed. W. Parker Mauldin, Washington, 1954 p. 183
17. ^ a b Post-war map of Romania
18. ^ Gregory Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951. p. 133
19. ^ Waller Wynne The population of Czechoslovakia United States, Bureau of the Census, International
population statistics reports. Washington, D.C., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1953. Page 8
20. ^ Burkhart Müller-Hillebrand Das Heer 1933–1945. Entwicklung des organisatorischen Aufbaues. Band III.
Der Zweifrontenkrieg. Das Heer vom Beginn des Feldzuges gegen die Sowjetunion bis zum Kriegsende.
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22. ^ a b Hubert, Michael, Deutschland im Wandel. Geschichte der deutschen Bevolkerung seit 1815 Steiner, Franz
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23. ^ a b c d e Herausforderung Bevölkerung: zu Entwicklungen des modernen Denkens über die Bevölkerung vor,
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24. ^ a b c Rűdiger Overmans, Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung. (A
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25. ^ a b c d German Federal Archive, Spiegel, Silke Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945–1948. Bericht
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27. ^ Lithuanian Population does not include a portion of the Vilnius Region which was turned over to Lithuania
by the USSR in 1939. The population of this region was 483,000, which increased the Lithuanian population to
2,925,000
28. ^ Lithuanian Population does not include 140,000 from the Klaipėda Region which was annexed by Germany
in March 1939.
29. ^ Polish population transfers (1944–1946) including (1,526,000) Poles transferred to Poland and 518,000
ethnic Ukrainians and Belarusians transferred to USSR
30. ^ Nazi–Soviet population transfers (329,000) ethnic Germans transferred to Germany 1939–1941
31. ^ Tuvan People's Republic annexed by USSR 1944 100,000
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53. ^ Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands, Basic Books 2010 Pages 411–412
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1939–1945"". Ushmm.org. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
57. ^ "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia. "Genocide of European Roma
(Gypsies), 1939–1945"". Ushmm.org. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
58. ^ Hanock, Ian. "Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an Overview" Stone, D. (ed.) (2004) The
Historiography of the Holocaust. Palgrave, Basingstoke and New York.
59. ^ Hancock, Ian. Jewish Responses to the Porajmos -The Romani Holocaust, Center for Holocaust and
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60. ^ Danger! Educated Gypsy, page 243, University of Hertfordshire Press, 2010
61. ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Mentally and Physically Handicapped: Victims of the Nazi Era
62. ^ Bundesarchiv: Euthanasie-Verbrechen 1939–1945 (Quellen zur Geschichte der „Euthanasie“-Verbrechen
1939–1945 in deutschen und österreichischen Archiven. Ein Inventar. Einführung von Harald Jenner)
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68. ^ a b Perrie, Maureen (2006), The Cambridge History of Russia: The twentieth century, Cambridge University
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69. ^ Bohdan Wytwycky,The Other Holocaust: Many Circles of Hell The Novak Report, 1980
70. ^ Niewyk, Donald L. (2000) The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000, ISBN
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71. ^ Magocsi, Paul Robert (1996). A History of Ukraine. University of Toronto Press. p. 633.
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72. ^ Dieter Pohl, Verfolgung und Massenmord in der NS-Zeit 1933–1945, WBG (Wissenschaftliche
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York University Press, 1990. ISBN 1-85043-251-1
74. ^ Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII: Collection of Articles (In Russian). Saint-Petersburg,
1995. ISBN 5-86789-023-6. M. V. Philimoshin of the War Ministry of the Russian Federation About the
results of calculation of losses among civilian population of the USSR and Russian Federation 1941–1945
Pages 124–131 The Russian Academy of Science article by M. V. Philimoshin based this figure on sources
published in the Soviet era.
75. ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny: sbornik statei. SanktPeterburg 1995 ISBN 5-86789-023-6. M. V. Philimoshin of the War Ministry of the Russian Federation About
the results of calculation of losses among civilian population of the USSR and Russian Federation 1941–1945
Pages 124–131. In Russian. (These losses are for the entire territory of the USSR in 1941, including Polish
territories annexed in 1939–40.)
76. ^ "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia "Persecution of Homosexuals in the
Third Reich"". Ushmm.org. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
77. ^ "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia "How many Catholics were killed
during the Holocaust?"". Ushmm.org. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
78. ^ "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia "Jehovah's Witnesses"". Ushmm.org.
Retrieved 2011-06-15.
79. ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia "Freemasonry Under the Nazi
Regime"
80. ^ "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia "Blacks During the Holocaust"".
Ushmm.org. 2011-01-06. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
81. ^ ""Non-Jewish Resistance" Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum,
Washington, D.C". Ushmm.org. 2011-01-06. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
82. ^ – Croatia, Yad Vashem, Shoah Resource Center
83. ^ "Jasenovac". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
84. ^ Niewyk, Donald L. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-23111200-9 page 422.
85. ^ R. J. Rummel. Statistics of democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900 Transaction 1998 ISBN 38258-4010-7 [2]
86. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978-07658-0352-8 (Werner Gruhl is former chief of NASA's Cost and Economic Analysis Branch with a lifetime
interest in the study of the First and Second World Wars.)
87. ^ Chalmers Johnson. "Looting of Asia". Lrb.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
88. ^ a b Ian Dear & MRD Foot, The Oxford Companion to World War II (2001) p. 443
89. ^ Van Waterford, Prisoners of the Japanese in World War II, McFarland & Co., 1994 ISBN 0-89950-893-6
pp. 141–146 (figures taken from De Japanse Burgenkampen by D. Van Velden
90. ^ Bernice Archer, The internment of Western civilians under the Japanese, 1941–1945: a patchwork of
internment / Bernice Archer. London, New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004. ISBN 962-209-910-6 p. 5
91. ^ Edwin Bacon, Glasnost and the Gulag: New information on Soviet forced labour around World War II.
Soviet Studies Vol 44. 1992-6
92. ^ Pavel Polian, Against Their Will
93. ^ J. Arch Getty, "Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Prewar Years: A First Approach on the Basis of
Archival Evidence," (with Gаbor T. Rittersporn, and V. N. Zemskov), American Historical Review, 98:4, Oct.
1993
94. ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny: sbornik statei. SanktPeterburg 1995 ISBN 5-86789-023-6 p. 175
95. ^ J. Arch Getty, Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Prewar Years: A First Approach on the Basis of
Archival Evidence, (with Gаbor T. Rittersporn, and V. N. Zemskov), American Historical Review, 98:4, Oct.
1993
96. ^ Stephen G. Wheatcroft, Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability
of the Archival Data-Not the Last Word Europe-Asia Studies Volume 51, Issue 2, 1999
97. ^ Robert Conquest, "Excess deaths and camp numbers: Some comments", Soviet Studies Volume 43, Issue 5,
1991
98. ^ Steven Rosefielde, Red Holocaust, Routledge, 2009 ISBN 0-415-77757-7
99. ^ Steven Rosefielde Red Holocaust Routledge, 2009 ISBN 0-415-77757-7 Pages 76 and 77
100. ^ Steven Rosefielde Red Holocaust Routledge, 2009 ISBN 0-415-77757-7 Page 59
101. ^ Steven Rosefielde Red Holocaust Routledge, 2009 ISBN 0-415-77757-7 Pages 179 (Rosefielde's figures
were derived by estimating the population from 1939–1945 using hypothetical birth and death rates; he then
compares this 1945 estimated population to the actual ending population in 1945. The difference is 31.0
million excess deaths of which 23.4 million are attributed to the war and 7.6 million to Soviet repression)
102. ^ Michael Haynes A Century Of State Murder?: Death and Policy in Twentieth Century Russia, Pluto Press,
2003. ISBN 0745319300. Pages 62–89.
103. ^ a b c d Krystyna Kersten, Szacunek strat osobowych w Polsce Wschodniej. Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI,
1994
104. ^ a b Stephane Courtois, The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard Univ Pr, 1999
ISBN 0-674-07608-7 p. 372
105. ^ Poland World War II casualties (in thousands)
106. ^ a b c d e f "Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression. ''The White Book: Losses
inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes. 1940–1991''. Tallinn 2005. ISBN 9985-70-195-X
Table 2" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-06-15.
107. ^ Michael Haynes A Century Of State Murder?: Death and Policy in Twentieth Century Russia, Pluto Press,
2003. ISBN 0745319300. Pages 214–215.
108. ^ Pavel Polian, Against Their Will, Page 123
109. ^ Pavel Polian, Against Their Will, Page 119
110. ^ Pavel Polian, Against Their Will, Pages 123–157
111. ^ J. Otto Pohl, The Stalinist Penal System: A History of Soviet Repression and Terror, 1930–1953 McFarland
& Company, 1997 ISBN 0-7864-0336-5 Page 133
112. ^ J. Otto Pohl, The Stalinist Penal System: A History of Soviet Repression and Terror, 1930–1953 McFarland
& Company, 1997. ISBN 0-7864-0336-5. Page 148. The Soviet Archives did not provide the details by year of
the figure of 309,100 deaths in the settlements.
113. ^ G. I. Krivosheev (2001). Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil; statisticheskoe
issledovanie. OLMA-Press. pp. Tables 200–203. ISBN 5-224-01515-4. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
114. ^ Elliott, Mark, Pawns of Yalta: Soviet Refugees and America's Role in Their Repatriation, University of
Illinois Press, 1982. ISBN 0-252-00897-9
115. ^ a b c d e Rűdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3486-56531-1 pp. 333–335
116. ^ "Russian Volunteers in the German Wehrmacht in WWII-by Lt. Gen Wladyslaw Anders and Antonio
Munoz". Feldgrau.com. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
117. ^ G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1-85367-280-7 p. 276
118. ^ Rűdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-48656531-1 p. 286
119. ^ a b John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ISBN 0-394-75172-8 p. 297
120. ^ Ellis, John. World War II – A statistical survey Facts on File 1993. ISBN 0-8160-2971-7. p. 254
121. ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ISBN 0-394-75172-8 p. 363 According to John W. Dower; the
"Known deaths of Japanese troops awaiting repatriation in Allied (non-Soviet) hands were listed as 81,090 by
U.S. authorities; An additional 300,000 Japanese prisoners died in Soviet hands after the surrender
122. ^ "''Reports of General MacArthurMACARTHUR IN JAPAN:THE OCCUPATION: MILITARY PHASE
VOLUME I SUPPLEMENT'' U.S. Government printing Office 1966 p. 130 Endnote 36". History.army.mil.
Retrieved 2011-06-15.
123. ^ Nimmo, William. Behind a curtain of silence: Japanese in Soviet custody, 1945–1956, Greenwood 1989
ISBN 978-0-313-25762-9 pp. 116–118 The Japanese Ministry of Welfare and Foreign Office reported that
347,000 military personnel and civilians were dead or missing in Soviet hands after the war. The Japanese list
the losses of 199,000 in Manchurian transit camps, 36,000 in North Korea, 9,000 from Sakhalin and 103,000 in
the U.S.S.R.
124. ^ "Italians in WWII". Storiaxxisecolo.it. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
125. ^ Istituto Centrale Statistica (Roma, 1957) "Rapporto Morti e dispersi per cause belliche negli anni 1940–45"
126. ^ 600,000 POWs of Allies; 50,000 POWs of Russians; 650,000 POWs of Germans [3]
127. ^ a b c G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1-85367-280-7 pp. 51–80
128. ^ G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1-85367-280-7 pp. 85–87
129. ^ G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1-85367-280-7 pp. 230–238
130. ^ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 pp.
13–14
131. ^ a b Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1
pp. 20–21
132. ^ a b c d Strength and Casualties of the Armed Forces and Auxiliary Services of the United Kingdom 1939–1945
HMSO 1946 Cmd.6832
133. ^ The UK Central Statistical Office Statistical Digest of the War HMSO 1951
134. ^ a b c d e f "Congressional Research Report – American War and Military Operations Casualties. Updated
February 26, 2010" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-06-16.
135. ^ "Office of the Adjutant General, ''U.S. Army Battle Casualties and Non-battle Deaths in World War II: ort'',
Table, p. 8:"Battle casualties by type of casualty and disposition, and duty branch: 7 December 1941 -31
December 1946". Command and General Staff College (1953)". Cgsc.cdmhost.com. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
136. ^ a b c d "of the Adjutant General, ''U.S. Army Battle Casualties and Non-battle Deaths in World War II: ort'',
Table, p. 8:"Battle casualties by type of casualty and disposition, and duty branch: 7 December 1941 -31
December 1946". Command and General Staff College (1953)". Cgsc.cdmhost.com. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
137. ^ Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures,
1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. p. 584
138. ^ "American Merchant Marine at War, www.usmm.org". Usmm.org. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
139. ^ "CRS Report for Congress U.S. Prisoners of War and Civilian American Citizens Captured and Interned by
Japan in World War II: The Issue of Compensation by Japan Updated December 17, 2002". Retrieved 201106-15.
140. ^ a b Rűdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-48656531-1 p. 335
141. ^ Rűdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-48656531-1 p. 239 and p. 236
142. ^ a b Rűdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-48656531-1 p. 289
143. ^ a b Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny: sbornik statei. SanktPeterburg 1995 ISBN 5-86789-023-6 p. 109
144. ^ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 p.
20
145. ^ G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1-85367-280-7 p. 85
146. ^ a b c "G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil; statisticheskoe
issledovanie OLMA-Press, 2001 ISBN 5-224-01515-4 Table 176". Lib.ru. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
147. ^ a b G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1-85367-280-7 pp. 85–86
148. ^ G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1-85367-280-7. p. 236
149. ^ G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1-85367-280-7 p. 86
150. ^ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 p.
21
151. ^ G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1-85367-280-7 p. 91
152. ^ G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1-85367-280-7 p. 236
153. ^ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 p.
13-14
154. ^ Ellis, John. World War II – A statistical survey Facts on File 1993. ISBN 0-8160-2971-7. pp. 253–254
155. ^ a b UK Central Statistical Office Statistical Digest of the War HMSO 1951.
156. ^ a b c d e f g The Times on November 30, 1945. The official losses of the Commonwealth and the Colonies were
published here
157. ^ "The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission". Direct.gov.uk.
Retrieved 2011-06-15.
158. ^ "United States Dept. of the Army, Army Battle Casualties and Non Battle Deaths in World War II".
Cgsc.cdmhost.com. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
159. ^ a b c Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other
Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. pp. 584–591
160. ^ a b c "American Merchant Marine at War, www.usmm.org". Usmm.org. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
161. ^ Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures,
1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. pp. 584–585
162. ^ Albania: a country study Federal Research Division, Library of Congress; edited by Raymond E. Zickel and
Walter R. Iwaskiw. 2nd ed. 1994. ISBN 0-8444-0792-5. Available online at Federal Research Division of the
U.S. Library of Congress. See section "On The Communist Takeover". Library of Congress Country Study
163. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Martin Gilbert. Atlas of the Holocaust 1988 ISBN 0-688-12364-3 p. 244
164. ^ "''Deaths as a result of service with Australian units''(AWM) web page". AWM. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
165. ^ McKernan, Michael. Strength of a Nation: Six years of Australians fighting for the nation and defending the
homefront in World War II, Crows Nest NSW, Allen & Unwin, ISBN 1-74114-714-X. p. 393.
166. ^ Austria facts and Figures Page 44
167. ^ a b Donald Kendrick, The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies. Basic Books 1972 ISBN 0-465-01611-1
168. ^ Gregory Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951.
169. ^ a b Rűdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-48656531-1 p. 230
170. ^ Ellis, John. World War II – A statistical survey Facts on File 1993. ISBN 0-8160-2971-7.
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pp. 38–39
173. ^ Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures,
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174. ^ Kiradzhiev, Svetlin. Sofia 125 Years Capital 1879–2004 Chronicle. Sofia 2006 (In Bulgarian) ISBN 954617-011-9
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176. ^ a b Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures,
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188. ^ Pacner, K. Osudove okamziky Ceskoslovenska, Praha, 1997, ISBN 80-85821-46-X, p. 270
189. ^ a b c d e f Donald Kendrick, The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies. Basic Books, 1972, ISBN 0-465-01611-1, p. 184
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192. ^ a b M. Z. Aziz. Japan's Colonialism and Indonesia. The Hague 1955. p. 170
193. ^ "Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression. ''The White Book: Losses inflicted
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194. ^ Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures,
1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. p. 491
195. ^ Small, Melvin & Singer, Joel David, Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars 1816–1965. 1982
196. ^ Italy's War Crimes in Ethiopia, 1946 (reprinted 2000), ISBN 0-9679479-0-1.
197. ^ R. J. Rummel. Statistics of democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900 Transaction 1998 ISBN 38258-4010-7 Chapter 14
198. ^ "Finnish National Archives". Kronos.narc.fi. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
199. ^ National Defence College (1994), Jatkosodan historia 6, Porvoo. ISBN 951-0-15332-X
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52
201. ^ "Finnish Volunteers in the German Wehrmacht in WWII by Jarto Nieme, Russ Folsom and Jason Pipes".
Feldgrau.com. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
202. ^ Gregory Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951. pp. 58–59
203. ^ a b Gregory Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951. pp. 60–65
204. ^ Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures,
1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. pp. 415–416
205. ^ a b Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other
Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. p. 582
206. ^ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 pp.
83–89
207. ^ a b c Martin Gilbert Atlas of the Holocaust 1988 ISBN 0-688-12364-3 p. 244
208. ^ Rick Atkinson, An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942–1943, Simon and Schuster, 2007, ISBN
0-7435-7099-5, p. 478
209. ^ a b Gerhard Reichling. Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen, Bonn 1995, ISBN 3-88557-046-7
210. ^ Wiki media Map:German speaking regions of Europe prior to 1939
211. ^ a b c d Rűdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3486-56531-1 pp. 335–336
212. ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956,
213. ^ Marschalck, Peter. Bevölkerungsgeschichte Deutschlands im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, Suhrkamp 1984
214. ^ a b c Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete
1939/50. Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt – Wiesbaden. – Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1958
215. ^ a b c d Rűdiger Overmans, Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung. (A
parallel summary in Polish was also included, this paper was a presentation at an academic conference in
Warsaw Poland in 1994), Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI-1994
216. ^ Rüdiger Overmans's personal website (in German)
217. ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik November 1949, journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt
Deutschland.(German government Statistical Office)
218. ^ Rűdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-48656531-1 pp. 286
219. ^ Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, p. 78
220. ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik November 1949, journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland
(German government Statistical Office)
221. ^ The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, Page 78
222. ^ Willi Kammerer; Anja Kammerer, Narben bleiben die Arbeit der Suchdienste – 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten
Weltkrieg Berlin Dienststelle 2005 (Published by the Search Service of the German Red Cross. The forward to
the book was written by German President Horst Köhler and the German interior minister Otto Schily.)
223. ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956, journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland (German
government Statistical Office)
224. ^ Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, Page 78
225. ^ Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, Bd. 9/1, ISBN 3-421-06236-6. p. 460
226. ^ Germany reports. With an introduction by Konrad Adenauer. Germany (West). Presse- und Informationsamt.
Wiesbaden, Distribution: F. Steiner, 1961. Page 32
227. ^ Das Bundesarchiv Das Inventar der Quellen zur Geschichte der 'Euthanasie'-Verbrechen 1939–1945 (report
available online at Bundesarchiv website)
228. ^ Rhode,Gotthold, Die Deutschen im Osten nach 1945. Zeitschrift Für Ostforschung, Heft 3, 1953
229. ^ Bundesministerium für Vertriebene, Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa
Vol. 1–5, Bonn, 1954–1961
230. ^ "R. J. Rummel, "Statistics of democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900" Transaction 1998 ISBN 38258-4010-7 Chapter 7". Hawaii.edu. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
231. ^ Federal Ministry for Expellees, Refugees and War Victims Facts concerning the problem of the German
expellees and refugees. Bonn, 1967
232. ^ a b Rede von Bundespräsident Horst Köhler beim Tag der Heimat des Bundes der Vertriebenen am 2. Sept
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233. ^ a b c "PPD 39 Haar" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-06-15.
234. ^ a b pl:Piotr Eberhardt, Political Migrations In Poland 1939–1948, Warsaw, 2006
235. ^ pl:Piotr Eberhardt, Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-Century Central-Eastern Europe:
History, Data, Analysis Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2003. ISBN 0-7656-0665-8
236. ^ "Final Statement and Conclusions of the Czech-German Historical Commission". Tschechien-portal.info.
1996-12-17. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
237. ^ Hoensch, Jörg K. und Hans Lemberg, Begegnung und Konflikt. Schlaglichter auf das Verhältnis von
Tschechen, Slowaken und Deutschen 1815–1989 Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung 2001 ISBN 3-89861002-0
238. ^ Leidensweg der Deutschen im kommunistischen Jugoslawien, Arbeitskreis Dokumentation im
Bundesverband der Landsmannschaft der Donauschwaben aus Jugoslawien, Sindelfingen, und in der
Donauschwäbischen Kulturstiftung, München. Imprint München: Die Stiftung, 1991–1995. Vol 4, pp. 1018–
1019
239. ^ Rűdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-48656531-1 pp. 298–299
240. ^ Bernadetta Nitschke. Vertreibung und Aussiedlung der deutschen Bevölkerung aus Polen 1945 bis 1949.
München, Oldenbourg Verlag, 2003. ISBN 3-486-56832-9. S. 269–282.
241. ^ Christoph Bergner, Secretary of State in Germany's Bureau for Inner Affairs, outlines the stance of the
respective governmental institutions in Deutschlandfunk on 29 November 2006, [5]
242. ^ Willi Kammerer, Anja Kammerer. Narben bleiben die Arbeit der Suchdienste – 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten
Weltkrieg Berlin Dienststelle 2005 (Published by the Search Service of the German Red Cross. The foreword
to the book was written by German President Horst Köhler and the German interior minister Otto Schily.)
