ARHEOVEST II2

ASOCIAŢIA ARHEO VEST
TIMIŞOARA
ARHEOVEST
II2
-IN HONOREM GHEORGHE LAZAROVICIInterdisciplinaritate în Arheologie
Timişoara, 6 decembrie 2014
JATEPress Kiadó
Szeged
2014
Editori:
Sorin FORŢIU
Adrian CÎNTAR
Consilier științific:
Dorel MICLE
Coperta: Gloria VREME-MOSER, www.ideatm.ro
Foto copertă: Ovidiu MICȘA
Această lucrarea a apărut sub egida:
© ArheoVest, Timișoara, 2014
Președinte Lorena VLAD
www.arheovest.com
referință
bibliografică
ISBN 978-963-315-228-7 (Összes/General)
ISBN 978-963-315-220-1 (Vol. 1), ISBN 978-963-315-221-8 (Vol. 2)
Avertisment
Responsabilitatea pentru conţinutul materialelor revine în totalitate
autorilor.
referință
bibliografică
ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF AN
ANIMAL SAMPLE FROM 10TH CENTURY CAPIDAVA.
INFERENCES REGARDING HUMAN–ANIMAL
INTERACTION.
Király Lajos*, Claudia Radu**, Claudia Urduzia***,
Cătălin Dobrinescu****
* Molecular Biology Centre, Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano Sciences, BabeșBolyai University; Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca,
Romania; [email protected]
** Molecular Biology Centre, Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano Sciences,
Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; [email protected]
*** Brukenthal National Museum, Sibiu, Romania; [email protected]
**** National Museum of History and Archaeology, Constanța, Romania;
[email protected]
Rezumat. Realizarea profilelor de mortalitate pentru materialul osteologic animal prelevat
din situri arheologice reprezintă o modalitate importantă prin care se poate efectua analiza
zooarheologică. Metoda utilizată de specialiștii în zooarheologie din întreaga lume pentru a
reconstitui aceste profile constă în determinarea vârstei la momentul morții pe baza sinostozei epifizelor și a uzurii dentare. Aceste profile sunt fundamentale pentru înțelegerea strategiilor de vânătoare și creștere a animalelor, care la rândul lor sunt esențiale pentru a înțelege
stilul de viață al indivizilor din diferite grupuri populaționale și din diferite perioade istorice.
Studiul de față reprezintă încă o contribuție la acest efort general și care este tot mai vizibil în
cercetarea științifică internațională. Utilizând standarde de lucru bine cunoscute din literatură
și o serie de metode revizuite, încercăm aici să oferim o reconstrucție corectă a profilului de
mortalitate pentru materialul osteologic animal descoperit în necropola extramuros de la
Capidava în anul 2013. Speciile dominante prezente în complexul arheologic analizat sunt
reprezentate de animale domestice (Bos sp., Ovicaprinae, Sus domesticus) iar un număr mic
de oase poate fi asociat cu animale sălbatice. Acest din urmă lucru poate indica faptul că
vânătoarea se practica în comunitatea respectivă. Ne-am concentrat studiul pe stabilirea vârstei la momentul morții pentru speciile animale identificate. În continuare, aceaste date au
fost folosite pentru a încerca să determinăm modul de utilizare a animalelor și care produse
erau vizate, cele primare sau cele secundare. Principalul obiectiv al cercetării noastre a fost
să înțelegem mai bine valoarea biologică și culturală a animalelor pentru Capidava secolelor
X–XI dCh. De asemenea, am încercat să subliniem importanța studiului zooarheologic
pentru identificarea interacțiunii om-animal în cazul populațiilor arheologice. Este esențial și
necesar să scoatem în evidență faptul că o colaborare între zoologie și arheologie poate oferi
o imagine mai complexă și mai corectă despre oameni, animale și mediul lor.
Cuvinte cheie: zooarheologie, Capidava, perioada medievală, osteologie, creșterea animalelor.
