chapter two: ”background research”

Transcription

Critical Assessment of the
Internet Development in Oman
Abeer Al-Zubaidi
(BSc) Information Systems with Management Studies
(2001/2002)
The candidate confirms that the work submitted is their own and the appropriate
credit has been given where references has been made to the work of others.
I understand that failure to attribute material which is obtained from another source
may be considered as plagiarism.
(Signature of student)_________________________________
Critical Assessment of the Internet Development in Oman
IN THE OF ALLAH THE MOST GRACIOUS, THE MOSTMERCIFUL
DEDICATION
This research work is dedicated with respect to God, My Parents and My Dear Friend
Boumediene Ramadani.
2
ACKNOWLADGEMNT
I would like to thank my supervisor John Davy for his assistance and support, my assessor Bill
Whyte, and all who participated in this research project especially Oman Telecommunication
Company’s staff.
I also would like to thank all family and friends who encouraged and helped through out the
project.
3
ABSTRACT
Internet is a substantial tool that shaped the performance of various fields such as
communication, business, politics, education, etc. in such modernised and crucial information
age. It is rapidly growing not only in the industrial countries but also in the developing world.
This project aims to provide a critical assessment on the Internet development in the Sultanate
of Oman. It describes thoroughly issues relating to the Internet in Oman, focusing on problems
arising at different levels of impacts from individuals to government bodies. It also suggests
several recommendations concerning these problems faced. Its objectives are to analysis the
Internet technology and networking used in sultanate of Oman, discuss problems faced by both
OmanTel (Internet Service Provider) and users, discuss social, educational and economic
issues, and to provide an outline proposal for the government for future development of the
Internet.
4
Contents
Page
DEDICATION
…………………………………………………
I
ACKNOWLADGEMNT
…………………………………………………
II
1.1 Motivations………………………………....
1
1.2 Overview……………………………………
1
1.3 Project Aim……………………………….…
2
1.4 Project Objectives ………………………….
2
1.5 Source of Data and Research Methodologies
2
1.6 Schedule and Milestones……………………
3
2.1 Oman………………………………………...
5
2.2 The Internet………………………………….
5
3.1 Introduction…………………………………
7
3.2 Background on OmanTel……………………
7
3.3 Technical Issues…………………………….
9
3.4 Comments on OmanTel’s Performance…….
10
3.4.1 Customers Comments…………………..
10
3.4.2 OmanTel’s Comments………………….
11
3.5 Conclusion………………………………..…
12
4.1. Introduction………………………………....
13
4.2. Internet Usage in Oman…………………..…
13
4.3. Gender Issues……………………………….
14
4.4. Misuse of the Internet……………………….
16
4.5. Internet Awareness…………………………
17
4.6. Liberty of the Internet in Oman……………..
18
4.7 Other Issues…………………………………
21
4.7.1 English Language………………………
21
Chapter One: “INTRODUCATION”
Chapter
Two:
RESEARCH”
“BACKGROUND
Chapter Three: “OMANTEL”
Chapter Four: “SOCIAL ISSUES”
5
4.7.2 Cultural Working Environment…………
21
4.7.3 Adaptability …………………………….
22
4.7.4 Fear of the Internet……………………...
22
4.7.5 Economic Issues………………………..
22
4.7.6 Political Issues…………………………
23
4.8 Conclusion …………………………………
23
5.1 Introduction………………………………….
24
5.2 Sultan Qaboos University …………………...
25
5.2.1 Introduction to Sultan Qaboos University
25
Chapter Five: “EDUCATION AND THE
INTERNET”
5.2.2
Conclusions
Methodology
from
Research
26
5.3 Conclusion………………………………….
28
6.1 Introduction …………………………………
29
6.2 Conclusions from Research Methodologies
29
6.3 The Internet Market in Oman……………...
31
6.4 e-Commerce in Oman...…………...………
33
6.5 Conclusion…………………………………
35
7.1 Fair Judgment……………………………...
36
7.2 Recommendations ………………………...
36
Chapter Six: “ECONOMIC ISSUES ”
Chapter Seven: “ RECOMENDATIONS”
7.2.1 Developing a strategy of Internet Use…
36
7.2.2 Increasing Internet Awareness and
Knowledge
38
7.2.3 Building-up on the Foundations
39
7.2.4 Directing Marketing Activities ………...
40
7.2.5 Reducing Internet Prices or Increasing
Internet Speed
40
7.2.6 Privatising OmanTel and Opening the
Market
41
7.2.7 Increasing Government Investments…….
41
7.3 Conclusion…………………………………...
41
6
Chapter Eight: “ EVALUATION ”
8.1 Introduction………………………………..
42
8.2 Why Evaluate? ……………………………
42
8.3 Evaluation Criteria ………………………….
42
8.4 Summary…………………………………..
45
9.1 Conclusion…………………………………
47
9.2 Further Studies…………………………….
48
Chapter Nine: “CONCLAUION”
References
49
Bibliography
51
Tables
Table 1: Initial Plan……………………………
3
Table 2: Revision of Initial Plan……………….
4
Table 3: SWOT Analysis………………………
9
Table 4: Internet Café Tariffs………………….
31
Table 5: The Four P’s for OmanTel Internet
services
40
Table 6: Project Objectives……………………
43
Figure 1: Access, Use, and Appropriation
Diagram
37
Appendix A: “Reflection of Project Experience”
53
Appendix B: “Questionnaires”
55
Appendix C: “Example of Internet Dialup
Service from OmanTel Web Site”
64
Appendix D: “Internet in Oman”………….…….
65
Appendix E: “Internet Backbone”……………….
66
Figures
APPENDICES
Appendix F: “SQU Local Area Network upgrade”
67
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CHAPTER ONE: “ INTRPDUACTION ”
1.1 Motivations
Since the Internet plays a remarkable role in the achievement of the industrial world, only five
years ago Oman chose to introduce it as a key element of progress for entering the new century
seeking to stand and prove itself a place in the industrial arena. However, there are not much
efficient researches on such current experience of the Internet development in Oman. The
increasing expansion of the Internet and its impact is what marks the Internet as a motivating
phenomenon to investigate. This is remarkably important in some developing countries like
Oman where the introduction of the Internet has raised a number of issues, which are perceived
to be particularly important, as it tends to overcome numerous development problems. Not only
this but the love I carry for my country is one of the major reasons that inspired me to work
hard on this project with continuous interest and never ending pleasure. In addition,
experiencing two different challenging cultures and being away from home for nearly five
years also motivated me to carry this research project. Other motivating factors that directed me
towards this particular study were my quest for uniqueness and quality.
1.2 Overview
The structure of the project is as fallows: A summary is presented at the beginning which
summaries the project in few sentences including the objectives of the project. Chapter one lists
motivations, and an overview of the project. It also describes the source of data and the research
methodology. Chapter two provides the reader with basic background information such as
information about Oman, The Internet, and the methodology used in writing the questionnaires.
Chapter three moves to the core of the project since it describes the Internet development in
Oman by offering some information on the history of the Internet in Oman focusing on Oman
Telecommunication Company (the sole Internet Service Provider). Chapter four deals
thoroughly with social issues, while, Chapter five moves to the educational perspective and
discusses the situation in Sultan Qaboos University as the biggest educational enterprise and
user of the Internet in Oman. Chapter six considers some of the economic issues associated to
the Internet in Oman. Chapter seven reflects on problems and proposes some recommendations.
Chapter eight evaluates the project as a whole, revealing personal experience. Finally, the
project is concluded by providing a short summary and personal view, in chapter nine, at the
end of the project. Towards the end, appendices and references are given for further interests.
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1.3 Project Aim
The project aims to provide a critical assessment of the Internet development in Oman. It
describes thoroughly issues relating to the Internet in Oman, focusing on problems arising. It
also suggests several recommendations concerning these problems faced.
1.4 Project Objectives
Analysis of the Internet technology and networking used in the Sultanate of Oman.
A discussion of the problems faced by both the Internet Service Provider (ISP) and users.
A discussion of the social, educational and economic issues.
To provide recommendations.
1.5 Source of Data and Research Methodologies
The analysis in this study is mainly based on information and data gathered from other sources
taking in to account distance barrier and scarcity of information available in such a new
proposition. Correspondingly, questionnaires and electronic interviews were the main research
methodologies used in this research project at the beginning. In order to explore different
Internet aspects in Oman, a review of basic factual information is presented which support the
analysis of research methods. Understanding through the issues related to writing an analytical
questionnaire and conducting interviews would help in approaching the research problems in a
more systematic manner. It would also effectively influence the process of examining the
Internet development in Oman and the potential impacts upon the Omani society and economy.
Interviews also aim to evaluate personal opinions and investigate emissions in a particular
content.
With regard to the difficulties faced in retrieving information and poor responses, I went to
Oman for two weeks to thoroughly evaluate the Internet development in Oman, which eased
the stress and lack of information faced at the beginning. I have distributed questionnaires in
person and interviewed different people. In addition, being in Oman not only provided me with
quantifiable information but it also gave me an insight into the realistic and practical workings
of the Internet development in Oman. It also improved my personal skills and professionalism,
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expanded my knowledge and gave me a flavour of the working environment I am going to be
in.
1.6 Schedule and Milestones
Schedule is usually established at the beginning of the project to ensure consistency and to
achieve success. From my point of view, it is important because, it allows achieving certain set
of objectives within a particular time by following a sequence process that considers both
project and personal requirements. It is important to mention that this process is not
independent, thus it should be flexible allowing time for unexpected causes. I developed an
initial schedule at the start of the year, which had to be changed later. Due to the poor responses
I received from submitting electronic questionnaires, I decided to travel back to Oman and
conduct the questionnaires personally. Consequently, I was also able to research for more
information, which would not have been available to me in the UK. Obviously, this resulted in
a delay in the project schedule. In both schedules I have allowed time for personal essentials
and tried to be as flexible and realistic as possible. I have also evaluated the schedule
periodically to make sure that I am on the right track.
The following table illustrates the initial plan:
Activity
Deadline
Structure of project
02/11/2001
Submission of questionnaires
14/12/2001
Analysis of questionnaires
07/02/2002
Chapter One: Introduction
14/01/2002
Chapter Two: Background Research
14/01/2002
Chapter Three: OmanTel
08/02/2002
Chapter Four: Social Issues
15/02/2002
Chapter Five: Educational Issues
22/02/2002
Chapter Six: Economic Issues
28/02/2002
Chapter Seven: Recommendations
07/03/2002
Chapter eight: Evaluation
04/04/2002
Chapter Nine: Conclusion
04/04/2002
References and Presentation
11/04/2002
Revision and other modifications
30/04/2002
Submit Project
01/05/2002
Table 1: Initial Plan
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The revision of the initial plan is reviewed in the following table:
Activity
Deadline
Structure of project
02/11/2001
Submission of questionnaires
14/12/2001
Analysis of questionnaires
22/02/2002
Chapter One: Introduction
14/01/2002
Chapter Two: Background Research
14/01/2002
Chapter Three: OmanTel
25/03/2002
Chapter Four: Social Issues
13/03/2002
Chapter Five: Educational Issues
30/03/2002
Chapter Six: Economic Issues
25/03/2002
Chapter Seven: Recommendations
05/04/2002
Chapter eight: Evaluation
07/04/2002
Chapter Nine: Conclusion
10/04/2002
References and Presentation
14/04/2002
Revision and other modifications
30/04/2002
Submit Project
01/05/2002
Table 2: Revision of Initial Plan
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CHAPTER TWO: “ BACKGROUND RESEARCH ”
2.1 Oman
Oman is an Islamic country, which is considered to be the second largest country in the Gulf
region with an area of 309,500 square km. It has a population of 2,325,000, of which 1,729,000
are Omanies. It has seven regions (Batinah, AlJauf, Sumail Gap, Dhahirah, Sharqiyah, Wusta,
Dhofar and Musandam) in addition to the capital Muscat; all are divided, into fifty-nine
districts. It has a variety of topography features containing plains, wadies and mountains. It has
been viewed as strategically important given its position at the mouth of the Gulf. It faces stable
political, economic and social systems. (Ministry of Information, 2000)
It aims to form a free competitive economy with equal opportunities for all. Its GDP is 6,1252
million Omani Rails. Oil is the main backbone of the economy, providing around 40% of the
countries GDP. However, agriculture and fishing also provide important sources of income for
much of the population. The education of both girls and boys is given a high priority in Oman.