243. ^ B. Gleitze, Deutschlands Bevölkerungsverluste durch den Zweiten Weltkrieg, „Vierteljahrshefte zur
Wirtschaftsforschung” 1953, s. 375–384 Gleitze estimated 400,000 excess deaths during the war and 800,000
in post war Germany
244. ^ Alan S. Milward, The Reconstruction of Western Europe
245. ^ Gregory Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951. pp. 89–91
246. ^ "Council for Reparations from Germany, ''Black Book of the Occupation''(In Greek and German) Athens
2006 p. 1018-1019" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-06-15.
247. ^ a b Támas Stark. Hungary's Human Losses in World War II. Uppsala Univ. 1995 ISBN 91-86624-21-0
248. ^ a b c d e Donald Kendrick, The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies. Basic Books 1972 ISBN 0-465-01611-1 p. 183
249. ^ "Hve margir Íslendingar dóu í seinni heimsstyrjöldinni?". Visindavefur.hi.is. 2005-06-14. Retrieved 201106-15.
250. ^ a b "'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission". Direct.gov.uk. Retrieved
2011-06-15.
251. ^ a b Parker, John. (2005). The Gurkhas: The Inside Story of the World's Most Feared Soldiers. Headline Book
Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7553-1415-7 P.250
252. ^ a b John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ISBN 0-394-75172-8 p. 296
253. ^ Amartya Sen interviewed by David Barsamian of Alternative Radio
254. ^ a b Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other
Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. p. 498
255. ^ The Challenge Of The Irish Volunteers of World War II Geoffrey Roberts
256. ^ "Bombing Incidents in Ireland during the Emergency 1939–1945". Csn.ul.ie. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
257. ^ Roma:Instituto Centrale Statistica' Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940–45 Rome 1957
258. ^ "The effects of war losses on mortality estimates for Italy: A first attempt. Demographic Research, Vol. 13,
No. 15". Demographic-research.org. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
259. ^ Del Boca, Angelo, The Ethiopian war. Univ. of Chicago Press. 1969 ISBN 0-226-14217-5
260. ^ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 p.
90
261. ^ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 p.
47
262. ^ Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito. Commissariato generale C.G.V. Ministero della Difesa –
Edizioni 1986
263. ^ a b Annual Changes in Population of Japan Proper 1 October 1920–1 October 1947, General Headquarters
for the Allied Powers Economic and Scientific Section Research and Programs Division. Tokyo, July 1948.
264. ^ a b c John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ISBN 0-394-75172-8 pp. 297–299
265. ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ISBN 0-394-75172-8 pp. 363
266. ^ Nimmo, William. Behind a curtain of silence: Japanese in Soviet custody, 1945–1956, Greenwood 1989
ISBN 978-0-313-25762-9 pp. 116–118
267. ^ "G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil; statisticheskoe issledovanie
OLMA-Press, 2001 ISBN 5-224-01515-4". Lib.ru. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
268. ^ Gil Elliot, Twentieth Century Book of the Dead C. Scribner, 1972 ISBN 0-684-13115-3
269. ^ Sivard, Ruth Leger World Military and Social Expenditures 1985
270. ^ Borton, Hugh. Japans Modern Century New York 1955 pp. 497,
271. ^ Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures,
1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. p. 578
272. ^ The US Strategic bombing survey Report # 55 p. 7
273. ^ "United States Strategic Bombing Survey The Effects of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagaski United
States Government Printing Office Washington: 1946". Ibiblio.org. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
274. ^ a b c d "R. J. Rummel "Statistics of democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900" Transaction 1998
ISBN 3-8258-4010-7 Chapter 3". Hawaii.edu. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
275. ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ISBN 0-394-75172-8 p. 47
276. ^ Tai Hawn Kwon. Demography of Korea. Seoul National University Press. 1977
277. ^ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 p.
28
278. ^ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 p.
29
279. ^ Gregory Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951. p. 107
280. ^ a b c Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other
Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 ISBN 0-7864-1204-6.
281. ^ "The Siege of Malta in World War Two". Bbc.co.uk. 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
282. ^ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 p.
74
283. ^ "United States State Department Background notes Nauru". State.gov. 2011-01-26. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
284. ^ "Impact of World War II in Nepal". Premsinghbasnyat.com.np. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
285. ^ "History Of The Nepalese Army". Nepalarmy.mil.np. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
286. ^ "Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) Netherlands" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-06-15.
287. ^ "CBS, 1948, Oorlogsverliezen 1940–1945. Maandschrift van het Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, blz.
749. Belinfante, 's-Gravenhage" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-06-15.
288. ^ Fremy, M., Quid 1996, p. 1275
289. ^ "Dutch and Australian servicemen in captivity". Awm.gov.au. 1944-08-31. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
290. ^ "The Netherlands War Graves Foundation". Ogs.nl. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
291. ^ a b "Military Records of Newfoundlanders Who Served in Various Units During World War II".
Ngb.chebucto.org. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
292. ^ "Allied Merchant Navy Memorial in Newfoundland". Cdli.ca. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
293. ^ Sinking of the SS Caribou
294. ^ a b "'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission". Direct.gov.uk. Retrieved
2011-06-16.
295. ^ "New Zealand Armed Forces Memorial Project". Nzhistory.net.nz. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
296. ^ Gregory Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951. pp. 112–113
297. ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs Norway and World War II". B24.no. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
298. ^ Bjij, V. Lal and Kate Fortune. The Pacific Islands – An Encyclopedia p. 244
299. ^ "United States State Dept. ''Background Note: Philippines''". State.gov. 2011-06-03. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
300. ^ Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures,
1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. p. 566
301. ^ a b Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema
okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance(IPN) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6, p. 32
302. ^ a b Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema
okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance(IPN) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6, pp. 29–30
303. ^ Piotr Eberhardt, Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-Century Central-Eastern Europe:
History, Data, Analysis M.E. Sharpe, 2002 ISBN 0-7656-0665-8 p. 112
304. ^ a b c d Czesław Łuczak, Szanse i trudnosci bilansu demograficznego Polski w latach 1939–1945. Dzieje
Najnowsze Rocznik XXI, 1994
305. ^ a b c d Gniazdowski, Mateusz. Losses Inflicted on Poland by Germany during World War II. Assessments and
Estimates—an Outline The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs, 2007, no. 1.This article is available from
the Central and Eastern European Online Library at http://www.ceeol.com
306. ^
[Poland
World
War
II
casualties
(in
thousands)http://projectinposterum.org/docs/poland_WWII_casualties.htm]
307. ^ U.S. Bureau of the Census The Population of Poland Ed. W. Parker Mauldin, Washington, D.C., 1954
308. ^ Andreev, E. M., et al., Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993. ISBN 5-02013479-1 p. 78. Total Soviet losses of 26.6 million are computed for the population in mid-1941 in the
territory of the Soviet Union of 1946–1991
309. ^ Poland. Bureau odszkodowan wojennych, Statement on war losses and damages of Poland in 1939–1945.
Warsaw 1947.(the figures of 2.8 miilion Jews and 3.2 miilion Poles are based on language spoken, not
religion)
310. ^ "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.''Poles Victims of the Nazi Era''". Ushmm.org. Retrieved 201106-16.
311. ^ Donald Kendrick, The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies. Basic Books 1972 ISBN 0-465-01611-1 p. 18
312. ^ Gregory Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951. pp. 115–126
313. ^ "go to note on Polish Casualties by Tadeusz Piotrowski at the bottom of the page". Project In Posterum.
Retrieved 2011-06-15.
314. ^ Franciszek Proch, Poland's Way of the Cross, New York 1987
315. ^ a b T. Panecki, Wsiłek zbrojny Polski w II wojnie światowej pl:Wojskowy Przegląd Historyczny,1995, no. 1–
2, pp. 13–18
316. ^ Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema
okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance(IPN) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6, p. 20
317. ^ "Victims of the Nazi Regime-Database of Polish citizens repressed under the German Occupation". Straty.pl.
Retrieved 2011-06-16.
318. ^ Nürnberg Document No. 3568. Data from this document is listed in Martin Brozat, Nationalsozialistische
Polenpolitik Fischer Bücheri 1961. p. 125
319. ^ Schimitzek, Stanislaw, Truth or Conjecture? Warsaw 1966
320. ^ Department of Defence (Australia), 2002, "A Short History of East Timor" (Access date: October 13, 2010.)
321. ^ Mark Axworthy. Third Axis Fourth Ally. Arms and Armour 1995 ISBN 1-85409-267-7 pp. 216–217
322. ^ a b Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1
p. 51
323. ^ Mark Axworthy. Third Axis Fourth Ally. Arms and Armour 1995 ISBN 1-85409-267-7 p. 314
324. ^ Catharine NewburyThe Cohesion of Oppression: Clientship and Ethnicity in Rwanda: 1860–1960 Columbia
University Press, 1993 ISBN 0-231-06257-5 pp. 157–158
325. ^ Linden, Jan Church and revolution in Rwanda, Manchester University Press 1977 ISBN 0-8419-0305-0 p.
207
326. ^ Alexander De Waal, Famine crimes: politics & the disaster relief industry in Africa Indiana Univ Pr, 1999
ISBN 0-253-21158-1 p. 30
327. ^ a b Poyer, Lin; Falgout, Suzanne; Carucci, Laurence Marshall. The Typhoon of War: Micronesian
Experiences of the Pacific War Univ of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 2001. ISBN 0-8248-2168-8
328. ^ a b c Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1
p. 20-21
329. ^ Richard Overy, Russia's War: A History of the Soviet Effort: 1941–1945, Penguin Books, 1998, ISBN 0-14027169-4 p. XV
330. ^ "OBD Memorial". Obd-memorial.ru. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
331. ^ "Obituary of S. N. Mkhalev who passed away in 2005". Andjusev.narod.ru. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
332. ^ S. N. Mikhalev Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941–1945 gg: Statisticheskoe issledovanie
Krasnoiarskii gos. pedagog. universitet, 2000. ISBN 5-85981-082-2. Page 28.
333. ^ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 pp.
23–34
334. ^ A Mosaic of Victims – Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis. Ed. by Michael Berenbaum New
York University Press 1990 ISBN 1-85043-251-1 p. 140
335. ^ "A. A. Shevyakov ''"Gitlerovski genotsid na territoriyakh SSR."'' Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya, 12, 1991"
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336. ^ "A. A. Shevyakov ''"Zherty sredi mirnogo nasseleniya v gody otechestvennoi voiny"'' Sotsiologicheskie
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337. ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny: sbornik statei. SanktPeterburg 1995 ISBN 5-86789-023-6 pp. 124–131(These losses are for the entire territory of the USSR in
1941, including territories annexed in 1939–40).
338. ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny: sbornik statei. SanktPeterburg 1995 ISBN 5-86789-023-6 p. 158
339. ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny: sbornik statei. SanktPeterburg 1995 ISBN 5-86789-023-6 p. 175
340. ^ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1. p.
22
341. ^ Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures,
1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. p. 515
342. ^ "Swedish Volunteer Corps". Svenskafrivilliga.com. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
343. ^ "Swedish Volunteers in the German Wehrmacht". Feldgrau.com. 1945-05-02. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
344. ^ The article in Swedish Wikipedia Lista över krigshandlingar mot Sverige under andra världskriget The List
of Acts of War Against Sweden In World War Two has details with sources on Sweden's Merchant Marine
Losses in the war
345. ^ "Aerospace Power Journal. Summer 2000. The Diplomacy of Apology: U.S. Bombings of Switzerland
during World War II by Jonathan E. Helmreich". Airpower.maxwell.af.mil. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
346. ^ "Aerospace Power Journal. Summer 2000. The Bombing of Zurich by Jonathan E. Helmreich".
Airpower.maxwell.af.mil. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
347. ^ Sorasanya Phaengspha (2002) The Indochina War: Thailand Fights France. Sarakadee Press.
348. ^ Eiji Murashima, "The Commemorative Character of Thai Historiography: The 1942–43 Thai Military
Campaign in the Shan States Depicted as a Story of National Salvation and the Restoration of Thai
Independence" Modern Asian Studies, v40, n4 (2006) pp. 1053–1096, p1057n: "Deaths in the Thai military
forces from 8 December 1941 through the end of the war included 143 officers, 474 non-commissioned
officers, and 4,942 soldiers. (Defense Ministry of Thailand, In Memory of Victims who Fell in Battle [in Thai],
Bangkok: Krom phaenthi Thahanbok, 1947). With the exception of about 180 who died in the 8 December
[1941] battles and another 150 who died in battles in the Shan states [Burma], almost all of the war dead died
of malaria and other diseases."
349. ^ E. Bruce Reynolds, "Aftermath of Alliance: The Wartime Legacy in Thai-Japanese Relations", Journal of
Southeast Asian Studies, v21, n1, March 1990, pp. 66–87. "An OSS document (XL 30948, RG 226, USNA)
quotes Thai Ministry of Interior figures of 8,711 air raids deaths in 1944–45 and damage to more than 10,000
buildings, most of them totally destroyed. However, an account by M. R. Seni Pramoj (a typescript entitled
'The Negotiations Leading to the Cessation of a State of War with Great Britain' and filed under Papers on
World War II, at the Thailand Information Center, Chulalongkorn University, p. 12) indicates that only about
2,000 Thai died in air raids."
350. ^ E. Bruce Reynolds, "Aftermath of Alliance: The Wartime Legacy in Thai-Japanese Relations", Journal of
Southeast Asian Studies, v21, n1, March 1990, pp66-87. Thailand exported rice to neighboring Japaneseoccupied countries during 1942–45 (p72n) and did not experience the notorious famines that occurred in India
and French Indochina (see above), during 1943–1944.
351. ^ Commonwealth War Graves Commission – Annual Report 2009–2010. Finances, Statistics and Service, p.
19
352. ^ Marika Sherwood (2011-03-30). "Colonies, Colonials and World War Two". BBC. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
353. ^ "Cyprus Veterans Association World War II". Cyprusveterans.com.cy. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
354. ^ UK Central Statistical Office Statistical Digest of the War HMSO 1951
355. ^ Annual Report, Navy and Marine Corps Military Personnel Statistics, 30 June 1964.
356. ^ a b "U.S. Coast Guard History". Uscg.mil. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
357. ^ Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures,
1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 ISBN 0-7864-1204-6 pp. 584–591
358. ^ "Mariners in "ocean-going service" during World War II have Veteran Status. They may be entitled to a
gravestone, flag for their coffin, and burial in a National Cemetery". Usmm.org. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
359. ^ U.S. Army Air Force in World War Two
360. ^ "US Navy and Marine Corps Personnel Casualties in World WarII". History.navy.mil. Retrieved 2011-0616.
361. ^ CRS Report for Congress U.S. Prisoners of War and Civilian American Citizens Captured and Interned by
Japan in World War II: The Issue of Compensation by Japan Updated December 17, 2002, p. CRS-11
362. ^ Center for Internee Rights, Civilian prisoners of the Japanese in the Philippine Islands Turner Press 2002,
ISBN 1-56311-838-6 (The total of 1,536 is broken out as 992 "died" and 544 "unknown", out of 13,996 total
detained by Japan.) (Those detained by Germany are broken out as 168 "died" and 715 "unknown", out of
4,749 total detained.)
363. ^ The annual death rate from 1942–1945 of Americans interned by Japan was about 3.5%. There were 1,536
deaths
among
the
13,996
interned
civilians
from
1942–1945.
The United States interned about 100,000 Japanese Americans from 1942–1945. The 1946 report by the U.S.
Dept. of The Interior "The Evacuated People a Quantitative Description" gave the annual death rate from
1942–1945 of Japanese detained in the U.S. at about 0.7%. There were 1,862 deaths among the 100,000 to
110,000 Japanese civilians interned in the U.S. from 1942–1945. The annual death rate among the U.S.
population as a whole from 1942–1945 was about 1.1% per annum.
364. ^ Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures,
1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. p. 552
365. ^ Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures,
1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. p. 550
366. ^ U.S. National Archives Casualties from World War II
367. ^ "U.S. Merchant Marine Casualties during World War II". Usmm.org. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
368. ^ "American Battle Monuments Commission". Abmc.gov. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
369. ^ Tomasevich, Jozo. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford:
Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3615-4 Cap.17 Alleged and True Population Losses
370. ^ U.S. Bureau of the Census The Population of Yugoslavia Ed. Paul F. Meyers and Arthur A. Campbell,
Washington p. 23
371. ^ Danijela Nadj, [email protected] (1993). Yugoslavia manipulations with the number Second World War victims.
Zagreb: Croatian Information center. ISBN 0-919817-32-7. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
372. ^ Kočović, Bogoljub Žrtve Drugog svetskog rata u Jugoslaviji, 1990. ISBN 86-01-01928-5. pp. 172–189
373. ^ Tomasevich, Jozo. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford:
Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3615-4 In Cap.17 Alleged and True Population Losses there is
a detailed account of the controversies related to Yugoslav war losses. p. 737
374. ^ a b c d e f g Tomasevich, Jozo. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration.
Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3615-4 In Cap.17 Alleged and True Population
Losses there is a detailed account of the controversies related to Yugoslav war losses. p. 744-750
375. ^ "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia. "Jasenovac"". Ushmm.org. Retrieved
2011-06-16.
American corpses sprawled on the beach of Tarawa. The Marines secured the island after 76 hours of intense fighting
with around 6,000 dead in total. The Pacific War claimed the lives of more than 100,000 US military personnel. Killing
of Jews at Ivangorod, Ukraine, 1942. A woman protects a child with her body as Einsatzgruppen soldiers aim their
rifles.
Dead Soviet soldiers, January 1942. Officially, roughly 8.7 million Soviet soldiers died in the course of the war. Katyn
1943 exhumation. Photo by Polish Red Cross delegation.
World War II casualties of the Soviet Union
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
World War II casualties of the Soviet Union from all related causes are commonly estimated in
excess of 20,000,000, both civilians and military, although the statistics vary to a great extent. The
current assessment by Russian Government is that total losses were 26.6 million both civilians and
military, with military dead at 8.7 million.
Current Assessment by the Russian Government
Military losses In 1993 the Russian Ministry of Defense issued a report authored by G. I.
Krivosheev that details Soviet military casualties in World War II. The source for the data were
Soviet "reports from the field and other archive documents" that were considered secret during the
Soviet era. The schedule below summarizes these figures.
Soviet World War II military casualties 1939-1945[1][2]
Dead and
Wounded and
missing
survived
Battle of Khalkhin Gol 1939
9,703
15,952
[1][3]
Invasion of Poland 1939[1][4]
1,475
2,383
[1][4]
Winter War 1939-1940
126,875
264,908
[5][6]
World War II 1941-1945
8,668,400
14,685,593
Total
8,806,453
14,968,836
The Schedule below summarizes Soviet casualties from 1941-1945.
Military dead and missing (1941–45)[7][8]
KIA or died of wounds
6,329,600
Noncombat deaths (sickness, accidents,etc.)
555,500
Subtotal KIA, died of wounds and Noncombat deaths 6,885,100
MIA and POW
4,559,000
Total operational losses during war
11,444,100
Less:Surviving missing
(939,700)
Less:POWs returned to USSR
(1,836,000)
8,668,400
Total irrecoverable losses (from listed strength)
The report of G. I. Krivosheev shows that of all the men serving in the military during the war there
were about 4,559,000 reported missing (including 3,396,400 per field reports and an additional
1,162,600 estimated by Krivosheev), out of which 500,000 were missing and presumed dead,
939,700 were conscripted back into the Soviet army during the war as territories were being
liberated, 1,103,300 POW died in captivity, 2,016,000 POW survived the war, of which 1,836,000
POWs are known to have returned to the U.S.S. R. after the war and another 180,000 liberated
POWs who most likely emigrated to other countries.[9][10] Some scholars maintain that Soviet
military casualties should also include the deaths of an additional estimated 500,000 conscripted
reservists captured before being listed on active strength, 1,000,000 civilians treated as military
POW by Germany and also about 150,000 militia and 250,000 Soviet partisan dead.[11][12] In official
Russian sources these are considered civilian casualties.[13][14] Estimates by Western historians of
Soviet military POW deaths is about 3 million out of 5.7 million total POWs in German hands.
However, this number probably includes partisans, militia, and many civilian men of military age
taken as POWs[9][14] Total Soviet population losses include approximately 12 million men aged 18
to 39[15]
The casualties of each Soviet Republic
Soviet Republic Population 1940 Military Dead Civilian Dead
Armenia
1,320,000
150,000
30,000
Total Deaths as % 1940 Pop.
180,000
13.6%
Soviet Republic Population 1940 Military Dead Civilian Dead Total Deaths as % 1940 Pop.
Azerbaijan
3,270,000
210,000
90,000
300,000
9.1%
Belarus
9,050,000
620,000
1,670,000 2,290,000
25.3%
Estonia
1,050,000
30,000
50,000
80,000
7.6%
Georgia
3,610,000
190,000
110,000
300,000
8.3%
Kazakhstan
6,150,000
310,000
350,000
660,000
10.7%
Kyrgyzstan
1,530,000
70,000
50,000
120,000
7.8%
Latvia
1,890,000
30,000
230,000
260,000
13.7%
Lithuania
2,930,000
25,000
350,000
375,000
12.7%
Moldova
2,470,000
50,000
120,000
170,000
6.9%
Russia
110,100,000
6,750,000
7,200,000 13,950,000
12.7%
Tajikistan
1,530,000
50,000
70,000
120,000
7.8%
Turkmenistan
1,300,000
70,000
30,000
100,000
7.7%
Uzbekistan
6,550,000
330,000
220,000
550,000
8.4%
Ukraine
41,340,000
1,650,000
5,200,000 6,850,000
16.3%
Unidentified
165,000
130,000
295,000
Total USSR
194,090,000
10,700,000
15,900,000 26,600,000
13.7%
• The source of the figures on the table is Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik.
Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 pp. 23–35 Erlikman notes that these figures are his estimates.
