Authors: Ingunn Saur Modahl, Andreas Brekke and Hanne Lerche

Transcription

Authors: Ingunn Saur Modahl, Andreas Brekke and Hanne Lerche Raadal
OR.17.09
og Andreas Brekke
ISBN: 978-82-7520-610-5 / 82-7520-610-3
Navn
Navn
Report no.:
OR.17.09
ISBN no.:
978-82-7520-610-5
Type of report:
ISBN no.:
82-7520-610-3
Commissioned report
ISSN no.:
0803-6659
Report title:
Authors: Ingunn Saur Modahl, Andreas Brekke and Hanne Lerche Raadal
Project no:
1223
Project title:
Life cycle assessment phase II,
environmental impact assessment of
the products from Borregaard
Commissioner:
Commissioners reference:
Borregaard Industries Limited,
Norway
Tuva Barnholt
Keywords:
Availability:
LCA
Greenhouse gas account
Wood conversion
Bio refinery
Number of pages incl.
appendixes: 69
Open
Approved:
Date: 14th of April, 2009
Project leader
(Sign)
© Copying with reference allowed
Research leader
(Sign)
CONTENTS
1
2
INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................1
1.1
BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................................1
1.2
METHODOLOGY..................................................................................................................................2
1.3
GENERAL LIMITATIONS OF LCA .........................................................................................................4
1.4
MANAGEMENT OF THE PROJECT .........................................................................................................4
GOAL, SYSTEM BOUNDARIES AND DATA .......................................................................................... 6
2.1
GOAL OF THE ANALYSIS .....................................................................................................................6
2.2
FUNCTIONAL UNIT .............................................................................................................................. 6
2.3
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND SYSTEM BOUNDARIES ..............................................................................6
2.4
DATASET AND CONDITIONS ................................................................................................................8
2.4.1 About the datasets ...................................................................................................................8
2.4.2 Collection of specific data for raw materials and chemicals ...................................................9
2.4.3 Modelling of the infrastructure at Borregaard ...................................................................... 10
2.4.4 Choice of electricity model ................................................................................................... 12
2.4.5 Transport to customer ........................................................................................................... 12
2.4.6 Changes compared to phase 1 of the project......................................................................... 13
3
2.5
ALLOCATION .................................................................................................................................... 14
2.6
QUALITY CONTROL .......................................................................................................................... 16
RESULTS ................................................................................................................................................... 17
3.1
GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL (GWP) ........................................................................................... 17
3.2
ACIDIFICATION POTENTIAL .............................................................................................................. 20
3.3
EUTROPHICATION POTENTIAL........................................................................................................... 24
3.4
PHOTOCHEMICAL OZONE CREATION POTENTIAL (POCP) ................................................................... 27
3.5
OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIAL (ODP) ............................................................................................. 32
3.6
CUMULATIVE ENERGY DEMAND (CED) ........................................................................................... 35
3.7
WASTE ............................................................................................................................................. 38
3.8
OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CATEGORIES ................................................................................ 41
4
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................... 42
5
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................ 47
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OR 17.09 Life cycle assessment of cellulose, ethanol, lignin and vanillin from Borregaard, Sarpsborg
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Appendix 4
Appendix 5
Appendix 6
Aggregated results
Data for emissions and water consumption Borregaard
Masses and treatment of waste from Borregaard
How to read the LCA network figure?
LCA – what, why and how?
Environmental impact categories and potential effects
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
1
LCA = Life Cycle Assessment. Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_cycle_assessment . Introduction to
LCA is presented in appendixes.
2
EPD = Environmental Product Declaration. Standardised (ISO 14025) method for presentation of LCA results.
www.environdec.com
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1.2 METHODOLOGY
-
3
International organisation for Standardisation; http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue.htm
ISO 14044: Environmental management -- Life cycle assessment -- Requirements and guidelines
ISO 14048: Environmental management -- Life cycle assessment -- Data documentation format
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Table 1
Impact assessment methods used in this study4
Environmental
impact category
Impact assessment
method
Unit
Comment
Global
warming
potential (GWP)
CML 2 baseline 2000
v.2.04 and IPPC 2001
5
GWP 100a , V1.04
kg CO2-eqv.
Corrected for new data for methane in 2005
(IPCC). Assuming steady state in biogenic
systems (not considering uptake of CO2 in
biological systems, nor counting biogenic CO 2
when burning biological matter).
Acidification
potential
CML 2 baseline 2000,
V2.04.
kg SO2-eqv.
Eutrophication
potential
V2.04.
kg PO4 -eqv.
Photochemical
ozone
creation
potential (POCP):
V2.04.
kg C2H4-eqv
(ethene/
ethyleneeqv.)
Ozone depletion
potential
Human and eco
toxicity
V2.04.
V2.04.
Resource
consumption in the
form of area
consumption
Resource use in the
form of material
consumption
Resource
consumption in the
form of cumulative
energy
demand,
several categories
(CED)
Waste (several
categories)
CML 2001
(all impact
categories),
V2.04.
-
kg CFC-11eqv.
kg 1.4dichlorobenz
ene-eqv.
2
ma
-3
Ostfold Research has included emission factors
for some groups of emissions (VOC, NMVOC,
alkenes, aromatics and esters). The calculations
are made according to the LCA-guide from the
University of Leiden (Universiteit Leiden, 2005).
The last update is from 26/4-05.
Not included in this analysis.
kg
CML 1992 V2.05 and
Cumulative
Energy
Demand V1.05 by
Ecoinvent
MJ LHV
Developed by Ostfold Research, based on own
experience, EPD-guidelines and Norwegian
regulations in addition to the given methods
here.
EDIP/UMIP 97 V2.03
(waste).
kg waste
Developed by Ostfold Research, based on own
experience, EPD-guidelines and Norwegian
regulations in addition to the given methods
here.
4
An explanation of the environmental impact categories and potential effects is found in Appendix 6.
Characterisation
factors
are
found
at
the
homepage
of
University
of
Leiden:
http://www.leidenuniv.nl/interfac/cml/ssp/projects/lca2/lca2.html Here you can find the CML-IA database,
which can be downloaded free of charge (Universiteit Leiden, 2007).
5
The global warming potential is based on a time horizon of 100 years. Gases have different lifetimes in the
atmosphere, and hence models have been developed for different time horizons. A time horizon of 100
years is most commonly used.
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1.3 GENERAL LIMITATIONS OF LCA
6
-
-
-
1.4 MANAGEMENT OF THE PROJECT
6
See explanation of the different environmental impact categories in appendix.
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2 GOAL, SYSTEM BOUNDARIES AND DATA
2.1 GOAL OF THE ANALYSIS
2.2 FUNCTIONAL UNIT
The functional unit is 1 tonne product for cellulose, lignin and vanillin and 1 m3 product for
ethanol8
2.3 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND SYSTEM BOUNDARIES
7
8
The product is called ’Ethanol (99%)’, the actual ethanol content is 99,9%.
The analysis is performed on a ’dry basis’, meaning that the analysis is done per tonne dry matter (DM) of
the products. For ethanol this means that the environmental impacts are distributed only on the amount of
ethanol in the product (water contents are 0,1% and 4%).
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’
’
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Raw materials
The factories at Borregaard Sarpsborg
Products
Ethanol 96%
Ethanol 99%
Production
and
transport of
raw
materials
and energy
carriers
Cellulose
Lignin (liquid)
Lignin (powder)
Vanillin
2.4 DATASET AND CONDITIONS
2.4.1 About the datasets
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2.4.2 Collection of specific data for raw materials and chemicals
9
SimaPro is developed and supplied by Pré in the Netherlands. http://www.pre.nl/simapro/
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2.4.3 Modelling of the infrastructure at Borregaard
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2.4.4 Choice of electricity model
2.4.5 Transport to customer
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Table 2
DM content in the Borregaard products
Wet basis
Product
Content of
dry matter
Dry basis
Water content
kg DM/kg product kg w ater/kg product
Cellulose
Ethanol (96%)
Ethanol (99%)
Lignin (liquid)
Lignin (powder)
Vanillin
Table 3
Product
Cellulose
Ethanol (96%)
Ethanol (99%)
Lignin (liquid)
Lignin (powder)
Vanillin
0.930
0.960
0.999
0.510
0.950
0.999
Content of
dry matter
Water content
Transport correction
factor
kg DM/kg DM
kg w ater/kg DM
kg product/kg DM
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
0.075
0.042
0.001
0.961
0.053
0.001
1.075
1.042
1.001
1.961
1.053
1.001
0.070
0.040
0.001
0.490
0.050
0.001
Corrected transport distance and distribution on means of transportation
Transport
distance
km
100
100
100
100
100
100
Corrected transport
distance
km
107.5
104.2
100.1
196.1
105.3
100.1
Ship
55 %
10 %
10 %
80 %
65 %
50 %
Distribution
Lorry
40 %
5%
5%
15 %
35 %
50 %
Rail
5%
85 %
85 %
5%
0%
0%
2.4.6 Changes compared to phase 1 of the project
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2.5 ALLOCATION
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Table 4
Applied heat values and densities
Biological dry matter
Ethanol
Heat value (LHV)
6.8 GJ/fm3
17 GJ/tonnes
4.7 MWh/tonnes
29.7 MJ/kg
Density
3
0.4 tonnes/fm
0.789 kg/l
Reference/comment
SSB (2006)
Calculated
Calculated
Wikipedia (2008a)
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2.6 QUALITY CONTROL
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3 RESULTS
3.1 GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL (GWP)
Global Warming potential (GWP)
1600
1400
1200
kg CO2-eqv.
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1 tonne
1 m3
1 m3
1 tonne
1 tonne
1 tonne
Cellulose
Ethanol (96%)
Ethanol (99%)
Lignin (liquid)
Lignin (powder)
Vanillin
9
4
4
8
8
10
Other internal processes at Borregaard + various
37
4
32
20
55
58
Combustion of oil at Borregaard
501
129
321
298
531
479
Combustion of waste at Borregaard
102
27
66
37
65
98
6
5
5
6
6
6
Production and transport of timber, wood chips and chemicals
199
77
77
106
192
283
Production and transport of energy carriers
366
95
191
237
377
420
Transport of product to customer (100 km)
Borregaard's own infrastructure
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3.2 ACIDIFICATION POTENTIAL
Acidification potential
14
12
10
kg SO2-eqv.