893
1. Introduction
Zooarchaeology represents the study of fossilized faunal remains from an
archaeological context1. One of the primary roles of zooarchaeological research is to
analyse the interactions between humans and animals and the effect of this relationship in a bicultural environment2. Although animal remains have intrigued the human
imagination for centuries, the first important critical examination of these archaeological assemblages did not happen until the 18th–19th centuries3.
With the help of this early work, archaeofaunal remains have provided two
major contributions to the understanding of the lifestyle of our ancestors4. Firstly, it
established the antiquity of man through archaeological findings like tools made
from animal bones of an unknown species and thus changing the existing view about
the origin and the age of man and life itself5, and secondly it provided important data
with regard to the change in food production which occurred during the “Neolithic
revolution”, a term coined by V. Gordon Childe6.
The diversity of the zooarchaeological domain was obvious since its establishment, influenced by scholars with a wide range of training and theoretical interests (anthropologists, palaeontologists, archaeologists, biological anthropologists,
zoologists, ecologists, veterinariansor geologists) and the application of many
physical, ecological, biological and osteological methods, concepts and theories7.
Despite the amount of information that animal remains can provide, in many
countries faunal research is still not part of the normal analytical archaeological process. Moreover, in many cases the lack of interest in faunal remains is an influential
factor in the recovery of animal bones. A more recent problem is born by the time
granted for the retrieval of bones and artefacts, especially in the cases of salvage
excavations. The amount of animal and human bones can be so overwhelming that
the priority shifts from the retrieval of every single bone to the “most” important
ones. In this case, if the site is not supervised by a scholar trained in zooarchaeology, substantial information may be lost. Furthermore, the retrieved samples will
provide an inaccurate picture in the reconstruction of human and animal interactions.
The main objective of this paper is to present the results of the analysis done
for the animal sample retrieved in 2013 from the extramuros necropolis from Capidava. In addition, we will try to emphasize the importance of a close collaboration between archaeologists, zooarchaeologists and other laboratory staff.
This study was supported by funding from CNCSIS UEFISCDI through the project no. PNII-PT-PCCA-2011-3.1-1153 (contract no. 229/2013).
1
Reitz et alii, 2008, p. 27.
2
Ibidem, p. 27, 29-30.
3
Frere, 1800; Prestwich, 1861.
4
Davis, 1995, p. 20.
5
Frere, 1800; Prestwich, 1861; Darwin, 1861.
6
Childe, 1925, p. 15.
7
Davis, 1995, p. 23; Reitz et alii, 2008, p. 24-27; Seetah, 2006, p. 112.
894
2. Materials and methods
2.1. The site
Capidava is situated on the right side of the Danube, between Hârșova and
Cernavodă, în Constanța County, Romania. It was an important Iron Age centre8,
which was later occupied by the Romans and transformed during the reign of Emperor
Trajan into a civil and military centre9, as part of the province Moesia Inferior and
later Scythia Minor (Fig. 1).
The archaeological campaign from the year 2013, conducted by the National
Museum of History and Archaeology from Constanța, in close collaboration with the
Brukenthal National Museum and Lucian Blaga University from Sibiu, focused on
excavations in the Early Medieval necropolis (Fig. 2). The animal remains which
represent the subject of this paper were recovered from sector X.
2.2. The sample
The archaeofaunal remains were discovered in a pit which was probably
used as a refuse or garbage space. It contained 7 ceramic fragments and the remains
of a small child. The recovery of the bones was conducted to a depth of 1.10 m,
through several layers. Given the small size of the assemblage, the determination of
the Minimal Number of Individuals (MNI) was done more efficiently by treating all
the faunal material from the site as a single large aggregate10, thus decreasing the
potential effect of biases produced by using the identified MNI.