Many Soviet war dead are presented at the OBD Memorial database online.[16]
Soviet military dead and Missing by nationality (1941–45)[17]
Total
Percentage
5,756,000
66.402%
Russians
1,377,400
15.890%
Ukrainians
252,900
2.917%
Belarusians
187,700
2.165%
Tatars
142,500
1.644%
Jews
125,500
1.448%
Kazakhs
117,900
1.360%
Uzbeks
83,700
0.966%
Armenians
79,500
0.917%
Georgians
545,300
6.291%
Others
Civilian losses The Russian Academy of Science puts the civilian death toll in the regions
occupied by Germany at 13.7 million. Contemporary Russian sources use the terms "genocide" and
"premeditated extermination" when referring to civilian losses in the occupied USSR caused by the
result of direct, intentional actions of violence. Civilians killed in reprisals during the Soviet
partisan war account for a major part of the huge toll.[18] Russian sources generally do not breakout
Jewish Holocaust deaths separately. Martin Gilbert puts Jewish losses at one million within the
borders of 1939; Holocaust deaths in the annexed territories were another 1.5 million bringing the
total in Soviet territory to about 2.5 million.[19] These losses include deaths in the siege of
Leningrad. David Glantz has noted that Soviet era sources put the number of dead in the Siege of
Leningrad at “greater than 800,000” and that a Russian source from 2000 put the number of dead at
1,000,000.[20] However, other Russian historians have put the death toll in the siege of Leningrad at
between 1.4 and 2.0 million persons.[21] The report of the Russian Academy of Science lists the
deaths of civilian forced laborers in Germany totaling 2,164,313. G. I. Krivosheev in the report on
military casualties gives a total of 1,103,300 POW dead. The total of these two figures is 3,267,613,
which is in close agreement with estimates by western historians of about 3 million deaths of
prisoners in German captivity. In the occupied regions Nazi Germany had a policy of forced
confiscation of food that resulted in the famine deaths of an estimated 6% of the population, 4.1
million persons.[22]
Soviet civilian war dead(1941–45)[23][24][25]
Deaths caused by the result of direct, intentional actions
7,420,379 [26]
of violence
Deaths of forced laborers in Germany
2,164,313[26]
Deaths due to famine and disease in the occupied regions 4,100,000[27]
Total
13,684,692
Source: The figures for civilian losses are taken from a report published by the Russian Academy of
Science Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII: Collection of Articles (In Russian).
Saint-Petersburg, 1995. ISBN 978-5-86789-023-0 -M. V. Philimoshin of the War Ministry of the
Russian Federation About the results of calculation of losses among civilian population of the USSR
and Russian Federation 1941-1945 Pages 124-131
• These figures are for the regions of the USSR occupied by Germany with a population of
about 70 million persons.[18]
[28]
• These casualties are for 1941-1945 within the 1946-1991 borders of the USSR.
Included
with civilian losses are deaths in the territories annexed by the USSR in 1939-1940
including 600,000 in the Baltic states[11] and 1,500,000 in Eastern Poland.[29]
• In addition to the losses listed above an estimated 2.5 to 3.2 million civilians died due to
famine and disease in non-occupied territory of the USSR which was caused by wartime
shortages in the rear areas.[30]
• Documents from the Soviet archives list the total deaths of prisoners in the Gulag from 1941
to 1945 at 621,637. In the 1995 Report by the Russian Academy of Science V.N. Zemskov
noted "due to general difficulties in 1941-1945 in the camps, the GULAG and prisons about
1.0 million prisoners died[31]
• These figures do not include an additional 622,000 persons who did not return to the USSR
after 1946 according to the 1993 Russian Academy of Science report on total war losses by
E.M. Andreev[32]
Total Population losses A report published by the Russian Academy of Science in 1993
estimated total Soviet population losses of 26.6 million in the war. This is the current official
Russian government figure for total losses.[28] These losses are a demographic estimate of excess
deaths, not an exact accounting of losses. The main areas of uncertainty when calculating losses
were the estimated figures for increase in the Soviet population in the territories annexed from
1939–1945 and the loss of population due to emigration during and after the war. The figures also
include victims of Soviet repression as well as the deaths of Soviet citizens in German military
service.[33] Michael Haynes has noted that "We do not know the total number of deaths as a result of
the war and related policies". We do know that the demographic estimate of excess deaths was 26.6
million plus an additional 16.1 million natural deaths that would have occurred in peacetime,
bringing the total dead to 42.7 million. At this time the actual total number of deaths caused by the
war is unknown since among the 16.1 million "natural deaths" some would have died peacefully
and others as a result of the war.[34]
Total Soviet losses by demographic balance (1941–45)[35]
Population in June 1941
Population at the end of 1945
Born before June 1941 and living by end of 1945
Total loss of population born before the war period
Add wartime increase in Infant Mortality
Less Natural deaths at 1940 level (not including Infant Mortality of 4.2 million)
Total population loss (in excess of pre-war level)
Total War Deaths by Age Group and Gender
196,700,000
170,500,000
159,500,000
37,200,000
1,300,000
(11,900,000)
26,600,000
War
Total
War
Age
Males
% Age Females War
% Age
% Age
Deaths
Population Deaths
Group (millions)
Group (millions) Deaths(millions) Group
Group
(millions)
(millions)
(millions)
0-14
27.879
1.425
5.1%
27.984
1.398
5.0%
55.863
2.823
5.1%
15-19 11.092
1.064
9.6%
11.220
0.340
3.0%
22.312
1.404
6.3%
20-34 24.948
9.005
36.1% 26.330
2.663
10.1% 51.278
11.668
22.8%
35-49 18.497
6.139
33.2% 20.236
781
3.9%
38.733
6.920
17.9%
Over 49 11.999
2.418
20.2% 16.976
1.380
8.1%
28.975
3.798
13.1%
All Age
94.415
20.051
21.2% 102.746
6.562
6.4%
197.161
26.613
13.5%
Groups
Source:Andreev, EM, et al., Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993. ISBN 978-5-02-0134799 (Population of the Soviet Union 1922-1991 Russian Academy of Science)
Remarks:
Age Group 0-14- The deaths of 2.8 million children was due primarily to the famine and disease caused by the war.
Age Group 15-19 The excess deaths of 724,000 males compared to females was due primarily to military losses. The
draft age in the USSR was 18 during the war.
Age Group 20-34 The excess deaths of 6,342,000 males compared to females was due primarily to military losses. The
deaths of 2,663,000 women is an indication that women were also involved in the partisan war and became victims of
Nazi reprisals.
Age Group 35-49 The excess deaths of 5,358,000 males compared to females was due primarily to military losses.
Age Group over 49 The excess deaths of 1,038,000 males compared to females was due primarily to military losses.
Some men from the older age group did serve in the Armed Forces. They were involved in the partisan war and became
victims of Nazi reprisals.
All Age Groups- The excess deaths of 13,489,000 males compared to females was due primarily to military losses with
the regular forces as well the partisan forces. The figures are a clear indication that many Soviet civilians died in the
war as a result of Nazi reprisals as well as famine and disease caused by wartime shortages which took a large toll.
Causes The Red Army suffered catastrophic losses of men and equipment during the first
months of the German invasion.,[2][36] In the spring of 1941 Stalin ignored the warnings of his
intelligence services of a planned German invasion and refused to put the Armed forces on alert.
The units in the border regions were not prepared to face the German onslaught and were caught by
surprise. Large numbers of Soviet soldiers were captured and many perished due to the brutal
mistreatment of POWs by the Nazis[37] U.S. Army historians maintain the high Soviet losses can be
attributed to 'less efficient medical services and the Soviet tactics, which throughout the war tended
to be expensive in terms of human life"[38] Russian scholars attribute the high civilian death toll to
the Nazi Generalplan Ost which treated the Soviet people as "subhuman". Contemporary Russian
sources use the terms "genocide" and "premeditated extermination" when referring to civilian losses
in the occupied USSR. To suppress the partisan units the Nazi occupation forces engaged in a
campaign of brutal reprisals against innocent civilians. The extensive fighting destroyed agricultural
land, infrastructure, and whole towns, leaving much of the population homeless and without food.
The Nazis confiscated food stocks which resulted in famine in the occupied regions. During the war
Soviet civilians were taken to Germany as forced laborers under inhuman conditions.[39]
The Estimates and their Sources
Soviet and Russian Estimates Estimates for Soviet losses in the Second World War range
from 7 million to over 43 million.[40] During the Communist era in the Soviet Union historical
writing about World War II was subject to censorship and only official approved statistical data was
published. In the USSR during the Glasnost period under Gorbachev and in post communist Russia
the casualties in World War II were re-evaluated and the official figures revised. In 1993 the
Russian government issued reports on war losses that gave total dead of 26.6 million persons
including military losses of 8,668,400 military personnel, since then these figures have been
accepted by the Russian government as being correct. However, the official figures have been
disputed by Russian scholars.
Official Estimates made from 1946 to 1987 Joseph Stalin in March 1946 stated that Soviet war
losses were 7 million dead. This was to be the official figure until the Khrushchev era.[33] In
November 1961 Nikita Khrushchev stated that Soviet war losses were 20 million, this was to be the
official figure until the Gorbachev era of Glasnost.[33][41] Leonid Brezhnev in 1965 put the Soviet
death toll in the war at “more than 20 million”[42] Ivan Konev at in a May 1965 Soviet Ministry of
Defense press conference stated that Soviet military dead in World War II were 10 million.[43] In
1971 the Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis put losses at 20 million including 6,074,000 civilians
and 3,912,000 prisoners of war killed by Nazi Germany, military dead were put at 10 million[44]
Estimates by Russians published in the West 1950-1983 In 1949 a Soviet Colonel Kalinov
defected to the west, he published a book claiming that Soviet records indicated the military loss of
13.6 million men including 2.6 million POW dead.[45][46][47] Sergei Maksudov a Russian
demographer living in the west estimated Soviet war losses at between 24.5 and 27.4 million,
including 7.5 million military dead.[33][48][49] The Soviet mathematician Iosif G. Dyadkin published a
study in the United States that estimated the total Soviet population losses from 1939–1945 due to
the war and political repression at 30 million. Dyadkin was imprisoned for publishing this study in
the west.[50]
Period of Glasnost During the period of Glasnost the official figure of 20 million war dead was
challenged by Soviet scholars. In 1988-1989 estimates of 26 to 28 million total war dead appeared
in the Soviet press.[40] The Russian scholar Dmitri Volkogonov writing at this time estimated total
war deaths at 26-27,000,000 including 10,000,000 in the military[51] In March 1989 Mikhail
Gorbachev set up a committee to investigate Soviet losses in the war. In a May 1990 speech
Gorbachev gave the figure for total Soviet losses at "almost 27 million". This revised figure was the
result of research by the committee set up by Gorbachev that estimated total war dead at between 26
and 27 million .[33] In January 1990 M.A. Moiseev Chief of the General Staff of the Soviet Armed
Forces disclosed for the first time in an interview that Soviet military war dead totaled 8,668,400.[52]
In 1991 reports were published in the USSR indicating 14 million military dead based on the
alphabetical card-indexes personnel records of the Russian Military Archives.[53] From 1942-1946
the Soviet Extraordinary State Commission collected information on Nazi crimes in the USSR. The
reports of the Commission detailing the number of civilian deaths were kept secret until the collapse
of the USSR. In 1991 the Russian scholar A.A. Shevyakov published an article with summary of
civilian losses based on the reports of this commission, civilian dead were given as 18.3 million. In
a second article in 1992 A.A. Shevyakov gave a figure of 20.8 million civilian dead, no explanation
for the difference was given.[33][54][55]
Official Figures Released in 1993-1995 by Russian Government In 1993 the Russian ColGeneral G.F. Krivosheev published a study that gave total Soviet military dead and missing in the
war of 8,668,400. These figures were based on official documentation that was previously classified
secret in the Soviet era. This study by Krivosheev is the current official Russian Ministry of
Defense accounting for military casualties from 1941–1945.[7][8] A report published by the Russian
Academy of Science in 1993 estimated that the total Soviet population losses were 26.6 million.
This is the current official Russian government figure for total losses in the war.[28][33] In 1995 the
Russian Academy of Science published a series of articles that analyzed Soviet losses in the war.
An article detailed civilian deaths in the German occupied USSR totaling 13.7 million, which
includes 7.4 million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals; 2.2 million deaths of persons deported
to Germany for forced labor; and 4.1 million famine and disease deaths in occupied territory. They
also estimated an additional 3 million deaths due to famine and disease in the regions not occupied
by Germany[56]
Estimates disputing the Russian government figures
• In 1988 a Russian academic Boris Sokolov published an article in a Soviet academic journal
estimating total war losses at 21.3 million persons, including 14.3 military and 7.0 million
civilians[57] In 1991 Sokolov published a study of the war that put total losses at 29.4 million
persons, including military war dead of 14.7 million and civilian deaths of 15 million[58] In
1996 Sokolov published a revised study that estimated total war dead at 43.3 million
including 26.4 million in the military. Sokolov’s own calculations show that the official
figures for population in 1941 to be understated by 12.7 million and the population in 1946
to be overstated by 4.0 million, thus resulting in 16.7 million additional war dead bringing
the total to 43.3 million.[59][60] The Russian demographer Dr. L. L. Rybakovsky dismissed
these hypothetical calculations and believes they are not based on sound judgment.[61]
• In 2000 the late Dr. S. N. Mikhalev of the History department of Krasnoyarsk State
Pedagogical University[62] published a critical analysis of the official Russian wartime
casualty statistics, From 1989 to 1996 Mikhalev was an associate of the Institute of Military
History of the Ministry of Defence. Mikalev estimated actual Soviet military war dead at
more than 10.9 million persons. He maintained that the official figures cannot be reconciled
to the total men drafted and that POW deaths were understated. Mikhalev believed that the
official figure of 26.6 million war dead should not be regarded as definitive. In 1995 the
Russian Academy of Science published his analysis of the demographic balance of the
USSR in the war that indicated total losses ranging from 21.240 million to 25.854 million,
with the mid range being 23.568 million total war dead. Mikhalev pointed out that the
figures for total war deaths are based on a range of possible estimates for the pre-war
population in 1939 and the population of the annexed territories that are by no means
certain.[63][64]
The following schedule shows the reconciliation of losses of the field reports to the actual number
of mobilized persons[65][66][67]
Description
Red Army & Navy Strength- June 1941 ( A.)
Drafted during war ( B.)
Discharged during war (C.)
Red Army & Navy strength- June 1945 (D.)
conscripted reservists (E.)
Subtotal: Operational Losses
MIA Re-conscripted (F.)
Liberated POW returned to USSR
NKVD & Border Troops (G.)
Losses in the Far East August 1945 H.
Total Irrecoverable Losses
Balance per Kirvosheev Balance per Mikhalev
4,902,000
4,704,000
29,575,000
29,575,000
(9,693,000)
(9,693,000)
(12,840,000)
(11,999,000)
(500,000)
0
11,444,000
12,587,000
(940,000)
0
(1,836,000)
(1,836,000)
0
159,000
0
12,000
8,668,000
10,922,000
Difference
(198,000)
0
0
841,000
500,000
1,143,000
940,000
0
159,000
12,000
2,254,000
Notes:
A. Strength Red Army June 1941- Mikhalev excludes Construction troops whose casualties were
not included in the field reports.
B. Drafted during war -Excludes those drafted twice.
C.Discharged during war-Includes those sent on sick leave, those sent to industry, NKVD or foreign
units and 437,000 imprisoned after sentencing
D. Red Army strength June 1945-Mikhalev excludes 403,000 Construction troops whose casualties
were not included in the field reports and 437,000 imprisoned after sentencing already deducted in
number of discharged
E.Conscripted reservists captured in 1941 before being listed on active strength. Mikhalev
maintains that they were a military operational losses that should be included with total casualties
F. MIA Re-conscripted were men conscripted back into the Soviet army during the war as territories
were being liberated. Mikhalev maintains that they should not be deducted because were included
in the Red Army strength in June 1945 and that the number conscripted excludes those drafted
twice.
G.NKVD & Border Troops -Mikhalev adds these losses to the total because they were not part of
the Red Army balance in June 1945.
H. Losses in the Far East August 1945- Mikhalev adds these losses to the total because they were
not part of the Red Army balance in June 1945
•
The analysis of Krivosheev and Mikhalev is based on the field reports of the Red Army and
the reconciliation of the balance for persons conscripted. An alternative method to determine
Soviet war losses is the Russian Military Archives data base of individual war dead. S. A.
Il’enkov an official of the Central Archives of the Russian Ministry of Defense maintains
that “ complex military situation at the front did not always allow for the conduct of a full
accounting of losses”. He pointed out that reports from the field units did not include deaths
in rear area hospitals of wounded personnel. Il’enkov maintains that the information in the
Russian Military Archives alphabetical card-indexes can assist in solving the problem of
determining the total number of Soviet military war dead.[68] In an article published by the
Central Archives of the Russian Ministry of Defense Il’enkov described the work of the
archives to reconcile data base of individual war dead. He believes the work has progressed
to the point where we can determine an accurate accounting of war losses. Il’enkov
concluded by stating "We established the number of irreplaceable losses of our Armed
Forces at the time of the Great Patriotic War of about 13,850,000.[69]
•
Some Russian writers have argued that war losses should also include the hypothetical
population loss for children unborn due to the war, using this methodology total losses
would be about 46 million.[70]
•
In May 2009 the former Russian Defense Minister Dmitry Yazov put the death toll in the
war at 37 million (27 to 28 million civilians and 8.6 million military)[71]
Rebuttal by Krivosheev In 2002 G.F. Krivosheev, author of the 1993 official study of military
casualties, defended the results of his report that found 8.668 million military war dead. Krivosheev
maintains that the figures were derived in a scientific manner by a team of professional researchers
who had access to the military archives. He also maintains that the results of the study reflect a
realistic view of casualties based on the military operational situation during the war. Krivosheev
believes that the Central Archives data base of individual war dead is not reliable because some
personnel records are duplicated and others omitted[72]
Estimates Of Soviet War Dead by Western Scholars Historians writing outside of the
Soviet Union and Russia have evaluated the various Russian language sources and have offered
their estimates of Soviet war dead. Here is a listing of estimates by recognized scholars published in
the West.
Source
Frank Lorimer(1946),[73][74]
Pierre George (1946)[75]
N. S. Timasheff(1948),[76]
Helmut Arntz (1953)[77][78]
Jean-Noël Biraben(1958)[79]
Military Dead
5,000,000
7,000,000
7,000,000
13,600,000
8,000,000
Civilian Dead
15,000,000
10,000,000
18,300,000
7,000,000
6,700,000
Total Dead
20,000,000
17,000,000
25,300,000
20,000,000+
14,700,000
Warren W. Eason(1959)[80][81]
10,000,000
more than
12,000,000
10,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
25,000,000
10,000,000
7,000,000
7,000,000
R. J. Rummel (1990)[86]
7,000,000
19,125,000
John Ellis(1993)[87]
Michael Ellman and Sergei
Maksudov(1994) [33]
Norman Davies(1998)[88]
Richard Overy(1997)[89]
Mark Mazower(1998)[90]
David Wallechinsky(1995)[91]
Michael Clodfelter (2002)[92]
Michael Haynes (2003) [93]
11,000,000
6,700,000
20,000,000
20,000,000
14,000,000
26,125,000 plus 10,000,000 due to
Soviet repression
17,700,000
8,700,000
18,000,000
26-27,000,000
8-9,000,000
8,668,400
9,500,000
13,600,000
8,668,400
8,700,000
10,000,000 KIA
&
3,300,000 POW
8,700,000
8,600,000
8,668,000
16-19,000,000
17,000,000
10,000,000
17,900,000
24-28,000,000
25,000,000
19,500,000
20-26,000,000
20-26,000,000
26,600,000
7,000,000
20,000,000+
16,900,000
16,000,000
18,332,000
13.7 million in Nazi
occupied USSR
and 2.6 million in
interior USSR
25,600,000
24,600,000
27,000,000
E. Ziemke(1968)[38]
Albert Seaton(1971)[82]
Gil Elliot (1972)[83]
Charles Messenger(1989)[84]
John Keegan(1989),[85]
Martin Gilbert(2004)[94]
H. P. Willmott(2004)[95]
Tony Judt (2005)[96]
Norman Davies(2006)[97]
Cambridge History of
Russia(2006)[98]
8.7 million +
Steven Rosefielde(2010)[99]
8,700,000 "all
causes"
•
•
•
•
"17.7 or 20.3 million"
24-26 million
"26.4 to 29 million" plus 5.458 million
dead due to Soviet repression
David Glantz maintains that “ the war with Nazi Germany cost the Soviet Union at least 29
million military casualties”(dead, wounded and sick) “ The exact numbers can never be
established, and some revisionists have attempted to put the number as high as 50 million”[100]
Richard Overy believes the figures for military dead published in 1993... give the fullest account
yet available, but they omit three operations that were clear failures. The official figures
themselves must be viewed critically, given the difficulty of knowing in the chaos of 1941 and
1942 exactly who had been killed, wounded or even conscripted"[101] Regarding military dead
Richard Overy believes that "for the present the figure of 8.6 million must be regarded as the
most reliable"[102]
Norman Davies points out that that not all Soviet war dead were killed by the Nazis, many
perished due to Soviet repression. Davies notes It lies in the nature of the problem that the
victims of Soviet wartime repressions cannot be easily quantified. The records of the victorious
Soviets, unlike those of the defeated Nazis have never been opened for scrutiny. Whether the
fraction of Soviet civilians who perished at the hands of their own régime was one quarter, one
third or even one half of the whole will never be firmly established until the Soviet government
itself comes clean.[103]
The authors of the Cambridge History of Russia have provided an analysis of Soviet wartime
casualties. Overall losses were about 25 million persons plus or minus 1 million. Red Army
records indicate 8.7 million military deaths, “this figure is actually the lower limit”. The official
figures understate POW losses and armed partisan deaths. Excess civilian deaths in the Nazi
occupied USSR were 13.7 million persons including 2 million Jews. There were an additional
2.6 million deaths in the interior regions of the Soviet Union. The authors maintain “scope for
•
error in this number is very wide”. At least 1 million perished in the wartime GULAG camps or
in deportations. Other deaths occurred in the wartime evacuations and due to war related
malnutrition and disease in the interior. The authors maintain that both Stalin and Hitler “were
both responsible but in different ways” for these deaths. The authors of the Cambridge History
of Russia believe that “In short the general picture of Soviet wartime losses suggests a jigsaw
puzzle. The general outline is clear: people died in colossal numbers but in many different
miserable and terrible circumstances. But individual pieces of the puzzle do not fit well; some
overlap and others are yet to be found"[104]
Steven Rosefielde puts the war related demographic losses of the USSR from 1941 -45 at 22.0
to 26.0 million persons (7.8 million military and 14.2 to 18.2 million civilians). The actual
wartime losses are higher because some persons who would have died peacefully actually
perished as a result of the war. Rosefielde estimated the actual military dead at 8.7 million men
and 17.7 to 20.3 million civilians killed by the Nazis in the war- (exterminated, shot, gassed
burned 6.4 or 11.3 million; famine and disease 8.5 or 6.5 million; forced laborer in Germany 2.8
or 3.0 million and 500,000 who did not return to USSR after war.) [105] In addition to these war
deaths Rosefielde also estimated the excess deaths attributed to the “total potential crimes
against humanity” due to Soviet repression at 2.183 million persons in 1939-40 and 5.458
million from 1941-1945. The figures for losses due to Soviet repression do not include 1 million
military deaths of men drafted from the Gulag into penal suicide battalions.[106]
Sources
In the English Language
G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 978-1-85367-280-4
Michael Haynes, Counting Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: a Note Europe Asia Studies Vol.55, No. 2, 2003,
300–309
Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov, Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War:a note-World War II- Europe Asia Studies,
July 1994
Boris SokolovThe cost of war: Human losses for the USSR and Germany, 1939-1945 The Journal of Soviet Military
Studies Volume 9, Issue 1 March 1996
Boris Urlanis, Populations and Wars Progress Moscow 1971
Iosif G. Dyadkin, Unnatural Deaths in the Ussr, 1928-1954 Transaction 1983
S. A. Il'Enkov Concerning the registration of Soviet armed forces' wartime irrevocable losses, 1941-1945 The Journal
of Soviet Military Studies Volume 9, Issue 2 June 1996
In the Russian Language
G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie OLMAPress, 2001 ISBN 5-224-01515-4
S. N Mikhalev Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941- 1945 gg: Statisticheskoe issledovanie
Krasnoiarskii gos. pedagog. universitet • 2000 ISBN: ISBN 978-5-85981-082-6. Mikhalev's book is available in
libraries in the U.S. and the UK
Российская академия наук (Russian Academy of Sciences). Людские потери СССР в период второй мировой
войны: сборник статей (Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of World War II: Collection of Articles). SaintPetersburg, 1995. ISBN 978-5-86789-023-0
Andreev, EM, et al., Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993. ISBN 978-5-02-013479-9
A. A. Shevyakov “Gitlerovski genotsid na territoriyakh SSR.” Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya, 12, 1991 This article by
a researcher at the Russian Academy of Science is a brief summary of the work of the Soviet Extraordinary State
Commission.
