Reinventing the Automobile

Transcription

미래형 이동수단
E-mail: [email protected]
http://web.yonsei.ac.kr/hgjung
Reinventing the Automobile [8]
Reinventing the Automobile: Personal Urban Mobility for the 21st Century
http://vimeo.com/7519875
Electric-drive vehicles are essential to adapting to urban neighborhoods. This
graph shows how different types of electric vehicles can be used for various
transportation purposes.
Urban Trips Are Short
Fig. 9.9 illustrates daily driving ranges in the United States.
98 percent commute less than 110 mile. So the 300-mile ranges provided by today’s
automobiles are rarely needed.
Urban Driving Speeds Are Low
Fig. 9.10 illustrates the widely observed relationship between population density and average
road speed. In high-density urban areas, traffic speeds can be less than 10 miles per hour, and
in most cities they remain within the 15- to 25-miles-per-hour range.
Under these conditions, the 100-mile-per-hour top speeds of today’s cars are of very little use.
Limitations of Existing Vehicle Designs for Urban use
Each vehicle design represents a trade-off involving multiple requirements and constraints,
provides a different value proposition to the customer, and has different impact on the urban
environment. Even a small battery-electric city car is still relatively heavy and expensive.
Potential for a New Type of 100-Inch, 1,000-Pound Vehicle: The USV
Potential for a New Type of 100-Inch, 1,000-Pound Vehicle: The USV
MIT's Media Laboratory has developed and prototyped the CityCar, a light vehicle with a
standard four-corner wheel configuration. Each wheel is independently, digitally controlled,
and can vary both direction and speed, allowing for a much wider range of maneuvering than
today's traditional automobile.
http://cities.media.mit.edu/projects/citycar.html
Green Revolution – City Car
http://youtu.be/dSKpE2d3BaY
The Electric “Skateboard” Concept
The skateboard is a flat foundation holding the batteries or fuel cells, which would eliminate
the engine compartment and allow for more flexibility in design. Cars that fold or balance on
two wheels are a couple of options made available, reducing the vehicle's footprint.
Robot Wheels
The combination of wheel motors and by-wire systems will allow each corner of the vehicle to
be electrically powered and digitally controlled.
These modules will provide propulsion, braking, suspension, and steering and can be designed
as modular snap-on units, like USB devices for personal computers or bayonet-mount lenses
for cameras.
Example: Michelin’s “Active Wheel System”
A new architecture would allow for new options for entering and exiting the car. Getting rid of
the engine and moving the steering wheel would allow for entering and exiting from the front,
creating more options for parking.
The CityCar has a completely digital, drive-by-wire driver interface, and is driven with a twohanded joystick. The driver pushes the handles forward to accelerate, pulls them back to brake,
and rotates them to steer. A flat video screen on the front door provides dashboard information.
Folding and Balancing to Reduce Vehicle Footprint
Batteries, a heavy part of the vehicle, are located in the floor. This keeps the vehicle’s center
of mass low, even when folded, and allows for battery cooling.
There are also opportunities to provide controlled deceleration through a crush zone or highspeed shock absorbers integrated with the folding mechanism. On front or rear impact, the
CityCar absorbs energy by folding up at a controlled rate.
Ultra small vehicles (USVs) like the P.U.M.A., the CityCar, and Franco Vairani's bitCar
concept shown here significantly reduces parking space requirements by allowing for folding
and stacking solutions. Ultimately, USVs are designed for cities, eliminating the need for cities
to be designed around cars.
http://www.fastcompany.com/pics/reinventing-automobile#5
The CityCar's ability to maneuver each wheel independently makes it particularly ideal for
tight urban conditions, as it would make parallel parking and three-point turns much easier
with sideways driving and circular motions.
The breakdown of the CityCar is much simpler than a gasoline-powered automobile or hybrid
car. It doesn't have any sheet metal, paint or complex details, and can have a cast-aluminum
exoskeleton and polycarbonate panels similar to the cockpits of fighter planes. The side panels
can be removed for emergency exit.
Designating separate smart vehicle lanes is also important to creating a more efficient
infrastructure, especially within tight, urban communities. This illustration proposes a
separation that accommodates pedestrians, bicycles, light vehicles, cars and buses.
As for additional safety features, electronic sensing and wireless communications can
reduce the likelihood of crashes, and the low mass and relatively low speed can reduce
the energy of a crash.