8
6
4
2
0
1 tonne
1 m3
1 m3
1 tonne
1 tonne
1 tonne
Cellulose
Ethanol (96%)
Ethanol (99%)
Lignin (liquid)
Lignin
(powder)
Vanillin
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.6
0.3
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.3
3.1
0.8
2.0
1.1
3.0
2.9
0.7
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Production and transport of timber, wood chips and
chemicals
4.4
2.1
2.6
4.1
4.3
5.2
1.5
0.4
0.8
0.8
1.7
1.6
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3.3 EUTROPHICATION POTENTIAL
Eutrophication potential
3.5
3.0
2.5
kg PO4-3-eqv.
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1 tonne
1 m3
1 m3
1 tonne
1 tonne
1 tonne
Ethanol
(99%)
Lignin
(liquid)
Lignin
(powder)
Vanillin
Cellulose
Ethanol
(96%)
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
2.86
0.79
1.06
1.37
2.25
1.99
0.10
0.03
0.07
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.03
0.06
0.04
0.06
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.06
0.08
0.06
0.17
0.13
0.14
0.04
0.08
0.08
0.16
0.15
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3.4 PHOTOCHEMICAL OZONE CREATION POTENTIAL (POCP)
Photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP)
0.9
0.8
0.7
kg C 2H4-eqv.
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
1 tonne
1 m3
1 m3
1 tonne
1 tonne
1 tonne
Cellulose
Ethanol
(96%)
Ethanol
(99%)
Lignin
(liquid)
Lignin
(powder)
Vanillin
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.08
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.06
0.05
0.15
0.04
0.10
0.07
0.15
0.14
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.02
0.04
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.25
0.12
0.15
0.22
0.26
0.34
0.16
0.04
0.09
0.08
0.18
0.17
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3.5 OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIAL (ODP)
Ozone depletion potential (ODP)
1.2E-04
1.0E-04
kg CFC-11-eqv.
8.0E-05
6.0E-05
4.0E-05
2.0E-05
0.0E+00
1 tonne
1 m3
1 m3
1 tonne
1 tonne
Cellulose
Ethanol
(96%)
Ethanol
(99%)
Lignin
(liquid)
Lignin
(powder)
1 tonne
Vanillin
1.4E-06
3.3E-07
3.2E-07
1.1E-06
1.2E-06
1.6E-06
6.7E-06
9.6E-07
1.5E-06
1.8E-06
4.8E-06
2.4E-06
0.0E+00
0.0E+00
0.0E+00
0.0E+00
0.0E+00
0.0E+00
1.3E-06
3.4E-07
8.5E-07
4.7E-07
8.4E-07
1.3E-06
2.7E-07
2.2E-07
2.2E-07
2.7E-07
2.7E-07
2.7E-07
1.3E-05
6.8E-06
8.6E-06
1.1E-05
2.2E-05
2.5E-05
6.7E-05
1.7E-05
4.0E-05
3.0E-05
7.9E-05
6.8E-05
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3.6 CUMULATIVE ENERGY DEMAND (CED)
Cumulative energy demand
(CED )
40,000
35,000
30,000
MJ LHV
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
-
1 tonne
1 m3
1 m3
1 tonne
1 tonne
1 tonne
Cellulose
Ethanol
(96%)
Ethanol
(99%)
Lignin
(liquid)
Lignin
(powder)
Vanillin
Energy from waste and other energy sources
5,753
1,479
3,627
2,154
4,388
5,549
Renewable energy
7,385
1,844
3,994
3,841
5,970
7,734
Nyclear power
6,531
1,588
3,036
4,006
6,150
7,786
Fossil energy
13,325
3,806
7,426
8,214
14,973
15,422
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Cellulose
Ethanol (96%)
Ethanol (99%)
Lignin (liquid)
Lignin (powder)
Vanillin
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Renewable energy
Nyclear power
Fossil energy
Renewable energy
Nyclear power
Fossil energy
Renewable energy
Nyclear power
Fossil energy
Renewable energy
Nyclear power
18,000
Fossil energy
Renewable energy
Nyclear power
Fossil energy
Renewable energy
Nyclear power
Fossil energy
MJ LHV
Cumulative energy demand
(CED)
20,000
16,000
Cradle-to-gate at Borregaard, excl. Borregaard's infrastructure
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
Energy type
Fossil energy
Nuclear power
Renewable
energy
Waste and
other
Energy category
Coal
Oil
Fossil gas
Peat
Sulphur
Nuclear power
Biomass/biogas
Hydropower
Wind
Solar
Geothermal heat
Wave
Tide
Energy
waste/recovered
Undefined
MJ LHV per tonne
cellulose
3151
7640
2188
345
0
6531
3042
4164
0
179
0
0
0
5752
0
Most important are of use
Production of electricity to Borregaard.
Combustion of oil at Borregaard.
Combustion of (bio combustion) and alvamix
(alva combustion) at Borregaard.
Production to electricity used for production of
sodium hydroxide and salt that Borregaard
purchases.
Combustion of waste oil and municipal waste at
Borregaard.
-
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3.7 WASTE
Waste
Solid and non-radioactive
90
80
70
kg waste
60
50
40
30
20
10
-
1 tonne
1 m3
1 m3
1 tonne
1 tonne
1 tonne
Cellulose
Ethanol (96%)
Ethanol (99%)
Lignin (liquid)
Lignin (powder)
Vanillin
Other waste
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.6
Hazardous waste
1.0
0.4
0.6
0.6
1.2
0.9
Waste to landfill
37.8
12.8
17.5
19.4
40.3
63.0
Waste to incineration (without energy recovery)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Waste to energy recovery
2.1
0.8
0.9
1.4
1.4
1.7
16.2
12.6
12.6
16.1
16.1
16.5
Waste to material recycling
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Cellulose
Ethanol (96%)
Ethanol (99%)
Lignin (liquid)
Lignin (powder)
Vanillin
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Other waste
Hazardous waste
Waste to landfill
Other waste
Hazardous waste
Waste to landfill
Other waste
Hazardous waste
Waste to landfill
Other waste
Hazardous waste
Waste to landfill
60
Other waste
Hazardous waste
Waste to landfill
Other waste
Hazardous waste
Waste to landfill
kg waste
Waste
(solid and non-radioactive)
70
Cradle-to-gate at Borregaard, excl. Borregaard's infrastructure
50
40
30
20
10
0
3.8 Other environmental impact categories
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4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Table 6
Environmental burdens from cradle to gate1) for Borregaard’s products
Environmental impact
category
Global warming potential
(GWP)
Cellulose
3)
Unit
1 tonne
3)
Ethanol
(96 %)
3
1m
3)
Ethanol
(99 %)
3
1m
3)
3)
Lignin
(liquid)
1 tonne
Lignin
(powder)
1 tonne
3)
Vanillin
1 tonne
kg CO2-eqv.
1,211
335
691
704
1,227
1,343
kg SO2-eqv.
11.3
3.8
6.5
7.1
10.4
11.7
10
LCA = Life Cycle Assessment. See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_cycle_assessment
11
International organisation for Standardisation; http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue.htm
ISO 14044: Environmental management -- Life cycle assessment -- Requirements and guidelines
ISO 14048: Environmental management -- Life cycle assessment -- Data documentation format
12
EPD = Environmental Product Declaration. Standardised (ISO 14025) method for presentation of LCA-results.
See also: http://www-epd-norge.no/ (in Norwegian) and http://www.environdec.com/pageld.asp (in
English).
13
PCR = Product Category Rules. Common and harmonised calculation rules to ensure that similar procedures
are used when creating EPDs. Groups of products usually differ in their inherent environmental performance
requiring specific rules to the product group, so-called Product Category Rules (PCR) to be prepared.
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Photochemical ozone
creation potential (POCP)
Ozone depletion
potential
Cumulative energy
demand (CED)
2)
Waste
-3
kg PO4 -eqv.
3.26
0.95
1.35
1.64
2.75
2.47
kg C2H4-eqv.
0.70
0.24
0.41
0.42
0.69
0.76
kg CFC-11-eqv.
MJ LHV
kg waste
8.9E
-5
2.6E
-5
5.2E
-5
4.3E
-5
1.1E
-4
9.7E
-5
33,000
8,700
18,100
18,200
31,500
36,500
57.8
26.8
31.9
37.8
59.6
82.8
1) Transport to customer is not included in this table.
2) Solid and non-radioactive.
3) On dry basis. For ethanol, this means that the burdens are not allocated the water content of the product.
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Waste
Global warming
potential
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
Cellulose
Ethanol (96%)
Ethanol (99%)
Lignin (liquid)
Cumulative energy
demand
Lignin (powder)
Vanillin
Ozone depletion
potential
Photochemical ozone
creation potential
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The life cycle phases' relative burden
Cellulose
Ethanol (96%)
Ethanol (99%)
Lignin (liquid)
Lignin (powder)
Vanillin
Cellulose
Ethanol (96%)
Ethanol (99%)
Lignin (liquid)
Lignin (powder)
Vanillin
Cellulose
Ethanol (96%)
Ethanol (99%)
Lignin (liquid)
Lignin (powder)
Ozone depletion potential
Photochemical ozone creation
potential
Vanillin
Cellulose
Ethanol (96%)
Ethanol (99%)
Lignin (liquid)
Lignin (powder)
Vanillin
Cellulose
Ethanol (96%)
Ethanol (99%)
Lignin (liquid)
Lignin (powder)
Vanillin
0%
10 %
20 %
30 %
40 %
50 %
60 %
70 %
80 %
90 %
Figure 20
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100 %
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5 REFERENCES
Barnholt, T. (2008): Telephone correspondence (June 2008) and e-mail (25/6-08) with Tuva
Barnholt, [email protected].
Brekke, A., Modahl, I.S. og Raadal, H.L.: Klima- og energiregnskap for etanol fra Borregaard.
(Norwegian report, Greenhouse gas and energy account for ethanol from Borregaard), OR 17.08,
Ostfold Research (Østfoldforskning AS), September 2008.
