868-14_Zbornik - korice.cdr - developing information literacy
Transcription
868-14_Zbornik - korice.cdr - developing information literacy
RN 868-14 // Biblioteka // meke korice // print 560-ka prednja // simbol card 270g KANTONALNA I UNIVERZITETSKA BIBLIOTEKA BIHAĆ IV UN Z IT ET U BI H U ISSN 2233-1689 ER KANTONALNA I UNIVERZITETSKA BIBLIOTEKA BIHAĆ AĆ ZBORNIK RADOVA 2014. JU KANTONALNA I UNIVERZITETSKA BIBLIOTEKA BIHAĆ Univerzitet u Bihaću Limerick Institute of Technology ZBORNIK RADOVA KONFERENCIJA O INFORMACIJSKOJ PISMENOSTI NA ZAPADNOM BALKANU JUNI NA UNI • Informacijski sistemi u bibliotekama • Razvoj informacijske pismenosti u regionu • Cjeloživotno učenje 11-14. juni 2014. godine This programme is funded by the EU "This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein" KANTONALNA I UNIVERZITETSKA BIBLIOTEKA BIHAĆ LIMERICK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (IRELAND) ZBORNIK RADOVA XI MEĐUNARODNE NAUČNE KONFERENCIJE „INFORMACIJSKA PISMENOST NA ZAPADNOM BALKANU” JUNI NA UNI 11-14. juni 2014. godine ___________________________________________________________ CANTONAL AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BIHAC LIMERICK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (IRELAND) PROCEEDINGS 11TH INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “WESTERN BALKAN INFORMATION LITERACY” JUNE ON UNA RIVER 11-14 June 2014 Bihać, 2014. Izdavač/Published by: Kantonalna i univerzitetska biblioteka Bihać Trg slobode 8, Bihać Za izdavača/For Publisher: mr. sc. Ratko Knežević, direktor Kantonalna i univerzitetska biblioteka Bihać, BiH Urednici/Editors: mr. sc. Ratko Knežević, dr. sc. Nikola Findrik Recenzentski odbor/Reviewers Committee: Jerald Cavanagh, Limerick Institute of Tehnology, Limerick, Ireland prof. dr. Refik Šahinović, Univerzitet u Bihaću, BiH mr. sc. Ratko Knežević, Kantonalna i univerzitetska biblioteka Bihać, BiH dr. sc. Nikola Findrik, Pravni fakultet u Bihaću, BiH mr. sc. Dijana Krajina Nadarević, Kantonalna i univerzitetska biblioteka Bihać, BiH Organizacioni odbor/Organisation Committee: mr. sc. Ratko Knežević predsjednik, Kantonalna i univerzitetska biblioteka Bihać, BiH prof. dr. sc. Refik Šahinović, Univerzitet u Bihaću, BiH doc. dr. sc. Hamdija Lipovača, Vlada USK-a, BiH prof. Dario Jurić, Ministarstvo obrazovanja, nauke, kulture i sporta USK-a, BiH dr. sc. Nikola Findrik, Pravni fakultet u Bihaću, BiH mr. sc. Kenan Mahmutović, Ekonomski fakultet u Bihaću, BiH mr. sc. Asmira Bećiraj, Pravni fakultet u Bihaću, BiH mr. sc. Dijana Krajina Nadarević, Kantonalna i univerzitetska biblioteka Bihać, BiH Naučni odbor/Scientific Committee: mr. sc. Jerald Cavanagh, Limerick Institute of Tehnology, Limerick, Ireland mr. sc. Padraig Kirby, Limerick Institute of Tehnology, Limerick, Ireland prof. dr. sc. Angela Repanovici, University of Brasov, Romania dr. sc. Manolis Koukourakis, University of Rethymnon – Crete, Greece prof. dr. sc. Nevzet Veladžić, Pravni fakultet u Bihaću, BiH mr. sc. Pero Šobot, IZUM, Institut informacijskih nauka Maribor, Republika Slovenija mr. sc. Radovan Pilipović, Arhiv Srpske Patrijaršije, Beograd, Republika Srbija Frida Bišćan, Gradska knjižnica „Ivan Goran Kovačić“, Karlovac, Republika Hrvatska Lektori/Lectors: Neda Klepić, profesor bosanskog jezika mr. sc. Jasmina Piralić, profesor engleskog jezika Tiraž/Edition Size: 150 Štampa/Print: DOO „Grafičar“, Bihać SADRŽAJ/CONTENT Introduction/Uvodna riječ uredništva ...............................................................................5 Keynote speakers ................................................................................................................ 9 László Imre Komlósi Human nature, information processing and literacy ............................................................ 11 Katalin Varga The role of the schools and libraries in the information society ........................................... 13 Jerald Cavanagh, Padraig Kirby Regional Information Literacy Development: A Western Balkan Tempus Project ............... 17 Djordje Slavnic, Ratko Knezevic, Nikola Findrik Beyond computer literacy: social networking abuse ............................................................ 39 Ratko Knezevic, Djordje Slavnic Literacy and computer literacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina ................................................ 43 Angela Repanovici, Codruta Jaliu, Gabriela Sechel, Liliana Rogozea Assessment of medical students’ knowledge according to information literacy ................... 47 Beba-Ešrefa Rašidović Model prožimanja komponenti u curriculumu Fakulteta za kriminalistiku, kriminologiju i sigurnosne studije Univerziteta u Sarajevu.................................................. 55 Elli Georgiadou, Harjinder Rahanu, Nawaz Khan, Robert Colson, Clifford Sule Bridging the Digital Divide: Towards Shortening the Road from Illiteracy to Information Literacy............................................................................................................. 65 Elli Georgiadou, Claire McGuinness, Angela Repanovici, Manolis Koukourakis, Nawaz Khan, Mircea Regneala Integrating Project Plan, Quality Plan and Sustainability: Plan The RINGIDEA Case Study ......................................................................................... 77 Gunnstein Akselberg, Ane Landøy The (Mis)match of a university-wide library program for PhD-students to students from the Faculty of Arts and Humanities............................................................ 99 Tefko Saracevic Information literacy in the United States: Contemporary transformations and controversies ....................................................................................... 107 Frida Bišćan Digitalizacija starih novina .................................................................................................. 113 Digitalization of old newspapers .......................................................................................... 119 Esther Molnár Media manipulation ............................................................................................................. 125 Jasmina Milovčić Percepcija „pismenosti 21. st.“ u školskim knjižnicama Karlovačke županije .................... 131 Anđela Kuprešanin Vukelić Informaciona pismenost – mehanizam odbrane od fenomena viška informacija ................. 137 Almedina Salihagić Web resursi u području kulture – prezentacijska logika institucije ...................................... 145 Web resources in the field of culture – presentation logic of institution .............................. 153 Novi Introduction The Western Balkan Information Literacy Conference is supported by, inspired by and dedicated to the achievements of European Union Tempus project 517117 Developing information Literacy for lifelong learning and knowledge economy in Western Balkan countries. This is a unique, pioneering European Union funded project which aims to develop information literacy for lifelong learning in the Western Balkans. Tempus is the European Union’s programme which supports the modernisation of higher education in the Partner Countries of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Western Balkans and the Mediterranean region, mainly through university cooperation projects. Information literacy involves having the ability to recognize when information is needed and having the ability to locate, evaluate and use effectively the information needed (Association of College and Research Libraries, 2000). Information literacy “is the keystone of lifelong learning” (Byerly & Brodie, 1999 cited in Lau 2006 p.7) and is “absolutely critical literacy to all sectors of society” (Kajberg & Lørring 2005 p.67 cited in Cavanagh and Kirby 2013). The specific objectives of the project are development of IL programs for lifelong learning and their use in curricula as appropriate; development of innovative online IL modules for lifelong learning; harmonisation of the IL programs with those currently active in Western Balkan countries. An important objective, also, is strengthening the capacities of Western Balkan higher education institutions for strategic planning and implementation of IL programs, in order to instil transferable skills for a competitive, dynamic, knowledge-based economy, as well as to develop IL policy, guidelines, goals mission. The main outcomes of the project are guidelines for planning IL programs, harmonised contents for the teaching of IL, training of IL practitioners, development of innovative online IL modules, implementation of IL programs, dissemination and sustainability of IL programs. The project has had some important achievements to date, such as the publication in each Western Balkan institution of Guidelines for planning IL programs in Western Balkan countries and publication of Guidelines for IL program harmonized contents. The project has also published an Information Literacy syllabus and curricula in each Western Balkan institution participating in the project. Other achievements include the publication of Guidelines for training of IL teachers/practitioners. Future activities in the project include the development of innovative online IL modules and the full rollout and implementation of the IL programs. This will involve coordination, timetabling and physical execution of the program as well as the creation of a Western Balkan Network for Information Literacy (WBIL) for the future dissemination, sustainability and exploitation of project results across the Region. The Western Balkan Information Literacy Conference is one of the success stories of this Tempus project on information literacy in the Western Balkans. Not only is there representation from the institutions and countries in our Tempus project but also represented will be neighbouring countries such as Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, Romania and Greece. An unexpected benefit has been that the Conference has attracted delegates June on Une River 2014 5 from all over the world- there will be delegates for example from the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Norway, Hungary, Australia, various countries in Africa, the Middle East among many others. We believe this shows that the concept of Information Literacy which prior to this Tempus project was almost completely unknown in the Western Balkan region has firmly taken hold and is now embedded in many universities in the Region. Hence this conference presents Conference papers in two sections. First presented are those papers by representatives from Universities who are partners in Tempus project 517117 Developing information literacy for lifelong learning and knowledge economy in Western Balkan countries. Later in the proceedings are the papers of those representatives of universities who are not partners in the Tempus project but from many other parts of the world who recognise that the Western Balkans due largely to the work of this Tempus project is now becoming an important centre and champion of information literacy globally. Editorial Board 6 June on Une River 2014 Uvodna riječ Konferencija Informacijske pismenosti Zapadnog Balkana je podržana, inspirirana i posvećena ostvarenjima Tempus projekta 517117 Razvijanje informacijske pismenosti i cjeloživotnog učenja te poznavanja ekonomije u zemljama Zapadnog Balkana. Ovo je jedinstven, pionirski projekt kojeg finansira Evropska unija a ima za cilj da razvije informacijsku pismenost za cjeloživotno učenje na Zapadnom Balkanu. Tempus je program Evropske unije koji podržava modernizaciju visokog obrazovanja u partnerskim zemljama Istočne Evrope, Centralne Azije, Zapadnog Balkana i Mediteranske regije, uglavnom kroz projekte univerzitetske saradnje. Informacijska pismenost uključuje posjedovanje mogućnosti da se locira, evaluira i efektivno koristi potrebna informacija (Asocijacija Koledža i Istraživačke biblioteke, 2000). Informacijska pismenost je „osnovni princip cjeloživotnog učenja” (Byerly i Brodie, 1999, citirano u Lau 2006, str. 7) te je „apsolutno ključna pismenost za sve sektore društva” (Kajberg i Lørring 2005, str.67. citirano u Cavanagh i Kirby 2013). Posebni ciljevi projekta jesu razvoj programa informacijske pismenosti za cjeloživotno učenje i njihova upotreba u nastavnom planu prema potrebi, razvoj inovativnih online modula informacijske pismenosti za cjeloživotno učenje; harmonizacija programa informacijske pismenosti sa trenutno aktivnim u zemljama Zapadnog Balkana. Jedan od važnijih ciljeva je također jačanje kapaciteta visokoobrazovnih institucija Zapadnog Balkana za strateško planiranje i implementaciju programa informacijske pismenosti kako bi usadili prenosive vještine za konkurentu i dinamičnu ekonomiju baziranu na znanju te kako bi razvili kurs informacijske pismenosti, smjernice, ciljeve i misiju. Glavni ishodi projekta su smjernice za planiranje programa informacijske pismenosti, usklađivanje sadržaja za podučavanje informacijske pismenosti, edukacija stručnjaka za informacijsku pismenost, razvijanje inovativnih online modula informacijske pismenosti, implementacija programa informacijske pismenost, širenje i održavanje programa informacijske pismenosti. Projekt je imao značajna postignuća do danas, kao što su publikacija Smjernica za planiranje informacijske pismenosti u svim institucijama u zemljama Zapadnog Balkana kao i publikacija Smjernica za program informacijske pismenosti sa usklađenim sadržajima. Ovim projektom je također objavljen kratak sadržaj i nastavni plan i program u svim institucijama Zapadnog Balkana koje su učestvovale u ovom projektu. Ostala postignuća uključuju publikaciju Smjernica za edukaciju predavača/stručnjaka informacijske pismenosti: metodologiju za podučavanje informacijske pismenosti. Naredne aktivnosti projekta uključuju razvijanje inovacije online modula i potpuno proširivanje i implementaciju programa informacijske pismenosti. Ovo će obuhvatiti koordinaciju, raspoređivanje i fizičko izvršenje programa kao i stvaranje Mreže Zapadnog Balkana za informacijsku pismenost (WBIL) za buduće širenje, održavanje i eksploataciju rezultata projekta duž regiona. June on Une River 2014 7 Konferencija Informacijske pismenosti Zapadnog Balkana je jedna od uspješnijih priča ovog Tempus projekta informacijske pismenosti na Zapadnom Balkanu. Ne samo da su tu zastupljene institucija i zemlje u našem Tempus projektu već će tu također biti zastupljene i susjedne zemlje kao što su Hrvatska, Srbija, Slovenija, Rumunija i Grčka. Neočekivana dobit bila je što je konferencija privukla delegate iz cijelog svijeta - tu će se naći delegati iz Sjedinjenih Američkih Država, Velike Britanije, Kanade, Norveške, Mađarske, Australije, iz raznih zemalja Afrike, i srednjeistočnih zemalja, između mnogih drugih. Vjerujemo da je ovo pokazatelj koncepta informacijske pismenosti koji je prije Tempus projekta bio gotovo potpuno nepoznat u regionu Zapadnog Balkana a sada je učvrstio i našao mjesto na mnogim univerzitetima u regionu. Stoga, ova Konferencija predstavlja konferencijske radove u dva dijela. Prvi prikazuje radove predstavnika univerziteta koji su partneri Tempus projekta 517117 Razvijanje informacijske pismenosti i cjeloživotnog učenja te poznavanju ekonomije u zemljama Zapadnog Balkana. U nastavku su radovi predstavnika univerziteta koji nisu partneri Tempus projekta ali iz različitih dijelova svijeta prepoznaju da Zapadni Balkan duguje, u većoj mjeri, radu Tempus projekta koji postaje važan centar i nositelj informacijske pismenosti globalno. Uredništvo 8 June on Une River 2014 KEYNOTE SPEAKERS László Imre Komlósi, PhD László Imre Komlósi is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Pécs, Hungary and the Constantine University Nitra, Slovakia. His research interest lies in the areas of Cognitive and Cultural Linguistics, Inferential Pragmatics, Argumentation Theory and Intercultural Communication. Professor Komlósi has an extensive international educational experience in European and US higher education. He holds a PhD degree from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest (1989) and is a Humboldt Research Fellow in Argumentation and Philosophy of Language. Professor Komlósi is vice rector responsible for academic affairs and international relations at the University of Pécs. He is an Executive Committee member of the Compostela Group of Universities and vice president of the University Network of the European Capitals of Culture and of the Alliance of Universities for Democracy. Website: http://ies.btk.pte.hu/menu/19 June on Une River 2014 9 Dr Katalin Varga Katalin Varga was born in Budapest, Hungary in 1963. She received her MA degree from Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Budapest in 1986, and the PhD degree from the same university in 2004. She is the director of the National Educational Library and Museum in Budapest, and she has been an associate professor at the University of Péch since 2004. Her main research field is knowledge representation and information literacy. Her first book was published in 2005, it is about text analaysis and information science. Her second book is an e-book, published in 2008, it contains studies about information literacy. The latest book by her was published in 2013, and it is the summary of her research findings in the in the field of information literacy in the public and higher education, and in the libraries. At the moment she is participating in several research teams, the most important is about well-being in information society. As part of the research she is working on information standards and indicators. 10 June on Une River 2014 HUMAN NATURE, INFORMATION PROCESSING AND LITERACY Professor László Imre Komlósi University of Pécs/Hungary & Constantine University Nitra/Slovakia [email protected] The presentation is meant to provide some introductory ideas to the world of human information processing as a decisive realm of mental activities, including individual and social learning, socialization, the development of representational systems together with cognitive and affective skills, only to mention a few conspicuous trait of human beings. It will be inevitable to raise some controversial issues about human nature, human needs and human choices. Human beings represent a species in the animal kingdom which excels with a few unique and species-specific faculties to optimize chances for survival: - representational skills to facilitate the adoption of vehicles of symbolic meanings called “signs” meta-representational skills to facilitate cognition and communication by reflective mental processes and the interactive use of language the development of the Theory of Mind to facilitate mentalization and intentionality (attributing mental states to others) the development of social cognition to facilitate the construction of common ground, shared knowledge and negotiated meanings in interactive behavior learning by doing to facilitate an optimal exploitation of the neural system the development of general purpose and specific cognitive skills the development of high-level context-sensitivity for cooperative behavior the possession of cultural narratives, social memes, multiple-identities. It is a surprise – in the light of the above faculties - to accept the fact that newborn human individuals are far from being fit for life: the human species is the most vulnerable the members of which need fundamental physical and mental support for a very long time. Beside protection, physical care and nourishment the most needed support is the mental (cognitive and affective) support. The most vulnerable part of human beings is the realm of mental phenomena: thoughts, feelings, conceptualizations, cognitive schemata, memories, patterns of behavior and the traits of personality. The survival of the human species has long required the ubiquitous support of cultures, manifest in child rearing, socialization, education, social norms and customs, rituals, legal and religious systems, etc. Most of these things have been realized in oral cultures for thousands of years. It is common knowledge today what changes writing, - and somewhat later in history - printing induced for the mental outlook of human communities. Writing and reading have had to be accommodated to our sensory-motor skills, regardless of the very type of the writing systems the different human communities and cultures have been using. Humankind has seen an unprecedented development in information storage and information processing, both on the individual level and the global, communal level. We have managed to optimize learning methods, and have invented the most The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ sophisticated and most effective instruments to accumulate knowledge in the Digital Age. The talk is going to examine the possible consequences of the radical changes in the forms, formats, contents and contexts in information trafficking. Findings of neurological and neuro-linguistic research will be confronted with the findings of research in early-child care, primary and secondary socialization, formal and informal education and the types of literacy in modern societies. These findings will be evaluated in the light of the tenets and messages of Ecological Psychology. As a conclusion, the talk puts forward claims according to which the nature of learning, reasoning and communication should be understood in terms of the conditions for cooperative social interaction, cognition by participatory actions, construction of negotiated and consensual social meanings, cathartic life-experiences through the arts. In all these activities verbal arts have a special role to play: efficient information transmission and holistic understanding of ethical and esthetic values formulated in texts are two sides of the coin. Neither of them should dominate, let alone annihilate the other. REMARK: The full version of the paper will be presented at the Conference. 12 June on Une River 2014 THE ROLE OF THE SCHOOLS AND LIBRARIES IN THE INFORMATION SOCIETY Dr Katalin Varga University of Pécs, Institute of Library and Information Science, Pécs, Hungary [email protected] SUMMARY: Information literacy is one of the most important key competencies of the 21st century knowledge societies. As long as we do not recognize that it is much more than just being able to use the digital technnology, it will never fulfill its real mission. Young people in the information age need special weapons to win in the war against information overload and manipulation. The information literate person knows how to learn, how knowledge is organized, and how to find, organize and use information. Keywords: information literacy, competencies, students, Hungary As we go deeper and deeper into the information society, we find always new ways to the information. Media, Internet, web 2.0 (even web 3.0), social sites etc. are totally transforming our habits of getting new information. Young people get the latest news not from the newspapers, but from blogs and comments, the main opinion forming channels are forums, where one can be involved in discussions with not known people. Parents and teachers like to blame young generation for they are not reading. If we are honest, we have to confess ourselves: Our children are reading a lot, maybe even more than we, but they read different things on a different way than we are used to. They read SMS, Facebook, homepages, computer games etc. They get an enormous amount of information in a very short time. The problem is that they don’t know what to do with this information. It is our task to teach them how to select and evaluate the information, how to find the value. It is something very different than just to teach them how to read. This is a new way of learning, this is information literacy. The meaning of the term literacy is constantly changing in different cultures. In English culture it has a strong and stable meaning, but for example in Eastern and Central Europe the term has a controversial life. In most European countries people don’t like to mix the traditional literacies and cultures with the modern digital competencies. There are strong debates around the terms: literacy, competency, information, digital etc. Information literacy is one of the most important key competencies of the 21st century knowledge societies. As long as we do not recognize that it is much more than just being able to use the digital technnology, it will never fulfill its real mission. People in the information age need special weapons to win in the war against information overload, and manipulation. The information literate person knows how to learn, how knowledge is organized, and how to find, organize and use information. Information literacy is not a new topic, especially in the field of library and information science, but in Eastern-European countries it is not really manifest in public education and higher education programs. Education policy makers are dealing only with the problems of digital literacy, and do not want to take into consideration, that it is necessary to have much broader information competencies in order to survive in the 21st century. „Not only must the idea of digital literacy find its place among information literacy, computer literacy, ICT literacy, e-literacy, network literacy, and media literacy, but it must also be matched against terms which avoid the “literacy” idea, such as informacy The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ and information fluency. Indeed in some cases, mention of information or anything similar is avoided—particularly in workplace settings—as in “basic skills,” “Internet savvy,” or “smart working”.[1] The information literate person knows what information is missing, how to learn, how knowledge is organized, where to find the information how to find the information how to organize the information how to use information. Information literacy is the capacity of people to: Recognise their information needs; Locate and evaluate the quality of information; Store and retrieve information; Make effective and ethical use of information, and Apply information to create and communicate knowledge. Information literacy is a broad concept, consisting of different other literacies and competencies. We can only speak about information literacy, if these elements all are together at the same time. In the figure below you can trace the basic requirements and related competencies. Fig. 1. The model of information literacy The Institute of Library and Information Science at the University of Pécs since 2006 is focusing its research on information literacy. Our students can take different courses about information literacy, possibilities and methods of its instruction, critical thinking education, or professional information retrieval methods. Several theses were written in the last five-six years about the topic. Our goal is to educate young people, who not only are information literate, but also are able to educate other people to acquire information literacy competencies. At the moment we are in the fase of integrating our 14 June on Une River 2014 Katalin Varga, The role of the schools and libraries in the information society results, and creating a new model and indicators for the public and higher education institutes and libraries of Hungary.[5] The bases of this research are those data that were collected in the last years about information competencies of university students. These surveys clearly show the information gathering and handling habits of students, and we can see the main problems of information literacy education. We wanted to know how students get information for their studies, what are their main resources, information seeking methods, how they select and evaluate the information. The results show that there are big problems with the knowledge and competencies of our students. Only 1/3 of them apply information literacy competencies (e.g. search strategies) in their work. They have quite weak knowledge about professional information resources (databases), their main information resource is the internet, and the main information retrieval tool is Google. The complex competencies of information literacy are not known for them, and very often they ignore planning before an information solving problem. In the background of these problems is secondary education. Our students should get the basic competencies during their high school studies in order to be able to cope with higher education assignments. During information seeking the majority of the students uses internet search engines, mainly Google. Library catalogues, encyclopaedias and lexicons are less frequently used. Hungarian students rarely consult government sites, and unfortunately they do not like to use research databases in order to solve study assignments. We are going to enlarge this survey towards other universities, and also towards workplaces. We also feel it important to measure, what kind of information literacy have those people, who are to help the researchers (research assistants, librarians etc.). Based on the collected data and the international experiences we plan to create an information literacy education model and set of indicators and standards for Hungary. We are sure that having clear standards could help in struggle against digital divide. REFERENCES [1] Robinson, L. et al.: Healthcare librarians and learner support: competences and methods. Health Information and Libraries Journal, 22 (supplement 2), 2005. pp. 42–50. [2] Towards media and information literacy indicators. Prepared by Susan Moeller, Ammu Joseph, Jesús Lau, Toni Carbo. Paris, UNESCO, 2011. p. 16. [3] Lau, Jesús: Guidelines on information literacy for lifelong learning. IFLA, 2006. http://archive.ifla.org/VII/s42/pub/IL-Guidelines2006.pdf (2013. 05.25.) [4] Towards media and information literacy indicators. Prepared by Susan Moeller, Ammu Joseph, Jesús Lau, Toni Carbo. Paris, UNESCO, 2011. p. 20. [5] The research is supported by the European Union: TÁMOP -4.2.2.C-11/1/KONV2012-0005: “Well-being in the information society” June on Une River 2014 15 Western Balkan Tempus Project Partners' Papers REGIONAL INFORMATION LITERACY DEVELOPMENT: A WESTERN BALKAN TEMPUS PROJECT Jerald Cavanagh Limerick Institute of Technology, Moylish Park, Limerick, Ireland [email protected] Padraig Kirby Limerick Institute of Technology, Moylish Park, Limerick, Ireland [email protected] ABSTRACT This research will explore the level of information literacy (IL) in Western Balkan higher education institutions; with the aim of ascertaining if strategic engagement with information literacy is a high priority in these institutions. In general the issue of the state of information literacy development in Western Balkan institutions has been looked at in the research but not in any great depth. At national level, information literacy is often linked with and postulated as a means to develop a strong knowledge economy, little is known about the level of strategic engagement with information literacy in Western Balkan higher education institutions. Existing literature suggests that in general the presence of IL is not visible in Western Balkan educational strategies or policies and that educational activities relating to IL are still peripheral rather than a central concern. There are however developments at European level which is causing IL to be placed higher on the agenda in Western Balkan education systems. The paper will depict a unique, pioneering European Union funded project which aims to develop information literacy for lifelong learning in the Western Balkans. Tempus is the European Union’s programme which supports the modernisation of higher education in the Partner Countries of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Western Balkans and the Mediterranean region, mainly through university cooperation projects. Information literacy involves having the ability to recognize when information is needed and having the ability to locate, evaluate and use effectively the information needed (Association of College and Research Libraries, 2000). Information literacy “is the keystone of lifelong learning” (Byerly & Brodie, 1999 cited in Lau 2006 p.7) and is “absolutely critical literacy to all sectors of society” (Kajberg & Lørring 2005 p.67). The specific objectives of the project are development of IL programs for lifelong learning and their use in curricula as appropriate; development of innovative online IL modules for lifelong learning; harmonisation of the IL programs with those currently active in Western Balkan countries. An important objective, also, is strengthening the capacities of Western Balkan higher education institutions for strategic planning and implementation of IL programs, in order to instill transferable skills for a competitive, dynamic, knowledge-based economy, as well as to develop IL policy, guidelines, goals, and mission. The main outcomes of the project are guidelines for planning IL programs, harmonised contents for the teaching of IL, training of IL practitioners, development of innovative online IL modules, implementation of IL programs, dissemination and sustainability of IL programs. All projects have obstacles thrown in their way from time to time and this project is no different. This three year project which commenced in October 2011 has faced and overcome some obstacles such as a lack of awareness of IL in Western Balkan institutions, differences in harmonizing financial project management systems, as well the highly decentralised structure of some Western Balkan institutions. This is due to the fact that every Faculty is an individual legal entity, hence making IL implementation at the University level more challenging. The project has had some important achievements to date, such as the publication in each Western Balkan institution of Guidelines for planning IL programs in Western Balkan countries, and publication of Guidelines for IL program harmonized contents. The project has also published an Information Literacy syllabus and curricula in each Western Balkan institution The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ participating in the project. Other achievements include the publication of Guidelines for training of IL teachers/practitioners: methodology for teaching information literacy. Future activities in the project include the development of innovative online modules, and the full rollout and implementation of the IL programs. This will involve coordination, timetabling and physical execution of the program, as well as the creation of a Western Balkan Network for Information Literacy (WBIL) for the future dissemination, sustainability and exploitation of project results across the Region. This study will conclude by making several recommendations which may prove useful to University management, academic staff, Library managers and librarians generally not just in Western Balkan institutions, but in countries and regions with less developed education systems who may be considering embedding IL into University structures. Keywords: Information Literacy, lifelong learning, Western Balkans. 