Design freedoms resulting from connectivity-enabled zero-crash capability provide many
opportunities to take cost and mass out of the vehicles, since it will not be necessary to meet
the same high speed crash requirements as conventional automobiles.
…
It may be possible to realize vehicle mass savings in excess of 20 percent if safety-related
content can be avoided, which could translate into a fuel economy improvement of more than
10 percent.
…
It reduces the cost and mass of battery, hydrogen storage, and electric motor systems, which in
turn further reduces overall vehicle mass.
…
Lower vehicle mass also yields additional safety benefits through improved responsiveness and
lower inertial impact between similar sized vehicles.
By virtue of their lighter vehicle mass, USVs are more energy efficient than the other personal
mobility options. What may be surprising is how well they compare with public transportation,
especially when we take into account realistic or average seat occupancies.
Contact versus Inductive Charging
http://www.plugincars.com/ev-charging-continues-evolve-123394.html
“Pillar” design for charging stations, as deployed by Coulomb Technologies in San
Francisco.
http://pathfinderbuzz.com/2013/05/page/2/
Contact versus Inductive Charging
Inductive transfer requires a primary coil on the grid side and a pickup coil on the vehicle side.
It can take place across small air gaps, or through materials such as plastics.
- A wide variety of design options for placement of primary and pickup coils
- Coils can easily and reliably be sealed. This enables waterproofing, protection from
vandalism, and operation under harsh and uncontrolled conditions.
Street parking can be used to charge electric powered USVs by implementing "smart curbs"
that carry electrical supply. They can fit under the USV's nose and connect to charging points
on the underside. Smart curbs have the design advantage of not taking up additional street
space and not obstructing pedestrian movement.
"Smart walkways" can be similarly employed in existing parking structures, providing a
separate space for pedestrian traffic.
Automobiles as Interfaces to the City
Designing clean, safe, fast, fun, attractive, and inexpensive vehicles is one-half of the task
of reinventing personal urban mobility. Integrating these vehicles into efficiently operated
urban systems is the other half.
Smart Grid
Smart Grid
Dynamic Pricing of Electricity
Dynamic Price of Trip (Roadspace)
Unlike highways that are designed for high throughput, urban street and road systems are
typically highly redundant, providing many alternative routes to most destinations.
Of course it is desirable to take the shortest route, but you might be induced to take a
slightly longer route if it is significantly cheaper.
This provides an opportunity to employ price incentives to achieve more evenly
distributed, efficient use of available road space.
Congestion pricing
The idea here is to make congestion pricing systems citywide, find-grained in their spatial
resolution, and frequent in their adjustment of prices as congestion levels fluctuate.
Under this sort of system, then, the cost of a road trip to a motorist is the distance actually
travelled multiplied by the costs per mile – determined by congestion and other factors – of
the road segments that are traversed. The primary effect is to create incentives for drivers to
minimize travel through congested areas and at peak times, and to even out demands on
available road capacity.
차량 공유제: car2go
• car2go is a subsidiary of Daimler AG that provides carsharing services.
• Service began in Ulm, Germany in October 2008.
in Austin, Texas, U.S. in May 2010
in Hamburg, Germany
in Vancouver, Canada
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car2Go
• car2go's fleet contains over 900 Smart Fortwo microcars; a gasoline version with fullyintegrated solar roof.
• Unlike traditional carsharing programs, car2go is not station-based. An extensive fleet is
located throughout the greater downtown area and can be accessed "on-demand" or booked 24
hours in advance. The members may use the vehicle for as long as they like, without
committing to a specific return time or return location. The driver can finish the rental in any
available public parking space within the business area or at one of the specially marked
car2go spaces.
• Charges are based on minutes used and include fuel, insurance, parking and maintenance.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car2Go
car2go cars in Austin, Texas
car2go Video Tutorial (English)
http://youtu.be/vEmYbjFNekU
차량 공유제: car2go [1]
• Frost & Sullivan의 보고에 의하면, 미국의 카 셰어링 멤터들의 차량 운행거리는 일반적
인 차주들의 주행거리에 비해 평균 1/3 짧다. 또 이 같은 결과 오너십 비용은 연간 1,375
유로가 절감됐다.
• 마틴 뮐러(Martin Muller) 교수는 울름에서의 시범운행을 분석한 결과, 이동성 패턴 변
화에 따라 연간 CO2 배출량이 3,100톤 저감되는 효과가 있다고 보고하였다.