There are now 980 state schools providing education at primary, preparatory and secondary
levels and 56, 5856 pupils aged 6-18 years old. The ministry of education has a comprehensive
plan to modernise the education system to meet the needs of the 21st century. It has only one
university, which was opened 1986. Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) is one of the major
educational features in Oman. (Ministry of Information, 2000)
2.2 The Internet
Advances in information and communication technologies have become a basic mark of our
present world. Although the Internet started formerly as a means of communication in the
United States of America, as a small computer network for a defence project, it has promptly
spread across the world extending its applications and services to the extent that it has
permeated all aspects of our public and private life. Accordingly, the phenomenal growth of the
network of networks, the Internet, and its impacts in different manners of our life, is, probably,
what makes the Internet an appealing phenomenon to explore its determinants and impacts in a
systematic research work.
Discussing the impact of the Internet in Oman, it is important to identify what is meant by “
Internet supply ”, “ Internet use ” and the “ political and social environments in which suppliers
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and users operate as well as technical and organisational of suppliers themselves ” (NRC,
1998). “ Internet use ” means “ the quantity and type of use ” (NRC, 1998). The analyses
carried out here needs to consider “ the number of users and subscribers and the reasons for
which they are using the Internet ” (NRC, 1998). On the other hand, “ the supply side refers to
the Internet service providers (ISPs) themselves and the services they offer. The supply side
also refers to the environment in which ISPs operate. This environment includes governmental
policies and regulations, the country's telecommunications infrastructure, and the general
environment that affects the offer and use of Internet services, such as economic conditions,
level of education and level of literacy, and population characteristics ” (NRC, 1998). In
addition, “ those who use the Internet services, for example, individuals and organisations and
the way in which Internet services are used and the factors that affect their use presents the
demand side ” (NRC, 1998). It is worth pointing that this information is derived from the NRC
report (1998), which was developed in an African environment concerning developing
countries but it can still be applied to countries like Oman taking into account the fact that all
are developing countries and share some cultural values.
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CHAPTER THREE: “ OMANTEL ”
3.1 Introduction
This chapter lays the foundations of the Internet service in Oman, basically by providing
background information on Oman Telecommunication Company (OmanTel). This section
provides historical information of OmanTel and describes services offered and its units. It
briefly explains technical aspects related to Internet in Oman such networking issues and
capacity available. It also comments on OmanTel’s performance as a result of research
analysis. It concludes with a short summary. However, facts and arguments drawn in this
chapter will be discussed later in the project.
3.2 Background on OmanTel
OmanTel or what used to be called General Telecommunication Organisation (GTO) is the sole
Internet service provider in Sultanate of Oman. It started between July 1995 and 1996, when
the “. om ”national TLD was first registered with InterNIC with the assistance of the U.S.
Bureau of Reclamation (U.S.BR) (Burkhart, 1998). In July 1996 the ISP site contract was under
taken by Sprint International, which established the base of the Internet service in Oman
(Burkhart, 1998). In the beginning of 1997 the Internet service was opened to the public, where
32 local companies carried out different business activities (Burkhart, 1998). It was predicted
that around 3,000 subscribers would be available at the beginning, however, 2,700 subscribers
registered at the initial start, reaching 4,163 subscribers by the end of 1997 (Internet Monthly
Report, 2001). In 1998, almost one in every ten Omanies had access to the Internet (AlKhabori, 2001). By April 1999, Oman had 40,000 Internet users and 16,190 online subscribers;
this showed a growth in subscribers of 26% since 1998 (Internet Monthly Report, 2001).
OmanTel’s vision is “ to be a highly innovative communication company ” (OmanTel, 2001).
Its mission is to ” provide high quality communication services at reasonable prices through a
trained and developed workforce in order to satisfy the needs of our customers ” (OmanTel,
2001). It consists of the Chairman’s Office and the Executive President (OmanTel, 2001). Both
are located in Muscat, which has 55% of the Internet demand. It also has a centralised control.
Surprisingly, Dhofar has its own unit although it has only 9% of the demand compared to 14%
in AlBatinah and 9% in AlDhakhliyha (OmanTel, 2001). This is possibly due to geographical
reasons since the other seven regions are considerably close to each other, while Dhofar is
located at the south end of the Sultanate of Oman. It also has eight units: the Access Networks
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unit, the Dhofar unit, Finance unit, the Fixed Communications unit, the Human Resources unit,
the Internet unit, the Marketing and Customer Services unit, the Mobile Communications unit,
and the Support Services unit (OmanTel, 2001). This chapter deals with both the Internet unit
and the Marketing and Customer Services unit.
The Internet unit: This unit is concerned with the Internet development and its services. From
the above diagram it consists of three main departments in which all are responsible for
research and other activities: the Operations department, the Development department, and the
E-Commerce department (OmanTel, 2001). Management structure is centralised. According to
Development manager S.Al-Ghassany (2002) there is a shortage of staff. Currently, staff of the
Internet unit are allocated to more than one job until more staff are recruited.
The Marketing and Customer Services unit: This unit is associated with marketing OmanTel
services and offering customer services to all customers (OmanTel, 2001). It has nine
departments: the Corporate Business department, the Customer Care department, the Retail
Business department, the Marketing department, the International Business department, the
Batinah and Musandam department, the Dhahira department, the Dakhiliya and Wusta
department, the Sharqiya department in which each department is accountable for “ the
provisioning of services and care of customers ” in specific regions (OmanTel, 2001).
However, those departments are not as qualified as the main department in Muscat. It can be
said that the central management is located in Muscat. In essence, it is important to mention
that the marketing department manages marketing operations from the marketing strategy to
promotional campaigns (OmanTel, 2001). Essentially, it manages all marketing activities
associated with OmanTel from home telephone lines to Internet services (OmanTel, 2001).
It offers different services: fixed, mobile and Internet services. It provide various internet
services: dial up, web hosting, domain name registration, log n surf, Internet cyber café, leased
line, email relay, free international access, banner advertisement, email advertisement, and
government package (OmanTel, 1997). Fixed services such as telegraph, telex, Very Small
Aperture Terminal (VAST), Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN), Concert Packet
Services (CPS) and other telephone and radio services (OmanTel, 1997). VSAT is a satellite
communications system. ISDN also has two types of services: basic rate service which consists
of two 64 Kbps channels and primary rate service which provides “ thirty (30) “ B ” channels
working at 64 Kbps each and a “ D ” channel (also at 64 Kbps) in a 2 Mb system ” (OmanTel,
1997). CPS is also divided into two types of services: dedicated service and dial up service
(OmanTel, 1997). Dedicated service is physical, as it can provide a speed of up to 64 Kbps
15
(OmanTel, 1997). Dial up services are available in two forms: Asynchronous services (up to
9600 bps) and X.32 compliant synchronous service (available at 9600 bps) (OmanTel, 1997).
Further Services details and prices are available in OmanTel’s website with a brief explanation
(www.omantel.net.om). An example of a basic Internet service from the website is provided in
appendix recorded below.
OmanTel identified several challenges and issues, mainly, e-business, e-government, and
Internet regulations especially at a national level (Al-Khabori, 2001). Also to update services,
to increase bandwidth, “broadband”, “pc penetrations”, and to plan towards Internet
connectivity in schools (Al-Khabori, 2001). The above analysis presents strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities and threats associated with OmanTel. OmanTel is also aiming at e-government
because “ business need it ” and “ citizens want it ”. Also, to improve services, to gain a good
public image, and save subscription cost (Al-Khabori, 2001). UAE was one of the first to
present e-government in the Gulf region, however, its results are not yet clear.
Strength
Weaknesses
Market leader.
Customer’s dissatisfactions.
Brand name.
Shortage of staff.
Owns most of the IT infrastructure in
Sultanate of Oman.
Multi services company.
Wide
International
relationships.
and
national
Sub divided environment.
Poor marketing.
Enough resources.
Opportunities
Threats
E-anything
Competition.
Diversification
Losing market power.
Better performance.
Losing customers.
Table 3: SWOT Analysis
3.3 Technical Issues
OmanTel was established on a Turnkey basis, providing Internet via dial-up lines and 33.6 kbps
leased-line connections (Burkhart, 1998). According to OmanTel, its total bandwidth is 200
Mbps, which was 29 Mbps in 1997. It has one ISP node in the capital Muscat and uses SATKO
satellites forming single international links at Al-Amerat earth station (Burkhart, 1998). It also
occupies a fibre optic network, which enhances OmanTels future plans. Equipment is located in
OmanTel’s Control Centre Building (CCB) in Ruwi in the capital (Burkhart, 1998). For further
16
factors related to the Internet in Oman and its networks see appendix D and appendix E for the
Internet backbone in Oman.
Its payment services infrastructure deals with a variety of systems and equipments such as:
Credit Card Processing, SSL & SET, Authorization & Capture, Reversal & credit, Split
shipments, Recurring, Multi Currency, Local bank support, E-Checks, Direct Debit and
electronic bill payment. The below diagram describes the e-business payment network (Internet
Department, 2001).
It has introduced different technologies such as VAST, ISDN, GRPS and CPS (OmanTel,
1997). It is also going to introduce e-commerce solutions dealing with digital signature, PKI
(Public Key Infrastructure) and EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) as it is fully explained in
Chapter six (Al-Khabori, 2001).
3.4 Comments on OmanTel’s Performance
First of all, OmanTel supported my research project by providing useful information, offering
its time, and experience. In fact, it is one of the few responders that replied to electronic
questionnaires and interviews. Employees encouraged and supported such a study in spite of
criticism it carried. This shows that its employees are concerned and knowledgeable of issues
related to the Internet in Oman. I have visited the Internet Unit and interviewed the A/ecommerce manager S. Jawad Al-Khabori, Development manager S. Al Ghassany, and
Operations manager S. Al Mazroui. All provided a generous assistance and kindly explained
and showed me around the various functional workings of the Internet unit.
3.4.1 Customers Comments
OmanTel offers different products and services, but what are in relation to the project are
Internet services only. Results from questionnaires suggested that 70% are generally satisfied
with services offered by OmanTel, conversely, 92% claimed that they face technical problems
and that they are unsatisfied with quality of service provided. In addition, 50% strongly agreed
and around 30% agreed with that there are connection problems related to the Internet. It seems
that main complaints are technical as indicated in many questionnaires.
Some of the quotes are listed below:
“ Connections are slow ”
“ We face a large problem with the connection here in Sultanate of Oman especially with
private lines, in fact, there is not a real problem in governmental organisations ”
17
“ It takes long time to reach the required sites ”
“ It is a waste of time ”
“ Long hours are focused on rummaging through the sites ”
“ The server is very slow particularly during peak hours ”
In the Omania network (www.omania.net), members proposed to send a complaint letter to
OmanTel regarding a reduction in prices. Many members requested better quality of services
and for price reduction. A member claimed that the “ main problem is services provided, there
is no point of proposing to reduce prices when the quality of service is very low ”. Another
stated “ First speed then price ”. Some members argued that OmanTel should reduce prices to
encourage the use of the Internet and to emphasise its importance taking into account slow
connections. Even university lectures and heads of departments interviewed, argued that prices
are relatively high compared to services provided. However, they also argued that it is not fair
to accuse OmanTel. Alternatively, Few members of Omania network were defending OmanTel;
an example is “ many thanks to OmanTel for what it is offering ” It has been stated that
OmanTel is a profit maximising organisation or ‘typical monopolist’.
3.4.2 OmanTel Comments
From OmanTel side, both Al-Khabori and Al Ghassany argued that there are not much
technical problems faced by users. They claimed that they deal with complaints efficiently by
solving problems as soon as possible, in fact, they do not receive many complaints, and
however, there were only few occasions when unexpected problems arose. They also argued
that although OmanTel is the only ISP, there is not an economy of scales and compared to the
intent high fixed and variable cost, prices are reasonable.
They addressed the innovative aspect of OmanTel. They said that they had introduced ISDN,
which increased the speed of the Internet, allowing up to 128 Kbps service. It also introduced
GPRS wireless communication service, which supports a wide range of bandwidth from 56 up
to 114 Kbps. It has been increasing the total bandwidth from 1997 until now. It is also in the
process of being the largest e-commerce solutions provider in Oman.
In addition, Al Ghassany claimed that “ OmanTel has taken the step to move forward in
embracing IP telephony ” starting with “ strategic alliances with Net2Phone ”, which will “ play
a key role in the development of new services ”; support the “ technological innovations ”,
improve speed and increase revenue. The above cost/tariffs example illustrates how this is
going to work as Al Ghassany explained.