1. INTRODUCTION There are many definitions of information literacy and as many scholars have tried to trace the birth of this essential 21st century skill (Bruce 2002). Information Literacy the ability to “recognize when information is needed and have the ability to locate, evaluate, and use effectively the needed information” (ALA 2000 p. 2) has grown even more in importance in recent years (Bruce 1999). This paper will illustrate a detailed, specific account of the state of information literacy development in Western Balkan institutions . Examination of the state of IL in Western Balkan countries is particularly pertinent for two reasons; firstly all of these countries are now in the process of rebuilding their education systems which were greatly damaged due to successive wars and dictatorship and are now in the process of improving “the quality and quantity of human skills in order to prepare for faster and more export-oriented growth and for the demands of increasingly privatized economies” (Kathuria 2008 p. 118). Secondly as we will discuss later this paper is particularly timely owing to a European Union Tempus project which commenced in 2011 being led by Limerick Institute of Technology, Ireland and which is focused on developing information literacy in Western Balkan countries. Zurkowski is recognised as the first to mention the term information literacy in 1974 (Webber 2000 cited in Breen and Fallon 2005 p. 1) however, information literacy began to be discussed in the 1960’s as educators felt the phenomenal surge in knowledge and rapid technological change (Bruce 1997). Its emergence has propelled librarians from their traditional role as custodian, access and distributor (Carver 2007) into the world of teaching and training, a world where information literacy is now widely recognized as the “trademark pedagogy of librarianship.” (Kapitzke 2003 cited in Montiel-Overall 2007 p. 59). Traditional means of information literacy delivery such as induction, face to face group training, individual advice and consultation have blended with the emergence of web based information literacy tutorials and suites, their inception and proliferation owing to a new demand for educational opportunities and information services that are increasingly no longer place based and hence demand for online support has multiplied (Xiao & Pietraszewski, et al. 2004). IL is often linked with related literacies such as media literacy, internet literacy, digital literacy, computer literacy, technological literacy however as explained by Eisenberg (2010), information literacy is the “unifying” overarching literacy within which these other literacies fall under. While Sundin (2008 p. 27) states that “there is no consensus on how to define the concept…” Information Literacy- “the ability to recognise information needs and to identify, evaluate and use information effectively” has grown 18 June on Une River 2014 Jerald Cavanagh, Padraig Kirby, Regional Information Literacy Development: A Western Balkan Tempus Project even more in importance in recent years (Bruce 1999). As librarians our visibility has increased dramatically as we increasingly work side by side with academic departments in the delivery of transferable IL skills to our students. We now perform the role of protector in warning our students of the dangers of misinformation and poor quality information as we live with the reality that “in many cases students rely solely on random internet searches rather than consulting quality information resources and make no judgments on the standard and authority of information gathered”. (University of Huddersfield 2004). Reviews of information literacy literature have shown that the field is large and continues to grow (Loeryscher and Woolls 2002; Rader 2002; Tuominen et al 2005; Virkus 2003 cited in Sundin 2008). Recent years have also seen the emergence of many Information literacy standards such as those of SCONUL (Society of College, National and University Libraries), ACRL (Association of College and Research Libraries) and others as scholars have grappled to find a way to “create an information society” (Snavely 2001 p. 1) to help them “deliver information literacy skills to their learners”. (SCONUL 2011 p. 2). Notable among these are the UK SCONUL standards popularly known as the Seven pillars of information literacy (2011) and also the Association of College and Research Libraries Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education (American Library Association 2000). There has also been a focus on learning outcomes due to a concern for “when the students leave (this event session or course) what do I want them to know, or understand, or be able to do?” (SCONUL 2004 p. 5) as well as on embedding IL into curricula in organisational structures as solidly explained by Peacock (2004) and her three pronged, progressive approach to embedding information literacy into higher education institutions through extra-curricular (supplemental), inter-curricula (integrated) and intra curricular (embedded) means. The last ten years have seen the emergence of a flood of information literacy declarations, guidelines, reports, articles and books by influential authors dealing with such topics as the relationship between information literacy and lifelong learning, Media and information Literacy and also IL teaching. The Prague Declaration: Towards an information Literacy Society (UNESCO 2003) proposed six basic information literacy principles, firstly that “the creation of an Information Society is key to social, cultural and economic development of nations and communities, institutions and individuals in the 21st century and beyond” (UNESCO pg. 1); secondly “that IL is a prerequisite for participating effectively in the Information Society, and is part of the basic human right of life” (p.1). This declaration also emphasised the important role IL can play in reducing inequality “within and among countries and peoples” (p.1), the role of Governments in promoting IL for the creation of an “effective civil society and competitive workforce” as well as the importance of IL for society generally. It also emphasized the importance of IL to ensure Education for all in the context of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Next came Beacons of the Information Society: The Alexandria Proclamation on Information Literacy and Lifelong Learning (IFLA 2005) which urges governments and intergovernmental organizations to “pursue policies and programs to promote information literacy and lifelong learning” (p.1) in areas such as professional June on Une River 2014 19 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ development and the inclusion of information literacy into initial and continuing education. Lau’s well known Guidelines on information literacy for lifelong learning (2006) have also been influential for its emphasis on promoting IL as a means to gain “full participation in a democratic society” (Lau 2006 cited in Corell 2007 p 1. ). Lau’s work emphasises the importance of “curriculum integrated” IL programs for information literacy and lifelong learning (Lau 2006 p. 4) Lau outlines the importance of information literacy for lifelong learning and stresses that both concepts “have a strategic, mutually reinforcing relationship with each other that is critical to the success of every individual, organization, institution, and nation-state in the global information society”. (pg. 12). Media and information literacy issues have also come to the fore with the publication of the Moscow Declaration on Media and Information Literacy (2012). This tried to address the “changing media landscape and the rapid growth in information” (IFLA 2012 p. 1) and how Media and information literacy (MIL) can help individuals and communities create new information and knowledge in different forms and how this literacy can improve quality of life. 2. INFORMATION LITERACY IN IRELAND Probably the first question any reader of this paper will ask is why is Ireland being included in this study about information literacy in the Western Balkans? There is a simple answer to this question- because of an EU funded Tempus project being led by an Irish institution Ireland has perhaps had more influence over development of IL in the Western Balkans than any other country in recent years. Limerick Institute of Technology based in Limerick city in Ireland’s Mid –West is leading a current EU funded Tempus project involving also nine higher education institutions from Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo under UNSC Resolution 1244/99 and Montenegro and also 3 EU higher education institutions in Romania, Greece and the United Kingdom. The main features of this project include the identification of best IL practice, transfer of knowledge, development and implementation of IL programs and training including online IL suites, development of IL policy and dissemination and exploitation of results across all participating countries (Limerick Institute of Technology 2011; University of Sarajevo 2011). This topic will be covered in more detail in a later chapter but what is important to stress is that many of the IL developments currently being implemented in Western Balkans countries had their origins and are mirrored in earlier regional and national IL projects and initiatives in Ireland, in many ways the IL development that will occur in Western Balkan countries through this Tempus project has been tried and tested by higher education institutions in Ireland such as Limerick Institute of Technology and others hence it is essential that we present a short review of information literacy development in Ireland. If we define information literacy as the fusion of different concepts, the integration of library literacy, computer literacy, media literacy, information ethics, critical thinking and communication skills (Parang et al., 2000 cited in Bloom and Deyrup 2003) the focus in Ireland has tended to be on information technology and not information literacy (Webber and McGuinness 2007). However the Consortium of National and Research Libraries (CONUL) Working Group on Information Skills Training have taken information literacy on board and are concerned with establishing best practice in 20 June on Une River 2014 Jerald Cavanagh, Padraig Kirby, Regional Information Literacy Development: A Western Balkan Tempus Project information literacy skills training (IST), investigation of current Information literacy practice in CONUL libraries and other relevant libraries, the integration of information literacy into institutional teaching and learning programmes, with regard to teaching and learning developments, and virtual learning environments /managed learning environments. CONUL also suggest areas of development opportunity, promotional material and guidelines for information literacy in CONUL libraries (CONUL 2004). CONUL has also recently published in 2012 Integrating information literacy into the curriculum which offers practical advice to Irish higher education institutions for the integration of information literacy into the curriculum as well as a large number of case studies showing achievements to date in an Irish context. While some Irish academic libraries are developing institutional literacy frameworks (Breen and Fallon 2005) there is no coherent approach to developing information literacy skills in Ireland and no cohesive national strategy (Russell 2008). Information literacy development in recent years has seen Irish Universities and Institutes design and develop online information literacy suites (i.e. online modular IL courses). Some attempts at creating these resources have suffered from being overly text based and lacking engaging active learning exercises however a very recent and significant development has been the SIF funded collaboration between the National University of Ireland, Galway, University College Cork and Trinity College Dublin and their design and development of an innovative and engaging information literacy tutorial at a cost of €100,000 with €600,000 provided for Generic Skills Project and available at http://sifinfolit.nuigalway.ie/ (McSweeney and Conrick 2009). This resource features good use of online video and the provision of self reflective activities to help ensure student engagement. Perhaps the most notable collaborative Irish IL initiative has been collaboration between the Shannon Consortium libraries of Limerick Institute of Technology, University of Limerick, Mary Immaculate College, Limerick and the Institute of Technology, Tralee in the Republic of Ireland known as Library Network Support Services (LNSS). In 2002 the Irish Government announced a 1.2 billion funding package for third level education in their budget (Irish Times 2005). Considered a landmark moment for Irish Universities and Institutes of Technology (Irish Times 2005) this package was supported by a further €300 million Strategic Innovation Fund (SIF) which encouraged colleges to collaborate and compete for finance to meet wider economic and social targets: The strategic innovation fund was established by the Government to promote collaboration, support change and enhance quality in Irish higher education so that it is equipped to meet the challenge of driving Ireland’s development as a leading knowledge economy. It reflects the reality that for Irish higher education to attain world-class standards, we need to identify creative approaches that build on the collective strengths of our institutions, working together as a cohesive system. (Ireland, Department of Education and Science) The mission of the LNSS was to enhance and champion IL initiatives across the Shannon Consortium through the introduction of innovative web based support services and supporting information literacy teaching and training responding to the changing June on Une River 2014 21 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ expectation of library users (Cavanagh 2008). The aim was to select, develop, implement and evaluate a suite of IL initiatives to International IL standards for the partner’s libraries as a framework of support for learners over 2008 for rollout in 2009/2010. These IL initiatives consisted of web based interactive IL modules. The collaboration consisted of two main strands which are arguably the most important issues in Libraries and Librarianship today- that of Library Staff Development and Information Literacy. The LNSS project commenced in August 2008 with an in depth project scoping coordinated by Limerick Institute of Technology consisting of extensive international research into Information Literacy online modular suites and learning outcomes, learning design and multimedia as well as analysis of the needs of learners and existing IL initiatives across the Consortium. The LNSS project ran from 2008-2011, and had some notable achievements such as the implementation of an online suite of IL modular courses across the aforementioned higher education institutions, the rollout of a suite of shared training opportunities across each institution known as the Regional Network for Staff Development and also implementation of the well known online social media course 23 things to librarians across all four institutions. Other significant developments in an Irish context have seen formation of the Library Association of Ireland Working Group on Information Literacy (WGIL) in 2006 whose aim among others is to “generate recommendations to the LAI [Library Association of Ireland] for the development of a cohesive national strategy for Information literacy education and advocacy across all LIS sectors in the Republic of Ireland” (O’ Brien & Russell 2012). 3 A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE WESTERN BALKANS Integrating information Literacy into curricula in even the most highly developed countries can be challenging but these are compounded in regions like the Western Balkans which have experienced great turmoil and which only a decade ago was ravaged by brutal, successive conflicts. Following the wars between the former Yugoslav republics and the dissolution of Yugoslavia, six republics achieved international recognition as sovereign republics Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia. Following this the European Union Stabilisation and Association Process helped to bring a desire for regional cooperation particularly in the area of education reform (Delevic 2007). However problems persist despite these interventions. Poverty and economic vulnerability deepen; there is “rupture or low performance of social welfare”, erosion of social fabric and social capital (European Training Foundation 2011p. 1). A common theme that defines strategies in every Western Balkan country in the region relates to their efforts, individually and collectively, to re-orient and re-align their economic and political systems with the rest of Europe (Špiranec and Pejova 2010). 3.1 Western Balkan education systems. National higher education policy development in the Western Balkans is influenced by two major European Union initiatives in higher education – the Bologna Process and also the Lisbon Strategy – both related to the project of establishing a “Europe of Knowledge” (Elken, Gornitzka, Maassen, & Vukasovic, 2011 cited in Vukasovic 2012 p. 5). The influence of European initiatives on national policy making owes much to the desires of Western Balkan countries with respect to joining the European Union (EU). 22 June on Une River 2014 Jerald Cavanagh, Padraig Kirby, Regional Information Literacy Development: A Western Balkan Tempus Project Croatia is scheduled to become a member of the EU in 2013 while Serbia, Macedonia and Montenegro are at candidate status stage. Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo meanwhile are all viewed as potential future members (Vachudová, 2009 cited in Vukasovic 2012). As Vukasovic notes, Western Balkan Higher education institutions “are rather young” and higher education in the region mostly developed after World War II (Vukosovic 2012 p. 7). Investments into education, skills and qualifications have typically been low (European Commission 2011a). In the former Yugoslavia higher education was under direct jurisdiction of “constituent republics”- with Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia having the status of republic while Kosovo and Vojvodina considered autonomous provinces of Serbia. A distinct feature of higher education in the Region even today is the presence of Faculties having independent legal status, a development that has its origins in changes in University organization and overall changes “in line with self-management principles” and the disintegration of universities in the early 1990’s (Vukasovic 2012 p. 7). All the countries dealt with in this study have gone through a Communist period which began at the end of the First World War and continued up to the early 1990’s with seven countries part of a federal system and with Albania isolated by a hard line Communist regime. The end of the Cold War and also the fall of the Berlin Wall signaled the end of Communism for the countries dealt with in this study. The dissolution of the former Yugoslavia soon followed and was characterized by a series of brutal wars. In some Western Balkan countries much University infrastructure was destroyed during the wars which had taken in some cases half a century to build (University of Sarajevo 2010). The last of these wars ended towards the end of 1995. Prior to this there was a peaceful independence by Macedonia in the early 1990’s and armed conflict in Kosovo between Serbian forces and the Kosovo Liberation Army. This was followed by NATO intervention and with withdrawal of Serbian forces in 1999, Kosovo too declared their independence from Serbia. Montenegro also held an independence referendum in 2006 which was passed. During the 1990s many of the countries in this study such as Albania experienced “a period of instability both in economic and political terms” (Vukasovic 2012 p. 10) including many economic crises. In fact many of the countries in the Region passed the 1990’s in what Vukasovic calls “international isolation” (p. 10) with minimal communication with academia internationally and with almost non-existent relationship with any European higher education structures and no involvement in European higher education or research programmes. The beginning of the 2000’s saw a new dawn for Western Balkan countries. Regime change in Croatia in 1999 followed by Serbia in late 2000 produced profound effects in countries such as Bosnia & Herzegovina, Macedonia and Montenegro. The European Union also played an important role in the transformation with the launch of its longterm conflict prevention strategy- the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe established in 1999 “with the aim of establishing and reinforcing peace and security in South-Eastern Europe and involved countries and international organisations as partners” (European Commission 2012b). Throughout the 2000’s Bologna process related reforms occurred in WB countries which included changes in legislation, changes in funding arrangement and changes in June on Une River 2014 23 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ curricula. The Bologna Declaration of June 1999 put in motion a series of reforms needed to make European Higher Education more compatible and comparable, more competitive and more attractive for Europeans and for students and scholars from other continents (European Commission 2010a). Following this the Bologna Process launched the European Higher Education Area in 2010. It allows for example students to choose from a “wide and transparent range of high quality courses and benefit from smooth recognition procedures” (European Commission 2013). An important catalyst for change in the region has been the European Union funded Tempus programme which has achieved good progress in helping to develop curricula according to the Bologna principles and which has contributed greatly to the internationalisation of WB universities. Tempus is the European Union’s programme which supports the modernisation of higher education in the Partner Countries of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Western Balkans and the Mediterranean region, mainly through university cooperation projects. The Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA) are responsible for the management of Tempus IV (2007 – 2013), under the supervision of EuropeAid (DEVCO) and Directorate-General for Enlargement (DG ELARG of the European Commission (European Commission 2009). Bologna reforms have been “fully implemented in all or most study fields” with the exception of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia where there is “extensive but gradual introduction” (Vukasovic 2012 p. 12). Also ECTS is also now part of higher education legislation in all WB countries as is the Diploma Supplement which as Vukasovic notes is issued in a “vast majority or study programmes” (2012 p. 12). However WB countries still lag behind in areas such as the introduction of a national qualifications framework when compared to other European Countries (Vukasovic 2012). That Bologna process reforms have taken hold in WB countries is further supported by reviews carried out by the OECD (2003a, 2003b cited in Vukasovic 2012). None of the WB countries are currently members of the EU but all countries are focused strongly on joining with Montenegro having EU candidate status since 2010 and with Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo in the pre-accession- stage and who have already formal agreements with the EU which are not yet fully enacted for “various administrative and political reasons” (Vukasovic 2012 p. 13). Another important EU initiative affecting the WB is the Lisbon Strategy and the Modernisation Agenda- where a number of instruments have been developed and funding allocated to a number of cooperation programmes such as the Lifelong Learning programme and Framework Programmes (known as “FP7”) focused on cooperation in research. 4. INFORMATION LITERACY IN THE WESTERN BALKANS 4.1 Introduction What are our reasons for investigating the state of information literacy development in Western Balkan countries? Initially considerable funds and energy where expended on Information and Communication Technologies however these countries are now starting to realise that information literacy skills are also vital for the “building of information or knowledge based societies” (Špiranec and Pejova 2010p. 76). Education is seen as key to addressing these problems particularly through the skills dimension “through providing skills for employability in a lifelong learning perspective” (European Training Foundation 2011 p. 2). The development of lifelong learning in society is a major priority for the Western Balkans (European Commission 2011d). The development of a 24 June on Une River 2014 Jerald Cavanagh, Padraig Kirby, Regional Information Literacy Development: A Western Balkan Tempus Project knowledge based economy, information society, lifelong learning and incorporating information literacy is seen as important for the Western Balkans (Jashari and Stojanovski 2008; United Nations Development Programme 2004; Špiranec and Pejova 2010; Lazovic, and Djurickovic 2010) and this is firmly woven into high level reforms in the education sector most notably the Bologna Process which recognises lifelong learning as an essential element within a harmonised European Higher Education Area. 4.2 Information literacy development in the Western Balkans In general the issue of the level of information literacy development in Western Balkan countries has been looked at in the research literature but not in any great depth and hence this research is very worthwhile. There are key sources which have helped to shape the underlying ideas for this research. Among these are for example the many European Union reports such as Overview of the higher education systems in the Tempus Partner countries. Such reports are an invaluable source of reference and help in endeavouring to explain the sometimes complex education systems in the Western Balkans. In these countries information literacy is often linked with and postulated as a means to develop a strong knowledge economy (Pejova and Catts et. al) and the economy generally and hence literature from organisations such as the World Bank as well as organisations like the United Nations Development Programme are also important in helping to frame this relationship between education and the economy. Authors such as Špiranec and Pejova (2010); Pejova and Catts (2006); Lazovic and Djurickovic (2010); Jashari and Stojanovski (2008) have all written about the place of information literacy in society but in the Western Balkans more attention has been placed on ICT literacy than on information literacy (Špiranec and Pejova 2010). While there are similarities between ICT Literacy and IL they are very different concepts. While ICT Literacy focuses on “using digital technology, communications tools, and/or networks to access, manage, integrate, evaluate and create information in order to function in a knowledge society” (ICT Literacy Panel 2002 p. 2) e.g. computer security, virus and privacy issues; IL is purely about the information and how to recognize when information is needed and having “the ability to locate, evaluate and use effectively the needed information” (ALA Presidential Committee 1989). There is general agreement in the literature that the correlation between IL and educational reforms is widely recognised in some EU countries where the pursuit of the Bologna process has made available “a fortuitous vehicle for the inclusion of information literacy in educational reforms” (Špiranec and Perjova 2010 p.77) and the challenge now is for Western Balkan countries to respond. However the presence of IL is not visible in educational strategies or policies (p. 77). Library and information infrastructure is described as “poor” and organisations have no formal information and library education programmes at university level. (p. 77). Educational activities relating to IL are still a peripheral rather than a central concern in higher education institutions and IL programs are generally delivered on an ad hoc, informal or individual basis (Špiranec and Perjova 2010 p. 79). This is a problem which is common in the regionlargely because as noted by Špiranec and Perjova (2010 p. 79) IL is “a highly contextual phenomenon circumscribed by different socio technical, political or historical factors”. Hence existing frameworks and best practice cannot just be blindly copied from the June on Une River 2014 25 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ leaders in the IL field- in for example the UK, USA or Australia and be expected to work each time as the framework and the context is quite different. However there is commitment in the region to develop information literacy- “to increase the level of general information literacy of the population” (United Nations Development Programme 2004 p. 4). For example in Montenegro functional literacy to include information literacy is being supported (European Training Foundation 2011) and diffusion of knowledge and information literacy to society is considered vital (Grkovic 2011). Other authors have focussed on resources available for information literacy in the specific languages of the country concerned such as Horton’s Overview of Information Literacy Resources Worldwide (2013). Here Horton explains the need for such a publication as follows: Although the IL concept has been studied and promoted in various countries, resources and information on the basic concept, as well as its practice, have been spread and scattered widely, from many different types of sources, and in many different formats, applications and languages. In order to provide inclusive and multilingual IL resources for Library and Information Science professionals, teachers, researchers, and students, among others, this publication was designed to bring together IL contributions in fortytwo languages from all of the different geographic regions around the world (Horton 2013 pg. 8). Of the four Western Balkan countries dealt with in this study only Albania and Bosnia & Herzegovina are featured in Horton’s study. Horton notes that “although the concept of information literacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina was officially launched in 2008 it is not yet a part of the formal and official development projects and strategies for lifelong learning” (p. 57). It is however becoming important in certain Faculties such as the Faculty of Philosophy, University of West Mostar and the Faculty of Criminology and Security Studies at the University of Sarajevo however Horton explains that “it is not yet an integral part of the regular curriculum” (p. 57). In general we can say that there is a “small group of enthusiasts” (p. 57) in Bosnia & Herzegovina however this group is undoubtedly growing as we speak due largely to EU programmes such as Tempus and a unique information literacy project being led by Limerick Institute of Technology, Ireland. Among this group of IL enthusiasts are Dizdar (2012) from University of Sarajevo who has published on IL themes such as Information literacy in the context of achieving the Bologna competence (2012), Information literacy competencies for lifelong learning (2012), Models redefinition of academic libraries in the modern educational environment: toward information literacy and digital services (2012). Another prolific author in the IL field and also from University of Sarajevo is Rasidovic whose Master’s thesis deals with Information literacy and academic libraries - user education Model of the Sarajevo University (2011). Other works by Rasidovic include Academic libraries and user education: a model of the Faculty of Criminology (2008). Another author Turcilo (2012) has also written about IL with her work Teaching Information Literacy: dilemmas and possible solutions, presentation of the Tempus project development of information literacy for lifelong learning and knowledge-based economy in the countries of the Western Balkans (2012). Other important developments in the Region include the running of the 9 th (2012) and 10th (2013) International Librarians Conference Juni na Uni organised by the University of Bihac, Bosnia and Herzegovina-both conferences have had information literacy as its 26 June on Une River 2014 Jerald Cavanagh, Padraig Kirby, Regional Information Literacy Development: A Western Balkan Tempus Project special theme and have enjoyed delegate participation not just from the Western Balkans but many countries neighbouring the Region as well as EU and US delegates. 4.3 Tempus project 517117 on information Literacy in the Western Balkans: In October 2011 Limerick Institute of Technology were funded by the European Audiovisual and Cultural Executive Agency (EACEA) to develop Information literacy for lifelong learning and knowledge economy in Western Balkan countries (European Commission 2011e). This unique project involving also nine higher education institutions from Western Balkan countries- Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Kosovo under UNSC Resolution 1244/99, Montenegro as well as one institution from Romania, Greece and the United Kingdom aims to improve and embed IL in Western Balkan countries. The main features of this project include the identification of best IL practice, transfer of knowledge, development and implementation of IL programs and training including online IL suites, development of IL policy and dissemination and exploitation of results across all participating countries (Limerick Institute of Technology 2011; University of Sarajevo 2011; RINGIDEA 2013). The wider objectives are a furthering of the Bologna Process- for the creation of a European Higher Education Area. The project will explore inclusion of IL competencies in curricula as well as the creation with Faculty, of curriculum-integrated IL programs (embedded in the three cycle system (bachelor/master/doctorate), quality assurance and recognition of qualifications for the development of lifelong learning in society at large. These innovative technologies will benefit all stakeholders such as undergraduate and postgraduate students, Librarians, academic staff, Ministries, National and public libraries, Local communities. The specific objectives of the project are the development of IL programs for learners and their use in curricula, development of innovative online IL modules for lifelong learning and harmonisation of the IL programs with those currently active in Western Balkan countries. The project will strengthen the capacities of higher education institutions for the strategic planning and implementation of information literacy programs to instill transferable skills for a "competitive, dynamic, knowledge-based economy” as per the Lisbon Strategy (European Commission 2010b). The project will develop IL policy, guidelines, - goals, mission as well as disseminate information about the approaches to IL development and ensure their sustainability. The principle outcomes and outputs of the project are: guidelines for planning IL programs, harmonised contents for the teaching of IL, training of IL practitioners, development of innovative online IL modules, and implementation of the IL programs, dissemination and sustainability of the IL programs. 4.4 Project 517117: Outcomes, activities, progress to date and future developments: 4.4.1 Outcomes: There have been good outcomes in the project to date. A robust management structure has been put in place comprising of a Project Management Committee (PMC) and 5 Working Groups whose role is to ensure that project deliverables are met and that the project achieves its objectives. This is enhanced further by the Limerick Institute of Technology (LIT) Management Team- Project Leader, June on Une River 2014 27 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ Project Coordinator and Financial Coordinator who ensure daily project management with the help of the main contact person for EU and PC institutions, Lead Workpackage institutions and Local Implementation Committees in the PC institutions. In the development of the project which has been guided by the EU partners and best international IL standards and practice there have been some important outcomes. These include the publication of significant Guidelines, curricula and syllabus e.g. Guidelines for planning of IL programs in Western Balkan countries; the IL curricula and syllabus publication Integrating information literacy into academic curricula of Balkan countries universities and the IL harmonisation publication Defining IL program harmonised contents. Further guidelines for the development of the project are at advanced stage of development and are on target. These include production of IL harmonised didactic materials through the publication of Information Literacy courses content: transitional, transferable, transformational and another important guideline which deals with training of IL teachers entitled Guidelines for training of IL teachers/practitioners: methodology for teaching information literacy. Partner Country (PC) (i.e. in this case Western Balkan) institutions following a thorough consultation process involving workshops and PMC/WG meetings have decided on an online IL modular suite of courses that will be developed in their institution with rollout of the modules in each PC institution in January 2014. The Quality plan for the project has focussed on internal and external evaluation and has led to some good outcomes. Internal evaluation has been ensured by the presence of the Management structure with the PMC overseeing quality control while an Evaluation Group consisting of five Independent experts have guaranteed the external evaluation of the project. Dissemination in the project has resulted in good outcomes. A three strand dissemination model has been employed- institutional dissemination, regional dissemination, international dissemination. Through such events as public presentation of the project, at Information Days, presentations to specific Faculties, participation in special library events such as Library Week, regular meetings with academics and librarians, Media coverage through television and radio, publication of pamphlets/brochures, presentation of papers at regional and national conferences and the running of an international conference in a PC institution as well as launch of the project website http://www.ringidea.org the outcome has been that there is great awareness of the IL programs both within and outside PC institutions. The awareness generated has made it easier for PMC and PC institutions to negotiate university management and governance structures and processes in order to ensure embedment of IL in curricula. Often an activity which projects can leave on the “long finger” is sustainability as it is often assumed by partners to be an activity that takes place exclusively at the end of a project- we believe that we have not made this mistake in this project. The project has been mindful of how the results of the project can be exploited and sustained since the very beginning of the project, sustainability has featured on every agenda of almost every meeting- both PMC and Working Groups (WG’s) and the project is committed to achieving the key aims of the Exploitation and Sustainability plan that is to ensure international recognition of the IL programs, transfer of results, sustainability of project results and the establishment and maintaining of a Western Balkan Network for IL. 28 June on Une River 2014 Jerald Cavanagh, Padraig Kirby, Regional Information Literacy Development: A Western Balkan Tempus Project 4.4.2 Activities: Early activity in the Project was dominated by the Kick off Meeting in Limerick city November 2011. At this meeting the PMC and other Working groups were formed and the management structure put in place. Perhaps the most important activity in the project has been mobility- which is the mechanism that allows the PMC and WG’s to hold meetings and hence to work through agendas, run training and to progress the project generally. In the months following the Kick off meeting there was more mobility to partner universities in Brasov, Romania, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bergen, Norway, Bihac, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Tirana, Albania which were instrumental in achieving vital goals in the project and led to the active translation and publication of some the most important Guidelines and Syllabus documents in the project with them subsequently being made available throughout PC institutions. Although much of the training of IL practitioners is scheduled to occur through one week training visits to EU and PC countries, many academic staff, librarians and administrative staff have already been trained in IL. In order to progress the development of online IL programs, Online IL module workshops were held in each PC institution where they reviewed various models of online IL suites available before coming to a final decision at the ILMWG meeting in Brasov on the type of online IL module to be developed . The implementation and physical rollout of the IL programs is not scheduled to occur until during the second half of the project. However the groundwork for successful IL implementation has been done. Due to the work of the PMC and WG’s and the presence of persons from the highest level in PC institutions e.g. Rector and Vice Rector at PMC and WG meetings there is clear commitment in PC institutions at the highest level to embed IL in curricula and University structures. The Quality planning process has seen the holding of an EWG meeting in Bergen, Norway and the publication of Terms of Reference and a Quality plan for the project. There has been much project dissemination activity. PC and EU institutions have participated in International and regional conferences inspired by the project objectives and there have been many presentations made by PC institutions to Faculty and Librarians. PC institutions have published conference papers and journal articles and various types of Media e.g. television, radio, Web and the project website http://www.ringidea.org have been used to disseminate about the project. Up to now exploitation and sustainability activities have centred around ensuring embedment of IL in curricula and University strictures through working with high level bodies such as Rectorate Boards, Governing Bodies, Teaching and Scientific Councils as ultimately ensuring that IL embedded in University structures is the chief aim to ensure sustainability and exploitation of the project results. 4.4.3 Progress to date The project continues to move ahead towards the defined objectives and the activities of the project to date have taken place according to plans. The Management structure has ensured that project deliverables have been met. Any obstacles or shortcomings that may have impeded the project have been intercepted by the PMC and Management Team and swift and effective solutions found to bring the project back on track. The concept of Information Literacy has certainly taken hold in PC institutions with great commitment to embed IL into curricula and University structures and this will aid the June on Une River 2014 29 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ process of implementing the IL programs in the second half of the project. Already many IL practitioners- Librarians, academics, administration staff have been trained IL. With the more intensified roll out of IL staff training in 2013 through a series of one week visits and use of a “Train the trainer” model we expect the numbers of persons trained in IL not just in PC universities but in non academic institutions such as public, national libraries and local communities to increase. Both PC and EU partners have worked hard to progress project dissemination to the point where there is great awareness about the project in PC universities at Rectorate level, in Faculties, Libraries, International Relations Office’s. However the project has not been just about dissemination about the project in PC institutions in the project- both PC and EU partners have engaged PC and EU institutions and countries from outside the Consortium through participation in and running of regional and International conferences in Bihac, Bosnia and Herzegovina for example and by publishing papers about IL and the project progress. Although deliverables related to sustainability and exploitation are featured in the final third of the project , significant progress has being made with the primary focus of the sustainability being to ensure the embedment of IL programs and courses in Curricula and University structures as this above all we believe is what will ensure the lasting effect of the project and will ensure international recognition of the IL programs and the transfer of results to PC institutions and countries outside the Consortium. 4.4.4 Future developments In the project’s mobility programme a series of one week visits will commence between May and November 2013 in order to update IL training content and to train IL teachers/practitioners. There will also be one meeting of the PMC and one meeting of both the Information Literacy Training Working Group (ILTWG) and Information Literacy Module Working Group (ILMWG) before the end of the project. Remaining developments in this project mainly concern deliverables contained in the Development, Dissemination and Sustainability workpackages. In the Development workpackage most of the IL guidelines have already been produced with only those guidelines related to IL harmonisation awaiting final PMC and PC institution approval. During the second half of 2013 much training of IL teachers/practitioners is scheduled to occur by means of one week training visits to EU and PC institutions. The suites for producing the online modules have been selected and the modules are now in the process of being developed with rollout in January 2014 as per the delivery date. Implementation and rollout of the IL programs i.e. actual rollout of the program, coordination, timetabling and physical execution of the program will begin in 2013 with rollout continuing into 2014 and beyond. Future dissemination activities will see more dissemination to Faculties, Libraries but efforts also to increase dissemination to non-academic partners. Dissemination will also see the running of an International Workshop scheduled for April 2014. Future developments in the area of exploitation and sustainability will be concentrated on ensuring international dissemination of the IL programs, transfer of project results, sustaining project results, and on the further development and enlargement of the Western Balkan Network for Information Literacy (WBIL). 