A. A. Shevyakov “Zherty sredi mirnogo nasseleniya v gody otechestvennoi voiny” Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya, 11,
1992 This article by a researcher at the Russian Academy of Science gives a detailed breakdown by locality of civilian
losses in the occupied USSR based on the reports of the Soviet Extraordinary State Commission.
L L Rybakovsky Casualties of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War (In Russian) Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya, 2000.
№ 6.
L L Rybakovsky The Great Patriotic War Russian Human Losses (In Russian) Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya, 2001.
№ 6.
Л.Л. РЫБАКОВСКИЙЛЮДСКИЕ ПОТЕРИ СССР В ВЕЛИКОЙ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОЙ ВОЙНЕ LL Rybakovsky
Casualties of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War In Russian Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya, 2000. № 8.
Б.В. Соколов ЦЕНА ВОЙНЫ:ЛЮДСКИЕ ПОТЕРИ СССР И ГЕРМАНИИ, 1939-1945 Boris Sokolov, Truth about
the Great Patriotic War 1998 ( In Russian) Russian translation of the article that appeared in the Journal of Slavic
Military Studies # 3 1996.
S. A. Il’enkov Pamyat O Millionach Pavshik Zaschitnikov Otechestva Nelzya Predavat Zabveniu Voennno-Istoricheskii
Arkhiv No. 7(22), Central Military Archives of the Russian Federation 2001, pp. 73–80 ISBN 978-5-89710-005-7,( The
Memory of those who Fell Defending the Fatherland Cannot be Condemned to Oblivion In Russian -Available at the
New York Public Library
See also
• Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs
• Soviet historiography
References
1. ^ a b c d G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 978-1-85367-280-4 Page
79
2. ^ a b G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe
issledovanie OLMA-Press, 2001 ISBN 5-224-01515-4
3. ^ G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie
OLMA-Press, 2001 ISBN 5-224-01515-4 Table 111
4. ^ a b G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe
issledovanie OLMA-Press, 2001 ISBN 5-224-01515-4 Tables 111
5. ^ G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 978-1-85367-280-4 Pages 8586 Includes 12,031 dead and missing and 24,425 in the Invasion of Manchuria<
6. ^ G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie
OLMA-Press, 2001 ISBN 5-224-01515-4 Tables 121 &123
7. ^ a b G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe
issledovanie OLMA-Press, 2001 ISBN 5-224-01515-4 Table 120
8. ^ a b G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 978-1-85367-280-4 Page
85
9. ^ a b G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe
issledovanie OLMA-Press, 2001 ISBN 5-224-01515-4 Table 176
10. ^ G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 978-1-85367-280-4 Pages 8586
11. ^ a b Erlikhman, Vadim. Потери народонаселения в XX веке: справочник (Population Losses in the 20th
century: Reference). Moscow, 2004. ISBN 978-5-93165-107-1
12. ^ S. N Mikhalev Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941- 1945 gg: Statisticheskoe issledovanie
Krasnoiarskii gos. pedagog. universitet • 2000 ISBN: ISBN 978-5-85981-082-6.
13. ^ G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie
OLMA-Press, 2001 ISBN 5-224-01515-4 Пленные и пропавшие без вести
14. ^ a b G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 978-1-85367-280-4 Pages
230-238
15. ^ Andreev, EM, et al., Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993. ISBN 978-5-02013479-9 Page 78
16. ^ OBD Memorial database
17. ^ G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie
OLMA-Press, 2001 ISBN 5-224-01515-4 Table 121
18. ^ a b Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny:sbornik statei. SanktPeterburg 1995 ISBN 978-5-86789-023-0 M. V. Philimoshin of the War Ministry of the Russian Federation
About the results of calculation of losses among civilian population of the USSR and Russian Federation 19411945 Pages 124-131 In Russian (These losses are for the entire territory of the USSR in 1941, including
territories annexed in 1939–40).
19. ^ Gilbert, Martin. Atlas of the Holocaust. 1988. ISBN 978-0-688-12364-2
20. ^ David M. Glantz, Siege of Leningrad 1941 1944 Cassell 2001 ISBN 978-1-4072-2132-8
21. ^ Л.Л. РЫБАКОВСКИЙ ВЕЛИКАЯ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННАЯ ЛЮДСКИЕ ПОТЕРИ РОССИИ L. L.
Ryebakovsky Russia’s Human Losses in the Great Patriotic War In Russian Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya
2001. № 6. Page 86
22. ^ Российская академия наук (Russian Academy of Sciences). Людские потери СССР в период второй
мировой войны: сборник статей (Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII: Collection of Articles).
Saint-Petersburg, 1995. ISBN 978-5-86789-023-0 Page 126
23. ^ G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie
OLMA-Press, 2001 ISBN 5-224-01515-4 Tables 116-118
24. ^ Российская академия наук (Russian Academy of Sciences). Людские потери СССР в период второй
мировой войны: рник стсбоатей (Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII: Collection of Articles).
Saint-Petersburg, 1995. ISBN 978-5-86789-023-0
25. ^ Perrie, Maureen (2006), The Cambridge History of Russia: The twentieth century, Cambridge University
Press, p. 226, ISBN 0-521-81144-9 Total civilian deaths under the German occupation were 13.7 million
including 2 million Jews
26. ^ a b Российская академия наук (Russian Academy of Sciences). Людские потери СССР в период второй
мировой войны: рник стсбоатей (Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII: Collection of Articles).
Saint-Petersburg, 1995. ISBN 978-5-86789-023-0 Pages 124-131 The Russian Academy of Science article by
M.V. Philimoshin based this figure on sources published in the Soviet era.
27. ^ Российская академия наук (Russian Academy of Sciences). Людские потери СССР в период второй
мировой войны: рник стсбоатей (Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII: Collection of Articles).
Saint-Petersburg, 1995. ISBN 978-5-86789-023-0 Pages 124-131 The Russian Academy of Science article by
M.V. Philimoshin estimated 6% of the population in the occupied regions died due to war related famine and
disease.
28. ^ a b c Andreev, EM, et al., Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993. ISBN 978-5-02013479-9
29. ^ Łuczak, Czesław. Szanse i trudnosci bilansu demograficznego Polski w latach 1939-1945. Dzieje Najnowsze
Rocznik XXI. 1994. The losses in the former Polish eastern regions are also included in Poland's total war
dead of 5.6 to 5.8 million
30. ^ Российская академия наук (Russian Academy of Sciences). Людские потери СССР в период второй
мировой войны: сборник статей (Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII: Collection of Articles).
Saint-Petersburg, 1995. ISBN 978-5-86789-023-0 Page158 deaths resulting from harsh conditions, like lack of
food and medicine, on Soviet territory not occupied by the Germans were due to wartime shortages
31. ^ Российская академия наук (Russian Academy of Sciences). Людские потери СССР в период второй
мировой войны: сборник статей (Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII: Collection of Articles).
Saint-Petersburg, 1995. ISBN 978-5-86789-023-0 Page174-177 deaths resulting from harsh conditions, like
lack of food and medicine, on Soviet territory not occupied by the Germans were due to wartime shortages
32. ^ Andreev, EM, et al., Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993. ISBN 978-5-02013479-9 The 1952 Foreign Ministry figures gave a total of 451,100 who return to the USSR after 1946, this
figure did not include an additional 170.000 persons who emmigated to Germany and Rumania
33. ^ a b c d e f g h Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov, Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War:a note-World War IIEurope Asia Studies, July 1994
34. ^ Michael Haynes, Counting Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: a Note Europe Asia Studies Vol.55,
No. 2, 2003, 300–309
35. ^ G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie
OLMA-Press, 2001 ISBN 5-224-01515-4 Table 115
36. ^ G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 978-1-85367-280-4
37. ^ Richard Overy, Russia's War 1997
38. ^ a b Earl F. Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, the German Defeat in the East;Office of the Chief of Military
History U.S. Army 1968 pp 500
39. ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny:sbornik statei. SanktPeterburg 1995 ISBN 978-5-86789-023-0.
40. ^ a b LL Rybakovsky Casualties of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War In Russian Sotsiologicheskie
issiedovaniya, 2000. № 6. P. 108-118
41. ^ Л.Л. РЫБАКОВСКИЙЛЮДСКИЕ ПОТЕРИ СССР В ВЕЛИКОЙ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОЙ ВОЙНЕ LL
Rybakovsky Casualties of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War In Russian Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya,
2000. № 8. P.90-91 The Russian researcher L L Rybakovsky assumes that the source of Nikita Khrushchev’s
figure of 20 million war dead was the 1957 Soviet translation,(Itogi vtoroj mirovoj vojny. Sbornik statej) of the
West German book Bilanz des Zweiten Weltkrieges Hamburg 1953
42. ^ L L Rybakovsky Casualties of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War (In Russian) Sotsiologicheskie
issiedovaniya, 2000. № 6.
43. ^ Boris Urlanis, Populations and Wars Progress Moscow 1971 Page 132
44. ^ Boris Urlanis, Populations and Wars Progress Moscow 1971 Page 284
45. ^ Kalinov, Cyrille- Les maréchaux soviétiques vous parlent. Paris 1950
46. ^ Gregory, Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951.
47. ^ S. N Mikhalev Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941- 1945 gg: Statisticheskoe issledovanie
Krasnoiarskii gos. pedagog. universitet • 2000 ISBN: ISBN 978-5-85981-082-6. Page 36
48. ^ S. Maksudov, Pertes subies par la population de l'URSS, 1918-1958, Cahiers du Monde russe et soviétique,
XVIII, 3, July–September 1977
49. ^ S. Maksudov Losses Suffered by the Population of the USSR 1918-1958 The Samizdat register II / edited by
Roy Medvedev New York : Norton, 1981.(English translation of Maksudov's 1977 article)
50. ^ Iosif G. Dyadkin, Unnatural Deaths in the Ussr, 1928-1954 Transaction 1983 ISBN 978-0-87855-919-0
51. ^ Dmitri Volkogonov, Stalin: Triumph and tragedy 1991
52. ^ Tsena Pobeda Voenno-istoricheskii zhurnal # 3 The Price of Victory –Military History Journal # 3 1990
Interview with M.A. Moiseev Chief of the General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces.
53. ^ The Price of Victory: Myths and reality, V.E. Korol, Journal of Slavic Military Studies Vol. 9 No. 2 (June
1996) pp 417-426
54. ^ A. A. Shevyakov “Gitlerovski genotsid na territoriyakh SSR.” Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya, 12, 1991
This article by a researcher at the Russian Academy of Science is a brief summary of the work of the Soviet
Extraordinary State Commission.
55. ^ A. A. Shevyakov “Zherty sredi mirnogo nasseleniya v gody otechestvennoi voiny” Sotsiologicheskie
issiedovaniya, 11, 1992 This article by a researcher at the Russian Academy of Science gives a detailed
breakdown by locality of civilian losses in the occupied USSR based on the reports of the Soviet Extraordinary
State Commission.
56. ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny:sbornik statei. SanktPeterburg 1995 ISBN 978-5-86789-023-0 M. V. Philimoshin of the War Ministry of the Russian Federation
About the results of calculation of losses among civilian population of the USSR and Russian Federation 19411945Pages 124-131 In Russian (These losses are for the entire territory of the USSR in 1941, including
territories annexed in 1939–40).
57. ^ Соколов Б.В. О соотношении потерь в людях и боевой технике на советско-германском фронте в
ходе Великой Отечественной войны // Вопросы истории. 1988. № 9. ( On the Ratio of Losses of Human
and Military Equipment on the Soviet-German Front in the course of the Great Patriotic War – The Questions
of History 1988 # 9)
58. ^ Соколов Б. Цена Победы. Великая Отечественная. 1991 (B. Sololov ,The Price of Victory in the Great
Patriotic War In Russian
59. ^ Boris Sokolov The cost of war: Human losses for the USSR and Germany, 1939-1945 The Journal of Soviet
Military Studies Volume 9, Issue 1 March 1996,
60. ^ Соколов Б.В. Правда о Великой Отечественной войне. СПб., 1998. (B. Sokolov, Truth about the Great
Patriotic War In Russian
61. ^ Л.Л. РЫБАКОВСКИЙЛЮДСКИЕ ПОТЕРИ СССР В ВЕЛИКОЙ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОЙ ВОЙНЕ LL
Rybakovsky Casualties of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War In Russian Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya,
2000. № 8. P. 89
62. ^ Obituary of S N Mkhalev
63. ^ S. N Mikhalev Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941- 1945 gg: Statisticheskoe issledovanie
Krasnoiarskii gos. pedagog. universitet • 2000 ISBN: ISBN 978-5-85981-082-6. Page 28 Mikhalev's book is
available in libraries in the U.S. and the UK
64. ^ Великая Отечественная: демографические и военно-оперативные потери // Людские потери СССР в
Великой Отечественной войне: Сб.ст. - СПб., 1995. - 1,0 п. л.-] The Russian Academy of Science published
the details of his analysis of total population losses here)
65. ^ G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 978-1-85367-280-4 Page 8591
66. ^ G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie
OLMA-Press, 2001 ISBN 5-224-01515-4 Tables 120 and 132
67. ^ S. N Mikhalev Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941- 1945 gg: Statisticheskoe issledovanie
Krasnoiarskii gos. pedagog. universitet • 2000 ISBN: ISBN 978-5-85981-082-6. Pages 18-21. (S. N Mikhalev
Human Losses in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 A Statistical Investigation Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical
University (In Russin)
68. ^ S. A. Il'Enkov Concerning the registration of Soviet armed forces' wartime irrevocable losses, 1941-1945
The Journal of Soviet Military Studies Volume 9, Issue 2 June 1996
69. ^ S. A. Il’enkov Pamyat O Millionach Pavshik Zaschitnikov Otechestva Nelzya Predavat Zabveniu VoennnoIstoricheskii Arkhiv No. 7(22), Central Military Archives of the Russian Federation 2001, pp. 73-80 ISBN
978-5-89710-005-7,( The Memory of those who Fell Defending the Fatherland Cannot be Condemned to
Oblivion In Russian -Available at the New York Public Library
70. ^ L L Rybakovsky Casualties of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War (In Russian) Sotsiologicheskie
issiedovaniya, 2000. № 6. pp.110-111
71. ^ Rianovosti, 7. Mai 2009: UdSSR hat im Zweiten Weltkrieg rund 37 Millionen Menschen verloren This figure
proably includes persons dying natural deaths unrelated to the war
72. ^ Г.Ф. КРИВОШЕЕВ, «Историк должен ЛИКОВАТЬ и ГОРЕВАТЬ со своим народом ВОЕННОИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ №11 2002 G. I. Krivosheev “Historians Should Triumph and Grieve with their
People, Military History Journal Nr. 11 2002[dead link]
73. ^ Frank Lorimer, The population of the Soviet Union: history and prospects, Geneva, League of Nations,
1946. Pages 181-183.
74. ^ Lormimer's hypothetical figures, not an estimate, put the total demographic loss at 20.0 million. (9.0 million
civilians over age 5 and 6.0 million children under age 5 not born during the war or deaths due to an increase
in infant mortality. The figure of 5.0 million military dead was based on information available in early 1946
which was published in the USSR during the war. Lormier's figures are for the USSR in 1939 borders and does
not include territories annexed in 1939-1940
75. ^ Esquisse d'une étude démographique de l'Union soviétique Population(Paris) No.3 July–September 1946
76. ^ N. S. Timasheff: “The Post-war Population of the Soviet Union”The American Journal of Sociology,
September 1948
77. ^ Bilanz des Zweiten Weltkrieges, Oldenburg-Hamburg, 1953. – Professor Dr. Helmut Arntz . Die
Menschenverluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg
78. ^ Л.Л. РЫБАКОВСКИЙЛЮДСКИЕ ПОТЕРИ СССР В ВЕЛИКОЙ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОЙ ВОЙНЕ LL
Rybakovsky Casualties of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War (In Russian) Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya,
2000. № 8. P.90-91 The Russian researcher L L Rybakovsky assumes that the source of Nikita Khrushchev’s
figure of 20 million war dead was the 1957 Soviet translation,(Itogi vtoroj mirovoj vojny. Sbornik statej) of the
West German book Bilanz des Zweiten Weltkrieges Hamburg 1953
79. ^ Jean-Noël Biraben, Essai sur l'évolution démographique de l'U.R.S.S. Population (French Edition) Jun.,
1958, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 29-62
80. ^ Eason, Warren W. , “The Soviet Population Today” Foreign Affairs 37 (July 1959): 598-606(Eason made
his calculations based on the preliminary results of the 1959 Soviet census. His estimate was 25 million deaths
of those persons alive at the beginning of the war and an additional wartime loss of 20,000,000 children under
age 5 due to a decline in births and an increase infant mortality, thus bringing the total to 45,000,000
81. ^ Obituary of Warren Eason
82. ^ Albert Seaton, The Russo-German War 1941-45 Prager 1971 pp 586
83. ^ Gil Elliot, Twentieth Century Book of the Dead C. Scribner, 1972 ISBN 978-0-684-13115-3
84. ^ Messenger, Charles, The Chronological Atlas of World War Two (Macmillan, 1989)
85. ^ Keegan, John, The Second World War (1989)
86. ^ R. J. Rummel Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1917 pp. 167 Transaction 1990
ISBN 978-1-56000-887-3
87. ^ Ellis John, World War II : a statistical survey 1993
88. ^ Davies, Norman, Europe A History (1998)
89. ^ Richard Overy, Russia's War 1997
90. ^ Mazower, Mark, Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century (1998)
91. ^ Wallechinsky, David, Twentieth Century / History With the Boring Parts Left Out (1995)
92. ^ Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures,
1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 ISBN 978-0-7864-1204-4. Pages 515-516
93. ^ Michael Haynes, Counting Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: a Note Europe Asia Studies Vol.55, No.
2, 2003, 300–309
94. ^ Martin Gilbert The Second World War: A Complete History 2004
95. ^ H. P. Willmott , Robin Cross, Charles Messenger, and Neil Grant , World War II, ISBN 978-0-7566-0521-6
96. ^ Tony Judt Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (2005)
97. ^ Davies, Norman, No Simple Victory: World War II in Europe, 1939-1945 (2006)pp.367 (however on p. 24
Davies put Soviet military dead at 11,000,000
98. ^ Perrie, Maureen (2006), The Cambridge History of Russia: The twentieth century, Cambridge University
Press, pp. 225-227
99. ^ Steven Rosefielde Red Holocaust Routledge, 2009 ISBN 0-415-77757-7 Pages 72 and 179
100. ^ David M. Glantz & Jonathan House, When Titans Clashed...How the Red Army Stopped Hitler Univ Pr of
Kansas, 1998 ISBN 978-0-7006-0899-7 pp285
101. ^ Richard Overy, Russia's War 1997 pp.XV
102. ^ Richard Overy, Russia's War 1997 pp.287
103. ^ Norman Davies ,NOT TWENTY MILLION, NOT RUSSIANS, NOT WAR DEAD, The Independent on
December 29, 1987
104. ^ Perrie, Maureen (2006), The Cambridge History of Russia: The twentieth century, Cambridge University
Press, pp. 225-227, ISBN 0-521-81144-9
105. ^ Steven Rosefielde. Red Holocaust Routledge, 2009 ISBN 0-415-77757-7 Page 72
German casualties in World War II
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
German soldier killed in action
Statistics for German World War II military casualties are divergent and contradictory. The wartime
casualty figures compiled by German High Command are often cited by military historians when
covering individual campaigns in the war. The German High Command figures cannot be
considered definitive because they cover the period up until January 31, 1945, leaving out major
battles at the end of the war, also they include prisoners held by the allies who survived the war. A
1946 estimate by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. put German military war dead at 3.250
million, a figure that still appears in many reference works. In 1960 the West German government
estimated the military death toll at 4.4 million men, including Austria and conscripted ethnic
Germans from other nations. The German military search service Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt) has
identified 4.3 million dead and missing in the war. The West German military historian de:Burkhart
Müller-Hillebrand estimated the total dead and missing at 4.0 million men. These figures were to
remain unchallenged until the 1990s when the German historian de:Rüdiger Overmans conducted a
statistical survey of the records at the military search service Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt).
