A manual of the Romaic or "modern" Greek, pronunciation with its

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Library
The
original of this
book
is in
the Cornell University Library.
There are no known copyright
restrictions in
the United States on the use of the
text.
http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924031269735
*iiii"nriiiV?i'iiSfiiiiMSi''°'"^''=
o.in.an?
'" "modern" Greek
^^^4 031 269 735
1
MMOiL
ROMAIC OR "MODERN" GREEK PRONUNCIATION
IND
ITS APPLIEATIOK TO
BY
'Ejv ovv
117/
KREEK,
2-/?r
T.
H.*A.
FrofeRsor of Greek in
MEIENT
SCOMP,
Emory
e'lSo TT/v dhvafiLv,
^dppafjog' Koi 6 7ia?MV kv
College, Oxfonl,
ryg
e/j.oI
(jxoi^j/gj
eaofzat
pap/Sapog,
SOUTHERN METHODIST PUBhtSHING
NASHVILLE, TENN.
im.
Qa.
—
r^
St.
HOLfSE,
^[.aXovvTi
Paul.
PREFACE.
JTIHE pretensions of
modest as
pare
it
so small a treatise as the present should be as
own
The author has been induced
limits.
in answer to very
many
Emory College for
to pre-
applications from both teachers
The Bomaic pronunciation
students.
in
its
of Greek has
and
now been used
Both the author and the teachers
eight years.
of the Sub-Freshman Department have been, and are, compelled to
write out the system of pronunciation for each class of
new
students,
and very great extra labor has thus been entailed upon both teachers
and taught. A little hand-book which should present the subject
in the smallest adequate compass seemed not only desirable but
Many
indispensably necessary.
come
try
teaeh«r3j-and-
many
who prepare 'jsQUthe
for such a
vade-mecum.
students also,
who themselves
be-
other-teachers -in various parts of the coun-
for college,
have expressed an
jjirgent desire
Many persons top would be pleased, from mo-
in the rubject, to„tiai^e, 8uchj3<h,a.nd-book.
These considerations have causedtLe appearance of the present little
tives of argeiJieiral, interest
work.
It seems almost superfluous to speak of the value of a correct pro-
nunciation.
So far as Greek
is
concerned, certain sounds and com-
binations of sounds must forever remain a mystery to
him who knows
The
nothing of the sounds as used by Greeks themselves at home.
interchange of some
letters,
the relation of accent and quantity,
etc.,
Greek people in their own vernacular, can only be properly appreciated by him
to say nothing of the ability to hold. intercourse with the
who
is
thoroughly conversant with the pronunciation of the living
tongue.
The commercial, political, and literary development of Greece is
now advancing with rapid strides. Her university at Athens already
ranks among the great schools of Europe. Its faculty numbers near
one hundred professors many of whom are well known all over the
—
—and about
continent
fifteen
hundred students 'attend their
lectures.
Gymnasia, grammar and elementary schools, are established everywhere, and an almost unexampled eagerness in behalf of learning is
manifested by the people. Native philologists are making their influence to be felt and acknowledged everywhere in the world of let(3)
a
Preface.
4
ters.
The
university, as a kind of Sorbonne, is purifying the lan-
guage from foreign dross a:id restoring archaic forms. The newspapers, school-books, and pther popular p)]b|lications are now almost
entirely fr^d from serai-barbarous words and idioms, and in its present form no other instrumentality so thorough and efficient can be
found for acquiring the ancient language as the study of the living
r
tongue.
'
i
J
'
,
.
1
pjf| Greek and Latin composition have found themhampered in the matter _qf, a voca,bi}li]ify. Usually, theitextbooks upon the subject are made up of original or sliglitly rao(Jifie|(J,
sentences taken from one or two ancient authors. In Greek, Xeno^
phon and Dendostheries are most frequently drawn upon for this purpose,' and both teacher and pupil are painfully conscious of being
h^ld.bj' iron hands. Who would undertake to Convert a modwn nciWspaper ifjtjo ,Ij)pB^p6th^n(jan Greek?, His vocabulary would Soon run
short, and be found totally inadequate, for .the(|reqiii|red purpose.
f^U, t^fvojiers
selves
i
Jiist at this
point the living language furnishes necessarjf- Jie^p
—
—
which can be nowhere else obtained and a knowledge of it is
of prime importance. The Greek nation has still survived, and modlieljl
ern ideas and modern progress hdve' affected
have found through
its subtle
and
for the ever-increasing d^m^PfiSi
now found
sufficient for all
elastic
language
its
medium an ample
made upon
also,
and
expression
and thus Greek
it,;
is
the growing necessities qf a modern
,
|
tongue^ and
it fills
More than
a "lopg
felt waifit"
of every thoughtful student.;
a inere presentation of principles pf
ation cannot, of Course,
fliid'
place in this
little
Romaic pronunci-
"Manual."
euasiouiof those principles, and theevidence upori \thich
cannot! here, be given; but this little hand-book
the hope that
it
A
dis-
ba^ed;
sent forth with
may somewhat aid sow© students who
to master the nobjest
Emory
is
it is
are seeking
language ever sppk^iby nian.
College, September, 1884,
i
Greek Pronunciation.
HISTORY.
ONLY a
mere outline of th& history of Greek pronuncia-
tion caln be given here.
About
of Cdri^tailtinople by the Turks,
from
the time of the capture
iii'l'^bS,
many
Greej^s'fle^.
and seped in,Ita,ly. Shortly before
Ijlji^, time., Grgek; learning h^ibegunrto revive in theiWest.
Xhisiwas due almost entirely to the efforts of native Greeks
whoylikeChrysoloras, had come'td Italy during the firfet
half bf the fifteenth ceiitUryiJ Such teachers were Theodore
Gaza, Pl'e'th'o, Argyropulas; the two Lascari (one of whom
was the author of the iirst Greet book ever printed), Bes^^r^iog
though the last was more an author and a politician thp.n ateacher and a multitude of others.
These Greeks were the only recognized teachers of Greek
in Italy, aild the pronunciation used' by them was that of
their native land
'
—
—
After the
their native' land.
number
of
Greek
of Constantinople the
fall
fugitives to tJipi^^Vest w;^|^ast;ly,increased.
The. fa;nous family of the .Medici had already-beeome con-
spicuous for theirizealous patronage of learned men, and for
collecting libraries, manuscripts; etc.,
of instruction, especiallyiEi classical
Germans, and other
learned Greeks
and in'fdundiiig chairs
Frenchmen,
philoltf^y.'
foreigners, at'tended the lectures of the
who taught
in Italy,
and the torches lighted
here carried the flame of revived Greek learning across the
Alps.
Among
the
many eminent
scholars thus taught
by
native Greeks, or the pupils of such teachers, were the cele-
brated Erasmus of Rotterdam, and Johann Keuchlin, the
teacher of Melanchthon.
During
all this
period no other pronunciation of Greek
than that of the spoken language was used or ever dreamed
(5)
Geeek PeonunciatioK
of.
remained for the learned but erratic Erasmus in
It
that age of revolution to concoct a
he* theory of Greek
pronunciation Which, at airevehtsj would agree more nea;rly
German pronunciation
with the
bet.
of
the! letters
of
the'
alpha-
This theory Erasmus published' in his well-known
alogue between the Lion a;nd the Bearl
"Erashlus
di-
hiiiiS6lf
iise his oWh'sysfelmi aiid he wafe believed by many
have written the treatise father as a display of his own
learniiig than for any serious 'piifpose.
