dekatten/Capable Cats - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure
Transcription
dekatten/Capable Cats - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure
Capable Cats – An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure ® "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 “Capable Cats – An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure” ® This is a TICA Judging School for exhibitors and judges by Vickie Shields, Approved All Breeds Judge, Judging School Instructor, and Ring Training Instructor licensed by The International Cat Association (TICA) Successful completion of this Capable Cats seminar earns: 2 Continuing Education Units (CEUs) for the TICA Judging Program when moderated by a TICA-licensed Judging School Instructor; or, 1 CEU when a self-administered class upon successfully passing the Test at the end with a score of 10 or better "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 What you will learn today: 1. What is a hock? 2. What are cow hocks? (sometimes called x-legs) 3. What is toeing-out in front? 4. Why is good structure necessary? 5. For breeders and judges, what is important? 6. A few words about... 7. Examples of good structure 8. When judging, how can you evaluate structure? 9. Test your knowledge of structure "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 1. What is a hock? "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Human heel, hock Feet have evolved many forms depending on the animal's needs. One key variation is where on the foot the animal's weight is placed. In addition to humans, other mammals such as raccoons, bears, and armadillos walk with the heel on the ground. This is called “plantigrade” posture. "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Our plantigrade posture is good for walking, but not for running (Armadillos don’t run away, they roll up) "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Cats walk on their toes "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Human heel Cat hock Dog hock "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Dog - run Cats run and jump Running mammals tend to be built to run on their toes The feet are naturally held in this position with the heel off the ground - and only the toes maintain contact with the ground "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Because these mammals are running on their toes (digits), this is called “digitigrade” posture. In addition to running, digitigrade mammals (like cats and dogs) are also good at moving quietly and holding a target steadily in sight. "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 “Unguligrade” animals (termed ungulates) are those which walk on the tips of their toes, typically on hooves. This even further increases their stride length and thus their speed. Examples include horses, deer, antelope, goats, pigs and sheep. "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Human sprinters try to "run on their toes,” because the greater stride length allows for more speed "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 2. What are cow hocks? (Cow hocks are also sometimes referred to as “x-legs”) "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Not actually cow hocked, these people are standing with their toes and knees pointing out (but they should be standing on the balls of their feet to be like cats) This gives you an idea of how the toes point outward on a cow hocked cat "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Cow hocks are a misalignment of the back leg joints. The hocks come together in the back. The knees and toes point outward. Knees are more difficult to evaluate on longhair cats. "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Cow hocked dogs and cats have weak thrust, poor stability, and diminished lateral strength "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Notice knee alignment "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 The excellent alignment of the legs and knees is apparent even without seeing the toes "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 The Newfoundland dog breeder who bought the above Maine Coon writes, “An irresponsible breeder is one that will take an affected dog or cat from a litter that has any of the inherited leg anomalies and breed it, or will breed the same two animals repeatedly producing the same anomalies. These irresponsible breeders are doing all this for the wrong reasons and it makes them equal to the puppy mills.” "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 3. What is toeing-out in front? "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Toeing-out in front "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 “Toeing-out,” feet face out, elbows turn inward "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Narrow chest, front feet are together, and the back toes are pointing out "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 4. Why is good structure necessary? "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 What do cat show judges do? Why do we show pedigreed cats? "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Judges have an important responsibility – they help select the future breeding cats, because the highly-awarded cats are often used more for breeding "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 "Everyone involved in the sport of purebred dogs is to some degree a judge, whether they be breeder, owner, judge or exhibitor in field, obedience, or show. They all need to be able to evaluate structure to determine their dog's ability to function. This evaluation should be based on knowledge.” ~ Thelma R. Brown and Edward M. Gilbert, Jr. "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Judges and Breeders collaborate in a partnership to improve the breeds "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Judges are the “custodians of the breeds.” Judges are the Quality Control Department, experts who give informed, honest evaluations. Excellent "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Sometimes 30% or more of the pedigreed cats at cat shows are cow hocked, which suggests we have a big opportunity for improvement Judges and breeders need to have very high quality standards, and evaluate the cats for the benefit of the breeds, and know which imperfections are important "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 5. For breeders and judges, what is important? "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 “Build the barn before you paint it.” "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 What is important? 