- Data Envelopment Analysis: Ali Emrouznejad`s DEA

Transcription

ARTICLE IN PRESS
If using this paper please cite:
Emrouznejad, A. Parker, B. and G. Tavares (2008): Evaluation of research in efficiency and
productivity: A survey and analysis of the first 30 years of scholarly literature in DEA
Journal of Socio-Economics Planning Science, 42(3) 151-157.
Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 42 (2008) 151–157
www.elsevier.com/locate/seps
Evaluation of research in efficiency and productivity: A survey
and analysis of the first 30 years of scholarly literature in DEA
Ali Emrouznejada,, Barnett R. Parkerb, Gabriel Tavaresc
a
Operations &Information Management, Aston Business School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
b
Graduate School of Business, Pfeiffer University, Charlotte, NC 28209, USA
c
RUTCOR, Rutgers Centre for Operations Research, Rutgers University, 640 Bartholomew Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854-8003, USA
Available online 4 March 2008
The authors wish to dedicate this compendium of DEA’s historical accomplishments to one of its founders, Professor William W. Cooper
Abstract
Since the original Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) study by Charnes et al. [Measuring the efficiency of decisionmaking units. European Journal of Operational Research 1978;2(6):429–44], there has been rapid and continuous growth
in the field. As a result, a considerable amount of published research has appeared, with a significant portion focused on
DEA applications of efficiency and productivity in both public and private sector activities. While several bibliographic
collections have been reported, a comprehensive listing and analysis of DEA research covering its first 30 years of history is
not available.
This paper thus presents an extensive, if not nearly complete, listing of DEA research covering theoretical developments
as well as ‘‘real-world’’ applications from inception to the year 2007.
A listing of the most utilized/relevant journals, a keyword analysis, and selected statistics are presented.
r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Data Envelopment Analysis; Bibliography; Survey
1. Introduction
The present bibliography includes most of the references published in the field of Data Envelopment
Analysis (DEA) up to the year 2007. Some publications in 2007 are also listed, but not included in the
statistics. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this listing appears to be the most complete source of
references on DEA and its applications in measuring the efficiency and productivity of decision making units
(DMUs). The authors hope that this new updated bibliography will assist researchers and other scholars as
they develop new frontiers in DEA.
Corresponding author. Fax: +44 121 204 5271.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (A. Emrouznejad), [email protected] (B.R. Parker), [email protected]
(G. Tavares).
0038-0121/$ - see front matter r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.seps.2007.07.002
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A. Emrouznejad et al. / Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 42 (2008) 151–157
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The authors wishes to thank all those colleagues who continue to submit copies of their papers at http://
www.deazone.com/bibliography [2], and would appreciate receiving additional DEA-related articles for
incorporation into future versions of the bibliography. Due to sheer size and volume, however, it is not
possible to guarantee a complete absence of inaccuracies or omission of data. Should you find any error(s),
please feel free to report them to the authors at [email protected].
2. DEA bibliography
In 1995, the website www.DEAzone was created with the hope of including the full set of DEA resources
under a single ‘‘umbrella,’’ to be accessed by interested researchers and practitioners. Since then, our DEA
bibliography has been regularly updated with the kind support of its many users.
Several other bibliographies have also been reported in the literature, including those of Tavares [3],
Emrouznejad and Thanassoulis [4–6], Seiford [7–8] and Gattoufi et al. [9–10]. In compiling the current
bibliography, the authors expanded boundaries by searching a variety of both traditional and newer databases
including Science Direct (www.sciencedirect.com), EBSCO (www.ebsco.com), Google Scholar (http://
scholar.google.com), JSTOR (http://uk.jstor.org/) and Pro-Quest (http://proquest.umi.com).
The evolution of DEA as a worldwide accepted OR/MS tool has been tracked here in terms of the increases
of both publications and authors. It is apparent from our analysis of DEA’s keywords/subject matter, that the
method is emerging as a significant and essential tool in a large number of diverse management science fields.
Our extensive literature searches have identified more than 4000 research articles published in journals
or book chapters. Books and papers published in/as conference proceedings were also included; but,
articles presented at various events and working/research papers published as internal documents, were
not considered. To provide some sense of the field’s ongoing expansion, had we included unpublished
dissertations, working/research manuscripts, and papers presented at conferences/events, the bibliography
count would have exceeded 7000 entries!
A classification of qualified articles by year reveals that a large percentage of the research pool has been
published in the last five years, with 2004 being the peak year for articles published in refereed journals.
Banking, education (including higher education), health care, and hospital efficiency were found to be the
most popular application areas. An overview of the DEA bibliography database through selected summary
statistics indicates that 89% of publications are in the form of journal articles, with 9.4% appearing as book
chapters or proceedings, and 1.6% as books themselves.
In total, 2500 distinct authors have been identified, with the average number of authors per publication
being nearly two. Based on approx. 75% of the data base, about 2000 distinct keywords were found, with an
average of 3.5 per publication.
The next section provides a series of selected statistics involving the papers, keywords, journals, and authors
within our DEA database.