Nevertheless, SUch
was the authority of Erasmus's namfe that iliany German
did hot
tt)
scholars adopted the neWsystidifl'and established
of Europe north of
ithe
A
Alps.
lated to favor the growth' of the
mans was
sOTiiids
it
agreed
of their owii tongue
Gfeek were very
spcjken
A
ulation.
ciation
the fact thflt
was Reuchlin
'and
;
tweeiltti^ followers of
n^W system among the Germuch more nearly with the
— indeed,
difficult
vigorous defender
sb'
over most
it
circumstance well' calcu-
S6nje soulids 6if''the
fot the
German
'
artic-
of the native Greek ';^rolDTlii-
veheineht was the 'cohtest'be-
Erasmds
arid those of Reuchliri that
two systems of pronunciation were known as the Erasmian and the Reuchlinian. Another nanlei given to the
Erasmians was Etacists, 'While the ReuchlinianS were called
'th4
Itacists,
or lotacists, from their diifferent tilethbds of
t'ouncing' the letter
they,
H
the latter as ee in
Th4
(r/)
;
the former souilding
'
beet.
\
r
it
:
j)ro-
as ey in
.}
Germany; and, wi't'h
French tongue, it spf4Ad
over Erahce.' Two Cambridge' professors, (Jhek and Smith
(Thomas), appeared as its cliampioris in England but they
found an Opponeiit, strong both with pein and sWord, in the
person of Stephari, Chancellor of the' University and BishErastiiian system prevaileid in
some modifications adapted
to the
;
op of Winchester." This prelate, in 1541, issued adecrtee
in which the Erflsmian pronunciation' was interdicted.
A
professor
who should
tea;dh iiie
system was to lose -his place;
Gne^K
a
PrOjSPNCIATIPN.
cq,j;4jdate whp.fiivored, it wasfto.be excluded, fropi,^ll aq-
adernic, degrfte^;;.
^^| a, pupil who
-fr<)p},^.scl}pol. ,,.Bvi,t,,iu^pite
^jse^, }-t,^,^.
of th^ epphatip
^opp
b^pi^jbjfd
ppjpfiejpnajijipB,
JStafjsnjj^nijiyy esta^i^J^ed itself PY,^r,^fj^^aj[fl.,i,,J)i|tlie seve^-
Itaci^ again jjeg^n, to
.^f p^^t;!^
iCpntury
pajiy
w^p supportfir^i
ner^^
,
-vvit^ipp^iliejppt;
[
jrear,
i;t^,
^jsad [and
l^^tl
'rjie)]^^a^ifl|ajnSj;liife3-t,ed,|ih^ir,Qppo-
but the
la|l;l;e;y,,gal^^bj,/;ljg|j;aj\:^iit^,pi
theit.pppipies, sefirqh|^ ^ffl^k t|l?tw''?pl?(S*'0fl'^4
9;f tlis cqii-
trpversyt-^jd cqiiecteci, j,^, S|U|Pport qt l^ir,,^s^eif) a fn^^
i
,
,
pjf
,
,
.Waf^Wlifbsft
ap,oieq|;,f^nd niVi^9ffli,5lv%h^ff.^,jt|i;Hly,;f9r^i|-
tjij)|l,«..,,)'^ftthis ,>vqr)j.
schor]|^r^^li};^^3^)|s
^^Ijjgif^t^.qij,"^!^-
tpn))§rgj,^nd,a,host of _qt^ers^4f(vote(J th(ep^^ygs,mt.|^,U(nre-
jpittipg zeal, iap4iWth )in\v;a,vering f^^t^ip^t^g ^ tfgrjgp^, pf the^r
fflsjifrJP/P-yl-Ste
mm 9^:)^W^^l. Wflpft g#9Ii?<if;l?y %esp
,\ifprlserg|b|^g^ eyery^ljieir^itogh^ke
the cpiifi^eiiqe^of ^^^e
J[5rasn)ian^,,ip)tl}3 .coji;ecitjap^,Qf thei^^pronunciatjon.
§y,(^r,
WPS-atipatter
ofyijjO
,
,I^pw-
^^\i^&^ tbat ,j):9pnuj.cJ3l;Jjp|i
,ijh^ypppitippj,\Yas„itaGi!tly
very great importaiiice, at
least nots.iif-
,f}pientitqjiip]tify ^fl in^pj^atjpfl^intp 1jhe^.p§t^l^liS|h|B(l systeni;
arijdi sp,[^he;
matte?!
::)^jree!F gr,ai?()inars
\va§,,fp)', ^hpijippstr.parl;, ignfjred. .,|Mpft
pf -Jiliis period ^i^i.pQthiflg
ni,9fei
in tt^;ide-
partment of pronunciation than ^o give ,the,,cpminouly ae(Cepted
Er#pmian ,spwn4si of the
l^l^lliers
^nd
dipht|^ipng^,
and
j4i^Ci"^siqP iOf the ;S«bject,g,fepigd.^nif]^e4 #finj, ,thp, ^es^Jfli,
letters.
itjhjjee- ,](yiprks
-which
,{T^viz.,,g|sy|fa,rth,:
,tfeesp,wri%i;g,
awakenedyPpw
from
ji,f<JijQ^^,iWQj-^s,were
.
pf
In 1824, 1825, and 1826, respectively, "appeared
tjjfi
Liskpvius,
ipter^^|;.,iji .the
matter.
p^ns qf.thre^^ great pbilologi^t®
apjil|,^/}<>Pt}7/r'^^^i'yfe?^'*^° 9,^
published, as a;re§ui,t
p|t}i,^;r,l^boi;8,fe,^,ch-ihjs
ipwRisystem of pronypqiatiopi, |Xhese, systems ^gr'e^d ne^jthpr
,
..(Si};}i tjtiq
I^KSismi^n
ij.V,);he,-PjP}ipii|(ifliap,
Prpfesspri,3JA9h'siW©rk, howe,YSr,
poriiyith ^a,cli pther.
which
jv^s yei-y ex,haust-
time contained ^critical review of the
rpcepti.gEaWPar^ans, ,:§ye]i,,as Rost, .("J^Jiiersch, Matthiae,
,;ive,,andi9,t,^hp same,
GeEEK
PKONlfNCIATION.
5uttmann, Hermann, and others, stirred up no small commotion in Germany. Many champions appeared on either
Matthiae
side, and the controversy was a very heated one.
replied to Bloqh, but with a passionate zeal hardly to be ex-
pected from so distinguished a philologist.
The reply of Mat-
thiae left v^ntc^uched almost all the proofs which Bloch Iiad
collected in favor of the Reuchlipian pronuncia!tion,' and
Blpch was
go far confirmed in the genuineness, of Itacism
work the
that he collected in a large
history of the whole
controversy since the days of Erasmus, and the results of his
own
investigation as well.
subjected. to
have bpen
many
Bloch's conclusions have be^h
reviews and criticisms;
some of them
attacked and as vigprously defended.
bittei;ly
Etacism, however, received a blow from which
-I'll'
I
ever recover.
"
it will hardlv
'.,'..!
