l I - SEAFDEC

Transcription

l I - SEAFDEC

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Impact of Tsunami on Demersal Fish Assemblages
Off Kedah and Penang Waters
"Fisheries Research Institute, 11960 Batu Maung, Penang
liThe WorldFish Center; 11960 Batu Maung. Penang
Abstract: Multivariate techniques i.e., classification and ordination analysis were used to analyze scientific
trawl survey data that was obtained before and after the tsunami incident in the coastal waters of Kedah and Penang
states of Malaysia. The aims of these analyses are to evaluate demerSal fish assemblage structure and to determine
possible effects of the 26 December 2004 tsunami on the fisheries resources. Results indicate that spatial patterns of
demersal fish assemblages were influenced by depth with two asseinblage groups i.e., "shallow" and "deep" delineated
at about 35 m in Penang waters while about 20 - 30 m offKedah. Depth significantly influenced the assemblage groups
in Penang but not for Kedah. However, the assemblage delineations were consistent between the pre- and post-tsunami
surveys in both areas. In terms of species composition, differences on the major species were observed between
"shallow and "deep" assemblage groups. However, the dominant"species at the same assemblage group during the preand post-tsunami showed similar patterns. Moreover, relative density of species/taxa associated with "shallow"
assemblage was relatively higher in Penang waters. For Kedah, the "deep" assemblage showed relatively higher density
than the "shallow" assemblage group.
Abstrak: Teknik multivariat iaitu pengkelasan dan analisis ordinasi telah digunakan untuk analisis data dari
survei pukat tunda yang dijalankan sebelum dan selepas kejadian tsunami di perairan pantai negeri Kedah dan Pulau
Pinang, Malaysia. Tujuan analisis ini adalah untuk menilai struktur kumpulan ikan demersal dan melihat kemungkinan
kesan tsunami yang berlaku pada 26 Disember 2004 ke atasnya. Keputusan analisis menunjukkan corak taburan
kumpulan ikan demersal adalah dipengaruhi oleh kedalaman dengan dua kumpulan iaitu 'cetek' dan 'dalam' yang
dipisahkan pada kedalaman 35 m di perairan Pulau Pinang dan 20 -.30 m di perairan Kedah. Bagaimanapun garis
pemisahan kumpulan ini adalah sarna sebelum dan selepas berlakunya tsunami. Dari segi komposisi spesies, terdapat
perbezaan pada spesies utama diantara kumpulan 'cetek' dan 'dalam'. Tetapi spesies utama pada setiap kumpulan
menunjukkan corak yang sama sebelum dan selepas tsunami. Kepadatan relatif spesies-spesies pada kumpulan 'cetek'
adalah lebih tinggi di perairan Pulau Pinang. Di perairan Kedah, kumpulan 'dalam' mempunyai kepadatan relatif yang
lebih tinggi berbanding kumpulan kumpulan 'cetek'.
The giant wave or tsunami on 26 December 2004 has destroyed and impacted several coastal areas
in northwest Peninsular Malaysia. The most affected areas based on FAO study were Kedah and Penang
where more than 7,700 fishers were affected and some 100 private and public jetties and landing sites were
damaged or destroyed (Stobutzki and Hall, 2005). The waters of Kedah and Penang are among the
important fishing ground in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The concern arise from this disaster was
the aftermath effect of the tsunami to the fisheries resources in these areas. In response to these concerns,
demersal trawl surveys were conducted by the Fisheries Research Institute in 2005 to monitor the status of
the fisheries resources in this area. Trawl surveys have been conducted in Malaysia since 1970s hence
provided some baseline data in the areas affected by tsunami. The area covered in the 2005 survey were
generally less than 30 nm from the shoreline and between 10 to 50 m depth.
