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Jawahai Rozgar Yojna
Jawahar Rozgar Yojna was launched on April 1, 1989 .by merging National Rural
Fmployment Program (NREP) and Rural LandlessEmployment GuaranteeProgramme(RLEGP).
At the end of Seventh Five Year I'lan So this was a consolidation of the provious employment
programs and it was laigest Natiorral Employment Program of India at that time with a general
objective of providing 90-100 Days Emplol.rnent per person particularly in backward districts.
Peoplebelow Poverly Line were main targets.
The Yojna was implemented on rural scale. Every village was to be covered through
panchayati Raj Institutions. The village got aide and supporl from District Rural Development
Authority. Expenditureswere bom by central & statein 80:20 ratios. Since 1993-94the Yojna was
made more targetsodented and expandedsubstantiallythrough increasedbudgetaryallocations.It
was divided into 3 streams:
First Stream: Comprising generalworks under JRY and also two sub schemesIndira Awas
yojna and Million Wells Scheme.This stream goLT5Yoof the total allocation. In Indira Awas Yojna
the allocation was increasedfrom 6% to l0 % and in Mi'llion Wells Scheme ftom 200/oto 30 %o
duringthatperiod.
SecondStream:ThiswasalsocalledintensifiedJRYandwasimplementedinselectedl20
backwarddistricts.It got 20Yoallocaiion'
ttri.astream:Thiswasleltwith5%allocationforlnnovativeprogramswhichincluded
etc' programs'
Preventionof labor migration, drought proofing watershed
SinceAprill,lgggthisYojnawasreplacedbyJawaharGramsamridhiYojna.I,aterfrom
was mergedwith SampoomaGrameenRozgar
September25,2lll,Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojna
Yojna
a\
/4r*"2\9
Gandhian Constructive Programme / Sewagram:
the
was the dream of Gandhiji. He was aware about
Self containedand self sufficient village life
grassfoots,problernsoflrrdia,ruralsetupandhewantedtosolvetheseproblemswithoutinterventionofa
People
problems by local people and through local resources
outside agency. He wanted to solve tilese
knowGandhijinotonlyasaMahatmaorpoliticalagitator,butalsoasasocialandeconomicreformer.He
madepeopletoundefstandtlratlndialivesinvillagesarrdthatthecommonman'supliftmentisthe
u p l i f l m e not t l h e c o u n t D.
Regardingdevelopmentworkintlrecountry,lreemplrasizedthatthe..salvationoflndialies
and equal
his economy are: -Decentralized production
cottage industries." They key-words of
processof
villages.For dqual distribution of wealth, cruel
distribution ofwealth self-sufficiency of Indian
exterminationwasnottbllowedbutthroughouttheheartoftheownersbypersuasionandappealtothebetter
senseof man
so
villages can be achievddby eradicatingmiddlemen'
According.to liin.r self-sufficiency of Indian
thatthefarmelcouldgetthefullpriceforliisproduce.Hewantedthatthetillersliouldbeabletoconsume
lrisownproductslikefiuits,rntlk,vegerablesetc.onlytlrenwillcomeupthetruelndia..Forbetterofpeopl
heformulatedanl8poirrtprogramme.wliichincludesthepromotionofvillageindustries,basicandadult
health and hygiene'
tribes, uplift ofwomen, educationin public
educationrural sanitation,uplrft of backward
plopagationofnaturallanguage,loveforthemotlrertongue,economicequality,organizationofkisans
developstamlna
make villagelsself-sufficientand also want to
labourand studentsand so on. He wantsto
wlrichisusefulagatnstoppressionandinjustice.T|reirnporlantinstitutions,wlric|rwereorganiZ'edto
lriiideaswere;'al|lndiaSpinnerAssociation,AlllndiaVillagelndustriesAssociation,GandhiAshrama
Tiruclrungodi,GarrdhiNiketanatKallupatti,GandhiGramatDindigal,GandhiSewaSadanatPor
Programmewas
Truly speaking'the Gandhian constrictive
(Malawar), Kasturba Ashrarn in Trichr' Kerala
becamethe Charka
becamephilosophies His emphasison Klradi
becamebig institutions and simple ideas
untoucl,ability and
a village IndustriesBoard. His thought,against
movementandthen,the All lndia Khadi
castesysteri,resultedintheot'ganizatiotrofHarij:inSewakSanghandtnanylikethisHecreatedleader
common stock' but got
Narayan' Mira Ben etc' r'vho came form
like Vinoba Bhave, Nehru, Jayaprakash
inspirationfrom Gandhi
/"\-\
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^
/'tnqtu eh-lI/
l
progiramme
(DDp) rs77-78
DesertDevetopment
The Desert DevelopmentProgramme(DDP) was startedin the year 1977-78.It extendsover
227 developmentblocks of 36 districts with a total areaof 4, 57,432sq. km in sevenstates.These
statesare Andhra Pradesh,Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh,Jammu and Kashmir, Kamataka
and Rajasthan.Under the programme a number of projects have been targeteddnd sanctionedfor
implementationin identified areas.