"
,
It nevertheless maintains itself over the
tinent, in part because of the
Con-
very common belief that pro-
nunciation i^not; ,a ii^£itter,of yita,l importance, and in pait
because the Reuchlfnian is believed to be unable to explain
or fully account' for certain sbuiids and tepetitioiis of sotmds
found.iii the ancient language.
of
its
acknowledged
defects^ has
Thus Erasmianism, in' spite
been able, with various mbcl-
hold upbn popular usage!,
This system lays no claim t6l)e the actual^ living prohh'iciation of a nation of six or eight millions of people, Aiid
ificdtiohs, to retain its
cannot consequently pretend to any of the practical utility
of the Reuehlinian, or native, pronunciatioii. It is rather
an attempt of a theory to maintain
act'ual'usage
in'
daily
life
itself in defiance
ple who, after' centuries of thfalldom,
selves
and are
of the
of a pronunciation by'a great'V^o-
rnanifesting
have liberated them-
mora advancement
in letters and
any other nation of Southern Europe. With
a general identity between the langiiage of ancient and that
of modern Greece which is apparerit to every eye, it seems
impossible that the Erasmian system caii permanently main-
in politics than
Geeek
Pjbonunciation.
which
tain itself against the living.pronupciatioii'of a'nation
yearly growirig in commercial and political importance,
is
and whosp
mands the
increasing, already com-
literature, constantly
An
respect of Europe.
English system of prb-
nojuncing J^rench would be about as litel^' to over throW the
/native system, as used
people.
It
,
is'
native speech or the Grreek
impossible ihat a purely theoretic pronuncia-
tion can stand against ihe daily usage of
fluence in literature
is felt
Erasmian system, even
to be. identical
u^illy,
if
i'
people whose
Pericles,' ^mustevent-
with that ^b^ the days of
great and prosperous people.
I
'"''
Three
here
)7o
!l
Oiljli
!!'''
'•"
,l,
in-
more and more every fUr. The
it' could be proved beyond di^pilte
yield to the every-day lang'ia^e, the' Vern'^culaif of a
lli:'J'l':
'•i'.\
Would be
Paris, as the Eraisihian
in|
'
likely, to substitute itself for the
i^i) ^./llljll!
viz.
-',
lii
.!
:
as
all,
.
[|^he.fi,rst
'" '""''"
nobody believes
it to,
jits
claims
within the- cornpass
<
is
f this
and
agree
we.have
its
.
,
;
of these need
spoken, though, th?,. eYideap^ rdied on, by
cates to es'jtablish
l^e ,iloted
()f ,the-!^rasmianrsyst,ein
^pe,ech.
y,
iU-JM':
Erasmian, or the Continental
;
not be considered at
withth^^npjent
!
";,'
of prpnTOcjiaJiqn.,of (^r^e^,,may
English
Reuc^li^ian, pr "IVliodern!' Gyeel^;
i>-}pa.^.y
/>'
''
I'i"''.
'ill
SY'sf&AS OF'PPONUNCl'AtlO!^."
sys-l^^ms,
—
J'lll;
II-
a^jilyo-
^
too voluminous to.be brought
,
hand-book.
little
The
chief
points of variation, between the Erasmian anq Reuchlinian,
so'far as, the sounds of the elements are concerned, are with
^^pf^rejacp,,^o |lie,spu^ids of ^, -/-rdrV,
I'-k p--,^ ^^, and '^t.
ffi,
,'«,,
',,
I
C){,
coi^se the sounds 'of
ent ^f the w.ord-accent.^
(the .letters
Whether
may be
al^nos^ independ-
Erasmian or Reuch-
tlji|!
^
still, the accentuation
be given to the elements,
'i''n'..!i ii;ii:.
jj.(iT"iiiT;
I'li'.i'; w 'i"''i!'';i
ijil ;!'•";.'
mav remain unaltered. In point of fact, the accents have
native speakremained as they were anciently, and correqt
'"'-^•^
linian sounds
;
'"-'"•
-^
''/It'
.
.
-'-''I'l''
ers rigidly
;'-'--'
V"-"'
adhere to them.
'"
-
—
GniiiiK PEOiirtjAcrkTtoij'.
10
,
THE SPOKEN LANGUAGE, OF (SREECt, VERSUS ''[
THE ANCIENT.
'
Greek liasuever
Ve
ce^isecltoi
jDiqtli,aiyjern9.cul(^f; ani^.aplit-
I^woulcJ .be.tpo nmtiojj, f,0|,fi?seji-t. Jt^aVjljl^e
spoken.- language, varije?, in nowise foom ,tj)ije .^cient, tuv^fjWe
eraiy.tqingue.
do.nqtibqsitatftto say tj^g-tflje
ofi
languags,,9)^.,^hi^,,l;re|§t).(^u^lif^^
the present century, as^Qpray,
(lifffrs
fax.dfS^ifrSS'ithe
Greek, of the, New Te?tament,f,,perio(^,,than:t% latter
dj^^'j^^
from the language.of Homer ,aBcJiH9^odf J y(^t,who pj:e^^j^^s
to affirm, JJi8\t,,the language offPluij^i^ph, pi,p(^oj;qg,^ and L,^cian, is,not;8S truly
writersl
.
No pne
Greek a3.t^e langufige ,o^ |,f|e(,efi;cly
Greek if| not iik^, ,speech of, tl|e
fl^se^t^ th^t,
,
,
former ^s well as of ithe latter. ,,^]\e ^progressive char^yj^f
of language is fully admitted..^} In Yestigj^'(;^9p,^indt(^isc9|V(f|i|y
must continually add new words to a vocabulary, or make
new applications of words already established in signification.
Greek, in commpji Tjfith other languages, has pcgn
affected from this source.,
fl^hg. present meaning of such
,
,,1
wordS' as raihood, stemrhboai,
siaA,,^,
thpusand „pther terjn?
applied to the results: of modern progress, would have.ibeep
totally Unintelligible to out- ancestors of the last cent\yy,
understood the meaning of the
eveii thoiigh they perfectly
individual :ypords in the copippunds : «o aziw-jzhnov
—from
boat
BtSTjpuSpD/ia':
or'
—a railway—from
way, or road;
SpiilJ.s~wv,
Steam,
ar.ao?,
Ta-^iMpniiehn^
a running,
etc.,
— a steam-
vapor, ^adi^-aXinnv, a
aiSijpo<;,
iron,
—^thepost—from
are only
ne,vt
and
boat.;
S/>o;j.i)^;
a
Ta;fur, swift^tlnd
applications of \^^prds
already long in use, but which in thei r modern meanings wdiilfi
*The Modern Greek vewdon
Bijtile
Sicjcipty
has
of the
fpuni^, bflt; little^
New
Testament made
acceptance
among the
chiefly because the ancient text is easily understood
Greeks'.
Speaking of
glorious thought
-a.
Newi Testament!"'
this, I)r.
ChalmeW
bj* tl>e
people,
by intelligent
onc^ exclaimed:
'^Vv'lu-.t
b,
whole nation who'iVill heed' no translation of the
...-nj;-
Geeek
Pronujiciation.
11
liavebeen totally incomprehensible to an ancient Greek.
Certainly a language is enriched, not destroyed, by such additions.