Community ecology focuses on identifying patterns of species abundance in geographical space,
its variation over time and the causes thereof (McManus, 1997). It has been observed that these data have
typically been analyzed through some form of statistical correlation between species abundance and
Table 1: Fishing areas covered by the scientific trawl surveys in coastal waters ofPenang
and Kedah
Survey area
Penang
Kedah
Depth
Sampling
No. of stations
date
10-50 m
19
10-50 m
18
10-50 m
15
May 2004
10-50 m
16
February 2004
10-50 m
15
February 2005
I
June 2000
July-August 2005
••
.• •
• •• •
••••••
••••
•• ••
••
• • •
Figure 1: Location of the study areas in Kedah and Penang waters on northwest of Peninsular Malaysia
from which data were analyzed for spatial and temporal patterns of demersal fish
(i.e., "shallow and "deep"). Cluster analysis also showed consistent station groups as the MDS analysis and
were delineated at 35 m depth (Fig. 2). The post-tsunami data also resulted into two assemblage groups of
stations and likewise delineated at 35 m depth (Fig. 3). Depth appeared to have a significant relationship
with the assemblage groupings ofthe stations for Penang waters, before and after the tsunami (Table 2).
Table 3 shows the top 20 species found in the two assemblage groups. It is apparent that "deep"
assemblage (>35 m) was dominated by Upeneus sulphureus and Nemipterus japonicus while the "shallow"
«35 m) assemblage by Dasyatis spp., Himantura walga andPennahia anea. It was also noted that density
of the species associated with the "deep" assemblage group were relatively lower than those in the
"shallow" assemblages (Table 3). Although species composition was observed to be varied between the
assemblage groups for the pre and post - tsunami, there were only slight differences in the major species.
Fig. 4 shows the spatial distribution of U sulphureus in Penang waters before and after the
tsunami. It is observed that this species was generally present in all stations but were relatively more
abundant in deeper stations (Table 3). On the other hand, N. japonicus seems to occur only in deep stations
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Shallow
.......
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Figure 2: Geographical delineation of shallow and deep fish assemblage groups in Penang
at approximately 35 m depth contour (Pre-tsunami, June 2000)
lysis and
roups of
tionship
2).
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Figure 3: Geographical delineation of shallow and deep fish assemblage groups in Penang at
approximately 35 m depth contour (Post-tsunami, June 2005)
Table 2: The average depth and S.E of stations in each fish assemblages group in Penang and Kedah (Pre
and Post-tsunami) and one way ANOVA's comparing depth among assemblages group
State/Survey
Penang
Penang
Kedah
area
Sampling
date
Kedah
group
No. of stations
Average deptb
S.E
df
F
P-value
1.17
91.72
<0.001
1.16
22.89
<0.001
1.13
0.71
> 0.001
1.13
8.25
>0.001
1.13
6.29
>0.001
June 2000
Shallow
II
12.63
12.63
(pre-tsunami)
Deep
8
37.91
6.56
July 2005
Shallow
7
18.57
36.39
(Post-tsunami)
Deep
II
35.73
9.11
5
24.80
51.30
10
30.30
48.98
May/August
2004
(Pre-tsunami)
Kedah
Assemblages
Shallow
Deep
February 2005
Shallow
8
21.25
14.12
(post-tsunami)
Deep
7
35.14
53.85
May 2005
Shallow
7
21.43
31.23
(post-tsunami)
Deep
8
35.00
46.67
0\
Table 3: Relative density (tJkm2) oftop 20 species in the demersal fish assemblage groups between the pre- and post-tsunami surveys in coastal waters
w
off Penang, Malaysia
Pre-tsunami
"Shallow" Assemblage
(July 2000)
Post-tsunami
"Deep" Assemblage
Taxonomic Name
Density
Taxonomic Name
Dasyatis sp.
0.2468
Himantura walga
(June 2005)
"Deep" Assemblage
Density
Taxonomic Name
Density
Upeneus sulphureus
0.1212
Dasyatis zugei
0.1894
Nemipterus japonicus
0.1090
Pennahia anea
Dasyatis zugei
0.1756
Siganus canaliculatus
0.0540
Johnieops sp.