1. Health - Functional Proper functional structure, breathe through nose, see clearly without watery eyes, healthy condition, etcetera. Correct function is important to the cat for a good life! 2. Temperament – Character Most kittens will become pets, and show cats also need good personalities in the show hall so they can be judged 3. Breed Type Big ears, small ears, round eyes, etc., for the breed 4. Color The easiest to change, and the least important to the cats’ quality of life "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 What is important? 1. Health - Functional Proper functional structure, breathe through nose, see clearly without watery eyes, healthy condition, etcetera. Correct function is important to the cat for a good life! 2. Temperament – Character Most kittens will become pets, and show cats also need good personalities in the show hall so they can be judged 3. Breed Type Big ears, small ears, round eyes, etc., for the breed 4. Color The easiest to change, and the least important to the cats’ quality of life "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 What is important? 1. Health - Functional Proper functional structure, breathe through nose, see clearly without watery eyes, healthy condition, etcetera. Correct function is important to the cat for a good life! 2. Temperament – Character Most kittens will become pets, and show cats also need good personalities in the show hall so they can be judged 3. Breed Type Big ears, small ears, round eyes, etc., for the breed 4. Color The easiest to change, and the least important to the cats’ quality of life "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 What is important? 1. Health - Functional Proper functional structure, breathe through nose, see clearly without watery eyes, healthy condition, etcetera. Correct function is important to the cat for a good life! 2. Temperament – Character Most kittens will become pets, and show cats also need good personalities in the show hall so they can be judged 3. Breed Type Big ears, small ears, round eyes, or whatever, for the breed 4. Color The easiest to change, and the least important to the cats’ quality of life "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 What is important? 1. Health - Functional Proper functional structure, breathe through nose, see clearly without watery eyes, healthy condition, etcetera. Correct function is important to the cat for a good life! 2. Temperament – Character Most kittens will become pets, and show cats also need good personalities in the show hall so they can be judged 3. Breed Type Big ears, small ears, round eyes, or whatever, for the breed 4. Color The easiest to change, and the least important to the cats’ quality of life "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Health - Functional Temperament - Character Breed Type Color "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Health - Functional Temperament - Character Breed Type Color "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Health - Functional Temperament - Character Breed Type Color "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Did you know all of the TICA Breed Standards of Perfection require correct structure? (Correct structure is not required for the Household Pet entries, of course.) "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Where it is located in every breed’s Standard "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 See Show Rules, ARTICLE SIXTEEN for more comprehensive rules governing penalties and disqualifications. Where I think it should be located because of the importance of functional health "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 What it says: “See Show Rules, ARTICLE SIXTEEN for more comprehensive rules governing penalties and disqualifications.” "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 TICA Show Rules ARTICLE SIXTEEN – Judging Procedures 256.12 Many abnormalities which are detected in judging are not breed specific, but, rather occur in all cats. Responsible breeding aims to conserve our breeds while maintaining their health which means focusing on reducing or eliminating these abnormalities. Household Pets are excepted from this rule because they are not the result of planned breeding programs. "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Except as otherwise stated in this rule, judges shall penalize or disqualify, depending upon severity, championship cats, non-championship kittens, Advanced New Breeds (ANB), and New Traits Class (NT) [see TICA Standing Rules 701.4.3], and shall penalize championship alters for the following: … "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 256.12.7 Inability to bear or support weight or to walk normally. 256.12.8 Abnormal positioning of the legs and feet while standing. Excellent legs and feet Examples include, but are not limited to, bowed or Cow hocked legs, splaying of the feet, or obvious toeing in or out of the feet. "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 “judges shall penalize or disqualify depending upon severity” Penalize to Disqualify Notice the TICA Show Rules say penalizing tail faults is discretionary, whereas penalizing or disqualifying structural problems is mandatory "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Here are excerpts from the Show Rules of some other cat associations. Structure is addressed in various ways. Cat Fanciers Association (CFA), U.S.A. . "The following descriptions and drawings of "normal" and "abnormal" are offered as an educational tool to help develop and refine the ability of cat fanciers to recognize and select against undesirable and potentially harmful physical characteristics." "Judges help to promote the elimination of defects by recognizing and rewarding cats with structural soundness on the show bench." "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Governing Council of the Cat Fancy (GCCF), U.K. "As the desire of any concerned breeder must be to try to eliminate any defects which can affect the health or comfort of cats, it is obviously undesirable to breed from