18
Al-Khabori reflected some cultural aspects presenting another argument. He argued that the
business environment and culture in Oman is different here, compared to other countries like
the UK and the USA where “ people are flying in and out ” and there is a high potential to use
such advanced technology. For instance, there is very limited demand for GPRS services;
mainly people in the stock market use it.
3.5 Conclusion
To sum up, OmanTel have been ruling the Internet market for about five years now. The
Internet unit is the main unit concern with the Internet and its services. There are Omanies who
are satisfied with OmanTel but the majority are not. From the results of questionnaires, it can
be concluded that Omanies face technical problems.
19
CHAPTER FOUR: “ SOCIAL ISSUES ”
4.1 Introduction
Having reviewed aspects of Internet development in Oman, a question arises, in spite of the fact
that the Internet in Oman is still a new but comprehensive phenomenon, what are the social
impacts of the Internet in Oman, if any? The impact of the Internet differs in societies
depending on various factors. Two major factors, which were mentioned previously in chapter
two, are the “ political and social environments in which suppliers and users operate as well as
technical and organisation of suppliers themselves ” (NRC, 1998). However, the affect of the
Internet on Omanies has become apparent. This chapter lays out certain social issues associated
with the role of the Internet in Oman including Internet usage in Oman, gender issues,
limitations of use, Internet awareness, liberty of the Internet in Oman and many other issues.
This covers elements such as government surveillance, the number of male and female
subscribers, and uses of the Internet.
4.2 Internet Usage in Oman
This section forms the basis of the chapter. The data and information presented below will be
are used later in the chapter to address specific issues associated with the Internet introduction
in Oman.
According to OmanTel Monthly Report (2001) the total number of subscribers in 1997 was
4,163 subscribers. It increased to 9,236 subscribers in 1998 and in 1999 it further increased to
16,190 subscribers. It gradually expanded to 23,871 subscribers in 2000. By 2001 the number
of subscribers was 40,838. The number of subscribers amazingly increased by 10 times in 5
years (from 1997 to 2001). The number expanded to 62,447 subscribers according to the
Statistical report published on the 31st December 2001. In the first year, 1997 the number went
up by 56%, however, the increase remained between 30% and 45% afterwards. Considering
that, growth percentage remained constant, with no sign of decline at any stage until now.
Likewise, the curve for the total number of subscribers per month from January 2001 to 31
December 2001 is steady with no fragmentation.
From the above figure, subscriber’s percentages in the engineering and educational professions
are relatively low compared to the percentage of the military professions, which is usually
unexpected, since they form the majority of the educated population in Oman (OmanTel
20
Monthly Report, 2001). However, Professor and Head of Information Engineering Department
in Sultan Qaboos University (SQU), Adel A. Ali argued that is because they basically “ have it
at work ” and that jobs require them to use it. In addition, the number of employees in the
military sector tends to be much higher than other sectors.
Moreover, 41% of the Internet users are between 21 to 30 years, subsequently, 34% of Internet
users are from 31 to 40 years, followed by 16% of users between 41 and 50 years (OmanTel
Monthly Report, 2001). In contrast, only 1% of Internet users are above 60 years, users who are
less than 20 years consume 3% of Internet in Oman, and finally users from 51 to 60 years
utilise 5% of Internet (OmanTel Monthly Report, 2001). It seems that within the 40 to 60 years
age group, a low portion of people use the Internet in Oman. This is due to a resistance to
change and a lack of education within this age group as claimed in the questionnaires. It is also
worth mentioning that in terms of Internet usage in Oman, there are some limitations. For
example, SQU students have better access than other students in other institutions but there are
only 7,000 students at SQU (Ministry of Information, 2000), in addition to the previous
example, employees in multi-national businesses tend to have a better knowledge compared to
employees in other enterprises as discussed later in the project. Finally, 73% of Internet users
are Omanies while, 27% consist of other nationalities (Indians, Arabs, Asian etc.) (OmanTel
Statistical Monthly Report, 2001).
According to questionnaires, 45% of the Internet users in Oman consider themselves as
medium users, 33% as light users of the Internet, and only 25% as heavy users. Additionally,
80% of women users perceive themselves as medium users, in contrast with only 29% men. On
the other hand, 36% of men are regarded as heavy users compared to 0% women. In addition,
for every 5 male light users of the Internet in Oman, there is one female light user, which is
reviewed in this chapter in section 4.3. Nevertheless, all correspondents stated that they are
familiar with the Internet and its uses. The majority (60%) of correspondents believed that the
Internet is going to have a major role in Oman in the future in comparison to 6% who opposed
against this view.
4.3 Gender Issues
Gender is one of the major issues associated with the Internet uses in Oman. It engages
different perspectives. Statistics reveal that there are more male subscribers using the Internet
than female subscribers. There are 17,647 male subscribers (92%) compared to 1,499 female
subscribers (8%) (OmanTel Statistical Monthly Report, 2001). It can be seen that the difference
in the Internet usage between males and females is enormous. Nevertheless, it seems that the
21
situation in the Middle East is no better as recent reports point out that 94% of Internet users are
male while, 6% are female in the middle east area. It is clear that, the shared culture has a deep
impact besides many other factors (Al-Khabori, 2001).
With regards to the Omani culture where men are mainly accountable for day-to-day
responsibilities, men tend to subscribe to the Internet but women within the family use it as
well. In fact, some stated that women in their families use it even more than them taking into
account that 80% of women users perceive themselves as medium users, in contrast, with only
29% men (according to questionnaires). In addition, according to OmanTel Monthly Report
(2001), each computer with an Internet or email connection supports an average of three users.
An additional cultural aspect is that there are more educated and workingmen than women. For
example in the civil services there are 43,304 male employees (72%) and only 16,621 female
employees (28%) (OmanTel Statistical Monthly Report, 2001). Moreover, women tend to look
after their families, which consume most of their time.
One aspect in which the Internet can be challenging the Omani culture is the interactions
between genders, which usually go behind the cultural barriers. Most women especially those
from the age of 23-30 years old fear the risk of using the Internet as a social tool (i.e. chatting)
since it can risk their reputation and family pride. In fact, it is amazing how people take risks on
the Internet, that they may not take in the real world, from anonymity to serious relationships
(from questionnaires).
To illustrate, there was an incident where a female user had some personal photos in her email
inbox, which were distributed by some male hackers leaving the girl and her family in a very
shocking situation. Another girl described her experience with the Internet as a “ big mistake “.
She knew a guy through the Internet and built a relationship based on trust from her side only.
All their written conversions besides her intimacies exposed to other guys resulting in her
public humanisation before her family and friends. One of the responders mentioned that one of
the problems associated with the Internet in Oman is that “ people use the internet to embark
into other people’s privacy, via manipulation through for instance chat rooms ”.
In addition to that some girls described the Internet as “ a freedom alternative ”, while others
viewed it as an alternative way to interact with the opposite sex. Many others consider the
22
Internet as means of entertainment or a hobby. As a result, a question may arise: Is the Internet
challenging the Omani culture? It seems that people within the Omani society are trying to
break some cultural barriers using the Internet as a weapon. However, is early to determine if
the Internet will change the Omani culture? Yet it is most probably going to affect if not change
some of the cultural values. However, looking at the UK, it is clear that the Internet changed
some elements of the British culture. It affected the way people communicate, shop, or even
socialise. From the experience of a PHD British student the Internet has become an
irreplaceable tool in the British society affecting different culture aspects. She claimed that this
is applicable more in a business culture context.
4.4 Misuse of the Internet
“ The Internet is a powerful tool, but it is basically that.., a tool. Whether it serves to create a
more just, stable, and egalitarian society depends upon the actions that we undertake ” (Acceso,
2001). This leads us to the discussion of the Internet usage in Oman. From questionnaires, 78%
strongly perceived the Internet as a communication tool while 27% strongly perceive it as an
information source. By a communication tool, people mean firstly emailing, secondly chatting,
then other wider prospective are available such as net meeting. In addition, 24% strongly
believed that the Internet can be used as entertainment tool, 52% agreed that the Internet can be
used for entertainment, and only 5% disagree with the latter. This take us to the quote
mentioned at the beginning, from the above figures, it is clear that a high percentage of
Omanies are using the internet in a very limited way, as it is a very challenging and crucial tool.
Traditionally, there are many rational reasons behind this that should be attained to achieve
appropriation according to the access, use, and appropriation approach discussed by Fundacion
Acceso (2001).
Concerning chat-rooms as an example, regularly it is considered as a misuse since it can have
an affect on the cultural values. Not only this but an extreme view is being presented here
where people become addicted to chat rooms. To illustrate, there are people who spend up to 5
hours in chat-rooms during the week and up to 7 hours on weekends and as this use is
becoming more popular, this is more than likely to increase in the future.
Another issue is pornographic web sites, the use of which is band in Oman. In spite of this,
people still manage to find ways to view them using the Internet. One of OmanTel employees
said that the “ pornographic element of the Internet is the most annoying and discouraging
23
factor ” that despite enormous attempts to block pornographic website, hackers still manage to
make it available for users. Many others also share a similar view. One claimed “ young people
may misuse the system by entering illegal undesirable web sites ”. Even OmanTel interviewees
emphasised the extreme use of entering chat-rooms in Oman. According to the questionnaires
only a few Omanies apply what Acceso calls as a “strategic use” which “implies an
understanding of the different tools the Internet provides (list serves, email, websites, databases,
browsers, among many others) and the ability to determine, according to the needs and
resources available, when to use one or the other, either as a consumer, a producer, or both”
(Acceso, 2001).
However, what is considered to be a misuse in Oman can be a normal if not a good use in other
countries. For example, chat-rooms are considered as a mean of entertainment and pornography
is viewed as an expression of self-determination and personal free will. It is argued that banding
pornographic web sites is a dictatorial way of controlling people’s behaviour and that people
should be educated and morally encouraged, instead, because there are always ways to get to
those web sites.
I personally believe that both methods may be used, since pornographic can appear as ‘sticky
sites’ taking into prospective religion and cultural values that should be respected. On the other
hand, encouraging self-awareness and moral quality in people should not be ignored.
4.5 Internet Awareness
Are people all over Oman aware of the Internet and its uses? If yes, then when did they become
aware soon after the introduction of Internet or after a long period of time? These two questions
reflect a key element in the introduction of the Internet in Oman. Clearly, most Omanies knew
about the Internet after a noticeable period of time. In addition, there were no Internet based
instructions to users and a lack of marketing from OmanTel and little knowledge about the
Internet and its uses for users. Internet awareness was underlined several times in
questionnaires reflecting its important and problematic situation. It was claimed, “ not every
one is connected to the Internet, but slowly people are getting connected and the Internet is
becoming a local communication medium “. Not only this but “people are still not fully aware
of its advantages nor do they see any incentives or reasons for its use, except in multinational
companies ”.
24
Interestingly, users under 20 years old utilise only 3% of the Internet in Oman (OmanTel
Monthly Report, 2001). This can be a good example of the lack of awareness of the Internet
since this age group involves students of all kinds including university students. There are
various factors that provide explanations such as, the Lack of Internet awareness, and the
accessibility in SQU, unavailability in schools, the lack of knowledge, the low PC penetration,
and its high cost. It is worth mentioning that in many other countries the percentages tend to be
higher.
According to the information provided by management of Spider Internet Cafe the average
numbers of daily users range between 50 and 70, consisting of users of the age group 12 to 60
years old. The majority of them (about 70%) are professionals and the rest are from the
business sector and students. However, high numbers of users are non-Omani. The
management of OmanTel indicated that not all users of the Internet are knowledgeable in using
the computer as the staff frequently encounter users who have poor skills in information
technology. It is not allowed for any one who is below the age of 13 years to open an e-mail
account.
Solely, it is the users and OmanTel who add value to the Internet and its uses. Internet
connectivity is significant to the Omani society but yet not enough. However, it is the
responsibility of every one to overcome such issues.
4.6 Liberty of the Internet in Oman
This section presents a debatable and impressionable argument. From the questionnaires 40%
preferred not to comment. However, 30 % agreed that they have the liberty to view information
on the Internet in Oman. The same percentage believed that they have no liberty.
Presently, the management of OmanTel has the authority to control the operations of Internet in
Oman. It “ assumes sovereignty to enforce local rules applicable to global activity.
Management continually reviews rules affecting content that safeguard societal interests and
national security, obscenity laws, copyright protection, etc ” (Internet Unit, 2001). It uses
Firewall technology to protect and filter information.
25
They deal with issues like:
Security: In terms of security OmanTel aims to protect all kind of users from attacks, however,
they believe that this can “ make it difficult for the Internet to function in a critical and
innovative manner ” (Internet Unit, 2001).