.
All theseprojects are envisagedto be completedin a four-year period. At presentthere are
1,747 WatershedProjects under different stages of implementation in seven programme states.
Presentlythe programmeis 100 per cent cenhally-sponsored(75:25 basesin hot arid areasbetween
centreand the state).
(DDP)was launched
for hot desert
Programme
Pleasenote that in !g77-78,DesertDevelopment
Pradesh.
and Himachal
andcolddesert.areas
of Jammu& Kashmir
Gujarat,
Haryana
areasof Rajasthan,
(IWDP)
underthe aegisof
Programme
waslaunched
Watersh€d
Development
1989,Integrated
Similarly,.in
on watershedbasis.In this
Boardfor development
of wastelands
Development
NationalWasteland
Raowas
C.H.Hanumantha
of Professor
Committee
underChairmanship
context,In 1994,a Technical
Thecommittee
for improvement.
measures
the impactof DPAP
appointed
to appraise
/ DDPandsuggest
guidelines
normsfor the threeprogrammes
andexpenditure
recommended
a commonsetof operational
wereframed
Development
for watershed
Accordingly,
the Guidelines
of Ministryof RuralDevelopment.
guidelines
in 2001andfurtherin 2003and
werechanged
intoforcefromLstApril1995.These
andbrought
concertedaction
Later,the 11th Planhasstressedupon developing
were named" HarvaliGuidelines".
Accordingly,
the Common
with the StateGovernments.
plins for.rainfedareasin closeconsultation
Since
2008havebeenissuedand madeeffectivefrom 1.4.2008.
for WatershedDevelopment,
Guidelines
DDPand
namelyDPAP,
programmes
of the Department
of LandResources
26.2.2009,
the threewatershed
Watershed
Management
programme
named'lntegrated
asa contprehensive
IWDPhavebeenconsolidated
(IWDP),
Drought
Programme
Wastelands
Development
(IWMP)'.
the Inte8rated
Programme
So,at present,
proneAreasProgramme
(DDP)
arerunning
asa consolidated
(DPAP)
Programme
andDesertDevelopment
(IWMP)in placeof allthe above
Programme
Management
programme
Watershed
namedIntegrated
single
(lnformation
relatedto thistopicis outdatedin most
Programmes.
mentioned
threeAreaDevelopment
of RuralDevelopment.
comesunderMinistry
books).
Thisprogramme
flnspuL
br*e
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ftnSw ea- (p
programme
t tAreaD,evelopment
(HADr)t97s
The Hill Area Development Programme,introduced in Nilgiri, is district sincethe year 1975,is
founded by the Govemment of India to supplementthe plan resourcesof the stateby providing
specialCentralAssistance.
OBJECTIVES
The main objective of HADP is eco-restoration,eco- development and eco preservation.
While taking care of the socio economicand developmentalneedsof the District, the HADP is to
develop land use.planningfor forest areasto cultivable areasto conservesoil, water and increase
productivity of land, economic upliftment of tribals in an isolated settlementand also to ensure
peoples participation in all developmentalactivities. This translated on the field consist of the
following components:
1) To preserveand conserve shoals (Sholas are a local name for patches of stuntedtropical
mountain forest found in valleys amid rolling grasslandin the higher mountain regions
of South India.) and grasslandsof Nilgiris.
'
2) Developmentof land use plan for forest areaas well as cultivated areas.
3) Conserwesoil and water to increaseproductivity of the land by using vegetativemethods
.
and changingthe cropping pattem.
4) Piomote non-land based economic activitiesto uplift the poor people and to ensure
environmentProduction.
5) Econorlic up-liftment of tribals in isolatedlocations,settlements.
6) To evolve a comprehensivehuman settlementpolicy and discouragemigration.
7) "Area basedApproach"adoptedand integratedplans to be preparedfor all watersheds
and
high priority watershedshall be chosenfor featment.
8) Useof scientificinterventionswill be encouraged
i.e. Applicationof Remotesensing,etc.,
. 9) PromotionofNon-ConventionalEnergysourcesi.e. Solar,Hydro, Bio-gas,etc.,
Impoftanthill areaextendsoverthe WesternGhatsregionwhich incorporates
132talukasin
the Statesof Maharashtra,
Karnataka,Tamil Nadu,Goaand Kerala(area: 134,500sq.km). Here
Centralassistance
is providedfor development
progmlnmesin these'areas,thoughthe conceptof
sub-planhasnot beenintroduced.The Tamil Nadu Hill Area is anotherhill areacovednga total
areaof 2.500sq.km.