Overmans published the findings of his research in the study Deutsche militärische Verluste im
Zweiten Weltkrieg (German Military Casualties in the Second World War), that put the total
German war dead at 5.3 million. Overmans found that the wartime casualty figures compiled by
German High Command were incomplete because the reporting system broke down during the
chaos of the war.
The death toll in Germany and Austria due to Allied strategic bombing was estimated at 500,000 by
the West German government. They also estimated 300,000 Germans (including Jews) were victims
of Nazi political, racial and religious persecution and that 200,000 were murdered in the Nazi
euthanasia program. Civilian deaths due to the Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) and
the Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union are sometimes included with World War II
casualties, during the Cold War the West German government estimated the death toll at 2.2
million. This figure was to remain unchallenged until the 1990s when some German historians put
the actual death toll in the expulsions at 500,000 confirmed deaths. The German Red Cross still
maintains that death toll in the expulsions is 2.2 million.
Military casualties
Wartime Statistics Compiled by German High Command The German military system
for reporting casualties was based on a numerical reporting of casualties by individual units and a
separate listing of the names of individual casualties. The system was not uniform because various
military branches such as the Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen SS and the military hospitals each
had different systems of reporting. In early 1945 the German High Command (OKW) did prepare a
summary of total losses up until January 31, 1945. The German historian de:Rüdiger Overmans
believes based on his research that these figures are incomplete and unreliable. According to
Overmans the casualty reporting system broke down during the chaos at the end of the war. Many
men who went missing or taken prisoner were not included in the German High Command (OKW)
figures, Overmans maintains that many individual reports of casualties were not processed by the
end of the war and are not reflected in the German High Command (OKW)statistics.[1] The
following schedules summarize the OKW figures published in post war era.
OKW Figures Published by the Reuters News Agency on July 29, 1945 According to highly
confidential archives found at Flensberg, in the house of General Reinecke German losses up until
November 30, 1944 were 3.6 millions, detailed in the following schedule.
To Nov. 30, 1944 Army Navy Air Force Total
Killed
1,710,000 52,000 150,000 1,912,000
Missing
1,541,000 32,000 141,000 1,714,000
Total
3,510,000 84,000 291,000 3,626,000
Source of figures: Gregory Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951.
Page 72
OKW Casualty Figures published by Percy Ernst Schramm Percy Ernst Schramm was
responsible for maintaining the official OKW diary during the war. In 1949 he published an article
in the newspaper Die Zeit in which he listed OKW Casualty Figures [2] these figures also appeared
in a multi-volume edition of the OKW diaries.
OKW Casualty Figures Sept 1, 1939 to Jan. 31, 1945
Description
Eastern Front ( Army)
North-Norway/Finland (Army)
Southwest-N Africa/Italy (Army)
Southeast-Balkans (Army)
Dead Missing & POW
1,105,987 1,018,365
16,639
5,157
50,481
194,250
19,235
14,805
Total
2,124,352
21,796
244,731
34,040
Wounded & Sick
3,498,059
60,451
163,602
55,069
West-France/Belgium (Army)
Training Forces (Army)
Died of Wounds-All Fronts (Army)
Location not Given
Subtotal (Army)
Navy
Air Force
Total Combat-All Branches
Other Deaths (Disease, accidents, etc.)
Grand Total
107,042 409,715
10,467
1,337
295,659 17,051
2,687
1,622,561 1,646,316
48,904
100,256
138,596 156,132
1,810,061 1,902,704
191,338 2,001,399 1,902,704
516,757
11,804
295,659
19,738
3,268,877
149,160
294,728
3,712,765
191,338
3,904,103
399,856
42,174
4,188,037
25,259
216,579
4,429,875
4,429,875
Source of Figures: Percy Schramm Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht: 1940 - 1945: 8 Bde. 1961
(ISBN 9783881990738 ) Pages 1508 to 1511
Notes:
1-These statistics include losses of the Waffen SS as well as Volkssturm and paramilitary serving
with the regular forces.[3]
2-These statistics include casualties of the volunteer forces from the Soviet Union. 83,307 dead;
57,258 missing and 118,127wounded.
3-Included in these statistics are 322,807 POW held by the US and UK.
4-The figures for Army wounded add down to 4,219,211. Schramm put the total at 4,188,057.
5-Figures of missing include POW held by Allies.
OKW Casualty Statistics published by the West German government.
A. German Casualties reported by OKW from 9/1/1939 to 12/31/1944
Description
Dead Missing and Prisoners of War Total Wounded
Army & Waffen SS 1,750,000 1,610,000
3,360,000 5,026,000
Navy
60,000
100,000
160,000 21,000
Air Force
155,000 148,000
303,000 193,000
3,823,000 5,240,000
Total Wehrmacht 1,965,000 1,858,000
Source: Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, Page 78
B. Monthly Field Army (Feldheer) casualtites September 1939 to November 1944
Yea
r
193
9
193
9
194
0
194
0
194
1
194
1
194
2
Casualtie Januar Februar Marc
April May June
s
y
y
h
July
Augus Septembe Octobe Novembe Decembe
t
r
r
r
r
Killed
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
16,400
1,800
1,000
900
Missing
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
400
-
-
-
Killed
800
700
1,100 2,600
21,60 26,60
2,200
0
0
1,800 1,600
1,300
1,200
1,200
Missing
-
100
-
900
-
100
100
-
Killed
1,400
1,300
1,600 3,600 2,800
22,00
51,000 52,800 45,300
0
42,400 28,200
39,000
Missing
100
100
100
900
1,900
10,500
Killed
44,400 44,500
400
600
500
100
-
3,200
100
3,500 2,100
44,90 25,60 29,60 31,50
36,000 54,100 44,300
0
0
0
0
4,300
25,500 24,900
38,000
194
2
194
3
194
3
194
4
194
4
Missing
10,100 4,100
Killed
37,000 42,000
Missing
127,60
15,500
0
Killed
44,500 41,200
Missing
22,000 19,500
3,600 1,500 3,600 2,100 3,700
38,10 15,30 16,20
0
0
0
74,50
5,200 3,500
0
44,60 34,00 24,40
0
0
0
27,60 13,00 22,00
0
0
0
7,300 3,400
12,100
40,500
13,40
57,800 58,000 48,800
0
47,000 40,200
35,300
1,300 18,300 26,400 21,900
16,800 17,900
14,700
46,000 31,900
-
79,200 69,500
-
26,00
59,000 64,000 42,400
0
32,00 310,00 407,60
67,200
0
0
0
2,600
Notes: Figures include Waffen SS, Austrians and conscripted ethnic Germans. Figures for missing
include POW held by Allies. Source: Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland
1960, Page 78
OKW Casualty Statistics published by Burkhart Müller-Hillebrand In 1969 the West German
military historian de:Burkhart Müller-Hillebrand published the third volume of his study of the
German Army in World War II Das Heer 1933–1945 that listed OKW casualty figures and his
estimate of total German casualties. Müller-Hillebrand maintained that the OKW figures did not
present an accurate accounting of German casualties because they understated losses in the final
months of the war on the eastern front and post war deaths of POW in Soviet captivity. According
to Müller-Hillebrand actual irrecoverable losses in the war were between 3.3 and 4.5 million men.
Overall Müller-Hillebrand estimated the total dead and missing at 4.0 million men.[4]
A. Losses Reported by OKW Sept. 1, 1939-April 30, 1945
Killed or Died of
MIA and Prisoners of
Period
Total
Wounds
War
Actual:Sept 1, 1939- Dec 31,1944 1,965,324
1,858,404
3,823,728
Estimated: Jan 1, 1945 - April 30,
265,000
1,012,000
1,277,000
1945
Total
2,230,324
2,870,404
5,100,728
Source: Müller-Hillebrand Das Heer 1933–1945 Page 262
B. Field Army (Feldheer) casualties September 1939 to November 1944
Year
1939/40
1940/41
1941/42
1942/43
1943/44
1944 until Nov 30.
Total
Dead
Missing
76,848
2,038
140,378 8,769
455,635 58,049
413,009 330,904
502,534 925,088
121,335 215,981
1,709,739 1,540,829
Source: Müller-Hillebrand Das Heer 1933–1945 Page 264
C. Field Army (Feldheer) casualties September 1939 to November 1944
Campaign
Poland 1939
Norway 1940
West until May 31, 1944
West June 1944-November 30, 1944
Dead
16,343
4,975
66,266
54,754
Missing
320
691
3,218
338,933
Africa 1940 - May 1943
12,808
90,052
Balkans 1941 - November 30, 1944 24,267
12,060
Italy May 1943 - November 30, 1944 47,873
97,154
Russia June 1941-November 30, 1944 1,419,728 997,056
Home front 1939-November 30, 1944 64,055
1,315
Source: Müller-Hillebrand Das Heer 1933–1945 Page 265
German Casualties Reported by Russian Sources The Russian military historian G. I.
Krivosheev has published figures for the casualties on all fronts compiled by the German High
Command up until April 30, 1945 based on captured German records in the Soviet Archives.
Period
Sept 1, 1939- Dec 31,1944
Jan 1, 1945 - April 30, 1945
Total
Killed or Died of Wounds
1,965,300
265,000
2,230,300
MIA and Prisoners of War Total
1,858,500
3,823,800
1,012,000
1,277,000
2,870,500
5,100,800
Wounded
5,240,000
795,000
6,035,000
Krivosheev gave a separate set of statistics that put losses at 2,230,000 Killed; 2,400,000 missing
and 5,240,000 wounded. According to Krivosheev "The figures in the Wehrmacht documents
relating to Germany's war losses are therefore contradictory and unreliable."[5] Based on Soviet
sources Krivosheev put German losses on the Eastern Front from 1941-1945 at 6,923,700 men :
including-Killed 4,137,100, taken prisoner 2,571,600 and 215,000 dead among Russian volunteers
in the Wehrmacht. Deaths of POW were 450,600 including 356,700 in NKVD camps and 93,900 in
transit.[6] Soviet sources claimed that “In 1945 the German Army lost more than 1,000,000 men
killed on the Soviet-German front alone.” [7]
Demographic Estimates of Military Losses In January 1946 the Metropolitan Life Insurance
Co. put German military dead at 3,250,000. According to Gregory Frumkin this presumably
included aggregate German forces comprising those conscripted outside of the 1937 German
borders.[8][9] The estimate by West German government of November 1949 for Germany in 1937
borders was 3,250,000, (1,650,000 killied and 1,600,000 missing). Figures do not include Austria
and conscripted ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe[10] A demographic estimate by the West
German government in 1960 put the total military losses of the Wehrmacht at 4,440,000; 3,760,000
for Germany in 1937 borders; 430,000 conscripted ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe and
250,000 from Austria.[11] In 1951 Gregory Frumkin, who was throughout its existence editor of the
Statistical Year-Book of the. League of Nations gave the following assessment of German military
losses based on a demographic analysis. Total dead and missing 3,975,000: Germany in 1937
borders 3,500,000; Austria 230,000; 200,000 Sudeten Germans from Czechoslovakia; 40,000
France 3,700 the Netherlands; 700 Norway and 398 Denmark [12]
Records of German Military Search Service In the post war era the military search service
Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt) has been responsible for providing information for the families of
those military personnel who were killed or went missing in the war. They maintain the files over
18 million men who served in the war. Since the fall of communism the records in the former GDR
(East Germany) have become available to the Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt). The German Red
Cross reported in 2005 that the records of the military search service Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt)
list total Wehrmacht losses at 4.3 million men (3.1 million dead and 1.2 million missing) in World
War II. Their figures include Austria and conscripted ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe.[13] The
German historian de:Rüdiger Overmans used the files of Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt) to conduct
his research project on German military casualties.
German Prisoners of War See also: Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union and German
prisoners of war in the Soviet Union The fate German prisoners of war have been a concern in post
war Germany. By 1950 the Soviets reported that they had repatriated all German prisoners of war
except a small number of convicted war criminals. During the cold war in West Germany there
were claims that one million German prisoners of war were held in secret by the USSR. The West
German government set up the Maschke Commission to investigate the fate of German POW in the
war; in its report of 1974 the Maschke Commission found that about 1.2 million German military
personnel reported as missing more than likely died as POWs, including 1.1 million in the
USSR.[14] Based on his research Rűdiger Overmans believes that the deaths of 459,000 dead POWs
can confirmed be in the files of Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt)(including 363,000 in the USSR).
Overmans estimates the actual death toll of German POWs is about 1.1 million men (including 1.0
million in the USSR); he maintains that among those reported as missing were men who actually
died as prisoners.[15] Data from the Soviet Archives published by G. I. Krivosheev put the deaths in
the USSR of German POWs at 450,600 including 356,700 in NKVD camps and 93,900 in transit.[6]
After the collapse of communism, data from the Soviet Archives became available concerning the
deaths of German POWs in the USSR. In recent years there has been a joint Russian-German
project to investigate the fate of POWs in the war.[16]
German POW deaths- Overmans estimate
2000
Nation holding Prisoners of War
Number captured
Deaths
UK
ca. 3,600,000
c. 2,000
USA
ca. 3,000,000
5-10,000
USSR
ca. 3,000,000
max. 1,000,000
France
ca.1,000,000
more than 22,000
Yugoslavia
ca.200,000
ca. 80,000
Poland
ca.70,000
ca. 10,000
Belgium
ca.60,000
ca. 500
Czechoslovakia
ca.25,000
ca. 2,000
Netherlands
ca. 7,000
ca. 200
Luxemburg
ca. 5,000
15
Total
ca. 11,000,000
ca. 1,100,000
Source of figures-Rűdiger Overmans, Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht. Deutsche Kriegsgefangene des Zweiten Weltkriege.
Page 246.
Confirmed POW
Deaths
Nation holding POW Total Dead
USSR
363,000
France
34,000
USA
22,000
UK
21,000
Yugoslavia
11,000
Other nations
8,000
Total
459,000
Source of figures Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg page 286
German POW Held in Captivity (Per R.
Overmans)[17]
Held Western
Held by Soviets & their
Total Living
Average during Quarter
Allies
Allies
POW
6,600
26,000
32,600
4th Quarter 1941
22,300
100,000
122,300
4th Quarter 1942
200,000
155,000
355,000
4th Quarter 1943
720,000
563,000
1,283,000
4th Quarter 1944
920,000
1,103,000
2,023,000
1st Quarter 1945
5,440,000
2,130,000
7,570,000
2nd Quarter 1945
6,672,000
2,163,000
8,835,000
3rd Quarter 1945
Source:Rűdiger Overmans Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht. Deutsche Kriegsgefangene des Zweiten Weltkriege. Ullstein
Taschenbuch vlg., 2002 Pages 272-273
Overmans has made the following points in Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg
• Based on his research Overmans believes that 459,000 dead POW listed in the files of
Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt) are understated. He maintains that included with the 2.0
million reported as missing and presumed dead(see schedule below) were those in fact dead
in custody as POW. He points out that this will not increase the number of German war dead
because some of those reported missing would be reclassified as dead POW. He believes
further research is needed on the fate of the POW.[18]
• He believes that in addition to the 363,000 confirmed POW dead in the USSR, it seems
entirely plausible, while not provable, that 700,000 German military personnel listed with
the missing actually died in Soviet custody[18]
• He believes that personnel captured on the battlefield may have died of wounds or in transit
before being recorded as POW. He pointed out that this was the case of some Germans in
American and British hospitals.[19]
• He maintains "Otherwise viewing the case of France, where the figures of the Maschke
Commission are based on official French data; an important point to presume, that from the
180,000 missing on the Western front, many were dead in fact in French custody- or
soldiers in Indochina-,[18]
• He pointed out that the heavy death toll estimated by the Maschke Commission of 80,000
German POW in Yugoslavia was based on documented eyewitness accounts.[18]
NKVD special camps in East Germany 1945-1950 The Soviets set up NKVD special camps in the
Soviet-occupied parts of Germany and areas east of the Oder-Neisse line to intern Germans accused
of alleged ties to the Nazis, or because they were hindering the establishment of Stalinism in East
Germany. Between 122,000 to 150,000 were detained and at least 43,000 did not survive.[20]
Study by Dr. Rüdiger Overmans Dr. Rüdiger Overmans has published the study Deutsche
militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg (German Military Casualties in the Second World War),
which has provided a reassessment of German military war dead based on a statistical survey of
German military personnel records. The financial support for the study came from a private
foundation. When Overmans conducted his research project he was an officer in the German Armed
Forces, he was an associate of the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office from
1987 until 2004 and was on the faculty of the University of Freiburg from 1996-2001. In 1992
when Overmans began the project German military dead in the war listed at the military search
service Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt) were 4.3 million men (3.1 million confirmed dead and 1.2
missing and presumed dead). Since the collapse of communism previously classified documentation
regarding German military casualties became available to German researchers. The research project
involved taking a statistical sample of the confidential German military personnel records located at
the Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt). The project sought to determine total deaths and their cause,
when and in which theatre of war the losses occurred as well as a demographic profile of the men
who served in the war. The statistical survey was conducted from the fall of 1992 until the end of
1994, 19 employees at Deutsche Dienststelle assisted in the survey. The personnel records included
3,070,000 men who were confirmed dead in the Death Files and another 15,200,000 men in the
General Files who had served in the war including those listed as missing and presumed dead. The
total sample pulled for the research consisted of the files of 4,844 personnel dead or missing in
military service during the war: The first group 4,137 from Army, Air Force and 172 from Waffen
SS and paramilitary organizations including (3,051 confirmed dead from the Death Files and
another 1,258 found to be dead or missing in the General Files) The Second Group of 535 men
found to be dead or missing was selected from the separate Navy files. Overmans maintains that
based on the size of the sample selected that there was a 99% confidence level that the results were
accurate. The research by Overmans concluded in 2000 that the total German military dead and
missing were 5,318,000. The results of the Overmans research project were published with the
endorsement of the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office of the Federal Ministry
of Defense (Germany).[21] The following schedules give a brief overview of the results of the
Overmans study.
By Official Status (Per R. Overmans)
[22]
Description
Confirmed Dead
Declared dead in legal proceedings
Recorded in Records (Registrierfall)
Total Dead
By Official Cause of Death (Per R.
Overmans)[22]
Cause of Death
Killed in Action
Died of Wounds, Illness etc.
Suicides
Sentenced to Death
No Information
Subtotal-Dead in Active Service
Missing
Final Report "Letze Nachricht"
Sub-total- Presumed Dead
Confirmed deaths as POW
Number of Deaths
3,068,000
1,095,787
1,154,744
5,318,531
Amount
2,303,320
500,165
25,000
11,000
12,000
2,851,485
1,306,186
701,385[23]
2,007,571
459,475
Total Dead
5,318,531
Of the 2 million presumed dead Overmans believes 700,000 were actually dead in Soviet custody but not reported as
POW.[24]
By Front (Per R. Overmans)[22]
Front
Total Dead
2,742,909
Eastern Front until 12/31/44
339,957
Western Europe until 12/31/44
1,230,045
Final Battles in Germany 1945
Other (including Sea and Air War Germany) 245,561
150,660
Italy
103,693
The Balkans
30,165
Northern Europe
16,066
Africa
459,475
Prisoners of War
5,318,531
Total
Overmans believes that there is not sufficient data to breakout the 1,230,045 deaths in the 1945
Final Battles in Germany between the Western Allied invasion of Germany and Eastern Front in
1945,[22] although he estimates that 2/3 of these casualties can be attributed to the Eastern Front.[25]
Monthly German military casualtites at point of death according Overmans study (Not including
Living POW held)
Yea Januar Februar
March April May June
r
y
y
1939 21,00
5,000 3,000
29,000
1940 2,000 0
13,00
1941 10,000 1,000
4,000 4,000
29,000
0
44,09
1942 53,165 52,099 46,132 24,066
34,033
9
185,37
31,09
1943
74,363 59,099 21,066
21,066
6
9
112,75
78,49 182,17
1944 81,330 91,495
92,363
9
5
8
451,74
284,44 281,84 94,52
1945
294,772
20,066
2
2
8
8
10,06
1946 7,000 13,099 14,000 6,000
3,000
6
1947 3,008 2,000
5,033 3,000 1,000 5,033
Afte
r
1947
Tota
l All
Year
s
July
-
Augus Septemb Octobe Novemb Decemb
Total
t
er
r
er
er
15,000
3,000 1,000
19,000
7,000 4,000 4,000
5,033
67,132 51,066 53,033
2,000
83,000
44,099 38,000
42,198
357,000
46,099 74,231 46,033
30,000 38,231
83,792
572,000
79,231 66,198 69,495
61,330 77,396
66,330
812,000
215,01 348,96
151,957
3
0
184,08
1,802,00
103,561 159,386
9
0
1,540,00
19,000 21,033
10,066
0
13,000 27,099 22,132
1,000
3,000 6,000 5,033
3,000
2,000
4,000
76,000
2,000 5,033 1,000
2,000
3,000
1,000
33,000
-
-
-
-
-
-
25,000
-
-
-
-
-
-
5,518,00
0
Notes: Figures include Waffen SS, Austrians, conscripted ethnic Germans, Volkssturm and other
paramilitary forces. Figures do not include Prisoners held by Allies. Prisoners held during the war
are listed in a separate schedule above. Monthly figures do not add because of rounding.