The assemblage contains in total 338 animal bones, some of which are in a
fragmentary state. Using well-known standards and guidelines used for the identifycation of animal bones from archaeological sites11we were able to identify 203 elements. Due to the high level of fragmentation, from the identified 203 bones, 95
fragments were further linked to a species. For the remaining 108 bone fragments
two groups were created: small and middle sized animals (rodent and ovicaprinae
size) and big sized animals (horse, cow) (see Tab. 1).
2.3. Methods
The quantification of the data was conducted using the principles introduced
by Donald K. Grayson12 (see Tab. 2). Grayson addressed the issues brought by the
presence of some errors that may come about with regard to the Number of Identified Specimens (NISP)13 and the Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI)14. In addition, taphonomic processes may change the quantitative interpretation of an assemblage15. However, in the case of the osteological material analysed here, due to the
8
Pârvan, 1926, p. 54-55; Opriș, 2006, p. 237.
Doruţiu-Boilă, 1980, p. 30.
10
Grayson, 1984, p. 29.
11
France, 2009; Adams, 2008; Schmidt, 1972; Pasquini, Spungeon, Pasquini, 1989; Simon,
2005.
12
Grayson, 1984.
13
Ibidem, p. 20-26.
14
Ibidem, p. 29-30, p. 34-37.
15
Ibidem, p. 21-21, p. 28-29.
9
895
small size of the sample, these biases will not affect neither the number of identified
individuals nor radically influence the discussed problems and conclusions. The
alteration of an archaeofaunal assemblage by taphonomic processes before and after
the burial can be a consequence of human-animal interaction16. The selectiveness towards animals in hunting and herding changes from culture to culture17. Moreover,
butchery activities may produce a high fragmentation in the assemblage18. These
biotic taphonomic changes hold information with regard to the human-animal interaction. Abiotic changes may produce post-burial changes in the form of roots activity,
soil composition, or even landfalls19. Taking into consideration taphonomic processes
and their effect on the remains, we tried to establish and explain some biotic changes
in the zoological assemblage with regard to human activities and human-animal
interactions.
After identification and quantification, the bones underwent a physical analysis in the hope that they may contain enough information to accurately create a
mortality profile for the assemblage. The most widely used method for this is age
determination by long bone fusion and tooth eruption and wear. Several papers were
written on this subject20, but in her work, Melinda A. Zeder revised the most commonly used methods and guidelines and addressed a number of biases that may alter
the interpretation of some of the data (for example using a wild breed of animals as a
control group instead of a well-established domesticated line, taking in consideration
castration and its effect on long bone fusion)21. For these reasons our work relied
heavily on her methods and standards.
2.4. Identified species
Looking at Table 2 we can see the identified species from the assemblage,
and the abundance of each of them. As predicted, the most abundant species were
the preferred domesticated animals, Ovicaprines, Sus domesticus, Bos Taurus, these
representing 20% of the identified elements. Besides the high nutritional value that
these species poses, the exploitation of their secondary products influences the abundance seen in the assemblage. Equus caballus is represented by 3 identified elements.
The presence of the species can be suggestive of its cultural, economic, or anthropologic significance, but due to the small number of the identified elements, the real
value can’t be accurately identified.
By looking at the identified taxons we can underline the appearance of
several wild species. The identification of the Cervidae sp. strongly suggests that
hunting was practiced. The Lepus sp. indicates that not only big game was preferred.
The presence of fish and Dinocordium sp. may point to the systematic exploitation
of the aquatic natural resources, accessible due to the close proximity of the Danube
16
Davis, 1995, p. 24; Reitz, 2008, p. 117.
Reitz, 2008, p 118.
18
Maltby, 1985, p 19-21.
19
Reitz, 2008, p 119.
20
for example Payne, 1973; Silver, 1969; Zeder, 2001; Bullock, 1982.
21
Zeder, 2006, p. 87.
17
896
and the Black Sea. A smaller sized domesticated animal, Gallus sp., is represented
by two identified elements.