30 June on Une River 2014 Jerald Cavanagh, Padraig Kirby, Regional Information Literacy Development: A Western Balkan Tempus Project 5.0 CONCLUSION This study examined the state of information literacy in the Western Balkans. At the outset we looked at Information Literacy development internationally followed by a detailed study of information literacy development in Ireland- because the EU funded Tempus project 517117 on Information Literacy is led by an Irish institution Ireland has perhaps had more influence over the development of IL in the Western Balkans than any other country. Then we provided a brief overview of Western Balkan education systems before detailing the results of a literature search into information literacy development in the Western Balkans which was followed by an account of outcomes, activities, progress to date and future development in European Union Tempus project 517117 Developing information literacy for lifelong learning and knowledge economy in Western Balkan countries. The work of Tempus project 517117 and this research should prove useful to University management, academic staff, Library managers and librarians generally not just in Western Balkan institutions, but in countries and regions with less developed education systems who may be considering embedding IL into University structures. It is envisaged that this work will add to the body of general IL research in the area while providing a study of IL in Western Balkan countries. This research will add to the understanding of IL, the Information Society and Western Balkan education systems generally and potentially lead to improvements in the quality of education provision with specific emphasis on IL. It is clear that the methods chosen for this study- that is the literature search/review were suitable to help enable a successful examination of the level of information literacy development in Western Balkans, gauge strategic engagement with information literacy and to ascertain if IL is a high priority in the Region. The literature review made it possible to identify whether anyone else had undertaken similar research on this topic. The literature review showed how these authors have treated the topic and helped gain a better understanding of the Western Balkans generally, of Western Balkan education systems and the many changes which have occurred in recent years in the Region brought about by brutal, successive wars and a subsequent process of Europeanisation which the countries in the Region are trying to embrace. The literature review first examined the world of information literacy, its development, main drivers and important authors, publications and organisations. Next we looked briefly at information literacy development in Ireland- this country has perhaps had more influence over the development of IL in the Western Balkans in recent years than any other country because of the EU funded Tempus project 517117 being led by an Irish institution based in the Mid-West of Ireland. This was followed by a study of the Western Balkans itself where a brief overview of the Western Balkans was first presented followed by an analysis of Western Balkan education systems, their development over the past 20 years, how they survived some turbulent times and positive change that have occurred in recent years. The final part of our literature review focused specifically on Information Literacy and the Western Balkans, how it has been treated in the research literature and the influence of the European Union Tempus programme on IL developments in the Region. This was followed by an analysis of the work and achievements of Tempus project 517117 on information literacy and focused June on Une River 2014 31 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ on information literacy development in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo under UNSC Resolution 1244/99 and Montenegro. It is clear that much has been done in the Western Balkans to integrate Information Literacy and that it is now fully embedded in the culture of universities and education systems generally in the Western Balkans. It seems also that IL is gradually but surely being integrated fully into the curriculum- with IL skills developed incrementally and it is already embedded into some Departments, courses, subject units, modules and assignments in Western Balkan institutions. This in itself is an impressive achievement given that IL is a relatively new field and one which even the most sophisticated and high profile Universities internationally can have difficulty integrating and embedding. Such achievements together with the clear enthusiasm and passion of IL enthusiasts in the Western Balkans and the positive influence of European Union funding programmes should accelerate strategic engagement with IL in the region making Information literacy a high priority for both educators and learners in the Western Balkans into the future. This study has several recommendations which may prove useful to University management, academic staff, Library managers and librarians generally not just in Western Balkan institutions, but in countries and regions with less developed education systems who may be considering embedding IL into University structures. Firstly for IL to be successfully integrated into University structures there must be institutional buyin. There must be a Vision and Strategic plan for information literacy in each institution which will inform and position its direction. This vision and strategy could include the setting up of an Information Literacy Advisory Group, the establishment of an Information Literacy Coordinator in each institution (ideally someone holding a senior position in the organisation), the drafting and publication of an Information Literacy Strategy and by ensuring that IL features in all important University regulations and publications and is well supported by University management and governance in a topdown approach. Collaboration between Librarians and academics could be aided by the establishment of Liaison Librarians who would actively engage in a range of collaborative teaching and learning partnerships and curriculum development projects and who would constitute the primary teaching and learning interface for the Library and in this capacity would work together with designated faculties and divisions as advisors to ensure the information literacy needs of students and staff are met. Marketing and promotion of IL would be aided by targeted promotional and marketing campaigns to ensure that all stakeholders- students and staff are aware of information literacy learning opportunities with specific emphasis on raising awareness of IL among academic staff. 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(2013) Information Literacy and the Western Balkans: a Tempus project in Western Balkan Information Literacy Conference, conference proceedings Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina June 13-15th 2013 June on Une River 2014 37 BEYOND COMPUTER LITERACY: SOCIAL NETWORKING ABUSE Djordje Slavnic, PhD Pedagogical Faculty, University of Bihac, Bihac, Bosnia and Herzegovina [email protected] Ratko Knezevic, M.A. County and University Library, Bihac, Bosnia and Herzegovina [email protected] Nikola Findrik, PhD Law Faculty, University of Bihac, Bihac, Bosnia and Herzegovina [email protected] RESUME Although social networking aimed to connect people and oppose alienation, it turned out to be vulnerable to various forms of abuse. Particularly children were exposed to "aggressive sexual solicitation" through Cyber bullying. Besides different solutions offered by leading cyber exports from leading social networks it is concluded that only efficient protection ranges from parental and individual education, technological obstacles built in social networks to fast and efficient provider and police intervention. Keywords: Computer Literacy, Social Networking, Social Networks Abuse, Facebook, Twitter, Imperva, MySpace, Xanga, Criado – Perez, Cyber bullying. Social networking actually existed before MySpace and Facebook. Online communities began building in the late 1990s with sites such as Classmates and Six Degrees. It wasn't until around 2005 when social networking exploded with MySpace, Facebook and Xanga. Although these online social communities have many positive attributes, there is one major negative attribute that all these sites have in common: Social networking abuse. There is nothing too technical about how people go about abusing others on social networks. It's actually very simple: People lie. There are, of course, more complicated technical ways such as hacking into user accounts, accessing e-mail address books and finding and posting fake pictures so the abuser appears as someone he or she is actually not. Regardless, abuse happens when people lie and unfortunately, it is becoming more common as social networking sites begin to grow. Here is the most common scenario for social network predators: The predator opens an account using a fake name and birth date. The predator will post a picture of someone else, usually a picture of someone around the same age of the predators "target group." The predator then is open to troll around the social networking websites as, for example, a 16-year-old girl when really the predator is a 42-year-old pedophile. A study conducted by the Crimes Against Children Research Center, one in seven children aged 10 to 17 were victims of an online sexual solicitation. In that same study, one-third of the children in this age group received what is called "aggressive sexual solicitation". This means the predator asked to physically The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ meet them, corresponded with them through regular mail (meaning the child gave the predator his or her home address) and/or received gifts. Unfortunately, sexual predators are not the only social network abusers; there are also cyber bullies. Cyber bullying is a lot like real-life bullying and incidences are on the rise. Bullies often add users to their online network of friends, with the intention of being anything but. The bully then begins to harass the user in much the same way he or she would harass a victim in person through the use of teasing, derogatory remarks and put-downs (often referred to as "flaming"). Other ways cyber bullies harass their victims is through by listing the people they do not like and writing derogatory remarks about them on their MySpace, Facebook or Xanga pages. A final thought about cyber bullying is that one of the most common reasons reported as to why it is on the rise is due to the anonymity offered by the Internet. Bullies on the Internet are less likely to get in trouble than a bully on the playground because they do not have to use their real names or pictures online. Instead, they use screen names and avatars. The only way to completely protect young people from abuse on social networks is to banish Internet use all together. Since that is never going to happen, here are a few steps young adults, children and parents can take in order to help prevent abuse on social networks. In the other hand, Twitter has responded to the Criado-Perez case with a "We hear you"blog posting. "We are not blind to the reality that there will always be people using Twitter in ways that are abusive and may harm others," wrote Del Harvey, the senior director of trust and safety. "Three weeks ago," he added, "we rolled out the ability to file reports from an individual Tweet on our iPhone app and the mobile version of our site, and we plan to bring this functionality to Android and desktop web users." But is an abuse button enough? What can Twitter and other social networks actually do to prevent abuse? Twitter's apparent preference, to rely on the police to deal with legal issues, is problematic. "Policing cyberspace, a realm that is inherently borderless and void of any governance, is at best going down a very slippery slope," warns Amar Singh, ISACA's UK chair. "Would the police ignore tweets that originated from, say Russia, China or Mongolia even though they fell in the same 'criminal bucket' as tweets from UK or EU locations?" There is certainly not much the UK police could do to apprehend a troll based in Russia. Singh believes that primary responsibility should lie with the provider and not the police. He thinks little, however, of the use of filters to block abusive comments. "Given that at some point the keyword filter will leak, deliberately or accidentally, online trolls would simply avoid these filtered keywords." The problem is that social networks are based on the concept of making connections: they are "only interested in allowing people to connect or follow, rather than disconnect or unfollow." An abuse button is a start, but better would be easy batch reporting of abuse, and easy batch "removal/blocking of followers, friends or contacts." Instant report and disconnect is the route for victims of abuse. Barry Shtelman, senior security strategist at Imperva, takes a similar view. "Today," he says, "Twitter does not allow a user to blacklist a user from tweeting at you or a link 40 June on Une River 2014 Djordje Slavnic, Ratko Knezevic, Nikola Findrik, Beyond computer literacy: social networking abuse source, or even report an abusive tweet. This is a basic step that is required in order to put things in order. If Caroline had the ability to report a 'life threatening abuse' and then block the user, it would be an important first step." But Shtelman also thinks there is a role for government in this – specifically in lifethreatening abuse. "By letting users report such abuse, and by having the platform owner forward such content to a government official, the response time improves to protect the abused individual and also acts as a deterrence mechanism." The proposed solution, then, is for the social networks to allow easier, faster and bulk abuse reports; for them to allow easier, faster and bulk friend/follower blocking; and for the police to be brought in automatically for the most serious forms of abuse. Reference: Wellman, Barry; Berkowitz, S.D. (1988). Social Structures: A Network Approach. Structural Analysis in the Social Sciences. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521-24441-2. Scott, John (1991). Social Network Analysis: a handbook. SAGE. ISBN 978-07619-6338-7. Wasserman, Stanley; Faust, Katherine (1994). Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Structural Analysis in the Social Sciences. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-38269-4. Barabási, Albert-László (2003). Linked: How everything is connected to everything else and what it means for business, science, and everyday life. Plum. ISBN 978-0-452-28439-5. Freeman, Linton C. (2004). The Development of Social Network Analysis: A Study in the Sociology of Science. Empirical Press. ISBN 1-59457-714-5. Barnett, George A. (2011). Encyclopedia of Social Networks. SAGE. ISBN 978-14129-7911-5. Kadushin, Charles (2012). Understanding Social Networks: Theories, Concepts, and Findings. Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-537946-4. Rainie, Lee and Barry Wellman. (2012). Networked: The New Social Operating System. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262017190 Estrada, E. (2011). The Structure of Complex Networks: Theory and Applications. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-199-59175-6 http://socialnetworking.lovetoknow.com/Social_Networking_Abuse - retrieved February 2014 http://www.theguardian.com/media-network/partner-zone-infosecurity/twitterpolicing-social-networks-for-abuse - retrieved February 2014 June on Une River 2014 41 LITERACY AND COMPUTER LITERACY IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Ratko Knezevic, M.A. County and University Library, Bihac, Bosnia and Herzegovina [email protected] Djordje Slavnic, PhD Pedagogical Faculty, University of Bihac, Bihac, Bosnia and Herzegovina [email protected] Resume: Literacy and Computer Literacy in BiH is very low except among young population. Main problem represents fact that the State itself has neither an authorized official agency nor the plan on how to develop and deal with computer literacy in the country. That is one of the main obstacles to its faster and further development and to meeting European standards. Keywords: Literacy, Computer Literacy, Bosnia and Herzegovina It’s generally known that literacy means recognition of letters, skill of reading and writing. Due to fact that we have no recent census data, we also have no recent data on population illiteracy. However, we approximately count 10 % of them illiterate. According to The World Factbook 82 % of population of the World is treated as literate. In Croatia, 98. 1 % of population is considered literate while the highest percentage is registered in Estonia, Cuba and Poland, 99.8 %. The lowest rate is in Burkina Faso, with 23.6 % of literate population. There are three forms of literacy: Primary literacy – skill of reading and writing. Secondary literacy – skill of understanding and following written directions in order to act properly in society. Tertiary literacy – informatics, computer literacy. Though official data are not available, UNESCO has estimated 10 to 15 % of illiterate population. But, the new census will provide more precise data about it. The prediction about new upcoming data is that the situation will only get worse. During celebration of Literacy Day on September 8, Ms Azra Ramic, project manager in “Support to Education of Adults”, emphasized that situation is very bad and should be more seriously reconsidered. It is necessary, she said, to find solution within the legal system of Federation. Late, postponed primary education should be free in Federation like it is in Republic Serbia, she urged. Similarly, according to media from Republic Srpska, we have precise data on computer literacy in Bosnia Herzegovina. Youth in computer literacy is not behind their counterparts in Europe but knowledge about grammar or orthography is not familiar to everybody. Data of Communications Regulatory Agency DCRA shows that while in the year of 2004 there were only 585,000 internet users, this number had nearly tripled by 2009. Thus, there were 1.4 million of Internet users and the tendency is that it will continue to increase annually in three to four percent. Although the use of the Internet in Bosnia and Herzegovina is on the rise each year, statistically speaking we have the lowest number of Internet users in the region- which have a total population of more than 50 percent of Internet users. The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ Last year there were a total of 399,000 internet subscribers in Bosnia and Herzegovina, while it is estimated that in the same year there were 1.4 million internet users, which means that the Internet penetration rate in BiH had amounted to nearly 37 percent in 2009. However, this data is still below any standards, as opposed to countries in the region. In Croatia, for example, half of people older than 15 years or more among 1.7 million are using the Internet. Internet connection has more than 57 percent of households and the same situation is in Serbia, Slovenia, Macedonia, all ahead of Bosnia and Herzegovina in regard to the number of internet users! In addition to this, BiH is among the countries that have a large number of IT illiterate population! Experts warn that a person who is explicitly and only using social networks such as FB or Twitter is not considered a computer literate. Zlatan Mulabegović, director of the Association for Information Technology BH BAIT tells the newspaper “San” that only about 30 percent of the population is computer literate in BiH-a. "But less than 10,000 people in Bosnia and Herzegovina are to meet the basic standards ECDL, European Association of Professional Informatics Societies, guaranteeing a certain level of computer knowledge that is very important and vital," says Mulabegović. He points out that in Serbia, as many as 30,000 people possess IT certification, and in Croatia that number amounts to 50,000. "When we look at the number of Croatian residents and compare it with somewhere else, then the difference is striking. People in this country tend to think that they are computer literate because they know how to use on Facebook, which is wrong," says Mulabegović. In addition to this, the vast majority of BiH citizens initially start using computers for the purpose of entertainment, only rarely do they go further and use it for education and training. Mulabegović points out that until we have a clear strategy for the development of information technology at the national level, it will be difficult to move forward. "All in all, we lose because I guess we have no projects, plans or action plan, and one we had in 2005 was never implemented. This plan is meant to establish information in our society, but it has never been done so. This way, everything got ruined" claims Mulabegović. However, testing computer literacy among students in elementary and secondary schools in Banja Luka shows that the degree of computer, media and Internet literacy among young people is extremely high, and the research coordinator Tatjana Duronjic says that Bosnia and Herzegovina can be satisfied since it absolutely does not lag behind the European average. It’s sufficient to remind what ECDL stands for in the information and literacy world: European Computer Driving License (ECDL) - European computer certification is an internationally recognized certificate of computer proficiency. Outside Europe, it is an international standard known as ICDL. It is the user certificate that should be owned by each user a personal computer. ECDL certificate is accepted in all countries of the European Community as a standard for education and verification of IT knowledge. ECDL has become universal and objective method for the detection capability of personal computer users in all areas. 44 June on Une River 2014 Ratko Knezevic, Djordje Slavnic, Literacy and computer literacy in Bosnia and Hercegovina The world currently operates with more than 15,000 test centers in 132 countries in 27 different languages. ECDL concept is supported by: European Union, UNESCO, the World Bank, the governments of Australia, Austria, Belgium, Egypt, Estonia, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Sweden, Jordan, Polish, etc. .. Many countries have adopted the ECDL certificate as the standard for confirming the necessary knowledge and skills in working with a personal computer because: (a) presents the basics in computer skills intended for all users (b) increasing computer literacy in society (c) a model for education and knowledge assessment in computer science (d) facilitates active participation in the information society The company "Algebra Education" conducted a survey regarding computer literacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. Similar research will soon be conducted in Serbia. The survey was conducted from April to June this year on a sample of 900 respondents, conducted in the larger urban areas. According to the research of computer literacy that was conducted on the entire territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, on a sample of 900 respondents, 28 percent of the respondents had no access to a computer. The remaining 72 percent use a computer, but for different purposes, says Zlatan Mulabegović, regional director of the company "Algebra Education": "29 percent of them use it for entertainment, 23 for business purposes, 15 percent for education and four percent for other purposes. So, those 29 percent that use a computer for entertainment are usually people who have learned to surf, type in the Google specific terms, see the results of the bookmakers etc. And those 20 percent feel it is overrated and that there was a certain percentage of them who also inadequately IT educated”. Mulabegović also points out that one of the questions covering this study was how many BiH citizens reap the ECDL - European standard for computer literacy. This standard contains the basics knowledge of Windows, Word, Excel and the Internet: "In this research, we discuss these four knowledge because they constitute the basic ECDL package and this information will be assessed to the Excel worst known IT area in ECDL training." Citizens had also an opportunity to answer what they think how much is literacy important in employment: "Almost 90 percent of them think that computer knowledge is very important for finding a job." The same survey was conducted in the Republic of Croatia, where the results are slightly better, emphasizes Hrvoje Balen, a member of the Board of "Education Algebra" from Croatia: "What statistics in Zagreb show is that 8 % of IT people are illiterate, so they do not use a PC, a lot like some kind of information to the European standard. Average whole Croatian is 12 percent, while the previous year there was 15 percent of people who did not use the computer, so there is an annual decline of three percent, which in spite of all these large investments in Croatia is much higher than in Bosnia, but nevertheless this percentage shows slow decline." June on Une River 2014 45 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ Knowing the brand ECDL is much better than it is in the Republic of Croatia in Bosnia and Herzegovina: "Forty-eight percent of people in 2008 were aware of, and very much wanted to invest in the brand. There was 44 % of people who were aware of it, now this percentage has risen to 48% and it should be noted that these developments reach people very slowly, gradually becoming aware of how much this certification is an essential and important to them. The state of CROATIA has introduced ECDL as part of its strategy and is making it an obligatory certification for the public sector". When these data is compared with the results of the European Union and the neighboring countries, literacy in BiH is worrying, says Mansur Beganovic, president of the Association of Informatics BiH: "When we talk about computer literacy, I would like to mention/ include the three categories who residents: those of our children on whom the future and who luckily get out of school as fairly computer literate, but still lack a lot of resources to really be at a satisfactory level. The second category is the working age population who can not seem to come to terms with the fact that lifelong learning should be their imperative. The third category is people who belong to the 3rd Age Group. This category of population is often left out of the new technology advances). They can not follow anything." It should be noted that this study included only the larger urban areas. If it had included the rural areas and its population, the results would have even more negative. Reference: Gui, M. & Argentin, G. (2011). Digital skills of internet natives: Different forms of digital literacy in a random sample of northern Italian high school students, New Media & Society. Volume 13 Issue 6 http://nms.sagepub.com/content/13/6/963 Hargittai, E. (2002). Second-level digital divide: Differences in people’s online skills. First Monday 7(4). van Dijk, J (2005). The Deepening Divide. Inequality in The Information Society. London: Sage Publications. van Deursen, A. & van Dijk, J. (2009). Improving digital skills for the use of online public information and services. Government Information Quarterly (26): 333–340. 46 June on Une River 2014 ASSESSMENT OF MEDICAL STUDENTS’ KNOWLEDGE ACCORDING TO INFORMATION LITERACY Angela Repanovici, Codruta Jaliu, Gabriela Sechel, Liliana Rogozea Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT: Information literacy in medical education must develop these competencies of analyzing and evaluating information, selecting information sources and efficiently communicating and generating knowledge. The nurses need effective skills in accessing and using Internet-based medicine information. A structured questionnaire examining general Internet knowledge, ability to search for and select pertinent medical information, opinions about using informational resources and current Internet use was developed. Starting from these grounds, during September 2013 we surveyed a representative sample of nurses’ student population on their information literacy competencies about health information. The article suggests an evaluation model of the students of Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, nursing specialization, in order to achieve the needs of information and the sources where the students access and use information. Key words: Information Literacy, Education and training, Health information needs, Higher Education, Informatics, nursing, Information skills 1. INTRODUCTION Information must generally respect scientific rigueur and be trustworthy. If we speak about medical information, we can say that it is here where we specially need correct and scientific information.The most used and implicitly the most cited definition of the concept of information literacy is the one that has been adopted by ALA - American Library Association: “in order to have information literacy, a person must be aware of the necessity of information, must be able to localize, evaluate and efficiently use it. The individuals that have information literacy are those who have learnt how to learn”. [2] They know how to learn because they know how knowledge is organized, how to find information and how to use it so that others can learn from them. [4] Paul Zurkowski was the first who used the syntagm “information literacy”. Zurkowski described the persons with abilities in the information field as being “instructed people with the aim of applying the informational resources at their working place”. [13] Plotnick Eric [8], ACRL - Association of College and Research Libraries and many others cite ALA - American Library Association, which states that “to have abilities in the information field, a person must be able to whenever necessary create certain information, being capable lo localize, evaluate and efficiently use the information he/ she needs.” In the extract of The Alexandria Proclamation on Information Literacy and Lifelong Learning from November 2005 they specify: “[…] information literacy implies informational competencies that are necessary to recognizing informational necessities and to localizing, evaluating, applying and creating some information in a cultural and social determined context; […] overtaking the present technologies for including in personal development the critical thinking and interpretation techniques between professional limits and strengthening personalities and communities”.[3] The standards elaborated by ACRL can be found in the manifesto Standards for information literacy in higher education,[7] which was adopted. The manifesto contains 8 information literacy competencies, which comprise several abilities: Understanding The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ the structure of knowledge and information;Determining the profile of the necessary information;Setting up the efficient strategy of information search and retrieval; Obtaining information; Analysing and evaluating information; Integrating, synthesizing and using information;Presenting the researched information; Observing the copyright. 2. INFORMATION LITERACY IN MEDICAL FIELD One very comprehensive review the literature focussing on the concept information literacy in the field of health, nursing and medical informatics indicate that concept information literacy does not exist as such in literature, but can be found like synonym to “computer literacy” or even more other concepts.[11] This was in 2004, but still it is need one international cooperation in health informatics to enhance knowledge and skills in computer use among health care professionals. Another literature review, this time very actual, in 2011, identifies and categorises, from an organizational management perspective, barriers to the use of health information technologies – HIT, or information and communication technologies - ICT for health. [5] Despite their apparent promise, HIT has proved difficult to implement. More literature on new roles for librarians is reviewed in a companion comment and opinion piece, “Evolution, Revolution, or Obsolescence: An Examination of Writings on the Future of Health Sciences Libraries,” published in this issue of the Journal of the Medical Library Association [14] “The existence of a favorable environment for communication, collaboration, knowledge sharing and transfer as well as easy identification of the organization's knowledge assets is essential for this approach and facilitates it.” [10] The internet is becoming an increasingly popular tool for patients seeking medical information. According to Internet World Statistics (2007), approximately two-thirds of the population in the UK is current internet users. Of those people who browse the World Wide Web, 60–80% have used it to obtain health information and their treatment choices could be influenced by what they read.- Infertility information on the World Wide Web: a cross-sectional survey of quality of infertility information on the internet in the UK. [6] “Healthcare professionals are ideally positioned to assist consumers in searching, selecting and interpreting healthy information, and they should become more proactive in this process.” [9] Very little is said in the rehabilitation or library science literature about the connection between EBP – Evidence Based Practice and information literacy skills. The nursing literature provides more evidence of effective ways of combining information literacy and EBP in the curriculum. [12] Although there is a series of research studies regarding the way in which they evaluate the competencies related to obtaining information by nursing students in various countries, in Romania there has not been a systematic concern of approaching this issue but few studies concerning the impact of the Internet on communication and obtaining specialty information. During the past years, the nurse profession has suffered fundamental changes concerning the nurse’s role and place, who has become, from the doctor’s “help”, a person that must be capable of managing his/her own profession, especially as a consequence of their training in the higher education system and of developing the concept according to which, in his/her turn, a nurse can be involved in activities of research, evaluation and development of the health system. The development of informatics system, the increase of accessibility to databases, but also limitations that have been imposed by the medical profession for the possibility of empowering an on-line education, all these explain the necessity of building some 48 June on Une River 2014 Angela Repanovici, Codruta Jaliu, Gabriela Sechel, Liliana Rogozea, Assessment of medical students’ knowledge according to information literacy competencies in the field. Integrating information literacy skills in nursing education are not only a theoretical approach, but are also a practical necessity. Developing a holistic approach of education in this field is not only the librarian staff obligation, but also an opportunity for nurses’ educators to extend the future nurse’s competences. 3. RESEARCH METHOD Starting from these grounds, during September 2013 we surveyed a representative sample of nursing student population on their information literacy competencies about health information. Our survey was sent by email to all students, consisting of 123 nursing students of the age of 20 years and older, after we receive the ethics of committee approval. The survey an extensive set of question about use of internet, using heath information resources. We analysed responses using standard tabulations, we use logistic regression analyses, to investigate the relationship between source information sources used by nursing student and age, sex, education. These models exclude cases with missing data. Standard errors in the regression are adjusted for the complex study design. Analyses were performed using SPSS, p <0.5 was considerate statistical significant. 3.1 STRUCTURE OF THE RESEARCHED POPULATION –NURSE STUDENTS OF TRANSILVANIA UNIVERSITY OF BRAŞOV The researched population is represented by 123 graduates of the University of Braşov. In its structure 7.38% are men and 92.62% women %. To determine the size of sample in the case of an unrepeated random sampling, we should take into account the level of preciseness of assessment given by the admitted error and the trust interval. There is taken into consideration a level of admitted limit error of ±5%, with a trust level of 95%. According to the table of standardized normal distribution, the probability of 95% matches the value z=1.96. Due to the lack of information regarding the ratio of p answers (the percentage of those who answered “YES”), this will be considered of 50%, representing the most unfavourable situation. The sample volume can be determined, in the case of percentages, knowing the probability of results guaranteeing 95% and taking the limit error Δ w 5% , and the dispersion of alternative characteristic in the most unfavourable situation p(1p)=0,5(1-0,5)=0,25: n z 2 p (1 p ) 96 z 2 p (1 p ) 2w N Out of the researched population: N = 123 members, there is extracted a volume sample n = 96 persons. The sample resulted from the research is of 109 students, 88,61% from all research population. The sample validation was made in relation with the main characteristics of the researched population: gender and years of service. June on Une River 2014 49 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ 3.2 SAMPLE VALIDATION WITH THE POPULATION STRUCTURE DEPENDING ON GENDER. The sample validation is achieved through a test of comparing the differences between percentages. At the level of Brasov academic population the women share is 43.58%, and the men share is 56.42%. The structure of population and sample depending on gender is presented in Table 1. GENDER MEN WOMEN TOTAL Table 1 - Structure of sample depending on gender Structure at the level of Population volume population Volume 7.38% 6 4 92.62% 117 105 100% 123 109 Percentage 3.8 96.7 100 In order to validate the sample in accordance with the allocation of population depending on gender, there are stated the following hypotheses: H0: π = p Percentage of feminine respondents at the level of researched population is equal with the one recorded at the level of sample. H1: π ≠ p Percentage of feminine respondents at the level of researched population is different from the one recorded at the level of sample. The probability of results guaranteeing is P = 95%. Theoretical value that corresponds to the coefficient z in the table of standardized normal allocation, in the case of a bilateral test, 1.96. We notice that: zobs < zα/2 => null hypothesis is admitted hence the sample can be validated under the conditions of a probability of 95%. In this case there is not need of rectifying the sample structure because it coincides with the population structure. 4. SAMPLING DATA ANALYSES AND DATA INTERPRETATION Data analyses comprises both unvaried data for the relevant questions of research and bi-varied analysis used in order to detect correlations between the subjects’ answers for certain questions or correlations between the characteristics of identifying the subjects and answers for certain relevant questions of the research. All the questioned students agreed to answer the questions in the questionnaire, their agreement being existent and making clear that there is no repercussions if they refuse to answer the questions. The answers were obtained from the graduates of nursing study programme after they graduated the first cycle studies. The questionnaire was taken by seven persons. 