Major forest insect pests

Major forest insect pests
in Georgia, Estonia, Europe
Kaljo Voolma
Estonian University of Life Sciences
Borjomi, Georgia, 5.-6.05.2015
Insects
an integral component of forest ecosystems
Biodiversity: large number of species
1,75 million named organisms in the living world of which 1,5 million
are species of insects
Large number of individuals; biomass; wide distribution
Important role in ecosystems:
Decomposers, pollinators
Food sources, parasitoids, predators
Plant pests, disease vectors, etc.
Biomass
Moose Alces alces
400 kg
5 ind./1000 ha
2 kg/ha
Pine looper moth
Web-spinning sawfly
Bupalus piniaria
Acantholyda posticalis
pupa - 83,5 mg
167 ind./m2
140 kg/ha
70 x more
eonymph - 114,4 mg
867 ind./m2
694 kg/ha
(stand density 0,7)
350 x more
Forest insect pests
Forest insect pests
The term pests describes those organisms that have a
negative impact on human well-being; the term is
highly subjective
A truly objective view may lead to conclusion that the
concept of a pest is inappropriate, all organisms play
important role in ecosystems
On the other hand, each individual or species is
involved in a struggle with others for limited supply
of resources, they are competitors or pests to each
other
Glossary of terms: Pest
Pest:
any species, strain or biotype of
plant, animal or pathogenic agent
injurious to plants or plant products
(International Standards for Phytosanitary
Measures (ISPM) No. 05, 2010)
any organism that is out of place or
causes stress to a desired organism
(Guide to implementation of phytosanitary
standards in forestry, FAO, 2011)
FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Forest entomology
Cone and seed insects
Regeneration insects
Foliage feeding insects
Sucking insects
Gall insects
Bark and ambrosia beetles
Other cambium and wood boring insects
Insects in wood products
Insects in decaying wood
Forest insects
Forest insects
(Georgian list)
(Georgian list)
Regeneration insects
Hylobius abietis
Foliage feeding insects
Lymantria monacha
Bupalus piniaria
Tortrix viridana
Hyphantria cunea
Sucking insects
Dreyfusia nordmannianae
Forest insects
(Georgian list)
Other cambium and wood boring insects
(Cerambycidae, Buprestidae)
Cerambyx cerdo
Phaenops cyanea (Melanophila cyanea)
Bark and ambrosia beetles
Dendroctonus micans
Tomicus piniperda
Tomicus minor
Ips acuminatus
Ips sexdentatus
Ips typographus
Pityogenes chalcographus
Cryphalus abietis
Trypodendron lineatum
Xyleborus dispar
Scolytus scolytus
Cone and seed
insects
Cone and seed insects
Dioryctria abietella
Cydia strobilella
Dioryctria abietella
Regeneration pests
Hylobius abietis
Feromone traps
Cydia strobilella
Dioryctria abietella
Hylobius abietis
pitfall traps with turpentine and ethanol
Melolontha hippocastani
Melolontha melolontha
Melolontha melolontha
massive flight in the
Baltics 2013
Hylobius abietis
Pitfalls
Melolontha melolontha
16.06.2013
Klaipeda,
Lithuania
29.05.2013
Kaliningrad obl.