0.1089
Dasyatis zugei
0.0493
Gymnura poecilura
0.0608
Cynoglossus macrolepidotus
0.0484
Johnieops sina
0.0350
Platycephalus sp.
Pennahia macrophthalmus
0.0320
Arius thalassinus
Taxonomic Name
Density
0.2009
Upeneus sulphureus
0.0745
0.1955
0.0695
Upeneus sulphureus
0.1597
Dasyatis zugei
0.0331
Himantura walga
0.11 53
Himantura gerradi
0.0165
Gymnura poecilura
0.0836
Trichiurus lepturus
0.0153
0.0414
Leiognathus splendens
0.0707
Lagocephalus spadiceus
0.0092
Upeneus bensasi
0.0366
Alepes vari
0.0516
Lagocephalus lunaris
0.0083
0.0247
Leiognathus elongatus
0.0363
Arius thalassinus
0.0432
Saurida tumbil
0.0075
Lagocephalus lunari
0.0247
Elates ransonneti
0.0243
Panna microdon
0.0311
0.0069
Arius sp.
0.0217
Dasyatis sp.
0.0196
Otolithes ruber
0.0222
Epinephelus tauvina
0.0061
Chiloscyllium griseum
0.0088
0.0192
Trichiurus lepturus
0.0198
Leiognathus bindus
0.0056
Chaetodon argus
0.0085
Apogon kiensis
0.0162
Lagocephalus lunaris
0.0175
Epinephelus sexfasciatus
0.0051
Platycephalus rodericensis
0.0083
Himantura walga
0.0147
Pennahia macrocephalus
0.0167
ChiloscyUium punctatum
0.0035
3'
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r;;'
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2.
0
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(1)
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0-
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0.0071
Apogon lineatus
0.0115
Carangoides malabaricus
0.0159
Sphyraena jeUo
0.0034
Panna microdon
0.0071
Pomadasys argyreus
0.0112
Lutjanusjohnii
0.0142
Caranx sexfasciatus
0.0027
Pennahia macrocephalus
0.0060
Saurida tumbil
0.0104
Secutor ruconius
0.0123
Carangoides malabaricus
0.0026
Otolithes sp.
0.0048
Plotosus anguillaris
0.0103
0.0121
Upeneus sundaicus
0.0025
Dasyatis kuhlii
0.0048
Dasyatis kuhlii
0.0099
Therapon theraps
0.0121
Leiognathus rivulatus
0.0020
Upeneus sulphureus
0.0040
Muraenesox cinereus
0.0099
Johnius belangeri
0.0113
Alectis indicus
0.0018
Others (141 spp I taxa)
0.0492
0.1326
0.1385
0.0153
(1)
'"
(Fig. 5). Dasyatis spp., H. walga and P anea were observed more abundantly in shallow waters (Figs. 6, 7
and 8, respectively) and it is interesting to note that P anea was found to be more abundant and occur in both
shallow and deep waters only after the tsunami.
The analysis results for Penang suggest that there were two assemblage groups (see Figs. 2 and 3)
and some species showed relatively higher in the shallow assemb1age (Table 3). In addition, species
composition was found to be varied between assemblage groups, however, the major species during before
and after the tsunami in the same assemblage group remained to be the same.
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III
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..