Source:Rűdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000,
Page 239
Total Missing and Presumed Dead (not including POW) Per Overmans
Year of Death Amount
1941 & before 30,000
1942
116,000
1943
289,000
1944
845,000
1945
728,000
1946 & later 0
Total
2,007,000
(of which on Soviet-German front)
(26,000)
(108,000)
(283,000
(719,000)
(400,000)
0
(1,536,000)
German military dead Eastern Front (Per R.
Overmans)[22]
Total During Year
Total Dead
302,000
1941
507,000
1942
701,000
1943
1,233,000
1944
2,742,000
Total 1941-1944
Soviet sources reported that “In 1945 the German Army lost more than 1,000,000 men killed on the Soviet-German
front alone.”[7]
Figures do not include POW deaths of 363,000 in Soviet captivity, these losses were listed separately by Overmans.
By Service Branch (Per R. Overmans)[22]
Branch
Total Dead
4,202,030
Army
Air Force (Including Infantry Units) 432,706
138,429
Navy
313,749
Waffen SS
77,726
Volkssturm
Paramilitary and support forces 153,891
5,318,531
Total
By Nation of Origin (Per R. Overmans)[22]
Nation
Pre-war Germany (1937 borders) and the Free City of Danzig
Austria
Ethnic Germans conscripted in Eastern Europe
French
Volunteers from Western Europe
Total
Total Dead
4,456,000
261,000
534,000
30,000
37,000
5,318,000
Overmans did not include Russian volunteers in the Wehrmacht in his figures. Russian military
historian G. I. Krivosheev estimated these losses at 215,000 killed.[6] The statistics of the German
High Command put casualties of the volunteer forces from the Soviet Union up until 1/31/1945 at:
83,307 dead; 57,258 missing and 118,127 wounded[26]
Comparison of figures at 12/31/1944 of Overmans and German High Command
Overmans maintains that his research project taking a statistical sample of the records of the
Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt) found that the German military casualty reporting system broke
down during the war and that losses were understated. The following schedule compares the total
dead and living POW according to Overmans at 12/31/1944 with the figures of the German High
Command.
Description
Total
Total Dead per Overmans @12/31/44
3,643,000 [27]
Add:POW held by Allies per Overmans
1,283,000 [28]
Add:Estimated losses of Soviet Volunteers
140,000[26]
Adjusted Losses @12/31/1944
5,066,000
Total Dead & Missing per OKW @12/31/1944
3,823,000[29]
Difference
1,243,000
Civilian Casualties
Killed by Allied Aerial Bombardment and in 1945 military campaign
A. Estimates Made in Germany The estimate by West German government of November 1949 for
Germany in 1937 borders was 450,000 killed in bombing and 50,000in ground fighting. Figures do
not include Austria.[10] The West German government in October 1956 estimated 655,000 civilian
deaths during war in Germany and Austria, 500,000 killed by strategic bombing, 135,000 in the
1945 flight and evacuations from East Europe. They also estimated 20,000 civilians were killed
during the land campaign in Germany. These figures are detailed in a schedule below
Description
Air War 1945 in East Total
Germany 1937 Borders
Civilians
Foreigners/POW
Police
Subtotal Germany 1937 Borders
Austria & Annexed Territories
Civilians
Foreigners/POW
Police
Subtotal Austria & Annexed Territories
410,000
32,000
23,000
465,000
127,000
1,000
128,000
537,000
32,000
24,000
593,000
26,000
7,000
2,000
35,000
7,000
7,000
33,000
7,000
2,000
42,000
Total Third Reich
500,000
135,000
635,000
Sources: Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956, journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt
Deutschland.(German government Statistical Office) and The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die
Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, Page 78. The Austrian government puts their losses in the air
war at 24,000. A 1990 study by the East German historian de:Olaf Groehler estimated 360,000–
370,000 civilians were killed by Allied strategic bombing within the 1937 German boundaries, for
the German Reich including Austria, forced laborers, POW and military the total is estimated at
406,000. In 2005 Groehler's figures were published in the authoritative series The German Reich
and the Second World War[30]
B. Estimates made by US and UK Governments The United States Strategic Bombing Survey in
1945 gave two figures for German civilian deaths in the air war: The section Effects of Strategic
Bombing on the German War Economy put the losses at 375,000, while the section The Effect of
Bombing on Health and Medical Care in Germany gave a figure of 422,000 dead.[31] The British
PM Mr. Attlee in a statement to Parliament on 22 October 1945 put the German death toll in the
bombing campaign at 350,000 [32]
C. Battle of Berlin Killed during the fighting in Berlin 22,000[33]
Deaths due to Nazi political, racial and religious persecution The West German
government put the number of Germans killed by the Nazi political, racial and religious persecution
at 300,000 (Including 160,000 German Jews)[34] A 2003 report by the German Federal Archive put
the total murdered during the Action T4 Euthanasia program at over 200,000 persons.[35][36][37]
Civilian deaths due to the expulsion of Germans after World War II See Also:
Demographic estimates of the flight and expulsion of Germans and Forced labor of Germans in the
Soviet Union Civilian deaths due to the Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) and the
Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union are sometimes included with World War II Casualties.
In 1958 the West German government estimated the death toll at 2.2 million. This figure was to
remain unchallenged until the end of the cold war in the 1990s when some German historians put
the actual death toll in the expulsions at between 500,000-600,000 confirmed deaths. In 2005 the
German Red Cross Search Service still maintained that their research put losses at 2,251,500
persons in the expulsions and deportations. They did not provide details of the figure [38]
The following studies were published by the West German government estimating expulsion
deaths.
1-In 1950 the West German government made a preliminary estimate of 3,000,000 German
civilians missing in Eastern Europe (1.5 million from pre war Germany and 1.5 million ethnic
Germans from East Europe)whose fate needed to be clarified.[39] This estimate was later superseded
by the 1958 German Government demographic study.
2-The Schieder commission from 1953 to 1961 estimated 2.2 million civilian deaths in the
expulsions- Details by country Oder-Neisse region 2,167,000(figure includes 500,000 military and
50,000 air raid dead); Poland 217,000, Danzig 100,000; Czechoslovakia 225,600; Yugoslavia
69,000; Rumania 10,000; Hungary 6,000[40] The statistical information in the Schieder Report was
later superseded by the 1958 German Government demographic study.
3- The West German government statistical office issued a report in 1958 that put the number of
civilians dead or missing in the expulsions and forced labor in the USSR at 2,225,000( including
1,339,000 for Germany in 1937 borders; Poland 185,000, Danzig 83,200; Czechoslovakia 272,900;
Yugoslavia 135,800; Rumania 101,000; Hungary 57,000; Baltic States 51,400. The figures include
those killed in the 1945 military campaign and the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union.[41]
The figures from this report are often cited by historians writing in the English language. Dr.
Rüdiger Overmans pointed out that these figures represent persons whose fate had not been
clarified, not necessarily dead as a result of the expulsions.[42]
4-The West German government set up a unified body the Suchdienst (search service) of the
German churches working in conjunction with the German Red Cross to trace the individual fates
of those who were dead or missing as result of the expulsions and deportations. In 1965 the final
report was issued by the search service which was able to confirm 473,013 civilian deaths in
Eastern Europe; and an additional 1,905,991 cases whose fate could not be determined. This report
remained confidential until 1987. Dr. Rüdiger Overmans presented a summary of this data at a 1994
historical symposium in Poland.[42]
5-On 28 May 1974, the West German Federal Archive (Bundesarchiv) issued a report to "compile
and evaluate information available in the Federal Archives and elsewhere regarding crimes and
brutalities committed against Germans in the course of the expulsion". In particular, the report
identified deaths due to crimes against international law: the 1958 report of the Federal Office for
Statistics listed as "post-war losses" two million people whose fate remained unaccounted for in the
population balance, but who according to the 1974 report were "not exclusively victims of crimes
against international law" such as post war deaths due to malnutrition and disease. The report
estimated 600,000 civilian deaths (150,000 violent Deaths during war in 1945; 200,000 in Forced
labor of Germans in the Soviet Union and 250,000 in post war internment Camps and forced labor
in Eastern Europe)[43]
Recent research on German expulsion losses:
In his 2000 study of German military casualties Dr. Rüdiger Overmans found 344,000 additional
military deaths of Germans from the Former eastern territories of Germany and conscripted ethnic
Germans from Eastern Europe. Overmans believes this will reduce the number of civilians
previously listed as missing in the expulsions. Overmans did not investigate civilian expulsion
losses, only military casualties, he merely noted that other studies estimated of expulsion losses
from about 500,000 to 2,000,000. Overmans maintains that there are more arguments for a lower
figure of 500,000 rather than the higher figures of over 2.0 million. He believes new research on the
number of expulsion deaths is needed since only 500,000 of the reported 2,000,00 deaths have been
confirmed.[42][44]
The German historian Ingo Haar believes that civilian losses in the expulsions have been overstated
in Germany for decades for political reasons. Haar argues that during the Cold War the West
German government put political pressure on the Statistisches Bundesamt to push the figures
upward to agree to the Church Service figure of 2.3 million confirmed dead and missing. Haar
maintains that the German Red Cross figure is based on unreliable information and that the actual
death toll in the expulsions is between 500-600,000 which is based on confirmed deaths.[45][46][47]
The German historians Hans Henning Hahn and Eva Hahnova have published a detailed study of
the flight and expulsions that is sharply critical of official German accounts of the cold war era. The
Hahn's believe that the official German figure of 2 million deaths is a historical myth that lacks
foundation. The Hahn's point out that the figure of 473,013 confirmed deaths includes 80,522 in the
post war period; they maintain that most of the deaths occurred during the Nazi organized flight and
evacuation during the war, and the Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union. They place the
ultimate blame for the mass flight and expulsion on the wartime policy of the Nazis in Eastern
Europe.[48] In 2006 The German government reaffirmed its belief that 2 million civilians perished in
the flight and expulsion from Eastern Europe. They maintain that the figure is correct because it
includes additional post war deaths from malnutrition and disease of those civilians subject to the
expulsions. State Secretary in the German Federal Ministry of the Interior, Christoph Bergner,
outlined the stance of the respective governmental institutions in Deutschlandfunk saying that the
numbers presented by the German government and others are not contradictory to the numbers cited
by Haar, and that the below 600,000 estimate comprises the deaths directly caused by atrocities
during the expulsion measures and thus only includes people who on the spot were raped, beaten, or
else brought to death, while the above two millions estimate also includes people who on their way
to post-war Germany have died of epidemics, hunger, cold, air raids and the like.[49]
Total Population Losses 1939-1946
A. Population Balance for Germany in 1937 borders: May 1939 to October 1946
According to West German Government 1956
Description
Population May 1939 Census
Live Births
Net Immigration-German Refugees
Subtotal Additions
Civilians-Death by natural causes
Civilians Killed in Air war
Civilians Killed in 1945 Land Battles
Military Dead
POW held by Allies
Germans remaining in Poland
Germans Remaining Abroad
Expulsion and Deportation Civilian Dead/Missing
Emigrated & Murdered Jews
Net Emigration of Foreign Population
Other, Misc.
Subtotal Reductions
Population October 1946 Census
Amount
69,310,000
8,670,000
4,080,000
12,750,000
(7,130,000)
(410,000)
(20,000)
(3,760,000)
(1,750,000)
(1,750,000)
(130,000)
(1,260,000)
(200,000)
(200,000)
(140,000)
(16,750,000)
65,310,000
Sources for figures: Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956, Journal published by Statistisches
Bundesamt Deutschland. (German government Statistical Office)
Notes:
1-Population May 1939 Census- Figures are for Germany in 1937 borders and does not include
Austria and the ethnic Germans of East Europe.[50]
2-Live Births- are those actually recorded from May 1939 until June 1944 and from January to
October 1946. The gap in vital statistics between the middle of 1944 and the end of 1945 was
estimated.[51]
3-Net Immigration-German Refugees were ethnic Germans of Eastern Europe who lived outside
Germany in 1937 borders before the war.[52]
4-Civilian Deaths- These are deaths due to natural causes not directly related to the war. Figure
includes deaths actually recorded from May 1939 until June 1944 and from January to October
1946. The gap in vital statistics between the middle of 1944 and the end of 1945 was estimated.[53]
The German government Statistical Office put the deaths due to natural causes at 7,130,000; a study
by the German demographer Peter Marschalck estimated the expected deaths from natural causes
based on the peacetime death rate would have been 5,900,000. Marschalck also put the total deaths
related to the war, both military and civilians, at 6.9 million persons.[54] The German economist
de:Bruno Gleitze from the German Institute for Economic Research estimated that included in the
total of 7.1 million deaths by natural causes that there were 1,2 million excess deaths caused by an
increase in mortality due to the harsh conditions in Germany during and after the war[55] In Allied
occupied Germany the shortage of food was an acute problem in 1946–47 the average kilocalorie
intake per day was only 1,600 to 1,800, an amount insufficient for long-term health.,[56]
5-Killed in Air war - Figure for civilians only, does not include 23,000 police and military and
32,000 POW and foreign workers.[57]
6-Killed in 1945 Land Battles- This is a rough estimate for Germany in post war borders, not
including the former German territories in post war Poland.[58]
7-Military Dead - Includes Wehrmacht as well as SS/police and paramilitary forces. The
Statistisches Bundesamt put the total at 3,760,000.[59] The Overmans study of German military
casualties put the total at about 4,4 million.[60]
8-POW still held by Allies- 1,750,000 POW from Germany within in the 1937 borders were still
held by the allies in October 1946.[61] Total German POW held at that time were about 2.5 million,
including 300,000 men from other nations conscripted by Nazi Germany not included in the 1939
population[62] and 384,000 POW held in Germany who are included in the 1946 census figures. By
1950 almost almost all all POW had been released except for 29,000 men held in forced labor in the
USSR or convicted as war criminals.
9-Germans remaining in Poland in October 1946 were 1,750,000, but by 1950 the number had been
reduced to 1,100,000 because of expulsions after October 1946. Those remaining in 1950 became
Polish citizens but were German nationals in 1939.[63]
10-Germans Remaining Abroad-Includes expelled Germans who had emigrated to other countries
or were in Denmark.[64]
11-Expulsion and Deportation Dead - This estimate is only for the Oder-Neisse region of Germany
in the 1937 borders, not including the ethnic Germans of other Eastern European nations. Figure
includes civilian deaths in the 1945 military campaign, the forced labor in the USSR as well as
excess deaths due to post war famine and disease.[65] The German Church Service put the total of
confirmed expulsion dead at about 300,000 for Germany in the 1937 borders, the balance of
960,000 were reported as missing and whose fate had not been clarified.[45]
12-Emigrated & Murdered Jews- The Statistisches Bundesamt(German government Statistical
Office) gave a total of 200,000 Jews who had emigrated or were murdered, they did not estimate
those actually who were murdered.[66] Most sources outside of Germany put the Holocaust death
toll in Germany at about 150,000 Jews.
13-Net Emigration of Foreign Population - The Statistisches Bundesamt pointed out that this was a
rough estimate.[67]
14-Other, Misc. - The Statistisches Bundesamt defined the others as "emigrated Germans, POW
remaining abroad voluntarily, and German concentration camp deaths" (deutsche KZ-Opfer).[68]
15- Population October 1946 Census- Figure of 65,310,000 does not include 693,000 displaced
persons (DPs) living in Germany. Figure includes 853,000 in the Saarland.[69]
B. Population Balance for Austria
The Austrian government provides the following information on human losses during the rule of the
Nazis. For Austria the consequences of the Nazi regime and the Second World War were
disastrous: During this period 2,700 Austrians had been executed and more than 16,000 citizens
murdered in the concentration camps. Some 16,000 Austrians were killed in prison, while over
67,000 Austrian Jews were deported to death camps, only 2,000 of them lived to see the end of the
war. In addition, 247,000 Austrians lost their lives serving in the army of the Third Reich or were
reported missing, and 24,000 civilians were killed during bombing raids.[70]
C. Population Balance for the ethnic Germans of eastern Europe In 1958 the West German
government statistical office put the losses of the ethnic Germans at 1,318,000 (886,000 civilians in
the expulsions and 411,000 in the German military and 22,000 in the Hungarian and Romanian
military) [71] The research of Rudiger Overmans puts military losses of ethnic Germans at 534,000
[72]
Ingo Haar points out that of the 886,000 estimated civilian dead from east Europe only about
170,000 deaths have been confirmed; the balance are considered unsolved cases.[45]
Controversies over German Losses
The German people paid an enormous price in human lives for their support of the Nazi regime
during the war. In post-war Germany the fate of civilians and prisoners of war has been a
contentious topic. The current view of the German government is that these losses were due to an
aggressive war started by the German nation.[73] There are some who attempt to trivialize the crimes
of the Hitler period by comparing German losses to the Holocaust. These claims are viewed as an
outrage by those who survived the Holocaust and have exacerbated Polish-German relations.
The ultra-right in Germany has coined the phrases “Bombing Holocaust” and “Expulsion
Holocaust”. The bombing of Dresden and the bombing campaign in general has been a topic of
ultra-right propaganda in post-war Germany. The German historian Wolfgang Benz believes that
the use of the of the term “Bombing Holocaust” runs contrary to historical fact.[74] Civilian losses in
the expulsions from Eastern Europe are viewed as an enormous human tragedy in Germany. The
German government currently places the ultimate blame for the mass flight and expulsion on the
wartime policy of the Nazis in Eastern Europe.[73] There are those like Heinz Nawratil who equate
the expulsions from Eastern Europe with the Holocaust. The German historian Martin Broszat
(former head of Institute of Contemporary History in Munich) described Nawratil's writings as
“polemics with a nationalist-rightist point of view” and that Nawratil “exaggerates in an absurd
manner the scale of ‘expulsion crimes’”.[75] The Federation of Expellees has represented the
interests of Germans from Eastern Europe. Erika Steinbach, the current President of the Federation,
provoked outrage when she supported the statements of other members of the expellee organization
claiming that Hitler's attack on Poland was a response to Poland's policy.[76] The Federation of
Expellees initiated the formation of the Center Against Expulsions. The current President of
Germany Joachim Gauck and the German chancellor Angela Merkel have voiced support for the
Center Against Expulsions. However, in Poland it is viewed by some as an attempt to reopen the
wounds of the war and to revert to pre-war borders.
The fate of over one million missing German soldiers in the USSR was an issue in post-war West
Germany, with some claiming that they were held in secret labor camps by the Soviets. It is now
known that they did not survive the war, Rüdiger Overmans believes that more than likely they died
in Soviet custody.[77]
The Canadian author James Bacque (a novelist with no previous historical research experience) has
written a book Other Losses in which he claims that the United States are responsible for the deaths
of 800,000 to 1,000,000 German POW. Based on his own research Bacque claims that documents
from the US Archives show that there were 800,000 German POW who did not survive US
captivity. Bacque alleges that General Eisenhower and the US military deliberately withheld
support for the German POW, causing their deaths. Bacque presents his arguments with a
description of the horrific conditions at the Rheinwiesenlager POW camps and eyewitness accounts
of retired US military officers. Bacque maintains that there has been a conspiracy by the United
States to cover up these losses. Bacque’s book received wide attention when it was first published
in 1989, since then his claims have been challenged by historians who have found his thesis to be
unsubstantiated. The US military historian Stephen Ambrose was co-editor of the book Eisenhower
and the German POWs in which he refutes Bacque’s claims. Ambrose maintains that the figure of
800,000 POW missing from the US records was a bookkeeping error, that many POW were
released and no records were maintained. Ambrose points out that the US and the UK had to cope
with a major logistical problem in order to maintain the huge number of surrendered German
personnel and finds the claim that Eisenhower and the US military deliberately withheld support for
the German POW to be without merit.[78] Rüdiger Overmans believes that “on the basis of factual
individual data, shown before, the thesis of the Canadian James Bacque cannot be supported”.[18]
Notes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
^ Rűdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-48656531-1 Page 13-66
^ Die Zeit 27 October 1949
^ Rűdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-48656531-1 Pages 49-52
^ Burkhart Müller-Hillebrand Das Heer 1933–1945. Entwicklung des organisatorischen Aufbaues. Band III.
Der Zweifrontenkrieg. Das Heer vom Beginn des Feldzuges gegen die Sowjetunion bis zum Kriegsende.
Mittler, Frankfurt am Main 1969 Pages 258-266
^ G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 978-1-85367-280-4 Page 276
^ a b c G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1-85367-280-7 Pages 276278
^ a b Great patriotic war of the Soviet Union, 1941-1945 : a general outline - Moscow : Progress Publishers,
[1974] Page 392
^ Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, Statistical bulletin January 1946 Page 7
^ Gregory Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951. Page 72
^ a b Wirtschaft und Statistik November 1949, journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt
Deutschland.(German government Statistical Office)
^ The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, Page 78
^ Gregory Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951.
^ Willi Kammerer; Anja Kammerer- Narben bleiben die Arbeit der Suchdienste - 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten
Weltkrieg Berlin Dienststelle 2005 ( Published by the Search Service of the German Red Cross. The forward to
the book was written by German President Horst Köhler and the German interior minister Otto Schily)
^ Erich Maschke ,Zur Geschichte der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen des Zweiten Weltkrieges Bielefeld, E. und
W. Gieseking, 1962-1974 Vol 15 P 185-230.
^ Rűdiger Overmans, 'Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht. Deutsche Kriegsgefangene des Zweiten Weltkriege.'
Ullstein., 2000 Page 246 ISBN 3-549-07121-3
^ Willi Kammerer; Anja Kammerer- Narben bleiben die Arbeit der Suchdienste - 60 \Jahre nach dem Zweiten
Weltkrieg Berlin Dienststelle 2005 (published by the Search Service of the German Red Cross). The forward to
the book was written by German President Horst Köhler and the German interior minister Otto Schily.