4.1 ANALYSED UNVARIED RESULTS Although we live in computerisation era, we notice that the majority of students think it is useful to preserve the book and printed documents 77.4% (35.8% total disagreement and 41.5% disagreement) compared to only 14.1% who believe that the future exclusively belongs to electronic documents (0.9% total agreement and 13.2% agreement). As a matter of fact, in similar proportions, the interviewed people have 50 June on Une River 2014 Angela Repanovici, Codruta Jaliu, Gabriela Sechel, Liliana Rogozea, Assessment of medical students’ knowledge according to information literacy expressed the opinion that traditional library will disappear and there will be sufficient computer relays with access to the Internet and digital library (27.1% total disagreement, 49.5% disagreement, 6.5% indifferent, 15.9% agreement, 0.9% total agreement). A big number of students no more than met problems when they tried to unload or transmit articles by e-mail 51.4% but also 15.2% of respondents did not even try to do this, only 33.3% being able to do it. The number of pages that were accessed within a working session in databases is over 10 for half of the interviewed (37.5% over 15, respectively 12.5% between 10 and 15 pages) and half under 10 pages (26.9% between 5 and 10 pages, respectively 23.1% under 5 pages). 4.2 ANALYSIS BI-VARIED RESULTS The bi-varied analysis consists in the study of the data and in the testing of the hypotheses when the research aims at investigating simultaneously the relationships between two variables. The analysis of the relationship between two variables is done by establishing the relationships between practical activities to use informatics software and using informatics software in activity. Contingency tables are made up. Did you participate to practical activities to use informatic software in health field? Table 2 - Did you participate to practical activities to use informatic software in health field? Do you use in your activity informatic software? Cross tabulation. Do you use in your activity informatic software? No Yes Total No Count 5 41 46 % within Did you participate to practical 10.9% 89.1% 100.0% activities to use informatic software in health field? % within Do you use in your activity informatic 83.3% 40.2% 42.6% software? % of Total 4.6% 38.0% 42.6% Yes Count 1 61 62 % within Did you participate to practical 1.6% 98.4% 100.0% activities to use informatic software in health field? % within Do you use in your activity informatic 16.7% 59.8% 57.4% software? % of Total 0.9% 56.5% 57.4% Tot Count 6 102 108 al % within Did you participate to practical 5.6% 94.4% 100.0% activities to use informatic software in health field? % within Do you use in your activity informatic 100.0 100.0 100.0% software? % % % of Total 5.6% 94.4% 100.0% June on Une River 2014 51 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ 62% of respondents took part in practical activities during faculty studies in order to use informatics software in the health field and 56.5% use these informatics systems. 42.6% not had practical activities and 38% use these informatics systems. Correlation between experience in medical field and using of informatics software in health domain is medium, r = 0, 68 It is no correlation between courses participation and accessing electronic data bases like information sources. 5. CONCLUSIONS We notice that the structure of nursing students is over 90% feminine and only 33.9% have the afferent age for being students, a great deal of the investigated people being over 35 years old work and continue schooling because the necessity of their further training in the field and because in Romania this study programme has been developed after 2005. Accessibility to higher education is greater for those in urban areas than for those in rural areas, where the need of staff is also higher. Concerning experience in the medical field, more than half have been working for more than six years. The computerisation of nursing activity in Romania is still in an empirical stage. The computerization of medical activity at the level of medical units has started but they have not reached yet the stage of introducing the modern systems of evidence and communication of data / information at the level of nurses. There are programmes of inservice training in the field of computer science and availability for improving the knowledge in the medical informatics field, although the possibility of applying this knowledge is not totally achievable. Although there are informatics curricula in nursing training, we must remark that less than half of the students that were interviewed participated at practical activities of using medical informatics systems. We need to develop some tutorial systems for using the software and some specialists in the field within libraries which should ensure a minimum training in using the software; all this must be done together with the specialty department. The mirage of using medical technique has embraced the Romanian society as well, the majority of us thinking that technique using is essential. However, it is maybe due to the fact that medical act is practised in areas with limited access to technology that there people who think that hypocritical medicine is enough for medical practice. There are recommended increasing the degree of applicability of medical informatics curricula, updating the used software and training specialized people having high competencies in computer science. REFERENCES [1] ACRL (Association of College and Research Libraries). Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education. Chicago, 2000. [Accessed 27.08.2011]. Available: http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/informa tionliteracycompetency.cfm [2] ALA (American Library Association). Presidential Committee on Information Literacy: Final Report. Chicago: ALA, 1989. [Accessed 22.02.2011]. Available: http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/publications/whitepapers/presidential.cfm [3] The Alexandria Proclamation on Information Literacy and Lifelong Learning. Alexandria, 2005. [accessed 22.02.2011]. Available: http://ifla.queenslibrary.org/ III/ wsis/BeaconInfSoc.html 52 June on Une River 2014 Angela Repanovici, Codruta Jaliu, Gabriela Sechel, Liliana Rogozea, Assessment of medical students’ knowledge according to information literacy [4] Byerly, Greg; Brodie, Carolyn S. Information literacy skills models: defining the choices. In: Stripling, Barbara K. Learning and Libraries in an Information Age: Principles and Practice. Littleton CO: Libraries Unlimited, 1999. [Accessed 15.03.2011]. Available: http://books.google.ro/books?id=ZfAkRwj7MhgC&print sec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false [5] Lluch, M.: Helthcare professionals’organizational barriers to health information technologies – A literature review, International Journal of Medical Informatics, (2011), 80, 849-862 [6] Marriott, Jennifer V., Piotr Stec, Tarek El-Toukhy, Yakoub Khalaf, Peter Braude and Arri Coomarasamy: Weaknesses, strengths and needs in fertility care according to patients, Human Reproduction (2010) 25(1): 142-149 [7] Lau, Jesús. International Guidelines on Information Literacy. [Accessed 09.07.2011]. Available: http://bivir.uacj.mx/DHI/DoctosNacioInter/Docs/Guide lines.pdf [8] Plotnick, Eric. Information literacy: ERIC Digest. February 1999. [Accessed 30.08.2011]. Available: http://eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED427777.pdf or http://www. ericdigests.org/1999-4/information.htm [9] Peterson-Clark, Geraldine: Pharmacists’ online information literacy: an assessment of their use of Internet-based medicines. Health information and Library Journal, 2010, 27-35. [10] Porumbeanu,O.L.:Implementing Knowledge Management in Romanian Academic Libraries:Identifying the Elements that Characterize their Organizational Culture. The Journal of Academic Librarianship ,(2010) 36 (6), 549-552 [11] Saranto,K.,Hovenga,J.S.: Information literacy – what it is about? Literature review of the concept and context, International Journal of Medical Informatics, (2004),73,503-513 [12] Thomas, J. T.:Integrating evidence-based practice and information literacy skills in teaching physical and occupational. Health Information and Libraries Journal, 2011, 264-272. [13] Zurkowski, Paul G. The Information Service Environment: Relationships and Priorities. Related Paper no. 5. National Commission on Libraries and Information Science, Nov. 1974, Washington DC. [Accessed 27.08.2011]. Available: http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ ED100391.pdf [14] McGowan J.J. Evolution, revolution, or obsolescence: an examination of writings on the future of health sciences libraries. J Med Lib Assoc. 2012 Jan; 100(1):5–9. DOI: 10.3163/1536-5050.100.1.003. June on Une River 2014 53 MODEL PROŽIMANJA KOMPONENTI U CURRICULUMU FAKULTETA ZA KRIMINALISTIKU, KRIMINOLOGIJU I SIGURNOSNE STUDIJE UNIVERZITETA U SARAJEVU PERMEATION COMPONENT MODEL IN THE CURRICULUM OF THE FACULTY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE, CRIMINOLOGY AND SECURITY STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVO mr. sc. Beba-Ešrefa Rašidović, viši bibliotekar Fakultet za kriminalistiku, kriminologiju i sigurnosne studije Univerziteta u Sarajevu [email protected] SAŽETAK: Cilj rada je predstaviti osnovne značajke prvog bosanskohercegovačkog modela informacijske pismenosti Modela prožimanja komponenti i način njegove primjene u okviru izbornog predmeta Bibliotečko-informacijske baze u četvrtom semestru školske 2012/2013. godine na smjerovima Kriminologija i Sigurnosne studije Fakulteta za kriminalistiku, kriminologiju i sigurnosne studije. Model prožimanja komponenti je okvirni model informacijske pismenosti nastao u akademskom okruženju, ali omogućava kreiranje programa informacijske pismenosti prema potrebama različitih nivoa obrazovanja i različitih znanstvenih disciplina, kao i inoviranje načina njegove implementacije. U školskoj 2012/2013. godini u okviru pomenutog predmeta, Model je poslužio za kreiranje programa informacijske pismenosti na način koji će biti predstavljen u radu. ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to present the basic features of the first BH Information Literacy Model Permeation Components Model and the method of its application in the elective course LibraryInformation Base in the forth semester of 2012/2013 school year at the Faculty of Criminology and Security Studies on its two directions - Criminology and Security Studies. Permeation Component Model is a framework model of information literacy emerged in the academic environment, but it also allows the creation of information literacy programs suitable to the needs of different levels of education and different scientific disciplines, as well as innovating ways of its implementation. In the 2012/2013 school year as part of mentioned course the Model is used for the creation of information literacy in a way that will be presented in the paper. Uvod Složenost informacijskog univerzuma koju je proizveo razvoj informacijskokomunikacijskih tehnologija radikalno utječe na sve kapacitete ljudskog bivstvovanja i dovodi do nastanka tzv. informacijskog društva i društva znanja. Kontekst informacijskoga društva i društva znanja mijenja politike obrazovanja što za posljedicu ima drugačije obrazovne paradigme koje se prilagođavaju tržištu rada. Tržište rada, a i svakodnevni život, zahtijevaju stalno usavršavanje i stjecanje novih znanja i vještina. U okviru formalnog obrazovanja ne mogu se dati sva znanja i vještine potrebne u budućnosti, ali formalno obrazovanje mora opskrbiti pojedinca znanjima, vještinama i sposobnostima koje ga osposobljavaju da se nosi sa nadolazećom nepredvidivom količinom dostupnih informacija i omogućavaju samostalno učenje. Taj skup sposobnosti, vještina i mentalnih procesa je, zapravo, interdisciplinarni okvir različitih vrsta pismenosti, koje se zajednički imenuju informacijskom pismenošću. U svijetu se primjenjuje nekolicina općih modela (metamodela) informacijske pismenosti iz kojih je nastao veliki broj izvedbenih (kontekstualnih) modela u kontekstu primjene u određenom području, određenom nivou obrazovanja ili na nekom univerzitetu ili fakultetu. Izvedbeni modeli su prilagođeni mogućnostima, The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ specifičnostima i potrebama pojedinih univerziteta i fakulteta, ali u osnovi svih leži osviještenost o potrebi obrazovanja novih generacija adekvatnoj upotrebi i korištenju kvalitetnih informacija iznad i izvan samodovoljnosti tehnologije i podsticanja njihovog kritičkog mišljenja i aktivnog učenja. Razvijene zemlje svijeta, sa razvijenijom tehnologijom i njenom većom dostupnošću (SAD, Australija, Novi Zeland), toga su na vrijeme postale svjesne, za razliku od manje razvijenih zemalja, u kojima je tek informatizacija i informatička pismenost prioritetni i dovoljan zadatak. Takav je slučaj i sa Bosnom i Hercegovinom i njenim univerzitetima i fakultetima koji također favoriziraju informatičku pismenost.1 Informatizacija i informatička pismenost jesu neophodna pretpostavka razvoja savremenog društva, ali je informatička pismenost tek dio informacijske pismenosti. Sa sve većim prisustvom tehnike, povećava se i potreba za edukacijom kakva je informacijska pismenost, na koju stalno upozoravaju uglavnom informacijski stručnjaci - bibliotekari. Kontekstualni model informacijske pismenosti nastao je i u Bosni i Hercegovini. U osmišljavanju modela implementacije informacijske pismenosti primjerenog situaciji u našoj zemlji pokušali su se usaglasiti i povezati svi bitni aspekti informacijske pismenosti kao interdisciplinarnog koncepta, kako bi se stvorio model jednako primjenjiv u današnjoj situaciji, ali i u budućem razvoju. Po onome šta poučava, kombinacija je elemenata concept based pristupa sa elementima tool based pristupa, odnosno u isto vrijeme se odnosi i na koncepte i na izvore i alate, a u kontekstu procesa, odnosno kako se poučava, kao nezavisni modul unutar kreditnog sistema na prvoj godini studija kao obavezni dvosemestralni predmet za sve studente sa predviđenim ishodima učenja, znanjima koja se moraju usvojiti i određenim brojem kredita. Na osnovu općeg okvirnog modela, moguće je razraditi program koji bi trebao oslikavati i zadovoljavati potrebe nastave i učenja na svakom pojedinom fakultetu/akademiji u skladu sa kurikulumom i poželjnim ishodima učenja. Model je nazvan Model prožimanja komponenti (Permeation Model Components), jer se svi elementi modela uzajamno prožimaju i povezuju, zavise jedni od drugih i usvajaju se u uzajamnoj povezanosti i međuzavisnosti na način da se opća znanja usvajaju kroz posebna i obratno, vještine se stječu u odnosu na opća i posebna znanja, a paralelno se odvija i proces vrednovanja i upotrebe na etičan način i po pravnim propisima. Imanentan mu je proces i horizontalne i vertikalne povezanosti između svih elemenata modela, koji su neodvojivi jedni od drugih. Model prožimanja komponenti (Permeation Components Model) Model prožimanja komponenti se sastoji od četiri glavne komponente: 1. Komponenta sadržaja 2. Komponenta vještina 3. Komponenta vrednovanja 4. Pedagoško/andragoška komponenta 1 To je vidljivo iz sljedećih dokumenata: Akcioni plan razvoja informacionog društva u BiH, Politika razvoja informacionog društva u BiH, Smjernice ka informacionom društvu, Strategija razvoja informacionog društva u BiH (Vidi na www.undp.ba), ali i iz dokumenata Agencije za razvoj visokog obrazovanja i osiguranje kvalitete (Vidi na http://www.hea.gov.ba/Dokumenti/ Bolonja/Archive.aspx?mi=1238&template_id=52&pageIndex=1 ), kao i iz dokumenata vezanih za uspostavu Bolonjskog procesa. 56 June on Une River 2014 Beba-Ešrefa Rašidović, Model prožimanja komponenti u curriculumu Fakulteta za kriminalistiku, kriminologiju i sigurnosne studije Univerziteta u Sarajevu 1. Komponenta sadržaja Sastoji se od sljedeća dva povezana elementa: opća znanja i znanja iz kurikuluma. Opća znanja se sastoje od: uvoda u svijet informacija koji podrazumijeva pojam, nastanak, vrste i životni ciklus informacija u vremenu eksplozije informacija, pohranjivanja i selekcije informacija kroz razne agente pohranjivanja i selekcije, od biblioteka, muzeja, arhiva do interneta, mašina za pretraživanje, baza podataka, upoznavanja sa izvorima informacija, štampanim i elektronskim, njihovim svojstvima i karakteristikama, po različitim kriterijima, uvoda u koncept informacijske pismenosti, njegovog značaja u obrazovanju, radu i svakodnevnom životu, elementima koncepta, usmjerenosti na samostalno i cjeloživotno učenje i upravljanje znanjem. Znanja iz kurikuluma su znanja iz pojedinih disciplina koje se izučavaju na nekom fakultetu/akademiji i znanja iz modula utvrđenih kurikulumom. Ovo su početna znanja za dalje istraživanje i svrha i cilj istraživanja. Informacije iz pojedinih disciplina korespondiraju sa općim znanjima i njihovim elementima. 2. Komponenta vještina Sastoji se od elemenata koji omogućavaju adekvatno postavljanje upita, što, također, korespondira i sa općim, a i sa posebnim znanjima vezanim za pojedine naučne discipline, predstavljanja raspoloživih baza podataka, njihovog značaja i karakteristika i postavljanja adekvatnih strategija pretraživanja kako bi se došlo do relevantnih rezultata. Sve ove elemente povezuje i prožima element revidiranja, jer proces pretraživanja podrazumijeva mogućnost revidiranja svih elemenata tokom procesa pretraživanja, ako je to potrebno. Paralelno s tim se stječu znanja i iskustva koja se mogu primijeniti na svako istraživanje i svaku informacijsku potrebu u obrazovanju, radu i svakodnevnom životu za rješavanje postavljenih zadataka. Što su bolja usvojena znanja iz općih i posebnih znanja, to su bolje definirani elementi ove komponente, lakše je i brže pretraživanje i kraći je i učinkovitiji put do potrebnih informacija. Ova se komponenta, dakle, sastoji od: definiranja opsega i prirode informacijske potrebe, definiranja strategija pretraživanja, pretraživanja različitih izvora, revidiranja procesa. Između svih komponenti i elemenata unutar njih postoji i horizontalna i vertikalna povezanost koja poboljšava i rasvjetljava svaki pojedini korak ovoga modela, čiji je krajnji cilj optimalno kretanje u preobilnom informacijskom okruženju. 3. Komponenta vrednovanja U ovom dijelu najviše dolazi do izražaja kritičko propitkivanje i ocjena kvaliteta, vjerodostojnosti i relevantnosti pronađenih informacija, iako je to proces koji traje i sastavni je dio i prethodnih komponenti, ali je on u ovoj fazi dominantan. Kritičko June on Une River 2014 57 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ propitkivanje, analiza i procjena pronađenih informacija je podloga i razlog njihovog izlučivanja, njihove organizacije i povezivanja u svrhu stvaranja, usvajanja i predstavljanja novog znanja. Ova se komponenta sastoji od: izlučivanja informacija, analize i procjene, organiziranja informacija, sinteze. Ova je komponenta, najviše od svih, kognitivni proces pretvaranja informacija u znanje, pa je ovdje izuzetno važno pružiti pomoć studentima/icama kako bi se osposobili da prepoznaju relevantne informacije i od njih stvore i usvoje novo znanje. 4. Pedagoško/andragoška komponenta Ova je komponenta vrlo značajna sa aspekta upotrebe i predstavljanja pronađenih informacija na etičan način i po pravnim propisima, jer uz poučavanje o važnosti citiranja i navođenja izvora za tekst, sliku ili grafički prikaz i stilovima i načinima citiranja i navođenja, koji korespondiraju sa znanjima o različitim izvorima informacija, podrazumijeva ponajprije stvaranje vaspitne podloge za ove elemente. Razvijanje svijesti o plagijarizmu i ugradnja moralne komponente na individualnom planu je važan preduvjet za korištenje informacija po pravnim propisima, poštovanje intelektualnog vlasništva i autorskih prava. Ova će komponenta imati sve veći značaj sa razvojem društvenih mreža i brisanjem granica između tvoraca i korisnika informacija. Koliko god studenti/ce imali znanja o potrebi i obavezi poštivanja tuđeg rada, bez razvijene svijesti i stava unutar njihovog duhovnog habitusa, to neće postati njihova uobičajena praksa, pa je ova komponenta jednako značajna kao i druge komponente. Pedagoško/andragoška komponenta se sastoji od: razvijanja znanja o upotrebi i predstavljanju pronađenih i izlučenih informacija, etičkih i pravnih principa i s tim u vezi obaveze citiranja i navođenja, sastavljanja bibliografije i znanja o stilovima, načinima i elementima citiranja i navođenja. Pedagoško/andragoška komponenta pored ovoga, može da obuhvati, u sklopu vannastavnih aktivnosti, koje su predviđene Bolonjskim načinom studiranja, a koje bi se ovdje izuzetno dobro uklopile, posjetu studenata/tica nekim značajnim baštinskim institucijama i institucijama koje su agenti za pohranjivanje i pretraživanje informacija, radi veće socijalizacije s njima, a osobito s obzirom da nije mali broj studenata/tica na Univerzitetu u Sarajevu, a i na drugim univerzitetima, koji dolaze iz malih sredina i za to nisu ranije imali priliku. Ovdje bi bilo dobro uključiti i neke druge vaspitne angažmane, kako bi se potpomoglo i usmjerilo razvijanje njihovih različitih interesa i navika, a ovi se angažmani mogu planirati prema važnim naučnim i kulturnim događanjima u lokalnoj zajednici i na Univerzitetu. Model prožimanja komponenti podrazumijeva mjerenje ishoda učenja kroz pre-test koncipiran tako da u formi kviz-pitanja provede studente/ice i provjeri njihovo znanje kroz sve ove komponente i njihove elemente prije nego počne edukacija. Istim testom kao post-testom se testiraju studenti/ce nakon odslušanog modula kako bi se utvrdilo njihovo napredovanje i usvajanje novih znanja. Model prožimanja komponenti prati 58 June on Une River 2014 Beba-Ešrefa Rašidović, Model prožimanja komponenti u curriculumu Fakulteta za kriminalistiku, kriminologiju i sigurnosne studije Univerziteta u Sarajevu kurikulum i obaveze i zadatke studenata/tica iz drugih modula, pa im tokom trajanja predavanja i vježbi na najdirektniji način pomaže u savladavanju poteškoća koje mogu imati u pojedinim segmentima izrade radova i rješavanja problema. Poteškoćama koje se kod pre-testa, a i kasnije pokažu prisutnijim kod većeg broja studenata/tica, poklanja se više vremena i pažnje, pa se težište stavlja na ono što studentima/icama predstavlja problem i za šta su oni sami zainteresirani. Prednosti primjene ovog modela informacijske pismenosti su mnogostruke: prvenstveno za studente/ice koji mogu bolje i brže i na pravi način izvršavati svoje konkretne obaveze tokom studija i steći znanja i vještine za cijeli život, ali i početi drugačije razmišljati o svijetu informacija, njihovom nastanku i kvaliteti, općenito i u mrežnom okruženju, te razvijati navike, stavove, kritičnost i kreativnost. Nastavnom kadru će, također, biti mnogo lakše raditi sa informacijski osviještenim i pismenim studentima, pa će, s tim u vezi, svoje dragocjeno vrijeme moći koristiti na svrsishodniji način za ispunjavanje mnoštva drugih obaveza koje su definirane bolonjskim načinom studiranja. Informacijski pismeni studenti/ce postaju informacijski pismeni novaci u akademskom životu i budući informacijski pismeni nastavnici, koji razumiju prednosti i koristi ovakvog saradničkog načina učenja. Informacijski pismeni studenti/ce postaju informacijski pismeni stručnjaci i građani sposobni da učestvuju u cjeloživotnom učenju i da ciljeve učenja usmjere sami prema sebi. Model prožimanja komponenti stvara bliske veze i atmosferu razumijevanja i saradnje između svih učesnika obrazovnih procesa, neku vrstu aktivnog mentorstva između bibliotekara/ki i studenata/tica, a prilagodljiv je svim okruženjima učenja i svim posebnostima pojedinih znanstvenih disciplina i kurikuluma uz mogućnost njegove individualizacije, razrade i dopunjavanja elementima u okviru pojedinih komponenti, na način koji najbolje odgovara konkretnoj situaciji. On je samo osnova za detaljno planiranje aktivnosti i načina njihovog izvođenja sa mogućnošću nadopunjavanja i inoviranja, što je zapravo i poželjno. Model prožimanja komponenti bi, zapravo, mogao biti opći okvirni model za kreiranje i implementaciju programa informacijske pismenosti i u drugim nivoima obrazovanja. Na sl. 1. dat je shematski prikaz Modela prožimanja komponenti koji oslikava povezanost svih elemenata modela. June on Une River 2014 59 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ Svijet informacija Pohranjivanje,selek cija agenti Opća znanja Komponenta sadržaja Izvori informacija Informacijska pismenost Kurikulum Znanja iz disciplina Informacijska potreba Komponenta vještina R E V I D I R A Nj E Strategije pretraživanja Pretraživanje Izlučivanje Komponenta vrednovanja Analiza i Procjena Organiziranje Sinteza Pedag/andrag komp. Upotreba Predstavljanje Etički i pravni principi Sastavljanje bibliografije 60 June on Une River 2014 C i t i r a n j e N a v o đ e n j e Beba-Ešrefa Rašidović, Model prožimanja komponenti u curriculumu Fakulteta za kriminalistiku, kriminologiju i sigurnosne studije Univerziteta u Sarajevu Model prožimanja komponenti se primjenjuje u nastavi izbornog predmeta Bibliotečkoinformacijske baze Fakulteta za kriminalistiku, kriminologiju i sigurnosne studije Univerziteta u Sarajevu. Bibliotečko-informacijske baze Potreba za implementacijom programa informacijske pismenosti prepoznata je vrlo rano na Fakultetu za kriminalistiku, kriminologiju i sigurnosne studije Univerziteta u Sarajevu, pa je započela još 2005. godine na postdiplomskom studiju. Kako su studenti/ce posrdiplomskog studija ukazali na potrebu uvođenja ovakvoga kursa na dodiplomski studij, novim nastavnim planom 2007. godine osmišljen je izborni predmet Bibliotečko-informacijske baze i uključen u kurikulum. Naziv mu nije adekvatan, ali to još jednom ukazuje na činjenicu postojanja zabluda kad je informacijska pismenost u pitanju. No, bez obzira na naziv, to je program informacijske pismenosti, i formalno i sadržajno. Fakultet za kriminalistiku, kriminologiju i sigurnosne studije je prva i jedina visokoškolska institucija u Bosni i Hercegovini koja ima informacijsku pismenost kao zaseban modul, iako još uvijek kao izborni na dva od tri odsjeka Fakulteta. Modul se izvodi na odsjecima Kriminologija i Sigurnosne studije u četvrtom semestru i donosi 3 ECTS i traje 45 sati predavanja i vježbi kroz praktične primjere i konkretne studentske obaveze iz drugih modula. Silabus koji je osmislila voditeljica biblioteke Fakulteta i njegov je izvođač sadrži sve elemente informacijske pismenosti predviđene u svijetu postojećim standardima informacijske pismenosti. Izborni je predmet prvi put realiziran 2010/2011. školske godine i to samo na odsjeku Kriminologija, a sljedeće dvije godine su ga slušali i studenti/ce sa odsjeka Sigurnosne studije. Program je koncipiran na temelju Modela prožimanja komponenti, a svake godine su inovirani načini izvedbe. U školskoj 2012/2013. godini ukupan broj studenata/tica sa oba odsjeka koji su slušali izborni predmet Bibliotečko-informacijske baze bio je preko stotinu. Nakon uvodnih predavanja i razgovora o razvoju informacijskog društva, obilju informacija koje se nude, informacijskoj pismenosti, šta ona znači i kakva je njena vrijednost za budući život kao pojedinaca, građana i zaposlenika, prešlo se na druge segmente Modela prožimanja komponenti kroz praktične primjere povezane sa materijom drugih modula koje studenti/ce slušaju u četvrtom semestru. Studenti/ce su nakon toga bili obavezi uraditi praktičnu vježbu. Takav se način rada odvijao do kraja semestra, jer je zamišljeno da studenti/ce kroz aktivan angažman i praktičan rad prođu sve faze standarda informacijske pismenosti po Modelu prožimanja komponenti uz osvajanje određenog broja bodova koji će u konačnici definirati završnu ocjenu. Od stotinu studenata/tica, samo njih dvadeset je završilo svoje zadatke na ovakav način. Drugi nisu osvojili dovoljan broj bodova, jer su ili pogrešno shvatali postavljene zadatke, ili podmetali tuđe vježbe i prepisivali tuđe radove po sistemu copy-paste sa raznih web stranica (uglavnom onih koje nude već urađene seminarske ili diplomske radove), a neki nisu uopće pokazali interes za takav način rada. Oni su pristupili završnom ispitu. June on Une River 2014 61 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ Među dvadeset aktivnih studenata/tica, bila je većina onih koji su postigli dobre rezultate, jer su istinski bili zainteresirani da korisno upotrijebe vrijeme nastave i steknu i nadograde svoja znanja. Studenti/ce koji nisu bili zainteresirani za stjecanje novih znanja temeljnih za nove načine učenja u kompleksnom informacijskom okruženju i u skladu sa bolonjskim principima studiranja, zapravo nisu ničim bili ni podstaknuti da usvoje znanja i vještine informacijske pismenosti, jer su njihova već razvijena informacijska ponašanja prihvaćena u učenju, stjecanju znanja i izradi radova u prethodnoj godini studija, ali i prethodnim nivoima obrazovanja. Ovo se jednako odnosi i na izvore informacija, načine pretraživanja, vrednovanje informacija, njihovu upotrebu, predstavljanje i sastavljanje bibliografije korištenih izvora. Izvođenje nastave iz predmeta Bibliotečko-informacijske baze tokom tri školske godine zaredom, omogućilo je formiranje nekih općih stavova i zaključaka kada je u pitanju nivo stečenih znanja i vještina informacijske pismenosti studenata/tica izraženo kroz njihovo informacijsko ponašanje. Zaključak Model prožimanja komponenti daje mogućnosti kreiranja i provođenja programa informacijske pismenosti uz uvažavanje svih specifičnosti raznih obrazovnih okruženja, nivoa obrazovanja i znanstvenih disciplina. Također pruža mogućnosti stalnoga inoviranja sadržaja i načina izvedbe, kao i vježbanja i provjere stečenih znanja. Valja međutim napomenuti da modeli i programi provođenja informacijske pismenosti mogu biti izuzetno inovativni i kreativni, ali ako se takva znanja ne zahtijevaju od studenata/tica, onda ona nemaju svoju svrhu. U razvijenim zemljama svijeta sa naprednim tehnologijama i visokim nivoom ekonomskih postignuća zasnovanih na znanju definiraju se svojstva diplomiranih studenata u smislu vještina i znanja koja kao takvi moraju posjedovati, a jedan od atributa diplomiranih studenata je i informacijska pismenost kao propisani cilj. Kako uključuje vještine analize, sinteze i procjene, kritičkog mišljenja i razumijevanja, samostalnog učenja uz korištenje različitih izvora informacija, izgradnju znanja, postavljanje pitanja i rješavanje problema, potrebno je da se razvija kroz sve nivoe obrazovanja, osnovnog, srednjeg i visokog i da bude inkorporirana u kurikulum kroz sve programe uz učešće i doprinos svih učesnika obrazovnih procesa. Jedino se tako može osigurati kontinuum u primjeni, jer informacijski pismeni nastavnici/ce i informacijski stručnjaci obrazuju informacijski pismene studente/ice koji opet dalje doprinose informacijskoj pismenosti institucija, korporacija ili upravnih struktura u kojima se zaposle. Ovakav pristup stvara svijest o važnosti informacijske pismenosti i o potrebi stalnog usavršavanja u tom smislu, jer informacijska pismenost nije statičan koncept. Promjene su česte i brze, a njihovo prihvatanje i savladavanje upravo je u direktnoj vezi sa razvijenom sviješću o povezanosti informacijske pismenosti i savladavanja kompleksnosti svijeta informacija i savremenog načina življenja Značajan doprinos u stvaranju informacijski pismenog univerziteta/fakulteta mogu dati svojim temeljnim znanjem i sposobnostima bibliotekari/ke kao informacijski stručnjaci koji znaju kako je organizirano znanje i poznaju sisteme za pohranjivanje i pronalaženje informacija. Oni mogu pomoći i pojedincima i zajednici da postanu samostalni u stjecanju znanja i usvajanju koncepata, a ne samo u usvajanju mehaničkih vještina za njihovo pronalaženje. 62 June on Une River 2014 Beba-Ešrefa Rašidović, Model prožimanja komponenti u curriculumu Fakulteta za kriminalistiku, kriminologiju i sigurnosne studije Univerziteta u Sarajevu Bibliografija Achieving an information society and knowlege-based economy through information literacy. (2006). Ljubljana: International Centre for Promotion of Enterprises ALA/ACRL. (2000). Information literacy competency standards for higher education http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/informationliteracycompetency.cfm ALA/ACRL. (2003). Characteristic of programs of information literacy that illustrate best Practice: A guideline http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/characteri stics.cfm ALA/ACRL. (2004). Standards for libraries in higher education http://www.ala.org/ ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standardslibraries.cfm Albitz, R. S. (2007). That what and who of information literacy and critical thinking in higher education // portal: Librariers and Academy, 7 (1), 97-109 Barnes, K; Marateo, R.C.; Ferris, S.P.(2007). Poučavanje i učenje s internetskom generacijom // Edupoint edupoint.carnet.hr/casopis/55/clanci/3.html Burkhardt, J.N.; MacDonald, M.C.; Rathemacher, A.J.(2010). Teaching information literacy. 50 standards-based exercises for college students. Sec.ed. Chicago: ALA. Dizdar, S.(2008). Informacijska pismenost i cjeloživotno učenje // Savjetovanje Reforma visokog obrazovanja-primjena Bolonjskih principa na Univerzitetu u Sarajevu. Sarajevo: Univerzitet, 47-59. Rašidović, B. E. (2011). Informacijska pismenost i visokoškolske biblioteke - edukacija korisnika. Model Univerziteta u Sarajevu: magistarski rad. Sarajevo: Univerzitet, Filozofski fakultet Webber, S. (2006). Information literacy in higher education. In Stopar & Rabzelj (Eds.), Informacijska pismenost med teorijo in prakso. Zbornik prispevkov (pp. 9-20). Ljubljana: ZBDS June on Une River 2014 63 BRIDGING THE DIGITAL DIVIDE: TOWARDS SHORTENING THE ROAD FROM ILLITERACY TO INFORMATION LITERACY Elli Georgiadou, Harjinder Rahanu, Nawaz Khan, Robert Colson, Clifford Sule Middlesex University, London, UK [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Living in an era of global connectivity, e-agoras, e-learning, e-government, e-health and fast changing mobile technologies we tend to forget that more than 80% of the world’s population who lack jobs, shelter, food, water, health services and have never even heard a dial tone, let alone surfed the Web. Illiteracy especially amongst women is widespread. The gap between the information haves and have-nots is widening. Digital exclusion, which has been noted even among different social groups in advanced economies, presents a huge challenge to international agencies, governments, scientists and educators. The rapid advancement and accessibility of leapfrogging technologies have in the last 10 years presented opportunities to an increasing number of people across the world to participate in e-learning (e.g. MOOCs) and e-democracy (e.g. Arab Spring). In this paper we report on the lessons learned from the Information Literacy movement and the RINGIDEA project in particular and explore ways in which Information Accessibility and Information Literacy can help disadvantaged groups in both the developed and developing worlds improve their opportunities for developing their intellectual potential. 1. DISTURBING LEVELS OF ILLITERACY 1.1. Illiteracy Across the World Literacy is widely recognised as a fundamental human right, which empowers individuals and opens opportunities for social, economic and political integration. The International Literacy Day celebrated on September 8th since 1965 reminds us every year of the importance of literacy for individuals, communities and societies. At the National Forum on Information Literacy the participants in the High Level Colloquium on Information Literacy and Lifelong Learning held at the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Alexandria, Egypt on 6-9 November 2005 proclaim information literacy as a fundamental basic human right in the digital world: “Information literacy empowers people in all walks of life to seek, evaluate, use and create information effectively to achieve their personal, social, occupational and educational goals. It is a basic human right in a digital world and promotes social inclusion in all nations”. UNESCO (2005) The U nited Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) released its annual education report in May 2014. The study, named "Education for All Global Monitoring Report," looked at the state of learning among the youth - children between the ages of 15 and 24 - in some 37 countries. More children across the world's poorer countries are illiterate than previously believed, according to UNESCO's education report. Poor access to education and poorly trained teachers lay at the root of the trend Roughly 250 million children in the world's poorest nations could not read part or all of a sentence, according to the UNESCO study. Most of the children came from Arab states, Sub-Saharan Africa or South and West Asia. [http://www.uis.unesco.org/ DataCentre/Pages/upgradebrowser.aspx]. Africa, as a whole continent, has less than a 60% literacy rate. Furthermore, in roughly one-third of those countries, less than 75 percent of school staff members were qualified to teach [Catts, R. 2010]. The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ An action plan to address illiteracy of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Roma population and particularly Roma women includes activities such as “To develop a strategy, in accordance with recommendations of the UN CEDAW Committee, in order to ensure consistency in educational opportunities for both sexes in both Entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, including from rural areas and marginalised groups of women and men, particularly Roma women, enabling diversity of educational and professional choices forwomen and men”., and “To carry out activities on reduction of illiteracy among women in rural areas and Roma women” [Muller, 2011]. Twenty percent (20%) of people across the world are illiterate, two thirds being women. Although 98% of illiterate people are concentrated in three key areas: South and West Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the Arab States, developed nations are also facing a growing illiteracy problem. Even in the United States of America over 93 million people have basic or below basic literacy skills. 1.2. DIGITAL EXCLUSION 1.2.1. Digital Exclusion in Developing Countries The US ex-Vice President Al Gore enthused about the impact of the Internet as a tool that offers (to the people in the advanced economies) an "electronic agora" and "online democracy". However, Kofi Anan, the ex- United Nations Secretary General, warned of the danger of excluding the world's poor from the information revolution. "People lack many things: jobs, shelter, food, have never even heard a dial tone, let alone surfed the Web. And the gap between the information haves and have-nots is widening.” Anan warned of the danger of excluding the world's poor from the information revolution (Anan, K, 2007). http://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c15/e1-31-01-01.pdf 1.2.2. Digital Exclusion in Developed Economies Mancinelli (2007) observed that there is not just one digital divide but multiple divides which relate to a variety of factors such as: gender; age; ‘ethnicclustering’; uncertainty of living/financial conditions; work insecurity, and social insecurity. Whitney et al. (2011]) reported that many changes have been occurring in identifying vulnerable groups who are subject to social disadvantage as a consequence of age and disability as well as other factors such as low educational achievement, poverty and living in remote rural areas. These groups of people despite living in developed countries often with strong economies are not included or not keeping pace with technological developments and opportunities. A number of European funded initiatives and projects [such as HEART, DAN, IDCnet and Design for All@eInclusion] have focussed on developing formal and informal courses for training designers to 'use Design for All' principles and practices including Assistive Technologies in order to enable e-inclusion for disadvantaged groups. Social inclusion and especially e-inclusion in the information society and knowledge economy enables people to reach their potential and play a full role in society, reducing isolation and social alienation; promoting community harmony and reducing tensions. For the majority of people who have access to education and modern technologies there is an enormous amount of information available. Finding, evaluating, criticising, selecting and using relevant, accurate and useful information has been termed as Information Literacy. 