Undesirable sites: or what is considered as immoral sites such as pornographic. These are
banned for religious and social reasons. On the other hand, this can limit the access to some
educational or medical materials with biological reference like the word sex (Internet Unit,
2001).
Privacy: That is to prevent Individuals from junk emails (usually business based), though users
could be interested in those business email ads (Internet Unit, 2001).
Defamation: “ a public statement about a person, group, companies, and organisation. The
statement that negatively hurt the above individuals etc. In this case the publisher of the
statement might be liable ” (Internet Unit, 2001).
Some argue that Oman is relatively a non-democratic country since it has non-official
regulation on Internet use. This can be practiced indirectly for instance by keeping Internet cost
high. It was discussed in the Omania network and proven that the Internet costs are relatively
high. One of the members argued with other members saying: “ I often wonder if you are all the
privileged few in Oman, having access to computers and being able to speak English so well,
have enough money to access the Internet? ” this of course raises several interrelated issues.
According to the Human Right Watch, government surveillance and freedom is an issue in
Oman (Human Rights Watch). It sent a “ uniform letter ” to various government bodies in the
country followed up with phone calls or faxes in which Oman provided no answer (Human
Rights Watch, 2001)
They argue that this is to subdue opposition and limit access to sensitive political information.
This is because the Internet contains opinions of contra-politicians. Professor Ali Al–Hail
(2001) has suggested that this Internet presents information that exposes “ traditional \
historical way of ruling and governing in such a culture of which the notion of government is
profoundly, personal ”. In addition, it is also claimed that there is government surveillance,
which assaults user’s privacy. Some Omani Internet users strongly believe that they are under
surveillance with little to support this except not being able to receive some emails from friends
26
(from questionnaires). Besides Professor Al – Hail said “ the ground on which Arab
governments walk has shifted. Long accustomed to exercising control over what their publics
knew and when they knew it, governments are finding that new technologies based on satellites
and telecommunications have given rise to new kinds of regional media that are generally
beyond those governments' direct control ” (Al-Hail A, 2001). To illustrate that, Oman is
blocking an Arabic web site, which contains some sensitive, political information
(www.arabtimes.com). However, this is already blocked in almost all Gulf countries. It is
argued in the questionnaires received that even Omania network, which is seen as the foremost
feature of freedom in the Internet in Oman, is a political trap to catch those who have
conservational opinions. An example is can be taken from one of the common Omani chatrooms “ politics sabla “ in Omania network where some Omanies claimed that they have been
questioned for posing adverse political ideas on line.
On the other hand, Al Ghassany argues that Oman offers a free political on-line environment.
Omania.net is a very good example. Internet users have been discussing issues associated with
problems in Oman from criticising government bodies to complaints of services. Al Ghassany
also argues that the Arabic times on line newspaper is blocked because it defames people rather
than expressing political and social opinions. It is also argued that sensible limitations are
required and that banning some websites does not mean that there is no liberty in Oman. It has
also been claimed that to broaden the liberty of the Internet can be seen as a problem since it
affects people’s knowledge. A statement from one of the questionnaires expressed that the “
freedom to publishing obscene views and articles affects a lot of teens and grown-ups alike ”.
Finally it can be addressed that there is no official published national policy and regulation on
Internet contents and usage in Oman. As Acceso claimed, “ it is possible to naturally establish
procedures, policies, and national, organizational, or personal strategies to take advantage of the
Internet ” (Acceso, 2001). However, responsible bodies in Oman are discussing the regulations
and policy aspect of the Internet with concerns to the advantages and disadvantages related to
it, since the government is planning to open the market for other ISPs. Presently, OmanTel is
acting as an Internet regulator in Oman (Internet Unit, 2001). They stated that they have limited
control since they can only control materials that reside in its own server, which means that
they cannot block sites that are based on predetermined criteria (Internet Unit, 2001). They
claimed that they are “ blocking many sites that harm the national interest of the Sultanate ”
(Internet Unit, 2001). However, it can be argued that deciding what is harmful differs and
entirely depends on political interests. They argue that, nearly all countries have some kind of
27
control over the Internet acting as a “ self-regulator ”. OmanTel also gave an example of China
and Australia who consider violating their rules on the Internet as a crime, which can lead to
jail sentence (Internet Unit, 2001). Some figures and numbers were provided in (Internet Unit,
2001) to prove their current status such as “ 64% of the users surveyed say government should
develop rules for the Internet’ in the USA ”. Alternatively, 200,00 web sites have been banned
in Saudi Arabia but still 44% users of a total 490,000 log in through proxy servers in other
countries. “ The banned sites include pornography, anti-Arab and anti-Saudi sites ” (Internet
Unit, 2001). However, many Omanies strongly believe that not all policies are rational and
democratic. They believe that the government should support the main role of the Internet,
which is providing an open and democratic environment (according to questionnaires).
4.7 Other Issues
The Internet is perceived to be affecting the society in many ways, however, in addition to what
is mentioned previously, there are other factors:
4.7.1 English Language
As a matter of fact, most online materials are in the English language, which can be seen as a
barrier. On the contrary, on-line materials in Arabic are dramatically growing. A good example
is MSN Arabic version. Furthermore, the English language is the second official language in
Oman and it is taught in schools to children from the age of 6 until 18, which mean majority of
Omanies, can speak English (Ministry of Information, 2000). It was also argued that it is not
only hard for Omanies to deal with aspects related to the English language on the Internet but
this is also for the people who speak English as their first language. For instance, a very
common case is how British and Americans write the date.
4.7.2 Cultural Working Environment
The working environment in Oman is not as dynamic as it is in the UK or the USA. This
reduces the demand for Internet technologies as claimed by Al-Khabori who expressed that
people tend to be more calm and less stressed in work places compared to the UK. They also
prefer to resolve queries in person rather than using advanced technologies such as GPRS. Also
few Omanies are aware of the technological advances as discussed in section 4.5 of this chapter
and also in chapter six. From questionnaires and according to OmanTel few Omnaies make
28
formal complaints directly to the associated organisation. Hence, this makes matters for
OmanTel to introduce new technologies when there is little feedback from Internet users.
4.7.3 Adaptability
Generally, Omanies adapt to the Internet fairly quickly. The number of subscribers is increasing
since 1997 when it was first introduced, that is because Omanies now are more aware of the
Internet than before. For example, there are various web sites and web pages developed by
Omanis. However, it is worth mentioning that the number of subscribers is relatively high
compared to other Arabic countries such as Saudi Arabia (for political reasons), Egypt and
Sudan (for finical reasons) but still not as high as United Arab Emirates and Bahrain (AlKhabori, 2001).
4.7.4 Fear of the Internet
It can be asserted that not only women fear to use the Internet (as mentioned in 5.3). From the
author’s experience, parents fear that their children will be affected by it morally. Alternatively,
they fear children will isolate themselves from their community as they become more and more
addicted to it. Another aspect that most regard in the Omani society as well as nearly all-Arabic
societies is the anonymity on the Internet where it becomes an ambiguous trap.
4.7.5 Economic Issues
Generally, using the Internet requires a computer and a phone line which can be expensive for
some Omanies, taking into consideration their income and other economic factors such as poor
IT infrastructure, high levels of literacy and unemployment and widespread poverty not only in
rural areas but in the urban areas and cities too, as stated in the NCR report (1999). From
OmanTel (2001), the government and home PC penetration is currently at 20,000, while
education is at 15,000 and business is at 30,000. Accordingly, Oman forms only 2.6% of the
Internet usage in the Arab World, which was measured in terms of subscriber numbers and the
number of users for each subscription. An example from the previous report (1999) stated that “
according to NUA Internet Surveys on numbers of people On Line the figures show that out of
163.25 million of those On Line in the world 79.1% were found to be in USA, Canada, and
Europe, and as low as 0.7%, and 0.5% for Africa and the Middle East, respectively ”. As Daly
claimed, “Levels of literacy and unemployment and widespread poverty not only in rural areas
but in the urban areas and cities too” are the major economical issues related to the Internet
growth and development (Daly A.J, 1999). A further example is taken from Omania network
29
where members discussed different issues associated with OmanTel in terms of services and
prices through out 2001, which showed enormous disappointment from their side.
4.7.6 Political Issues
In terms of investments and money spent it is argued that there are people that have vested
interest in government bodies. Details on this issue will not be further discussed on this paper.
4.8 Conclusion
To sum up, the Internet is contributing in affecting the Omani culture in a very significant way.
It is changing several cultural elements. Most issues are interrelated such as Internet usage and
economic issues and Internet awareness and gender issues. However, it is early to clearly
highlight the end result of the impact of the Internet in the Omani society, taking into account
the short period of its life. It is important to mention that the coming sequences of introducing
the Internet have both positive and negative aspects. However, it is obviously desirable to
prevent those disadvantages in the coming future, which can be done by understanding reasons
behind those outcomes in view of account external and internal aspects.
30
CHAPTER FIVE: “ EDUCATION AND THE INTERNET ”
5.1 Introduction
Looking at education from an advanced technological view in a developing country like the
Oman is very challenging. This chapter deals with the Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) as one
of the biggest players in the Internet market in Oman in terms of usage and research. Before
moving to SQU, two examples can be presented: Al-Hail Secondary School and Mazon
college. Both provide the reader with background knowledge of the educational experience
students have before going to the university.
Alhail School is one of the biggest girls secondary schools in Oman. It is located in the capital
and it gets great attention from the Ministry of Education.
According to one of the senior teachers in Al-Hail School, K. Al-Mukhaini (2002): the school
has limited access to the Internet and does not consider it as part of its curriculum according to
the Ministry of education. Teachers and Students use the Internet for educational purposes,
mainly as an information source, rather than for communication purposes this is because
teachers are always available, students prefer face-to-face interaction, it is easier in their case,
and not all teachers and students have access to the Internet. In general, both students and
teachers are unfamiliar with the Internet and its uses as claimed by Al-Mukhaini who also said:
" one of the most important problems is the misusing of the Internet. Most young people
between the age of 14 to30, use the Internet for chat-rooms purposes only. Another problem is
that young people view websites that they are not supposed to enter". She also stated that
students and teachers should be recognising both advantages and disadvantages of the Internet;
learn how to use the Internet, and use the Internet under supervision at this stage. The school is
trying its best to expand students’ knowledge by arranging seminars and talks about the Internet
and its usage. However, the school is also taking into account that not all students have access
to the Internet. Furthermore, teachers in the school hope that more students will be able to use
the Internet for educational purposes, for example, finding information that can be used in
projects and essays.
Another example from questioners is Mazon College, which is a private college for women. It
aims to render quality education. It follows the American system of education in association
31
with the University of Missouri Rolla. The college offers an Internet access at college for both
staff and students to ensure a better quality of education. It uses the Internet mainly as an
information source tool such as fact-findings for projects. It is also used as a communication
tool and as an educational tool, which is a more wider information source, since it involves
aspects such as e-learning and e-training. The college’s web site plays an essential role in the
performance of the college. It has full details and information about the college and courses
provided, not only this but students are able to register with the college by filling an online
admission application form (www.mazooncollege.com). From a future perspective, e Learning
is going to play a major role in the educational process in Oman.
From the above examples, it is clear that students go to university with a fairly moderate level
of knowledge, which is often limited to students, and teachers that can afford it.
5.2 Sultan Qaboos University
5.2.1 Introduction to Sultan Qaboos University
The Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) is the national university in Oman, which was opened in
1986. It is located in the capital, Muscat. It started with five colleges; namely Medicine,
Engineering, Agriculture, Education and Science. In 1987 the College of Arts was opened
followed by the College of Commerce and Economics, which was opened in 1993. Today, it
has seven colleges, which offer degrees in 52 subjects. There are presently around 7,000
students at the University (Ministry of Information, 2000). It has its own local area network
provided by OmanTel (see appendix F).
As mentioned previously, SQU is one of the major Omani Internet customers. The Internet was
available to the university immediately after the introduction of the Internet in Oman. To begin
with, they established the basic system and network design. After that, it was introduced
gradually, starting with Deans and Department Chairs to faculty staff and lastly, students. By
1999, the Internet was available to every one at the university. All students and staff have an
email and Internet account that ensures privacy, reliability and security. There are several
computer labs with Internet connections, which are open to students; in addition to that nearly
all the faculties with in the university have access to the Internet. It also has a 24-hour a day,
seven days a week, open access Internet centre. It has a web site that covers issues and
32
activities related to SQU (www.squ.edu.om) (from the interview with Demonstrator, M. AlBadawi).