Brekke, A., Modahl, I.S. and Raadal, H.L.: Konkurrentanalyser for cellulose, etanol, lignin og vanillin
fra Borregaard. (Norwegian report: Competitor analysis for cellulose, ethanol, lignin and vanillin
from Borregaard.) Confidential. Ostfold Research (Østfoldforskning AS) OR 11.09, March 2009
Ecoinvent 1.3/2.0 database;
http://www.pre.nl/ecoinvent/default.htm?gclid=CO322re7qpICFQSU1AodYRRKQQ
http://www.ecoinvent.ch/
Environdec (2008): PCR for ‘Chemical products, 2000:5’.
See also: http://www.environdec.com/pageId.asp (main page) and
http://www.environdec.com/pageID.asp?id=131&menu=3,7,0&pcrId=14 (’Chemical
products’).
ETH-ESU 96 database (2007): Data for 1 kg of mineral wool from the ETH-ESU 96 database
found in Simapro software; Processes/Material/construction/Mineral wool ETH U.
Frischknecht, R., Althaus, H.-J., Bauer, C., Doka, G., Heck, T., Jungbluth, N., Kellenberg, D.
and Nemecek, T. (2007): The Environmental Relevance of Capital Goods in Life Cycle
Assessments of Products and Services. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,
12 LCA Special (1) 7-17 (2007). See abstract at:
http://www.scientificjournals.com/sj/lca_special/abstract/ArtikelId/8934
IPCC: http://www.ipcc.ch/
ISO, International organisation for Standardisation; http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue.htm
Kristiansen, T. (2008): E-mail correspondence (20-23/6-08) with Tore Kristiansen,
[email protected]
Modahl, I.S. and Raadal, H.L. (2008): Klimaregnskap for produkt frå Borregaard. Fase 1:
Cellulose, etanol, lignin og vanillin. (Norwegian report: Greenhouse gas account for products
from Borregaard. Phase 1: Cellulose, ethanol, lignin and vanillin.) Ostfold Research
(Østfoldforskning AS) OR 06.08 (confidential).
Modahl, I.S., Raadal, H.L. and Nyland, C.A. (2008): Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity,
including Carbon Capture and Storage - A study of a Gas Power Plant with Post-Combustion
CO2 Capture at Tjeldbergodden. Report from Ostfold Research (Østfoldforskning) AR 03.08.
47
Ostfold Research
Nordisk Miljømerking (2008): Svanemerking av drivstoff. Forslag til versjon 1.0. (Swan label
(Nordic eco label) on fuels. Draft to version 1.0)
http://www.ecolabel.no/data/f/0/08/55/3_2401_0/Forslag.pdf
PRé, The Netherlands; http://www.pre.nl/simapro/
Rojahn, T. (2008): Telephone and e-mail correspondence with Trond Rojahn 6/6-08 and
following e-mail correspondence 1/9-12/9 2008, [email protected]
SFT 96:16 (1996): Utslipp ved håndtering av kommunalt avfall. Authors: Jonas Sandgran,
Aage Heie and Terje Sverud (Det Norske Veritas). (Norwegian report: Emission from
handling of municipal solid waste.) Publisher: SFT (Norwegian Pollution Control Authority).
TA-no 1366/1996. ISBN 82-7655-008-8.
SimaPro, software tool for life cycle assessment; http://www.pre.nl/simapro/
SSB (2006): Naturressurser og miljø 2006. (Norwegian report: Nature resources and the
environment) ISBN 82-537-7115-0 (printed), http://www.ssb.no/emner/01/sa_nrm/nrm2008/
Universiteit Leiden (2007): CML-IA - CML's impact assessment methods and
characterisation factors. http://www.leidenuniv.nl/interfac/cml/ssp/databases/cmlia/index.html
Universiteit Leiden (2005): Emission factors and national emissions found in ’LCA guide’,
part 2B, page 14-15, home page
http://www.leidenuniv.nl/interfac/cml/ssp/projects/lca2/lca2.html, This is summarised in a file
at Ostfold Research under i:TeamAlle/LCAgruppa/SimaPro/STØ-metoder/Karakterisering
POCP samlekategorier.doc (last updated 26/4-2005).
Veolia (2008): ‘Grønt ansvar’-report ’Rapport på vareadressenivå for fraksjon’ (pdf-file)
(Norwegian report: Green responsibility, detailed data for each waste fraction) with
explanations sent by Margrethe Mangen, phone: + 47 9915 7670, 23/10-08.
Wergeland, P (2008): Meeting with Per Wergeland (Borregaard) at Ostfold Research
(Østfoldforskning AS) 19/6-08, and following telephone correspondence. Contact
information: [email protected], Phone. + 47 905 40 877.
Wikipedia (2008a): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol
Wikipedia (2008b): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane
48
Ostfold Research
APPENDIX 1:
AGGREGATED RESULTS
This appendix shows aggregated results for all the environmental impact categories that are
included in the method of Ostfold Research
(Østfoldforskning Method LCA/EPD 2008 September v.3.00)
Unit
global warming
(GWP100)
ozone layer depletion
(ODP)
photochemical oxidation
acidification
eutrophication
Ledig 1
Ledig 2
Energy coal (no
feedstock)
Energy oil (no feedstock)
kg CO2 eq
Vanillin, inkl. infrastruktur
og fellesavfall – Borregaard
Impact category
Lignin (pulver), inkl.
infrastruktur og fellesavfall Borregaard
Comparing processes
Østfoldforskning Method LCA/EPD 2008 September - B V3.00 / West Europe, 1995
Characterization
Never
Non
Lignin (flytande), inkl.
infrastruktur og fellesavfall Borregaard
Title:
Method:
Indicator:
Skip categories:
Relative mode:
Etanol (99%), inkl.
infrastruktur og
fellesavfallpå Borregaard
11:00:47
Etanol (96%), inkl.
infrastruktur og fellesavfall
– Borregaard
Project
Impact
Date:
11.03.2009 Time:
assessment
Borregaard klimaregnskap
Cellulose, inkl. infrastruktur
og fellesavfall - Borregaard
SimaPro 7.1
1210,9
335,5
690,9
703,6
1226,6
1342,8
kg CFC-11 eq
8,86E-05
2,55E-05 5,16E-05 4,30E-05 1,07E-04 9,68E-05
kg C2H4
kg SO2 eq
kg PO4--- eq
MJ LHV
0,704
11,261
3,258
0
0
3142,66
0,236
3,794
0,945
0
0
759,76
0,412
6,489
1,349
0
0
1426,69
0,419
7,087
1,639
0
0
1834,25
0,690
10,355
2,747
0
0
3096,91
0,758
11,698
2,470
0
0
4113,92
MJ LHV
7517,71
2292,14
4709,28
3664,30
8931,51
7884,60
49
Ostfold Research
Energy fossile gas (no
feedst)
Energy peat (no
feedstock)
Energy sulfur (no
feedstock)
Energy nuclear (no
feedstock)
Energy biomass (no
feedstock)
Energy hydropower
(pond)
Energy hp (river = tom)
Energy wind
Energy solar
Energy geothermal
Energy vawe (tom)
Energy tide (tom)
Ledig 3
Ledig 4
Energy waste/recovered
(no fs)
Energy undefined
Spent nuclear fuel (no fs)
...of which uranium (no
fs)
Waste to material
recycling
Waste to energy
recovery
Waste to incineration (no
ER)
Waste to landfill
Waste, electronics
Waste, hazardous
Ledig 5
Waste, slags/ashes
Waste, bulk
Waste, water
Waste, radioact, LLW,
conditio
Waste, radioact, HLW,
conditio
Ledig 6
CO2 emissions (fossile)
Ledig 11
Ledig 12
Ledig 13
CH4 emissions
N2O emissions
NOx emissions
SOx emissions
VOC emissions
CO emissions
Dioxin emissions to air
PAH emissions to air
MJ LHV
2176,62
622,13
1080,48
2376,16
2503,39
2886,41
MJ LHV
345,10
83,45
162,42
220,67
317,87
376,28
MJ LHV
0,01
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,02
0,02
MJ LHV
6521,63
1572,61
3020,99
3997,03
6142,84
7776,90
MJ LHV
3041,50
785,37
1950,14
1085,41
1936,56
2908,32
MJ LHV
4162,62
1012,89
1958,55
2643,27
3864,59
4616,26
MJ LHV
MJ LHV
MJ LHV
MJ LHV
MJ LHV
MJ LHV
MJ LHV
MJ LHV
MJ LHV
0,00
178,80
0,19
0
0
0
0
0
5752,38
0,00
42,95
0,04
0
0
0
0
0
1479,45
0,00
83,22
0,07
0
0
0
0
0
3627,12
0,00
110,89
0,07
0
0
0
0
0
2154,15
0,00
167,11
0,20
0
0
0
0
0
4387,89