• 데이빗 자오(David Zhao) 애널리스트는 카 셰어링이 향후 5년간 지속적으로 늘어나
2016년까지 고객 수가 최소 100만명, 많게는 1,000만 명 증대될 것으로 예측하며 “자동
차 산업의 오너십이 새로운 시대에 접어들고 있다”고 평가했다.
Dynamic Pricing of Mobility-on-Demand
Mobility-on-Demand Only Area
“First Mile” and “Last Mile” Service
In areas where trains or buses provide efficient transit between stops, mobility-on-demand
systems can efficiently provide “first mile” and “last mile” service.
With pickup and drop-off points located at transit stops, they can fill the inevitable gaps
between actual trip origins and destinations and the locations of these stops.
This is particularly effective at the outer edges of transit networks, where the density of
stops diminishes.
In commuter suburbs, mobility-on-demand systems can connect transit stops to homes. On
work-day evenings, commuters pick up cars at transit stops, take them home, and keep
them overnight to recharge. Then, in the mornings, commuters can take cars back to transit
stops.
Affordability
Qualitative comparison of the total costs of owning and using a midsize sedan versus a
USV.
USVs Designed for Cities, Not Cities Designed around Cars
Hiriko folding electric car – full demo
http://youtu.be/MONIa4zdLdY
M.I.T. CityCar, Renamed Hiriko, Is Headed to Production, http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/25/m-i-t-citycar-renamed-hiriko-is-headed-toproduction/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0, Jan. 25, 2012.
The Project P.U.M.A. (Personal Urban Mobility and Accessibility) is a concept that was
introduced to the public in April 2009 by General Motors and Segway. The battery-electric
vehicle has two seats and two wheels side by side. It features a lithium-ion battery, vehicle-tovehicle communication, a dockable handheld user interface, and autonomous driving and
parking
EN-V Project Chassis and Drivetrain Animation.mov
http://youtu.be/b3JAyZxpyWE
Project P.U.M.A. Movement
http://youtu.be/WGREMjuPAZ8
Project P.U.M.A by GM and Segway
http://youtu.be/yxZaLy1ziGg
Personal Mobility
Nissan Land Glider EV Concept
http://youtu.be/ryDG-vHf5OA
Narrow track vehicles - the convergence of the car and the
motorcycle
http://youtu.be/5CAnq5DyNG0
Personal Mobility
Future360.tv: Lit Motors C1
http://youtu.be/B432iLNXkQ8
Personal Mobility
IBOT 4000 Wheelchair Handicap Disabled Stair climbing Gravity defying!!
http://youtu.be/AaZLoUYXDSs
Personal Mobility
Omni Wheel
Omni wheels or poly wheels, similar to Mecanum wheels, are wheels with small discs around
the circumference which are perpendicular to the rolling direction. The effect is that the wheel
will roll with full force, but will also slide laterally with great ease. These wheels are often
employed in holonomic drive systems.
Triple Rotacaster commercial industrial omni wheel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omni_wheel
Personal Mobility
Omni Wheel
The Mecanum wheel is one design for a wheel which can move in any direction. It is
sometimes called the Ilon wheel after its Swedish inventor, Bengt Ilon, who came up with the
idea in 1973 when he was an engineer with the Swedish company Mecanum AB.
It is a conventional wheel with a series of rollers attached to its circumference. These rollers
have an axis of rotation at 45° to the plane of the wheel in a plane parallel to the axis of
rotation of the wheel.
A Mecanum wheel made by a FIRST Team
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecanum_wheel
Personal Mobility
Airtax Cobra Moonwalk Remix
http://youtu.be/7SJbLrVvvWk
Honda U3-X - a Japanese take on the Segway
http://youtu.be/ghedatUdj3E
Personal Mobility
Honda Walking Assist Device Prototype #DigInfo
http://youtu.be/pp4XUvgqkbU
Cyberdyne HAL Robot Suit and Cybernics research
#DigInfo
http://youtu.be/_8VhW9JIwUk
What is a car?
ULTra PRT
ULTra (Urban Light Transit) is a PRT (personal rapid transit)
system developed by the British engineering company ULTra
Global PRT (formerly known as Advanced Transport Systems).
The first public system using ULTra opened at London's
Heathrow Airport in May 2011. It consists of 21 vehicles
operating on a 3.9-kilometre (2.4 mi) route connecting Terminal
5 to its business passenger car park, just north of the airport. An
urban ULTra system opened in Amritsar, India, in December
2011, with over 200 pods running on an 8-kilometre (5.0 mi)
elevated guideway serving seven stations.