66 June on Une River 2014 Elli Georgiadou, Harjinder Rahanu, Nawaz Khan, Robert Colson, Clifford Sule, Bridging the Digital Divide: Towards Shortening the Road from Illiteracy to Information Literacy 2. INFORMATION LITERACY 2.1. What is Information Literacy? The Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals [CILIP] Define Information Literacy as “knowing when and why you need information, where to find it, and how to evaluate, use and communicate it in an ethical manner” (CILIP, 2014). In order to assist librarians and teachers to effectively deliver information skills to their learners, models can be adopted. A model can be viewed as documentation that provides guidance in the understanding, development, and implementation of information literacy. CILIP Information Literacy Group (2014) lists Information Literacy models for utilisation by librarian and teaching practitioners. Martin (2013) reports on four UK models of Information Literacy, comparing them with the ACRL’s Information Literacy Competency Standards. The four UK models are: ANCIL (A New Curriculum for Information Literacy) SCONUL (Society of College, National and University Libraries) Seven Pillars of Information Literacy National Information Literacy Framework Scotland (Scottish framework) Information Literacy Framework for Wales (Welsh framework) The SCONUL Model The SCONUL Working Group on Information Literacy (Society of College, National and University Libraries) introduced the Seven Pillars of Information Literacy Skills model (SCONUL, 1999). The model has been implemented by librarians and teachers in order to aid them to deliver information skills to their learners. To maintain the relevance and efficacy of the model, with regards to meeting the changing needs of different user communities and ages, a revised model was published in 2011. This new model retained the generic core model for Higher Education, to which a series of “lenses”, representing the different groups of learners, can be applied. Figure 1, below, shows a representation of the model; the seven pillars organised into the following concepts (SCONUL, 2011): Identity: Able to identify a personal need for information; Scope: Can assess current knowledge and identify gaps; Plan: Can construct strategies for locating information and data; Gather: Can locate and access the information and data they need; Evaluate: Can review the research process and compare and evaluate information and data; Manage: Can organise information professionally and ethically; and Present: Can apply the knowledge gained: presenting the results of their research, synthesising new and old information and data to create new knowledge and disseminating it in a variety of ways. June on Une River 2014 67 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ Figure 1: The Seven Pillars of Information Literacy (Adapted from: (SCONUL, 2011) The SCONUL Working Group on Information Literacy (2011) suggests that the model be viewed as a 3-D circular building. The foundation, upon which the pillars rest, is an information literacy landscape, which encompasses “the information world as it is perceived by an individual at that point in time”. The learner’s perception, informed by their aptitude, background and experiences will affect how they respond to any information literacy development. For example, the student population at Middlesex University, London is a diverse one, reflecting a very broad geographic, demographic and psychographic diversity. With such heterogeneity in the learner cohort it is vital that the model shows flexibility and adaptability to the different user populations. Therefore any information literacy development programme must be tailored for the individual learner to consider the context of their personal information literacy landscape. The process of becoming information literate is not linear in nature but circular, where a learner can be developing within several pillars “simultaneously and independently”; although in practice they are often closely linked. There are a series of statements relating to a set of skills/competencies and a set of attitudes/understandings used to describe per pillar. Table 1, below shows the set of competencies and understandings for the Identify pillar, as advocated by SCONUL (2011). As a learner becomes more information literate, measured by their ability to demonstrate more of the attributes in each pillar, they progress towards the top of that pillar, presented in Figure 1. Therefore, within each pillar an individual learner can grow from “novice” to “expert” as they step forward through their learning life. It should be noted that in some instances it is possible for a learner move down a pillar as well as progress up it. The SCONUL Working Group on Information Literacy (2011) advocates the concept of “lenses”. For different user communities a specific lens can be developed, which “highlights different attributes, adds in more complex or simpler statements and uses language recognised by the specific community which it represents”. This endows the model with flexibility enabling learners and teachers to adapt it to specific personal circumstances. 2.2. Alternative models of Information Literacy Martin (2013) states that ANCIL or A New Curriculum for Information Literacy was developed in 2011, at Cambridge University. The ANCIL commences with the student’s transition into higher education and culminating in the transition out of higher education and into the workforce, which includes using skills in everyday life. There is 68 June on Une River 2014 Elli Georgiadou, Harjinder Rahanu, Nawaz Khan, Robert Colson, Clifford Sule, Bridging the Digital Divide: Towards Shortening the Road from Illiteracy to Information Literacy much correlation between the ANCIL and SCONUL 7 Pillars. Coonan and Secker (2011) propose that Strands 3 – 9 can map onto one or a number of the seven ANCIL comprises of the following ten thematic strands, which encompass the full range of facets comprised in Information Literacy (Coonan and Secker, 2011): 1.Transition from School to higher 6.Manging Information education 2.Becoming an independent learner 7.Ethical Dimension of information 3.Developing academic literacies 8.Presenting and communicating knowledge 4.Mapping and Evaluating the 9.Synthesising information and creating information landscape new Knowledge 5. Resource discovery in your discipline 10.Social dimension of information literacy SCONUL pillars. The divergence between the two is in strands 1-2, where the learner reflects on the transition from school to higher education and what that entails with regards to information literacy; and strand 10, where the learner is encouraged to become a lifelong learner by reflecting on information handling, problem solving and decision making in the workplace and in daily life, and understand the ethics and politics of information. The Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals have developed an Information Literacy model that contains eight competencies / understandings that a person requires to be information literate, as follows (CILIP, 2012): 1. A need for information; 2. The resources available; 3. How to find information; 4. Need to evaluate results; 5. How to work with or exploit results; 6. Ethics and responsibility of use; 7. How to communicate or share your finding; and 8. How to manage your findings. The definition was approved by CILIP's Council in 2004 and is still current. In order to bridge the widening gap between the information haves and have-nots; bring information accessibility; implement this basic human right in a digital world it is important that the technologies that drive the ICT revolution be utilised. However, as stated above when more than 80% of people in the world have never even heard a dial tone, let alone surf the Web, how these technologies are deployed, must be considered. 3. LEAPFROGGING TECHNOLOGIES 3.1 Developing countries and the ICT Revolution At this point it is worth contrasting the position of the developing versus the developed countries. In particular the ‘basic human right’ to Information literacy in the developing world, with that of Information ‘accessibility’ in the developed world where the emphasis is on making Broadband Internet connection available to all (Finland makes broadband a 'legal right' (BBC News, July 2010)). June on Une River 2014 69 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ Could the rapid changes in technology enable developing countries to somehow ‘leapfrog’ any of the evolutionary processes which have characterised more developed countries’ progress in the ways education is mediated? In particular, could, the explosive growth in mobile phone (or, perhaps more accurately ‘mobile terminal’) technology and deployment play a significant role in education in the developing world? Developing countries have, not surprisingly, been latecomers to the ICT revolution. The concept of distance learning, developed initially in the 1960’s, mostly involved the distribution of pre-recorded audio and video via TV and radio, and this is still a useful and widely used method of disseminating information. With the emergence of the World wide web however, e-learning has completely dominated the distance learning scene, in developed countries at least (Peng et al, 2009), 3.2 What is Technology Leapfrogging’? In a nutshell, ‘Technology Leapfrogging’ refers to the deployment of state-of-the-art technology in an application area where immediate prior technologies have not been adopted. It can be considered as a 3-stage process: Importation of a technology without any significant dependence on the ‘prior art’, Widespread adoption and capacity to modify or ‘tailor’ the technology to local needs, and finally, Development of indigenous capability to truly innovate and improve on the technology imported. The concept of technology leapfrogging has its roots in the repercussions of the Industrial revolution of the late 18th and early 19th century. The technological lead carved out by Great Britain, France and Germany was ‘leapfrogged’ by the United States. The second half of the 20th century witnessed a similar process by Japan, South Korea and other far Eastern countries. 3.3 M-learning - ‘Leapfrogging’ in wireless ICT? In ICT (as opposed to technology in general) the concept of leapfrogging emerged with the early developments in distance learning, for example, in the use of the UK Open University (Tresman, S. (2002) by students in developing countries where there was little or no previous provision of tertiary education. The development of e-learning in itself is not an example of leapfrogging. E-learning is mostly dependent on desktop/laptop personal computing. However, as will be explained, one derivative of e-learning (m-learning) may provide an instance of leapfrogging in situations where pc based e-learning has not been widely adopted, especially in developing countries, where the cost of hardware provision (pc’s and connectivity in particular) has excluded its’ adoption. M-learning has been defined as ‘e-learning using mobile devices and wireless transmission’ (Chang et al, 2003). Two important aspects of m-learning are its ubiquity and mobility. Ubiquitous computing is access to computing technologies whenever and wherever they are needed, and mobility can be defined as learning on the go (Peng et al., 2009). While e-learning is mostly dependent upon desktop personal computing (PC) technology, m-learning is dependent upon mobile devices (Orr, 2010). 70 June on Une River 2014 Elli Georgiadou, Harjinder Rahanu, Nawaz Khan, Robert Colson, Clifford Sule, Bridging the Digital Divide: Towards Shortening the Road from Illiteracy to Information Literacy There are several reasons for hoping that m-learning might provide a leapfrogging opportunity for developing countries. The first is the massive increase in the number of mobile devices (such as mobile phones, PDAs, and tablets). In the developing world this increase is most marked in the poorest countries – those with limited hard wired phone infrastructures which are leapfrogging into widespread take-up of mobile phone technology. ITU/World Bank Data shows (Fig 2 that even in the poorest region of the world (Sub-Saharan Africa) mobile phone subscriptions per 100 in the population has grown tenfold in less than a decade, from less than 5 per 100 in 2004 to 60 per 100 in 2012. Fig. 2 Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) (ITU/World Bank) The second is the enhanced technological capabilities of mobile devices, in particular the larger displays on these devices. Smart phones like the Samsung Galaxy have large full colour displays capable of streaming video data; and with image resolution/screen rotation which is capable of rendering most website pages without the need for horizontal scrolling. Many of the improved functionalities can be used in an educational context (MacCallam & Jeffery, 2009). Thirdly, with decreasing costs these mobile devices are becoming accessible to more people, often assisted by government recognition of the economic benefits of mobile technology. In Kenya for example, VAT on mobile phones was reduced to zero in 2010, and in just one three year period (2008-2011), mobile phone handset costs fell by over half as shown in Fig. 3. Fig. 3 Useage and Handset costs in Kenya (http://www.gsma.com/publicpolicy/tax) It is tempting to question when this downward cost indicator will level out. A fair comparison may be the cost of a portable Scientific calculator, a device of fairly similar June on Une River 2014 71 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ size with complex electronics and no moving parts. When introduced in 1972 the world’s first ‘pocket’ calculator (HP-35) cost US$395 (equivalent to US$2,400 in 2014 allowing for monetary inflation). Currently, 42 years later, calculators of similar capability can be purchased for £1: the most costly single component in these devices is the battery. The use of mobile technologies is changing the way we live and how we access information. One clear development is that what started as a device for person-to-person communication (the telephone) has morphed into a portal, encompassing verbal and written communication, social networking, gaming, entertainment and a myriad of other applications (of which education is but one) as the pattern of our methods of communicating changes (Demsey, 2008). Countries around the world are starting to see that Internet access anywhere and anytime is an important right for citizens, and have set targets to establish the infrastructure to allow access by all, and these developments will facilitate the use of mobile technology in education (BBC News, July 2010). However, it is rapid improvements in technology (primarily screen displays & internet data connectivity), drastic reduction in equipment costs and widespread growth of handset sales rather than mobility as such, which, we believe, may make m-learning a ‘leapfrogging’ technology. 4 RINGIDEA: A LIFELONG LEARNING EUROPEAN PROJECT 4.1 RINGIDEA aims and objectives The EU TEMPUS programme, supports the modernisation of the Higher Education in partner countries of Eastern Europe, to develop Information Literacy for lifelong learning and knowledge economy. The RINGIDEA Tempus project is underpinned on the notion of ‘libraries and information literacy (IL), which are a precondition for lifelong learning, knowledge economy, labour markets and a key to fulfilling the Lisbon strategy’. Specifically this project attempts to: Development of IL programmess for lifelong learning through their use in curricula as appropriate. Development of innovative online IL modules for lifelong learning. Harmonisation of the IL programs with those currently active in Western Balkan countries. Strengthening of the capacities of higher education institutions for the strategic planning and implementation of IL programmes to instill transferable skills for a competitive, dynamic, knowledge-based economy. Development of IL policy, and guidelines. Dissemination of approaches to IL development and ensuring of their sustainability. Development of lifelong learning in society at large- a national priority for Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosova and Montenegro and a regional Priority for the Western Balkans. The future of Western Balkan countries must be rooted in innovation and a mobilising of their collective brainpower for the creation of the knowledge-based society envisaged under the Lisbon Strategy. Information competencies are a key factor in lifelong 72 June on Une River 2014 Elli Georgiadou, Harjinder Rahanu, Nawaz Khan, Robert Colson, Clifford Sule, Bridging the Digital Divide: Towards Shortening the Road from Illiteracy to Information Literacy learning. They are a vital step in achieving educational goals. The development of such competencies should take place throughout citizens’ lives and their transferability are vital for the Information society. The RINGIDEA project adopted the SCONUL model for Information Literacy. The main features of this project include the identification of best IL practice, transfer of knowledge, development and implementation of IL programs and training including online IL suites, development of IL policy and dissemination and exploitation of results across all participating countries. A furthering of the Bologna Process for a Europe of knowledge by exploring inclusion of IL competencies in curricula. The creation with Faculty, of curriculum-integrated IL programs (embedded in the three-cycle system (bachelor/master/doctorate), quality assurance and recognition of qualifications for the development of lifelong learning in society at large. These innovative technologies will benefit all stakeholders such as undergraduate and postgraduate students, Librarians, academic staff, Ministries, National and public libraries, Local communities. The RINGIDEA project emphasised the fact that membership of the EU requires the existence of a functioning market economy and the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union. The project identified a set of problems with regard to life long learning around the world, and western Balkans are not isolated from this common phenomenon, lack of information literacy practices. IL skills can help to "decrease the developmental discrepancy between Bosnia and Herzegovina" (Policy of Information Society Development in Bosnia and Herzegovina) and the EU, progress information society services in Albania (Albania 2009 progress report) and promote regional cooperation for the creation of a business environment and an economic space in the Western Balkans (Regional cooperation in the Western Balkans) The RINGIDEA project has proposed new methods for IL delivery by harmonising cultural diversity. A set of new products (online modules, teaching materials, policy)are developed and knowledge transfer can take place at all levels. The results can be used in new contexts or in other Western Balkan countries who can customise the results to suit their conditions. This project ascertained the visibility through dissemination, trainings and conferences. Guidelines The guidelines below derive from our collective experience gained over a period of rapid and extensive changes in Higher Education in the UK, migration to new learning frameworks, the involvement (as co-ordinators or partners) in several European Lifelong Learning projects (such as ARMQA, NETIS, NMPLIS and RINGIDEA) the implementation of the Bologna process, the development and adoption of several Virtual Learning Frameworks and Environments. The guidelines can be used and customised to help future initiatives and developments of IL programmes at local, national, regional and international levels: 1. Create Policies for alleviating poverty, illiteracy and social exclusion 2. Allocate Funding for both infrastructural reforms and development 3. Support to existing European initiatives to promote Literacy and Information Literacy June on Une River 2014 73 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ 4. Enhance existing partnerships between academic, research, user, and industrial communities to promote e-inclusion through IL 5. Support the mainstreaming of accessibility in IST products and services through a series of dissemination activities. Transfer Knowledge and Technologies from Advanced Economies to Poorest regions and countries 6. Develop IL methods and programmes 7. Develop IL programmes and/or modules 8. Customise to suit different educational levels, countries, languages 9. Disseminate information and knowledge 10. Transfer Knowledge and Technologies 11. Use ICTs (mobile technologies, social media) to leapfrog developments 5. CONCLUSION Low global literacy rates in many regions of the world are still a challenge for governments, organisations, educators and the whole society. Social exclusion of vulnerable groups even in advanced economies and the digital divide are interconnected. Policies for systematic raising of awareness of the challenges and opportunities are necessary for addressing these problems. Commitment at high level (United Nations, UNESCO, the European Union) and involvement of education and industry. Leapfrogging technologies are certainly helping to bridge the digital divide and at the same time go some way towards addressing the problem of digital divide. Information Literacy programmes and modules such as those developed by the RINGIDEA project need to be shared, customised to suit different countries, different cultures and languages, As Todd suggested in 1999 “Transformational leadership and learning are all about creating and providing opportunities for learners to make the most of their life opportunities in a world rich in information and technology. Developing teaching strategies to address these skills, however, is a complex, time-consuming, and challenging process. This may be the key leadership challenge of education for the next millennium. “ [Todd, 1999]. What intensifies the problem is the fact that the gap is getting wider due to the growing momentum of the information economy advancements. In the last decade, international agencies like the World Bank, United Nations Development Program and International Telecommunications Unions have expressed concern that the Internet and the information revolution may leave many societies far behind, producing clashes between the advanced industrialised and the developing world. They are now stressing the need for government, non-profit and corporate initiatives to bridge the digital divide and make technology instead help in social integration. There is an opportunity to develop the RINGIDEA project results in different contexts and situations (e.g. Western Balkan area, EU Member states), embedding project results into practices of other organisations, mainstreaming project results into local, regional national or European provision. Media coverage of project objectives, outputs and outcomes have helped raise awareness of the wider social impact and the importance of introducing and expanding IL programmes in Western Balkan countries. The increased mobility of librarians, teaching staff and experts (facilitated by the Tempus programme) has opened new opportunities for reviewing, analysing and recommending ideas of implementation of lifelong through Information Literacy. 74 June on Une River 2014 Elli Georgiadou, Harjinder Rahanu, Nawaz Khan, Robert Colson, Clifford Sule, Bridging the Digital Divide: Towards Shortening the Road from Illiteracy to Information Literacy Acknowledgement Thanks are due to our colleague Alan Hopkinson who pioneered collaborations, participated in a large number of projects including RINGIDEA, inspired and encouraged us to be involved. The work presented in this paper has been partially supported by the activities in the RINGIDEA project Developing information literacy for lifelong learning and knowledge economy in Western Balkan countries 17117TEMPUS-1-2011-1-IE-TEMPUS-JPHES EC LLP under Tempus programme. This publication reflects only the views of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use, which may be made of the information contained therein. REFERENCES BBC News (2010, 1 July). Finland makes broadband a ‘legal right’. Retrieved 14/5/14 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10461048 Catts, R., [2010] UNESCO Information Literacy Indicators: Validation Report Chang, C.Y., Sheu, J.P., & Chan, T.W. (2003). Concept and design of ad hoc and mobile classrooms. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 19(3), 336-346. CILIP Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (2014) Information Literacy Definition, http://www.informationliteracy.org.uk/ [Date accessed: 7 May 2014] CILIP Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (2014) Information Literacy Models http://www.informationliteracy.org.uk/information-literacydefinitions/il-models/ [Date accessed 7 May 2014] CILIP Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (2012) Information Literacy Skills http://www.cilip.org.uk/sites/default/files/documents/Information% 20literacy%20skills.pdf [Date accessed: 8 May 2014] Coonan, E. and Secker, J. (2011) A New Curriculum for Information Literacy: Curriculum and Supporting Documents, http://ccfil.pbworks.com/f/ANCIL_final.pdf [Date accessed: 8 May 2014] Demsey, L. (2008). Always on: libraries in a world of permanent connectivity. In G. Needham & M. Ally (Eds.), M-libraries: Libraries on the move to provide virtual access (pp. xxv-lii). London, United Kingdom: Facet Publishing. Forestor, T and Morrison, P. (2001) Computer Ethics: Cautionary Tales and Ethical Dilemmas in Computing, MIT Press; 2nd Revised edition James, J, The distributional effects of leapfrogging in mobile phones, Telematics and Informatics Volume 29 Issue 3, August, 2012 Pages 294-301, Pergamon Press, Martin, J.L. (2013) Learning from Recent British Information Literacy Models: A Report to the ACRL’s Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education Task Force, Mankato, US, http://mavdisk.mnsu.edu/martij2/acrl.pdf [Date accessed: 8 May 2014] MacCallum, K., & Jeffrey, L (2009). Identifying discriminating variables that determine mobile learning adoption by educators: An initial study. In Same places, differentspaces. Proceedings ascilite Auckland 2009. Retrieved from http://www.ascilite.org.au/conferences/auckland09/procs/maccallum.pdf. Mancinelli, E. (2007) e-Inclusion in the Information Society, Network for Teaching Information Society June on Une River 2014 75 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ NETIS Project, http://www.ittk.hu/netis/teachm.htm#Text_book_, Budapest, July 2007 [Date accessed: 8 May 2014] Müller, S. (2011) National Policies towards Romani Women in the Western, Balkans September 2011, Country Paper on Bosnia and Herzegovina, Commissioned by Gender Action Plan of Bosnia and Herzegovina Orr, G. (2010). Review of literature in mobile learning: Affordances and constraints. The 6th IEEE International Conference on Wireless, Mobile, and Ubiquitous Technologies in Education, April 2010, Taiwan, 107-111. Peng, H et al (2009) Ubiquitous knowledge construction: Mobile learning re‐defined and a conceptual framework in Innovations in Education and Teaching International Volume 46, Issue 2, 2009 Taylor & Francis Saleh, M., Georgiadou, E. (2007) FIAIFM: A model towards bridging the Digital Divide, Network for Teaching Information Society NETIS Project, http://www.ittk.hu/netis/teachm.htm#Text_book_, Budapest, July 2007 [Date accessed: 8 May 2014] SCONUL Working Group on Information Literacy (2011) The SCONUL Seven Pillars of Information Literacy Research Lens for Higher Education. London: Society of College, National and University Libraries, 25, 2011. http://www.sconul.ac.uk/sites/ default/files/documents/researchlens.pdf. [Date accessed: 8 May 2014] Todd, J. R. (1999) Transformational Leadership and Transformational Learning: Information Literacy and the World Wide WebDepartment of Information Studies at the University of Technology in Sydney, New South Wales, Tresman, S. (2002). Towards a strategy for improved student retention in programmes of open, distance education: A case study from the Open University UK. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 3(1). UNESCO (2005) The Alexandria Proclamation on Information Literacy and Lifelong learning, http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=27055&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC &URL_SECTION=201.html [Date accessed: 8 May 2014] Whitney, G. Keith, S, . Bühler, C, , B. Hewer, S. ,Lhotska, L., Miesenberger, K., Sandnes, S.,Frode E., Stephanidis, C., Velasco, C. A. (2011) Twenty five years of training and education in ICT Design for All and Assistive Technology. Technology and Disability, 23 (3). pp. 163-170. ISSN 1055-4181 76 June on Une River 2014 INTEGRATING PROJECT PLAN, QUALITY PLAN AND SUSTAINABILITY PLAN: THE RINGIDEA CASE STUDY Elli Georgiadou, Claire McGuinness, Angela Repanovici, Manolis Koukourakis, Nawaz Khan, Mircea Regneala [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT Project Management starts with Project Planning. A clear definition of the project scope, objectives, project participants, and roles and responsibilities form the foundation of a project plan. A project plan demands the inclusion of financial resources allocation, scheduling, and risk identification together with risk mitigation strategies. Ensuring the success of a project throughout its lifetime and beyond its completion, however, requires a quality plan and a sustainability plan. Often organisations, projects and individuals fail to gain adequate value, let alone added value, from their innovations and project results. The EU has funded a large number of projects, for which value and impact have been difficult to ascertain. In particular projects consisting of purely research oriented and/or technically oriented partners seem to lack awareness of the importance of dissemination, exploitation and valorisation for sustainable development and skills in carrying out such activities. In this paper we contend that quality and sustainability planning should form an integral part of the project plan and not be treated as afterthoughts. Techniques and templates for monitoring, tracking and continuous improvement of both process and product are presented, and illustrated through a case study of the European Union project RINGIDEA. PLANNING FOR QUALITY _ PLANNING FOR SUCCESS Project Plan and Quality Plan According to the PRINCE 2 methodology a project has a single definable purpose, and is usually specified in terms of cost, schedule and performance requirements. Projects however small contain significant elements of unfamiliarity and risk. Project Management includes planning, organising, controlling and prioritising, and managing change (Murry et al, 2009). A sound and complete Project Plan guides the process and in turn a high quality process is likely to produce high quality outputs/deliverables. Hence Project Planning should include the identification of the stakeholders (Maylor, et al., 2008). They advise that in addition to identifying the stakeholders relationship basis and decision making powers, inter-relationships, socio-political pressures and opportunities, experience and senior management support are also crucial dimensions, For successful project implementation, the right team, work-group and task force must be appointed and supported. People in the Quality groups (process improvement team, process review team, knowledge improvement team, knowledge transfer team, quality assurance team (also undertaking audits)) are required to be highly mature and capable in terms of understanding Quality so that they can champion quality, plan and execute the plan successfully. The roles and responsibilities of each team and of the individuals in each team must be unambiguous. It is these teams that will raise the motivation, basic knowledge, understanding, and maturity for each and every member of the organisation. Additionally a project plan should include a Risk Management Process and Contingency Planning and well as Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) which can be used for monitoring and assessing the project performance. Most project plans concentrate on the allocation of resources (human and financial) and the scheduling of activities. What tends to be missing however is an explicit reference to the methods, The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ techniques and tools that are necessary for carrying out the project activities, and for monitoring and improving the process. Quality is an elusive term which depends on the stakeholder’s point of view. However, there is general agreement that what Quality actually means will depend on the outputs the project is creating, and that Quality of a product or service is generally related to: relevance, fitness for purpose, adherence to relevant standards and specifications (e.g. to ensure interoperability and accessibility) and use of best practice methods and techniques for development. The Quality of products and services depends on the quality of the process Quality and Value are two terms, which are often confused. The complexity of projects such as those funded by the European Union have a multiplicity of stakeholders ranging from the individuals, to the consortium members, countries, the EU and society at large. Identifying and prioritising expectations for both quality and value from all perspectives is paramount for maximising both quality and value 1.2 Process Quality Criteria Process Quality Criteria help to ensure that the various processes that constitute the project can be monitored effectively, and that situations where corrective action is required can be identified by evaluators and auditors. Project failures or partial failures manifest themselves in late deliveries, going overbudget, and not satisfying the stakeholders; requirements. Many researchers and practitioners (such as Maylor et al. (2008), Murray et.al (2009), Gilb (xxx), and Capers Jones (2005)) report and demonstrate that the main reasons for project failure are poor management, ambiguous or misunderstood requirements, changing requirements and poor adaptability to change; poor rsik management, unrealistic deadlines; erroneous budgeting; lack of consultation; lack of training and support, poor or non-existent documentation and lack of management commitment. Total Quality Management (TQM), is a management philosophy and a methodology that enables an organisation to focus on transparency and employee participation through empowerment of all employees, teamwork, leadership and recognition of each employee’s contribution for achieving the goal of the organisation and maximising customer satisfaction (Deming, 1986, Hellsten and Klefsjö, 2000)). Transparency of information in interaction processes is necessary for individuals to participate effectively in co-creation and engender trust between institutions and individuals. Companies have traditionally benefited from information asymmetry with their customers. However, that asymmetry is rapidly disappearing (Brodowsky and Lupton, 2009). Transparency of information in the interaction processes represents honesty and openness for individuals to participate effectively in a co-creation mode and to build mutual trust between companies and individual customers (Ramaswamy, 2005). 1.3 Product Quality Criteria There is a multiplicity of Product and Service Quality characteristics. In turn quality criteria help to ensure that the project outputs/deliverables e.g., curricula, training materials, reports, information systems, templates have been completed to the highest standard and in compliance with specifications and user expectations. Completeness, consistency and correctness are the primary quality criteria. 78 June on Une River 2014 Elli Georgiadou, Claire McGuinness, Angela Repanovici, Manolis Koukourakis, Nawaz Khan, Mircea Regneala, Integrating Project Plan, Quality Plan and Sustainability Plan: The RINGIDEA Case Study 1.4 The Importance of standards Quality can be improved by using standards (such as ISO, BSI and European Standards), because in standardising the process, we can ensure that we avoid idiosyncracy, ensure repeatability of successful processes, enforce discipline, reach consensus, reassure customers and other stakeholders. Identification of best practices avoids further mistakes. As far as products are concerned, standards are necessary for compatibility with other systems and technologies, for completeness (no steps are skipped and all outputs are delivered), consistency and correctness and hence reliability. Compliance with standards (such as safety standards) may be a legal and/or ethical requirement. Standards are a common language for documenting quality practices and a system to track and manage evidence that the practices are adopted and used in a project and in an organisation. Independent audits and evaluations assess and certify compliance. QUALITY MANAGEMENT 2.1 Components Quality Management consists of four components namely quality planning, quality control, quality assurance and quality enhancement. The objective of a quality plan is to anticipate possible sources of poor quality. Failures can occur in every process and every phase; identifying and rectifying problems is paramount for the success of a project. A project plan should contain explicit guidelines and preventative activities to mitigate risks and minimise their impact. Quality Monitoring is an on-going process showing the project progress and especially whether deliverables are ready by the planned deadlines. Quality Control is also an ongoing process which ensures that procedures and standards specified and adopted in the project and quality plans are followed. Quality Enhancement is a continuous process improvement effort applied at different milestones, and involves the quantification of actual results Quality Assurance (QA) is the instrument used to make outcomes transparent, measurable and trustworthy by all stakeholders. Quality Evaluation (QE) is the instrument to promote improvement of outcomes. Quality Enhancement involves Key Performance Indicators, Targets and Measures. Having established where we are, we plan how to get to where we want to be. Addressing identified problems is the first step, followed by repeating good practice. The degree of improvement can be quantified through measures of Key Performance Indicators. Quality Enhancement therefore is achieved when we understand the past and the present so that we can take steps to improve. Addressing the following questions helps focus the effort of both planning for quality and ensuring the quality of process and product: Who is responsible for what? What are the priorities? What are the constraints? What are the resource requirements? What are we doing right? June on Une River 2014 79 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ What are we doing wrong? What are the risks? How might the impact of risks that become events be minimised? 2.2 Quality must not be an afterthought Quality must not be an afterthought. Resources must be made available and normally a dedicated team or at least a role must be defined and allocated the responsibility of Quality Management. The objective of a quality plan is to anticipate possible sources of poor quality For example European projects, and Tempus projects in particular, are required to submit an application which contains both a Logical Framework Matrix (LFM) and a schedule of all activities and their expected outcomes. Indicators of progress and the measures through which progress and performance can be evaluated must be identified. Risks must be anticipated and mitigation strategies proposed. Although constrained by both financial resources and completion time a degree of flexibility, such as redeployment of some funds from one expenditure category to another, or the granting of a short extension, re allowed in order to address unforeseen circumstances. Planning for Quality ensures that both the process and the product (outputs) are monitored and controlled according to standards so that the outcomes of the project (outcomes) are maximised. The Quality Plan and the Evaluation should work in tandem with the Project Management Plan, where the latter provides information on the What, Who and When whilst the former adds the How, and How Well activities, and deliverables that are achieved. 3. THE RINGIDEA PROJECT 3.1 Project Aims and Objectives The RINGIDEA project aims to develop Information Literacy (IL) programmes of Lifelong Learning (LLP) and their use in curricula as appropriate in Western Balkan countries: this will be achieved through the formation of the Project Management Committee (PMC) and subsequently Working Groups who will deliver on goals relating to didactic organisation, syllabus, IL training and implementation of IL programmes. RINGIDEA also will develop innovative online IL modules for lifelong learning for their use in curricula; this will be achieved through theuse of specialised information literacy suite software and incorporating use of cutting edge active learning and use of high quality online video. Another aim of the project is the harmonisation of the IL programs with those currently active in Western Balkan countries, including the integration of IL programs with existing initiatives. The project also aims to: Strengthen the capacities of higher education institutions for the strategic planning and implementation of IL programmes to develop transferable skills for a competitive, dynamic, knowledge-based economy; also to develop IL policy, guidelines, goals, missions, e.g., guidelines for developing IL programs, online IL modules. Disseminate information about the approaches to IL development and ensure sustainability of project results through workshops, publications, project website, interaction with National and International stakeholders, and society at large. 