Those analytic processes \vhich
other languages
affect
Thus the prep-
have, to a slighter degree, modiified'Greek.'
osition
much more
is
freely used
now than fbrmerly
to ex-
press relations which, in the days of Plato, werfe expressed
by
Many
case-endings.
of those relations which were an-
and dative are now found with
ciently' put in the genitive
and the
Jirepositions
A good idea of the relaand "modern" Greek may be af-
accusative.
tion between the anciisnt
forded 'by a comparison of the text of the Lord's Prflyer as
it
stands in the an dent form ahd in
modern
its
The
dress;
from the version published by the Bible Society for
^
the use of the modern Greeks:
latter
is
ijfiLfv
ayiaaOf'/T(,}
^WSHtu
dlXii/id
ev
6
to bvofid
7)
roZf oupavolg'
gov
jiaaileidaoV
ro
yEvrfii/TO)
ug ev oipavaij adl
aoVj
t6v hKiovamv&oi}
I'lfiCiv
ag'elvcti.
yyiaGfih'oiJ Tu ovojia
GOD-
"
'
•
'
iiWs
m
y-ipj^
^fcSiv.,
'
•
^lie'ig
a(j)ie/iev:
[ahra)
'
Kal
fir/
flaeveyKyg
(iqjiirv a/^<l4.
T/pov' oTi
p vaw-
GOV eGTLV
dvva/zic, Tiai
1/
'/,"*f f'f
yj^ag
Tj
66^a
avh
joy^
Kal p^
wqv-
TTEipaauov
j^aatkeiaj Kol
elg Tovg
Ap'IV
Here we have seven
1)
aluvar
:
..
e'u;
TW"
,
,
Ttdv
K.a.1
Katidif'fi
tj/p
e'lg
f if, yp-ag Gr/pepov. to Tfxj'u-
Kddu;
pag',
•
Tov ovpavuv
elg
ryv ovGtav pag'
kat avyxapriGOV
Tol( opeiXeTaig.
'
gov eWsvi
delrjiid Gov^ teal
ii!i6.LjQ.Ka\elg
^dpLGai
elg
'
eAS'tfi'/paGLkeia
ov TO dpKi'rbv
Jial'a^e^y,utv ra bipulfijiaTa
Wcvg
QKoloQ elGdi
ovpavubg^
illdv GJiiitpov
/j; xdl
,
iiiiuv 6
SKTeMaOy. to
li^j a'r(A
'
Ilarep
em
TfjCym-'
'
-
MODERN.
ANCIENT.
nd'-ep
,
;
'
mt
e't;
ypelg
yp3g ra
Toi)f ixpeiiaraf:
pac.aiji^ay^ ,va
n?i?^'
ypoiv
Trecup^
e/ie^iOepwov i/pdc
diOTi
GOV eGTCv
S'mapig, Ka-
aluifag' f'ApijV
xi^^?;
aoyxufidvpev
,
fj
t/
''of«
sir
nTo
[iaGiX^.'.a^
elg Tovg
;
instances of the change of the gen-
,itive,and dative into the accusative;, the adjective ibriu,
Ti)y it'-uibniw, is S!ubs,titu,ted, by the adjectives ancl, adjunct
equivalent, to
apy.tru-j
ei'j
rr/v
uoaiav] the precative impera-
:
Greek Pronunciation.
12
UOizw and
tives,
changed into the subjunc-
y^yrjOiijruiy ai"e
tive forms, stOsviX B^fljand efOj fdix-e^-ia-Orj
= a- shat
—with the
ijycaiT/i.ivuy, i. e.,
a<fsq, let
infinitive
—
shortened from ha
as
it
is
while
osition for ^/itov.
u)-ia(76rJT(u
and
participle; the syllable va
used with; the general subjunctive,
with the old subjunctive of purpose,
is.
shorteped from the usual
The
;
the imperative a?^— shortened from
3?
//a?,
,.)i
i
etc.;
is
/Jta^
and: is also used with a prep-'
.,
.
,
,
modern from the- ancient version,
as seen above, belong properly to grammar; the id^tity ofi.
variations of the
the vocabularies
were
Where
ia
common
in
such
that- all the
words of
tile later,
text
use at the time of the ancient version.
are two languages in which such identity can be
foujid?
While
the-
grammatical forms of the nouns, pro-
nouns, adjectives, and verbs; of the modern belong also to
the,
ancient
retained.
1
itext,
the meaning of the words has; also been
;
-
,:
,
-1
i
Greek: has not been subjected, toidisintegrating, destrojri
ing influences to any such .extent as Latin.
with: hostile: dialects,
Barbarians^
invaded the domain of either
languaigei;'
but those ton'gues which' affected Latin were, for the most
part, from' 'the same parent stock andifamily of languages,and amalgamation was a natural consequence.' French,
Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese are the illegitimate offspring
from' this teominingliug of tongues.
hasi been
ic stocks
widely
differenti!
With Greek,
the case
-Barbarians of Turanian or Semit-
were those chiefly who came intodirect and' per-
manent contact with the Greek tongue, and a fusion between
their dialects and Greek to the extent of jiroducing a new
language was impossible:
guagfe' has sprung from
No
language nor fainily of lan-
Greek bearing the hybrid charac-
ter of the' Latin tongues of Southern Europe..
'
Ancient Greek was so rich in grammatical forms that
there was little danger of increase in this departmetit 'of
'
'
;'
^^sEEK Peonunciation.
13
grainnjar; ratherjfaS the event has demonstraitedj there was
danger of losing irom the abundance of forms which the
i
language. abeady contained,
From
n
.^
Turkish, Arabic^ and oth&ii neighboring' languages,
Greefe has received next to nothing, except
iii'
•
tions
to."jta
A very large
TiOeabulary.
Some
addi-
part of the changes
affeptingthe laagaage occurred before the Christian era, and
they are to be met with in the writers of that period and
have' remained until the present.
naUaes
Wirds which were
'
the
permainent and. enduring' objectsyor' of acts, con-
tif
I
ditions, iori.staties
whose character
unchanigeaible,
is
course^th«seiwhixsh were least liable to be affected
e. gif "^h/DpwTzoc;,
yovrj,
everyiilai^uagey
ures, the
ol'
;'
naiq; 0dXacT(Ta,j7tmtq, ayaOuq^ dpttrj;'
czihXu), Xiym,-eupia/.iji, Tzprirru), etc.,
cien)t imfeaniiigfej'and'
were
by time
'hava retained^
make up
as such wor^isi
Greek ha^
the
tlieir
feifti-'
staple^-
of
oontiniiedyiinjall essential 'feat-
same tongue as that spoken by the old Hellenes.
If additional proof of ither genera^l^ identity of* the ancient
and modern dialedts were needed, it ma/y be found in the
faqt) thfttiithe
lexicographers jgave lexicons ;to'the Greek
no sense like lexicons foriaiforeign lanThese dictionaries are rather, Jike our Websters
wojjJdiwhichial-e in
guage.!
i
;
ansll-Wflffcesters, usied^ito
explain to native iGreeks, in their
motberitWgue, the _d6rivatioii*3iMl inaeani^lofiwoidis, phrasesy
prov^ybsfcietcj, and also fumish^notes' on biographiealj-hJistoricalt,
and;geographioail names, etc.
The words .used>in
expla-
in regunatioif of pther words are often themselves explained
dictionaries.
laii[alpli;%feeitioal order, i^s isdonein our standard
Thjs,
pf|
course, intlicates, the esseotiail oneness of the old, and
the(Aewi,j;GpgVies of the,
apply,
and
gsip,eeiallyi to,
GreeM populatiQi;!.- These remarks
the great- lexicons of Hesychi.us, Suidas,
Etymologieum JlfagiwMW. The first Greek-Latin,
wa^ pot given to the world uu,til^l480, whichi was the
to the
lei?ifl9ii
beginining,
i
of ,\\il)at we,usvially
calJ
,
Greek-lexicography-
;
Gkeek Pronunciation.