3. DEA publication statistics
3.1. Statistics involving publications by year
Fig. 1 shows the distribution of DEA-related articles published by year. Note that between the seminal work
of Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (CCR) in 1978 [1] and the year 1995, there was literally ‘‘exponential’’ growth
in the number of publications. Between 1995 and 2003, the number of relevant publications stabilized at about
226 per year. However, in last 3 years (2004–2006), the number again increased to approximately 360 per year.
These numbers suggest that, in the spirit of a product life cycle, a maturity phase for DEA began in or around
1995.
3.2. Statistics involving publications by journal
Table 1 lists the 20 journals that have published the greatest number of DEA papers in the past 30 years.
Journals such as European Journal of Operational Research, Journal of Productivity Analysis, and Journal of
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400
No of Publications
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
0
Fig. 1. Distribution of DEA publications by year.
Table 1
The 20 journals that have published the greatest number of DEA papers
Journal
EJOR: European Journal of Operational Research
JPA: Journal of Productivity Analysis
JORS: Journal of the Operational Research Society
Applied Economics
Annals of Operations Research
Management Science
OMEGA
Applied Mathematics and Computation
Socio-Economic Planning Sciences
International Journal of Production Economics
Computer and Operations Research
International Journal of Systems Science
Journal of Econometrics
Applied Economics Letters
Journal of Banking and Finance
Health Care Management Science
Journal of Medical Systems
Journal of Operations Research Society of Japan
System Engineering Theory and Practice
Review of Economics and Statistics
Total
No. of papers
373
242
164
86
83
83
73
63
63
58
48
41
37
35
35
29
29
28
26
25
1621
% of papers
23.0
14.9
10.1
5.3
5.1
5.1
4.5
3.9
3.9
3.6
3.0
2.5
2.3
2.2
2.2
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
100.00
the Operational Research Society are the most utilized. The reason is clearly that DEA theory and many DEA
applications fall within the fields of operations research and management science, exactly the arenas covered
by these journals.
3.3. Statistics involving publications by authors
In total, 2500 distinct DEA authors were identified, with an average of two per publication. Approximately
30% of all publications were written by a sole/single author, while nearly 40% were prepared by two authors.
Fig. 2 shows the distribution of publications by number of authors.
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154
39.5%
40%
Percentage
35%
30%
30.3%
25%
21.2%
20%
15%
10%
6.6%
5%
2.1%
0%
1
2
5
3
4
Number of authors
0.3%
0.1%
6
7
Authors with most references
Fig. 2. Distribution of publications by number of authors.
Seiford, Lawrence M.
Cook, Wade D
Zhu, Joe
Sueyoshi, Toshiyuki
Banker, Rajiv D.
Thanassoulis, Emmanuel
Lovell, C. A. Knox
Charnes, Abraham
Sengupta, Jati K.
Grosskopf, Shawna
Färe, Rolf
Cooper, William W.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Percentage of publications written by top 12 authors
16
Fig. 3. Percentage of publications of the ‘‘top’’ 12 authors, by author. NOTE: Only DEA-related publications of the authors are included.
Interestingly, 22% of all papers were written by the ‘‘top’’ 12 authors. William W. Cooper, one of the
founders of DEA, is the author with most references in the DEA database. He had a total of 122 publications,
which represents nearly 14% of relevant papers written by these 12 authors. Fig. 3 shows the distribution
of contributions made by each of the authors. They have all likely published other papers, but they were not
included in the current study as the data base is (obviously) restricted to DEA-related research.
3.4. Statistics involving number of pages (size) of publications
In excess of 55,000 pages of scholarly publications have been written on DEA-related material over the last
30 years, with an average of 12.5 pages per article. Nearly 20% of the manuscripts are between nine and 11
pages in length, with approximately 70% being between seven and 17 pages. Fig. 4 shows the distribution of
articles by number of pages. Overall, DEA papers appear to have a distribution by length/pages similar to
those found in most other OR/MS fields of study.
3.5. Statistics involving keywords used
Keywords for about 75% of the DEA papers were either given or could otherwise be ascertained.
Approximately 2000 distinct keywords were reported, with an average of 3.5 keywords per publication.
Table 2 lists the most popular keywords by number of publications.
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5.5
5.6
5.2
5.3
4.3
4.7
4.8
4.7
4.0
4.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.5
0.7
1.2
1.2
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.0
0.5
2.4
2.7
2.0
2.1
3.0
3.0
3.5
4.0
3.1
Percentage
4.6
5.0
155
6.2
6.1
6.0
6.2
Number of pages
Fig. 4. Distribution of DEA publications by number of pages.
Table 2
List of the most popular keywords by number or publication
Keywords
No. of publications
Keywords
No. of publications
DEA or Data Envelopment Analysis
Efficiency
Decision making unit(s)
Linear programming
Decision theory
Mathematical models
Productivity
Operations research
Economics
Management
Performance (management, or evaluation)
Bank or banking
Nonparametric
Technical efficiency
1637
558
392
341
269
216
215
215
192
181
176
135
120
120
Mathematical programming
Optimization
Health care or hospital
Multivariate analysis
Production
Parametric
Benchmarking
Regression analysis
Production control
Statistical models or methods
Humans resource allocation
Statistical analysis
Education
Nonparametric statistics
118
112
103
89
84
80
78
76
73
72
61
58
44
40
4. Future trends
There is little doubt that DEA and its applications will continue to be a primary arena of research going
forward. We see at least three reasons for this trend continuing in strong fashion:
I. Measuring efficiency and productivity of large organisations is a non-trivial exercise, involving a complex
multi-input/output structure. DEA technology, by design, naturally accounts for such issues efficiently
and effectively.