0,00
206,90
0,37
0
0
0
0
0
5548,60
MJ LHV
kg
kg
0,17
0,01165
0,01165
0,04
0,00281
0,00281
0,08
0,00540
0,00540
0,11
0,00714
0,00714
0,15
0,01097
0,01097
0,18
0,01389
0,01389
kg
16,18
12,61
12,63
16,08
16,12
16,55
kg
2,10
0,78
0,87
1,44
1,41
1,65
kg
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
m3
36,91
0,00
0,30
0
0,73
0,64
11,09
2,34E-05
12,33
16,99
18,66
39,51
61,95
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,18
0,21
0,26
0,30
0,31
0
0
0
0
0
0,18
0,37
0,29
0,90
0,63
0,22
0,35
0,42
0,58
0,62
2,68
5,22
7,09
10,21
12,09
5,64E-06 1,08E-05 1,43E-05 2,20E-05 2,79E-05
m3
5,98E-06
1,44E-06 2,77E-06 3,66E-06 5,63E-06 7,13E-06
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
0
1156,82
0
0
0
1,64
0,05
3,45
7,92
0,40
0,86
5,95E-09
0,000118
0
0
0
0
0
321,21
663,06
671,82 1172,35 1276,42
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0,43
0,81
1,04
1,72
2,03
0,01
0,03
0,02
0,04
0,06
1,10
2,09
2,13
3,17
3,62
2,70
4,53
5,00
7,26
8,20
0,14
0,25
0,21
0,44
0,42
0,29
0,50
0,46
0,88
1,10
1,54E-09 3,76E-09 2,21E-09 3,93E-09 5,78E-09
0,000033 0,000067 0,000054 0,000099 0,000135
50
Ostfold Research
Cr, Cd, Hg and Pb to air
Ledig 15
Ledig 16
Ledig 17
COD
N-tot
P-tot
Ledig 18
Ledig 19
Dioxin emissions to
water
PAH emissions to water
VOC emissions to water
Cr, Cd, Hg and Pb to
water
Ledig 20
Ledig 21
Water res.: turbine water
Water res.: river flow
(tom)
Water res.: cooling water
Water res.: process
water
Water res.: other types
Water res.: unspecidfied
Ledig 22
Ledig 23
Land use
Ledig 24
Ledig 25
Ledig 26
All resources (wa/air/energy)
Ledig 27
Ledig 28
Ledig 29
Ledig 30
All res.: coal feedstock
All res.: oil feedstock
All res.: fossile gas
feedstock
All res.: peat feedstock
(tom)
All res.: sulfur feedstock
All res.: uranium fstock
(tom)
All res.: biomass
feedstock
Ledig 31
Ledig 32
Ledig 33
All res.: recycled paper
All res.: recycled other
fiber
Ledig 34
All res.: recycled steel-
kg
kg
kg
0,001853
0
0
0
100,581
0,654
0,095
0
0
2,91E-08
0,000739 0,001091 0,001060 0,001812 0,002407
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32,900
42,030
55,497
86,238
76,318
0,082
0,157
0,151
0,386
0,330
0,012
0,023
0,021
0,080
0,046
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7,50E-09 1,86E-08 1,04E-08 1,85E-08 2,78E-08
kg
kg
kg
5,82E-05
0,0035
2,0630
1,71E-05 3,62E-05 2,62E-05 6,95E-05 6,02E-05
0,0010
0,0022
0,0016
0,0042
0,0037
0,1867
0,4495
0,3855
1,3696
5,0706
kg
kg
0
0
837694
0
0
0
253391
0
0
0
383358
0
0
0
393877
0
kg
kg
17949
119278
3746
30144
7245
44609
8858
42405
22711
118669
26160
220798
kg
kg
kg
6188
1508
0
0
0
0
0
0
1290
1525
327
0
0
0
0
0
0
837
2911
604
0
0
0
0
0
0
910
3737
548
0
0
0
0
0
0
1088
6231
2128
0
0
0
0
0
0
1325
8159
2792
0
0
0
0
0
0
1126
kg
kg
kg
0
0
0
0
0,16767
0,01738
0,00039
0
0
0
0
0,04054
0,00420
0,00010
0
0
0
0
0,07891
0,00818
0,00019
0
0
0
0
0,10721
0,01111
0,00025
0
0
0
0
0,15443
0,01601
0,00036
0
0
0
0
0,18281
0,01895
0,00043
kg
0
0
0
0
0
0
kg
kg
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
kg
969
707
746
917
1009
597
kg
kg
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
kg
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
kg
kg
kg
m2
0
0
0
0
966172 1558106
0
0
51
Ostfold Research
iron
All res.: recycled
aluminium
All res.: recycled copper
All res.: recycled zinc
(tom)
All res.: recycled other
metal
Ledig 35
All res.: recycled glass
All res.: recycled plastics
All res.: recycled others
Ledig 37
All res.: chrom
All res.: nickel
All res.: iron
All res.: aluminium
All res.: copper
All res.: zinc
All res.: silicone
All res.: manganese
All res.: magnesium
Ledig 43
Ledig 44
All res.:
calcium/limestone
All res.: minerals, sand,
rock
Ledig 44,5
Ledig 45
ledig 46
Ledig 47
Miljøkostnader
Norge_utenGWP
-----Nytt for BorregaardPCR:
All res: coal feedstock
All res: oil feedstock
All res: fossile gas
feedstock
All res: peat feedstock
(tom)
All res: sulfur feedstock
All res: uranium fstock
(tom)
All res: biomass
feedstock
kg
0
0
0
0
0
0
kg
kg
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
kg
0
0
0
0
0
0
kg
0
0
0
8,73E-06
0
0,308
0,649
8,169
0,311
0,127
0,039
0
0,0143
3,7E-06
0
0
88,8
kg
275,2
73,7
108,4
113,3
kr
0
0
0
0
416067
0
0
0
0
37727
0
0
0
0
90333
0
0
0
0
78005
0
0
0
0
0
0
MJ
MJ
MJ
4,43
0,71
0,02
1,07
0,17
0,00
2,08
0,34
0,01
2,83
0,46
0,01
4,08
0,66
0,01
4,83
0,78
0,02
MJ
0
0
0
0
0
0
MJ
MJ
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
MJ
14833
10819
11420
14028
15443
9141
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,11E-06 4,11E-06 5,58E-06 8,04E-06 9,52E-06
0
0
0
0
0
0,141
0,160
0,193
0,284
0,359
0,339
0,386
0,467
0,673
0,919
2,629
3,940
4,143
8,733
12,676
0,069
0,116
0,132
0,692
0,410
0,022
0,039
0,040
0,142
0,273
0,008
0,013
0,013
0,044
0,082
0
0
0
0
0
0,0045
0,0068
0,0072
0,0157
0,0222
8,3E-07 1,4E-06 1,7E-06 4,0E-06 6,7E-06
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
65,9
75,1
86,6
112,6
85,1
242,1
487,5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
277015 1024265
52
Ostfold Research
APPENDIX 2:
DATA FOR EMISSIONS AND WATER CONSUMPTION
AT BORREGAARD
Data supplied from Lena Ulvan, Borregaard.
(in Norwegian)
Utslipp fra Borregaard 2007
Årsverdiar basert på oversendte døgn- og timesverdiar frå Borregaard
Utslipp til vann
KOF
Fabrikk
tonn/år
Opsund/Renseriet
Kokeri
Blekeri
Etanol
Lignin (tørr)
Lignin (flytende)
Spraytørka (tørr)
Spraytørka (flytende)
Vanillin
Farma
Kloralkali
Biorenseanlegg, 30% til fellesbelastning
Biorenseanlegg, 70% til bleikeriet
Biokjel
Barkkjel
Fyrhus/oljekjeler
Sum
73
6 059
12 107
3 468
2 390
19,3
41,8
761
1 040
826
BOF
S-TS
tonn/år tonn/år
16
2 001
1 570
259
147
1,2
2,6
47
85
23
-
73
219
840
543
4,4
197
460
256
27 039
4 153
2 336
Fiber
Utslipp merket blått er fra forbrenning
Biokjel - utslipp til luft
HF
HCl
Cd+Tl
Hg
Andre metaller
Dioksiner
TOC
CO
AOX
Cu
Toluen
AUORG
Hg
Na-salter
som Na
Tot P
Tot N
SO2
prosess
Utslipp til luft
SO2
Støv
NOX
totalt
kg/år
kg/år
tonn/år
tonn/år
kg/år
tonn/år
kg/år
kg/år
tonn/år
tonn/år tonn/år tonn/år
81 200
81 200
-
1 445
1 445
0,60
1
6 205
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
149
0
6 205
0
0
0
0
0
149
As, Cd, Cu
og Cr
mg/Nm3
mg/Nm3
mg/Nm3
mg/Nm3
mg/Nm3
ng/Nm3
mg/Nm3
mg/Nm3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14 673
14 673
110
730
767
4 344
1 752 13 651
438
4 015
3 041 14 447
25
117
6
80
104
1 453
183
1 351
6 826
4 271 30 036
9 965 70 084
20 659 147 132
0
9,6
54,3
22,8
0,9
0,0
0,0
0,0
0
0
0
44,4
103,6
0,0
0,0
0,0
236
0
9,6
54,3
22,8
0,9
0,9
42,9
42,9
0
0
0
44,4
103,6
5,3
11,7
297,0
636
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
14,0
0,0
38,5
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
7,0
2,6
18,4
81
0
0
0
0
0
0
25
25
0
0
0
0
0
138
43
161
391
Vannforbruk
CO2
tonn/år
tonn/år
0
4 003
4 003
20 393
20 393
1
44 885
94 544
188 223
211 596
3 484 463
13 090 230
3 165 146
3 548 852
117 791
4 647 591
8 958 793
6 644 918
23 570
54 998
380 665
54 748
960 000
45 343 361
Omrekningsfaktorar
365 døgn/år
24 timer/døgn
145 000 tonn cellulose/år
30 % av biorenseanlegg skal belastast felles
70 % av biorenseanlegg skal belastast bleikeriet