14
VALUE OF "MODERN" GREEK TO THE STUDYQF
THE' ANCIENT,
/Iiiojtufioo Y-i')v fouil
fa
•'
'i,u.i'3
<
/Ijiuoi'
irJ
discuss tW^'
'""It is 'S'il^'wMin the lirtlits of thisi iractiite to
advantages"otfered to the'student of Ancient Greek by a
fep^dk'feti to-da^f* We may, hmadd a few lines out of David's "Einleitung in dik' 'Ver^
knowledge 'of the lUngila^e''^
ever,
gleidmng der Alt-und Neu-griechiseJien Sprachen:"
"The
great advairt^g?i;hp)ygTf!5,
—
Qreek
is
g|;i,a.ge,
and
him
all its
proBogJj:,,j
the
that
it
trains
giyts
to,
Wf ea^l^
material
—
^t^is study— Modern
the pliilpmatji facility in the lan-
rendering fanjiliarsmd natural to
^Viz.f its
forms, syntax, yocatulary, and
|;hi^ valu0e^:^pej-ifence is
acquired b^^
.?]?aT
modem i;ongue, and by writing exercises
ever acquires
in it;
reads readily also the books o^tlie ancienfej
it
/
able to exjiress his thought^ in Grreek,"
Whoever has acquired a " speaking acquainiatice"
and
rl??
and who-
is
^
witlji
\
finds that the words' of an'oienVdiithors, of
Modern Greek
''
.
,
(iX'JDaoa Ki uoiJi.i
.'
w.
>i;
('^
.1
which the meanings may be umntemgiMe, arethe exceptions
while, on the other hand, the ordinary studerit ot pne or two
veara'
J
with whicklie is familiar
experience finds that the words >!-).r|,
_
I-
!;
S
'ill
r-
1
1
.
aretheexceptions. Of course this expertness must Deaj:;quirod
/<Tfjr(,iii,- .i(^ni\ ni.ii;,
i,
Ji ,* -'^'.^X-'J'-T
,
With the " Modern Greek pronunciation. The native Greek
.
!
.
,
who has never heard
..
of the Erasmian .system, as apphed to
his native langtlage. regards
it^
whea used
m
hiftj
present e,
as hardly less than a direct personal, insult aimed at hin?
through this unmtellrgi Die jargon.
uniformity of the accentdto&'fcystem used anciently
a« tj^^
and
at present,
and
its
general ac'6brd with the pronuncia-
tion of the laqguage as spoken, affords a very, strong prjOpf
of the general correctness of the living tongue 3S a
repi'esentative of the ancient:
The
trijit?
accents were invented
by Aristophanes of Byzantium, to aid foreigners to learn
to pronounce Greek, near :thrgc centurie.s before the ChrisThe pronuuciatian era, as we are informed by Arcadius.
^
GRtiERi Proxun-ciation.
ti3n accordidg to tlieaccenS
is
adhered
to
15
on ithe Continent,
England and Aimerica, it has been very commonly
disregaj;jjp4- o T^^^ j?MPP.osed pg^i^cf ,-^t^^fj^.^^sL<^cpnt apd
quantity, ,.^Jip natiy,^^ Greek solyes^i very, ,,;r^iionally,. ina^u^uch a^^he ^ads ^napcient jK),et^,}]<jt}ij, metrically and by
though
in
,
t
'
•
'
Ijfeitlier
THE BREAThKNOS:
'
'
•
'''
the aspirate ior ihe lenis at present has inyfoi-'ce
'N'owf as anciently, the rough 'bi'eathiiig
power to change a preceding smbbtii in'ute into
rpiigh; b'ul'what the ancient force of the aspirate was
in pron'unciiAion.
fias'the
Gviji
isby. no ret^ans certain. ,^It'is
to
Latin
th<3
itfe'
'
/,.'
,-
u^sijially'
Tliis letter, was
of
i,.
regarded equivalent
very evanescent
cbal--
from the fact that the 'Latin tdngiies—
inr
French! 'Spanisli: Italian, and Portugufeg'e^gndre h
iseiore certain words comas pronunciation is poncerned.
':!'.: :jiir.
.;,;>/:,.!'!,; j,
.,;fv
(,(iJ biouiy r;<j/(l 0/i
mencmo; wjth h pae French article renins its v^owel; it is
possible thai; the 'Greek aspirate may haye had some such
acter,
,as is
evident'
M
-ITi'-i;,
,
characterf'
by'thfe
.
aspirate
is
freqiiendy represented
often- bj' other letier4 as
Certainly
:
I
i;'":'
thus, iakfpog
gouk(te,'sd.totai|['y^'*^iihlike
as'the
would licit Be represented by the sanie charif sounded ai .all: &e"aspiriffl;e^ was probably a very
English h
,'
J.
fte Greek
tatin 7i,hut
=,vesperu's, etc.
acter
,'
i
and-ii
iV'"'' " ""'
J.T
Vm'
light breathmg, nothing like so strong as our
ajiLfJii iwo.j';
''
-
,.
•
-
'
:
J,
ft.
NpT,E,;~rhe accents being tlp,e,san»&ia,form,-iu^^e,,^nd| ppsit^op as
in Ancient Greek, require no special notice here other than that to
an Eugjish ear there is no pOTCeptible difference between the sounds
,
;
of' thelaCuie
'and c'ircumfleix."
iffhe^ctite, has, of
The g'dl*'4;Jitiaibffi^ merely the Wb^dHfcfe
cOtfis'el.'no sucJi''p§wer'as'tEi& "acke; f'lts ftjfe'iite
ithroWH! into the following word, viz., rh raxoi.
ticle
gli^Jj
its
IheaccBnfeof-the ar-
here is nearly swallowed Up^iii th;at,of tfip noun, just as iii E^i;n Ap corresponding words, ".ijljie, wall," !<iie ^.Iqses^ its^9,cent jp
substantive
^
wciii.
,
,.,
,
,,.i
,
:
'
,
GeEek Pronunciation.
16
PRONUNCIATION OF THE LETTERS AND DIPHTHONGS.
THE ALPHABET
Xula)
—
a^ipT^ov).
(vj
Greek has twenty-four letters (frri'iiseven vowels and seventeen eonsoiiants iu the fol-
Modern,
as Ancient,
—
lowing order
Small
Cajii-
irpBQR OQ I'UWEB.
.
;rB;a[iia^tv
A«,.
«
Veeta,
B?77rt
,
III
Jjli
«
•4
KVi
i
Z
ez/rri
Eota
'lura
KaTTTTd
T
X
.
•
T>
lite'
flam
"
,^ „,
Dz
j^;,!!
™
o in
mate
Thin
think (liai-d)
Th
Eeinniect, firi'iniiinl! .......
K
K
I.
L
N
ix
<*
ki
''
Omieron
'
E'
X
'O/atipov,
P in not, oViiri
''
y Yll
,1
X
Mnai
fj
no
if
•
'
Wl'JTj*— \*V~
K
P t'>0('l.>)J
slightly, trilled,
,,,,',
,g
or rh
'!!