any cats with defects, and especially from those displaying severe examples of any defects." "The fact that it may be necessary to breed from a cat showing a minor expression of a defect does not mean that the cat should be shown and be expected to win. Judges too should help to eliminate defects by penalising them on the show bench wherever they are encountered." "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Australian Cat Federation (ACF), Australia Rules Concerning Disqualifications: “Cats with skeletal deformities (e.g. saddleback, flattened chest, protrusion of sternum or xiphisternum) or any skeletal irregularity which is not included in the breed standard. "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Southern Africa Cat Council (SACC), South Africa “Undesirable features in all breeds: (in addition to the Breed Standards) • Any other bone irregularity” "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 In horses and other livestock, cow hocking is known that the imbalance of weight leads to painful arthritis, and a reluctance to walk Dogs also try to compensate for misalignments, which causes improper wear and pain in nearby joints There is a strong relationship between the rear leg and the general health and soundness of the foot Excellent "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Some breeds of horses, like Arabians and draft horses, want hind legs 'set' at an angle to provide leverage, which is not to be confused with "cow hocks". Lateral side of both hocks should be slightly visible when standing directly behind animal. Hoofs should 'point' slightly outward. The horse’s cannon bones are perfectly parallel (not X-legs), but you can see the sides of his cannon bones from behind. It is considered a fault in a driving horse to have hind legs perfectly square on the body, as this gives no leverage for pulling. "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Domestic cats are both predator and prey. They need escape speed, jumping, landing stability, plus functional maneuverability and agility. Powerful and stable back legs are important to the cats themselves. "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 This is an example of the areas where I work in western U.S. Over the past eight years, I have seen hundreds of cats on ranches, farms and rural homes like this. I have never seen a cow hocked cat. Why? "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Unfortunately, I think the cow-hocked cats are handicapped, and they get killed by coyotes because they cannot escape, or they die of starvation because they cannot catch food efficiently "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 A feral ranch cat. These capable cats survive without human assistance. They catch their own food, and avoid being caught or killed by predators. They need good physical structure to change positions quickly, for side-to-side movement, for speed, and for stability. "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Try this at home Get 2 chairs, 2 toys, and 2 cats -- one cow hocked, one not Then, have both cats jump up-down, up-down, up-down… The cow hocked cat falls behind very quickly, because it has both less stability on landing, and less power on the jump A cat with good structure "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields A cow hocked cat November 12, 2011 Structure is important for function "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Structure is important for function Cow hocks are a disqualifying defect in rabbits in the show ring and for breeding because it is a functional problem "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 What happens when you breed a very cow hocked cat to one with good legs? You can get a range from bad to fairly good. After using a severely cow hocked male because he had a beautiful pattern, a Bengal breeder told me it took her 4 generations of breeding to good legs to return to uniformly good legs in the kittens. But it can be bred out, eventually. "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 6. A few words about… • • • • • • • • • Balance Tail Set Front Paw Flexibility Giving Birth Pateller Luxation Hip Dysplaysia Shoulder Angles Other Problems Radiography "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 A few words about… Balance For a moment, look at this cat, thinking about power, and weight distribution: "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Not balanced: • Both back feet are behind the hips • Front legs compensating to hold weight by reaching far behind shoulders • Cat is unable to change directions quickly Balanced: • Back legs are equally supporting hip weight • Front legs evenly supporting shoulders • Responsive, flexible, agile movement "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 A few words about… Tail Set The Bengal Standard says, “A thick, low-set, medium-length tail adds balance to the cat.” This croup is gently sloping, with the tail set on just below the level of the back. "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Example of another breed with low set tail, from the Pixiebob breed standard: “Hips are medium width, prominent, slightly higher than shoulders with a long sloping croup to tail.” "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Great Pyrenees tail set low and carried low in repose "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Tail set is high off a flat croup Low tail set, displaying the soft flowing curve over the croup Tail is set very high on a short, flat croup "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 A few words about… Front Paw Flexibility The ability to rotate the front paws inward is natural for cats • Front paws can rotate inward and grasp objects • Correct back legs, making a tripod using its tail • Chest and front legs are excellent "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Catching a toy "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Catching a ball "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 A few words about… Giving Birth Dogs with cow hocks require more surgical intervention (Ceasarian-sections) to give birth than dogs with good conformation. Perhaps this is true with cats, also? "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 A few words about… Pateller Luxation Patellar luxation (“trick knee,” floating