^ Rűdiger Overmans, Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht. Deutsche Kriegsgefangene des Zweiten Weltkriege.
Ullstein Taschenbuchvlg., 2002 ISBN 3-548-36328-8
^ a b c d e Rűdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3486-56531-1 Page 286-289
^ Rűdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-48656531-1 Page 176
20. ^ Kai Cornelius, Vom spurlosen Verschwindenlassen zur Benachrichtigungspflicht bei Festnahmen, BWV
Verlag, 2004, p.126, ISBN 3-8305-1165-5
21. ^ Rűdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-48656531-1 Pages 151 to 204
22. ^ a b c d e f g Rűdiger Overmans, Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN
3-486-56531-1,
23. ^ Overmans on page 176 of Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg defines "Letze Nachricht"
das nur bekannt ist, von wann der letzte Feldpost oder ein anders Lebenszeichen stammt. All that is known is
the origin of the last postal address or other sign of life
24. ^ Rűdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-48656531-1 Page 289
25. ^ Overmans, p. 265
26. ^ a b Percy Schramm Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht: 1940 - 1945: 8 Bde. (ISBN
9783881990738 ) Pages 1508 to 1511
27. ^ Rűdiger Overmans, Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-48656531-1, Page 241
28. ^ Rűdiger Overmans Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht. Deutsche Kriegsgefangene des Zweiten Weltkriege.
Ullstein Taschenbuch vlg., 2002
29. ^ Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Page 78
30. ^ Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, Bd. 9/1, ISBN 3-421-06236-6. p. 460
31. ^ Germany and the Second World War, Volume 9, Part 1 Page 475 By Germany (West).
Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt
32. ^ Gregory Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Page 74 Geneva 1951.
33. ^ Peter Antill, Peter Dennis, Berlin 1945: end of the Thousand Year Reich ISBN 1-84176-915-0 Page 85.
Books.google.com. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
34. ^ Germany reports. With an introd. by Konrad Adenauer. Germany (West). Presse- und Informationsamt.
Wiesbaden, Distribution: F. Steiner, 1961] Page 32
35. ^ Bundesarchiv Euthanasie" im Nationalsozialismus
36. ^ Bundesarchiv: Euthanasie-Verbrechen 1939 - 1945 (Quellen zur Geschichte der „Euthanasie“-Verbrechen
1939-1945 in deutschen und österreichischen Archiven. Ein Inventar. Einführung von Harald Jenner)
37. ^ Quellen zur Geschichte der „Euthanasie“-Verbrechen 1939-1945 in deutschen und österreichischen
Archiven. Ein Inventar [1]
38. ^ Willi Kammerer; Anja Kammerer- Narben bleiben die Arbeit der Suchdienste - 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten
Weltkrieg Berlin Dienststelle 2005 ( Published by the Search Service of the German Red Cross. The forward
to the book was written by German President Horst Köhler and the German interior minister Otto Schily)
39. ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik April 1950
40. ^ Bundesministerium für Vertriebene, Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa
Vol. 1-5, Bonn, 1954-1961
41. ^ Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50.
Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt - Wiesbaden. - Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1958 See pages 102,
143,174,323 381
42. ^ a b c Dr. Rűdiger Overmans- Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung.
(A parallel Polish summary translation was also included, this paper was a presentation at an academic
conference in Warsaw Poland in 1994), Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI-1994
43. ^ German Federal Archive, Siegel, Silke Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945-1948. Bericht des
Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte. Bonn 1989
44. ^ Rűdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-48656531-1
45. ^ a b c Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts „Bevölkerung“ vor, im und nach dem „Dritten Reich“ Zur
Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissensch: Ingo Haar Die deutschen ›Vertreibungsverluste‹ –
Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme, in Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts „Bevölkerung“
vor, im und nach dem „Dritten Reich“ Springer 2009: ISBN 978-3-531-16152-5
46. ^ Herausforderung Bevölkerung : zu Entwicklungen des modernen Denkens über die Bevölkerung vor, im und
nach dem Dritten Reich Ingo Haar, Bevölkerungsbilanzen“ und „Vertreibungsverluste. Zur
Wissenschaftsgeschichte der deutschen Opferangaben aus Flucht und Vertreibung Verlag für
Sozialwissenschaften 2007 ISBN 978-3-531-15556-2
47. ^ Ingo Haar, Die Deutschen „Vertreibungsverluste –Zur Entstehung der „Dokumentation der Vertreibung Tel Aviver Jahrbuch, 2007, Tel Aviv : Universität Tel Aviv, Fakultät für Geisteswissenschaften,
Forschungszentrum für Geschichte ; Gerlingen [Germany] : Bleicher Verlag
48. ^ Hans Henning Hahn and Eva Hahnova : Die Vertreibung im deutschen Erinnern. Legenden, Mythos,
Geschichte. Paderborn 2010, ISBN 978-3-506-77044-8 Pages 659-726
49. ^ Christoph Bergner, Secretary of State in Germany's Bureau for Inner Affairs, outlines the stance of the
respective governmental institutions in Deutschlandfunk on 29 November 2006, [2]
50. ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956, Journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (German
government Statistical Office)
51. ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956, Journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (German
government Statistical Office)
52. ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956, Journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (German
government Statistical Office)
53. ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956, Journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (German
government Statistical Office)
54. ^ Marschalck, Peter. Bevölkerungsgeschichte Deutschlands im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert- Suhrkamp 1984
55. ^ Bruno. Gleitze, Deutschlands Bevölkerungsverluste durch den Zweiten Weltkrieg, „Vierteljahrshefte zur
Wirtschaftsforschung” 1953, s. 375-384 Gleitze estimated 400,000 excess deaths during the war and 800,000
in post war Germany
56. ^ Alan S. Milward, The Reconstruction of Western Europe
57. ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956, Journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (German
government Statistical Office)
58. ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956, Journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (German
government Statistical Office)
59. ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956, Journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (German
government Statistical Office)
60. ^ Rűdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-48656531-1 Page 335
61. ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956, Journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (German
government Statistical Office)
62. ^ Rűdiger Overmans Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht. Deutsche Kriegsgefangene des Zweiten Weltkriege.
Ullstein Taschenbuch vlg., 2002
63. ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956, Journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (German
government Statistical Office)
64. ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956, Journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (German
government Statistical Office)
65. ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956, Journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (German
government Statistical Office)
66. ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956, Journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (German
government Statistical Office)
67. ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956, Journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (German
government Statistical Office)
68. ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956, Journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (German
government Statistical Office)
69. ^ Gregory Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951. Page 4
70. ^ Austria facts and Figures Page 44
71. ^ Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50.
Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt - Wiesbaden. - Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1958
72. ^ Rűdiger Overmans, Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-48656531-1, p. 265
73. ^ a b German President Horst Köhler, Speech on September 2, 2006 [3]
74. ^ Wolfgang Benz: Feindbild und Vorurteil: Beiträge über Ausgrenzung und Verfolgung. Deutscher
Taschenbuch Verlag, 1996, ISBN 3-423-04694-5, S. 139
75. ^ Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts „Bevölkerung“ vor, im und nach dem „Dritten Reich“ Zur
Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissensch: Ingo Haar Die deutschen ›Vertreibungsverluste‹ –
Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme, in Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts „Bevölkerung“
vor, im und nach dem „Dritten Reich“ Springer 2009: ISBN 978-3-531-16152-5 Page 373
76. ^
Paterson,
Tony
(September
11,
2010).
The
Independent
(London)
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/merkel-ally-quits-after-claiming-nazis-didnt-start-war2076379.html.
77. ^ Rüdiger Overmans, Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-48656531-1, pages 284-292
78. ^ Bischoff, Gunter; Ambrose, Stephen (1992), "Introduction", in Bischoff, Gunter; Ambrose, Stephen,
Eisenhower and the German POWs, New York: Louisiana State University Press, ISBN 0-8071-1758-7
World War II casualties of Poland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Approximately six million Polish citizens perished during World War II. Most were civilian victims
of the war crimes and crimes against humanity during the occupation by Nazi Germany and the
Soviet Union. Statistics for Polish World War II casualties are divergent and contradictory. This
article provides a summarization of these estimates of Poland's human losses in the war and their
causes. The official Polish government report on war damages prepared in 1947 put Poland's war
dead at 6,028,000; 3.0 million ethnic Poles and 3.0 million Jews not including Polish citizens from
the Ukrainian and Belarusian ethnic groups. This figure was challenged by Polish scholars when the
communist system collapsed in 1989. The Polish historian Czesław Łuczak put total losses at 6.0
million; 3.0 million Jews, 2.0 million ethnic Poles, and 1.0 million Polish citizens from the other
ethnic groups not included in the 1947 report on war damages.[1][2] [3] In 2009 the Polish
government-affiliated Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) published the study "Polska 1939–
1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami" (Poland 1939-1945. Human Losses
and Victims of Repression Under the Two Occupations) that estimated Poland's war dead at
between 5.6 and 5.8 million Poles and Jews, including 150,000 during the Soviet occupation.[4]
Poland's losses by geographic area include about 3.5 million in the borders of present day Poland,
and about two million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union.[5] Contemporary Russian
sources include Poland's losses in the annexed territories with the Soviet war dead.[6] In Poland this
is viewed as inflating Soviet casualties at Poland's expense.
German-Soviet Partition of Poland 1939
Causes of Poland's Casualties See also: World War II crimes in Poland Most
Polish citizens who perished in the war were civilian victims of the war crimes and crimes against
humanity during the occupation by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.
Jewish Holocaust Deaths Approximately three million Polish Jews were victims of the Holocaust.
• In Nazi extermination camps: According to Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN)
researchers 1,860,000 Polish Jews were murdered in the Nazi death camps - 490,000 Belzec;
60,000 Sobibor; 800,000 Treblinka; 150,000 Chełmno; 300,000 Auschwitz; 60,000
Majdanek. An additional 970,000 Jews from other countries were transported to these camps
and murdered.[7]
•
An additional 1.0 million Polish Jews were murdered in German executions outside the
camps or perished in aggravated deaths in the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland:
Human Losses of the ethnic Polish population According to the figures published by the Polish
government in exile in 1941 the ethnic Polish population was 24,388,000 at the beginning of the
war in September 1939.[8] The IPN puts the death toll of ethnic Poles under the German occupation
at 2,770,000 and 150,000 due Soviet repression.
The main causes of these losses are as follows.
Acts of War
•
•
1939 Military Campaign-About 150,000 Polish civilians were killed in the 1939 Military
Campaign. Many were killed in the Luftwaffe's terror bombing operations, including the
bombing of Frampol[9] and Wieluń,[10] bombing of Sulejów.[11] Massive air raids were
conducted on these, and other towns which had no military infrastructure.[12] Civilians were
strafed from the air with machine gun fire in what became known as a terror bombing
campaign. Columns of fleeing refugees were systematically attacked by the German fighter
and dive-bomber aircraft.[13] The Siege of Warsaw (1939) caused a huge toll of civilian
casualties. From the very first hours of World War II, Warsaw, the capital of Poland, was a
target of an unrestricted aerial bombardment campaign by the German Luftwaffe. Apart
from the military facilities such as infantry barracks and the Okęcie airport and aircraft
factory, the German pilots also targeted civilian facilities such as water works, hospitals,
market places and schools.
Warsaw Uprising Between 150,000 and 200,000 Polish civilians died in the 1944 Warsaw
Uprising, mostly from mass murders such as the Wola massacre.
Murdered in Prisons or Camps, and in mass executions During the occupation many NonJewish ethnic Poles were killed in mass executions, including an estimated 37,000 people at the
Pawiak prison complex run by the Gestapo. Polish researchers of the Institute of National
Remembrance have identified about 400,000 victims in camps and prisons, including 148,000 killed
in executions and 240,000 deaths among those deported to concentration camps, including 7075,000 at Auschwitz. During the occupation, communities were held collectively responsible for
Polish attacks against German troops and mass executions were conducted in reprisal.[7][14] Many
mass executions took place outside prisons and camps such as the Mass murders in Piaśnica.
Psychiatric patients were executed in Action T4. Farmers were murdered during pacifications of
villages.
Forced Labor in Germany Non-Jewish ethnic Poles in large cities were targeted by the łapanka
policy which the German occupiers utilized to indiscriminately round up civilians off the street to
be sent as forced laborers to Germany. In Warsaw, between 1942 and 1944, there were
approximately 400 daily victims of łapankas. Poles in rural areas and small towns were also
conscripted for forced labor by the German occupiers. According to research by the Institute of
National Remembrance between 1939 and 1945, 1,897,000 Polish citizens were taken to Germany
as forced laborers under inhuman conditions, which resulted in many deaths. However, Czesław
Łuczak put the number of Poles deported to Germany at 2,826,500 [15] Although Germany also used
forced laborers from Western Europe, Poles and other Eastern Europeans who were viewed as
racially inferior were subjected to intensified discriminatory measures. They were forced to wear
identifying purple tags with "P"s sewn to their clothing, subjected to a curfew, and banned from
public transportation. While the treatment of factory workers or farm hands often varied depending
on the individual employer, most Polish laborers were compelled to work longer hours for lower
wages than Western Europeans. In many cities, they were forced to live in segregated barracks
behind barbed wire. Social relations with Germans outside work were forbidden, and sexual
relations ("racial defilement") were considered a capital crime punishable by death.
Malnutrition and Disease Prior to the war the area which became the General Government was
not self sufficient in agricultural production and was a net importer of food from other regions of
Poland.[16] Despite this food deficit the German occupiers confiscated 27% of the agricultural output
in the General Government, thus reducing the food available for the civilian population.[17] This
Nazi policy caused a humanitarian crisis in Poland’s urban areas. In 1940 20 to 25% of the
population the Government General depended on outside relief aid.[18] Richard C. Lukas points out
“To be sure, the Poles would have starved to death if they had to depend on the food rationed to
them."[19] To supplement the meager rations allocated by the Germans Poles depended on the black
market in order to survive. During the war 80% of the population’s needs were met by the black
market[20] During the war there was an increase in infectious diseases caused by the general
malnutrition among the Polish population. In 1940 the tuberculosis rate among Poles, not including
Jews, was 420 per 100,000 compared to 136 per 100,000 prior to the war.[21] During the occupation
the natural death rate in the General Government increased to 1.7% per annum compared to the
prewar level of 1.4%[22] Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany Part of the Generalplan Ost
involved taking children from Poland and moving them to Nazi Germany for the purpose of
Germanization, or indoctrination into becoming culturally German. The aim of the project was to
acquire and "Germanize" children with purportedly Aryan traits who were considered by Nazi
officials to be descendants of German settlers in Poland. The Institute of National Remembrance
cited a source published in the People's Republic of Poland in 1960 that put the number of children
kidnapped in Poland at 200,000 of whom only 30,000 were eventually returned to Poland, the
others remained in post war Germany.[23]
Soviet Repression In the aftermath of the September 1939 German and Soviet invasion of Poland,
the territory of Poland was divided between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union (USSR). The
Soviet occupied territories of Poland, with total population of 13.0 million, was subjected to a reign
of terror. According to research published in 2009 by the Institute of National Remembrance about
1.0 million Polish citizens from all ethnic groups were arrested, conscripted or deported by the
Soviet occupiers from 1939 to 1941; including about 200,000 Polish military personnel held as
prisoners of war; 100,000 Polish citizens were arrested and imprisoned by the Soviets, including
civic officials, military personnel and other "enemies of the people" like the clergy and Polish
educators; 475,000 Poles who were considered "enemies of the people" were deported to remote
regions of the USSR; 76,000 Polish citizens were conscripted into the Soviet Armed forces and
200,000 were conscripted as forced laborers in the interior of the Soviet Union. When the Soviet
forces returned to Poland in 1944-1945 there was a new wave of repression of Polish citizens from
all ethnic groups including 188,000 deported, 50,000 conscripted as forced labor and 50,000
arrested.[24] The Institute of National Remembrance puts the confirmed death toll due to the Soviet
occupation at 150,000 persons including 22,000 murdered Polish military officers and government
officials in the Katyn massacre. They pointed out that Czesław Łuczak estimated the total
population loss at 500,000 ethnic Poles in the Soviet occupied regions.[25] Andrzej Paczkowski puts
the number of Polish deaths due to Soviet repression at 90,000–100,000 of the 1.0 million persons
deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets[26] According to Zbigniew S. Siemaszko the total of
those deported was 1,646,000 of whom 1,450,000 were residents and refugees (excluding
POWs).[27] According to Franciszek Proch the total of those deported was 1,800,000 of whom
1,050,000 perished.[28]
Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia An estimated 50,000 to 100,000 [29][30][31] ethnic
Poles were killed in an ethnic cleansing operation carried out by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army
(UPA) beginning in March 1943 and lasting until the end of 1944 in the Nazi occupied Volhynia
and Eastern Galicia.[25] The Institute of National Remembrance maintains that 7,500 ethnic
Ukrainians were also killed during this interethnic conflict [4][32]
Losses of other ethnic minorities The figure of 5.6 to 5.8 million war dead estimated by the IPN
was for only the Jewish and ethnic Polish population. They did not provide figures for the the death
toll of Polish citizens from the other ethnic minorities.
Ukrainians, Belarusians and Lithuanians According to the figures published by the Polish
government in exile in 1941 there were about 7.0 million Polish citizens from ethnic minorities at
the beginning of the war in September 1939, mostly Ukrainians, Belarusians, Polishchuks and
Lithuanians living in the eastern regions of Poland annexed by the USSR.[33] The IPN did not
estimate the death toll of Polish citizens from these ethnic minorities. The IPN maintains that
accurate figures for these losses are not available because of border changes and population
transfers, according to their figures 308,000 Polish citizens from the ethnic minorities were
deported into the interior of the Soviet Union and were into the Soviet armed forces. During the
German occupation Polish citizens from ethnic minorities were deported to Germany for forced
labor.[4][32]
Ethnic Germans In prewar Poland about 800,000 persons were identified as ethnic
Germans.[34]According to the IPN 5,437 ethnic Germans were killed in the 1939 military campaign.
The IPN also puts the number of Polish citizens conscripted into the German armed forces at
250,000 of whom 60,000 were killed in action. Tens of thousands of ethnic Germans were killed
during the Nazi evacuation from Poland in 1944 and 1945, and as a result of repression NKVD and
Red Army or died in post war internment camps.[4] During the war the Nazi occupiers instituted the
Volksliste in the Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany to register ethnic Germans in Poland.
Many Polish citizens were pressured to sign the Volksliste in order to avoid Nazi reprisals. About 1
million persons were on Volksliste groups 1 and 2 that included Polish citizens of German descent;
Volksliste groups 3 and 4 included 1.7 Polish citizens that were subject to future Germanisation.[35]
In addition 61,000 .[36] ethnic Germans were living in the General Government. During the war
522,149 ethnic Germans from other nations were settled in Poland by the Third Reich.[4] By 1950
670,000 ethnic Germans from prewar Poland had fled or were expelled and about 40,000 remained
in Poland; about 200,000 Polish citizens who were on Volksliste groups 1 and 2 during the war
were rehabilitated as Polish citizens.[37] [38]
A Summary of the Various Estimates of Poland's Human
Losses In 1947 the communist dominated government in Poland estimated war losses at 6.0
million ethnic Poles and Jews. This report did not include the losses of Polish citizens from other
minorities - Ukrainians and Belarusians. In 1951 the Polish government made a reassessment of war
losses that put actual losses at 5.1 million ethnic Poles and Jews, this study was to remain secret
until 2004 after the communist government collapsed. In a 2009 comprehensive study by the Polish
government affiliated Institute of National Remembrance the total deaths of ethnic Poles and Jews
were estimated at 5.6 to 5.8 million persons including 150,000 in Soviet captivity.[4] The
classification of the various ethnic groups in Poland during the Second Polish Republic is a disputed
topic. The Polish government report of 1947 based their population figures on the results of the
1931 Polish census using the criterion of language spoken. The Polish demographer Piotr Eberhardt
maintains that it is commonly agreed that the criterion of declared language to classify ethnic
groups led to an overestimation of the number of Poles in pre-war Poland. He notes that in general,
the numbers declaring a particular language do not mesh with the numbers declaring the
corresponding nationality. Members of ethnic minority groups believe that the language criterion
led to an overestimation of Poles.[39] The official figures for nationality from the 1931 Polish census
based on the mother tongue put the percentage of ethnic Poles at 68.9%, Jews 8.6% and other
minority groups 22.5%. J. Tomaszewski maintains that the adjusted census figures(taking religious
affiliation into account) put the percentage of ethnic Poles at 64.7%, Jews 9.8% and other minority
groups 25.5% of Poland's population.[40] Based on the analysis by Tomaszewski roughly 1.0 million
persons from other minority groups (mostly Ukrainians and Belarusians) were classified as Poles in
the official figures for 1939 (3% of the 35 million total population) and about 400,000 Polish
speaking Jews were also classified as Poles .
Report by Polish Bureau of War Damages In April 1947 the Polish government Bureau of
War Damages (BOW) published an analysis of Poland's war losses. This study was prepared for a
conference on war reparations from Germany. Their figure of 6,028,000 Polish war dead has been
cited in historical literature since then.[41][42][43]
Description
in thousands %
Total population of (ethnic Poles & Jews)
27,007,000
Killed
6,028,000
100.0%
Causes
Direct War Operations
644,000
10.7%
Murdered in the extermination camps, executions, liquidation of ghettos etc.
3,577,000
59.3%
Prisons, concentration camps, epidemics, extenuation, bad treatment etc.
1,286,000
21.3%
Outside of camps because of extenuation, wounds, injuries, beating, hard work etc. 521,000
8.7%
Source: Poland. Statement on war losses and damages of Poland in 1939–1945.[44]
Notes provided in report:
• Total deaths of 6,028,000 includes about 3,000,000 Jews
• Population of 27,007,000 includes only ethnic Poles & Jews; 7,842,000 Polish citizens of national minorities
(Ukrainians, Belarusians) and Germans are not included.
• Population of 27,007,000 includes 5,193,000 Poles and Jews Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union.