Eepsilon
Phee, fee
P
.mi
'P(J
1)1,
Sigma
%iryiia
„ Tail
,^
TipiXiiv
4>i
I'JH''
-Oi Clie^i"/ :=s:iXl '.-^-v
illti
,
Mi)
H
S
S
T
.
Ee
in
T„
meet
Ou v
Ph, or/
'«f™<«"'''Ph, or/
Ch nearly no exact f,,
jjm
j
,
equivalent
*IIUl^
'^
^^^
Tuv
*iO0-^
.
:
ill
,
o, f final
V
.
,
Kzee
Rlio
Siiw
''
TllcctltTO
Pee
T
"
thet.e
zeal
Jie in meet
Nee
to
^
"' ^' ">
'
Mee
Pi Oil"
111
'•
G
u in late, or e in met
••
Or eh III} si.
Kappa
f
<>'
(ih (nearly) *»*i»
Til
Lamtlia
H
,
Vajifia'
m
in) fl
II
In Kra^mlSna
-tot
Gliftfnmii
I
a*
Ps
f)
in
Ps
no
ft
Greek Pronunciation.
17
remarkSlUpon th^ sounds of the letters.
A as
etc.
final letter in a syllable
sounded as a
is
ma, pa,
in
followed by a consonant in the same syllable,
;
it is
pro-
nounced Jike a in fat, mat, etc.
B is sounded as v in vain; after ,a it sounds as h in hat.
r is pronounced before e, ij, c, u, and the diphthongs at,
as the English y in year, yet;^ thus,
uc,
(It,
=, yephera.
as uYyeloq
Beifore
j, /,
= angyelos,
;^,
^
rhdy/.Tj
it
German
but wrongly, to the
that of
ter
aiicl
is
the
^fact.
z
^^"6
It
Before
a, «,
and
has been compared,
= the Hebrew
y
En-
(ayin),
The sound sohiewhat resembles
in geiugaiv; thus iyd
'ge
e;,
jiifofw.
It does not help the
ch.
glish student to be told that /
though such
= yee;
sounds like n in long, angel;
= anangkee;
has, no equivalent in English.
CO it
yT/
This
=^ ag'yo, nearly.
let-
the most difiicult for our English-speaking
people to acquire, since they have no exact equivalents in
our language.
=
A
After
sound which
ih in these, this, etc., a
V,
however,
<5
has the sound of our d;
(^
never has.
e. g.,
wjSpa., pro-
nounced andra.
E
sounded like our short
is
terjection eh!
—
tTs/jyii(;
however, commonly
s
=
nounced tateemmdnos.
it
e in met, set, etc.,
At
^= senmos.
a in fate; thus
This
is
or the in-
the end of a syllable,
•reTO,a/>.£;'»c,
the usual force of
e
pro-
when
stands as final letter in an accented syllable.
Z
is|ipronounce(i like z in zone, zeal, etc., not as dz, accord-
ing to
//
!ation
Erasmians,
t^le
=
in meet;
,ee
e. g.,
e. g.,
=
ISa-rl^u)
-Xrjauii;
=
vapteezo.
pleeseos.
The pronuncimuch
of no other letter of the alphabet has been so
disputed as that of
The Erasmians pronounce
ij.
it
like
a
in fate or ey in they.
t>
by
^th
^;
I
is
hard, as in think, throw; the soft th
Oei'/^
pronounced
pron 'unced as
is
represented
thayos.
ee in see,
and
is
often interchanged wi'h
;
-
Greek Pkonuncutiok.
18
the other long
However,
sounds.
e
lowed by a consonant in the same
sound of? in pin.
A' =: English h.
is
Often in pronouncing
English
jl
iH.
t.
heard
t
hidil
n't
= English
thus, xtiimt
;
short and fol-
'^*
'''
-
'^'V-
^v*''
this letter there
r= ikeemay. This
by the full
tobisUghit to be rdfJrtsfeated
is
t
it is
.
a soft sound of a
breathing of
wlieii
syllabley.it''haSjaboufr\the
l&-Joa tyhuyuu^r,
hobnuoHmji ii
utOJm, pronounced sMlo.
I;
M is pronounced like m. -When, foll^ved by jt, the latter
pronounced like 6; e. g"., s'/i-"^"f=emboros.
*S A^ i±:i English «.
Followed by r, hb\vever','t'Iie'lattei-c6mmonly is sounded like d; e. g,, hro^ ;:= ehdos thrs zizi pende.
is
_
,
;
S sounds
always as
=
n ^ English p.
8 in not,
If,
sot.
thiisy
a;;
however,
the long sound of o'in no;
e.
After
/y.,
English 6; thus,
/?
and sin
i//.raiv'«;
P
=
2' is
''"7"
Y
only a
!."!
A'
however,
it
has
it
^"^
6l6s.
has the force of 'the
T6/y.7rai/ul/
sounded as
song;
s in
afer,
=; teembaniin
'»—^\5»*',
>
'-'''''^
semno.
ask'; e.g., cCAuk;
and
a»ilr
^=
"*
'"
'^'''f
'ff'i}rjlt)'=
never
sounds like
v it
sounded like
v\>
more trilMl
little
always sounds
is
closes the' syllable,
it
Wo?'^
embros ?
both =: embano.
r,
<;.',
"
this position 'both'Mtt^V 6; thus, i/j-M^^i)
before said, after
(^
^/ir^jriof^
\'"
a^irtci^axeos.
.
"^'' "''^
'
=
^
As
aitios.
d.
ee in meet; Tu^ri
= ^A, approximately.
=
teechee."*
"""
*'""
'''^'
has no equivalent in EnglisB'^' It approaches 'the 4blind
of ch in German; and in the Scotch locK?' It
affected
by
sound of
the'fe'l!o\ving, riot
;^
may be
howidvei',
Th6
'alpproximated^'b'^''fexdWly emitting the
breath after forming
apprca^
is,
by the preceding, vowel;
c
or k, not permitting the tongue io
the ropf pf the month.^ J'h.M tbci-words
block, sti£k,\YO,u,ld'he
pronouncedT
toc-h,
lock,
^loe-h, stic-h.
,
The
sudden outburst'with which final guttui-alp are dismissed in
English cannot'' apply to this letter., J( is oply iSnal in the
K
f
i'lHi! li'.nifirn
'*!
lud
I'vgi/
=1
i:l.-'i:>-\
'
(or
:
Greek Peonunciation.
adverb (w^; before the roughs breathing,
'F
= ps in
= always the long
o sound, as in no..
dz and
tongue as spoken by the
are only found' in the vulgar
tz,
common
diphthong's
diphthongs eud in
.All
(xijpim SifOiiYYin") ai^e
«(
=
'
XhuB,
u'iiiq
thus au
:=
£, or.
ij,
—
= av in average—
e.g., rfikuuy,
fore
z, Xi
"")
Oj ~i
jieefe.
^=.^1^^^. ^
^=. tfipioo.
e. g.,
a-oku^,
pronounced
,o this,
f> "> ?>
^nd;
,
exception,
V'',th,e,
;
etc.
pronounced i.avlosj-
= evangyalos
eveloon.
.
:
sounds as th^J^^nglish v in v&ry, rawi,
TOjthe above, use of
1
^e,s.
pronouncefj
ev in every, even: thusstJc/^-s/lv?
eve
i
i
a(pw, pronoun^c^ed, ayro.
in mept; thus, dq^ proriqunc^ed
/after,",
,
The proper diphthongs
_
w,=^, 00 in hop, wJwop; rouroo
^^
'
,
(^iVflorr"').'
q;', u.
