Simulation of Heterogeneous IPv6 Infrastructure for Smart Energy

Transcription

Simulation of Heterogeneous IPv6
Infrastructure for Smart Energy Efficient
Building
Energy Efficiency (EE): how could we
make it work ?
Cedric Chauvenet,Leila Ben Saad, and Bernard Tourancheau
CITI, INSA Lyon
LCIS, Valence,
INRIA, LIG Drakkar, Grenoble
Watteco inc.
Journées SEMBA, 21 Octobre 2011, Valence
Outline
q  Context and problem statement
q  IPv6 for Building Management Systems (BMS)
q  Improving battery powered network duration (lifetime)
q  Data collectors (sinks) placement
q  Heterogeneous wireless (RF) – Power Line
Communication (PLC) networking architecture
q  Conclusion and Future works
2
Journées Semba 2011 – C. Chauvenet – Watteco – CITI, LIG & LCIS, France.
Context and problem statement
q  A huge part of energy consumption
–  44% of 2007 France's raw energy
q  Introduces many new applications
–  Ous%de Buildings : SmartGrid –  Inside Buildings : Energy Management, Home Area Networking, Home Automa%on... q  Internet of Things (IoT) is emerging :
–  Hardware & Software improvements
q  BMS should pay for itself within a few years:
–  Maintenance (Battery replacement)
–  Infrastructure (Wires)
–  Bill of Materials (BoM)
3
Internet Networking : why ?
q  EE improvement often needs interactions
between systems
–  control, monitoring, command, alert, pricing, availability,
prediction, external services, remote management, ...
q  IP is the only widely accepted and proven
networking solution
–  robust, open, well known, apps inheritance ...
àNeed of IP over Heterogeneous devices
4
Low power & Lossy Networks
q  EE implies Low Power Networks
–  Joules economy applies for BMS too !
q  Low Power (often) implies Lossy networks
–  Wireless and Wired technolgies
q  System on Chip (µC) availability for BMS
–  very constrained resources: power, memory, ... q  No Moore’s law for battery technology !
–  NiCd improved by x2 over 30 years… 5
Power Line Communication
q  Low Power PLC
• Standard Homeplug: – AV: OFDM / 20 -‐ 200Mbps – GP: OFDM / 4 -‐ 10 Mbps • BUT : – Costly: a few $ – Power consump%on : few WaRs – Size: Big The WPC™ Transceiver from WaReco: – Speciﬁc Transceiver – 10 kbps • AND : • 
1$ – 10 mW – 25 mm² large prototype – 
6
Problem Statement
q  Push IP networking into these SoC devices
q  Interoperate with all available media
–  wired, Wireless, PLC
q  Achieve very long architecture lifetime
–  dozen of years q  Scale to Billion 7
IPv6 stack for Sensor Networks
q IPv6 scales up to 2128 nodes >1023 / m2
q  IEEE Standards
–  802.15.4 / P1901.2 (In progress)…
q IETF “standardization” working groups
–  6LowPAN for networking, ROLL for routing
q  IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low power and
Lossy Networks (RPL)
–  distance vector routing protocol
–  physical medium agnos%c (route-‐over) –  provision made for LLNs Journées Semba 2011 – C. Chauvenet – Watteco – CITI, LIG & LCIS, France.
8
RF Topology using RPL
9
Energy hole problem in buildings
q Short range wireless battery powered networks
q High forwarding load near the sink
–  Whatever the multi-hop protocol used
Sensors
Sink
10
Network Lifetime Optimization
q Integer Linear Programming (ILP)formulation to determine
the best placements for the sink [SensorComm09]
q Heuristics to scale the approach [NTMS09]
q ILP for RPL sink placement [SensorComm11]
q IPv6 communication stack on PLC [SmartGridCom10]
q Replace sink by RF-PLC nodes
q IPv6 communication stack for RF-PLC nodes
11
RF-PLC Topology
12
RF-PLC communication stack for BMS
13
Energy Metric in RPL
q Defined in draft-ietf-roll-routing-metrics-19
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ...
| Flags |I| T |E|
E-E
|
Optional TLVs
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ...
q The E-E field contains an Energy Estimation
q The DAGRoot (on mains) set E-E at 255
q The best parent has the higher E-E value
(if equality, we select the parent with the lower rank)
q The metric is aggregated along the path
q  E-E=min{Parent_Metric ; Energy_Estimation}
–  Node on Mains : Energy_Estimation = 255
–  Node on Battery : Energy_Estimation = % of Remaining Energy
–  Parent_metric = E-E advertised by the Parent
14
Simulation of the Energy Metric
q  Simulation experiment on 30 sensor nodes
-  Cooja Simulator
-  Contiki 2.5
-  Distance Loss Medium
-  Time = 1,000 s
-  1 Packet/minute
-  107 Bytes Packets
-  ContikiMAC Duty Cycling
15
Energy Metric Results