• In addition to the above losses there was a decrease of 1,215,000 births.
• Figure of 644,000 deaths caused by direct war operations includes 123,000 military casualties.
Criticism of 1947 Report of Polish Bureau of War Damages Since the fall of communism the Polish
historian Czesław Łuczak maintained that the figure 6.0 million war dead is not correct because in
January 1947 the communist dominated government in Poland pressured the Bureau of War
Damages to come up with a figure of war losses to present at a conference on war reparations from
Germany even though they had incomplete information at that time. A subsequent study by the
Polish Ministry of Finance found actual losses to be about 5.1 million persons(see below).[1][2][45]
Report by the Polish Ministry of Finance The Polish government Ministry of Finance in
1951 prepared a study to investigate and detail Poland's war losses in order to document claims for
war reparations from Germany. This study which remained secret until the collapse of communism
included only ethnic Poles and Jews, excluding the deaths of persons from other ethnic minorities.
They estimated actual losses at 5,075,700. The 1947 Polish government Bureau of War Damages
figure of 6,028,000 war dead was lowered by 953,000 persons because the they had included with
the dead those missing persons who remained abroad or had returned to Poland, this was confirmed
by the results of the 1950 Polish census.[2][45]
Cause of Death
Acts of War
Murdered
Prisons & Camps
Forced Labor
Exhaustion
Total
Number Persons (Poles & Jews)
550,000
3,000,700
1,083,000
274,000
168,000
5,075,700
%
10.7
57.3%
21.3%
5.4%
3.3%
100.0%
Demographic study by Kazimierz Piesowicz In 1987 the Polish Academy of Science
journal Studia Demograficzne published an article by Kazimierz Piesowicz that analyzed the
demographic balance from Poland from 1939-1950.
Poland's Population Balance (1939–1950)
Others
(Ukrainians/Belarusians)
1. Population 1939 (by Nationality)
35,000,000 24,300,000 3,200,000 800,000 6,700,000
2. Natural Increase 1939-1945
1,300,000 1,000,000
300,000
3. Total Human Losses
(6,000,000) (3,100,000) (2,800,000)
(100,000)
4 . War Emigration
(1,500,000) (500,000) (200,000) (600,000) (200,000)
5. Border Changes USSR
(6,700,000) (700,000)
(6,000,000)
6. Population gain Recovered Territories 1,100,000 1,100,000 0
0
0
7. Re-Immigration 1946-50
200,000
200,000
0
0
0
8. Deportations to USSR 1944-1947
(500,000)
0
0
(500,000)
9. Natural Increase 1946-1950
2,100,000 2,100,000 0
0
0
10. Population 1950
25,000,000 24,400,000 200,000
200,000 200,000
Source of figures: Kazimierz Piesowicz, Demograficzne skutki II wojny swiatowej Studia Demograficzne, No. 1/87,
1987. 103-36 pp. Warsaw, Poland
Description
Total
Poles
Jews
Germans
1. Population 1939 -Polish sources allocate the nationality of the population by the primary
language spoken, not by religion. Most Jews spoke Yiddish, however included with the Poles are
about 200,000 Polish speaking Jews who are classified with the Polish group. Included with the
Poles are 1,300,000 Eastern Orthodox & Greek Catholic adherents who are sometimes classified
with the Ukrainian and Belarusian groups [46]
2. Natural Increase October 1939-December 1945 -After the war Polish demographers calculated
the estimated natural population growth that occurred during the war. This figure is the net total of
actual births less the total of deaths by natural causes from October 1939-December 1945.
3. Kazimierz Piesowicz put the total war dead at 6.0 million. He also notes that all the figures are
approximated.[47]
4. War Emigration Polish citizens who remained abroad after the war.
5. Border Changes USSR The number of Polish citizens who remained in the USSR after the war.
6. Population gain Recovered Territories Germans remaining in Poland after the war in the
Recovered Territories. This group included 1,100,000 German nationals who declared their
allegiance to Poland. Also remaining in 1950 were 94,000 German nationals, 36,000 Germans from
pre-war Danzig and 1,500 ethnic Germans of other nations.[48]
7. Re-immigration 1946-50 Poles resident in western Europe before the war, primarily in Germany
and France, who returned to Poland after the war [49]
8. Deportations to USSR 1944-1947-Forced resettlement of Ukrainians and Belarusians to the
USSR.[49]
9. Natural Increase 1946-1950 This is the official Polish government data for births and natural
deaths from January 1946 until the census of December 1950.[49]
10. Population December 1950 Per Census The total population per the December 1950 census was
25 million.[49]
Assessment by Franciszek Proch Franciszek Proch was a Polish lawyer and journalist. During
the war he was imprisoned at the Dachau concentration camp. In the post war era he resided in
Germany and the United States.[50] The estimates of Franciszek Proch were cited by Tadeusz
Piotrowski in his book Poland's Holocaust [51][52] Proch published Poland's Way of the Cross in
1987 in which he estimated Poland's war dead.
Description
Population(Poles&Jews)
Military
Losses
Civilian Losses
(Non-Jewish)
Civilian
Losses Jewish
Total
Losses
%
Population
Poland
28,400,000
Under German
295,000
2,345,000
2,400,000
5,040,000 17.7%
Occupation
Under Soviet
65,000
885,000
100,000
1,050,000 3.7%
Occupation
Total Losses
360,000
3,320,000
2,500,000
6,090,000 21.4%
Details provided by Franciszek Proch
• Population includes 25.0 million Poles and 3.4 million Jews.
• Jewish Losses- 2.4 million victims of Nazis and 100,000 of Soviet Terror. 32,000 Jews died in Polish military.
• Victims of Soviet Terror- 1,800,000 deported and 750,000 released; 1,050,000 dead (15,000 Katyn; 565,000 in
Labor camps; 220,000 Missing; 150,000 Died since 1955; 100,000 unaccounted for)
Source:Franciszek Proch, Poland's Way of the Cross, New York 1987 [28]
Assessment by Czesław Łuczak Czesław Łuczak was a Polish historian. He was a rector of
the Adam Mickiewicz University from 1965 to 1972, and from 1969 to 1981 and from 1987 to
1991, director the University's Institute of History. He was a member of the Polish United Workers'
Party in communist Poland.
Estimated Total losses by Czesław Łuczak in 1993 Łuczak published Polska i Polacy w drugiej
wojnie światowej (Poland and Poles in the Second World War). In a section on the demographic
losses he presented estimated losses with some brief observations.[53]
Losses
Number Persons
During German Occupation of Poland
5,100,000
Direct War Operations(not including Warsaw Uprising) 450,000
Subtotal
5,500,000
Outside Polish Territory
500,000
Other Countries
2,000
Total
6,000,000
• Losses during the German occupation of Polish territory were 5.1 million persons.
• Losses due to direct war operations, not including Warsaw Uprising were 450,000 persons.
• Losses outside Polish territory were 500,000 persons. This figure includes forced labor in Germany as well as
in the USSR. Losses in the USSR included mass executions and the deaths of those persons deported and
resettled in the USSR.
• Total Polish War losses were 6 million persons.
Estimated Total losses by Czesław Łuczak 1994[54] Czesław Łuczak authored an article in the
academic journal Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik Szanse i trudnosci bilansu demograficznego Polski w
latach 1939–1945. Possibilities and Difficulties of the Demographic Balance in Poland 1939-1945
Losses
Number Persons by Ethnic Group
Ethnic Polish Victims During German Occupation
1,500,000
Ethnic Polish victims in Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union 500,000
Jewish Victims During German Occupation
2,900,000
Losses of Other Ethnic Groups
1,000,000
Total
6,000,000 to 5,900,000
• A summary of the main points in Łuczak's article are as follows.
• The 1947 Report of the Polish Bureau of War Damages considered only Poles and Jews in the 1939
population, other minorities were not included with the losses.
• The Polish Bureau of War Damages report of 1947 put Jewish losses at 3.4 million; in a subsequent report to
the United Nations this figure was 3.2 million Jewish dead, thus reducing the total to 5.8 million.
• Actual losses of Ethnic Poles in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union was about 500-800,000 persons.
Reports published in the west estimating these losses at 1.5 million Poles in Soviet hands is not based on
reliable evidence.
• Losses of Ethnic Poles in the Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia range from a few thousand
up to several hundred thousand persons, occasionally 200,000. The figure of 500,000 deaths mentioned by
Lech Wałęsa is not based on reliable evidence.
• The estimates for losses of the Jewish population in the Holocaust range from 2.7 million to 3.4 million
persons.
• Łuczak estimated total losses at 6.0-5.9 million Polish citizens, not less than the report of the Polish Bureau of
War Damages. This figure includes 2.9 million Jews, 2.0 million Ethnic Poles and 1.0 million from national
minorities the Ukrainian and Belarusian ethnic groups which were not included in the 1947 Polish government
figure of 6.0 million war dead. Total losses in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union were 2.0 million
persons including 500,000 Ethnic Poles.
• Łuczak estimated total losses of Ethnic Poles due to the German occupation at 1.5 million persons; 1.3 million
in occupied Poland and 200,000 as forced laborers in Germany. Łuczak maintains the demographic evidence
points to overall losses of 1.5 million Ethnic Poles under the German occupation.
• Łuczak maintains total overall losses of Ethnic Poles and Jews at about 5.0 million persons, 1.0 million less
than the 1947 report of the Polish Bureau of War Damages.
Assessment by Tadeusz Piotrowski Thaddeus Piotrowski is a Polish-American sociologist.
He is a Professor of Sociology in the Social Science Division of the University of New Hampshire
at Manchester. Poland's War Dead estimated by Tadeusz Piotrowski in 2005 [52]
Description
Total Population War Dead
Ethnic Poles
22,700,000
2,000,000
Jews
3,400,000
3,100,000
500,000
Other Minorities 9,000,000
Total
35,100,000
5,600,000
Poland's War Dead estimated by Tadeusz Piotrowski [52]
Description
Amount
German Occupation
5,100,000
Soviet Occupation
350,000
Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 100,000
Total
5,600,000
Assessment by Kazimierz Bajer An analysis of Poland's war losses by Kazimierz Bajer was
published in the journal of the veterans of the Armia Krajowa. Bajer calculated the estimated
population losses of the 12 million ethnic Poles over the age of 15 who were capable of resistance
during the German and Soviet occupation.[55] Bajer's figures were used by Polish government
affiliated Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) to estimate the war dead of the ethnic Polish
population.[25]
Calculation of Population Capable of
Resistance
Total Population September 1939
Population Not Ethnic Polish
Ethnic Polish Population
Losses 1939 Campaign
Population Not Capable of Resistance
Population Capable of Resistance-October 1939
35,339,000 A.
(10,951,000) B.
24,388,000 C.
(849,000) D.
(11,526,000) E.
12,013,000
Source of figures: Bajer, Kazimierz Zakres udziału Polaków w walce o niepodległość na obszarze
państwa polskiego w latach 1939-1945, "Zeszyty Historyczne Stowarzyszenia Żołnierzy Armii
Krajowej", (Kraków) 1996 Pages 10–13
A.Population of 35.339 million includes about 240,000 in Polish annexed Zaolzie area around
Český Těšín.[56]
B.Population not ethnic Polish includes 2,916,000 Jews.[57]
C.Ethnic Polish population includes 435,000 Polish speaking Jews.[58]
D.Losses 1939 Campaign-(Killed 296,000; Prisoners of War 449,000; emmigrated from Poland
104,000).The IPN put the 1939war dead at 360,000.
E. Population Not Capable of Resistance( 100% ages 1–14; 50% ages 15–19; 30% women 20-39;
100% over 70 years and 632,000 disabled)
Losses of Ethnic Polish Population Capable of
Resistance
Population Capable of Resistance Oct 1939
12,013,000
Less
War Dead 1944/45
(170,000) B.
Return of Wounded soldiers
70,000
Deported to USSR
(663,000)
Conscripted in Soviet Armed Forces
(76,000)
Conscripted in German Armed Forces
(200,000)
Conscripted for Work USSR
(250,000)
Forced Labor in Germany
(1,897,000)
Entered on Volksliste
(815,000) C.
Arrested in USSR
(150,000)
Prisoners in Concentration Camps
(138,000)
Murdered
(506,000) A.
Deaths In Prisons & Camps
(1,146,000) A.
Deaths Outside of Prisons & Camps
(473,000) A.
Murdered in Eastern Regions
(100,000)
Invalids
(530,000)
Total Losses
(7,044,000)
Population Capable of Resistance-May 1945
4,969,000
Source of figures: Bajer, Kazimierz Zakres udziału Polaków w walce o niepodległość na obszarze państwa polskiego w
latach 1939-1945, "Zeszyty Historyczne Stowarzyszenia Żołnierzy Armii Krajowej", (Kraków) 1996 Page 14
A. Bajer uses the 1947 Bureau of War Damages figures as the base to compute his estimate of ethnic Polish war dead.
[59]
B.The IPN put the war dead in 1944/45 at 183,000.
C.Bajer put the number of Polish citizens on the Volksliste at 2,224,000. According to Bajer's calculations 200,000were
conscripted into the German Armed Forces, 937,000 were ethnic Germans, 272,000 were Poles involved in the Polish
resistance and 815,000 were not involved in the resistance movement.
Report by the Institute of National Remembrance The Polish government affiliated
Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) in 2009 estimated total war dead at between 5,620,000
and 5,820,000 persons. They did not provide a detailed population balance showing how the figures
were derived. They did however breakout the figures of the total war dead [25] [60]
Description
Human Losses
Ethnic Poles -German Occupation 2,770,000
Jews-Holocaust
2,700,000 to 2,900,000
Victims Soviet Repression
150,000
Total War Dead
5,620,000 to 5,820,000
Losses of Polish People (Poles)-(ludności polskiej (Polaków))-Due to German Occupation[4]
Description Losses
1939/40 1940/41 1941/42 1942/43 1943/44 1944/45 Total
Direct War Losses
360,000
183,000 543,000
Murdered
75,000 100,000 116,000 133,000 82,000
506,000
Deaths In Prisons & Camps
69,000 210,000 220,000 266,000 381,000
1,146,000
Deaths Outside of Prisons & Camps
42,000 71,000 142,000 218,000
473,000
Murdered in Eastern Regions
100,000 100,000
Deaths other countries
2,000
Total
504,000 352,000 407,000 541,000 681,000 270,000 2,770,000
• The Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) figures are taken from the study by Kazimierz Bajer Zakres
udziału Polaków w walce o niepodległość na obszarze państwa polskiego w latach 1939-1945, which is
detailed above. The IPN noted that Bajers study was an attempt to calculate the overall losses of ethnic
Poles.[4]
• The authors of the report point out that the figure of 2,770,000 deaths during the German occupation should be
treated with caution. They maintain that it is difficult to obtain accurate information on the exact number and
causes of Poland's losses.(Liczbę tę należy traktować orientacyjnie, gdyż dla samej Warszawy historycy mają
problem z ustaleniem liczby ofiar bezpowrotnych) They hope that ongoing projects in Poland will be able to
provide more accurate information in the future.[25]
• Figure of 2,770,000 Poles does not include 100,000 victims of massacres in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia.[25]
• The Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) puts the confirmed death toll due to the Soviet occupation at
150,000, they pointed out that Czesław Łuczak based on a population balance estimated the total population
loss at 500,000 ethnic Poles in the Soviet occupied regions.[25]
• By June 2009 the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) was able to confirm the information regarding 1.5
million of the total estimated 5.8 million war dead (Do końca czerwca 2009 r. lista ta obejmuje zweryfikowane
informacje o 1,5 mln osób.).[25] In 2012 the Institute of National Remembrance was able to identify 3,474,449
victims and those persons persecuted under the German occupation (Obecnie, w bazie programu można
znaleźć informacje o 3,474,449 ofiarach i osobach represjonowanych pod okupacją niemiecką) [61]
Assessment by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum The United States
Holocaust Memorial Museum believes that The Nazi terror was, in scholar Norman Davies's
words, "much fiercer and more protracted in Poland than anywhere in Europe." Reliable statistics
for the total number of Poles who died as a result of Nazi German policies do not exist. Many
others were victims of the 1939-1941 Soviet occupation of eastern Poland and of deportations to
Central Asia and Siberia. Records are incomplete, and the Soviet control of Poland for 50 years
after the war impeded independent scholarship. The changing borders and ethnic composition of
Poland as well as vast population movements during and after the war also complicated the task of
calculating losses In the past, many estimates of losses were based on a Polish report of 1947
requesting reparations from the Germans; this often cited document tallied population losses of 6
million for all Polish "nationals" (Poles, Jews, and other minorities). Subtracting 3 million Polish
Jewish victims, the report claimed 3 million non-Jewish victims of the Nazi terror, including
civilian and military casualties of war.'Documentation remains fragmentary, but today scholars of
independent Poland believe that 1.8 to 1.9 million Polish civilians (non-Jews) were victims of
German Occupation policies and the war. This approximate total includes Poles killed in
executions or who died in prisons, forced labor, and concentration camps. It also includes an
estimated 225,000 civilian victims of the 1944 Warsaw uprising, more than 50,000 civilians who
died during the 1939 invasion and siege of Warsaw, [3]
Military Casualties Poland lost a total of about 140,000 regular soldiers killed and
missing. The Polish resistance movement lost an additional 100,000 fighters during the war. [62] The
official Historical Journal of the Polish military has published statistics on Polish military
casualties. The following schedule details these losses [63][64] The Polish contribution to World War
II included the Polish Armed Forces in the West, and the 1st Polish Army fighting under Soviet
command.
Description
Campaign Poland 1939
Free Polish Forces
Warsaw Uprising(Resistance forces)
Total
Killed
Wounded Missing Prisoners of War
95-97,000
130,000
650,000
33,256
42,666
8,548 29,385
18,000
25,000
146,256 to 148,256 197,666 8,548 697,500
Total
876,000
113,855
60,443
1,050,298
The figure of 95-97,000 killed in the 1939 campaign includes 17-19,000 executed by Soviets in
1940 and 10,000 deaths of wounded in German captivity. The Armia Krajowa resistance movement
which had a strength of about 400,000 fighters in 1944 lost 100,000 killed in the struggle against
the German occupation and 50,000 imprisoned by the Soviet Union at the end of the war.[65]
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63. ^ Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema
okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance(IPN) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6,
64. ^ T. Panecki, Wsiłek zbrojny Polski w II wojnie światowej pl:Wojskowy Przegląd Historyczny,1995, no. 1–2,
pp. 13–18
65. ^ [1] -(Polish) Armia Krajowa. Encyklopedia WIEM.]
Further reading
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Gniazdowski, Mateusz. Losses Inflicted on Poland by Germany during World War II. Assessments and
Estimates—an Outline The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs, 2007, no. 1.This article is available from
the Central and Eastern European Online Library at http://www.ceeol.com
Jan Tomasz Gross, Polish Society Under German Occupation Princeton University Press, (1979) ISBN 0-69109381-4
Krystyna Kersten, Szacunek strat osobowych w Polsce Wschodniej. Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI- 1994
Czesław Łuczak Polska i Polacy w drugiej wojnie światowej (1993)
Czesław Łuczak, Szanse i trudnosci bilansu demograficznego Polski w latach 1939–1945. Dzieje Najnowsze
Rocznik XXI- 1994
Richard C. Lukas, Forgotten Holocaust: Poles Under German Occupation, 1939-44 Hippocrene Books, 2001
ISBN 0-7818-0901-0
Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema
okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance(IPN) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6
Nurowski,Roman War Losses of Poland Warsaw 1960
T. Panecki, Wsiłek zbrojny Polski w II wojnie światowej pl:Wojskowy Przegląd Historyczny,1995, no. 1–2
Piesowicz, Kazimierz. Demographic effects of World War II. [Demograficzne skutki II wojny swiatowej.]
Studia Demograficzne, No. 1/87, 1987. 103-36 pp. Warsaw, Poland
Poland. Bureau odszkodowan wojennych(BOW), Statement on war losses and damages of Poland in 1939–
1945. Warsaw 1947
Franciszek Proch, Poland's Way of the Cross, New York 1987
Tadeusz Piotrowski Poland World War II casualties
Tadeusz Piotrowski Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in
the Second Republic, 1918-1947 McFarland & Company, 1997 ISBN 0786403713
U.S. Bureau of the Census The Population of Poland Ed. W. Parker Mauldin, Washington- 1954
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.Poles Victims of the Nazi Era". Ushmm.org
Zieliński, Henryk. Population changes in Poland, 1939-1950 New York Mid-European Studies Center,
National Committee for a Free Europe 1954
Wojciech Materski, Tomasz Szarota (2009), POLSKA 1939-1945 STRATY OSOBOWE I OFIARY
REPRESJI POD DWIEMA OKUPACJAMI. Internet Archive. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
Victims of the Nazi Regime-Database of Polish citizens repressed under the German Occupation [2]
pl:Piotr Eberhardt, 'Political Migrations In Poland 1939-1948 Warsaw2006
pl:Piotr Eberhardt, Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-Century Central-Eastern Europe:
History, Data, Analysis Armonk, N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe, 2003. ISBN 0-7656-0665-8
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Andrzej Gawryszewski LUDNOŚĆ POLSKI W XX WIEKU POLSKA AKADEMIA NAUK NSTYTUT
GEOGRAFII I PRZESTRZENNEGO ZAGOSPODAROWANIA IM. STANISŁAWA LESZCZYCKIEGO
Bajer, Kazimierz Zakres udziału Polaków w walce o niepodległość na obszarze państwa polskiego w latach
1939-1945, "Zeszyty Historyczne Stowarzyszenia Żołnierzy Armii Krajowej", (Kraków) 1996
Entrance to Auschwitz-Birkenau Destruction of Wieluń in 1939
Victims of Wola Massacre Forced labor, workers captured by German police (Poland 1941)
Execution at Palmiry Warsaw 1944
Victims of a massacre committed by the UPA in the village of
Lipniki, Poland, 1943
Katyn Massacre - Mass Graves Plaque in Lodz Poland, commemorating children Germanized by
the Nazis