II. There is an inexhaustible number of real-world applications involving efficiency measurement available to
stimulate academics’ and practitioners’ interests in conducting research. Evidence of this phenomenon is
clearly shown in the current bibliography. As DEA technology matures further, ‘‘late majority’’ and
‘‘laggard’’ investigators will likely enter the field, further adding to the data base.
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III. The ability to obtain raw study data is relatively easier now than it was a decade ago. This bibliography
thus shows that most published DEA applications arose in the US, UK, and other developed nations.
A derivative of this phenomenon will likely be studies looking into the comparative analysis of efficiency.
While there has been an increasing number of DEA studies originating in less developed countries, the
authors speculate that, unfortunately, such growth may not persist. This is due to the fact that many countries’
information technologies are not as advanced as those of the developed countries, and their adoption of DEA
(and other) technology can lag by a matter of years.
5. Limitations of the current study
Readers should use some level of caution in interpreting results of this survey as the findings are based on
data collected only from journal papers, and articles published in books and proceedings. The results thus do
not include all real-world DEA publications. In this regard, we have reviewed only academic/professional
journal articles. Working/research papers, conference presentations (not published) and doctoral dissertations
are excluded, as we assume that high-quality research would eventually be published in the very journals
covered here.
Also, many foreign and/or newer journals might not have been included if they are not English language
publications.
Finally, due to the often lengthy journal review process, some research reported in our survey may lag
behind the actual adoption of recommendations.
While the bibliography was, to be sure, compiled from a wide variety of sources, in the end it represents the
efforts of its authors and, consequently, no claim can be made as to its completeness. Any corrections,
additions, and/or suggestions will be welcomed in order that the bibliography may be revised and redistributed
in an ongoing complete and corrected form.
6. Conclusions
The current literature survey of DEA’s 30 year history, and its comparisons with previous reviews, have
revealed some important insights into the trends underlying DEA research. It is hoped that these findings will
assist both researchers and practitioners in better understanding the current status of this state-of-the-art
technology, and in continuing to move the field forward in the future.
Acknowledgements
The authors take pride in acknowledging the renowned William W. Cooper for his encouragement, interest,
and kind assistance in their preparation of this paper.
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.seps.
2007.07.002.
References
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Ali Emrouznejad is a Lecturer of Operational Research at Aston University, Birmingham, UK. He holds an M.Sc. in applied mathematics
and received his PhD in operational research and systems from Warwick Business School, UK. His areas of research interest include
performance measurement and management, efficiency and productivity analysis as well as data mining. Dr. Emrouznejad has published
in such journals as Computers and Operations Research, Applied Economics Letters, Journal of Medical Systems, Computers & Industrial
Engineering, International Journal of Production Research and Applied Mathematics and Computation. He acted as Guest Editor of special
issues of Journal of Operational Research Society and a volume of Annals of Operations Research in Data Envelopment Analysis. He is a
member of the Operational Research Society of UK, Secretary of Midland Operational Research Society, and Co-founder of Performance
Improvement Management Software (DEA-PIMsoft).
Barnett R. Parker is a Professor, School of Graduate Studies and School of Business and Economics, Pfeiffer University, Charlotte and
Misenheimer, NC. He earned his B.S.Ch.E. from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and an MBA and Ph.D., both from The
Simon School of Business, University of Rochester, NY. Professor Parker’s research interests focus on the application of OR/MS,
marketing, and strategic planning models to problems of service delivery, with an emphasis on developing country settings. His work has
taken him to nearly 50 countries on five continents under funding by such agencies as USAID, WHO, PAHO, and The World Bank. His
research has appeared in a wide variety of refereed journals, including Operations Research, European Journal of Operational Research,
OMEGA, Computers and Operations Research, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Journal of Health Administration Education, The
International Journal of Health Planning and Management, Journal of Health Politics, Policy, and Law, American Journal of Preventive
Medicine, Journal of Medical Systems, World Health Forum, and Public Health Nursing. He serves as Editor-in-Chief of Socio-Economic
Planning Sciences.
Gabriel Tavares is a Senior Consultant at Dash Optimization, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. He holds a BS in computer engineering, and an MSc
in information systems and technologies, both from Coimbra University, Coimbra, Portugal. Mr. Tavares is currently enrolled in the PhD
program at RUTCOR, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, and is studying operations research. His research interests include
pseudo-Boolean optimization, mixed integer programming, discrete optimization and combinatorics. Mr. Tavares has published his
research in Revista de Investigac- ão Operacional and Journal of Heuristics. He is a member of the Associac- ão Portuguesa de Investigac- ão
Operacional and INFORMS.
1
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- Data Envelopment Analysis: Ali Emrouznejad`s DEA

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