kneecap) when patella can dislocate, or slip in and out of the normal location These trick knees are sometimes noticed when judging, if they are a high grade of severity. When the cat is on its back legs, it is weak, unsteady, and wobbles, maybe like a hula dancer. "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 To easily check your own cat easily at home, if the cat can walk a few steps when all the way up on its toes, this means their knees are fine, according the a veterinarian I asked. Resting down on the hocks like these cats is not the same demonstration of excellent knees; they need to be up on their toes "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 A few words about… Hip Dysplaysia • Hip dysplaysia (“dysplaysia” means “poor development”) is not necessarily associated with cow hocks • Judges cannot accurately determine degree of hip dysplaysia, according to the veterinarians that I talked to "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 This cat has hip dysplasia, diagnosed by a veterinarian by x-ray. It appears to be cow-hocked or weak in the back. For judging purposes, the important thing is only the “abnormal positioning of the feet and legs while standing,” which must be penalized, not the reason for it (TICA Show Rules, Article XVI) "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 A Labrador Retriever standing with back legs close together to compensate for hip dysplasia. This abnormal positioning of the legs and feet while standing is sometimes seen in show cats when judging, and should be penalized. Breeders also need to be aware of hip dysplasia. I know for a fact it has been found in some Maine Coons, Bengals, British Shorthairs, and probably in other breeds. Hip dysplasia is inheritable and can occur in any breed or housecat. "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 More dogs with hip dysplasia. Notice the variety of appearances of the back feet and leg alignments. "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 A few words about… Shoulder Angles Front legs too vertical Front legs at good angles for a cat, for jumping and landing abilities Malamute’s angles are like a cat Open shoulder angulation is preferred on some dog breeds, like the Basenji "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 A few words about… Dropped pasterns Other Problems Cow hocked Post legs, no good hock angle (no “shock absorbers”) Pictures of structure problems in llamas, which are also occasionally seen when judging cats Toeing out in front Narrow front Narrow rear "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 A few words about… Radiology • Can x-rays determine cow hocking? • No, because of the positioning of the cats’ legs during x-rays. • Observing the cat standing is the way to see cow hocks Right lateral Ventrodorsal (frog-leg) position "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 7. Examples of good conformation "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Excellent "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Excellent "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Excellent "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Excellent "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Excellent "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Excellent "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Excellent "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Excellent "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Excellent "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Excellent "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Excellent "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Munchkin Excellent "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Excellent "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Excellent House cat in Tokyo, Japan "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Street cat in Buenos Aires, Argentina Excellent "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Excellent knees and legs "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Devon Rex kittens, and their good legs are already visible Structure is apparent by the time kittens are 8 weeks old "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Great legs "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Here are some examples of wild cats Notice their functional, strong, excellent structure Cougar "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Asian Leopard Cats "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Sand Cat "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Lynx "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Legs look excellent, front and rear. Shoulders, back, neck, too. "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Powerful thrust! "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 8. Judging "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 The length, size, substance, proportions and angles of the bones in the body create its conformation. It is the balance and interaction of these components that give us our various breeds. "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Conformation shows provide a systematic way of evaluating the structure within a breed. The uneducated eye might see only the superficial appearance. But the more knowledgeable eye of judges can evaluate more deeply. "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 It may be easier to be a good dog show judge than it is to be a good cat show judge, because when the dogs are moving around the ring, their structure is clearly visible "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 How can back legs be checked when judging the cats at cat shows? "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Checking can be done on the table, with the weight off the feet so their feet aren’t sliding "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 I would check this cat more closely; because both back and front feet point slightly out "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 The misalignment of legs and feet may be caused by hip dysplasia. The reason is not important when judging. If the cat has, “Abnormal positioning of the legs and feet while standing,” then it must be penalized. (TICA Show Rules, Article XVI) "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 