53
Ostfold Research
Utslipp fra Borregaard 2007
Utslipp til vann
Fabrikk
Opsund/Renseriet
KOF
BOF
S-TS
AOX
Cu
t/d
t/d
t/d
kg/TAD
kg/d
Toluen AUORG
tonn/år
t/d
Na-salter
Tot P
som Na
kg/år
tonn/d
kg/d
Hg
SO2
prosess
kg/d
kg/h
Tot N
Utslipp til luft
Vannforbruk
SO2
Støv NOX
CO2
totalt
kg/h kg/h kg/h tonn/år tonn/år
0,2
0,04
0,2
0,3
2
Kokeri
16,6
5,5
0,6
2,1
12
1,1
1,1
3484463
Blekeri
33,2
4,3
2,3
4,8
37
6,2
6,2
13090230
Etanol
9,5
0,7
1,2
11
2,6
2,6
Lignin (tørr)
6,5
0,4
1,5
8,3
40
0,1
0,1
Lignin (flytende)
0,1
0,0
0,0
0,1
0
0,1
Spraytørka (tørr)
0,1
0,01
0,0
0
4,9
Spraytørka (flytende)
2,1
0,1
0,3
4
4,9
Vanillin
2,8
0,2
0,5
4
Farma
2,3
0,1
0,0
19
0,6
17
149
Kloralkali
4,0
Biorenseanlegg
Biokjel
211596
0,7
274
16,9
Fyrhus/oljekjeler
Utslipp merket blått er fra forbrenning
Biokjel - utslipp til luft
HF
HCl
Cd+Tl
Hg
Andre metaller
Dioksiner
TOC
CO
mg/Nm3
mg/Nm3
mg/Nm3
mg/Nm3
mg/Nm3
ng/Nm3
mg/Nm3
mg/Nm3
6,4
Fiber
0,6
kg/Tonn
produsert
masse =
cellulose
17
149
4,0
20393
117791
3
20393
0,6
40
57
403
0
8958793
40
11
0
3
1
39,0
3548852
4003
0,6
1,8
74
4,4
4003
4647591
Barkkjel
Sum
3165146
1,6
27
16,9
6644918
78568
0,6
0,8
16
1,3
0,3
5
44885
380665
33,9
2,1
18
94544
960000
73
9,2
45 188223
45343361
54748
As, Cd, Cu
og Cr
0,026
0,01
0,0007
0,001
0,004
6E-05
2,8
21,5
54
Ostfold Research
APPENDIX 3:
MASSES AND TREATMENT OF WASTE FROM
BORREGAARD
55
Ostfold Research
Ekstern behandling
Opprinneleg
rekkefølge
171
172
173
212
213
214
215
216
217
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
223
238
191
155
104
182
101
164
234
142
230
55
254
178
96
187
111
160
52
147
201
228
174
165
105
106
224
156
166
84
148
53
107
167
231
255
143
225
151
239
112
192
229
235
56
188
57
161
202
168
108
183
144
97
193
179
236
157
113
175
194
58
54
226
98
169
256
145
158
176
162
195
240
180
203
Vareadresse
Varetekst, %kg, kg, kr, ant kg,
fakturert
kg
Adresse
A2060 - rene masser - blandet 1% 6 100 60 100
1 184 100 0 Bioforbrenning (bark)
A2080 - gips 5% 54 200 0
54 200
Bioforbrenning (bark)
A4020 - aske fra fyringsanlegg, ren 95%
1 123
1 123
800 800 0
1 184 100
27501 Cell 3 Blekeri
A101 - avfall 71% 45 907 2 188 64 717 245188
907
Bleikeriet (Cellulosefabrikken)
A2030 - grus 12% 7 850 0
7 850
B3020 - treverk - blandet 9% 5 900 0
5 900
P00403- Grp. B folie farget > 10% energi 1%
450
450 0 Bleikeriet (Cellulosefabrikken)
R102 - blandet kontorpapir 2% 1 055 0 1 055
R302 - bølgepapp 5% 3 555 0
3 555
64 717
22900 Etanolfabrikken
A101 - avfall 1% 26 721 3 938 1 958 983263 721
938
Etanolfabrikken
A2030 - grus 2% 31 250 0
31 250
Etanolfabrikken
A2080 - gips 96% 1 881 490 0
1 881 490
Etanolfabrikken
B3020 - treverk - blandet 1% 17 500 0 17 500
Etanolfabrikken
485
485 0
Etanolfabrikken
R102 - blandet kontorpapir 0% 245 0
245
Etanolfabrikken
R302 - bølgepapp 0% 1 292 0
1 292
Etanolfabrikken
1 958 983
Etanolfabrikken
30100 Melløs Kontor
A101 - avfall 0% 585 0 129 785 0
585
Felles
35000 Hovedgården
A101 - avfall 10% 1 070 0
1 070
Felles
27200 Forskningsbygg Syd A101 - avfall 26% 7 338 0 28 764 113 9167 338
Felles
26101 C-port
A101 - avfall 3% 435 0 13 965 0
435
Felles
16500 Sentralverksted
A101 - avfall 37% 26 612 0 72 820 0 26 612
Felles
26900 Stjernebygg
A101 - avfall 45% 5 699 0 12 770 0
5 699
Felles
15300 Helseavdelingen A101 - avfall 45% 735 0 1 650 0
735
Felles
26500 Storkontrollrom A101 - avfall 46% 19 227 0 41 575 0 19 227
Felles
30103 Melløs Lagerhus A101 - avfall 6% 6 823 2 563 110 113 2 563
6 823
Felles
25500 Tappestasjon
A101 - avfall 60% 14 796 1 313 24 803 114313
796
Felles
30102 Melløs Spiselokale A101 - avfall 65% 5 360 0 8 273 0
5 360
Felles
15100 Bilavdelingen
A101 - avfall 66% 67 482 83 000 102 906
67292
482152
Felles
80001 Utleiegarderobe/Attf
A101 - avfall 66% 8 084 0 12 252 0
8 084
Felles
26800 HMS-avdelingen A101 - avfall 69% 3 326 0 4 791 0
3 326
Felles
15200 Kantina
A101 - avfall 71% 12 958 0 18 266 0 12 958
Felles
27000 B-port
A101 - avfall 73% 1 200 0
1 200
Felles
20000 Sentrallager
A101 - avfall 8% 850 0 10 461 0
850
Felles
26400 Kontor 5
A101 - avfall 81% 7 542 3 688 9 308 3 688
7 542
Felles
14800 Vannverket
A101 - avfall 82% 5 480 438 6 660 438 5 480
Felles
25501 Poval
A101 - avfall 88% 24 104 12 625 27 54424
12104
625
Felles
27201 Forskningsbygg PilotA101 - avfall 91% 7 922 0 8 691 0
7 922
Felles
30101 Melløs Kjemikai
A101 - avfall 92% 6 323 0 6 873 0
6 323
Felles
26600 Renseanlegget
A101 - avfall 94% 7 218 1 125 7 716 1 125
7 218
Felles
26500 Storkontrollrom A2030 - grus 26% 10 750 0
10 750
Felles
A2035 - stein ren 5% 3 800 0
3 800
Felles
A2060 - rene masser - blandet 23% 16 400
16 400
0
Felles
A2060 - rene masser - blandet 59% 76 450
76 450
0
Felles
26101 C-port
A2080 - gips 94% 13 150 0
13 150
Felles
26500 Storkontrollrom B2010 - ren flis 4% 1 500 0
1 500
Felles
15100 Bilavdelingen
B3020 - treverk - blandet 100% 6 700 0 66700
7000
Felles
25501 Poval
Felles
14800 Vannverket
Felles
Felles
26500 Storkontrollrom B3020 - treverk - blandet 22% 9 350 0 9 350
Felles
30102 Melløs Spiselokale B3020 - treverk - blandet 26% 2 150 0 2 150
Felles
80001 Utleiegarderobe/Attf
Felles
25500 Tappestasjon
Felles
Felles
26100 Spraytørka
Felles
35000 Hovedgården
3600
Felles
20000 Sentrallager
Felles
27200 Forskningsbygg Syd B3020 - treverk - blandet 8% 2 350 0
2 350
Felles
30101 Melløs Kjemikai
B3020 - treverk - blandet 8% 550 0
550
Felles
30103 Melløs Lagerhus B3020 - treverk - blandet 92% 101 350101
0 350
Felles
15100 Bilavdelingen
D010F - personbildekk på felg 0% 30 200 30
Felles
27000 B-port
Grp. B folie farget > 10% energi 2% 30 0 1 640
30 0
Felles
15100 Bilavdelingen
P00403- Grp. B folie farget > 10% energi 0%10
10 0
Felles
26400 Kontor 5
10 0
Felles
27201 Forskningsbygg PilotP00403- Grp. B folie farget > 10% energi 0%10
10 0
Felles
26500 Storkontrollrom P00403- Grp. B folie farget > 10% energi 0%
103
103 0
Felles
197
197 0
Felles
26900 Stjernebygg
60 0
Felles
25500 Tappestasjon
127
127 0
Felles
15200 Kantina
132
132 0
Felles
27200 Forskningsbygg Syd P00403- Grp. B folie farget > 10% energi 1%
326
326 0
Felles
26800 HMS-avdelingen P00403- Grp. B folie farget > 10% energi 1%45
45 0
Felles
30103 Melløs Lagerhus P00403- Grp. B folie farget > 10% energi 1%
740
740 0
Felles
26101 C-port
230
230 0
Felles
20000 Sentrallager
233
233 0
Felles
26600 Renseanlegget
208
208 0
Felles
27200 Forskningsbygg Syd P09001- Flasker/kanner/brett (blandet) 1%150
150 0
Felles
15100 Bilavdelingen
175
Felles
14800 Vannverket
30
Felles
50
Felles
15200 Kantina
60
Felles
26500 Storkontrollrom R102 - blandet kontorpapir 0% 90 0
90
Felles
Utleiegarderobe/Attf
R102 - blandet kontorpapir 1% 100 0 12 252
1000
Felles
25500 Tappestasjon
140
Felles
26101 C-port
140
Felles
26600 Renseanlegget
50
Felles
26400 Kontor 5
Felles
27200 Forskningsbygg Syd R102 - blandet kontorpapir 12% 3 495 0 3 495
Felles
35000 Hovedgården
Felles
26800 HMS-avdelingen R102 - blandet kontorpapir 15% 710 0
710
Felles
27201 Forskningsbygg PilotR102 - blandet kontorpapir 2% 210 0
210
Felles
Intern avfallsbehandling
Materialgjenvinning
Energiutnytting
Deponi
Farleg
avfall
Anna (inkl.
