dekatten/Capable Cats - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure

Capable Cats –
An Introduction to
Cow Hocks and Structure
®
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
“Capable Cats – An Introduction to
Cow Hocks and Structure”
®
This is a TICA Judging School for exhibitors and
judges by Vickie Shields, Approved All Breeds
Judge, Judging School Instructor, and Ring
Training Instructor licensed by The International
Cat Association (TICA)
Successful completion of this Capable Cats seminar earns:
2 Continuing Education Units (CEUs) for the TICA
Judging Program when moderated by a TICA-licensed
Judging School Instructor; or,
1 CEU when a self-administered class upon successfully
passing the Test at the end with a score of 10 or better
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
What you will learn today:
1.
What is a hock?
2.
What are cow hocks? (sometimes called x-legs)
3.
What is toeing-out in front?
4.
Why is good structure necessary?
5.
For breeders and judges, what is important?
6.
A few words about...
7.
Examples of good structure
8.
When judging, how can you evaluate structure?
9.
Test your knowledge of structure
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
1.
What is a hock?
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Human
heel, hock
Feet have evolved many forms depending on the animal's
needs.
One key variation is where on the foot the animal's weight
is placed.
In addition to humans, other mammals such as raccoons,
bears, and armadillos walk with the heel on the ground.
This is called “plantigrade” posture.
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Our plantigrade posture is good for walking,
but not for running
(Armadillos don’t run away, they roll up)
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Cats walk
on their toes
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Human
heel
Cat
hock
Dog
hock
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Dog - run
Cats run
and jump
Running mammals tend to be built to run on
their toes
The feet are naturally held in this position with the heel off the ground - and only the toes
maintain contact with the ground
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Because these
mammals are running
on their toes (digits), this
is called “digitigrade”
posture.
In addition to running,
digitigrade mammals
(like cats and dogs) are
also good at moving
quietly and holding a
target steadily in sight.
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
“Unguligrade” animals (termed ungulates) are those
which walk on the tips of their toes, typically on hooves.
This even further increases their stride length and thus
their speed. Examples include horses, deer, antelope,
goats, pigs and sheep.
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Human sprinters try to "run on their
toes,” because the greater stride length
allows for more speed
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
2. What are cow hocks?
(Cow hocks are also sometimes referred to as “x-legs”)
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Not actually cow
hocked, these
people are standing
with their toes and
knees pointing out
(but they should be
standing on the
balls of their feet
to be like cats)
This gives you an
idea of how the toes
point outward on a
cow hocked cat
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Cow hocks are a
misalignment of
the back leg joints.
The hocks come
together in the
back.
The knees and
toes point outward.
Knees are more
difficult to evaluate
on longhair cats.
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Cow hocked dogs and cats have weak thrust, poor
stability, and diminished lateral strength
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Notice knee
alignment
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
The excellent alignment of the legs and knees is apparent
even without seeing the toes
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
The Newfoundland dog breeder who bought the above Maine Coon writes,
“An irresponsible breeder is one that will take an affected dog or cat from
a litter that has any of the inherited leg anomalies and breed it, or will breed
the same two animals repeatedly producing the same anomalies.
These irresponsible breeders are doing all this for the wrong reasons and it
makes them equal to the puppy mills.”
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
3.
What is toeing-out
in front?
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Toeing-out in front
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
“Toeing-out,” feet face out, elbows turn inward
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Narrow chest, front
feet are together,
and the back toes
are pointing out
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
4. Why is good
structure necessary?
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
What do cat show judges do?
Why do we show pedigreed cats?
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Judges have an important responsibility –
they help select the future breeding cats,
because the highly-awarded cats are often
used more for breeding
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
"Everyone involved in the sport of purebred dogs is to
some degree a judge, whether they be breeder, owner,
judge or exhibitor in field, obedience, or show.
They all need to be able to evaluate structure to
determine their dog's ability to function.
This evaluation
should be based
on knowledge.”
~ Thelma R. Brown and
Edward M. Gilbert, Jr.
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Judges and Breeders
collaborate in a partnership
to improve the breeds
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Judges are the “custodians of the breeds.”
Judges are the Quality Control Department,
experts who give informed, honest evaluations.
Excellent
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Sometimes 30% or more of the pedigreed cats
at cat shows are cow hocked, which suggests
we have a big opportunity for improvement
Judges and breeders need to have very high
quality standards, and evaluate the cats for the
benefit of the breeds, and know which
imperfections are important
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
5.
For breeders and
judges, what is
important?
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
“Build the barn
before you paint it.”