80 June on Une River 2014 Elli Georgiadou, Claire McGuinness, Angela Repanovici, Manolis Koukourakis, Nawaz Khan, Mircea Regneala, Integrating Project Plan, Quality Plan and Sustainability Plan: The RINGIDEA Case Study 3.2 Work-packages and Working Groups The RINGIDEA project description and the division of activities and duties amongst the various working groups were defined in the project proposal. The project is divided into Work Packages which are are allocated to various partners. The implementation of the project is carried out by various Working Groups led by the Project Management Committee (PMC). The Project Management Committee (PMC) provides leadership and overall co-ordination for the projects. It also takes major decisions and has responsibility for monitoring all other groups (all their decisions are ratified by the PMC) and reporting to EACEA in Brussels. However, further examination was needed in order to identify and understand the way in which the working groups relate to each other (for example, whether the Teaching Working Group and the Scientific Working group depend on each other) and whether groups need to provide input or deliverables such as materials to the other groups. It was felt, for example, that curriculum development should be informed by the Didactic Working Group (DWG), the Scientific Working Group (SWG), the Training Working Group (TWG), the Module Working Group (MWG) underpinned by the Local Educational Frameworks and the SCONUL Model. The Didactic Working Group (DWG) plays a central role in the design and development of curricula. All other groups feed into the DWG. The Module Working Group (MWG) only delivers online modules and operates as an eLearning development group. It feeds into curricula which is a project deliverable. A diagrammatic representation (Figure 1) aids understanding of the project and the inter-operability of the working groups. Since the main deliverable of the project is the development of curricula for Information Literacy, the Didactic Working Group (DWG) is shown in the in the centre, with all other groups connected via their respective roles. All the groups, as well as the PMC use the Bologna Process, the SCONUL Framework and Local frameworks as reference points.The architecture and main interactions between groups are shown in Figure 1 with bidirectional arrows. The frameworks and model inform the development of curricula and other materials are shown. All working groups communicate with each other (connections are not shown for the sake of simplicity). Deliverables, documents, minutes of meetings, decisions etc are openly shared in meetings (face-to-face and virtual), by email correspondence, by storing in a central repository and through the project website http://www.ringidea.org/ where appropriate. June on Une River 2014 81 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ Fig.1: The Architecture of the RINGIDEA Project 3.3 The role of the EWG The Evaluation Working Group (EWG) is external to the project. It plays an advisory role based on the experts’ experience, (gained primarily from their involvement in managing and evaluating projects) and in particular, experience gained through previous or concurrent Tempus projects. The EWG proposes a Quality Plan, works closely with the PMC and provides advice at key points in the project, primarily in helping to ensure the quality of the process and the products. The PMC monitors the completion of activities and delivery of products and manages risks. The EWG helps assure the quality of the process and the outputs, advises and makes suggestions for possible enhancements. Finally the EWG evaluates the project results at the end of the project. The experts serving as members of the EWG base the advice they provide on knowledge and experience, gained primarily from their involvement in managing and evaluating projects, information literacy, and in particular, experience gained through previous or concurrent Tempus projects. 3.4 RINGIDEA Process Quality Criteria The Process Quality Criteria that have been adopted for this project are: Timeliness, Consultation, Leadership, Transparency, and Risk Management through mostly Indirect Evaluation. Timeliness refers to the completion of each process in a timely manner, by the given deadline. In Ringidea, this is be ensured by the Work Package Manager, overseen by the Project Management Committee (direct) and evaluated by the Evaluation Working Group. Risk Management – involves the identification, prioritisation (depending on the proximity, likelihood and estimated impact should a risk become an issue), and monitoring as well as strategies for minimisation and mitigation- to be monitored by the Project Management Committee with advice from the Evaluation Working Group. 82 June on Une River 2014 Elli Georgiadou, Claire McGuinness, Angela Repanovici, Manolis Koukourakis, Nawaz Khan, Mircea Regneala, Integrating Project Plan, Quality Plan and Sustainability Plan: The RINGIDEA Case Study Consultation - involves the culture of empowerment, knowledge sharing and Consensus to be ensured by the Project Management Committee and all the Working Groups, and evaluated by the Evaluation Working Group. Leadership – involves the leader/manager ensuring resources are provided, providing inspiration, and support, and making difficult decisions to be exercised by the Project Management and evaluated by the Quality Evaluation Group. Transparency – to be ensured by all Working Groups and evaluated by the Evaluation Working Group. 3.5 RINGIDEA Product Quality Criteria The Product Quality Criteria adopted for the Ringidea project are: Completeness, Correctness and Consistency. All three can be used for Direct Evaluation of the project deliverables. Completeness - to be ensured by the Project Management and the relevant Working Group(s) and evaluated by the Evaluation Working Group. All products must be delivered for the project to be considered complete (see Appendix A - XLFM .doc) Consistency - to be ensured by peer reviewers from within the relevant Working Group(s) and evaluated by the Evaluation Working Group. All deliverables must be structured and presented according to agreed standards to enhance understandability and future maintainability. 4. TEMPLATES FOR PLANNING, MONITORING and TRACKING 4.1 LFM – an EU Tempus Template The standard template of a Logical Framework Matrix (LFM) shows the project objectives, indicators of progress and their monitoring, risks, and assumptions. The LFM template focuses the applicants and project managers to address the following questions: What is the overall broader objective, to which the project will contribute? What are the key indicators related to the wider objective? What are the specific objectives, which the project shall achieve? What are the quantitative and qualitative indicators showing whether and to what extent the project’s specific objectives are achieved? What are the sources of information that exist and can be collected? What are the methods required to get this information? What are the factors and conditions not under the direct control of the project, which are necessary to achieve these objectives? What risks have to be considered? 4.2 Logical Framework Matrix Incorporating Quality Evaluation The EWG proposed the extension of the Tempus Logical Fraework Matrix (LFM) by incorporating questions and indicative answers on which methods (How) and which measures (How much? How well?). The Extended Logical Framework Matrix (XLFM) focuses the applicants and later on the project managers to address the following questions (in addition to all the LFM questions listed in section 4.1 above): June on Une River 2014 83 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ Which quality principles and methods will be employed in order to monitor and assure the quality of process? How will the products/deliverables be approved for Correctness, Completeness and Consistency? What are the Key Performance Indicators? How will performance be measured and improved? The EWG extended the LFM by adding a column with explicit references to which quality processes/sub-processes need to be followed for ensuring the quality of process, product or service. The Extended LFM (XLFM) shows whether the monitoring/action needs to be taken by the PMG, other working groups and/or the EWG. The structure of the XLFM can be seen in Appendix A. 4.3 Quality Monitoring and Tracking template The monitoring of Quality can be tracked by using the spreadsheet in Appendix B. The traffic light colours shows the status of an activity, i.e. Black for Planned, Red for Overdue, Yellow for In Progress (On-going), Green for Completed. 4.4 Dissemination Monitoring and Tracking Similarly Appendix C enables the monitoring and tracking of Dissemination Activities with expected outputs and outcomes. The colour coding is again Black for Planned, Red for Overdue, Yellow for under progress (On-going), Green for completed. 4.5 Sustainability Planning and Tacking The monitoring of Sustainability Planning and Tracking shown in Appendix D (with the same colour coding) incorporates expected outcomes, i.e. impact estimation and actual impact. The European Union funds an enormous number of projects whose outcomes are poorly exploited. In particular projects consisting of purely research oriented and/or technically oriented partners seem to lack awareness of the importance of dissemination, exploitation and valorisation for sustainable development and skills in carrying out such activities (Siakas et al., 2012). Valorisation means planning in such a way that the resources committed to a project yield results that can be used and exploited on a large scale, with the view of benefiting as many people as possible. Valorisation also means a better transfer and deployment of the results of a project once it has been completed. Project Valorisation can contribute to: improving/ensuring the sustainability of project results; enhancing the impact of all kind of projects such as EU projects; capitalising on investments; transferring results to other contexts; generating savings from not ‘re-inventing the wheel’; reducing timescales for innovation policy; feeding the policy process. 84 June on Une River 2014 Elli Georgiadou, Claire McGuinness, Angela Repanovici, Manolis Koukourakis, Nawaz Khan, Mircea Regneala, Integrating Project Plan, Quality Plan and Sustainability Plan: The RINGIDEA Case Study 5 CONCLUSION We contend that the integration of the project plan with a quality plan as well as a sustainability plan is desirable for ensuring a successful project. The three plans should run simultaneously, providing continuous feedback for improvements throughout the duration of the project and beyond its completion. The latter maximises the valorisation of the project creating value and added value for the benefit of the stakeholders beyond the project completion. We extended the European Logical Framework Matrix by including the Principles, Methods and Templates as instruments for Monitoring and tracking the project progress, its dissemination and sustainability, hence for Quality Monitoring, Quality Assurance and Quality Enhancement. We piloted the use of XLFM and the developed templates, illustrating their simplicity and usefulness by applying them to the European Tempus Project RINGIDEA [517117-TEMPUS-1-2011-1-IE-TEMPUS-JPHES]. We proposed that Quality Planning must not be an afterthought; it must be incorporated and budgeted for in the project plan, which specifies the what, whom where and when. The quality plan specifies the why, the how and the how well. Ensuring the quality of process and product in any project is important for the success of the project not only during its lifetime but also beyond its completion. Dissemination and exploitation, sustainability and valorisation of the project results generate impact and value or the benefit of stakeholders and for society at large. Future work will involve longitudinal monitoring of other projects in order to refine and improve the monitoring instruments. Acknowledgement Appreciation is due to Padraig Kirby and his colleagues for the leadership and coordination of the project as well as for giving us timely and useful feedback on this paper. The work presented in this paper has been partially supported by the activities in the RINGIDEA project, Developing information literacy for lifelong learning and knowledge economy in Western Balkan countries 17117-TEMPUS-1-2011-1-IETEMPUS-JPHES EC LLP under Tempus programme. This publication reflects only the views of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use, which may be made of the information contained therein. REFERENCES Brodie, L. and Woodman, M. (2011) Prioritization of stakeholder value using metrics. In Maciaszek, L. and Loucopoulos, P. (eds.), Proceedings of the 5 th International Conference on the Evaluation of Novel Approaches to Software Engineering (ENASE 2010), Athens. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 74-88 Catts, R. (2010) UNESCO Information Literacy Indicators: Validation Report University of Stirling, United Kingdom, February 2010 Georgiadou, E., Siakas, K., VALO5 – Innovation, Maturity Growth, Quality and Valorisation, Systems, Software and Services Process Improvement Communications in Computer and Information Science, Springer, Volume 364, 2013, pp. 294-299 June on Une River 2014 85 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ Gilb, T, Gilb, K. 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(2005) ‘Experience Co-Creation: The New Frontier of IT’, Leading Edge Forum Journal. SCONUL Working Group on Information Literacy (2011) The SCONUL Seven Pillars of Information Literacy Research Lens for Higher Education. London: Society of College, National and University Libraries http://www.sconul.ac.uk/sites/ default/files/documents/researchlens.pdf. [Date accessed: 8 May 2014] Siakas, K., Messnarz, R., Georgiadou, E., Naaranoja, M. (2012) Launching Innovation in the Market Requires Competences in Dissemination and Exploitation, Eurospi, June 2012, Vienna Uden, L., Naaranoja, M. (2011) Co-creation of value for a public service, nt. J. of Services, Economics and Management 2011 - Vol. 3, No.4 pp. 427 – 445 86 June on Une River 2014 APPENDIX A EXTENDED LOGICAL FRAMEWORK MATRIX (XLFM) INTEGRATING QUALITY MANAGEMENT INTO THE PROJECT Project Objectives and Deliverables Progress Indicators & Required Inputs MEASUREMENT QA Principles, Methods and Performance Enhancements Wider Objective: What is the overall broader objective, to which the project will contribute? Furthering of the Bologna process for a Europe of Knowledge by developing information literacy (IL) programmes for use in curricula for the development of lifelong learning in society at large accordance with the aims of the Bologna process. Indicators of progress: What are the key indicators related to the wider objective? HOW INDICATORS WILL BE MEASURED: What are the sources of information on these indicators? Periodical assessment of students’ IL skills through qualitative and quantitative means of the development of embedded IL programmes in curricula through periodical evaluation Increasing interest of the stakeholders Quality Assurance Principles, Methods and Performance Enhancements (How and How well?) Comparison of students’ IL skills before and after the action Comparison of curricula quality before and after the action High impact on the stakeholders in the programme. Principles and Methods: TQM, Empowerment, Consultation, Openness Product Quality Attributes Completeness Correctness Consistency Process Quality Criteria Timeliness, Consultation, Leadership, Assumptions & Risks involved in the project Transparency, Risk Management Feedback by EWG Process Improvement suggestions Specific Project Objective/s: Indicators of progress: How indicators Deliverables will be Evaluation: What are the specific objectives, which the What are the quantitative and qualitative measured: project shall achieve? indicators showing whether and to what Adherence to extent the project’s specific objectives What are the standards are achieved? sources of Timeliness ( PMC) information that Development of IL programmes for exist and can be Adherence to lifelong learning (in the Western Balkans?) Creation of a Project Management collected? What standards Review+ and their use in curricula as appropriate Committee Stakeholder specification of are the methods Evaluation (EWG) Development of innovative online expectations required to get information literacy modules for lifelong Creation of Didactic, Scientific, IL this information? learning Training, IL module, Quality Working Agreement of Harmonisation of the IL programmes with Groups, Evaluation Working Group. cooperation Remedial Actions those currently active in the Partner Creation of a permanent IL network among the (All working countries between Universities and libraries. partners groups + PMC) Strengthening of the capacities of higher International recognition of the IL Committee and & education institutions for the strategic programmes for curricula working Group Enhancements (of planning and implementation of IL Realisation of the IL programmes reports, minutes, process programmes to instil transferable skills for documents, etc +deliverables a competitive, dynamic, knowledge based Publication of the (EWG) economy. IL syllabus and Development of IL policies, guidelines, other relevant Assumptions & risks: What are the factors and conditions not under the direct control of the project, which are necessary to achieve these objectives? What risks have to be considered? Strong support of the institutions:differen ces in administrative procedures and processes Full respect of cultures, languages, autonomy, strategies and rules for each Consortium member Possibility of goals, mission. Dissemination of guidelines about approaches to IL development and ensuring programme sustainability. documentation (guidelines, training, etc) Implementation of the IL programmess for use in curricula offered in accordance with the Bologna process difficulties in reaching agreement due to differences in levels of existing information literacy development. Knowledge of the process in realisation of the activities so as to support staff in identification and resolutions of problems International approval of the IL programme Interest and motivation among higher education institutions networks, public libraries to continue with the IL programme after 2014Lack of support from Librarians/Faculty/a nd/or University/Govern ment systems. Outputs (tangible) and Outcomes (intangible): Please provide the list of concrete DELIVERABLES - outputs/outcomes (grouped in Workpackages), leading to the specific objective/s: Indicators of progress: What are the indicators to measure whether and to what extent the project achieves the envisaged results and effects? Kick off meeting. Working Groups regular meetings. Guidelines publication and approval. Recommendations and regulations publication and approval. Curriculum approval by local quality Development 3. Guidelines for planning IL programme. group/committee/senate. 4. IL Curriculum syllabus planning. IL syllabi approval. 5. Definition of IL programme harmonised Purchase of IL module equipment and contents. installation. 6. Guidelines for IL programme Innovative online IL modules developed. harmonised contents. Launch of Web Portal. 7. Production of IL harmonised didactic Running of training for IL practitioners. materials. Harmonisation of teaching materials. 8. Definition of training for IL Running of dissemination and teachers/practitioners. communication structures to the different 9. Guidelines for training of IL actors. teachers/practitioners. Level of response to the IL programmes 10. Updating of IL training content. and expectations of the 11. Development of innovative online IL Libraries/Faculties. modules. Level of success of the Project 12. Innovative online IL modules. Management Committee and Working 13. Implementation of IL programmes Groups. 14. IL programmes rollout. Running of dissemination events. 15. Approval of guidelines and IL Running of quality control and programme. monitoring. Management 1. Project structures and meetings. 2. Daily project management. How indicators will be measured: What are the sources of information on these indicators? Minutes of Kick off meeting. Committee and Working Groups meetings logbook. Reports and minutes of Committee and Working Group meetings. Minutes of Working Group meetings for the approval of the guidelines Recommendations and regulations approved at local level. Minutes of meetings at the local Universities for application of the guidelines and IL programme Measures of performance Assumptions & risks: What external factors and conditions must be Quantitative realised to obtain the outputs/deliverables expected outcomes and are directly results on schedule? measureable as counts or ratios Poor student (e.g. Number of attendance levels students) Participation and involvement of all Qualitative – stakeholders. Impact which is Sufficient technology also referred to as infrastructure, outcomes is support and intangible, expertise at local aspirational and can level be measured usually after a long time. Qualitative measures can be obtained through observation, interviews, surveys, focus groups (using Lickert Scale) Impact which is also referred to as outcomes which often are s intangible, aspirational and can be measured Quality Plan 16. Project monitoring and evaluation 17. Lasting monitoring of IL programmes Dissemination 18. Public presentation of the project. 19. Dissemination of the project steps. 20. Promotion of the IL programme 21. Dissemination of the project results. Exploitation 22. International recognition of the IL programme 23. Transfer of results to wider and deeper (targeted audiences) 24. Sustainability of IL programme 25.Western Balkan Network for IL approval. Ministerial acts for recognition of the IL programmes. Reporting of recognition procedures. Launch of live online IL modules in different institutions Number of hits on the web portal. Number of hits for the Innovative online IL modules. Number of students attending IL programmes. Evaluation report of project and curricular management. usually after a long time. Activities: What are the key activities to be carried out (grouped in Workpackages) and in what sequence in order to produce the expected results? Inputs: What inputs are required to implement these activities, e.g. staff time, equipment, mobilities, publications etc.? Development Constitution of the Didactic Working Group Guidelines for planning IL programmes IL Curriculum syllabus planning Constitution of the Scientific Working Group Guidelines for IL programme harmonised contents Production and exchange of IL harmonised didactic materials Constitution of Information Literacy Training Working Group Defining training of IL teachers/practitioners Guidelines for training of IL teachers/practitioners Updating of IL training content Constitution of the Information Literacy 1. Module Working GroupDevelopment of innovative online IL modulesApproval of IL programmes 2. IL programme coordination, 3. timetabling and physical execution. Staff costs for management of the project Staff costs for 2 part-time secretaries with grant holder for 36 months for each of them Staff costs for production and exchange of harmonised didactic materials for training activities, for teaching, for development of innovative IL modules, for institutional recognition of the IL programmes, for quality control and monitoring. Flows for travel and stay of the membership of the partnership. Printing and publishing Guidelines Printing and publishing Recommendations and Regulations. Equipment at the beneficiary universities. Printing of harmonised didactic materials, brochure/leaflets, posters, conference booklets and other advertisement needs Overheads (telephone, fax, etc.) Translations and language revisions Inter Tempus Project Coaching experts Bank charges Survey TEMPUS RINGIDEA DWG Annual Project ProgressSurvey, December 2012 Data Analyses Report Assumptions, risks and pre-conditions: What pre-conditions are required before the project starts? What conditions outside the project’s direct control have to be present for the implementation of the planned activities? Survey Common survey about user needs and level of Information literacy knowledge for Balkan countries partners in TEMPUS project _ May 2013 Data Analyses Report Concrete willingness of the institutions in implementing innovative procedures and techniques Support for use of IL programmes in curricula 4. Identification of indicators of progress Quality Plan Constitution of Evaluation Working Group Inter-Tempus Project Coaching expert and Evaluators Monitoring of student attendance Development of IL programme quality guidelines for lasting quality control system Dissemination One day Conference for detailed presentation of project Web publications and maintenance of Web Portal Dissemination materials for IL Programme International Workshop Exploitation Liaison with agencies/Ministries for approval. Customisation of results to enable transfer. Promotion of project results on project website Publication of Network plan. Appendix B - RINGIDEA PROGRESS Monitoringand Tracking WP 01 Project Management Activities · Management 1. Project structures and meetings. 2. Daily project management. · Development 3. Guidelines for planning IL programs. 4. IL Curriculum syllabus planning. 5. Definition of IL program harmonised contents. 6. Guidelines for IL program harmonised contents. 7. Production of IL harmonised didactic materials. 8. Definition of training for IL teachers/practitioners. 9. Guidelines for training of IL teachers/practitioners. 10. Updating of IL training content. 11. Development of innovative online IL modules. 12. Innovative online Il modules. 13. Implementation of IL programs. 14. IL program rollout. 15. Approval of guidelines and IL program · Quality Plan 16. Project monitoring and evaluation 17. Lasting monitoring of IL programs · Dissemination 18. Public presentation of the project. 19. Dissemination of theproject steps. 20. Promotion of the IL program 21. Dissemination of the project results. · Exploitation 22. International recognition of the IL program 23. Transfer of results 24. Sustainability 25. Western Balkan Network for IL From To Month 1 Month 36 Partner Status Remedial Action Appendix C - RINGIDEA Dissemination Planned Activities One day Conferenc e for detailed presentati on of project Description of PARTNER disseminating (event) Type of material (dissemination Proof) Dates/Period of dissemination Place/ Country Target Group Target group Countries Size of informed target group Expected Outcomes Raising awareness Limerick web page project duration Europe, Internation al BCS, London UK Solent University, UK labour market Europe, International Academics UK 30 Academics at BCS Uk 20 Mondial librarians and specialists Promotion, sharing Mondial librarians and specialists Promotion, Sharing MDX Introduction Leaflets Δεκ-13 MDX Introduction Leaflets Southampton Solent UTBV Poster presentation Poster IFLA conference Finland, 2012 Finland International federation of Library Association UTBV Journal articles Romanian Journal of Library and Information Science, 2/2014 April-May 2014 Romania, UTBV International commnunity Promotion , Knowledge Sharing Promotion , Knowledge Sharing Promotion , Knowledge Sharing Appendix D - RINGIDEA Sustainability Planned Activities Liaison with agencies/Ministries for course approval. Customisation of results to enable transfer (e.g. traslation) Promotion of project results on project website. Publication of IL Network plan International Conference Offer CPD for large organisations, Libraries, Universities Offer Distance Mode IL courses PARTNER All Description of disseminatin g (event) Type of material (dissemina tion Proof) Dates/Peri od of disseminat ion Place/ Country Target group Target Group Countries Western Balkans Education Sector + Industry Western Balkans Size of informed target group Expected Outcomes Credibility Credibility Bihac &Internati onal Improvement of learner experience Western Balkans Funding generation Internation al Funding generation THE (MIS)MATCH OF A UNIVERSITY-WIDE LIBRARY PROGRAM FOR PHD-STUDENTS TO STUDENTS FROM THE FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES Gunnstein Akselberg, Ane Landøy University of Bergen, Norway [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract The project «Information Management for Knowledge Creation» has resulted in a report: «PhD candidates and the research process. The library's contribution» (Gullbekk et al 2013) and a net based resource: PhD-on-track; phdontrack.net. The web resource PhD-on-track contains three main parts: "Review and discover"; "Share and publish" and "Evaluation and ranking". Each of the main parts focuses on a different quality of the research processes of young scholars. PhD-on-track seems to have a strong bias towards PhD-thesis in the form of a collection of published journal articles. However, in Norway, the format of PhDs may be as monograph, or as published articles with a summary. There are different preferences from the different faculties. In this paper the authors will look closer at and evaluate how helpful the web resource will be for PhD students from the Faculty of Arts and Humanities. During the period 01 January 2008 - 31 December 2013 124 students at the Faculty of Humanities, University of Bergen, defended their PhD dissertations. Of these 112 persons defended PhD monographs, while the 12 others defended article-based dissertations. One of the main questions of this paper is how the web resource PhD-on-track can be a useful tool both for article-based doctoral dissertations and for PhD monographs. Keywords: PhD; Norway; Web-resource; information needs; information use; academic writing 1. Introduction The web resource PhD on track is the result of a collaborative project between the libraries at the Universities of Bergen and Oslo, the Bergen University College and the Norwegian School of Business and administration, also in Bergen, Norway, and the library at the University of Aalborg in Denmark. These libraries had already collaborated for several years on developing other web resources for library training and education (see f.ex Sokogskriv.no; «Search and write») and had experienced that the students of the highest level – PhD-students – the third cycle, in Bologna process terminology, had radically different demands and expectations of library training and education. The libraries suggested a project to research this problem and to develop a special resource for the PhD-students, and obtained funding from the National Library of Norway. The main goal of the project was to develop evidence-based teaching and training modules that the libraries could offer as part of their services for PhD-students, both in ordinary teaching situations (seminars etc) and online. The first phase of the project resulted in a report, on how PhD candidates identify and evaluate academic resources and relevant literature, and how they use the services of their academic libraries. The report was based on research that was conducted as part of the “Information Management for Knowledge Creation” project (2010-2013). The project was a collaboration between the university libraries in Oslo, Bergen and Ålborg; the NHH library; and the Bergen University College Library. The project received development funding from the National Library of Norway (Gullbekk, Rullestad, Torras I Calvo 2013) In the report the different research traditions from different subject areas are not discussed specifically. The report contains a discussion of how PhD candidates relate to the publishing of their own research, what they find challenging in these processes, and what they expect in terms of support and counselling from the research libraries. 2. The web resource The web page itself (www.phdontrack.net) contains three main headings Review and discover; Share and publish; Evaluation and ranking; and each of these have sub-headings. Under «Review and discover» the sub-headings reviewing literature, searching your field, systematic searching, referencing, and reference managers are to be found. Reason to publish, where to publish, submitting articles, co-authorship, copyright, and Open Access are found under «Share ad publish» while «Evaluation and ranking» contains the sub-headings citation impact and the two different funding mechanisms where publishing counts in Norway and Denmark. During the development there were a lot of attention paid to feedback from the users. This influenced the design, and what issues that were covered. (Gullbekk 27.03.2014) The resource contains two short animations. It has text for each subject, that may be expanded if there is special interest, and also dilemmas, where the PhD-students themselves must reflect on issues of controversy. 3. Use and spread of PhD-on-track The web resource was launched in May 2013, and information about it was rapidly distributed on social media. As well as information and marketing from the collaborating libraries, the rector of University of Oslo wrote about it on his blog, and other university officials also. PhD-on-track is made public with a CC BY-NC-SA-licence, enabling others to use it further. Presently, more than 30 universities around the world link to the resource. 100 June on Una River 2014 Gunnstein Akselberg, Ane Landøy, The (Mis)match of a university-wide library program for PhD-students to students from the Faculty of Arts and Humanities 4. PhD-on-track and academic libraries Information literacy is a subject most Norwegian academic libraries are familiar with, and there are some successful web tutorials of good quality developed. The National Library has funded evaluation of three such tutorials, Viko, Søk og Skriv, and Råd og vink, and also the resulting further development of the tutorials (Hyldegaard et al, 2011). One of the issues that emerged from the evaluation was the progression through the study cycles, where the librarians was made aware of the quite different needs from PhD-students, as opposed to students at Bachelor and even Masters level. Even if Norwegian academic libraries traditionally has some staff with academic backgrounds, there are few that has gone through a PhD-study themselves. On this basis, a different approach for development of resources was taken. Both the report and the web-resource are made available open access, and the web resource can be used as a background for the academic library's teaching program in the third cycle, incorporated in the program to larger or smaller extent, or just made available as a resource. The report contains important evidence-based information for anybody planning trainings for this group, and is a resource for the academic library in itself. 5. PhD-on-track and students/academic staff The web-resource has some aspects that are useful for students and academic staff in general, and some that are more specific for students in different stages of their PhD or in different subject areas. In the following we will look at the usefulness from the point of view of academics within the Faculty of humanities. 6. The monograph tradition and Humanities In the humanities and legal faculties the monograph genre is very strong; it is the genre that dominates PhD-dissertations. Very few doctoral candidates in the humanities defend article-based dissertations. However, the article-based dissertations dominate in natural sciences and medicine, dentistry, psychology and economics. There are several reasons why the monograph genre is so strong in the humanities – from January 2008 to December 2013 112 of totally 124 PhD dissertations defended at the Faculty of Humanities, University of Bergen, were monographs. Mainly, it is because humanist research differs from research in other faculties. In the humanities, the candidates make an individual choice of theoretical basis and scientific method. This individual initiative is often leading the candidate to perform a comprehensive registration before she or he can finally go ahead with her or his own registration or data collection. This phase has often a strong theoretical scientific character, the candidates have to read a lot of theory of science, and the goal is to put their own scientific work into a larger historical and philosophic context. Also, they have to justify their choice of academic approach, methodology and operationalization of research questions. This work takes much time and has to be done before the candidate can start to write her and his specific dissertation. A monograph dissertation thus reflects important characteristics of the traditional disciplines in humanities. The candidate has to obtain an extensive technical overview, to be able to see the great relationships and draw the big pictures. The candidate should June on Una River 2014 101 also see his own scientific work in an overarching historical perspective, and moreover in a historical and scientific theoretical critical light. This ideal has been kept alive up to the present, and constitutes a defining characteristic of the humanities tradition and doctoral monograph genre in humanities. At the same time, even though there are far fewer doctoral thesis in the humanities in article-based format, there are still PhD-candidates publishing articles or chapters in anthologies parallel to writing a monograph for their PhDs. 7. Supervision at the Faculty of Humanities at University of Bergen At the Faculty of Humanities there is a long tradition of having one mentor and individual counselling. Only in recent years it has become relatively common to have both a supervisor and one assistant supervisor, but most doctoral candidates still have only one main supervisor. Individual tutoring is more or less predominant in the humanities. In special contexts, where doctoral candidates are related to a major project, collective supervision including two or more candidates may be found. However, collective supervision will in such case only be a supplement to the individual supervisions. Collective supervision may also be related to academic seminars that are linked to a larger research project. In such joint seminars the supervisor or supervisors may discuss the project or chapter drafts from the candidates, or they comment the candidates’ analysis and interpretations. At the local and national research courses for PhDcandidates there often will be collective supervisions. Here the doctoral candidates can present chapter drafts or theoretical and methodological issues for one or more teachers and fellow students and receive feedback on these, which can have a direct impact on design of their doctoral dissertations. Otherwise, the individual supervisions are dominating both at the doctoral level and the master level in the humanities. The doctoral candidate takes the initiative by making an appointment with the supervisor in advance. The number of meetings that the candidate may have with the supervisor, is often embodied in local regulations at the individual universities and colleges. Moreover, several supervisors have regular supervision days and regular supervision time. Many supervisors are still fairly flexible with regard to the number of counselling sessions and time for instructions. The most important thing is that the supervisor is available while the candidate needs to discuss current issues related to the dissertation or to give response to a specific draft or specific chapters. In the individual tutorials different aspects of theoretical basis, hypotheses, methods and operationalizations, data collection, data processing, analysis, interpretations and conclusions will be discussed. Individual counselling is thus a comprehensive activity that puts great demands on both the candidate and the supervisor. Occasionally there may a dispute between the candidate and supervisor regarding the implementation of the doctoral project as a whole or various parts of the project. 