,(
ee in vieet; thus, -autuq
vt.=:./we^;
1^
:
^ ay in hay or may;
E£,p=^ie|e
_
people.
are sounded separately, never like sh in English.
X-/
a.i
yjhoz, xmpoq,
lips.
T; and Ta =:
;.
e. g.,
are pronounded nearly kheeledSi hhorH, Jcheer.
-/tip,
w
19
.
is
to
,i
,
fee,
sound of
;
.
jju
su
=
.
not^ed
:,
be-
u is ?)iarpened
into that of the English/,,8S. oyT^o? ;:= a/ios; £ijOuc;= efthees;
rfi^riaa
-
,-,
,
= evezeesah,
The, improper
w, are,
,,
pronou,nced„as the simple
.-(japitals, |ihe
.of,
etc.
(^,iphthongsX«fz«'''«/fi"ij'''i'<'<«^'
i
may
eitljer, .bp,
a,
t;„,0.
rj,
in
written subscript or to the right
to .which. it belongs; thus,
the; letter
"'
AO4V.
^'fOoyyac), a,
With words
.
TQI .AOTUf, ox
T^i
.
i
POSITION OF BREATHINGS X'Nd.i^cdENTS,
"When the Accents Belong, to' the First Syllable' of a Word.
,
;
,
,
(a)
With words
nor breathing
is
written wholly in capitals neithei; accent
used; but if only the initial letter
is
a cap-
.
20
GeSek Pronunciation.
ital
and a vowel, both accent and breathing are written
fore
;i,
it.
With a word who^e
(6)
-
be-
/
,.
initial letter is
q,
small vowel,
both accent and breathing, stand over the yowel; jLf t]jp
word commences with a proper diphthong, botti,8ta,n.d,ovor
the second vowel; with an improper diphthong, both stand
over the
vowel.
accent and breathing stand over the same Vow-
diphthong, the breathing precedes the acute accent,
el or
but
first
When
(c)
is
The
written beneath the circumflex.
limits of this little
manual
and
his followers in
in pronunciation,
not permit a discus
will
and quantity.
Erasmus
Germany always observed
the accent
sion of tbe relation between accent
,
and yet they adhered
to quantity
;
and
declares that the very donkeys could teach us that
Erasmus
accent and quantity
make sharp sounds
aredifierent; for
onous-pronunciation 6i Latin by
stantiated
a vicious
latter,
when they bray they
The monot-
short and deep ones long.
quariti'ty,
which seems sub-
by the authority of Quintilian, c&nnot but have
efiect upon Greeks and to attempt to weigh the
tongue -down
wit^J^,
lie,
pronouncing, system^ of the
fqr-
mer cannot but be productive of untold confusiop. Certainly even E^ccent, though a'fiected by quantity, is not subGreeis pronounce, their laiiguage by accent,
servient to it.
although they
It
stress the
seems evident
quantity
tljat the,
now
foreigners to pronpun<}e Greek.
fails
as qinciently.
accents were invented to teach
Certa,inly
any hypothesis
ignominiously which endeavors to ficQount for the
ac-
any other grounds ^han ^.that they were .Jielps to
pronunciation 5 and the general a,dhereHceofthei people who
speak Greek, both learned and unlearned, ,tQ the pronunciation by accents is one of the most incontrovertible proofs
cents on
of the essential correctness of the pronunciation, as judged
by the standard of the
ancients.
,.
^
;
;;
;
;;
Greek
'
N.
EXERCISES
;
auro, afto.
a^r^]?-, afitees
D. ddrw,
"'-^^Jj
afto
aOrov, aftOn
afto;
;
aori), afto.
aurwiy, afteen.
^^
Dj
autaf?, laftais
aftees;
A. auTouf, aftoos
aura?-, aftas.;
G.
Dr
.
ee; -», to;
yj,
•
<
;
TTJi;,
tees
;
r«t3,
too
.
ee-
zaiy,
;
,y^^toj.,tj, tee; rj",,to;
,
Ar, Toy, t6n;,
r)jV,
N. and.A.
roi,
G. and D.
rorj,
teen; Tu^'to;
to;.ra, tah;
teen;
ra?;',
FROM' THE "DEATI4 OF
rftJ,
,
a/,
aye;
:
r<n!;,te€is]Tar<;,tiim-,'T<)~t<;,teeB.
r»(3j,toos; raV,tas; fa,tali.
to;'
tain;:
i'
.,\<)i]
-u'lv,
PALLE.)
stratos;
'EUvjvwj,
Peekros leepoont' aye pseechay tone Elleenon,
Tay.ov^i imy.puOev'y.ai'yaipsi C b/Opo:;'
Takooee makrothen kay chayree
fiXoq'^Xds-
ttXyiV
jloXiq
tw
o'
echthVoa.
''
elSoii
pheelSs eelthgh; pleen inoWs t&i eeth6n
S/.ditTou'j
xXaiovTcq ruy rdipov aoroo,
Skaptoon klay6nt6s i6n taphon
,
teen.
LORD BYRON."' (ANGELICA
Klovthmon eeChee eeroon d
Uupmz Xuru)WT al (f'uya) rw'j
''0
,-
ra, tahi.
tone ;
Toos lamprpos eemnoos tees neekees apheenon
(or imnoos),
'
,
aftees'.
atra, aftah.
.
^
TOO, too
-.
aunn^,
apSpov).
(i^d
ol,
,
ab-d, aftah.
a.
.
,
THE ARTICLE
0, p;^
'afto.'
ah-a, aftah;
aurai, aftay;
aiJTdt, aftee;.
N.
aiJTw, afto.
adr«,
'
atJraiy^ aftain;
G. ahrwv, aftone;
aiJTdic,
adrou, aftoo.
aftee
aurijV, afteeil';'
G- and p. ayroiy, afteen
N.
21
aftee;
«<^^'?j
aijToi,
'
GREEK PRONUNCIATION.
IN
au7o?, aft5s;
N. and A.
'
PiioNi/i^ciATiQiir.
G. auTod, aftoo
A.
'
aftoo,
Greek
22
PEONtiNciATioN.
Ithoo to taylOs enthOxon elpeethon,
(or elpeedhon),
Ii'ai T()
Kay
Oavdrao
rpoTtatiiv
to
trxXi/jpnu'
'
,
tropaySn thanaWoo skleeroo.
FROM ANACREON.
,,
Aiyooatv al ^uvalxs^,
Laygodsin aye yeenaykes,
'
Avaxpiiov, yipuDV
si'
Anakrayou, yayron ee;
Aa^d'/taoTz-pov, aOpu
,
Lav-on ayS8ptr6n, athree
Kuiidz
Wduv
ouaa^,
/isv ohy. er'
Komas men
ookSt" oosas,
Si asu pirwjzov.
PseelSh theh sev mgtopori.'