In Georgia:
Melolontha pectoralis
http://www.15min.lt/ru/article/vesti/na-vzmore-tonny-mertvyh-zhukov-i-uzhasnyj-zapah-504-345378
Melolontha melolontha
Foliage feeding insects
Nun moth
Lymantria monacha
Saaremaa,
13.08.2012
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Lymantria monacha
Okkalainelane
Okkalainelane
Lymantria monacha
5.07.2010 - 13.07.2013
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Lymantria monacha
Nun moth
(August 2012)
Lymantria monacha
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Nun moth: larvae
Lymantria monacha
Lymantria monacha
(May 2013)
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Lymantria monacha
24.05.2013
24.05.2013
5.07.2010 - 13.07.2013
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Gypsy moth
In Estonia: 1967 Kohtla2009 Vastse-
Foliage feeding insects
Pine looper moth
Bupalus piniaria
Foliage feeding insects
Pine looper moth
Bupalus piniaria
Bupalus piniaria
Pine processionary moth
Outbreaks in Estonia
T. pinivora
1910-1912 -- Anija mk. 15 ha
1918 -- Halliku mk. 74 ha
1925-1927 -- Kiiu, 172 ha; 1927-1928 Anija mk. 150 ha;
1927-1930 -- Kolga, Rummu, Sagadi, 270 ha
1930-1932 -- Vastseliina, 30 ha
1980-1981 -- Vastseliina, 150 ha
1980-1982 -1983 July aerial spraying, 900 ha (Ambush)
1990-1992
1991 August, control 500 ha traktoripritsiga (dendrobacilin), 1992 August
aerial sprying 40 ha (Dimilin)
1992-
Gotland, Sweden 2006.
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Spain, Barcelona
Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni, in Turkey
Curonian spit, Kaliningrad obl.
1961- 1000 ha, 1967 - 200 ha,
1991-2005 (Maslov jt 2009)
European pine sawfly
Pine processionary moth
in Turkey, Alanya
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Common pine sawfly
European pine sawfly
1937 Saaremaa
1938-1939 42 mk-s 13000 ha
1939 Tallinn1948 Roosa, Antsla, Saru mk 2000
ha
Outbreaks in Estonia:
1956-1957 Haapsalu, Riguldi, Vihterpalu
1958 Kubja mk, aerial control 700 ha,
1959 DDT aerosool
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
2006-2010 outbreak
in Finland (also
Neodiprion sertifer)
1961-1962 Narva, Rakvere
1966 Sangaste mk aerial control with
virus preparation 220 ha
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
1975-1977, 1983-1988
2007-2008 Valgamaa, Saaremaa.
2009 in Finland, damage in pine forests about 300 000 ha (METLA
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
25.08.2009)
Great web-spinning pine-sawfly
Massive flight
in Saaremaa, Estonia
17.-18.05.2010
24.05.2013
Foto: Enn Pilt
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Saaremaa
Mustjala v.
2008
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
24.05.2013
Foto: Enn Pilt
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
eonymphs in soil
Flight years in Estonia:
2008
2010, 2011, 2012
2013, 2015
Population density:
2008 867 ind./m2
2010
forest 288 ind./m2
clearcut 190 ind/m2
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Antti Pouttu
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
2012
2013
363 ind./m2
1067 ind./m2
pronymph and pupa
population density and biomass
Paatsa
7.10.2013
Ohtja S
7.10.2013
Ohtja NE
7.10.2013
Defoliation 25%
Defoliation 50-75%
Defoliation 100%
Population density:
Population density:
Population density:
25 x 25 cm pit
25 x 25 cm pit
25 x 25 cm pit
20,0 ex./pit
320 ex./m2
47 ex./pit
752 ex./m2
66,7 ex./pit
1067,2 ex./m2
5,26milj ex./ha
100,0 mg
526 kg/ha
7,47 milj ex./ha
84,8 mg
633 kg/ha
Stand density 0,7
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
2,24 milj ex./ha
100,5 mg
225 kg/ha
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Acantholyda posticalis
Ohtja - 2009
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Acantholyda posticalis
Ohtja - 2010
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Acantholyda posticalis
- 2013
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Acantholyda posticalis Ohtja May 2014.