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
What is important?
1. Health - Functional
Proper functional structure, breathe through nose, see
clearly without watery eyes, healthy condition, etcetera.
Correct function is important to the cat for a good life!
2. Temperament – Character
Most kittens will become pets, and show cats also need
good personalities in the show hall so they can be judged
3. Breed Type
Big ears, small ears, round eyes, etc., for the breed
4. Color
The easiest to change, and the least important to the cats’
quality of life
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
What is important?
1. Health - Functional
Proper functional structure, breathe through nose, see
clearly without watery eyes, healthy condition, etcetera.
Correct function is important to the cat for a good life!
2. Temperament – Character
Most kittens will become pets, and show cats also need
good personalities in the show hall so they can be judged
3. Breed Type
Big ears, small ears, round eyes, etc., for the breed
4. Color
The easiest to change, and the least important to the cats’
quality of life
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
What is important?
1. Health - Functional
Proper functional structure, breathe through nose, see
clearly without watery eyes, healthy condition, etcetera.
Correct function is important to the cat for a good life!
2. Temperament – Character
Most kittens will become pets, and show cats also need
good personalities in the show hall so they can be judged
3. Breed Type
Big ears, small ears, round eyes, etc., for the breed
4. Color
The easiest to change, and the least important to the cats’
quality of life
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
What is important?
1. Health - Functional
Proper functional structure, breathe through nose, see
clearly without watery eyes, healthy condition, etcetera.
Correct function is important to the cat for a good life!
2. Temperament – Character
Most kittens will become pets, and show cats also need
good personalities in the show hall so they can be judged
3. Breed Type
Big ears, small ears, round eyes, or whatever, for the breed
4. Color
The easiest to change, and the least important to the cats’
quality of life
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
What is important?
1. Health - Functional
Proper functional structure, breathe through nose, see
clearly without watery eyes, healthy condition, etcetera.
Correct function is important to the cat for a good life!
2. Temperament – Character
Most kittens will become pets, and show cats also need
good personalities in the show hall so they can be judged
3. Breed Type
Big ears, small ears, round eyes, or whatever, for the breed
4. Color
The easiest to change, and the least important to the cats’
quality of life
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Health - Functional
Temperament - Character
Breed Type
Color
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Health - Functional
Temperament - Character
Breed Type
Color
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Health - Functional
Temperament - Character
Breed Type
Color
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Did you know all of the TICA
Breed Standards of Perfection
require correct structure?
(Correct structure is not required for the Household Pet entries, of course.)
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Where it is located in every
breed’s Standard
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
See Show Rules, ARTICLE SIXTEEN for more comprehensive rules
governing penalties and disqualifications.
Where I think it should be
located because of the
importance of functional health
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
What it says:
“See Show Rules, ARTICLE SIXTEEN for
more comprehensive rules governing
penalties and disqualifications.”
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
TICA Show Rules
ARTICLE SIXTEEN – Judging Procedures
256.12
Many abnormalities which are detected in judging are
not breed specific, but, rather occur in all cats.
Responsible breeding aims to conserve our breeds
while maintaining their health which means focusing
on reducing or eliminating these abnormalities.
Household Pets are excepted from this rule because
they are not the result of planned breeding programs.
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Except as otherwise stated in this rule,
judges shall penalize or disqualify,
depending upon severity,
championship cats, non-championship
kittens, Advanced New Breeds (ANB),
and New Traits Class (NT) [see TICA
Standing Rules 701.4.3], and shall
penalize championship alters for the
following:
…
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
256.12.7
Inability to bear or support
weight or to walk normally.
256.12.8
Abnormal positioning
of the legs and feet while
standing.
Excellent legs and feet
Examples include, but are not limited to, bowed or
Cow hocked legs, splaying of the feet, or obvious
toeing in or out of the feet.
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
“judges shall
penalize or disqualify
depending upon severity”
Penalize
to
Disqualify
Notice the TICA Show Rules say penalizing tail faults is
discretionary, whereas penalizing or disqualifying
structural problems is mandatory
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Here are excerpts from the Show Rules of some other cat
associations. Structure is addressed in various ways.
Cat Fanciers Association (CFA), U.S.A.
.
"The following descriptions and drawings of "normal" and "abnormal" are offered as
an educational tool to help develop and refine the ability of cat fanciers to recognize
and select against undesirable and potentially harmful physical characteristics."
"Judges help to promote the elimination of defects by recognizing and rewarding
cats with structural soundness on the show bench."
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Governing Council of the Cat Fancy (GCCF), U.K.