5.2.2 Conclusions from Research Methodology
I have visited three colleges in March 2002: the Information Systems department in the College
of Commerce and Economics, Information Engineering department in the College of
Engineering, and the Computer Science department in the College of Science. I also visited the
Centre for Information Systems (CIS). I met with to heads of departments and lecturers about
the Internet in Oman and its impact from an educational view, considering their valuable
experience at the university. They expressed their awareness of the Internet and its impact.
They also provided some suggestions to the negative impacts of the Internet. In the College of
Commerce, Professor & Head of Information Systems Department, Yurii Boreisha, stated that
they provide three “ fresh courses ” related to the Internet and one related to e-commerce,
indicating that staff and students are aware of the Internet. Besides Professor Boreisha, Lecturer
Syed Jafar Naqvi said, “ students are very much familiar with the Internet ” since the courses
require students to spend time on the Internet. In contrast, Assistant Professor, Manzur Ali Ajiz,
argued that the familiarity of the Internet within SQU is not that high as employees and students
use it only to check their emails.
According to interviewees, people within the university use the Internet mostly to communicate
either by emails or to enter chat rooms. They claimed that the next major use is finding
information, which helps not only students but also lecturers. Demonstrator, M. Al-Badawi
extends the previous view by asserting that the Internet has a key part in the educational
process. He adds that the college website has information about the courses, deadlines, events,
and course materials. He argued that students within the College of Science rely heavily on the
Internet. Furthermore, it was generally felt that staff and students are familiar with the Internet
and its uses.
They foresee the future of the Internet in Oman to be bright especially in SQU. Al-Badawi
described it as an ‘e-life ‘ future. However, interviewees stated that e-commerce, and elibraries, e-learning are going to be the main three elements of the Internet. In contrast,
Professor Boreisha argued that e-commerce is critical and inapplicable in the case of Oman.
The full argument is presented in the next chapter.
33
Nearly all SQU interviewees expressed some empathy towards OmanTel; in fact, all had a
degree of satisfaction with the service quality offered by OmanTel in SQU. Professor Boreisha
points out “ for five years, OmanTel achieved its objectives ”. He also claimed that this does
not indicate that there are no problems, rather that they should improve and overcome all
barriers.
There are also problems in the university, mostly affecting students and lecturers, associated
with student’s behaviour. Professor and Head of Information Engineering Department, Adel A.
Ali, discussed the problem of chat-rooms where students spend most of their time. He
considered it as a “ misuse ” of the Internet and encouraged students to use it appropriately by
providing intermediate courses related to Internet use. This arguably because of the lack of
knowledge students have, thus linking it to the main curriculum. In addition, Assistant
Professor Ajiz argued that the lack of knowledge and limitation of use keep students less
updated with modern technological innovation in the College of Commerce and Economics. On
the other hand, Lecturer Naqvi discussed a wider issue stating that only few students join the
university each year, pointing at other students in other institutions, questioning their
accessibility to the Internet and knowledge. He also said that students often explore the Internet
for the first time at the university. Professor Adel pointed to the element of pornography,
stating that university students should be treated as grown-ups by teaching them in a manner
that will shape their behaviour. He said ’do not block, teach instead’ and ‘get rid of firewalls’.
Al-Badawi implemented an Internet Information Monitoring System, which was presented at a
conference in SQU by, Dr. Sane M Yagi, a lecturer of computational linguistics and, Dr. Amer
Al-Rawas, who is also a lecturer of Computer science. It discussed vital issues related to the
Internet use in SQU and gained very high appreciations. “ The Internet Monitoring Systems
aids the manager to quantify how the present Internet resources are utilized and that is positive
an argument can be made for more investment ” as Al-Badawi claimed. They looked at the
Internet uses at SQU and end up with several conclusions (from the interview with Al-Badawi):
50% of students use the Internet in the after noon compared to 41% in the evenings and 9% at
night. In addition, around 53% of staff utilizes the Internet in the mornings and only 40% in the
afternoon.
Students use the Internet more than staff.
5% of Internet traffic is on chatting and students are responsible for 3.5% of that share.
34
However, they argued that this is not due to lack of awareness by stating “ the accusation that
students spend all their time chatting has no basis whatsoever. They are in fact as aware of the
value of the Internet for communication as the staff are ”
The Centre for Information Systems (CIS) “ is one of the main centers in Sultan Qaboos
University (SQU). It plays important roles in SQU. It maintains and provides all the
computerized systems that are running in SQU campus. It also handles all Internet issues and
networking ”. Mr.Nasser AlRiami emphasised the role of the Internet in Oman and Sultan
Qaboos University. He described the network structure in SQU, which is described in the
picture below. He expressed his joint responsibility with his colleagues of “ overseeing the
operations of the university campus wide network backbone (SQUnet) and its related LANs
installed in various colleges and centers ”.
5.3 Conclusion
SQU is not only one of the biggest educational institutions but also a key player in the Internet
market. It has its own network, technical support, qualified specialist, and research. As
expected it faces some problems in both the technical and the human side. However, humanised
problems are vitally considered and discussed. People within SQU have high expectations of
the Internet future in both Oman and SQU. Recommendations regarding SQU are provided in
chapter seven.
35
CHAPTER SIX: “ ECONOMIC ISSUES ”
6.1 Introduction
As in any other country, the Internet has influenced the economic development in Oman.
According to government official reports, the development plans 1996 to 2000 and 2000 to
2005 have been considered as the beginning of a new era in development planning in Oman
(Ministry of Information, 2000). It emphasis the necessity of wider public and private sector
participation, the emergence of sophisticated computerised macro-economics, modelling
techniques and the move towards globalisation. Its strategy targets a full integration in the socalled global market and global economy (Ministry of Information, 2000). One of its aim is to
produce high value added products; export-oriented policies; private sector development; the
promotion of greater integration within the world economy, including the globalisation of the
Omani economy; human-resource development and upgrading the skills of the Omani
workforce via advanced technologies, such as the Internet (Ministry of Information, 2000). This
chapter presents results gained from the research and then describes briefly the Internet market
with some research analysis. It also explains the e-commerce situation in association with
OmanTel. Finally, a summary is provided in the conclusion.
6.2 Conclusion from Research Methodologies
Omanies seem to have an interest in electronic shopping. Generally, females seem to be more
interested in e-shopping than males. To illustrate, 20% of females strongly agreed that shopping
is one of the key Internet elements compared to only 8% of males. In addition, 20% of females
agreed, 40% did not comment and 20% disagreed with stated statement. On the other hand,
23% of males agreed to consider shopping as an Internet use, 23% agreed, 38% were not sure
and 30% disagreed. To sum up, Omanies of both genders have a considerable potential towards
electronic shopping which can be seen as a reflection of Internet awareness and knowledge.
However, there is a security issue that present, from some users experiencing Internet shopping.
As part of the research, four questionnaires were distributed to four big business enterprises in
Oman which examined the business use and knowledge of the Internet: PDO (Petroleum
development Oman), Shell Oman Marketing Company SAGO, National Automobiles (BMW),
and Sheraton Oman Hotel. From the above, it seems that all four were aware of the Internet,
from the business prospective. I.T Manager George Thomas in Sheraton Oman Hotel stated “
36
our organisation will rely heavily on the Internet to conduct its business. It is already happening
and will gather pace. The Internet has become a part of the daily businesses ”. He also said “
although we do not experience problems with the Internet, the availability of faster connection
is a necessity. Oman Tel needs to gear up to meet the increasing demand for faster connections
”. In addition, the I.T Manager of BMW emphasised the previous point by saying “ not enough
bandwidth is available as yet. We need more speed and bandwidth ”.
Shell Oman Marketing Company SAGO is an Omani public company registered in the Muscat
Stock Exchange Market, where Shell International owns 49% of its own shares. The Corporate
Affairs and Business Development Manager in (SAGO), F. Al-Hashar, claimed that the Internet
is part of their daily work, basically, they cannot work without it’. In terms of future usage of
the Internet he classified B2B, B2C, e-bidding, and e-procurement to be the main four areas.
Both B2B and B2C are already installed, while, e-bidding and e-procurement are in the process
of implementation.
Moving to one of the biggest companies in Oman, PDO, which is. MR. S.Al-Kussuibi argued “
within PDO: the Internet is foreseen as one of the major communication and business tools for
business development. However, the building of applications that enables the value add require
some time to develop and get standardised. It is only hen these application are in place and
standardised that the real value will be seen ”. He also claimed that e-commerce is one of the
most vital uses of the Internet in PDO. Also, after a discussion with different employee in PDO,
it can be said that they have a full understanding of the Internet and its business uses, in
consideration of presentations and training programmers given to them. “ Bricks2Clicks ” or
what they called “ the journey to the new economy ” is one of the presentations I found myself
useful. It talks about PDO current position and moving to e-commerce (see appendices).
Another example, PDO is organizing Oman's first e-Business Week at the Muscat
Intercontinental Hotel, from 27 April to 1 May 2002. It focuses on the benefits of ICT and the
Internet to business and government.
Above and beyond, it can be said that the above businesses are fully aware of the internet, but
as F.Al-Hashar argued ‘people are still not fully aware of the internet advantages nor do they
see any incentives or reasons for its use, except in multi-national companies’. For that reason, a
certain statement cannot be established, that is because all four companies are multi-national
companies. In addition, most national companies are not aware of the Internet, which can be
37
due to various reasons. OmanTel can be questioned here for its marketing, services provided
and flexibility given to those small to medium national businesses. As some small businesses
stated that they are currently not overly concerned with the Internet considering their size.
6.3 The Internet Market in Oman
Oman Tel is a government owned commercial enterprise run by the Ministry of Posts,
Telephone, and Telegraphs (Ministry of Information, 2000). It is the sole Internet provider in a
monopoly market. In July 1995, eleven companies proposed to establish an ISP site. However,
a long discussion about who should sponsor the Internet project (Ministry of Posts, Telephone,
and Telegraphs or ministry of education) caused a delay in the contract decision (Burkhart,
1998). Finally, in July 1996 the contract was awarded to Sprint international, which established
Internet service in several countries such as Bahrain (Burkhart, 1998). The contract covered
installation, commissioning of equipment, a five-year transponder and Internet-port (Burkhart,
1998). According to the Development manager in the internet unit in OmanTel, S.Al-Ghassany,
the contract was awarded to Sprint international on the basis of services, maintenance, time
taking for installation, accessories, and quality of equipment’s installed, as well as price.
Cyber-Cafes form a way of competition with OmanTel, even though OmanTel is their only
Internet supplier. Cyber-Cafes can be seen as indirect competitors as it is more convenient for
light users of the Internet and for those who cannot afford to buy a personal computer. The
Spider Internet Cafe and The First Internet Café are two well-known cyber-cafes. Both claimed
that there is a demand of 40 to 50 daily users, but this average number rises to about 60 users
on weekends. They claim that this could improve services provided, reduce costs and enhance
the economy. Conversely, they stated that they are not satisfied with services provided by
OmanTel both in terms of price and service. It was stated in a questionnaire that: “ the
availability of internet cafes must be encouraged by the government ” which point to the
government being the next one to blame in this case after OmanTel.
First Internet Cafe tariffs compared to OmanTel tariffs:
First Internet Cafe tariffs
OmanTel tariffs
30 min.: 700 Baisas
Fixed monthly account charge of R.O. 2/- per
1 hr.
month and a flat charge of 180 baisas per hour.
: 1,300 Baisas
Table 4: Internet Café Tariffs
38
Currently, the Internet market in Oman is a monopoly, where OmanTel is the only Internet
service provider. However, it is in the process of opening up the market to other ISPs. It has
been argued for nearly four years now the need to open the market and encourage competition
not only for the benefit of users but also for the benefit of the Omani government. Opening the
market can help in improving services provided, lowering prices, encourage innovation,
encourage the emergence of new technology, enhance the economy, and lots more. From the
questionnaires conducted, the majority were in favour of opening up the market In fact they
claimed that opening up the market would solve half of the problems related to the Internet in
Oman. While only a few support the current monopoly market. In relation to questionnaires “
the Internet is still an expensive medium to use, it should be cheaper and privatised ”.
On the contrary, other argues that the Internet market in Oman is relatively small taking into
account the capital cost (high fixed cost) of the Internet. They claim that the market is still in its
infant stages and that the market should remain a monopoly until a further notice. Furthermore,
there is not a high demand for the Internet in Oman. Not only this but there is no Internet
regulation in Oman which discourages ISPs to come to the Omani market; again, this indicates
that the Internet market is in its early ages.