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Parasitoids: Hymenoptera
Foto: Antti Pouttu
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Natural enemies: Nematoda
Biological control with nematodes
e-nema GmbH,
Germany
Yyteri, Finland
2011 84 ha
2012 135 ha
http://www.e-nema.de/
Aasatek Oy , Heikki Hokkanen
Foto: Jarmo Holopainen
Kuva: YLE / Lassi Nuolivaara
http://salvej-divotvorna.info/www/steinernema_feltiae_proti_smutnicim.php
Acantholyda posticalis
Acantholyda posticalis
Yyteri - 2012
Yyteri, Finland, 2012
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Acantholyda posticalis
Yyteri - 2012
Outbreaks in Central Europe, Kasahstan, Russia
1940-1950 Poland 250000 ha
1960-1976 Tomsk obl. West-Siberis
1961
1971
8250 ha
10395 ha
1952-1959 Kasahstan (Semipalatinsk) 9700 ha
1959-1960 North-Kasahstan 16000 ha
1961
population density 1200 ind./m 2
1990-1999-2001 Tver obl. 8440 ha
1999-2008 Tseljabinsk obl. 21100 ha
2003 Russia 11 regions 46224 ha
2012 Volgograd obl. 5204 ha
2014 Volgograd obl. 11920 ha (planned control
)
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
outbreaks in the Baltic states
1966 Latvia, Kraslava
1968, 1982
200 ha
20 ha
1973-1981 Lithuania, Ignalina - 5278 ha
Chemical control 1977-1978 - 1296 ha
1988-1993 Lithuania
2014 Latvia, Daugavpils
http://www.rcfh.ru/news/913.html
and
Acantholyda hieroglyphica
Spruce web-spinning sawfly
On 2-6-year-old pines.
1986 Kaarepere,
Estonia, damaged 30%
of seedlings
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Lesser spruce sawfly
Leaf-eating insects
Lepidoptera
Coleoptera
Photos : Erkki Annila
European oak leafroller, green oak tortrix
Winter moths
Autumnal moth -
Pale tussock moth
Northern winter moth
Ahunapalu, 4.06.2012
National Report
on the State of the
Environment of
Georgia 20072009:
affected area in
Georgia - 41 000
hectares
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Eriogaster lanestris
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Bird-cherry ermine moth
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Oak slug sawfly
Willow ermine moth
First record
in Estonia
2008
EL 2011, 9
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
European birch sawfly
Arge pullata
Arge pullata
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
2013 Tabivere
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
5.08.2013 Tabivere
Red poplar leaf beetle
Lepapoi
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Tiit Randveer
Gall mites
Balsam woolly adelgids
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Feed exclusively on true firs (Abies sp.)
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Silver fir woolly aphid
Bark beetles
Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae
6000 species worldwide
Over 300 species in Europe
70 species in Estonia
D. nordmannianae
performs a holocycle
with host alternation
between Picea
orientalis (its primary
host) and Abies
(secondary host).
www.forestryimages.org
National Report on the State of the
Environment of Georgia 2007-2009:
affected by bark beetles area in Georgia
about 19 000 hectares,
3000 hectares
2015
Vega, F.E., Hofstetter, R.W. (eds.). 2015.
Bark beetles: biology and ecology of
native and invasive species. Elsevier,
Academic Press, xix+620 pp.
Bark beetles
Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae
Large bark beetle outbreaks are regarded as
major forest disturbances. In USA they were
ranked first, before hurricanes, tornadoes and fire,
with a 20 million ha average annual impact area
and annual costs above 2 billion USD per year.
1997-2006 150 milj. acres
(60 mill. ha)
In Europe, bark beetles were ranked third, after
storms and fire. Total bark beetle damage in
Europe from 1958 to 2001 was estimated at about
124 million m3.
2015
Vega, F.E., Hofstetter, R.W. (eds.). 2015. Bark beetles: biology
and ecology of native and invasive species. Elsevier, Academic
Press, xix+620 pp.
Bentz, B. (ed.). 2009. Bark beetle outbreaks in Western
North America: causes and consequences. Bark
Beetle Symposium, Snowbird, Utah, November
2005. Rocky Mountain Research Station.
Mountain Pine Beetle
(BC, Canada, 2001-2013)
2007 10,05 milj. ha,
700 milj. m3
2013 2,97 milj ha
National Geographic, April 2015
The scale of the current epidemic is
unprecedented. Since the 1990s
more than 60 million acres of forest
[24.3 million hectares], from northern
New Mexico through British
Columbia, have suffered die-offs. By
the time the outbreak in British
Columbia peters out, some 60
percent of the mature pines in the
2013 Summary of forest health conditions in
British Columbia.