0
I!II
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0
0
IB8
lIP
0
IICJ
0
III
.00
ill
o
o
o
Pre Tsunami
Pre Tsunami
(deep)
(shallow)
Post TsunarTi
Post Tsunami
•
(deep)
(Shallow)
Figure 4: Distribution of U sulphureus in deep and shallow assemblages in Penang waters
(Pre and Post-tsunami)
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g
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eJ
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(ill
D
Cll
o
o
o
e
Pre Tsunami
(d_p)
Pre Tsunami (shallow)
Post Tsunami (deep)
Post Tsunami (Shallow)
Figure 5: Distribution of N. japonicus in deep and shallow assemblages in Penang waters
o
o
o
"
Pre Tsunami (deep)
Pre Tsunami (shallow)
W+E
N
S
Po" Tsunam (deep)
00.51
']
3
4
Figure 6: Distribution of Dasyatidae in deep and shallow assemblages in Penang waters
,
0
0
•
0
0
0
Cb
• •
•
0
0
0
0
0
Pre Tsunami
Pre
Tsunami
(deep)
(shallow'J
W+E
N
S
Post
Post
Tsunami
TsunalTi
(deep)
(Shallow)
Figure 7: Distribution of H. walga in deep and shallow assemblages in Penang waters (Pre and
Post-tsunami)
o
o
o
~
Pre Tsunami
Pre Tsunami
(deep)
(shalk;rw)
Post Tsunam
Post
Tsunami
(deep)
{Sh_noo.o.1
Figure 8: Distribution of P. annea in deep and shallow assemblages in Penang waters
Analysis results for Kedah before the tsunami showed a "shallow" and a "deep" assemblage group
with delineation at about 25-30 m (Fig. 9). Results for post-tsunami also showed a shallow and a deep
assemblage group of stations (Figs. 10 and 11). However the mean depths of the assemblage groups were
not significantly different. This indicated that other factors such as habitat or substrate type could have
influenced the assemblage groupings. The survey in February 2005 was also more comparable with the pretsunami data in terms of the assemblage patterns (Fig. 10). However, there was slight difference in the
distribution ofthe stations compared with the pre-tsunami survey.
In terms of species composition, data from the February 2004 and the February 2005 were
compared to avoid effects of seasonality. In the pre-tsunami, the most abundant species was Trichiurus
lepturus in both assemblage groups while during the post-tsunami the "shallow" assemblage was
dominated by Siganus canaliculatus (Table 4). In contrast with the results from Penang, it was noted that
relative density of the species classified with the "deep" assemblage group were relatively higher than those
with "shallow" assemblage. Figs. 12 and 13 illustrate the spatial distribution of T. lepturus and S.
canaliculatus, respectively. It is noted that these species were found in both "shallow" and "deep"
assemblage groups. However, T. lepturus showed relatively higher abundance in deeper stations while S.
canaliculatus in shallow stations (Table 4).
0
0
0
0
0
'.
Figure 9: Geographical delineation of shallow and deep fish assemblages groups in Kedah at
approximately 25-30 m depth contour (Pre-tsunami, February 2004)
gegroup
:l a deep
IpS were
lId have
the pree in the
0
0
0
0
0
0
5 were
7hiurus
0
~e was
ed that
1those
'llld S.
o
b.....
'deep"
hile S.
o
o
Deep
Shallow
Figure 10: Geographical delineation of shallow and deep fish assemblages groups
in Kedah at approximately 25-30 m depth contour (post-tsunami,
February 2005)
o
"'~ e
····...9
'.
0
25),0 •••.•
o
o
Deep
Shallow
Figure 11: Geographical delineation of shallow and deep fish assemblages groups in
Kedah at approximately 25-30 m depth contour (Post-tsunami, May 2005)
~
0\
'D
Table 4: Relative density (tJkm2) of the top 20 species
coastal waters offKedah,
Malaysia
in the demersal
fish assemblage
groups between
Pre-tsunami (February 2004)
the pre- and post-tsunami
surveys
in
Post-tsunami (February 2005)
"Deep" Assemblage
"Deep" Assemblage
Taxonomic Name
Density
Taxonomic Name
Density
Taxonomic Name
Density
Taxonomic Name
Density
Trichiurus lepturus
0.0634
Trichiurus lepturus
0.2020
0.9959
Trichiurus lepturus
1.2854
0.0523
0.1772
Upeneus sulphureus
0.3711
Pennahia anea
0.1394
Johnius sp.