"As the desire of any concerned breeder must be to try to eliminate any defects
which can affect the health or comfort of cats, it is obviously undesirable to breed
from any cats with defects, and especially from those displaying severe examples
of any defects."
"The fact that it may be necessary to breed from a cat showing a minor expression
of a defect does not mean that the cat should be shown and be expected to win.
Judges too should help to eliminate defects by penalising them on the show bench
wherever they are encountered."
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Australian Cat Federation (ACF), Australia
Rules Concerning Disqualifications:
“Cats with skeletal deformities (e.g. saddleback, flattened chest, protrusion of
sternum or xiphisternum) or any skeletal irregularity which is not included in the
breed standard.
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Southern Africa Cat Council (SACC), South Africa
“Undesirable features in all breeds: (in addition to the Breed Standards)
•
Any other bone irregularity”
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
In horses and other livestock, cow hocking is known
that the imbalance of weight leads to painful
arthritis, and a reluctance to walk
Dogs also try to compensate
for misalignments, which
causes improper wear
and pain in nearby joints
There is a strong relationship
between the rear leg and
the general health and
soundness of the foot
Excellent
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Some breeds of horses, like Arabians and draft horses, want hind legs
'set' at an angle to provide leverage, which is not to be confused with
"cow hocks". Lateral side of both hocks should be slightly visible when
standing directly behind animal. Hoofs should 'point' slightly outward.
The horse’s cannon bones are perfectly parallel (not X-legs), but you can
see the sides of his cannon bones from behind. It is considered a fault in
a driving horse to have hind legs perfectly square on the body, as this
gives no leverage for pulling.
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Domestic cats are both predator and prey.
They need escape speed, jumping, landing stability,
plus functional maneuverability and agility.
Powerful and stable back legs are important
to the cats themselves.
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
This is an example of the areas where I work in
western U.S. Over the past eight years, I have seen
hundreds of cats on ranches, farms and rural homes
like this. I have never seen a cow hocked cat. Why?
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Unfortunately, I think the cow-hocked cats are
handicapped, and they get killed by coyotes because
they cannot escape, or they die of starvation because
they cannot catch food efficiently
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
A feral ranch cat. These capable cats survive without human
assistance. They catch their own food, and avoid being
caught or killed by predators.
They need good physical structure to change positions quickly,
for side-to-side movement, for speed, and for stability.
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Try this at home
Get 2 chairs, 2 toys, and 2 cats -- one cow hocked, one not
Then, have both cats jump up-down, up-down, up-down…
The cow hocked cat falls behind very quickly, because it has
both less stability on landing, and less power on the jump
A cat with
good
structure
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
A cow
hocked
cat
November 12, 2011
Structure is important for function
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Structure is important for function
Cow hocks are a
disqualifying defect in
rabbits in the show
ring and for breeding
because it is a
functional problem
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
What happens when you
breed a very cow hocked
cat to one with good legs?
You can get a range from
bad to fairly good.
After using a severely cow
hocked male because he
had a beautiful pattern, a
Bengal breeder told me it
took her 4 generations of
breeding to good legs to
return to uniformly good
legs in the kittens.
But it can be bred out,
eventually.
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
6. A few words about…
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Balance
Tail Set
Front Paw Flexibility
Giving Birth
Pateller Luxation
Hip Dysplaysia
Shoulder Angles
Other Problems
Radiography
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
A few words about…
Balance
For a moment, look at this cat, thinking about power, and weight distribution:
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Not balanced:
• Both back feet are behind the hips
• Front legs compensating to hold weight
by reaching far behind shoulders
• Cat is unable to change directions quickly
Balanced:
• Back legs are equally supporting hip
weight
• Front legs evenly supporting shoulders
• Responsive, flexible, agile movement
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
A few words about…
Tail Set
The Bengal Standard says, “A thick, low-set,
medium-length tail adds balance to the cat.”
This croup is gently sloping, with the tail set on just below the level of the back.
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Example of another breed with low set tail, from
the Pixiebob breed standard:
“Hips are medium width, prominent, slightly higher
than shoulders with a long sloping croup to tail.”
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Great Pyrenees tail set low and carried low in repose
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Tail set is high off a flat croup
Low tail set, displaying the soft
flowing curve over the croup
Tail is set very high on a short, flat croup
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
A few words about…
Front Paw Flexibility
The ability to rotate
the front paws inward
is natural for cats
• Front paws can
rotate inward and
grasp objects
• Correct back legs,
making a tripod
using its tail
• Chest and front
legs are excellent
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Catching a toy
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Catching a ball
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
A few words about…
Giving Birth
Dogs with cow hocks require more surgical
intervention (Ceasarian-sections) to give
birth than dogs with good conformation.