forbrenning utan
energiutnytting)
kg/år
kg/år
kg/år
kg/år
kg/år
Barkforbrenning
Barkforbrenning
Barkforbrenning
Materialgjenvinning
internt
Energiutnytting
internt
Deponi
internt
6 100
-
45 907
-
-
-
6 100
-
54 200
1 123 800
1 178 000
7 850
5 900
450
1 055
3 555
5 060
45 907
26 721
-
-
-
7 850
5 900
-
31 250
1 881 490
17 500
485
245
1 292
2 022
26 721
585
1 070
7 338
435
26 612
5 699
735
19 227
6 823
14 796
5 360
67 482
8 084
3 326
12 958
1 200
850
7 542
5 480
24 104
7 922
6 323
7 218
-
-
-
31 250
17 500
1 881 490
10 750
3 800
16 400
76 450
13 150
1 500
6 700
3 050
1 150
15 800
9 350
2 150
3 750
9 450
52 500
38 700
8 360
8 200
2 350
550
101 350
30
30
10
10
10
103
197
60
127
132
326
45
740
230
233
208
150
175
30
50
60
90
100
140
140
50
1 105
3 495
1 450
710
210
56
Ostfold Research
189
184
109
102
232
114
185
159
59
227
241
237
190
146
149
170
110
6
99
181
233
177
115
257
103
204
163
196
186
60
61
85
86
197
62
63
64
65
198
87
66
67
68
69
70
88
71
89
72
73
74
75
90
91
76
77
78
92
79
93
80
94
199
81
82
200
95
100
83
48
49
50
51
1
7
12
26
22
13
14
8
2
27
23
15
9
3
28
16
4
10
24
17
29
5
18
11
27000 B-port
390
Felles
26900 Stjernebygg
Felles
Felles
15300 Helseavdelingen R102 - blandet kontorpapir 52% 860 0
860
Felles
30102 Melløs Spiselokale R102 - blandet kontorpapir 7% 600 0
600
Felles
20000 Sentrallager
880
Felles
26900 Stjernebygg
R102M - sams kontorpapir 9% 1 211 0 1 211
Felles
26101 C-port
R302 - bølgepapp 0% 10 0
10
Felles
15100 Bilavdelingen
150
Felles
200
Felles
35000 Hovedgården
50
Felles
30103 Melløs Lagerhus R302 - bølgepapp 1% 1 200 0
1 200
Felles
27000 B-port
20
Felles
25500 Tappestasjon
290
Felles
25501 Poval
390
Felles
26500 Storkontrollrom R302 - bølgepapp 1% 555 0
555
Felles
R302 - bølgepapp 10% 7 016 0
7 016
Felles
10400 IT-avdelingen
R302 - bølgepapp 100% 180 0 180 0
180
Felles
15200 Kantina
R302 - bølgepapp 11% 1 936 0
1 936
Felles
26800 HMS-avdelingen R302 - bølgepapp 15% 710 0
710
Felles
30102 Melløs Spiselokale R302 - bølgepapp 2% 163 0
163
Felles
26600 Renseanlegget
240
Felles
20000 Sentrallager
298
Felles
Utleiegarderobe/Attf
318
Felles
15300 Helseavdelingen R302 - bølgepapp 3% 55 0 1 650 0
55
Felles
27201 Forskningsbygg PilotR302 - bølgepapp 6% 549 0
549
Felles
26400 Kontor 5
651
Felles
27200 Forskningsbygg Syd R302 - bølgepapp 8% 2 235 0
2 235
Felles
26900 Stjernebygg
R302 - bølgepapp 9% 1 205 0
1 205
Felles
15100 Bilavdelingen
S7011A- 7011 ref.olje, flytende - småkolli 1%
625625 2 500
Felles
15100 Bilavdelingen
S7011B- 7011 ref.olje, flytende - fat 10%
1010
746
746 -804
Felles
15101 Miljøstasjon
S7012A- 7012 ikke ref.olje, flytende - småkolli
159 2% 159 795
Felles
15101 Miljøstasjon
S7012B- 7012 ikke ref.olje, flytende - fat113%
1781 178 3 534 8 775 127
Felles
958
27200 Forskningsbygg Syd S7012B- 7012 ikke ref.olje, flytende - fat1139%
24211 242 33 726
Felles
15100 Bilavdelingen
S7012B- 7012 ikke ref.olje, flytende - fat77%
603
7 603 22 809
Felles
15100 Bilavdelingen
S7012C- 7012 ikke ref.olje, flytende - IBC34%
9693 969 11 907
Felles
15100 Bilavdelingen
S7021B- 7021 olje-/fettavf., fast - fat 0% 131
131917
Felles
15100 Bilavdelingen
S7022A- 7022 oljeforur.masse, fast - småkolli
6621% 662 6 620
Felles
27200 Forskningsbygg Syd S7022B- 7022 oljeforur.masse, fast - fat 2%700
700 5 950
Felles
15101 Miljøstasjon
S7022B- 7022 oljeforur.masse, fast - fat 22%
1 9091 909 15 853
Felles
15100 Bilavdelingen
S7022B- 7022 oljeforur.masse, fast - fat 3%
3 047
3 047 25 900
Felles
15100 Bilavdelingen
S7022C- 7022 oljeforur.masse, fast - IBC 0%
399
399 3 392
Felles
15100 Bilavdelingen
S7023D- 7023 bl.drivstoff - småkolli 0% 27 243
27
Felles
15100 Bilavdelingen
S7024B- 7024 oljefilter - fat 0% 236 826 102
236906 292 152
Felles
15100 Bilavdelingen
S7041A- 7041 org.løsem m/halogen, flyt.-småkolli
456
0% 456 11 400Felles
15101 Miljøstasjon
S7041A- 7041 org.løsem m/halogen, flyt.-småkolli
198
2% 198 4 950 Felles
15100 Bilavdelingen
S7042A- 7042 org.løsem u/halogen, flyt.-småkolli
394
0% 394 3 940 Felles
15101 Miljøstasjon
S7042A- 7042 org.løsem u/halogen, flyt.-småkolli
202
2% 202 2 020 Felles
15100 Bilavdelingen
S7042B- 7042 org.løsem u/halogen, flytende
617- fat 1% 617 3 702 Felles
15100 Bilavdelingen
S7042C- 7042 org.løsem u/halogen, flytende
722- IBC 1% 722 4 332 Felles
15100 Bilavdelingen
S7042L- 7042 frostvæske - fat 0% 200 1 200
200
Felles
15100 Bilavdelingen
S7051A- 7051 maling, småkolli 0% 211 1 583
211
Felles
15101 Miljøstasjon
S7051A- 7051 maling, småkolli 1% 51 383 51
Felles
15101 Miljøstasjon
S7055A- 7055 spraybokser - småkolli 0% 3 453
Felles
15100 Bilavdelingen
S7055A- 7055 spraybokser - småkolli 0% 5454
810
Felles
15100 Bilavdelingen
S7081J- 7081 KOF-avfall 0% 184 7 360
184
Felles
15100 Bilavdelingen
S7091A- 7091 uorganiske salter, fast - småkolli
1 679 2% 1 679 33 580 Felles
15101 Miljøstasjon
S7091A- 7091 uorganiske salter, fast - småkolli
3 621 41% 3 621 72 420Felles
15100 Bilavdelingen
S7092B- 7092 blybatterier, >200kg 1% 796796
-279
Felles
15101 Miljøstasjon
S7092B- 7092 blybatterier, >200kg 10% 891
891
-312
Felles
15100 Bilavdelingen
S7093A- 7093 småbatterier - småkolli 0% 77772 695
Felles
15101 Miljøstasjon
S7133A- 7133 rengj.midl., fast - småkolli 3%
258
258 3 870
Felles
27200 Forskningsbygg Syd S7152A- 7152 org.avf, fast - småkolli 1% 358
35828 640
Felles
15100 Bilavdelingen
S7152C- 7152 org.avf, fast - IBC 2% 1 7441 26
744160
Felles
15100 Bilavdelingen
S7152J- 7152 lab.kjemikalier, usorterte-småkolli
477 0% 477 38 160 Felles
27200 Forskningsbygg Syd S7152J- 7152 lab.kjemikalier, usorterte-småkolli
570 2% 570 45 600 Felles
15101 Miljøstasjon
305 3% 305 24 400 Felles
15200 Kantina
V150K - matavfall 17% 3 180 0
3 180
Felles
15100 Bilavdelingen
X1501 - Rull m 10 stk plastsekker - 240l (blank)
3 0% 3 0
Felles
726 911
Felles
13900 Fyrhus
A101 - avfall 88% 12 745 875 14 480 875
12 745
Fyrhus
13900 Fyrhus
1 200
Fyrhus
13900 Fyrhus
155
Fyrhus
13900 Fyrhus
R302 - bølgepapp 3% 380
380
Fyrhus
14 480
Fyrhus
10200 Pharma Lager
A101 - avfall 31% 2 034 0 6 538 0
2 064
Ikkje med
10500 Kraftstasjon
A101 - avfall 37% 5 714 0 15 532 0
5 714
Ikkje med
12000 BFC 04-05
A101 - avfall 53% 31 034 813 59 008 5131
238
034
Ikkje med
12002 BFC 01-02
A101 - avfall 83% 2 835 0 3 398 0
2 835
Ikkje med
12001 BFC 07
A101 - avfall 84% 4 394 0 5 202 0
4 394
Ikkje med
12000 BFC 04-05
A4020 - aske fra fyringsanlegg, ren 12% 77 050
050 0
Ikkje med
12000 BFC 04-05
Ikkje med
10500 Kraftstasjon
Ikkje med
10200 Pharma Lager
Ikkje med
12002 BFC 01-02
15 0
Ikkje med
12001 BFC 07
30 0
Ikkje med
12000 BFC 04-05
640
640 0
Ikkje med
10500 Kraftstasjon
97 0
Ikkje med
10200 Pharma Lager
827827 0
Ikkje med
12002 BFC 01-02
30
Ikkje med
12000 BFC 04-05
360
Ikkje med
10200 Pharma Lager
70
Ikkje med
10500 Kraftstasjon
710
Ikkje med
12001 BFC 07
290
Ikkje med
12000 BFC 04-05
R102M - sams kontorpapir 1% 695 0
695
Ikkje med
12002 BFC 01-02
R302 - bølgepapp 15% 518 0
518
Ikkje med
10200 Pharma Lager
357
Ikkje med
12000 BFC 04-05
R302 - bølgepapp 7% 3 940 0 59 008 51 238
3 940
Ikkje med
10500 Kraftstasjon
R302 - bølgepapp 9% 1 361 0
1 361
Ikkje med
390
4 595
2 995
860
600
880
1 211
10
150
200
50
1 200
20
290
390
555
7 016
180
1 936
710
163
240
298
318
55
549
651
2 235
1 205
625
10 746
159
1 178
11 242
7 603
3 969
131
662
700
1 909
3 047
399
27
236
456
198
394
202
617
722
200
211
51
3
54
184
1 679
3 621
796
891
77
258
358
1 744
477
570
305
3 180
3
40 221
244 499
12 745
-
56 731
-
107 400
264 910
13 150
1 200
155
380
535
12 745
2 064
5 714
31 034
2 835
4 394
-
-
-
-
1 200
-
7 050
13 600
7 650
3 250
15
30