However some predicted that the Internet market in Oman would be moving from a monopoly
in the near future to oligopoly. This would mean that OmanTel would still remain the biggest
player in the market. OmanTel’s privation plans are already approved; 40% of stakes are
offered to local and foreign investors, (the official news agency ONA reported according to
OmanTel).
This perhaps leads us to urge the government to invest more to different levels of the society:
looking at people, health, education and employment. As the NCR report referred it as “ the
relevant indicators for a supportive economy and infrastructure ” (NRC, 1998). These
indicators comprise of “ GNP per capita, the number of telephones, the number of telephones
per capita, the indicators of penetration of telephone services in rural areas, the indicators of
penetration of electrical power in rural areas, the density of population in rural areas,
percentage of population in urban areas, and the indicators of the strength of markets for
personal computers, modems, and related technologies ” (NRC, 1998).
39
6.4 e-Commerce in Oman
One of the elements of the Internet is e-Commerce which “ is the buying and selling of goods
and services on the Internet, especially the World Wide Web ” (Tech Target, 2002). It is seen
as one of the crucial elements of the virtual economy. OmanTel argues that this is the right
time to introduce e-commerce, as it can be very profitable and advantageous for all from the
Omani government to individual consumers. The OmanTel report cited that “ according to
Forrester Research, business-to-business sales of products and services online, which was zero
in 1995 and is expected to grow from the current level of $131 billion to $1.5 Trillion in 2003 ”
(Internet Department, 2001). In addition, it can greatly lead to achieving the objectives of the
development plans 1996-2000- 2005. It also draws the route to reach a global economy. Over
the above, preparing for e-commerce requires time and effort which mean that action should be
taken soon in order to catch up with the rest of the world. It is worth noting that “ Middle East
region and their companies lag behind Europe and America in terms of e-business strategy and
implementation ”, not only this but it is the responsibility of OmanTel to take initiative now to
support and meet the need of Omani Companies which are rapidly growing not only nationally
but internationally (Internet Department, 2001). Information regarding the Etisalat proposal is
taken out from the Memorandum to OmanTel Board of directors (Memorandum to OmanTel
Board of directors, 2001).
Arguably, e- commerce requires three main elements:
Digital Signature: “ is an electronic signature that can be used to authenticate the identity of
the sender of a message or the signer of a document, and possibly to ensure that the original
content of the message or document that has been sent is unchanged. Digital signatures are
easily transportable, cannot be imitated by someone else, and can be automatically timestamped ” (Tech Target, 2002). It uses X 509 standard to define digital certificates. All this
ensures privacy and integrity of data.
PKI (Public Key Infrastructure): it “ enables users of a basically insecure public network such
as the Internet to securely and privately exchange data and money through the use of a public
and a private cryptographic key pair that is obtained and shared through a trusted authority. The
PKI provides for a digital certificate that can identify an individual or an organization and
directory services that can store and, when necessary, revoke the certificates ” (Tech Target,
2002). According to OmanTel “ In an effort to narrow the digital divide between the developed
and developing countries and especially in the deployment of e-commerce, United Nation
commission on International Trade Law developed (UNICITRAL) model law in 1996. While
most countries embark in the introduction of e-commerce, they have begun in parallel to
40
develop their own signature laws (some based on UNICITRAL law) to ensure the legality of
digital signature and other legal requirements. Therefore the Sultanate in this case will not be an
exception. However the Government authority should step up its effort to draft and establish its
own law ”.
Trust: Conception of trust between business partners electronically can be attained through
different ways. EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) and closed user data networks are
considered, as two of the most know technologies used in terms of trust in the Internet.
According to Oman Tel, Etisalat, which was established for the sole purpose of providing ecommerce services for the UAE, offered a partnership proposal to OmanTel to utilise their
Comtrust infrastructure with view of OmanTel’s ruling positioned in the Internet market in
Oman, which allow it to be the leading e-commerce solution provider. Comtrust could enhance
OmanTel’s Internet unit by allowing it to provide more services such as on-line billing &
payment, home shopping etc., seamlessly to the Sultanate’s customers and companies.
The proposal involves providing e-commerce requirements such as security requirements for
the confidentiality of information, the integrity of transactions and the restrictive access to
stored data requiring for proper solutions by applying PKI (Public Key Infrastructure)
technologies. Moreover, “ Comtrust systems are protected both physically and logically using
the best technologies available. Comtrust e-commerce solutions are based on a collection of top
of the line products put together by reputable companies. For e.g., its QuickShop e-Retailing
solution consists of Storefront Software from Intershop products, the payment service is from
Trintech and the security is based on Baltimore’s Cybertrust technology “.
According to OmanTel, “ the partnership facilitates market testing at a lowest annual cost of
less than RO. 350,000 compared to an initial investment of over $7 million to set-up its own ecommerce platform ”. It also offers a Low cost PKI (digital certificate) (R.O. 2.5) compared to
other vendors. Besides that establishing own e-commerce platform will require at least 18
months in comparison to 3 moths agreement with Etislat. It also offers full technical support,
Marketing support, transformation of knowledge and experience, and many other services. By
2003 Oman is expected to fully implement e-government, m-commerce, and e-mobile with the
assistance of OmanTel as the dominant provider of e-commerce solutions. Despite what has
been discussed, Etisalat offer is the only offer available to OmanTel at the moment. Thus a
limited comparison can only be obtained, which perhaps underlines the decision that maybe
taken.
41
An argument presented by Professor Boreisha, which related to e-commerce in Oman is worth
recording. He believes that e-commerce should not be introduced in Oman given that it is still a
new research, proven to be unstable; it has more problems associated to it than solutions. In
addition, he argues that it is not necessary profitable, and in many cases it does not mean
gaining high profit, for instance, it form only 4% of the national income in the US.
6.5 Conclusion
Oman is taking significant moves towards the role of the Internet and OmanTel. Omanies as
indicated in the analysis section are aware of Internet uses, as a shopping tool. From a business
prospective, it is the big companies that are often making good of the Internet, whilst the rest
remain a step behind. OmanTel is being privatised and e-commerce is nearly there.
Although Oman is trying to catch up with the rest of the world one question remain: Is it really
worth it and if so, how many companies will use e-commerce as one of its trading channels? In
the mean time, it seems that only a few multinational companies are choosing this path, but the
most small-to-medium business are less likely to do so, since they have a limited knowledge
and use of the Internet. Another important question is that should OmanTel take those steps or
should it focus on improving its services taking into account its capacity.
42
CHAPTER SEVEN: “ RECOMENDATIONS”
7.1 Fair Judgement
The Internet has been in Oman for nearly five years now spreading all over the sultanate
reaching 41,0000 subscribers according to the December 2001 report (OmanTel Monthly
Report, 2001). It has not been easy evaluating the situation of the development in Oman, taking
into consideration various factors. However, to present a fair view, a discussion of several
significant factors that seem to be involved in the determination of the impacts of the Internet in
Oman seem to be worth noting here:
The Internet in Oman is in an infant phase, which makes it difficult to determine its impact.
There are two types of impacts of introduction of the Internet: “ direct ” and “ indirect ”.
Direct impacts are easy to measure unlike indirect impacts. This that is because indirect
impacts are indirectly related to the Internet (NRC, 1998).
All impacts and causes are inter-related. For example, Internet awareness is related to
economic issues, which is discussed in chapter Four.
The responsibility of problems arisen relies on all candidates, from the government to
individual users.
It involves qualitative analysis rather then quantitative.
“ Measuring the impacts of the Internet on sectors of an economy and society of a
developing country is a complex exercise ” (Acceso, 2001). That is because a significant
amount of factors need to be thoroughly considered.
“ The emphasis should be on the social changes sought and not on the Internet itself. The
Internet is an instrument to bring about such changes ” (Acceso, 2001).
7.2 Recommendations
7.2.1 Developing a Strategy of Internet Use
The Internet is a technological tool that requires guidelines and specific approaches to follow so
satisfaction is gained and any negative impacts are avoided. This should begin with the
government, then to OmanTel, then to educational institutes and businesses and even families
should develop a strategy that fits in with their needs and objectives. Aims should be identified
43
and goals should be set which go far behind traditional methods as described by Acceso “ the
more traditional vision proposes to provide access to the Internet, train people to use the tool,
and later see what changes occur or should occur as a result of the new technology. From our
new perspective, we can first reflect on the social changes that we wish to produce and then we
can consider the type of use and access necessary to achieve that objective ” (Acceso, 2001).
The strategy should compliment the “ existing strategy (national, organizational, or personal) of
communication and information “, as Acceso (2001) said. He also argued “we need a strategy
that considers how to combine the Internet with other more traditional technologies, with what
resources, at what time, under whose oversight, for whom, and other questions that a strategic
use of the Internet implies”. This should also involve regularly analysing changes and outputs.
However, it is worth mentioning that formulating the right strategy will prevent major problems
and help make the best use of the Internet seem possible.
Developing a strategy will require using specific approaches and applications. An example of a
common valid approach is presented. The Access, Use, and Appropriation approach consists of
a dynamic process aiming to gain appropriation of the technological tool applied (Acceso,
2001).
Figure 1: Access, Use, and Appropriation Diagram
This approach perceives appropriation as a goal that can be achieved by means of access and
use. It involves organisations of all kinds to participate in a way that will lead to the desired
social changes. In other words, it plans dynamically for required changes. It can be extended by
dealing with the “ potential contribution of the internet in the generation of new knowledge for
social changes ” bearing in mind, that delivering information is not necessary generating
knowledge (Acceso, 2001). As a final point, although this approach deals with the Internet
44
from a social point of view, it is still valid to use by other economic or educational
organisations, since it tackles major issues in a very modern way.
7.2.2 Increasing Internet Awareness and Knowledge
Increasing Internet Awareness and Knowledge among the Omani community. This is vitally
important, as it tackles problems concerning not only the Omani community, but also university
students, OmanTel, businesses and many more. It is more serious then it sounds due to the
complex waste of all kinds of resources. It is the responsibility of all Omanies to overcome
issues related to the Internet especially this one. Acceso highlighted “We encounter proposals
that emphasize the need to utilize the Internet appropriately as a tool, in such a way that it
surpasses simple connection and responds to the particular needs and visions of communities,
organizations, and countries” (Acceso, 2001). All should aim to make the best use of the
Internet contributing to Omani social and economic development.
OmanTel should aim to increase the knowledge of the Internet by making marketing forces
more available. For example, it can distribute leaflets advising Internet users on how to use the
Internet when a contract is signed. It can also offer a free day course to business customers or
even organise Internet combings as most countries do. Besides, it can hold technical, sociodevelopmental seminars on areas of the Internet use, to serve the development of the Omani
community and the private sector’s role in Oman. In addition, it can set a framework for a code
of ethics for Internet usage in Oman and educate people in a manner that will determine their
Internet behaviour rather than controlling information dictatorially.
OmanTel can with coordination of government bodies, businesses or educational institutions,
develop national competencies, by holding contests in various application areas. Moreover, it
could establish training centres for skill development; introduce specialised libraries for
information and knowledge exchange in such areas and support content building on the
Internet, especially in Arabic. It is highly recommended to set up cultural and social clubs for
the society members and Internet users. It could promote the society’s members to participate
in conferences and workshops not only at a national level, but also at an international level
considering SQU as a major research institution. Most of all OmanTel can promote the goals of
the society at an international level. Acceso stressed the importance of involving the society by
identifying the role of “international organisations, agencies and institutions” by saying “The
role of international organizations, agencies, and institutions that promote a social vision of the
Internet should be focused on involving different social actors in reflection about the social
45
changes they desire to promote and in facilitating understanding of how the Internet can
contribute to this effort” (Acceso, 2001)
SQU should consider this element since students soon will enter into employment. It should
encourage the use of the Internet using the right path. Many students use the Internet only to
enter chat rooms because they are generally uncertain of how to use it, in any another way. It
could also offer courses that emphasis the academic use of the Internet; allocate more course
tasks to the Internet, and apply one of the used Internet learning approaches.
People within the Omani community are also responsible and able to spread their valuable
Internet knowledge. Parents should also be active to overlook the uses of the Internet and
encourage teenagers to use it sensibly and effectively. “ There is no harm of chatting twice a
week for a while but when it exceeds the limit then it should be seriously tackled ” as stated in a
questionnaire.
Another important recommendation is to take advantage of the Internet globalisation
phenomenon to increase awareness of the Omani’s culture, civilization, and services in
different fields such as tourism, art, culture, economy, etc.