The hills poseproblemswhich arepeculiara:rddifferentfiom the problemsencountered
in
the plain area.The tenain, besidesculturaland socioeconomic
diversities,calls for formulationof
altogether
differentmethodologies
asalsonormsandplanningstandards.
The formulationofregion
specific developmentstrategiesfor the different hill areasof the country requires as a basic preconditiondetailedinformationabourthe social,economic.political and cultural feanres.resource
endoinnent (both human and physical), developmentpotential and their parlicular problems.
The guiding principles on which the hill areadevelopmentprogrammesshould be basedare
water
thb promotion of securebasic life support system and judicious utilization of land, mineral,
the hills and
and biotic resourcesin a total perspectiveembracingcomplementarily of intelests of
parlicularly of
plains. The whole strategy should centre on the active participation of the people,
be ensured by
women in the fulfillment of their basic needs. The people's involvement can
imposed discipline
encouragingthe concept of "social fencing" which.implies a voluntary and self
emphasis
in managingsociety'sresourcesat a local level. The hill areaprogrammesplace adequate
programmesfor the
on exploiting the indigenous resourcesof the hill through specially designed
bee-keeping.
developmentol horticulrure.plantations.agriculture.animal husbandry.poultry.
forestry,soil conservationand suitabievillage industries'
ftntru', @
CooperativeBank;s
identity,a
Accordingto the Internationalco-operativeAlliance statementof co-operative
meet their common
co-operativeis an autonomousassociationof personsunited voluntarily to
jointly-ownedand democraticallyeconomic,social,and culturalneedsand aspirationsthrougha
enterPrise.
controlled
d6mocracy,equality,
arebasedon the value'sof self-help,self-responsibility,
Co-operatives
membersbelievein the ethical
equityandsolidarity.In the traditionof their founders,co-operative
socialresponsibilityandcaringfor others'
valuesofhonesty,openness,
The 7 co-operative
PrinciPlesare:
1. VoluntaryandoPenmembershiP
membercontrol
. 2. Democralic
3. MembereconomicParticiPation
4. AutonomYandindePendence
5. Education,trainingandinformation
amongCo-operatives
6. Co-operation
forCommunitY
7. Concern
sametime
balk is a financialentity which belongsto its members,who are at the
A co-operative
createdby persons
the ownersand the customersof their bank. Co-operativebanks are often
communityor sharinga commoninterest.co-operative
belongingto the samelocal or professional
.
ft-;:\
tt1,/
banksgenerallyprovidetheir memberswith a wide rangeof bankingand financial."-ir"fuo-*r,
deposits,banking accounts...).
Co-operativebanksdiffer lrom stockholderbanksby their organization,their goals,their valuesand
their governance.In most countries,they are supervisedand controlled by banking authoritiesand
have to respect prudential banking regulations, which put them at a level playing field with
stockholderbanks. Depending on countries.this conlrol and supervisioncan be implemented
directly by stateentities or delegatedto a co-operativefederationor central tiody.
Even if their organizationalrules.eanvary accordingto their respectivenational legislations,
co-operativebanks Sharecommon foatures:
F Customer's bwned entities: in a co-operativebank, the needs of the customersmeet the
needsof the owners, as co-operativebank membersare both. As a consequence,the first aim
of a co-operativebank is not to maximiseprofit but to provide the bestpossibleproductsand
servicesto its members.Someco-operativebanksonly operatewith their membersbut most
'
ofthem also admit non-memberclients to benefit from their banking and financial services.
F Democratic member control: co-operative banks are owned and controlled by their
.
members, who democratically elect the board of directors. Members usually have equal
voting rights, accordingto the co-operativeprinciple of"one person,one vote".
F Profit allocation: in a co-operativebank, q significant pad of the yearly profit, benefits or
.
surplusis usually allocatedt() constitutereserves.A part of this profit can also be distributed
to the co-operative members, with legal or statutory limitations in most cases.Profit is
dividend.which is relatedto the use
usuallyallocatedro memberseitherthrougha patronage
of the co-operative'sproducts and seruicesby each member, or through an interest or a
dividend,which is relatedto the number of sharessubscribedby eachmember.
.
Co-operative banks are deeply rooted inside local areas and communities. They are
involved in local developmentand contributeto the sustainabledevelopmentof their communities,
as their membersand managementboard usually belong to the communities in which they exercise
their dctivities. By increasingbanking accessin areasor marketswhere other banks are lesspresent
- SMEs, farmers in rural areas,middle or low income householdsin urban areas - co-operative
banksreducebanking exclusion and foster the ecoriomicability of millions ofpeople. They play an
inJluential role on the economic growth in the countries in which they work in and increasethe
efficiency of the intemational financial system. Their specific form of enterprise,relying on the
above-mentioned principles of organization, has proven successful both in developed and
developingcountries.