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/ftp/HFP/external/!p
ublish/Aerial_Overview/2013/Aerial%2
0overview%202013%20March%2024.
pdf
billion cubic meters of wood.
In British Columbia, more than 44
million acres [18 million hectares] of
pine trees there, an area the size of
three Baltic states, have been
attacked to varying degrees over the
past 15 years.
Mountain Pine Beetle
National Geographic, April 2015
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/pine-beetles/epidemic-map
Canada, BC, juuli 2005, 15 milj. ha
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Great European spruce beetle
-
Great European spruce beetle
Fotod: Kaljo Voolma
in Georgia
in Georgia
1956 - First record in Georgia (Borjomi)
Number of attacked trees (Sb.1, 60):
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1964
2 300
5 700
77 400
209 000
321 000
663 900
Spruce forests 129 000 ha, 85-90 %
of them were infested by
(Sb.2, 28; Sb.3, 7).
Forest entomological literature
Great European spruce beetle
in Georgia
Spruce forests (
)
129 000 ha (33% of coniferous
forests in Georgia)
mature and old forests
58.7% (by area), 69.7% (by vol.)
(Sb.2, 6)
Large amount of old trees was
one of the reasons for heavy
outbreak of the spruce beetle
, 1973
2, 1976
3, 1977.
6-9 mm, Photo by K.V.Makarov
control measures
1963 - Extraordinary government commission
1965 - special Department for investigation of Spruce bark beetle
was founded at the Institute of Plant Protection
Control measures (Sb.2, 8-9):
1957-1961 felling of infested trees 176 409 trees
1958-1961 Chemical treatment debarked trees 223 566 trees
1962-1972 Chemical control (spraying) 9 171 542 trees
Shavliashvili, 1981: more than 16 million trees were treated with
different chemical control agents during the outbreak in Georgia
biological control
1963 - a predatory beetle
was introduced
from Czechoslovakia (Sb.2, 76)
1965-1966 beetles of
were introduced from
Belorussia, Latvia, Bashkirya, Moscow and Leningrad obl.
Laboratories for rearing
were founded at
Tsagveri and in some forestry enterprises
1967-1972 about 400 000 adults or larvae of
were
released into infested by spruce bark beetle forests
Shavliashvili, 1986: about 3 million of
were released
Ips typographus
in Scots pine
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Ips typographus
Ips typographus
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Ips typographus
(Taevaskoja, Estonia, 2014)
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Pityogenes chalcographus
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Ips sexdentatus
Common pine shoot beetle
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Lesser pine shoot beetle
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Ips acuminatus
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Pheromone traps for bark beetles
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Pheromone traps
Striped ambrosia beetle
Pheromone traps
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Birch bark beetle
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Ash dieback and bark beetles
larval galleries and maturation feeding
Hymenoscyphus
fraxineus
Chalara fraxinea
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Hylesinus crenatus
Hylesinus fraxini
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Alien invasive species
Gypsy moth
8.05.1869
E.L. Trouvelot
near Boston, USA
1907 10 000 ha
Damage 1,6 milj. ha/yr
in North America
Average spreading per
year:
1900-1915
1916-1965
1966-1989
9,5 km/yr
2,8 km/yr
20,9 km/yr
Gypsy moth
Gypsy moth
1900
1934
1994
Horse-chestnut leaf miner
The fall webworm
1984 Macedonia
1989 Austria
1993 Czech Rep.
1996 Germany
1998 France, Denmark,
Netherlands
2002 UK; Lithuania,
The moth is native to North America, ranging from
Canada to Mexico
1949 Europe (Yugoslavia)
1952 Ukraine, now from France to Caspian Sea
1981
2006 39 localities
2003 Sweden
2006 Finland
2007 Estonia
EL 2009, 8
National Report on the State of the Environment of
Georgia 2007-2009:
affected area in Georgia - 22 000 hectares
Lime leafminer
pheromone traps
1963 described from Japan
1970s Russian Far East
1980s Moscow
1990s Lithuania, Latvia,
Poland
2002 Finland
2001 Estonia
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
(Sphaeropsis sapinea)
North America
1999 Italy
2002 Switzerland
2003 Slovenia,
Spain
2004 Croatia, Hungary
2005 Austria
2006 Germany,
France, Serbia, Czech
Republic
2007 Belgium,
Slovakia, UK
2008 Poland
2009 Denmark,
Norway
2011 Sweden
Eestis 2007
Diplodia-Kieferntriebsterben
Tip blight on pines
Drenkhan, R., Hanso, M. 2009. Recent invasion of foliage fungi of
pines (Pinus spp.) to the Northern Baltics. Forestry Studies/
Metsanduslikud Uurimused, 51, 49-64.
Luchi et al., 2012. Forest Pathology, 42(3), 246-251.
Leptoglossus occidentalis
Asian longhorned beetle
Asian longhorned beetle
Since 1st of April 2013 member states are
obliged to implement a new decision of the EU
commission concerning import-inspection of
wood packaging material (WPM) imported
from China.
A1
Distributed in China,
Korea, Japan
1996 introduced to
N.-America, New York
In the first year, till 14 April 2014, 451 shipments
(1.374 containers) were inspected by the Austrian
plant protection organization.
In 38 consignments, living stages of Cerambycidae
were found, among them
In Europe:
Austria 2001;
Italy, UK, France,
Germany
Citrus Longhorned Beetle
Krehan, H. 2014. Forstschutz Aktuell, 59: 3-7.
2015 April First record in Estonia
(living larvae in wood packaging material imported
from China)
Emerald Ash Borer
A2
Distributed in China, Korea,
Japan, and other countries in
south-east Asia
In Europe:
Italy, Netherlands, UK,
France, Switzerland, Germany;
in Lithuania, Klaipeda port,
found in ornamental plants
from Japan
A2
Emerald Ash Borer
Distributed in China, Korea,
Japan, Russian Far East
Fraxinus chinensis, F.
japonica, etc.
2002
recorded in USA
In Moscow, Russia 2003
(2007)
Baranchikov Y. et al., 2008.
Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin ,
38, 233 238
Emerald Ash Borer
Four-Eyed Fir Bark Beetle
Straw, N.A., Williams, D.T.,
Kulinich, O., Gninenko, Y.I.
2013. Distribution, impact
and rate of spread of
emerald ash borer Agrilus
planipennis (Coleoptera:
Buprestidae) in the Moscow
region of Russia. Forestry,
86, 515-522. (Sept. 24,
2013).
. 2014
Native to Japan, Korea, China, Russian
Far-East.
West Siberia 2008
Outbreaks in Abies sibirica Tomsk,
Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Krasnoyarsk,
Altai.
Moscow, Sankt-Petersburg
Galleries of Polygraphus proximus
under the bark,
Krasnoyarsk region, Russia.
Photo by: Evgeni Akulov (EPPO gallery)
Pine wood nematode
Native in N-America,
distributed in Japan, Korea, etc.
1999 in Portugal, now also in Spain
a vector
http://www.zin.ru/animalia/coleoptera/rus/mongalzi.htm
A weevil on
Harlequin ladybird
Cmoluch, 1968
1989 Germany,1999 Denmark,
Poland, Moldova, Ukraine
2007 Sweden
2009 Estonia, 2011 Latvia,
Lithuania
Biological control against
aphids:
1916 introduced to
America, 1988 found in
field conditions
1995 introduced to Europe,
since 2002 rapid spread
2004 UK
2006 Austria, Poland,
Finland, Norway
2009 Latvia
Steyrer, G. 2008. Forstschutz Aktuell, 45, 23-25.
2009 Tartu
-138.
2011 Tartu
EPPO
Lists of quarantine pests
EPPO European and Mediterranean Plant
Protection Organization
A1 quarantine pest: a quarantine pest not present in the EPPO
region.