Average Power Consump-on of BaEery Nodes Vs Nb of nodes on mains Power Consump-on (mW) 0,7 0,65 0,6 Topology A 0,55 Topology B 0,5 Topology C 0,45 Average 0,4 0 1 2 3 4 5 10 Number of Nodes on Mains 15 20 Life-me Projec-on Vs Nb of nodes on mains 6000 Life-me (Hours) 5500 5000 4500 Topology A 4000 Topology B 3500 Topology C 3000 Average 2500 2000 0 1 2 3 4 5 10 Number of Nodes on Mains 15 20 Journées Semba 2011 – C. Chauvenet – Watteco – CITI, LIG & LCIS, France.
16
Metrics Comparison
Power Consump-on (mW) Average Power Consump-on of BaEery Nodes Vs Nb of nodes on mains in Topo A 0,7 0,65 0,6 0,55 Energy 0,5 Hop Count 0,45 ETX 0,4 0 1 2 3 4 5 10 15 20 Number of Nodes on Mains Life-me Projec-on Vs Nb of nodes on mains 6000 Life-me (Hours) 5500 5000 4500 4000 Energy 3500 Hop Count 3000 ETX 2500 2000 0 1 2 3 4 5 10 15 20 Number of Nodes on Mains Journées Semba 2011 – C. Chauvenet – Watteco – CITI, LIG & LCIS, France.
17
RF-PLC nodes for wireless clusters
q  Simulation experiment on 25 sensor nodes
-  Wsnet Simulator
-  Hop Count
-  5x5 Grid
-  Ideal Medium
no more hole problem
-  1 Packet/minute
-  46 Bytes/minute
-  No Duty Cycling
threshold
18
Node residual energy
q 6 RF-‐PLC nodes 10 RF-‐PLC nodes Journées Semba 2011 – C. Chauvenet – Watteco – CITI, LIG & LCIS, France.
19
PLC Network Performance issue
q Latency
Packet-loss
20
Conclusion
q Smart BMS needs networks
q Wireless and PLC IPv6 heterogeneous
networks architecture is a good candidate
q RF-PLC nodes can solve the wireless
network hole problem if
–  their number is large enough
–  their placement is optimized
q PLC performance can be an issue
q Study RF-PLC routing for improvement
21
Thanks for your attention
22
Power Budget example for a year on 2xAA
batteries with 10 minutes sampling rate ...
n Sleep
¨ Majority of the time
¨ µC Telos: 2.4µA
n Wakeup
¨ As quickly as possible to process and communicate then return to sleep
¨ RF
Telos: 290ns typical, 6µs max
¨ Telos:
wakeup
4-8MHz 16-bit + RF 256kbit/s
¨ Radio sending 1 byte: 1.5µJ"
¨ Flash writing 1 byte: 3µJ
Power
n Active
¨ Get your work done and get back to sleep
sleep
Time
23
Some Bibliography
q  [1] J. Tripathi, J. de Oliveira, and J. Vasseur, “Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocol for Low Power and
LossyNetworks (RPL),” IETF, Draft, January 20
q  [2] M. Nuvolone, “Stability analysis of the delays of the routing protocol over low power and lossy networks,”
Master’s thesis, Sweden Royal Institute of Technology, 2010.
q  [3] T. H. Clausen and U. Herberg, “Comparative Study of RPL-Enabled Optimized Broadcast in Wireless
Sensor Networks,” INRIA, Tech. Rep. 7296, 2010.
q  [4] T. H. Clausen and U. Herberg, “Multipoint-to-Point and Broadcast in RPL,” INRIA, Tech. Rep. 7244, 2010
q  [5] N. Tsiftes, J. Eriksson, and A. Dunkels, “Low-power wireless IPv6 routing with ContikiRPL,” in
International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks. ACM/IEEE, 2010
q 
24
Adaptation of IEEE 802.15.4 over PLC
LR – WPAN PLC-‐PAN Over-‐the-‐air data rates of 250 kb/s, 100kb/s, 40 kb/s, and 20 kb/s 10 kb/s Star, P2P or Mesh OK OK CSMA-‐CA OK OK Fully acknowledged OK OK Link quality indica%on (LQI) OK OK 16 channels in the 2450 MHz band, 30 channels in the 915 MHz band, 3 channels in the 868 MHz band 1 channel (2 -‐ 4 Mhz) (4 channel in progress) -‐ -‐ (Limited to baRery) + + (Main powered) + + (No Cord) -‐ -‐ (Limited to the cord) Data-‐rate Channels Power ressource Mobility 25
SoC type Architecture
Low Power
Microcontroller
Low power fast
starting oscillator
Wireless or CPL
Transceiver
Disconnect unused
peripherals
26
Hardware Platforms
Commercial Off The Shelf Components (COTS)‫‏‬
WeC 99
“Smart Rock”
Rene 11/00
Dot 9/01
Mica 1/02
Small microcontroller
8 kB code
512 B data
Demonstrate scale
Simple, low-power radio
10 kbps ASK
• Designed for experimentation
NEST open exp. Platform
EEPROM (32 KB)‫‏‬
Simple sensors
- sensor boards
- power boards
Telos 4/04
Robust
Low Power
250kbps
Easy to use
128 kB code, 4 kB data
40kbps OOK/ASK radio
512 kB Flash
Mica2 12/02
38.4kbps radio
FSK
Spec 6/03
“Mote on
a chip”
27
RF Simulator
q  The simulator: WSnet q  Why WSnet ? –  Dedicated to WSNs –  Mobility module already implemented –  Easy to add any new module –  Hardware Emula%on q  Implemented features –  DODAG building –  Rank compu%ng –  Packets forwarding –  DAG repair Journées Semba 2011 – C. Chauvenet – Watteco – CITI, LIG & LCIS, France.
28
PLC Simulator
q  The simulator : COOJA q  Why COOJA ? –  Integrated into the Con%ki –  Con%kiRPL implemented –  Hardware Emula%on (MSPsim, Avrora): Enable to run compiled codes (.hex or .elf) q  Implemented modules : –  PLC Node (Hardware, Implementa%on, Synchronisa%on) –  PLC medium 29

Simulation of Heterogeneous IPv6 Infrastructure for Smart Energy

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