640
97
827
30
360
70
710
290
695
518
357
3 940
1 361
57
Ostfold Research
25
19
20
21
12001 BFC 07
12000 BFC 04-05
12000 BFC 04-05
12000 BFC 04-05
116
117
118
119
120
20800 Klorfabrikken
20800 Klorfabrikken
20800 Klorfabrikken
20800 Klorfabrikken
20800 Klorfabrikken
40
30
31
41
32
42
43
33
44
34
35
45
36
37
38
46
47
39
12501 Syrehus
12500 Kokeriet
12500 Kokeriet
12501 Syrehus
12500 Kokeriet
12501 Syrehus
12501 Syrehus
12500 Kokeriet
12501 Syrehus
12500 Kokeriet
12500 Kokeriet
12501 Syrehus
12500 Kokeriet
12500 Kokeriet
12500 Kokeriet
12501 Syrehus
12501 Syrehus
12500 Kokeriet
150
152
153
154
128
129
130
131
132
26100 Spraytørka
26100 Spraytørka
26100 Spraytørka
26100 Spraytørka
23300 Ligningfabrikken
250
242
246
247
251
243
248
252
244
249
253
245
205
218
206
207
219
208
220
221
209
210
222
211
138
133
141
134
139
135
136
140
137
488
Ikkje med
S7135E- 7135 basisk org.avf., flytende-småkolli
1 303 2% 1 303 19 545
Ikkje med
S7152A- 7152 org.avf, fast - småkolli 1% 314
31425 120
Ikkje med
72 0% 72 5 760 Ikkje med
89 708
Ikkje med
A101 - avfall 67% 13 385 1 188 20 034 113188
385
Kloralkalifabrikken
Kloralkalifabrikken
417
417 0
Kloralkalifabrikken
420
Kloralkalifabrikken
R302 - bølgepapp 6% 1 302 0 20 034 1 188
1 302
Kloralkalifabrikken
20 034
Kloralkalifabrikken
A101 - avfall 1% 10 752 688 1 514 223 688
10 752
Kokeriet
A101 - avfall 40% 52 044 11 188 129 822
5211
044
188
Kokeriet
A2030 - grus 14% 18 100 0
18 100
Kokeriet
A2030 - grus 91% 1 377 500 0
1 377 500
Kokeriet
A2035 - stein ren 6% 8 100 0
8 100
Kokeriet
A2035 - stein ren 6% 89 450 0
89 450
Kokeriet
Kokeriet
Kokeriet
A2080 - gips 2% 30 950 0
30 950
Kokeriet
A2154 - støvavfall 8% 9 750 0
9 750
Kokeriet
B2010 - ren flis 14% 17 650 0 129 822 11
17188
650
Kokeriet
1 450
Kokeriet
Kokeriet
217
217 0
Kokeriet
200
Kokeriet
80
Kokeriet
141
Kokeriet
R302 - bølgepapp 1% 1 311 0
1 311
Kokeriet
1 644 045
Kokeriet
A101 - avfall 39% 28 103 1 250 72 739 128250
103 Ligninfabrikken (pulver og flytande)
221
3 221Ligninfabrikken
0
(pulver og flytande)
R302 - bølgepapp 3% 2 380 0 72 739 1 250
2 380 Ligninfabrikken (pulver og flytande)
A101 - avfall 72% 20 196 5 125 27 867 520125
B3020 - treverk - blandet 12% 3 400 0 3 400 Ligninfabrikken (pulver og flytande)
781
1 781Ligninfabrikken
0
(pulver og flytande)
R102 - blandet kontorpapir 5% 1 355 0 1 355 Ligninfabrikken (pulver og flytande)
R302 - bølgepapp 4% 1 135 0
Fordeler etter produsert
43 %
63 143
Prodmengde Ligninfabrikken (pulver) tonn/år
mengde
57 %
83 599
Prodmengde Ligninfabrikken (flytande) tonn/år
40400 Opsund Målekontoret
A101 - avfall 58% 2 120 0 3 629 0
2 120
Renseriet
40100 Opsund Verksted A101 - avfall 81% 1 876 0 2 303 0
1 876
Renseriet
40200 Opsundrenseriet A101 - avfall 89% 5 520 1 000 6 232 1 000
5 520
Renseriet
40200 Opsundrenseriet P00403- Grp. B folie farget > 10% energi 0%10
10 0
Renseriet
10 0
Renseriet
40100 Opsund Verksted P00403- Grp. B folie farget > 10% energi 1%30
30 0
Renseriet
40200 Opsundrenseriet R102 - blandet kontorpapir 1% 60 0
60
Renseriet
Renseriet
40100 Opsund Verksted R102 - blandet kontorpapir 8% 180 0
180
Renseriet
40200 Opsundrenseriet R302 - bølgepapp 10% 642 0
642
Renseriet
R302 - bølgepapp 11% 409 0
409
Renseriet
40100 Opsund Verksted R302 - bølgepapp 9% 217 0
217
Renseriet
12 164
Renseriet
27500 Cell Tørkemaskin A101 - avfall 19% 31 865 2 688 167 45731
2 688
865
Tørke (Cellulosefabrikken)
27502 Cell 3 Lager
A101 - avfall 56% 9 069 7 688 16 142 7 688
9 069
27500 Cell Tørkemaskin A2080 - gips 6% 9 800 0
9 800
27500 Cell Tørkemaskin B3020 - treverk - blandet 10% 17 050 017 050
27502 Cell 3 Lager
27500 Cell Tørkemaskin P00403- Grp. B folie farget > 10% energi 0%
702
702 0
27502 Cell 3 Lager
323
323 0
27502 Cell 3 Lager
70
27500 Cell Tørkemaskin R102 - blandet kontorpapir 1% 1 440 0 1 440
27500 Cell Tørkemaskin R107 - cellulose 52% 86 550 0
86 550
27502 Cell 3 Lager
R302 - bølgepapp 1% 230 0 16 142 7 688 230
27500 Cell Tørkemaskin R302 - bølgepapp 12% 20 050 0
20 050
183 599
23801 Vanillin Bunn
A101 - avfall 45% 7 033 0 15 478 0
7 033
Vanillinfabrikken
23800 Vanillin Topp
A101 - avfall 60% 12 408 0 20 724 0 12 408
Vanillinfabrikken
23801 Vanillin Bunn
5500
Vanillinfabrikken
23800 Vanillin Topp
7773 777 0
Vanillinfabrikken
23801 Vanillin Bunn
171
1 171 0
Vanillinfabrikken
23800 Vanillin Topp
Vanillinfabrikken
23800 Vanillin Topp
R302 - bølgepapp 16% 3 392 0
3 392
Vanillinfabrikken
23801 Vanillin Bunn
R302 - bølgepapp 47% 7 274 0
7 274
Vanillinfabrikken
23800 Vanillin Topp
Topp X1501 - Rull m 10 stk plastsekker - 240l2(blank) 0% 2 0Vanillinfabrikken
20 724 0
40 752
Vanillinfabrikken
Sum totalt
6 001 399
Sum i Veoilia-rapport
6 001 369
Avvik
0,0005 %
488
10 428
46 041
13 385
1 303
314
72
1 689
-
-
-
24 500
7 050
4 510
417
420
1 302
2 139
13 385
10 752
52 044
-
-
-
-
4 510
-
18 100
1 377 500
8 100
89 450
3 900
7 050
30 950
9 750
17 650
1 450
15 400
217
200
80
141
1 311
1 949
62 796
28 103
-
-
-
1 504 100
34 500
40 700
3 221
335
2 380
20 196
3 400
1 781
1 355
1 135
10 207
4 392
5 815
10
10
30
60
1 090
180
642
409
217
2 648
48 299
-
-
-
-
3 400
-
20 783
27 516
2 120
1 876
5 520
-
-
-
-
1 463
1 937
-
9 516
31 865
9 069
-
-
-
-
-
-
9 800
17 050
6 450
702
323
70
1 440
86 550
230
20 050
22 815
127 484
7 033
12 408
-
-
-
-
23 500
9 800
4 550
3 777
1 171
1 145
3 392
7 274
2
16 761
114 785
19 441
656 834
0
58 420
0
1 656 700
4 550
384 470
3 130 190
Sum ekstern behandling
830 039
14 %
Ikkje tatt med pga Pharma, BFC, kraftstasjon
58 158
Med i analysen, til ekstern behandling
771 881
13 %
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Ostfold Research
APPENDIX 4:
HOW TO READ THE LCA NETWORK FIGURE
The figure underneath is an illustration and has nothing to do with Borregaard. The figure
shows the global warming potential for production of 1 kg of mineral wool (ETH-ESU 96
database, 2007). The figures use the Norwegian decimal system.
The total global warming potential for producing 1 kg
mineral wool is 1,59 kg CO2 -eqv. The raw material
contribution is 0,6639 kg CO2 -eqv. (see below). The rest
is due to emissions in the production process itself.
The width of the arrows
illustrate the environmental
burden connected to each
process/material.
The raw materials for producing
mineral wool are: coal cokes,
electricity, phenol and cement.
The global warming potential
connected to the raw material input
for mineral wool are: 0,082 + 0,197 +
0,0699 + 0,315 = 0,6639 kg CO2 -eqv.
Amount of coal
(from underground mine)
The global warming potential
connected to this amount of coal
(CO2 -eqv. )
How to read the LCA network figure. The figure show the global warming potential for
production of 1 kg mineral wool (ETH-ESU 96 database, 2007).
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Ostfold Research
APPENDIX 5:
LCA – WHAT, WHY AND HOW?
Author: Cecilia Askham Nyland, Østfoldforskning
What is a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ?
"A process that evaluates the environmental burdens associated with a product
system or activity." This is done by identifying and describing the energy and
material uses and releases into the environment. An LCA includes the entire life
cycle of the product, from raw material extraction, through materials
processing, use and disposal at the end of the product's life (from "cradle to
grave"). All transportation steps involved are also considered. LCA assesses the
environmental impacts of the system in the areas of ecological systems, human
health and resource depletion. It does not address economic or social effects.