This cat’s toes appear to be pointing outward, but tail is hiding knees, so I would try him on the table, like in the previous photo, to verify. Being in the air, you can see his legs are not relaxed like when they are touching the table "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Holding the cat at the top of its thighs, let the legs hang naturally, gently let feet touch the table so the cat relaxes, and notice where the toes and hocks are pointing, whether ahead or out, like on a clock pointing to 10 and 2. ggg "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 This is also an nice way to notice the back legs. The cat is relaxed. Toes and knees are facing forward. Everything is visible, and the cat is happy. Excellent "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Excellent "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 When judging dogs (and cats), it is important to look at them when they are standing naturally. Structural problems or discomfort are evident if they shift weight from one foot to another, or move one back foot forward to adjust stability, or shift their body weight to the front or the back. "Treat a work of art like a prince: let it speak to you first.“ – Arthur Schopenhauer “Treat cats like royalty: let them speak to you first.” – Vickie Shields "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Knees aligned, and point straight ahead Notice curling down of back toes to hang onto the judges hand, which cow hocked cats can’t perform "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Cats curling their back toes to hang on is equivalent to people picking up something with their toes. Cats can only do this if they have good back legs. "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Structure is also important because we love our cats, and want them to live long, healthy, happy, lives At cat shows, functional health needs to be the highest priority, as it is at the dog shows, horse shows, llama shows, rabbit shows, and etcetera "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Dogs cannot catch and hold with their paws like cats can, so they catch and hold with their mouths instead "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 9. Test "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Test 1 Which Singapura is cow hocked? A B "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Test 1 Which Singapura is cow hocked? A B Correct! "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Test 2 Which Singapura is cow hocked? A B "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Test 2 Which Singapura is cow hocked? A B Correct! "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Test 3 Which cat is cow hocked? A B "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Test 3 Which cat is cow hocked? A B Correct! "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Test 4 Which horse is cow hocked? A B "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Test 4 Which horse is cow hocked? A B Correct! "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Test 5 Which dog has the best front structure? A B "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Test 5 Which dog has the best front structure? A B Correct! "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Test 6 Which dog has the best rear structure? A B C "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Test 6 Which dog has the best rear structure? A B C Cow hocked Correct! Too narrow "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Test 7 Which British Shorthair has the best front? A B C D "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Test 7 Which British Shorthair has the best front? A B C D Correct! "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Test 8 What do you observe about these two cats? A B "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Test 8 What do you observe about these two cats? A B A is excellent B has cow hocks, front ankles together, and elbows out "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Test 9 Which dog is cow hocked? A "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields B November 12, 2011 Test 9 Which dog is cow hocked? A B Correct! "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Test 10 Which cat has better balance? A B "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Test 10 Which cat has better balance? A B Correct! "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Test 11 Which dog is cow hocked? A B "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Test 11 Which dog is cow hocked? A B Correct! "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Congratulations! You have completed the TICA Judging School, "Capable Cats - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure” For comments, questions, or to contribute photos, please email Vickie Shields, [email protected] "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Questions? "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 The End (Notice the excellent structure of the back legs!) "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 This seminar has been reviewed and approved by: Adriana Kajon, PhD, Research Scientist, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, a TICA Approved All Breeds Judge, Genetics Committee Member, Genetics Instructor, Judging School Instructor and Ring Training Instructor, and photographer Brian Bailey, DPM, Podiatric Physician and Surgeon, Professor of Anatomy, Physiology and Podiatric Medicine, and Ragdoll breeder and exhibitor "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Johan Lamprecht, MD, Medical Faculty, University of Stellenbosch, an All Breeds Judge, South African Cat Council (SACC) and World Cat Federation (WCF) Terry Curtis, DVM, MS, Veterinarian and Small Animal Behaviorist specializing in the social organization of cats Pam Knowles, MS, Wildlife Biologist, long-time Bengal breeder, and founder of Bison Quest Sanctuary and Spa in Montana after realizing how disconnected most people are from the natural world "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011 Thank you to the members of the International Ragdoll Congress (IRC) for requesting this seminar be created for their Ragdoll Congress Show in Chicago, Illinois, March 2008 "Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields November 12, 2011