'Eyd
Sk rdz
y.i/,'J.a^
Ay-gyo theh
plv,
tas k5mas'meri,
(oray-gh5),
EIt elah,
eiT
dTtijXdo'y,
Eet' eesin, eet' JlpeelthOn,
Ohx ulSd' TuuTO
Ook
eethah
S'
inda,
'
,
tooto theethah,'
;
'fi? TO) yipo'jTi /idXXov
Os
to
'
''
yayrSute mahlon
npiTrei Ta Tspizvd TzacZstv,
Praypee tah terpnaif payzeen,
"Oaui
TTiXa(;
Oso paylas
zd Molp-qq.
t^
FROM
0-qpsOTUoq,
Kotu'j
Keeon
ai?
dk
Meerees.
-
/ESOP.
Xiovza
'
l&a)V,
toutov
'
IdiiuxeV
therevtekosj layoatah ethon, tootSn aytheeSken;
lTzi<TTpa<f>s\z
iyM'JOZ
ilipuyrjaarn,
6
6s theh gpistraphees SkeenSs fivreecheesahto 6
xuoav
''
ipn^Tj-
keeon phovee-
;
Greek PEOSf sciation.
sig
Osli;
rd
ditiatu
'itpuy^'j'
23
ds
'Aldtnrfi
(jo
Osaaa-
(Si'i.V
thees ees tah opeeso 6pi(eeyi&i.;5jAUQpe6x thgh tbayahsahaurdv
liivT)
maynee
i
e^Tj,
&
,
obSh
obTivog,
loxsq,
.
xaxrj
ah
ysipaXyj
Xiovra
idi-
aftSn ephee a kakee kephablee, -Befetjayontaiaytheetov
bTr/jveyxa';
Ppo'/^rjOixuv
okes, ooteenos oothay ton vreecheethiinon eepeenengkas?
THE LORD'S PRAYER.
Jldrep
^fimv 6 iv "roT?
vupavorg'
.
-p
dYto^a^rjriu
to
vvo/xd
Pahter eemon 6 en tees QoraJinees,aky,eB^theet6 to onomah
trow 'EXOItcu
ISafftXstarr'ou'
ij
^ysvrjOmaitrd
aoo,
0iXyj{xd
Elthay to ee va^ilpeah sop ; yenegtheet^ 1p thayleemah soo,
soo.
obpayai,
017 iv
xal
t^?
Ittj
j-^;'
'
ruv^
ouacnv
Su(;
oosefln thos
Xij/xara
ffijfiepoy
vjixlv
'
.lia)
Kay
eemin seemercSn.
yjpiui/, tu?
xai
•ijlidiv
.
eemon.
poaai
Kai
a.Tzu
yjixai;
duva/xtq,
ruD- ^Qvijpoo'
xcA.
ee theenamis,
kay
dpsiXiTaig
opheelaytays
^,ad,g ,flqi,)7;stpa<TiJ.m'
Tj,
ore dm) ^t!^(v{
?j
ix'jpi
dXXa'
allah
'tj
^aaiXsla,
xai
vasileeah,
kay
i
.jfSuSo^yii^l?
<?sa;''/7^;!a-(5i(i
;
-pterSOK^IsstisflBe
juyg
alaJtvaT
ee tho;Kaili,e^,t^DS ayopas.
Meenin scW§MS^,
ObXoixivTiV,
d<pti-
tol
.rot?
"FR'dM'ThE'ilfAD.
ih^iv Suds,
f/iuv
aphesfeemin tah ophee-
eesenengkees eemas efepyljeerasmon
reesay eemas apo too poneroo ;
fj
ajse?;
dpis^cy.
elazviyxvjq
ixrj
Kay me
^"i-
epee-
'J/-'^"
apjjeeaijien^stees
y/ixsTg
leematah eemon, os^kayfpmeeg
''"*'
eemon ton
^PT'ff
6s en oorahno, kay^^jpee t^es jees; .^ojia^t^
'A/XTJv.
Ahmeen.
'^^'^'^^
*Jl^ar7og~^^^
ttayali, Keleatli'eo Achileeos
'A-^awJq aXye' sOyjxev,
Oolomayneen ee iiieeree''Aiicliayees alye' etheeken,
HoXXdq d'ipOl'xoix; (I'uy^aq " Aldi Tzpolaipev
^.jx
,,
^
Pollas thiphtheemoos pseechas
ilipaiiovj
ahrohg.di ^Xtipta xso-^s
Aythee puoe^psen «)iVA
zyvj.ff«;tiJ'9i7<il9i
,-,{,!Eer66n,aftoosthehel6reea teychfih keen^ssin
'
ao9:j/l
4t>
?«i
Greek Pbonunciation.
24
OltovoZai TS -Kaai, Au)^ S^hsXsUro ftouXTf
Eeoneesee t6h pahsee, Theos th'etayleeato voolee,
'E$ 00
Ex
Sij
Ta Tcpwra
SiaarrjTTjv ipiaavzs
00 thee tah protah theasteeteen SreesantSh
dvaS avSpwv
xal
dtix;
Atreethees tSh ahnax anthron
kay
'Arpei'dTj-; re
The
following extract from Coray
ditional exercise in pronunciation.
Prolegomena
elq
may be
It
tS)v IloXtTixoiv iiruyrd^Orj
xard duaru^rtav,
voixoOtaiaq
y)
ahrd'; ux; uXtjv, ix TTJq uTzniaq
e/xsXXs
aiv TzoXcTixijVj Sky iduvi/jBrjaav
sBvYj
fxe
vuiviac;,
li/xdvutaVj
xal
8/i(ui;
xal jSap-
rrjv
vd <puXd$u>at
'II /j.sTd Ttpo-
T^ephocav rou pi;j.s
IJ-s'xp'
rdaijv yvm-
zdXoui; rijv
did t{ rd ffrj/ispivd t^? Ei>pai~yji;
KXsiozipav rmv 'EXXrjviuv
dkv yjp.-!z6psaav
Ilii-
A piaTiniXrjq
'EXXr/vixui'^,
Xoa6(pou,xaLl rdi; dX-qOsXr: atTia<;,did rial "EXXrjvsi;
dXX'/jXwv
'
vd ativrdSj} tu IloXirixu,
avdYvmaii; auT&v dpxsX vd dsi^rj xal
IJ.£T
EXXtj-
izaXntxaq xara.arA<!Hz,(!U'jaOpH\aa.i
xal Tadza, xaOciiq sliza, xoXojSwpiva rijv STJiispov.
so'j^TJq
"
vXtju Tzspr
oiTzd
£i? rd iizoiov 6
luTopouss 255; zar' aXXouq 168, ~6Xzu)v
Tcvaiv
used as an ad-
taken from the
a XXn {laxpoTSpoy auyypamia iizifpaipu p.s'jitv
XtTslai, dfiavi(r/j.ivo'j
^dpwv
is
to his "napaivitnn; UuXnixai ~pu(; Tohq
Tu aufypamxa. touto
is-^ujilvqv
'A^'XXsu<;.
theeos Achillefe.
uxdp.-ij vfi
i~i<TTrj/jLTjv ryi;
TzoXtrcx^q xui-
eipriveuaioai Tipuq aXXn^Xouq.
may be taken from any Greek auand the pupil may be practiced in this way until he
become master of the pronunciation and able to apply
Additional exercises
thor
;
shall
Having once acquired the Romaic proit up for any other.
By applying it both to Ancient and Modern Greek, the language
will begin to have for him a living character which soon
it
with readiness.
nunciation, he will never give
separates
it
from the tongues which are classed as " dead."
''J
'Mm
,
I
^.^l.L A I'M'
>l
-"A
U
I'
1
wmr^'
II