Not all species present in the assemblage can be considered nutritional waste
products. Elements from Felis sp. and Canis sp. were also identified, yet no gnawing
or chewing marks associated with these species were found on the bones belonging
to the other species. Furthermore, although no chewing or gnawing marks were
associated with Rattus sp., the probable cause for its presence among the animal
bones still remains death while scavenging.
3. Discussion
After analysing the zooarchaeological data from the extramuros necropolis
of Capidava we identified 12 species that were present in the excavated archaeological complex (see Tab. 1 and Tab. 2). Looking at Figure 3, it is clear that the presence
of the “preferred” domesticated animals (Ovicaprines, Sus domesticus, Bos Taurus)
is overrepresented in comparison to the other species. It is easy to come to the,
somewhat, wrong conclusion that the abundance of these animals was much higher,
compared to the other ones, by looking at the figure generated from our data. After
calculating the MNI, the picture changes. Although the number of identified elements between two species can be very different, the abundance of these taxa may
not be different (Fig. 4). Therefore, after the MNI was calculated, the “preferred”
species still remained the most abundant, but the other ones grew in importance.
Taking into consideration the taphonomic processes that affect a zooarchaeological
assemblage22 we can explain these phenomena.
The taphonomic history may alter the final character of archaeological
deposits by introducing or removing species and bones from the assemblages23. Not
all the remains of the animals used by people will be discovered in a deposit. These
remains either were discarded elsewhere, beyond the excavated portion, or the
remains did not survive the deposition and were possibly damaged by soil, plants or
scavengers24. Scavenging animals may disturb such a deposit and after death
become a part of it. The presence of one Rattus sp. individual may be explained by
this. Payne and Munso in their article published in 198525 discussed the devastating
effects that dogs have in the formation of archeofaunal assemblages and concluded
that the presence of dogs in a deposit can be explained sometimes by these principles. After a close analysis of the bones, no gnawing or chewing marks were found
that may indicate such an activity. This makes the presence of a dog (Cannis sp.)
and a cat (Fellis sp.) in the pit very interesting. The presence of domesticated pets
may hold cultural information, which can broaden our understanding of the people
living in Capidava at that time.
After discussing the taphonomic activities that can influence an assemblage,
we need to take into consideration the methods used during the archaeological exca22
Schiffer, 1976, p. 28-30.
Reitz, 2008, p. 116.
24
Ibidem, p. 118.
25
Payne et alii, 1985.
23
897
vation in order to try to understand the data that the bones have provided us. Larger
bones, belonging to larger animals are easier to find, and the preservation of these
bones is much better. So this can explain why the smaller animals are represented
only by few elements, compared to the bigger ones. Although sieving was used in the
course of the excavation, certain biases exist, thus favouring the easily recognizable
bones like long bones and mandibles26. While the nutritional value of the bigger
animals is much higher, which explains why these are more commonly exploited,
the presence of smaller species may hold cultural, economical27, or religious information28. The presence of fish and shells, represented by 1 and 2 individuals respecttively, indicates that not only herding and hunting was practiced, fishing was also a
part of the daily activities. We were able to recover 8 identifiable elements belonging
to the Cervidae sp. The scapulae and the metapodials are showing signs of cut
marks. Butchering marks on a wild animal is a strong indicator that hunting was
practiced. Two antlers from this species were also recovered, which may imply that
hunting was not just a practice for nutritional reasons, tool making could also have
been a factor that made hunting a viable occupation during an agricultural era29.
Of the three individuals of Ovicaprines, only one presented a tibia for which
the distal epiphysis was not fused yet, which puts the animal's age at death between
18 and 30 months30. Two mandible fragments belonging to two different individuals
can offer us the age of the other two Ovicaprinae individuals. After looking at the
dental wear stages, we have concluded that one of them died between 4 and 5 years
of age, and the other one between 6 and 8 years of age31. We found cut marks on one
ulna and on the proximal end of a femur belonging presumably to the youngest of
the three. The fact that two individuals died at an age over the “preferred butchering
age” implies that the nutritional value of these individuals was smaller than the social
and economic one. The economic importance of ovicaprinae in the Medieval time is
well known and documented32. Thus, the importance of the secondary products in
this case is more important than the primary, nutritional one, possibly giving the
owner not just an income but a status too in the society33.