7.2.3 Building-up on the Foundations
To some extent it can be said that OmanTel is a technology driven organisation where it tries to
catch up with the rest of the world rapidly. It is recommended that OmanTel focus on buildingup on the foundations of the Internet market, which is to provide a high quality service. Since
the Internet is a new phenomenon, it is understandable, people’s assertions, such as: “ why
bother implementing new smart Internet technologies when nearly all Omanies are complaining
about the Internet services? ” Al-Khabori said that “ relatively a little number of people
subscribe to other services such ISDN ”, this may be due to economic issues, a lack of
awareness, or customer’s dissatisfaction with OmanTel. It should also recruit more staff and
train current staff to release stress and self-esteem. It is also important to provide scientific and
academic research for staff to enhance their knowledge and thus affect their productivity. I also
believe that a local area network should be developed to link OmanTel staff all over Oman and
update then electronically with recent technologies, projects, etc.
46
7.2.4 Directing Marketing Activities
It seems that OmanTel is not making good use of it is marketing forces. As any business,
marketing is an essential tool to be applied. However, the marketing department have their own
marketing strategy ready, but there is very little sign of its implementation. It has been
suggested that OmanTel takes a serious move in the development of the marketing process.
They are also encouraged to understand the applications and theories of marketing by bringing
it to practise taking into account the Omani culture. “ Marketing the four P’s ” is one of the
widely known tools used. It stands for place, promotion, price, and product.
Place
Promotion
Spread the Internet Service in Oman and encourage Introducing new ways of effective promotion with
the growth of PC penetration
view of culture and market segments in Oman.
Price
Product
Reduction of price and Encouragement
Improve the quality Internet Services and related
technologies
Table 5: The Four P’s for OmanTel Internet services
As chapter three discuses the case of OmanTel, it provides a brief description of the Marketing
and Customer services unit, which is associated with marketing activities. It has a capacity of
nine departments running all over Oman. A big question arises: what are those nine
departments doing in terms of marketing the Internet service in Oman?
7.2.5 Reducing Internet Prices or Increasing Internet Speed
According to questionnaires, nearly all-Omani people are not satisfied with the Internet service.
They claimed that connections are slow; prices are high, and some even complained about both
at times. As Al-Riami stated “OmanTel can do much better in terms of budget”. The two
elements are considered as human rights as the Human Right Watch claim, “ Many human
rights organizations have embraced the Internet as a means of exchanging information quickly
and cheaply ” (Human Rights Watch, 2001). To sum up, it is recommended that OmanTel
either reduces prices or increases the Internet speed, because both are known advantages (cheap
and high speed) of the Internet and are currently at a big risk.
47
7.2.6 Privatising OmanTel and Opening the Market
The market is moving from monopoly to oligopoly where OmanTel will be the leader (40% of
the market shares). However, this action is hopefully going to overcome several issues as a
result of competition. It has been proven that oligopoly improve economic efficiency; increase
productivity, support public policy and economic efficiency, and enhance innovation
(Anderson, 1997).
7.2.7 Increasing Government Investments
The government plays a major role in the development of the Internet in Oman. It should
provide the environment that participates in the achievement of the Internet in Oman. This
involves investing more. As indicated in the NRC report (1999), it is common sense that “ at a
minimum, in order to connect with and use the Internet, one needs a computer, a telephone line,
and electricity'. An appropriate level of education, technical awareness and income is usually
required. All these depend on the wiliness of the Omani government to invest “in power,
communications, computers and so forth ” (Daly, 1999).
7.3 Conclusion
To sum up, the Internet should be undertaken seriously by people involved as a vital risky
weapon that can defend rather than cause disasters. I am going to end this chapter with three
important quotes:
“ The impacts of Internet access and use depend on who communicates what to whom ” (NRC,
1999).
“Whether it serves to create a more just, stable, and egalitarian society depends upon the
actions that we undertake” (Acceso, 2001).
“The need to utilize the Internet appropriately as a tool, in such a way that is surpasses simple
connections and responds to the particular needs and visions of communities, organizations,
and countries” (Acceso, 2001).
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CHAPTER EIGHT: “ EVALUATION ”
8.1 Introduction
Evaluation is critical to an understanding of the value, effectiveness, and impact of any project.
. A set of evaluation criteria is usually obtained to provide a feedback, which is useful in most
times. This chapter aims to evaluate the project by first defining the evaluation goals,
introducing a set of evaluation criteria and finally concluding with a reflecting summary.
8.2 Why Evaluate?
Commonly, the general goal of evaluations is to present useful feedback that will help both the
author and the reader. It should enhance their experience and extend their learning outcomes by
aiding their critical and assignment skills. Personally I think it is one of the hardest tasks since
it involves evaluating your own work nevertheless it helps increasing self-confidence and
independently and develops a variety of skills.
8.3 Evaluation Criteria
Evaluation is a methodological approach, which can be developed personally. An evaluation
methodology is developed to assess the project effectively, which evolves around different
areas such as content, style and the author experience.
Project Objectives
In terms of project objectives all objectives are clearly stated in chapter one including
motivations, overview, aim, source of data and research methodology and schedule &
milestones. Objectives are achieved via obtaining an effective research methodologies and
analysis, which are explained throughout the project. However, all objectives are related in
some way, which mean that a chapter can participate in achieving more than one project.
49
The above table explains where and how each objective is achieved.
Objectives
Chapter
Research Methodology
Analysis the Internet technology Chapter Three
Related Readings, Interviews, Observation, Personal
and networking used in sultanate
knowledge and academic background.
of Oman.
Discuss problems faced by both Chapter
the
ISP
(Internet
Service (also
Provider) and users.
Three Questionnaires,
Interviews,
Reading
related
Chapte documents.
Four Five & Six
Discuss social issues, educationa Chapter
Four Questionnaires,
Interviews,
personal
experience
issues and economic issues.
Five and Six
Observation, knowledge and Academic Background.
Make outline proposal.
Chapter Seven
Related
Readings,
Questionnaires,
Interviews
Comparative Analysis.
Table 6: Project Objectives
Personal Objectives:
I have spent around six months working in this project, to an extent that it became part of my
life affecting it directly. I have gained many valuable skills that have enhanced my confidence
and self-esteem. Distributing questionnaires, interviewing specialists of all kinds, talking to
people with different levels of knowledge and educational backgrounds, observing different
types of equipments, going to places and many other things, have shaped my personality
positively by teaching me to be patient, confident, …etc. I have also got an idea of the work
environment I am going to be in and I have also learned that “ real life is different ”.
Understanding
A clear statement of the core case of the project is stated in the abstract and chapter one. From
recommendations provided and the way issues are addressed it can be stated that there is an
understanding of issues and problems that arise in the Internet development in Oman. This was
approached through reading and using knowledge and experience, which are provided in
bibliography and referenced throughout the project.
Planning
This phase is vitally important. It did consume a considerable amount of my time. Having to
plan the project required me first to read into this topic to read previous projects, brainstorm
previous years experience and consider time and personal capacity. I believe that I have
planned my project well but I have to admit that I did not take into mind external factors such
as having to go to Oman seeking the information and data.
50
Organisation
Planning and organisation work simultaneously, I planned and then organised my time, and
resources according to the plan. This has been indicated in the section 1.6 in chapter one. The
organisation was done in a flexible way so that delays could be avoided.
Structure
The project is logically structured. It starts with an introduction, then body and conclusion. I
have structured the project in a way that can make it easy to fallow and understand.
The introduction is in two parts: chapter one introduction and chapter two background research
which gives some basic information about Sultanate of Oman and the Internet. Both give the
reader a flavour of the project and also support the remainder of the project.
The body consists of five chapters, which can be described as sub projects. It is systematically
organised so it can be easily managed and read. In each chapter problems are presented and
argued smoothly. Each paragraph has a clear topic and the move to new ideas is clearly
undertaken.
The conclusion is relevant to the main argument. It is simply presented at the end of the project
leaving the reader satisfied. Nearly all chapters (where applicable) have conclusions that aid
readers knowledge and meet their interest.
It is recommended to view the table of contents at the beginning of the project, which describes
the structure of the project.
Research Methodology
Dealing with such a project required a lot of thought in terms of research methodologies used.
Unlike other projects, there are no books or research in such a topic, which meant that details
and information had to be sought in person. It is clear that most of the project is built on
research analysis. I choose questionnaires and interviews as of my two major research
methodologies. However, it seems that I chose the correct methodologies but not the correct of
obtaining them. I have to say that practising both methodologies in person has not only been
rich, knowledgeable but also been irreplaceable in way.
51
Content
Generally speaking the content of the project is sensibly presented and ideas are well addressed.
Evidence of the critical situation is provided from questionnaires, interviews, reading and
personal experience. Issues are well developed and supported by direct reference to the text.
However, I have experienced both cultures, unlike most readers. Thus it can be argued that
some points are not that clear for non-Omani readers.
Style
The style used here is simple, precise and direct. It has built points, headings, and clear
wordings, which suit readers within the topic of interest and today’s requirements. In addition,
applicable quantitative data is presented in tables or graphs appropriately. It is divided into
chapters, all in appropriate length. Revision of spelling and grammar mistakes has also been
undertaken.
Recommendations
Recommendations are represented in chapter seven. These are clearly stated and easily
followed. They are also supported with quotes and evidence. In addition, they are concise and
relevant to the current problems. They are rational recommendations for all problems stated in
the project and conserve as a basis for further research.
8.4 Summary
Overall, the project is an analytical research project concerning the Internet development in
Oman. Initially, objectives (both academic and personal), which were set, were thoroughly
thought through and supported with readings to form a good understanding. This was than,
followed by planning and organisation via allocating resources according to tasks, time and
capacity. Then, the schedule is presented logically with considerations for the importance of the
objectives, planning and organisations. Simultaneously, Research methodologies are effectively
chosen, considered and then systematically analysis. The content was written comprehensively
within a specific style that assists presentation, understanding, and objective achievements.
Recommendations were set towards the end in view of issues associated with the project.
The project is well presented, planned, organised and structured. Its aim and objectives are met
throughout the project via effective research methodologies and analysis. Arguments and ideas
52
are clearly addressed and supported, following a modern style that satisfies targeted readers.
Recommendations are professionally declared in chapter seven.
In truth, it exceeded personal expectations it has shaped my personality and improved my
learning skills. I am entirely satisfied with my work and most of all I have enjoyed it from the
first start until the end.
53
CHAPTER NINE: “ CONCLUSION ”
9.1 Conclusion
Since the emergence of the Internet, the affect of the Internet for Omanis has become apparent.
It replaces the exiting methods of communication, storing, accessing information, marketing,
entertainment…etc that has been increasing rapidly, taking into consideration its comparative
advantage (high speed and low cost). Internet impact differs in societies depending on various
factors. Day by day, more Omanies subscribe to the Internet. Oman is trying to catch up with
the rest of the world and stand for its own using the Internet as one of its methods. As in many
if not all, the Internet has proved to be affecting the Omani culture, education process and
economy, raising different issues. The “ political and social environments in which suppliers
and users operate as well as technical and organisational of suppliers themselves ” are the major
factors shaping the performances of the Internet (NRC, 1999).
This takes us to OmanTel and its ruling position in the Internet market in Oman. It is currently
being questioned for its performance since it is the only Internet service provider in Oman. It is
not fair to only blame OmanTel as there are other external limitations, such as distributed
population, geographical features, poor economy compared to the developed world, which also
need to be considered.
Evaluating the impact of the Internet on the Omani culture has also entailed the questioning of
cultural values and norms. Different issues arise such as gender, liberty and Internet awareness,
all which can be solved by basically, often educating people in a manner that will shape
Internet uses and behaviour.
SQU plays a major role in the Internet development in Oman in terms of uses and research. It
faces several problems such as the lack of an educational use of the Internet by students. In
addition, other issues arise by the SQU faculty interviewed, which reflected the economic, and
socio development debates about the Internet such as the introduction of e-commerce and other
Internet uses in Oman.
The Internet market in Oman is steadily moving from monopoly to oligopoly. It will soon be
opened to national and multinational companies, which will increase market shares and stress
the Internet development in Oman.
OmanTel is expanding its business by providing e-
commerce solutions and emphasising its role in the economy with the coordination of
government institutions and major multinational businesses.
54
As in any other country, the Internet in Oman faces several limitations and constraints. This is
presented and affected by both external and internal factors; dealing with all the previous
approaches the Internet in Oman is playing a major role.
Nearly all Omanies seem to have a bright image towards the future of a hopeful those current
problems will be overcome. The current phase is a natural phase. In fact, even developed
countries are facing problems and still are working to resolve them.