An ULTra Pod at Heathrow Airport, London
To reduce fabrication costs, the ULTra uses largely off-the-shelf
technologies, such as rubber tires running on an open guideway.
This approach has resulted in a system that ULTra believes to be
more economical; the company reports that the total cost of the
system (vehicles, infrastructure and control systems) is between
£3 million and £5 million per kilometre of guideway.
What is a car?
ULTra PRT
ULTra PRT sustainable transit 2
http://youtu.be/7PyUQuWmt2M
New driverless pods unveiled at Heathrow
http://youtu.be/E5SchtSQcvY
What is a car?
BRT (Bus Rapid Transit)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit
http://www.bimodaltram.com/kor/
What is a car?
What is a car?
What is a car?
바이모달트램 홍보동영상
http://youtu.be/urQZjp_Onsw
What is a car?
http://www.terrafugia.com/
What is a car?
PAL-V Flying Car - Maiden Flight
http://youtu.be/SgHSaNtAMjs
Influences of Future Transportation Systems
EET (Evacuated Tube Transport)
자기 부상 시스템을 이용한 깡통형 진공 실린더는 시속 6500km
로 달릴 수 있는데, 고속 철도의 1/10 비용으로 건설할 수 있고,
비행기보다 훨씬 빠른 속도를 내는 등 경제성과 효율성을 두루
갖췄다고 회사 측은 강조한다.
미국 LA에서 뉴욕까지는 불과 15분밖에 걸리지 않는다. 미국
에서 중국까지 단 2시간, 세계 어느 장소이든 6시간이면 갈 수
있다는 이 혁명적인 운송 수단
극초음속 제트기보다 빠른 속도로 알려진 ETT는 진공터널 안
에서 움직이기 때문에 탑승객은 별다른 속도감을 느끼지 않는
다. ???
http://et3.com/
한국철도기술연구원은 2020년까지 초고속튜브열차를 개발하겠다고 선언한 바 있다.
초고속 튜브열차는 철도 궤도에 지름 5m 정도의 튜브를 둘러싸고 이를 통해 내부를
0.05~0.4 기압의 아진공(亞·거의 진공에 가까운) 상태로 만들며, 시속 700~800㎞를 자랑
한다.
미래의 초고층 빌딩 생활을 짐작하게 해 주는 시카고의 존 행콕 센터.
미래의 사람들은 평생 지상으로의 외출을 한 번도 안 할지도 모른다.
200층 건물 (900미터 높이)
- 바닥 면적: 562,000평
- 공용 공간 제외하고 각 입주자에게 250평방비트 제공 시, 50,000명
거주 가능
- 또, 30,000명 정도를 위한 생활 및 작업 공간을 만들 수 있다.
2.56평방킬로미터의 땅에 이런 초고층 마천루를 200동 이상 지울 수
있다.  600만 명이 살 수 있다는 뜻이다. 뉴욕 전체가 19세기 초의
크기로 되돌아가는 셈이다.
사람들은 아주 작은 공간에 집약되고, 나머지 땅은 자유롭고
“자연스럽게＂ 놓아둘 수 있다.
http://www.aviewoncities.com/gallery
/showpicture.htm?key=kveus4019
수직 이동 수단 중심.
제임스 트레필 지음, “도시의 과학자들: 과학자의 눈으로 본 도시
이야기,” 지호, 1999년.
참고자료
1. 한상민, “Part4. Hyperlocal Mobility: Mobile-ITy: car2go,” Automotive Electronics
Magazine, 2011 4/5월호, pp. 36-43.
2. 한상민, “도로 위의 통큰열차 ‘로드 트레인’,” Automotive Electronics Magazine, 2010
년 12/01월호, pp.66-69.
3. Wikipedia, “DARPA Grand Challenge,”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darpa_grand_challenge
4. Martin Buehler, Karl Iagnemma, and Sanjiv Singh, The 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge:
The Great Robot Race, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007.
5. Martin Buehler, Karl Iagnemma, Sanjiv Singh, The DARPA Urban Challenge:
Autonomous Vehicles in City Traffic, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009.
6. Wikipedia, “DARPA Grand Challenge (2007),”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challenge_(2007)
7. The Official Google Blog, “What we’re driving at,”
http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/10/what-were-driving-at.html
8. William J. Mitchell, et al, Reinventing the Automobile, MIT Press, 2010.

Reinventing the Automobile

Transcription

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