The epiphysis of the distal metacarpus was not fused with the metaphysis at
the time of death for an Equus caballus individual. Furthermore, the age of this individual can be accurately approximated by also looking at dental wear, which suggests
an age at death between 3 and 5 years which is consistent with the age suggested by
the skeletal development34. Having no other bones belonging to the species, we can’t
26
Davis, 1995, p. 29.
Grant, 2002, p. 19, 23.
28
Galik, Kunst, 2004, p. 225, 232.
29
Seetah, 2006, p. 29.
30
Zeder, 2006, Figure 15.
31
Zeder, 2006, p. 94, 97.
32
Albarella, 1997a, p. 23; Grant, 1988, p. 154, 180.
33
Seetah 2006, p. 66.
34
Habermehl, 1985.
27
898
accurately predict its role and status in the society of 10th century Capidava.
No other long-bones showing separated epiphyses were found. As a consequence, hereafter dental wear was used as a single tool for age determination.
For the two identified Bos taurus, age determination was problematic. Every
long bone was fused and the 4 identified isolated teeth showed a very high dental
wear. A specific age for each individual couldn’t be approximated, but the fused long
bones and the heavily used teeth indicate that at least one of them died at an age
between 7 and 9 years35. The Medieval period faced a major change in the use of
cattle36. After analysing the identified metatarsal and calcaneal bones, no major ossification was observed due to hard labour. This could imply that the physical exploittation of the animal was not significant, or that the bones belonged to a younger
individual, in which case ossification is not highly visible on the bones37.
4. Conclusions
After conducting a closer analysis on the animal bones retrieved from Capidava we found several indicators that directly imply a human animal relationship
and interaction. Not only did we found evidence that domestic and wild animals were
exploited for nutritional values, as pointed out by the cut-marks and charred bone
fragments, but we also found indicators that suggest a broader usage of the animals
in that time period. Indirect indicators show that animals were also kept for their
secondary products. Labour, milk, wool, breeding, these could all have been factors
taken into consideration when deciding to slaughter an animal in the 10th century
Capidava. Even after death, the animals can provide further use. By using bones as
materials for tools, human activity directly influences the zooarchaeological assemblage. Conducting a thorough investigation of the animal bones from as many sites
as possible can give an even more accurate understanding of human life in different
periods, cultural and economic importance and changes or even religious and sacrificial practices. With the help of an intensive and elaborated analysis of the animal
remains from archaeological sites, we can interpret the signs of animal-human
interactions, which, in a way, can provide detailed information on our history and
cultural evolution.
35
Levine, 1982.
Seetah, 2006, p. 9.
37
Albarella, 1997b.
36
899
Fig 1. The layout of Capidava from an aerial view from S–E.
Fig. 2. The situation of the X sector: A and B parcels
(From the B parcel were the zoo-archaeological remain retrieved).
900
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Fig. 3. The number of identified elements per taxa.
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Fig. 4. The minimum number of individuals.
901
Tab. 1. Number of identified skeletal elements per taxon.
902
Taxon
NISP
%
MNI
Ovicaprines
Sus domesticus
Bos tarus
Equus caballus
Cervidae sp.
Canis sp.
Felis sp.
Gallus sp.
Rattus sp.
Lepus sp.
Dinocordium sp.
Fish
30
19
19
3
8
4
2
2
1
1
2
4
8,876
5,621
5,621
0,888
2,367
1,183
0,592
0,592
0,296
0,296
0,592
1,183
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
Small / medium
sized animal
64
18,93
0
Big sized animal
Unidentified
Total
49
130
338
14,5
38,46
0
0
Tab. 2. Number of identified specimens (NISP)
and minimum number of individuals (MNI).
903
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