8. Which qualities of PhD-on-track promote article-based dissertations? PhD-on-track has as a primary purpose of facilitating the doctoral candidate's ability to orient oneself and search in the large amount of literature found in books, journals and electronic form online. The structure of the PhD-on-track, demonstrates explicitly how a candidate can proceed to orient him or herself in the available literature. PhD-on-track 102 June on Una River 2014 Gunnstein Akselberg, Ane Landøy, The (Mis)match of a university-wide library program for PhD-students to students from the Faculty of Arts and Humanities has three main modules: 1) Review and Discover, 2) Share and Publish, and 3) Evaluation and ranking. The first main module, Review and discover, has five sub-modules. The candidate will gain knowledge about these aspects: a) reviewing literature, b) discovering your field, c) systematic searching, d) referencing and f) reference managers. Each of these modules have specific strategies that candidates should use to identify literature that are relevant to the overall topic being studied or to specific issues addressed in the thesis. The second main module, Share and Publish, has six sub-modules. Through these, the candidates will gain knowledge of a) reasons to publish, b) where to publish, c) submitting articles, d) co - authorship, e) copyrights, and f) Open Access. Researchers are expected to communicate results by means of formalizing and publishing within informal channels, and in these modules they will learn about strategies to find the most relevant and useful publisher their own research results. The third main module, Evaluation and ranking, have three sub- modules. Through these knowledge modules, the candidate should obtain knowledge of a) citation impact, b) bibliometric funding (Denmark), and c) weighted funding (Norway). Research publications are continuously evaluated. Research is also subject of performance-based funding. This demands awareness of where to publish and where to register their publications. In this module the candidate will learn more about how publishing activities are measured and ranked. All three main modules are suitable for candidates who write article-based dissertations. The first main module provides a useful starting point for a doctoral candidate to get on with the job, no matter what type of genre the candidate writes within. The last two main modules are particularly well suited to the candidates who write an article-based dissertation, because the articles that go into the article-based dissertation primarily should be published in a scientific journal or accredited in scientifically accredited publishers. 9. Which qualities of PhD-on-track promote monograph dissertations? As shown in paragraph 8 above, PhD-on-track are divided into three main modules: Review and Discover, Share and publish, and Evaluation and ranking. All three main modules are relevant to candidates who write article-based dissertations, but for candidates who write a monograph it is particularly the first main module, Review and discover, that is interesting. There are two important differences between a monograph and article -based dissertation. One is the formal structure. The other is the academic context of the content. The formal structure: An article-based dissertation is composed of academic articles – which in principle should have been published in an accredited journal or by an accredited publisher. A monograph, on the other hand, is a formal unified treatise in which all the parts are chapters in a larger overall publication. The academic context: An article-based dissertation is composed of individual articles, usually 3–4, each of which deals with a specific topic or research question. These articles should have an internal academic context that is signalled by means of a “cape”, i.e. an introductory text that makes an account of a general academic context, but these June on Una River 2014 103 articles can be relatively independent of each other. In a monograph, on the other hand, there is an internal scientific relationship between all chapters of the publication, and the thesis is built up so that it makes a natural progression from the beginning to the end. One chapter is based on the former chapters in the thesis. Few or none of the chapters can be separated from the overall context, but they must be read and understood in the overall context. This is in contrast to the articles in the article-based dissertation in which articles can be read independently. The way the PhD-on-track is structured favours the article-based dissertations, because only the first main module, Review and discover, have direct relevance to the candidate who writes a monograph thesis. The monograph should not be published in advance, and it is not required that chapters or parts of chapters will be published in advance. This would also be contrary to the monographs objectives. Therefore, the other two modules, Share and publish and Evaluation and ranking, are primarily of little interest and relevance to candidates who write monograph dissertations. But the first module, Review and discover, is very useful and of high interest for these candidates, especially because candidates who write monograph dissertations – in addition to narrow-related topics – also are dependent on a broad orientation in intellectual history and science theory. Here the module Review and discover works well. Ideally, this module should be refined so that it became even more useful for these challenges. 10. What challenges exist for PhD-on-track to be the best optimal tool for both article-based and monograph dissertation? The main challenges for the PhD-on-track to become the best optimal tool for both article-based and monograph dissertation, is to make the three main modules relevant for both kinds of dissertations. To do so, we think that the first main module has to be modified, and that the two next main modules have to be reorganized. First, the modification of the first main module, Review and discover, can be done by structuring access to the content so that the candidates can more easily find relevant material related to similar topics, intellectual history surveys, epistemology, ontology and scientific theory. Second, the two others modules should be reorganized to continue to promote the interests and needs of the candidates who write article-based dissertations, simultaneously as they are relevant for candidates who write monograph dissertations. Focussing on how the candidate theoretically, structurally and very practically may proceed in the preparation of scientific texts, and not singularly towards how and where it is most useful to publish finished texts or papers, would make this tool even more useful. PhD-on-track is even today a good and useful tool and an essential complement to the way supervision of PhD-candidates is happening and to the way PhD-candidates are working. By modifying, supplementing and reorganizing PhD-on-track, it will become a better guidance tool for supervisors and more effective working tool for the candidates. The greatest challenge to accomplish this is to do PhD on-track more focused on the dissertation process, on the writing process and on the design of an academic product. 104 June on Una River 2014 Gunnstein Akselberg, Ane Landøy, The (Mis)match of a university-wide library program for PhD-students to students from the Faculty of Arts and Humanities Academic libraries can use tools such as PhD-on-track to become more attractive and useful for both PhD-candidates and supervisors. This is important for the quality of research. Thus, the libraries will be more closely integrated in the research support in humanities faculties. This is one way academic knowledge will be made available to the candidates. At the same time, libraries will become an even more important scholarly arena in the candidates' work with the dissertations. Litterature Gullbekk E, Rullestad T, Torras I Calvo, MC (eds): “PhD-candidates and the research process. The library’s contribution”. Skrifter fra Universitetsbiblioteket i Oslo 8, 2013. http://www.ub.uio.no/om/forskning-prosjekter-publikasjoner/skrifter-ub/hefte08.pdf [accessed March 30th 2014] Gullbekk E: Presentation at the Norwegian Library Meeting 27.03.2014 Hyldegård J, Lund H , Moring C , Pors NO & Schreiber T: Studerende, læring og webtutorials: En analyse af 3 norske læringssystemer. Royal School of library and information Science, Copenhagen, 2011. http://curis.ku.dk/ws/files/47072681/ Studerende_l_ring_og_webtutorials.pdf [accessed March 28th 2014] June on Una River 2014 105 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ Other Papers 106 June on Una River 2014 INFORMATION LITERACY IN THE UNITED STATES: CONTEMPORARY TRANSFORMATIONS AND CONTROVERSIES Tefko Saracevic, Ph.D. Distinguished Professor Emeritus School of Communication and Information Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA [email protected] SUMMARY The aim of this article is to provide an overview of library efforts toward information literacy in the United States with a concentration on evaluation of the 2014 official suggestion by the American Library Association (ALA) for a new framework for information literacy for higher education. Key words: Information literacy; United States; framework for standards 1. INTRODUCTION Information literacy in the US has a long history. It started with library instruction, also referred to as bibliographic instruction, at the end of 19 th and beginning of 20th century. It transformed into information literacy by the end of 1980s (Behrens, 1994). While this article concentrates on information literacy developments in the United States, it is fully acknowledged that efforts in information literacy are a global phenomenon, involving many institutions all over the world, many national and international organizations, great many international conferences and meetings, and many international declarations (Horton, 2007). Information literacy is a global concept and effort, way above any one nation or country. 1.1. Back to the United States Fueled by emerging challenges resulting from great changes in information technology and rapid increase in available information the Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) (a division of the American Library Association - ALA) issued a landmark report about information literacy considering it “a survival skill in the Information Age” (ACRL, 1989). The report also defined information literacy in personal and behavior terms: “To be information literate, a person must be able to recognize when information is needed and have the ability to locate, evaluate, and use effectively the needed information.” This (and similar) definitions emphasizing personal orientation were widely used ever since. A variety of educational efforts aimed at creating and enhancing information literacy skills followed, as addressed in the next section.. A decade later this was followed by a report providing a set of standards that provide “a framework for assessing the information literate individual” (ACRL, 2000). Five standards and twenty-two performance indicators were included, focusing upon the needs of students in higher education and a range of outcomes for assessing student progress toward information literacy. The standards with outcomes are suggested “as The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ guidelines for faculty, librarians, and others in developing local methods for measuring student learning in the context of an institution’s unique mission” (ibid.) To cover schools (kindergarten to grade 12) the American Association of School Librarians (AASL) (also a division of ALA) issued its own standards focusing on different school disciplines and also on learning for life: “with a heightened demand for critical thinking and collaborative problem solving, students must develop the skills to become lifelong learners.” (AASL, 2007). Information literacy-specific journals appeared devoted to both research and practice (e.g. journal Communications in Information Literacy, cited later in the text.) Information literacy branched out to cover an ever expanding set of topics and subtopics. As an example, University of Central Florida, Infolit (2014) provides “short, to-the-point, tutorials to help you learn how to find, evaluate and use information.” Currently it lists 14 modules (topics). 2. PRACTICE In practice, efforts in information literacy are rapidly evolving and shifting, due to rapid changes in information technology and users’ expectations and growing needs. It is not surprising then that information literacy currently also subsumes digital literacy, computer literacy, and even skills needed to use the Internet effectively. At times, this involves showing the users how to navigate the information jungle. In other words, the very pragmatic content of information literacy is in constant flux – a problem that must be reckoned with from the start. Many institutions, such eLibrary, Iowa State University (2013), keep providing and updating information literacy guides, covering many fields and information literacy topics. Libraries in academic institutions and schools provide regular courses related to information literacy. Here are some other major issues: Creation of information literacy skills often involves instruction. A major problem is that librarians feel inadequately prepared for an instructional role (Julian & Breu, 2005). They lack formal training in educational theory and methods to start with. Furthermore, trainers need to be trained; rapid changes in information systems and digital resources place librarians in a position of hard to keep up by themselves – their own information literacy competencies have to be constantly updated. Finally and most importantly, information literacy efforts require all kinds of resources – human, technical, facilities, and the like. All this is costly and requires money; financial difficulties are major hindrance. 2.1. Impact All these activities had a wide impact. Great many academic and school libraries developed strategies, and offered programs, courses, guides and the like for information literacy, based on mentioned competency standards. Other countries used or adapted the standards – impact was global. However, by the end of their first decade the world around these standards changed. 3. PROPOSED NEW FRAMEWORK FOR INFORMATION LITERACY At the start of 2014 an initial draft proposed a new framework for information literacy for higher education (Association of College and Research Libraries, 2014). The 108 June on Una River 2014 Tefko Saracevic, Information literacy in the United States: Contemporary transformations and controversies purpose was to invite comments and stimulate discussion. It is not a final product. Thus, any discussion, including this one is only a comment on the proposal. A justification is offered: “The changes in higher education, coupled with a more complex information ecosystem than existed at the end of the last century, demand new engagement with the concept of information literacy.” A broader agenda is sought: “The Framework moves beyond the Standards’ conception of information literacy, which provides a limited, almost formulaic approach to understanding a complex information ecosystem.” Even a new definition is offered using a notion of information ecosystem rather than just information (bold in original): “Information literacy combines a repertoire of abilities, practices, and dispositions focused on expanding one’s understanding of the information ecosystem, with the proficiencies of finding, using and analyzing information, scholarship, and data to answer questions, develop new ones, and create new knowledge, through ethical participation in communities of learning and scholarship.” It is suggested that the expanded conception of information literacy also calls for a creation of a more open framework. An approach called “threshold concepts” is used as the basis for the Framework. Threshold concepts have grown out of pedagogical research in the United Kingdom (Meyer & Land, 2003). They did not define the concept, but offered the following instead of a definition: “A threshold concept can be considered as akin to a portal, opening up a new and previously inaccessible way of thinking about something. It represents a transformed way of understanding, or interpreting, or viewing something without which the learner cannot progress.” Characteristics of threshold concept are enumerated as (italics in original): “Transformative... . Probably irreversible... . , Integrative... . Possibly often (though not necessarily always) bounded... and Potentially (and possibly inherently) troublesome... . “ 3.1. Reactions, critiques A special issue of the open access journal Communications in Information Literacy (2013), is entitled “Reflecting on the Standards” with a number of articles on various aspects connected with the mentioned standards and the framework for revision. Two articles are chosen here to illustrate concerns and reactions. Hofer et al (2013) first provide a summary of critiques of existing standards: “...a key problem with the current document [i.e. ACRL, 2000 Standards]: ... It does not fulfill the basic function of providing guidance to instructors in prioritizing what to teach.” In that they offer an example of a glaring misunderstanding of what standards are all about and what they stand for in general. Standards present a required or agreed level of quality or attainment; by themselves they do not offer guidelines on how to achieve them. June on Una River 2014 109 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ In conclusion, Hofer et al (2013) provide a support for threshold concepts as an approach that will “help by providing a logical rationale for avoiding content not clearly connected to our disciplinary expertise.” They do not suggest how this may be achieved. In the same issue, Kuhlthau (2013) takes a very different approach – not even mentioning threshold concepts: “I propose three “rethinks” to consider in recasting the ACRL Standards for information literacy for the coming decades. First, rethink the concept of information need. Second, rethink the notion that information literacy is composed of a set of abilities for “extracting information.” Third, rethink the holistic process of learning from a variety of sources of information that is central to information literacy. The necessity for these “rethinks” are grounded in my extensive studies of students’ experience in the information search process that reveal an evolving, dynamic, holistic process incorporating a series of feelings (affective), thoughts (cognitive) and actions (physical)” In other words, Kuhlthau makes a series of proposals grounded in experiments and observations. These are evidence-based proposals worth considering as a base for rethinking new information literacy standards. Unfortunately, proposed framework for information literacy standards in the US is not based on any evidence, observation or experience at all. The framework is based on threshold concept which is not an appropriate and fruitful approach to using a pragmatic framework for information literacy. It is a theory, but not a testable theory at all; thus it is not a scholarly theory. Even though articles about threshold concept appeared as to being appropriate or adaptable to several disciplines, the concept was never been tested empirically or experimentally. Even though suggestions were made, it was never applied pragmatically. There is no evidence-based practice of threshold concept in any discipline. Thus, it is highly unlikely that the proposed framework for information literacy can be fruitfully developed for empirical application based on threshold concept. 4. CONCLUSIONS As mentioned in the Summary, the aim of this article is to provide an overview of library efforts toward information literacy in the United States with a concentration on evaluation of the 2014 official suggestion by the American Library Association (ALA) for a new framework for information literacy for higher education. In the next year or two, new standards and then guidelines may emerge. They are needed. However, it is highly unlikely that the currently proposed framework, with threshold concept at its base, will serve fruitfully at all. This has implications not only for the United States, but for the library community globally. Discuss! Talk about! Propose! 5. LITERATURE American Association of School Librarians-AASL. (2007). Standards for the 21st century learner. Retrieved from http://www.ala.org/aasl/standardsguidelines/learning-standards American Library Association - ALA. (n.d.). Standards and Guidelines. Retrieved from http://www.ala.org/tools/guidelines/standardsguidelines 110 June on Una River 2014 Tefko Saracevic, Information literacy in the United States: Contemporary transformations and controversies Association of College and Research Libraries – ACRL (1989). Presidential Committee on Information Literacy: Final Report. Retrieved from http://www.ala.org/acrl/ publications/whitepapers/presidential Association of College and Research Libraries (2000). Information literacy competency standards for higher education. Retrieved from http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ informationliteracycompetency Association of College and Research Libraries (2014). Framework for information literacy for higher education. Retrieved from http://acrl.ala.org/ilstandards/wpcontent/uploads/2014/02/Framework-for-IL-for-HE-Draft-1-Part-1.pdf Behrens, S.J. (1994), A conceptual analysis and historical overview of information literacy. College & Research Libraries, 55(4), 309-322. Retrieved from http://crl_55_04_opt.pdf Hofer, A.R., Brunetti, K., and Townsend L. (2013). A thresholds concepts approach to the standards revision. Communications in Information Literacy, 7(2), 108-113. Retrieved from: http://www.comminfolit.org/index.php?journal=cil&page=article& op=view&path%5B%5D=v7i2p108&path%5B%5D=168 Horton, F.W. Jr (2007). Understanding information literacy: A primer. Information Society Division, Communication and Information Sector Paris: UNESCO. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001570/157020e.pdf Iowa State University. eLibrary (2013). Information literacy guide. Retrieved from: http://instr.iastate.libguides.com/content.php?pid=7930 Julien, H. & Breu, R.D. (2005). Instructional practices in Canadian public libraries. Library & Information Science Research, 27(3), 281–301. Kuhlthau, C. C. (2013). Rethinking the 2000 ACRL Standards: Some things to consider. Communications in Information Literacy 7(3), 92-97. Retrieved from http://www.comminfolit.org/index.php?journal=cil&page=article&op=view&path% 5B%5D=v7i2p92&path%5B%5D=166 Lau, J. (2006, update 2012). Guidelines on information literacy for lifelong learning. International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions - IFLA. Retrieved from http://www.ifla.org/files/assets/information-literacy/publications/iflaguidelin es-en.pdf Meyer, J. & and Land, R. (2003). Threshold concepts and troublesome knowledge: Linkages to ways of thinking and practicing within the disciplines. ETL (Enhancing Teaching-Learning Environments in Undergraduate Courses) Project occasional report no. 4. University of Edinburgh, UK. Retrieved from http://www.etl.tla.ed.ac.uk/ docs/ETLreport4.pdf Reflecting on the Standards. (2013). Special issue. Communications in Information Literacy, 7(2), 108-113. Retrieved from http://www.comminfolit.org/index.php? journal=cil&page=issue&op=view&path%5B%5D=14&path%5B%5D=showToc University of Central Florida. (2014). Infolit – Information Literacy. Retrieved from: https://infolit.ucf.edu/students/modules/ June on Una River 2014 111 DIGITALIZACIJA STARIH NOVINA Frida Bišćan Gradska knjižnica „Ivan Goran Kovačić“ Lj. Šestića 1, Karlovac [email protected] SAŽETAK: Narodne knjižnice su javne ustanove, mjesta pristupa znanju kojima je osnovno poslanje pružanje usluga korisnicima što podrazumijeva kontinuiranu nabavu građe na različitim medijima. Karlovačka knjižnica ima vrijednu zavičajnu zbirku, a veći dio starijeg fonda, uglavnom iz 19. i s početka 20. stoljeća, imamo u samo jednom primjerku. Zbog zaštite građe i mogućnosti njezine šire dostupnosti, započeli smo 2003. godine s digitalizacijom izvornika. Veliki interes naših korisnika ponukao nas je u zadnjih nekoliko godina na digitalizaciju serijskih publikacija. U prvom dijelu članku dat će se kratki osvrt na nove tehnologije i njihovu primjenu u knjižnicama. Zatim će biti ukratko predstavljena zavičajna zbirka Knjižnice. U nastavku će se razmotriti razlozi i ciljevi digitalizacije i razvoj projekta s opisom građe koja je odabrana za digitalizaciju. U konačnici će biti prikazani rezultati i važnost digitalizacije za širu zajednicu. Ključne riječi: digitalizacija, zavičajna zbirka, kulturna baština, karlovačka tiskana baština, periodika, Karlovac ABSTRACT: Public libraries are public institutions, places where users have access to knowledge. Their fundamental mission is providing services which include a continuous supply of materials in various media. Karlovac Library has a valuable Home Land Collection. There is only one copy of most of the old stock, dated mostly from the 19th and the early 20th century. To protect the stock and make it wider availabile, we started in 2003rd the digitization of the originals. Because oft he great interest of our members, last few year we are focused on digitizing serials. The first part of the paper will give a brief overview of new technologies and their application in libraries. Then it will be briefly presented the Library home land heritage. Further, it will be reconsidered the reasons and goals, and development of the project with a description of stock selected for digitization. Finally, it will be presented the results and importance of digitization for the wider community. Keywords: digitizing, home land collection, cultural heritage, Karlovac printed heritage, serials, Karlovac 1. UVOD Narodne knjižnice su javne ustanove, a njihovo osnivanje, djelatnost, ustrojstvo i način rada određeni su Zakonom o knjižnicama. 1 Određenje knjižnice kao javne ustanove označava njezinu otvorenost javnosti, "služenje" javnosti, njezina djelatnost je usmjerena na zadovoljavanje kulturnih i obrazovnih potreba lokalne zajednice. Osnovno poslanje narodne knjižnice kao mjesta pristupa znanju i uslugama podrazumijeva i 1 Zakon o knjižnicama. Dostupno na: http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/267274.html. [01. svibnja 2012.] The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ kontinuiranu nabavu građe na različitim medijima. 2 Građa koju knjižnice posjeduju dostupna je danas i putem elektroničkih kataloga na mrežnim stranicama, a time svim potencijalnim korisnicima daje uvid u građu koju posjeduje, te mogućnostima i načinu korištenja građe u knjižnici i izvan nje. Gradska knjižnica „Ivan Goran Kovačić“ je jedna od najstarijih narodnih knjižnica u Hrvatskoj. Njezin prednik je Ilirsko čitanja društvo, osnovano 1. ožujka 1838. godine u svrhu očuvanja i brige za hrvatski jezik, promicanja pismenosti, književnosti i nacionalnog duha. Zadnjih nekoliko desetljeća svjedoci smo ubrzanog razvoja informacijskih tehnologija. U današnjem globalnom svijetu i sami informacijski sustavi postali su sastavni dio tog procesa, a sadržaji na novim medijima su svakodnevnica. U takvom globalnom okruženju i knjižnice se moraju prilagođavati promjenama i dio svojih usluga usmjeriti globalnoj interaktivnoj komunikaciji s korisnicima. Temeljna zadaća knjižnica je prikupljanje informacija koje na zahtjev prosljeđujemo korisnicima. Korisničke skupine danas su brojnije i razvijaju se zajedno s razvojem tehnologija. Mnogi korisnici svoje zahtjeve za informacijama traže putem Interneta i drugih novih medija. Zahtjevi suvremenog društva naveli su knjižnice na digitalizaciju fondova kako bi bili dostupni i putem novih medija, odnosno kako bi informacije, bez obzira na kojem su mediju pohranjene, mogle proslijediti svojim korisnicima. 3 Digitalne zbirke, ovisno o načinu nastanka, sadrže digitaliziranu građu koja je originalno nastala na nekom drugom mediju, izvornih digitalnih izvora informacija i omogućavanju pristupa elektroničkim izvorima izvan knjižnice. Ovdje će biti riječi o digitalizaciji knjižnične građe što, pojednostavljeno, znači proces pretvaranja fizičke jedinice u digitalne slike. Kao razlozi za provođenje digitalizacije navode se zaštita izvornika (korisnicima se nudi el. verzija čime je izvornik zaštićen od oštećenja, a može poslužiti i kao sigurnosna kopija u slučaju uništenja originala), povećanje dostupnosti (jedinica je dostupna velikom broju korisnika istovremeno) i stvaranje nove ponude i usluge za korisnike (mogućnost dostupnosti gradiva na daljinu, razmjena metapodataka između institucija, upotpunjavanje fonda).4 Sve navedeno koristili smo kao smjernice prilikom donošenja odluke o digitalizaciji građe zavičajnog fonda. 2. Karlovačko novinstvo Zavičajna zbirka sadrži tiskanu građu i građu na drugim medijima koja pokriva područje Karlovačke županije. Zbirka se temelji na fondu knjiga iz vremena osnivanja Ilirskog čitanja društva 1838. godine, a sastoji se od knjiga, časopisa i kalendara (161 knjiga, 10 svezaka periodike i 2 godišta kalendara). Najveći dio Zavičajne zbirke danas sastoji se 2 IFLA-ine smjernice za narodne knjižnice / uredile Christie Koontz i Barbara Gubbin; [s engleskog prevela Irena Kranjec]. 2. hrvatsko izd. (prema 2. izmijenjenom izd. izvornika). Zagreb: Hrvatsko knjižničarsko društvo, 2011. 3 Stančić, Hrvoje. Digitalizacija. Zagreb: Zavod za informacijske studije Odsjeka za informacijske znanosti Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta, 2009.; str. 9-10. Živković, Daniela. Elektronička knjiga. Zagreb: Multigraf, 2001. str. 93-100.; Buckland, Michael. Preoblikovanje knjižničnih službi i usluga. Lokve: Naklada Benja; Rijeka: Gradska knjižnica, 2000. str. 13-15. 4 Nacionalni program digitalizacije arhivske, knjižnične i muzejske građe. Str. 9-10. Dostupno na: http://www.kultura.hr/hr/Sudjelujte/Preuzimanja-i-dokumenti/Nacionalni-program-digitalizacijearhivske-knjiznicne-i-muzejske-grade.; Dobrić, Bruno. Digitalizacija i predstavljanje starih istarskih novina na mreži. // Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske 51,1/4(2008), 53-63. 114 June on Una River 2014 Frida Bišćan, Digitalizacija starih novina od monografskih publikacija: knjige karlovačkih autora, knjige tiskane u Karlovcu, knjige o Karlovcu i Karlovačkoj županiji – oko 4.500 svezaka. Zbirka sadrži i pretiske značajnijih naslova i autora, rukopisne ostavštine poznatih Karlovčana, hemeroteku, doktorske i magistarske radnje, zemljopisne karte, fotografije, umjetničke slike, biste te oko 2.000 plakata, i tzv. sitni tisak (programi, pozivnice, bilteni i sl.). Među najvrednijima je svakako zbirka periodike koju čini više od 100 naslova, oko 450 godišta časopisa i novina.5 Gradska knjižnica „Ivan Goran Kovačić“ započela je projekt digitalizacije svoje Zavičajne zbirke 2003. godine. Neposredni povod za pokretanje projekta je velika potreba korisnika za podacima (obrazovne, znanstvene, stručne, informativne) i česti zahtjevi upućeni knjižničarima za pomoć u pronalaženju informacija o zavičaju / lokalnoj sredini za pisanje domaćih zadaća, referata, seminarskih, maturalnih i diplomskih radnji, povijesnih i općenito znanstvenih istraživanja, kao i informacija o svakodnevnom životu lokalne sredine. Osnovni motiv bio je zaštita stare i vrijedne građe koju naša knjižnica posjeduje. Ova građa važan je izvor podataka o životu u lokalnoj zajednici u određenim povijesnim razdobljima, neophodan za obrazovne, znanstvene, stručne i informacijske potrebe ne samo korisnika u lokalnoj zajednici, već i šire, korisnika iz naše zemlje, ali i inozemstva. Njihovu dostupnost korisnicima ograničava činjenica da su zaštićeni dio knjižničnog fonda (ne mogu se posuđivati izvan knjižnice). Problem čini i pretraživanje građe jer dio fonda (periodika) nije analitički obrađen pa su korisnici prinuđeni listati, što dovodi do oštećenja građe. Digitalizacijom će fond biti fizički zaštićen jer će se koristiti digitalizirani preslik, a korisnicima će biti dostupan u svako doba s mogućnošću detaljnog pretraživanja.6 Prilikom odabira građe za digitalizaciju vodili smo se prvenstveno vrijednošću koju ta građa ima za naš zavičaj i ljude, a time i za našu Zavičajnu zbirku. Također je bila važna činjenica da posjedujemo samo jedan primjerak naslova, kao i fizičko stanje u kojem se taj primjerak nalazi. Željeli smo zaštititi građu od daljnjeg oštećenja. Redoslijed digitalizacije odredili smo prema učestalosti potražnje naših korisnika za pojedinim naslovima, a rađena je u suradnji s Nacionalnom i sveučilišnom knjižnicom u Zagrebu zato što oni posjeduju kompletna izdanja naslova koji nas zanimaju pa nam to daje mogućnost stvaranja idealnog, odnosno potpunog primjerka. Zbog bolje zaštite i očuvanja, svi naslovi su pohranjeni i na izravnim i na poluizravnim sustavima za pohranu i prijenos podataka.7 Mikrofilmovi i DVD-i spremljeni su u ormarima gdje su pravilno zaštićeni, a kopije su presnimljene na čvrsti disk. Ovi naslovi dostupni su za pretraživanje našim korisnicima za sada samo off-line, na računalu u prostoru Zavičajnog odjela. Kako bismo dobili u potpunosti obradiv i pretraživ tekst, u međuvremenu smo svu digitaliziranu periodiku „provukli“ kroz program za optičko 5 Gradska knjižnica "Ivan Goran Kovačić", Karlovac. Karlovac : Gradska knjižnica "Ivan Goran Kovačić", 2008. str. 113-120. 6 Nacionalni program digitalizacije arhivske, knjižnične i muzejske građe. Str. 9-10. Dostupno na: http://www.kultura.hr/hr/Sudjelujte/Preuzimanja-i-dokumenti/Nacionalni-program-digitalizacijearhivske-knjiznicne-i-muzejske-grade. 7 Stančić, Hrvoje. Digitalizacija. Zagreb: Zavod za informacijske studije Odsjeka za informacijske znanosti Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta, 2009. str. 116-117. June on Una River 2014 115 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ prepoznavanje slova (OCR), a trenutno radimo na ugrađivanju metapodataka. Kopiranje periodike moguće je samo unutar ustanove na zahtjev korisnika. Počeci tiskarstva u Karlovcu datiraju s početka 19. stoljeća, iz 1809. godine. Najstarija registrirana tiskara bila je vlasništvo Gašpara Veisza gdje je 1811. tiskana prva karlovačka knjiga. Tiskanje novina u Karlovcu započinje u drugoj polovici 19. stoljeća. Najpoznatija karlovačka tiskara pripadala je Ivanu Nepomuku Prettneru, a značajne su bile i tiskare Abela Lukšića, Dragutina Hauptfelda, Dragutina Fogine i u 20. stoljeću Štamparski zavod „Ognjen Prica“. U Prettnerovoj tiskari 1841. godine počinju izlaziti prve karlovačke novine Der Pilger (na njemačkom jeziku). Godine 1860. Književni odbor Društva narodne čitaonice podnosi zamolbu za izdavanje časopisa Karlovački viestnik. Prvi broj izdan je 2. siječnja 1861. godine, a urednik je bio Dragutin Accurti. Bio je to prvi karlovački časopis na hrvatskom jeziku, a izlazio je šest mjeseci, nakon čega se gasi zbog nedostatka sredstava. Iste godine, 1861., Lukšić pokreće prve hrvatske ilustrirane novine Glasonoša. U navedenom razdoblju u Karlovcu su izlazile sljedeće novine: Der Pilger (1841-1847), Glasonoša (1861-1865), Glasonoša (1905-1909), Glasonoša (1942-1943), Karlovac (1912-1914, 1919-1925), Karlovačke novine (1931-1932), Karlovačke novosti (1932), Karlovački glasnik (1899-1903), Karlovački glasnik (1932-1941), Karlovački narodni list (1940), Karlovački novi list (1934), Karlovački obrtnik (1937), Karlovački viestnik (1861), Narodni glas (1906-1914, 1919-1921), Sloga (1886-1888), Sloga (1910-1919), Svjetlo (1884-1886, 1888-1904). Kao i u drugim dijelovima Hrvatske u tom razdoblju, očito je kako i Karlovac svojim izdavaštvom prati i potiče razvoj kulture čitanja, pismenosti, te prosvjetni i kulturni život. Svi navedeni listovi su neprocjenjiv izvor podataka o povijesti, društvenopolitičkom i kulturnom životu grada. Činjenica da se najveći dio njih održao duži niz godina, govori u prilog tezi o popularnosti periodike u tom razdoblju, što je vjerojatno uvjetovano i procesom opismenjavanja, pa samim time i većom potražnjom čitatelja za lakšim štivom, a ujedno i aktualnim političkim, gospodarskim i kulturnim informacijama. Također, svaki se od njih u većem ili manjem opsegu bavi i radom Ilirske čitaonice, tj. Gradske knjižnice. Neki listovi redovito donose članke u kojima su se iznosila različita mišljenja, prikaz rada knjižnice, statistički podaci o broju korisnika, posuđenim knjigama, a ponekad i socijalnoj strukturi čitatelja. S obzirom na manjak originalnih podataka, ovi zapisi su istovremeno izvor za različite aspekte istraživanja (povijesti, uspješnosti djelovanja, obnove fonda, usporedbe s djelovanjem ostalih knjižnica). Iz svega navedenog vidljivo je da karlovačka periodika ima i povijesnu i kulturološku vrijednost. Ona je svjedočanstvo jednog vremena iz kojeg je vidljiva uloga Karlovca kako u povijesno-političkom tako i kulturnom razvoju Hrvatske druge polovice 19. st., kao i učešću u razvoju tiskarstva na našim prostorima. „Pogotovo stare dnevne novine omogućuju rekonstrukciju „pamćenja“ povijesne svakodnevice određenog grada, odnosno regije, što je jedna od zadaća knjižnica za koju korisnici posljednjih godina pokazuju sve veće zanimanje.“8 8 Dobrić, Bruno. Digitalizacija i predstavljanje starih istarskih novina na mreži. // Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske 51,1/4(2008), str. 57. 116 June on Una River 2014 Frida Bišćan, Digitalizacija starih novina U nedostatku izvorne građe, stare novine su važan izvor za istraživanje lokalne povijesti i pojedinih segmenata društvenog i kulturnog života, pa tako i povijesti knjižnice. Zaključak Razvoj digitalizacije u 21. stoljeću je neosporan kao i potreba uključivanja knjižnica u razvoj tehnologija i njihovu primjenu u vlastitoj sredini. Iz prethodnog je teksta vidljiva uloga i nastojanje karlovačke Knjižnice da kroz digitalizaciju promovira svijest o tiskanom kulturnom nasljeđu, kao i da uvođenjem novih usluga doprinosi većoj dostupnosti informacija što širem krugu korisnika i time daje svoj doprinos u razvoju knjižničarstva. Cijeli projekt je – osim na zaštitu građe – prvenstveno usmjeren prema svim sadašnjim i potencijalnim korisnicima ove građe. Projektom digitalizacije realizirali smo nekoliko ciljeva. Osnovni cilj bio je promocija zavičajne i kulturne tiskane baštine korištenjem najsuvremenije tehnologije i postupaka digitalizacije što je, barem što se periodike tiče, u potpunosti ostvareno. Osigurali smo zaštitu originala, a istovremeno omogućili dostupnost najširem krugu korisnika u zemlji i inozemstvu putem Interneta čime smo dobili nove korisnike. Namjera nam je bila digitalizacijom doći do idealnog primjerka što je također uspješno provedeno, a čime smo znatno obogatili vlastiti fond i povećali mogućnosti istraživanja zavičajnih tema. Uz to, značajna korist od projekta bit će i to što će knjižnice ostvariti svoju zadaću osiguravanja dostupnosti građe koju prikupljaju, a knjižničarima će biti olakšano snalaženje u velikom broju podataka koji su pohranjeni u zbirkama zavičajnih novina te će informacije o tome, koje na zahtjev pripremaju za korisnike, biti brže i kvalitetnije. Procesom digitalizacije doprinosimo razvoju knjižnične djelatnosti u regiji, te ga smatramo osnovom za dalji razvoj digitalnih zbirki u narodnim knjižnicama. Literatura 1. Dobrić, Bruno. Digitalizacija i predstavljanje starih istarskih novina na mreži. // Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske 51,1/4(2008), 53-63. 2. Gradska knjižnica "Ivan Goran Kovačić", Karlovac. Karlovac: Gradska knjižnica "Ivan Goran Kovačić", 2008. 3. IFLA-ine smjernice za narodne knjižnice / uredile Christie Koontz i Barbara Gubbin; [s engleskog prevela Irena Kranjec]. 2. hrvatsko izd. (prema 2. izmijenjenom izd. izvornika). Zagreb: Hrvatsko knjižničarsko društvo, 2011. 4. Nacionalni program digitalizacije arhivske, knjižnične i muzejske građe. Dostupno na: http://www.kultura.hr/hr/Sudjelujte/Preuzimanja-i-dokumenti/Nacionalniprogram-digitalizacije-arhivske-knjiznicne-i-muzejske-grade. 5. Stančić, Hrvoje. Digitalizacija. Zagreb: Zavod za informacijske studije Odsjeka za informacijske znanosti Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta, 2009. 6. Zakon o knjižnicama. Dostupno na: http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/ sluzbeni/267274.html June on Una River 2014 117 DIGITALIZATION OF OLD NEWSPAPERS Frida Bišćan Gradska knjižnica „Ivan Goran Kovačić“, Lj. Šestića 1, Karlovac [email protected] ABSTRACT Public libraries are public institutions, places where users have access to knowledge. Their fundamental mission is providing services which include a continuous supply of materials in various media. Karlovac Library has a valuable Home Land Collection. There is only one copy of most of the old stock, dated mostly from the 19th and the early 20th century. To protect the stock and make it wider available, we started in 2003rd the digitization of the originals. Because of the great interest of our members, last few years we are focused on digitizing serials. The first part of the paper will give a brief overview of new technologies and their application in libraries. Then it will be briefly presented the Library home land heritage. Further, it will be reconsidered the reasons and goals, and development of the project with a description of stock selected for digitization. Finally, it will be presented the results and importance of digitization for the wider community. Keywords: digitizing, home land collection, cultural heritage, Karlovac printed heritage, serials, Karlovac 1. Introduction Public libraries are public institutions and their establishing, operating, persisting and way of working are set by the Law of libraries. 