0.0240
0.0635
Leiognathus splenden
0.2132
0.1346
Saurida undosquamis
0.0221
0.0329
Secutor ruconius
0.1936
0.0734
0.0194
0.0322
Trichiurus lepturus
0.1429
0.0426
0.0177
Selar kalla
0.0280
Pennahia anea
0.1339
Upeneus sulphureus
0.0415
"0
3
III
!?
...,
0
;;;i
§
Saurida tumbil
0.0150
Saurida undosquamis
0.0262
Alepes djedaba
0.0927
Apogon eliotti
0.0344
Leiognathus brevirostris
0.0094
Pennahia anea
0.0119
Selaroides leptolepis
0.0789
Apogon kiensis
0.0267
0
Epinephelus tauvina
0.0078
Upeneus sulphureus
0.0105
Saurida tumbil
0.0524
Saurida tumbil
0.0210
Secutor ruconius
0.0073
Epinephelus tauvina
0.0092
Plotosus lineatus
0.0504
0.0198
~
'":::r
Upeneus sulphureus
0.0070
Saurida tumbil
0.0080
Leiognathus brevirostris
0.0464
Lagocephalus
spadiceus
0.0176
Selar kalla
0.0056
Johnius sp.
0.0074
Podopthalmus
0.0436
Podopthalmus
vigil
0.0162
0.0056
Pomadasys sp.
0.0052
0.0433
Arius thalassinus
0.0125
Leiognathus elongatus
0.0046
Arius thalassinus
0.0050
Apogon eliotti
0.0291
Apogon lineatus
0.0106
vigil
III
2.
::l
>'"'"
('0
3
0iil
0'Cl
('0
0.0042
0.0028
0.0257
0.0094
Otolithes ruber
0.0030
Selaroides leptolepis
0.0025
Leiognathus bindus
0.0201
Cynoglossus arel
0.0090
Dasyatis zugei
0.0029
Apogon sp.
0.0019
0.0172
Alepes djedaba
0.0057
Arius thalassinus
0.0166
Muraenesox cinereus
0.0055
0.0019
Sphyraena jello
0.0015
Pomadasys argyreus
Apogon sp.
0.0019
Leiognathus bindus
0.0013
Arius thalassinus
0.0122
Therapon theraps
0.0055
Others (114 spp/taxa)
0.062
0.0107
0.0908
0.0275
'"
o
o
~
•
Pre Tsunami
(deep)
Pre Tsunami (shalbw)
Post Tsunami
(deep)
Figure 12: Distribution of T. lepturus in deep and shallow assemblages in Kedah waters
o
o
IT:]
••
••
Pre Tsunami (deep)
Pre
Tsunami
W+E
(shallow)
Post T,""_,,;
(d_p)
o
S
~5
5
10
15
~
Figure 13: Distribution of S. canaliculatus in deep and shallow assemblages in Kedah waters
The analyses of trawl surveys in the coastal waters ofPenang and Kedah waters indicated spatial
distribution of the fish assemblages that appears to be influenced by depth (Table 5) and consisted of
"shallow" and "deep" groups. Demersal fish assemblages in Penang waters were delineated at 35 m depth
and depth significantly affecting the delineation (Table 2). For Kedah, the assemblage were delineated at
about 25-30 m, however, water depth did not show strong influence on the assemblage groups. Other factors
could have influenced the assemblages such as associated habitat or substrate type. In an earlier analysis in
the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia there were also two (i.e., shallow and deep) assemblage groups,
delineated at 50 m depth contour (Alias, 2003). It should be noted that the earlier analysis covered wider
areas (i.e. 10 to 90 m depth) while the current analysis covered 10 to 50 m depth. Alias (2003) also noted that
depth and probably salinity and associated habitats could influence the assemblage patterns in the west
coast. It should be noted that the delineation from Penang and Kedah waters are similar to those obtained
from similar analysis conducted in the Philippines (Campos, 2003) and in Indonesia (Nurhakim, 2003)
(Table 5).