Why Life Cycle Assessments?
Life cycle assessments give a more holistic approach to environmental aspects of
products. They can help the producer understand much more about what
environmental problems are associated with a product. The producer can also see
where in the product life cycle the main environmental burdens arise. This is
very useful information when deciding where to target resources for
environmental improvements, so that the resources will be used most
effectively.
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Ostfold Research
There are many more uses for LCA, including analysing the results of future
changes in production, or raw materials suppliers etc. A short summary of the
main applications is given below:
Knowledge development
What are the most important environmental problems and where in the life
cycle do these arise?
What happens to our environmental profile if we make changes in our
production process?
Decision support
Where are the most effective areas for us to target resources (personnel,
technology, education) to improve our performance?
What sort of product/marketing profile do we want?
Which materials and suppliers should we use?
Information exchange/ communication
Information for employees (internal stakeholders), education as well as key
environmental data (EPIs) and environmental product information (EPDs).
Communication of the effects of a company's environmental improvement
efforts to authorities, neighbours, finiancial institutions and external
stakeholders (EPIs)
The phases of an LCA
According to the ISO 14040 standard, life cycle assessments shall include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Goal and scope
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Interpretation of results
Goal and Scope
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Ostfold Research
The goal of an LCA study should state the intended application, the reasons for
carrying out the study and the intended audience, i.e. to whom the results of the
study are intended to be communicated.
When defining the scope of an LCA study, the following items should be
considered, clearly described and justified:
-
The functions of the product system, or, in the case of comparative
studies, the systems
The functional unit
The product system to be studied
The product system boundaries
Allocation procedures
The types of impacts and the methodology of impact assessment and
subsequent interpretation to be used
Data requirements
Assumptions
Limitations
The initial data quality requirements
The type of critical review, if any
The type and format of the report required for the study
Functional Unit
The functional unit represents a product's performance according to a specific
user's requirements. This unit should reflect the product's function and life
span. Here is an example of a functional unit for cement and concrete:
1 km road, maintained and used over a 50
year lifetime
It is important that 'used' is included, as it is nescessary to include other
important aspects in the life cycle of the road. These are things like lighting,
noise muffling, road markings etc.
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Ostfold Research
In an LCA, all mass and energy flows are normalised according to the functional
unit. Therefore all results are usually presented for the functional unit chosen.
System Boundaries
System boundaries must be defined, so that we can collect the right inventory
data. When one sets system boundaries one defines to what level of detail the
product system will be studied and which releases to the environment will be
evaluated. It is important that decisions to omit life cycle stages, processes or
data are clearly stated and justified.
Available inventory data can also set limitations to data gathering (for example
when only industry average data is available rather than site specific). Again
these limitations must be clearly stated and taken into consideration when
conclusions are drawn from the LCA study.
In order to help define system boundaries a product tree (or a product network)
is drawn. This product tree should include all life cycle stages and unit processes
involved, including transportation. The functional unit is the basis for which the
product tree is drawn.
When defining the system boundaries one must be practical, otherwise the level
of detail can be enormous. A common approach is to define cut-off criteria, for
example that all components that contribute less than 1% of the total mass flow
for the product system are not included.
Other important system boundaries that should be clearly stated are
geographical boundaries (e.g. is the study of a local, national, or international
nature) and time (e.g. what is the reference year for which the data is
collected). The intended application of the study, the assumptions made, cut-off
criteria, data and cost constraints and the intended audience all affect the
system boundaries. This makes it important that these aspects are documented
clearly.
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Ostfold Research
Allocation procedures
Allocation is the partitioning of the input or output flows of a unit process to
the product system under study. Allocation is needed when a unit process in a
product’s life cycle has more than one product or raw material, which is part of
another life cycle. This means that it is not correct to allocate all environmental
burdens from the unit process to just one of the products.
There are several possible methods that can be used for allocation. The two
methods that are most commonly used are mass allocation and economic
allocation, but others such as volume and energy-based allocations can be used
where appropriate.
Mass allocation
Mass allocation is based on the mass flows
through the unit process and is illustrated in
the diagram above. The percentage (X) of a
given flow (M), contributing to a given product
(P), through a given unit (U) has been
calculated. This same percentage (X) is then
used as the percentage of the environmental
burdens (B) arising from the unit which are allocated to the product (P). Thus, if
a product uses 37% of the mass flow, it's also assigned 37% of the
environmental burdens.
Economic allocation
Economic allocation is based on the sales
price of the products produced and is
illustrated in the diagram above. Products P,
Q and R are produced from the unit process
(U). Their sales prices are p, q and r
respectively. Product P is therefore
allocated the fraction p/(p+q+r) of the
environmental burdens (B) arising from the
process unit. Thus, if the sales price of product Q is 40% of the total sales
price, it's assigned 40% of the environmental burdens.
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Ostfold Research
Assumptions
It is important for the interpretation and use of the results from an LCA that
all assumptions are clearly documented. The assumptions and system boundaries
used affect the applicability of the results.
The assumptions used can be tested to see whether changing these assumptions
within reasonable intervals can change the conclusions of the study. This is
known as a sensitivity analysis and enables the LCA practitioner to gain an
understanding of the robustness of the conclusions from the particular study.
Limitations
There are also only a certain number of environmental burdens examined in an
LCA study. This means that although LCA is described as a holistic approach it is
also limited to the particular environmental burdens described in the scope
definition for the study.
LCA assesses the environmental impacts of the system in the areas of ecological
systems, human health and resource depletion. It does not address economic, or
social effects.
Inventory Analysis
Inventory analysis is the step where all material and energy flows in and out of
the product life cycle are quantified. It involves data collection and calculation
procedures to quantify the relevant inputs and outputs of a product system.
Thus inventory analysis aims to quantify all energy and raw material
requirements, emissions to air, discharges to water, solid waste and other
releases for each process step of a product system.
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Ostfold Research
All inputs and outputs to the product system are related to a functional unit,
which is the basis for the calculations performed. For example we don't make an
inventory of what emissions and resource use are associated with a tonne of
concrete, but for the amount of concrete required for the maintenance and use
of a 1 km stretch of road over a 50 year lifetime.
When the inventory analysis is complete you have the life cycle inventory (LCI)
data.
Impact Assessment
Different environmental problems occur as a result of the
fact that we extract and process raw materials to produce
different products. Different emissions contribute to
different environmental problems (environmental impacts)
in different ways.
The impact assessment part of an LCA is where the
potential impacts of a life cycle are assessed. The results
of the inventory analysis (LCI) are used as the basis for
this. The impact assessment is formally described as
including the three phases shown in the figure to the left.
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Classification - "Which emissions contribute to which impact categories?"
In the classification step, the
different emissions and energy
demands are assigned to different
impact categories based on the
expected kind of impacts on the
environment. The main purpose of
the activity is to describe which
potential environmental effects
the inputs and outputs may cause.
Characterisation - "How much do they contribute?"
In the characterisation step, the
potential contributions from the
different inputs and outputs are
connected to the different impact
categories, and the contributions to
the same impact category are added
up. Different emissions contribute
differently to a given impact category,
e.g. methane (CH4) contributes 21 times more to global warming potential than
carbon dioxide (CO2).
Weighting - " Which impacts are most important?"
The weighting phase is an optional phase
(ISO 14043, 1999) where the results for
each impact category are weighted into an
overall quantitative statement of the
potential environmental impact for the
product system.
Interpretation
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Ostfold Research
In this phase of an LCA one analyses results, reaches conclusions, explains
limitations and makes recommendations. It is important that one considers
carefully the goal and scope of the study during this phase. Interpretation of
the results of an LCA must be done according to the Goal and Scope of the
study in order to be of value in decision-making.
A good example of this is if data gaps in the inventory phase are shown to be
important for the outcome of the study, one recommendation would be to repeat
the LCA calculations and fill in the most important data gaps.
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Ostfold Research
APPENDIX 6:
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CATEGORIES AND
POTENTIAL EFFECTS
The table underneath gives examples of emissions and potential health and environmental
effects for each impact category (not all of these are included in this study). Characterisation
factors
are
found
at
the
homepage
of
University
of
Leiden:
http://www.leidenuniv.nl/interfac/cml/ssp/projects/lca2/lca2.html Here you can find the
CML-IA database, which can be downloaded free of charge (Universiteit Leiden, 2007).
Impact categories
Emissions (examples)
Potential effects
CO2, N2O, CH4, CF4, C2F6
(GWP)
Increased temperature in lower atmosphere, climate
changes, raised sea level etc.
SO2, HCl, NOx, NH3
Fish death, forest damage, corrosion damage, damage to
buildings. Release of heavy metals with impacts on
animals, vegetation and health.
NH3, COD, NOx, PO43(phosphate)
Local fouling impacts with increased growth of algae.
Reduced biological activity.
Photochemical ozone
creation potential
(POCP)
Photochemical oxidants like VOC, Irritation of mucous membranes,
CO, NOx and CH4
function. Damage to vegetation.
Ozone depletion
potential (ODP)
CFC’s and HCFC’s (like
tetrachloromethane and 1,1,1trichlororethane)
Changes in plant growth and in molecular DNA. Skin
cancer.
Human toxicity and ecotoxicity
Heavy metals, aromats (like
benzen, toluen and phenol),
halogenated aromats (i.e.dioxins)
and PAH’s
Toxic effects for human beings and eco-systems.
Area consumption, energy
consumption (cumulative energy
demand, CED) and material
consumption.
No direct ecological effects, but can show the
consumption of scarce resources and gives an indication
of resource efficiency.
Hazardous waste, radioactive
waste etc.
No direct ecological effects, but gives an indication of
resource efficiency.
Resource depletion
potential
Waste
affecting lung
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Ostfold Research
Østfoldforskning AS (Ostfold Research)
Gamle Beddingvei 2b
1671 Kråkerøy
Norway
Phone: + 47 69 35 11 00
Telefax: + 47 69 34 24 94
E-mail: [email protected]
www.ostfoldforskning.no
www.ostfoldresearch.com
Reports may be obtained by contacting us
or by downloading them from our website: www.ostfoldresearch.com

Authors: Ingunn Saur Modahl, Andreas Brekke and Hanne Lerche

Transcription

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