Perhaps this is true with cats, also?
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
A few words about…
Pateller Luxation
Patellar luxation (“trick knee,” floating
kneecap) when patella can dislocate,
or slip in and out of the normal location
These trick knees are sometimes
noticed when judging, if they are
a high grade of severity. When
the cat is on its back legs, it is
weak, unsteady, and wobbles,
maybe like a hula dancer.
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
To easily check your own cat
easily at home, if the cat can
walk a few steps when all the
way up on its toes, this means
their knees are fine, according
the a veterinarian I asked.
Resting down on the hocks
like these cats is not the
same demonstration of
excellent knees; they need
to be up on their toes
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
A few words about…
Hip Dysplaysia
• Hip dysplaysia
(“dysplaysia” means
“poor development”)
is not necessarily
associated with cow
hocks
• Judges cannot
accurately determine
degree of hip
dysplaysia, according
to the veterinarians
that I talked to
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
This cat has hip dysplasia, diagnosed by a veterinarian by x-ray. It appears to
be cow-hocked or weak in the back. For judging purposes, the important thing
is only the “abnormal positioning of the feet and legs while standing,” which
must be penalized, not the reason for it (TICA Show Rules, Article XVI)
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
A Labrador Retriever standing with back legs close together to compensate for
hip dysplasia. This abnormal positioning of the legs and feet while standing is
sometimes seen in show cats when judging, and should be penalized.
Breeders also need to be aware of hip dysplasia. I know for a fact it has been
found in some Maine Coons, Bengals, British Shorthairs, and probably in other
breeds. Hip dysplasia is inheritable and can occur in any breed or housecat.
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
More dogs with hip dysplasia.
Notice the variety of
appearances of the back feet
and leg alignments.
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
A few words about…
Shoulder Angles
Front legs
too vertical
Front legs at good
angles for a cat,
for jumping and
landing abilities
Malamute’s
angles are
like a cat
Open shoulder
angulation is
preferred on some
dog breeds, like
the Basenji
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
A few words about…
Dropped pasterns
Other Problems
Cow hocked
Post legs, no good hock angle
(no “shock absorbers”)
Pictures of structure
problems in llamas,
which are also
occasionally seen
when judging cats
Toeing out in front
Narrow front
Narrow rear
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
A few words about…
Radiology
• Can x-rays determine cow hocking?
• No, because of the positioning of the cats’ legs during x-rays.
• Observing the cat standing is the way to see cow hocks
Right lateral
Ventrodorsal (frog-leg) position
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
7. Examples of good
conformation
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Excellent
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Excellent
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Excellent
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Excellent
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Excellent
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Excellent
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Excellent
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Excellent
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Excellent
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Excellent
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Excellent
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Munchkin
Excellent
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Excellent
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Excellent
House cat in
Tokyo, Japan
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Street cat in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Excellent
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Excellent knees and legs
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Devon Rex
kittens, and
their good legs
are already
visible
Structure is
apparent by the
time kittens are
8 weeks old
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Great legs
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Here are some
examples of
wild cats
Notice their
functional, strong,
excellent structure
Cougar
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Asian Leopard Cats
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Sand Cat
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Lynx
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Legs look excellent, front and rear.
Shoulders, back, neck, too.
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Powerful thrust!
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
8. Judging
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
The length, size, substance, proportions and angles
of the bones in the body create its conformation.
It is the balance and interaction of these
components that give us our various breeds.
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Conformation shows provide
a systematic way of
evaluating the structure
within a breed.
The uneducated eye might
see only the superficial
appearance.
But the more knowledgeable
eye of judges can evaluate
more deeply.
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
It may be easier to be a good dog show judge
than it is to be a good cat show judge,
because when the dogs are moving around
the ring, their structure is clearly visible
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
How can back legs be checked
when judging the cats at cat shows?
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Checking can be done on the table, with the weight off the feet so their feet aren’t sliding
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
I would check this cat more closely; because both back and front feet point slightly out
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
The misalignment of legs and feet may be caused by hip dysplasia.
The reason is not important when judging. If the cat has, “Abnormal
positioning of the legs and feet while standing,” then it must be penalized.