Table 5: Summary of the major fish assemblage boundaries observed from assemblage structure
analysis in South and Southeast Asia
Coastal Areas
(Source)
Major assemblages
20
30
40
(by depth range - m)
50
60
70
Bangladesh - Bay of Bengal
(Mustafa, 2003)
Indonesia - North coast of Java
(Nurhakim, 2003)
Malaysia - SabahiSarawak water
(Alias, 2003)
Malaysia - Peninsular, West Coast
(Alias, 2003)
Malaysia - Peninsular, East Coast
(Alias, 20~3)
Malaysia - Penang waters
(this study)
Malaysia
Kedah water
(this study)
Philippines - Manila Bay
(Campos, 2003)
Philippines - San Pedro Bay
(Campos, 2003)
Philippines - Samar Sea
(Campos, 2003)
The species composition between shallow and deep assemblage groups showed some differences
(Table 3 and 4). In Penang waters, a higher relative abundance of species in "shallow" assemblage was
noted. This was in contrast with Kedah higher relative abundance of species in "deep" assemblage.
Moreover, there were no clear patterns in species between the pre- and post-tsunami. The trends in species
composition may also be influenced by habitat structure or substrate. For example, it was noted that on
muddy, inshore ("shallow") grounds, where water tend to be turbid, Sciaenid are found to be more abundant
group while Pricanthid, Nemipterid, Mullid Gerrid and Leiognathid in sandy grounds (Longhurst and
spatial
;ted of
t depth
Ited at
actors
Isis in
'oups,
I¥'ider
j that
west
lined
003)
Pauly, 1987). In an earlier study of the demersal fishes in Ragay Gulf, Philippines (Federizon, 1992) the
shallow areas could be further divided into those with soft-bottom and coralline substrate. This could
explain the non-significant difference of depth with the two assemblage groups for Kedah waters.
Previous study on the sediment properties of the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia showed that
sediment types ofthe seabed in the northern region (offLangkawi to Perak) consist offine sand (Abdul Aziz
et al., 2001). For future studies, it is suggested that information of substrate be collected to have better
interpretation ofthe assemblage patterns.
In conclusion, the analyses results using multivariate techniques presented here showed consistent
delineation of assemblage groups (i.e., deep and shallow) and no difference between pre- and post-tsunami
data. In addition, the dominant species also showed consistency but there appears to be a varied species
composition between the assemblage groups as well as before and after the tsunami. The results ofthis study
indicate that the tsunami in December 2004 probably did not have negative impacts on the demersal
assemblage patterns in Penang and Kedah. However, further analyses should be done to understand the
trends in species/taxa composition in association with the assemblage groups.
Moreover, the critical implication ofthese spatial patterns of demersal fisheries resources and their
relationship to existing management zones also needs further evaluation. Malaysian fishing areas are
currently subdivided into four zones based on distance from the coastline, namely: Zone A (0 - 5 nm), Zone
B (5 - 12 nm), and Zone C (12 - 30 nm), and Zone C2 (>30 run) (Saharuddin, 1995). These existing spatial
fisheries management measures which are mainly based on distance from shore seems inconsistent with the
assemblage structure patterns observed. Improved measure should be designed to integrate resource
distribution patterns to attain for improved and sustainable management of coastal resources in the west
coast of Peninsular Malaysia.
The authors would like to thank the Department of Fisheries Malaysia for the financial support for
this study. Thanks are also due to technical staff involved in the conduct of sea surveys from which the data
were obtained for the purpose of this study.
Abdul Aziz, Y., Ku Kasim, K.Y. and Ibrahim, S. 2001. Sedimentological properties of Malaysian EEZ. In:
Mohd Taupek, M.N. and Mansor M.1. (Eds). Fisheries resources survey in the Exclusive
Economic Zone of Malaysia 1997-1999. Biology and environmental conditions (supplementary
volume). Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture Malaysia.
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l I - SEAFDEC

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