It will be interesting to know the results and impacts in a few years time, whether there are
other hidden long term impacts or not is questionable and worth investigating. A big question
perhaps yet to be researched is whether the Internet will change Omani cultural values, for the
next generation.
9.2 Future Studies
For Future studies, the author is interested in:
Extending the research by comparing the situation in Oman with other developed
countries.
Evaluating the recent situation and the future situation with expansion of the results and
recommendations.
Revising and re-evaluating this research project.
Building a focus analysis on a narrower prospective of the research is also worth
noting, for example, a research could be done on social issues associated on the
Internet.
Expanding further impacts such as cultural and economical impacts of the Internet in
Sultanate of Oman.
55
REFRENCES
Acceso.F. (2001), “The Internet: A Tool for Social Change? ”. [Online]. Costa Rica:
Fundcion
Acceso
Publicaciones.
Available
from:
st
http://www.acceso.or.cr/publica/socialchange.shtml [Accessed on 1 March, 2002].
Al–Hail A. (2001), “ The impact of the Internet on Arabic Culture ”. [Online]. Available
from: http://www.islamweb.net/english/family/sociaffir/socaff-47-1.html [Accessed on 1st
March, 2002].
Al-Khabori S. J. (2001), “ Internet in Oman ITU ”, Internet Business Unit, Oman
Telecommunications Company.
1
Anderon, A. (1997), “ Economics ”, Causeway Press Limited.
Burkhart, G. E. (1998), “ National Security and the Internet in the Persian Gulf Region ”
[Online].
USA:
Cornell
University
Library.
Available
from:
th
http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast.intnom.htm [Accessed on 11 October, 2001].
Daly A. J. (1999), “ Measuring the Impacts of the Internet in the Developing World ”.
Human Rights Watch. (2001), “ The Internet in the Mideast and North Africa ”: Free
Expression and Censorship [online]. USA: Human Rights Watch (Middle East and North
Africa Division). Available from: http://www.hrw.org/advocacy/internet/mena/intro.htm
[Accessed on 11th October, 2001].
Internet
Department.
(2001),
“
e-Business
Why
Should
U
Care?
”,
Oman
Telecommunications Company.
Internet Unit. (2001), “ Internet Regulation ”, Internet Unit, Oman Telecommunications
Company.
1
Development manager in OmanTel S. Al-Ghassany handed these documents to me in person.
56
Memorandum to OmanTel Board of directors. (2001), “ ROLL-OUT OF E-BUSINESS IN
THE SULTANTE (Partnership with Comtrust, a subsidiary of Etisalat), Project Feasibility
Report.
Ministry of Information. (2000), “ Oman 2000 Thirty Years of Dedication ”, Oman
Establishment for Press, News, Publication and Advertising. Co.
NRC. (1998), Internet Counts: Measuring the Impacts of the Internet, Washington, D.C.,
National Academy Press.
OmanTel Monthly Report. (2001), “OmanTel Statistical Monthly Report”, Oman
Telecommunications Company. 1
OmanTel, (1997), “OmanTel” [online]. Oman. Available from: http://www.omantel.net.om
[Accessed on 17th October 2001].
OmanTel. (2001), “ Oman Telecommunication Company (S.A.O.C) Organisation Manunal
”, Oman Telecommunications Company. 1
Tech
Target.
(2002),
“
search
Ebusiness.com ”.
[Online].
Available from:
http://searchebusiness.techtarget.coml [Accessed on 1st March, 2002]. All Rights Reserved
1
Development manager in OmanTel S. Al-Ghassany handed these documents to me in person.
57
BIBLIOGRAPHY
. Available from: http://www.satkom.com.tr [Accessed on 28th November, 2001].
Burgess. F. T. (2001), “ Guide to the Design of Questionnaires ” [PDF/Adobe Acrobat].
UK:
Leeds
University.
Available
from:
http://www.leeds.ac.uk/iss/documentation/top/top2.pdf [Accessed on 5th November 2001].
Galloway. A. (1997),
“ Questionnaire Design & Analysis ” [online]. Available from:
http://www.tardis.ed.ac.uk/~kate/qmcweb/qcont.htm [Accessed on 12th November 2001].
ISS (Information System Service). (2001), “ Questionnaire Design ” [online]. UK: Leeds
University. Available from: http://www.leeds.ac.uk/iss/documentation/top/top2/top2-5.html
[Accessed on 5th November, 2001].
Madon, S. (2000), “ The Internet and socioeconomic development: exploring the interaction
”, Information Technology & People.
Ministry of Information. (2000), “ Oman 2000 Thirty Years of Dedication ”, Oman
Establishment for Press, News, Publication and Advertising.
Ministry of National Economy. (2000), “ Statistical Year Book ”, Muscat: Information &
Publication Centre.
Powell. E. T. (1998), “ Questionnaire Design: Asking questions with a purpose ”. USA:
Texas. Available from: http://www1.uwex.edu/ces/pubs/pdf/G3658_2.PDF [Accessed on 12th
November 2001].
Prabhu, C. (2001), “ Satellite Imaging Internet To Play Major Role In Oman’s 2003 Census
”. Oman Daily Observer (Muscat). Posted Monday August 27.
Research groups NCS Person. (1995), “ Research Notes Choosing the Right Scale ”
[online]. USA: NCS Pearson. Available from: http://www.ncs.com/ncscorp/research/95-3.htm
[Accessed on 5th November, 2001].
Sandall. S. G. (1997), “ Oman - Overview of the Telecommunications Sector of Oman ”
[online].
Oman:
ITA-Office
of
Telecommunications.
Available
from:
58
http://infoserv2.ita.doc.gov/ot/mktctry.nsf/897284a53b8680a38525674c006a34c0/5b8e91c4a
07fc9ac852565a300155d30 [Accessed on 11 October 2001].
SATKO Telecommunications Company. “ Satellite Communications ”. [Online]. Turkey
World Bank. (2001), “ World Development Indicators ”, Washington, DC: Oxford
University Press.
59
APPENDICES
Appendix A: “Reflection of Project Experience”
Generally, I am satisfied with my project experience as it was enjoyable and useful. I also
pleased with both the academic and personal achievements of the project. However, I did
experience some difficulties through out the process of the project. The above section
describes briefly what went right? And what I would do differently? It also provides a short
summary of the project experience.
What went right?
One of the most important elements is to have interest on what you chose to do. I have a great
interest in the topic and I have extremely enjoyed the experience of the project. If I had to
choose aging, defiantly, it is going to be the same choice “ Critical Assessment in the Internet
Development in Oman”.
I have chosen questionnaires and interviews as the primary research methodology and
supported the conclusions with readings, which is appropriate in the case of this research
project. It is advisable to choose the right applicable research methodology.
I strongly believe that the initial start is vitally important where the planning and organisation
is to be done. I have carefully planned and organised my project with considerations of issues
such flexibility and capability. Although, I had to delay the schedule due to lack of responses
received, I still managed to catch up with the deadlines. I have to mention that I lost my work
more around three times and lost some important files but this did not have a noticeable
negative impact, due to flexibility of the schedule.
What I would do differently?
Overall, I am pleased with the process of the project. I believe that I would have not learnt
much without experiencing difficulties and learning how to overcome them. However, there
are few things that I would do differently if I had the chance:
I would write up my references from the initial start and through out the process of the
project, as it can get complicated towards the end.
60
I would extend the research by comparing the situation in Oman with other countries such
as the UK.
Summary
On the whole, I have achieved the objectives of the project. In fact, the achievements of the
project are higher then my expectations.
61
Appendix B: “Questioners”
Introduction
I have developed four questioners as the primary research methodology including interviews, which had the same type of questions. The four questioners are:
Questioner for Individuals, Questioner for businesses, Questioner for educational Enterprises, and Questioner for Organisations, in which each is set to target
specific information from a specific kind of enterprises. A through study on how to write good questioner is considered with view of the analysis of what type
of information is needed from each segment. Both were addressed in the midterm report as two essays.
55
(1) Questioner for Individuals
“Internet Questionnaire”
In this questionnaire, I am keen to investigate opinions of the Internet in Oman. My main concern is to evaluate Omani people’s perception of
the Internet and its impact. I would be grateful if you can fill this questionnaire and add comments, as it is beneficial for my research.
1. Gender: Male
Female
2. Would you consider your self as: 1. Very heavy Internet User. 2. Heavy Internet User. 3. Medium Internet User.
4. Light Internet User 5. Not user of the Internet.
Please tick the appropriate box:
Questions
1
You are familiar with the Internet and its usage.
2
Do you perceive the Internet:
- As an information source.
- As a communication tool.
- An entertainment tool.
- For shopping.
3
Are you satisfied with Internet services provided?
4
Do you face any technical problems?
- Specifically any connection problems?
5
Is gender an issue?
6
Do you feel that you have the liberty to view any information
source on the Internet?
7
Internet is going to have a major role in Oman in the foresees
future
Strongly Agree Agree
Undecided
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
56
Please state any problems associated with the usage of the Internet?
Please state other future usage of the Internet in your organisation?
Any More Comments? Please!
Your time and effort is appreciated. Thanks. A.AlZubaidi
57
(2) Questioner for Businesses
In this questionnaire, I am keen to investigate issues related to Internet in Oman. My main concern is to evaluate the Internet usage and its
impact. I would be grateful if you could complete this questionnaire and add comments, as it is beneficial for my research.
Questions
1
Internet is used:
- For electronic business purposes.
- For promotion purposes.
2
3
4
Are staff in the organization familiar with the Internet and its
usage?
5
Does the Internet affect the performance of your organisation?
6
Does the Internet offer Oman a better economic state?
7
Do you foresee the future of the Internet in your organisation as:
- Electronic Business?
- Communication Tool?
Undecided
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
58
59
(3) Questioner for Educational Enterprises
In this questionnaire, I am keen to investigate issues related to Internet in Oman. My main concern is to evaluate the Internet uses and its impact.
I would be grateful if you can fill this questionnaire and add comments, as it is beneficial for my research.
Questions
1
Internet is used:
- For other educational purposes.
2
3
- Specifically any connection problems ?
4
Are teachers familiar with the Internet and its uses?
5
Are students familiar with the Internet and its uses?
6
Should the Internet be introduced in schools?
7
Do you foresee the future of the Internet in the educational sector
as:
- Communication tool?
- Information source?
- Educational tool?
Undecided
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
60
Please state other future usage of the Internet in the educational sector?
61
(4) Questioner for Organisations
In this questionnaire, I am keen to investigate issues related to Internet in Oman. My main concern is to evaluate the Internet uses and its impact.
I would be grateful if you can fill this questionnaire and add comments, as it is beneficial for my research.
Questions
1
Internet is used:
- For electronic business purposes.
2
3
4
Are staff in the organization familiar with the Internet and its
usage?
5
Does the Internet affect the performance of your organisation?
6
Do you foresee the future of the Internet in your organisation as:
Undecided
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
- Communication tool?
- Information source?
- Electronic Business?
62
63
Appendix C: “Example of Internet Dialup Service from OmanTel Web Site”
Internet dial up service:
The New Internet Tariff comprises of a fixed monthly account charge of R.O. 2/- per month and a flat
charge of 180 baiza per hour.
Services
(R.O.)
One time setup fee
10/-
Monthly Charge
2/-
Excess Charges per Hour
180 baiza
Re-connection Fee
1/-
Additional Service
E-mail Extra Space per 1 MB
200 baiza
Access the Internet...only 180 Baiza per hour
National toll free number to access Oman Internet (1311)
56k modem access - currently supporting all 56k technologies (V.90, k56flex and X2)
Fast & Reliable Web Browsing - Fast, consistent download speeds
One e-mail addresses: [email protected]
Up to 10 MB email storage
Access to over 65.000 of the most up to date newsgroups available on the Internet.
55
Appendix D: “Internet in Oman”
This table presents some information related to the Internet in Oman (Al-Khabori, 2001).
Initial capacity
48 modem lines w/ 1 Mbps link
Modem lines
To date 3600
Total Bandwidth
200 Mbps
Ratio
10 users to 1 modem
Time spend per subscriber
29 hours
Internet Upload/Download per subs.
Approx. 28 MB/ 122 MB
Internet Upload/Download Monthly
Approx. 1000 GB/ 5000GB
Leased line subscribers
61
Cyber Cafes
75
Average monthly subscription rate (2001)
1100+
56
Appendix E: “Internet Backbone”
This picture describes the Internet backbone in Oman
57
Appendix F: “SQU Local Area Network upgrade”
58

chapter two: ”background research”

Transcription

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