(TICA Show Rules, Article XVI)
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
This cat’s toes appear to be pointing outward, but tail is hiding
knees, so I would try him on the table, like in the previous photo,
to verify. Being in the air, you can see his legs are not relaxed
like when they are touching the table
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Holding the cat at the top of its thighs, let the legs hang
naturally, gently let feet touch the table so the cat relaxes, and
notice where the toes and hocks are pointing, whether ahead
or out, like on a clock pointing to 10 and 2. ggg
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
This is also an nice way to notice the back legs. The cat
is relaxed. Toes and knees are facing forward.
Everything is visible, and the cat is happy.
Excellent
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Excellent
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
When judging dogs (and cats), it is important to look at them
when they are standing naturally.
Structural problems or discomfort are evident if they shift weight
from one foot to another, or move one back foot forward to
adjust stability, or shift their body weight to the front or the back.
"Treat a work of art like a prince: let it speak to you first.“ – Arthur Schopenhauer
“Treat cats like royalty: let them speak to you first.” – Vickie Shields
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Knees aligned, and point straight ahead
Notice curling down of back toes to hang
onto the judges hand, which cow hocked
cats can’t perform
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Cats curling their back toes to hang on is equivalent
to people picking up something with their toes.
Cats can only do this if they have good back legs.
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Structure is also important because we love our cats,
and want them to live long, healthy, happy, lives
At cat shows, functional health needs to be the
highest priority, as it is at the dog shows, horse shows,
llama shows, rabbit shows, and etcetera
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Dogs cannot
catch and hold
with their paws
like cats can, so
they catch and
hold with their
mouths instead
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
9. Test
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Test 1
Which Singapura is cow hocked?
A
B
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Test 1
Which Singapura is cow hocked?
A
B
Correct!
"Capable
Cats ®
- An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Test 2
Which Singapura is cow hocked?
A
B
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Test 2
Which Singapura is cow hocked?
A
B
Correct!
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Test 3
Which cat is cow hocked?
A
B
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Test 3
Which cat is cow hocked?
A
B
Correct!
"Capable
Cats ®
- An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Test 4
Which horse is cow hocked?
A
B
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Test 4
Which horse is cow hocked?
A
B
Correct!
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Test 5
Which dog has the best front structure?
A
B
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Test 5
Which dog has the best front structure?
A
B
Correct!
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Test 6
Which dog has the best rear structure?
A
B
C
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Test 6
Which dog has the best rear structure?
A
B
C
Cow hocked
Correct!
Too narrow
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Test 7
Which British Shorthair has the best front?
A
B
C
D
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Test 7
Which British Shorthair has the best front?
A
B
C
D
Correct!
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Test 8
What do you observe about these two cats?
A
B
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Test 8
What do you observe about these two cats?
A
B
A is excellent
B has cow hocks, front ankles together, and elbows out
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Test 9
Which dog is cow hocked?
A
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
B
November 12, 2011
Test 9
Which dog is cow hocked?
A
B
Correct!
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Test 10
Which cat has better balance?
A
B
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Test 10
Which cat has better balance?
A
B
Correct!
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Test 11
Which dog is cow hocked?
A
B
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Test 11
Which dog is cow hocked?
A
B
Correct!
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Congratulations!
You have completed the TICA Judging School,
"Capable Cats - An Introduction to
Cow Hocks and Structure”
For comments, questions, or to contribute photos, please email
Vickie Shields, [email protected]
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Questions?
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
The End
(Notice the
excellent structure
of the back legs!)
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
This seminar has been reviewed and approved by:
Adriana Kajon, PhD, Research Scientist,
Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute,
a TICA Approved All Breeds Judge,
Genetics Committee Member, Genetics
Instructor, Judging School Instructor and
Ring Training Instructor, and photographer
Brian Bailey, DPM, Podiatric Physician
and Surgeon, Professor of Anatomy,
Physiology and Podiatric Medicine, and
Ragdoll breeder and exhibitor
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Johan Lamprecht, MD, Medical Faculty,
University of Stellenbosch, an All Breeds
Judge, South African Cat Council (SACC)
and World Cat Federation (WCF)
Terry Curtis, DVM, MS, Veterinarian and
Small Animal Behaviorist specializing in
the social organization of cats
Pam Knowles, MS, Wildlife Biologist,
long-time Bengal breeder, and founder
of Bison Quest Sanctuary and Spa in
Montana after realizing how disconnected
most people are from the natural world
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011
Thank you to the members of the
International Ragdoll Congress
(IRC) for requesting this seminar be
created for their Ragdoll Congress
Show in Chicago, Illinois, March
2008
"Capable Cats ® - An Introduction to Cow Hocks and Structure,” TICA Judging and Exhibitor School, by Vickie Shields
November 12, 2011