A2 quarantine pest: a quarantine pest present in the EPPO region
but not widely distributed and being officially controlled.
EPPO A1 and A2 Lists of pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests
http://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/quarantine.htm
EPPO member states
EPPO Panel on Quarantine Pests for Forestry
European Network on Invasive Alien Species
Helsinki, 2000 (Forest pests in the countries of former USSR)
Perm, 2000 (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, Dendrolimus sibiricus)
Paris, 2001; Zagreb, Croatia, 2001
Vilnius, 2002
NOBANIS
The North European and
Baltic Network on
Invasive Alien Species
http://www.nobanis.org/
Forest pests in the countries of former USSR; bark free wood as phytosanitary measure
Paris, 2002; Riga, 2003; Veneetsia, 2003
Grisslehamn, Sweden, 2004; Lissabon, 2007
Bled, Slovenia, 2008
13th Meeting Bykovo, Moscow, 2009
14th Meeting Cardiff, GB, 2010
16th Meeting Madeira, 2011
18th Meeting Valsain, Spain, 2013
19th Meeting Vienna, 2014
Alien species of Europe
http://www.nobanis.org/Factsheets.asp
EU Regulation 1143/2014 on Invasive Alien Species
Roques, A., Kenis, M., Lees, D., LopezVaamonde, C., Rabitsch, W., Rasplus, J.-Y.,
Roy, D. (Eds) (2010)
REGULATION (EU) No 1143/2014 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT
AND OF THE COUNCIL
Alien terrestrial
arthropods of Europe,
on the prevention and management of the introduction
and spread of invasive alien species
Volume 1 & 2.
BioRisk 4 (1 & 2), 2010 Special Issue,
http://pensoftonline.net/biorisk/index.php/journal
of 22 October 2014
The Regulation 1143/2014 on invasive alien species was
published in the Official Journal of the European Union
on 4 November 2014.
It has entered into force on 1 January 2015.
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014R1143&from=EN
EU Regulation 1143/2014 on Invasive Alien Species
Article 4
List of invasive alien species of Union concern
1. The Commission shall adopt, by means of implementing acts, a list of invasive
alien species of Union concern ('the Union list'), on the basis of the criteria laid
down in paragraph 3 of this Article. Those implementing acts shall be adopted in
accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 27(2). The draft
implementing acts shall be submitted to the Committee referred to in Article
27(1) by 2 January 2016.
2. The Commission shall undertake a comprehensive review of the Union list at
least every six years and shall, in the meantime, update it, as appropriate, in
accordance with the procedure referred to in paragraph 1 with:
(a) the addition of new invasive alien species;
(b) the removal of listed species if they no longer meet one or more of the criteria
laid down in paragraph 3.
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014R1143&from=EN
Forest monitoring in Europe
ICP Forests
International Co-operative
Programme on Assessment
and Monitoring of Air
Pollution Effects on Forests
Was launched in 1985
42 countries participate
Level I monitoring is based
on 6000 observation plots on
a systematic transnational
grid of 16 x 16 km
throughout Europe
Level II intensive monitoring
comprises around 500 plots
in selected forest ecosystems
http://icp-forests.net/
Forest monitoring:
Level I observation plot
Forest monitoring in Estonia
Forest monitoring in Estonia
Started 1988
16 x 16 km grid
2013
Level I 94 observation points
Level II 6 sample plots 0,25 ha
2680 trees:
1686 pines,
712 spruces,
282 deciduous trees (birches,
alder, aspen)
http://www.keskkonnaagentuur.ee/failid/Mets_2013.pdf
Dead wood
a habitat for rare insects
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Window trap for monitoring insect
diversity in a burnt forest area
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Redlisted forest Coleoptera
Cucujus cinnaberinus
Foto: Kaljo Voolma
Osmoderma eremita
Boros schneideri
http://www.rcfh.ru/
New books on forest insects
2011
2013
2015
http://www.rcfh.ru/
http://www.waldwissen.net/
http://www.metla.fi/
Thank you for attention!