1 Determination of library as public institution means its openness toward the public, „serving“ the public, its work is oriented on a fulfilling of cultural and educational needs of local community. The main purpose of the public library, as a place of access to the knowledge, considers continuous suppleness of materials in a different Medias.2 Materials which libraries posses are available today through electronic catalogues on web pages, and by that gives to all its potential users allowance to see all materials the library posses, as well as possible ways of its usage inside and outside the library. Public library „Ivan Goran Kovačić“ is one of the oldest public libraries in Croatia. Its publisher is Društvo Ilirskog čitanja, founded on 1st of March 1838, with the purpose to save and take care of Croatian language, promotion of literacy, literature and national spirit. In the last ten years we are witness of an accelerated development of information technology. In now days global world information systems have become the component of the process and new Medias are our reality. In such global environment libraries have to adjust to changes and to direct part of their services to the global interactive communication with users. The main purpose of libraries is collecting of information 1 Law of libraries. Available at: http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/267274.html. [01. May 2012.] 2 IFLA guidelines for public libraries / edited by Christie Koontz and Barbara Gubbin; [translated from English by Irena Kranjec]. 2nd Croatian edition (made by 2 nd changed edition of original). Zagreb: Hrvatsko knjižničarsko društvo, 2011. The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ which we send to our users on their demand. Groups of users today are numerous and they are developing together with technology development. Many users look for their demands for information through the internet and other new Medias. Demands of modern society made public libraries to digitalize its funds in order to be available through new Medias, and to provide information, to its users no matter in what media they are saved.3 Digital collections, reliant on the way of its origin, have digitalized material that originates from other Medias, first source of digital information and provides access to electronic sources outside the library. Here we will discuss digitalization of library materials, which simply considers process of making physical units into digital images. Reasons for conduction of digitalization are: protection of sources (users are provided electronic version which protects source from damage and also can be used as safe copy in a case of destruction of the original), increase of availability (unit is available to the large number of users at the same time) and production of new proposal and service for users (available possibility of distance materials, exchange of meta data between institutions, fulfilment of funds).4 Everything mentioned above is used as guide lines during making a decision about digitalization of Home Land collection materials. 2. Karlovac newspaper Home Land collection is consisted of printed materials and materials in other Medias at the area of Karlovac parish. Collection is based on the book fund from the year 1838 when society of Društvo Ilirskog čitanja existed and is consisted from books, magazines and calendars (161 books, 10 volumes of periodicals and 2 years of calendar). The main part of Home Land collection today is made from monographic publications: books from Karlovac authors, books printed in Karlovac, books about Karlovac and its parish – around 4.500 volumes. Collection has prints of important titles ant authors, handwrites heritage of famous persons form Karlovac, hemeroteques, doctorates and master thesis, geographical maps, photographs, arctic paintings, busts, and around 2000 posters and so called small prints (programmes, invitations, bulletins and similar). The most valuable is collection of periodicals consisted from more than 100 titles, around 450 annual magazines and newspaper.5 City library “Ivan Goran Kovačić” has started project of digitalization its home land collection in the year 2003. Direct motive for starting this project is a large need of users for information (educational, scientific, professional, informative) and frequent requests are sent to librarians for help in finding information about home land / local community for writing of homework, papers, seminars, master and doctoral degrees, 3 Stančić, Hrvoje. Digitalizacija. Zagreb: Zavod za informacijske studije Odsjeka za informacijske znanosti Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta, 2009.; page 9-10. Živković, Daniela. Elektronička knjiga. Zagreb: Multigraf, 2001. page 93-100.; Buckland, Michael. Preoblikovanje knjižničnih službi i usluga. Lokve: Naklada Benja; Rijeka: Gradska knjižnica, 2000. page 13-15. 4 National programme of digitalization of archive, library and museum materials, page 9-10. Available at: http://www.kultura.hr/hr/Sudjelujte/Preuzimanja-i-dokumenti/Nacionalni-programdigitalizacije-arhivske-knjiznicne-i-muzejske-grade; Dobrić, Bruno. Digitalizacija i predstavljanje starih istarskih novina na mreži. // Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske 51,1/4(2008), 53-63. 5 Public library "Ivan Goran Kovačić", Karlovac. Karlovac: Gradska knjižnica "Ivan Goran Kovačić", 2008. page 113-120. 120 June on Una River 2014 Frida Bišćan, Digitalization of old newspapers historical and generally scientific researches, as well as information on everyday life of local community. The main motive was to protect old but valuable materials that library possess. These materials are important sources of information about life in local community in a certain historical periods, necessary for educational, scientific, professional and informative purposes, not only users in local community, but wider, for users from our country and abroad. Their availability for users is limited by the fact that they are protected part of library fund (they can not be borrowed outside the library). The problem is also research of materials, since part of library fund (periodicals) is not analytically processed, so users need to list, and by that materials get damaged. By digitalization fund will be physically protected since digitalized images will be used and it will be available to the users anytime with possibility of detailed research.6 During choosing materials for digitalization we considered values of certain material for our land and people as well as for our home land collection. Also the fact that we possess only one example of the title was important together with physical condition of the item. We wanted to protect material from further damage. The schedule of digitalization has been determinate according to frequency of search from our users of a certain title and we cooperated with National and University library in Zagreb since they possess all editions of titles we are interested in and that gives us possibility for making ideal and complete item. For better protection and security all titles are also saved on direct and semi-direct systems for data capture and transmission.7 Microfilms and DVDs are captured in lockers where are safely protected and copies are saved on hard disc. These titles are available for our users only off-line for now, on the computer in the home land department. To get completely useable and researchable text, in meantime we “slipped” all digitalized periodicals through the programme for optical recognizer of letters (OCR), and at the moment we are working on imputing of meta data. Copying of periodicals is possible only inside the institution and on demand of the user. First prints in Karlovac are from the beginning of 19 th century from the year 1809. The oldest registered print store was in Gašpar Veisz property, where in the year 1811 the first Karlovac book was printed. Printing of newspapers in Karlovac starts at the second half of 19th century. The most famous print store belonged to Ivan Nepomuk Prettner, and the important ones were print stores from Abel Lukšić, Dragutin Hauptfeld, Dargutin Fogin and in the 20th century printing agency „Ognjen Prica“. In Prettner's print store in 1841 the first Karlovac newspapers were published named Der Pilger (on German language). In 1860 literature council of Public library asked permission for publishing of the magazine Karlovački viestnik. The first number was published on 2nd of January 1861, and director was Dragutin Accurti. It was the first Karlovac magazine on Croatian language, and it was released for six months and after that it is cut down in order to finances shortage. The same year, 1861, Lukšić starts the first illustrated Croatian newspapers called Glasonoša. 6 National programme of digitalization of archive, library and museum materials, page 9-10. Available at: http://www.kultura.hr/hr/Sudjelujte/Preuzimanja-i-dokumenti/Nacionalni-programdigitalizacije-arhivske-knjiznicne-i-muzejske-grade. 7 Stančić, Hrvoje. Digitalizacija. Zagreb: Zavod za informacijske studije Odsjeka za informacijske znanosti Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta, 2009. page 116-117. June on Una River 2014 121 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ In period mentioned the following newspapers were publishing in Krlovac: Der Pilger (1841-1847), Glasonoša (1861-1865), Glasonoša (1905-1909), Glasonoša (1942-1943), Karlovac (1912-1914, 1919-1925), Karlovačke novine (1931-1932), Karlovačke novosti (1932), Karlovački glasnik (1899-1903), Karlovački glasnik (19321941), Karlovački narodni list (1940), Karlovački novi list (1934), Karlovački obrtnik (1937), Karlovački viestnik (1861), Narodni glas (1906-1914, 1919-1921), Sloga (18861888), Sloga (1910-1919), Svjetlo (1884-1886, 1888-1904). Same as in other parts of Croatia in that period it is obvious that Karlovac, with its publishing, follows and supports development of reading culture, literacy, as well as educational and cultural life. All newspapers mentioned are priceless source of information on history, social, political and cultural life of the city. The fact is that the most of them existed for many years, which is confirmed by popularity of periodicals in that period that is probably caused with the process of literacy and by that with larger need of readers for easier literature as well as for current political, economy and cultural information. Also, each of them is dealing more or less with work of Ilir reading room, in fact City library. Some titles regularly brought articles where different opinions were discussed, presentation of library work, statistics on number of users, borrowed books, and sometimes social structure of readers. Considering deficit of original data, these transcriptions are at the same time source for different aspects of research (history, successful work, fund restore, comparison with the work of other libraries). From the mentioned above, it is obvious that Karlovac periodicals have got historical and cultural value. It is testimony of a certain time from which we can see importance of Karlovac as a historical, political and cultural development of Croatia in the second half of 19th century as well as participation in development of printing in our areas.” Especially old newspapers give reconstruction of “memory” of historical every day life of a certain city, region which is one of the library tasks, for whom users are showing much more interests.” 8 With deficit of original materials, old newspapers are important source of local history and certain segments of social and cultural life, as well as history of the library. Conclusion Development of digitalization is undeniable in 21 st century as well as need of including of libraries in technology development and its usage in its own area. From the text above it is evident role of Karlovac Library that through digitalization promotes conscious about printed inheritance and by introducing the new services gives larger contribution to information availability to the wider range of users and by that it gives its own contribution to the library’s development. The whole project is, besides protection of the material, primary directed toward all temporary and potential users of the materials. By project of digitalization we realized several goals. The main goal was promotion of Home Land and cultural printed heritage by using modern technology and process of digitalization what is completely done, at least in department for periodicals. We provided security of originals and at the same time provided availability to the 8 Dobrić, Bruno. Digitalizacija i predstavljanje starih istarskih novina na mreži. // Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske 51,1/4(2008), page 57. 122 June on Una River 2014 Frida Bišćan, Digitalization of old newspapers widest number of users in the country and abroad through the Internet and by that we got new users. Our intention was to reach ideal example with digitalization which we achieved so we enriched our fund and raised possibilities of research of home land topics. Besides, the important benefit of the project is for libraries to realise their task of insurance of gathered material availability, and for libraries it will be easier to deal with the large number of information saved in collections of Home Land newspapers, and asked information will be faster and better. By process of digitalization we are giving our contribution to the library development in the region and we consider it the basic for further development of digital collections in public libraries. Literature 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Dobrić, Bruno. Digitalizacija i predstavljanje starih istarskih novina na mreži. // Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske 51,1/4(2008), 53-63. Gradska knjižnica "Ivan Goran Kovačić", Karlovac. Karlovac: Gradska knjižnica "Ivan Goran Kovačić", 2008. IFLA-ine smjernice za narodne knjižnice / uredile Christie Koontz i Barbara Gubbin; [s engleskog prevela Irena Kranjec]. 2. hrvatsko izd. (prema 2. izmijenjenom izd. izvornika). Zagreb: Hrvatsko knjižničarsko društvo, 2011. Nacionalni program digitalizacije arhivske, knjižnične i muzejske građe. Dostupno na: http://www.kultura.hr/hr/Sudjelujte/Preuzimanja-i-dokumenti/Nacionalni-progr am-digitalizacije-arhivske-knjiznicne-i-muzejske-grade. Stančić, Hrvoje. Digitalizacija. Zagreb: Zavod za informacijske studije Odsjeka za informacijske znanosti Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta, 2009. Zakon o knjižnicama. Dostupno na: http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/ sluzbeni/267274.html June on Una River 2014 123 MEDIA MANIPULATION Esther Molnár EDUTUS College, 1114 Budapest, 11-13 Villányi Street [email protected] “The most effective way to conquer a man is to capture his mind. Control a man’s mind and you control his body.” (Steven Jacobson) ABSTRACT: The title of this paper could well be “The truth will set you free” as carved in stone above the main entrance of many libraries yet it tries to enhance the topic of information literacy from a different point of view. Scientific proof suggests that our technological achievements have a grip on us and became a tool for mass manipulation. This interdependency will be discussed in the following pages through the views of McLuhan. Moreover, the reader will encounter some notions of “media control” strategies described by Noam Chomsky or Steven Jacobson. Key words: media ecology, propaganda, media control, cultural/psychological standardization, manufacture of consent, evolution of media ownership, global village 1. INTRODUCTION With the advent of the 21st century drastic changes in technology occurred thus allowing us getting information instantly. This globalizing process led to a trend by which everybody watches the same movies, wears the same brands and of course getting information from the same source – in one word: the cultures have been standardizing. Marshall McLuhan’s short summary exemplifies how human history has been shaped by the numerous inventions and how these influence the relationship between media and culture. What has to do it with our topic? Everything. For we are no longer masters of the universe, what we created (technology) turned against us like the monster in Frankenstein. This intricate association is visible by the usage of the medium itself: after some time it becomes the extension of ourselves while encouraging different habits and emphasizing different senses. McLuhan pointed this effect of the symbolic environment on contemporary society by dividing human history into four periods: a tribal age, a literate age, a print age and an electronic age. With the invention of a new media technology the world changed rapidly pushing the development into a new level. In the tribal age the senses of hearing, touch or taste were far more developed then seeing. The spoken word was the primarily source of information since it was immediate and alive. With the age of literacy the sounds had been turned into visible objects by becoming the heir apparent. Words are no longer alive and immediate. “Literacy also jarred people out of collective tribal involvement into ‘civilized’ private detachment. Reading words, instead of hearing them, transforms group members into individuals.” (McLuhan “Media Ecology” in Griffin, 2009:325) The tribe no longer needed to come together to get information. In the print age the visual dependence was more widespread like the mass production of identical products. With the advance of the electronic age the power of the printed word lost its importance for the electronic media “are retribalizing the human race. Instant communication has returned to a prealphabetic oral tradition where sound and touch are more important than sight” (326). The electronic media bring us in touch with everyone, everywhere, instantaneously and thanks to this constant contact with the world we now live in a global village. This The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ digital age is characterized by personalized electronic media and the emergence of “digital tribes” forming around beliefs, notions, values, interests, and having a “tribal warfare mentality”. Thus everyone can decide whether this digital era is a Faustian bargain or not. With that said, let us pay a close attention to our main topic, namely, in what way can be the technological tools turned against us. 2. MEDIA=MANIPULATION? As described by McLuhan, in this digital era it is easy for everyone to gain access to information: switch on the TV or the radio, read a newspaper or just go to the internet – in sum, the best and fastest way is the mass media. However, the problem is by deciding the credibility of these data. That leads us to the assumption that we all are dependent on the media thus making us vulnerable. In the coming chapter I would like to discuss Iulia Bîlbîe’s work on the various means of manipulation through mass media. 2.1. Media manipulation tools Bîlbîe enhanced the importance of mass media in our everyday life for we no longer take books into our hands to acquire knowledge rather we use the digital tools thus “converting the target [ourselves], turning it into one dependent on the influence of the source transmitting the message” (Bîlbîe, 2005:4). This leads us to the conclusion that information appearing in the media can be manipulated to unknown degrees. Manipulation knows different shapes: education, politics, religion and mass media. However it can appear in other forms such as persuasion and misinforming. Former can be called any attempt to convince somebody to accept your ideas or adopt certain behaviour. According to Bîlbîe this can be clearly seen in the means of propaganda (mentioned by Noam Chomsky as well) and the best example could be the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour and the passionate speech of the president back then. But it cannot be unnoticed Hollywood’s part in Reagan’s Cambodia- and Nicaragua warfare by releasing the movie “Rambo”. Misinforming is called any attempt to influence the enemy’s decision, in other words, “creating a false reality so convincing that the enemy considers it fair” (23). In sum, it can be a dangerous weapon because it can be used to find excuses, distracting attention, discredit a person or create conflicts between nations and finally, manipulate public opinion. Bîlbîe argues that in order to manipulate the masses successfully, it has to be done on society’s level for individuals act always under the majority’s pressure. She also mentions the intensity of the information transmitted in the media for in the long term repetition has the biggest impact. It is a commonplace to say that information with negative content can be memorized easily and used in context in the press like “tragedy”, “scandal” (e.g. Strauss Kahn). Howard Koch once mentioned in his book “The Panic Broadcast” that “we are ready to believe almost anything if it comes from a recognized authority” (in Jacobson, 1985:10). As Bîlbîe emphasizes, the importance of mass media lies in the fact that in the end the source will be forgotten anyway but the information stays like the created opinion. 126 June on Una River 2014 Esther Molnár, Media manipulation Picture 1: Thomas Jefferson said “the man who never looks into a newspaper is better informed than he who reads them” 2.2 Mind control In the following pages I try to outline the principles of mind programming along to the book “Mind Control in the United States” (1985) of Steven Jacobson, furthermore, I give a short summary on the development of media ownership in the last decades. Jacobson is a film technician thus he gained experience in subliminal techniques used in the communication media. Subliminal perception, according to him, is a deliberate process created by communications technicians, “by which you receive and respond to information and instructions without being consciously aware of the instructions” (Jacobson, 1985:1). He described two principles of mind control: distraction and repetition. Former focuses “the attention of the conscious mind on one or more of the five senses (sight, sound, touch, smell and taste) in order to program the subconscious mind” (1985:4). This notion applies to the propaganda as well. Repetition of the information “imbeds it in your subconscious mind so that your acceptance of its truth (accuracy) becomes a conditioned response. You accept this information as true without thinking whenever it is presented to you again” (5). Of course, the well-known tools for it are the TV, radio and (3D) movies like Neil Postman pointed out when he said that television changes the form of information and turns everything into entertainment. Jacobson extended this idea and stated that information control can be found in the areas of education as well. The same principles apply here: to program students to accept information that is not true – to be specific, not to question the source of it just repeat it like parrots. “Education of the young is used to condition them to what comes later, thus eliminating the difference between propaganda and teaching.” (Jacques Ellul, 1973:13 in Jacobson, 1985:17) The interrelation of propaganda and education can be seen for both aim to distract attention by which “the mind is conditioned with vast amounts of information posing as ‘facts’ and ‘knowledge’ dispensed for ulterior motives” (Ibid, p. vi. in Jacobson, p. 17). This could be dangerous for students will not think over what they read and will accept its truth automatically. According to Noam Chomsky, a propaganda can only be effective if the “facts” can be made accepted by the literate class too. However, without mass media, propaganda could not be effective and this leads us to the notion of “psychological uniformity”. America has always been facing the problem of cultural variety for the numerous settlers across the globe. These people came all over the world, bringing their diverse traditions so the solution was psychological June on Una River 2014 127 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ standardization. According to Jacobson, this assimilation could only be accomplished by creating the American way of life as portrayed by the “American Dream”. Notwithstanding the fact that it had economic benefits as well for it cleaned the way to mass production. This led to the next step, namely, this universality was spread worldwide: “the dominance in the American market was carried abroad by the major companies and has cultural, social and political consequences” (Compaine, 1979:190 in Jacobson, 21). This was heightened by the spread of American films and evoke a desire in the Europeans for American goods thus “colonizing their subconscious” too. Jacobson calls it “cultural invasion” but we can refer to it as globalisation as well, either way, the effect is the same: we all watch the same movies or news channels and read the same magazines. Yes, we do. Although on the surface there seem to be different news channels (BBC, CNN) and different motion picture companies but in reality they all are in one hand. The reason for this is that “only through concentration in a few hands of a large number of media can there be an orchestration and continuity to propaganda and the application of scientific methods to influence the public.” (Ellul, 1973:103 in Jacobson, p.20.) Picture 2: Media ownership in the last decades From the diagram above it becomes clear that in the last 20 years the 50 companies merged into only 5 greater companies. This does not mean that they disappeared but they became subsidiaries. The AOL Time Warner company owns 292 smaller ones like eBay, Citigroup, American Express, Sony, Amazon.com but has TV channels like HBO or CNN too. Viacom owns CBS, Nickelodeon and Paramount Pictures whereas Sony has Columbia Pictures. We can see that the companies cover many fields from cinemas to magazines thus enhancing the control over the flow of information. Jacobson went further by stating that the companies are in the hands of the global elite and the aim is that “the new dynasties of political control through international financial alliances. The goal was to create a world-wide system of financial control in order to dominate the economy of the world and the political system of each country” (W. Cleon Skousen, “The Naked Capitalist,” 1970:7, in Jacobson, 1985:25). 128 June on Una River 2014 Esther Molnár, Media manipulation 3. WHAT YOU NEVER HEAR IN THE MEDIA In this chapter I want to pay particular attention to Noam Chomsky’s work “Media Control” (1997) and his analysis of democracy. His piece of work is of great importance for it gives us a glimpse into the mechanics of manipulation. Like a coin has two sides, so does the notion of democracy. In one way, the public “has the means to participate in some meaningful way in the management of their own affairs and the means of information are open and free” (Chomsky, 1997:6). On the other hand, there is an alternative understanding of it, withheld from the majority of the public for in that case it “must be barred from managing of their own affairs and the means of information must be kept narrowly and rigidly controlled” (7). The difference between the two is clear. According to Chomsky, manipulation can be achieved through propaganda. One can recall the same idea by Jacobson when he also pointed out that with propaganda “distraction draws attention away from information that is true and […] repetition of the false information imbeds into your subconscious mind” (Jacobson, 1985:14). Chomsky defines propaganda in terms of “manufacture of consent” because it has the aim “to bring about agreement on the part of the public for things that they did not want” (11). He introduces the notions of “spectator democracy” and characterizes society in the following way: at the top is the “specialized class” (a class of “responsible men”) who control society, it is composed of a small elite, an intellectual community who “can understand the common interests, what all of us care about, and these things elude the general public” (12). For them, the other people belong to the “stupid masses” who are too dumb to think for themselves. Now, before we all began to hate Chomsky for his statements, one thing has to be added: he only wanted to clarify the intention of the ruling elite and reveal the methods of manipulation. He went so far on defining Walter Lippmann’s “progressive democracy” theory. Lippmann, one of the founding fathers of CFR, was the inventor of PR. According to him, there are classes of citizens: there is a specialized class (who have to run the political, economic systems) and there is the sphere of the “bewildered herd” (Chomsky, 13). The latter’s task is only to be “spectators” and not participants in action – it reminds us a bit of George Orwell’s “Animal Farm”. Lippmann states that “the mass of the public are just too stupid to be able to understand things” (14). The main task would be to tame the heard through the manufacture of consent (media, education, popular culture) and “have to provide them some tolerable sense of reality” (15). Chomsky comes up with some examples like the presidency of Woodrow Wilson in which the government wanted to take part in the war against Germany. It succeeded in the end, by turning the population into a hysterical, war-mongering mob. By the hysterical Red Scare the government managed to destroy the unions, eliminated freedom of the pressand political thought. It could be effective, for Wilson recruited members of the educated class to make his beliefs accepted by the other members of society. We might well recall Seneca’s quote on “fallaces sunt rerum species” and this can be mentioned along with Public Relations. The United States was a pioneer in its development and its commitment was “to control the public mind” as it leaders put it (18). A problem arose when the citizens began to realize the truth and shared their views with each other. Moreover, they began to start strikes for their rights. This was unacceptable in the eyes of the business community (the ruling class) and decided to take immediate steps: they presented the strikers as disruptive, harmful to the public and against common interests. Chomsky mentioned the well-functioning formula that can be June on Una River 2014 129 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ used all the time the elite want to strengthen its power – it is called the “Mohawk Valley formula”, namely, “mobilizing community opinion in favour of vapid, empty concepts like Americanism” (21). The main thing is to shout empty slogans that nobody is going to be against and everybody is going to be for (in reality, nobody even knows what they mean). Chomsky draws our attention to the dangers of the mass media for he claims that the population ought just to be sitting in front of the TV “and having drilled into their heads the message, which says, the only value in life is to have more commodities or live like that rich middle class family you are watching and to have nice values like harmony and Americanism” (23). Further, he explains how the mechanics of history really work: through the engineering of consent America was able to “conquer” other countries like South Vietnam or others enlisted in sophisticated detail by John Perkins in his “Confessions of an Economic Hit Man” (2004). It is always useful to present a “parade of enemies” (be it Hussein or Osama bin Laden) for this gives the entitlement to the government to take means and “protect” its people from that fear. But in reality, we only have to fear from them in power. 3. CONCLUSION In the final analysis, I would like to add a quotation from George Orwell’s work “1984” that describes precisely the main theme of this paper: “Who controls the past controls the future: who controls the present controls the past.” My aim was to throw light upon the advances of information technology and its impact on our lives from a different point of view. As many authors mentioned in their works, we are victims of our technology and dependent on gaining information for being “up-to-date” about the things in the world. On the other hand, we must choose with care the sources we draw our data from. 4. LITERATURE Bîlbîe, Iulia (2005): „Manipulation through Mass Media. Brief Analysis of Means” Chomsky, Noam (1997): „Media Control. The Spectacular Achievements of Propaganda”, Seven Stories Press. Compaine, Benjamin M. (1979): “Who Owns the Media: Concentration of Ownership in the Mass Communications Industry”, Knowledge Industry Publications, New York. Ellul, Jacques (1973): „Propaganda. The Foundation of Men’s Attitudes”, Vintage Books. A Division of Random House, New York. Jacobson, Steven (1985): „Mind Control in the United States”, Critique Pub. Skousen, W. Cleon (1970): “The Naked Capitalist”. Salt Lake City, Utah: author’s private edition. „Vision Report Watch: A New World Order Watch Media Publication”, May 2012 Issue 23. 130 June on Una River 2014 PERCEPCIJA „PISMENOSTI 21. ST.“ U ŠKOLSKIM KNJIŽNICAMA KARLOVAČKE ŽUPANIJE PERCEPTION OF "THE 21st CENTURY LITERACY" IN SCHOOL LIBRARIES OF KARLOVAC COUNTY Jasmina Milovčić Gradska knjižnica „Ivan Goran Kovačić“Karlovac, Lj.Šestića 1, Karlovac, Hrvatska, [email protected] SAŽETAK: Informacijska i medijska pismenost, sa primarnom ulogom u svakodnevnom život, značajna su sastavnica rada školskih knjižnica. Analizirajući „Pismenosti 21. st.“ kroz kratko istraživanje školskih knjižnica Karlovačke županije predstavljena je medijska percepcija njihova djelovanja. Ključne riječi: informacijska pismenost; medijska pismenost; školska knjižnica; mediji ABSTRACT: Information and media literacy, with a primary role in everyday life, are significant component of the work of school libraries. Analyzing "the 21st century literacy" is a short survey of school libraries within Karlovac county presentingatured media perception of their actions. Key words: information literacy; media literacy; school library; media 1. INFORMACIJSKA PISMENOST Suvremeno informacijsko društvo prebogato je informacijama; doslovno smo svakodnevno zasipani informacijama. Informacija je: neophodna za kreativnost i inventivnost; osnovni izvor u postupku učenja i razmišljanja; čimbenik koji omogućuje bolje akademske i poslovne uspjehe te bolju zdravstvenu skrb; važan je izvor za nacionalni društveni i ekonomski napredak. 1 Obavijest, informacija kao osnovni fenomen informacijske znanosti definira se kao: opći komunikacijski fenomen, kao svojstvo materije, kao događaj, kao reducirana neizvjesnost, kao struktura, kao surogat znanja.2 Informacijski bum 20. stoljeća nametnuo je pojam informacijske pismenosti koji je po prvi put naglasio Paul Zurkowski u dokumentu Okruženje informacijskog servisa: odnosi i prioriteti. Informacijske kompetencije kao vještine potrebne su nam za prepoznavanje potrebe za informacijom, pronalaženje, vrednovanje, korištenje i rekonstrukciju sadržaja znanja pronađenih informacijskih izvora. Informacijska pismenost pomaže pojedincu da kroz interakciju s informacijskim izvorom propitkuje, provjerava, odbacuje ili modificira svoja znanja i konstrukte stvarnosti, samostalno odabire i prerađuje informacije te stvara hipoteze i donosi odluke. Godine 1989. Američko knjižničarsko društvo (ALA) formulira jednu od najčešće citiranih definicija informacijske pismenosti. Po ovoj su definiciji informacijski pismene osobe definirane kao „one koje su naučile kako učiti... jer znaju kako je znanje 1 Lau, J. Smjernice za informacijsku pismenost u cjeloživotnom učenju: završna verzija, recenzirano 30. srpnja 2006. /s engleskoga prevela Ivana Faletar. Zagreb: Hrvatsko knjižničarsko društvo, 2011. str. 19 2 Tuđman, M. Obavijest i znanje: s rječnikom osnovnih pojmova. Zagreb: Zavod za informacijske studije, 1990. str. 199 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ organizirano, kako pronaći informacije, i kako ih koristiti na svima razumljiv način. To su osobe pripremljene na učenje tijekom cijelog života”. 3 Informacijski pismen korisnik uspješno i učinkovito: pristupa informacijama, vrednuje informacije kritički i kompetentno, točno i kreativno koristi informacije. 4 Informacijsku pismenost (IP) smješta se u širi društveni kontekst te se posebno ističe etička dimenzija i kritičko mišljenje kao ključnu dionicu koncepta. Informacijsko se opismenjavanje sastoji od usvajanja primjerenog informacijskog ponašanja u svrhu dolaženja do one informacije koja će zadovoljiti informacijsku potrebu i to bez obzira na medij, a uključuje i kritičku osviještenost o važnosti mudrog i etičkog korištenja informacija. Važno je da IP ne bude reducirana na knjižnične ili računalne vještine već se poima kao odgovor na kulturni, društveni i ekonomski razvoj informacijskog društva.5 2. MEDIJSKA PISMENOST Informacijska pismenost u smislu vrednovanja informacija, shvaćanja pouzdanosti i vjerodostojnosti informacije u uskoj je vezi s medijskom pismenošću te ih objedinjuje pojam „pismenosti 21. stoljeća“. Definirajući medijsku pismenost kao sposobnost da se informacija vrednuje, analizira, procjeni i razmjeni u svim svojim oblicima dovodi nas do polja vrednovanja koje je značajno u odnosu IP i medijske pismenosti. Informacija u principu ne dolazi neutralna i potrebno je posjedovati prosudbene kriterije. Građanin treba biti sposoban učiniti i više nego samo vrednovati informaciju, već i detektirati dvostruka mjerila i razumjeti komercijalne pritiske. 6 Važnost medijske pismenosti ponajprije se ogleda u utjecaju medija na glavne demokratske procese. Za demokratsko sudjelovanje građana potrebne su vještine kritičkog mišljenja i samoizražavanja.7 Informacijska i medijska pismenost pretpostavka su za cjeloživotno učenje. Dokument Europske komisije pod naslovom „Ključne kompetencije za cjeloživotno učenjeEuropski referentni okvir“ navodi osam ključnih područja kompetencija za cjeloživotno učenje: komuniciranje na materinskom jeziku, na stranom jeziku, matematička pismenost, digitalna kompetencija, „učiti kako učiti“, međuljudska i građanska kompetencija, poduzetnička kompetencija, kreativno izražavanje .8 3 Špiranec, S.; Banek-Zorica, M. Informacijska pismenost: teorijski okvir i polazišta. Zagreb: Zavod za informacijske studije Odsjeka za informacijske znanosti Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta, 2008. 4 Vrednovanje usvojenosti vještina informacijske pismenosti. // Znanjem do znanja: prilog metodici rada školskog knjižničara / Jasmina Lovrinčević…[et al.]. – Zagreb: Zavod za informacijske znanosti Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, 2005. str. 50-69. 5 Lasić-Lazić, J.; Banek-Zorica, M.; Špiranec,S. Izgubljeni u novim obrazovnim okruženjima: pronađeni u informacijskom opismenjivanju.// Medijska istraživanja: znanstveno-stručni časopis za novinarstvo i medije = Media research: Croatian journal for journalism and the media. God.18 (2012), 1, str. 125-142. 6 Žitinski, M. Što je medijska pismenost? Dostupno na: http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show= clanak&id_clanak_jezik=58603 (13.05.2014.) 7 Šikić, T. Medijska pismenost, pismenost 21. stoljeća. Dostupno na: http://www.zbornica.com/ index.php?option=com_zoo&task=item&item_id=250&Itemid=108 (13.05.2015.) 8 Preporuka Europskog Parlamenta i savjeta; Ključne kompetencije za cjeloživotno učenje – Europski referentni okvir. Dostupno na: http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_ clanak_jezik=92192 (13.05.2014.) 132 June on Una River 2014 Jasmina Milovčić, Percepcija „pismenosti 21. st.“ u školskim knjižnicama Karlovačke županije U zadnje vrijeme učestala je upotreba pojma transpismenosti (transliteracy). Ovaj izraz svoje korijene ima izvan knjižnice a započeo je kao deskriptivan koncept dizajniran s ciljem razumijevanja navigacije kroz različite medije. Zagovornici transpismenosti smatraju je korisnom dopunom informacijskoj pismenosti. Njena definicija odnosila bi se na sposobnost čitanja, pisanja i komuniciranje preko različitih platformi, alata i medija i predstavlja ujedinjenu perspektivu pismenosti u 21. st. Ona ne pretpostavlja nov način ponašanja niti nove komunikacijske stilove nego generira razmišljanja o ljudskoj komunikaciji s pojavom mreže (Interneta). 9 3. MEDIJI Komunikacija (lat. communicare – učiniti općim) je razmjena informacija, ideja i osjećaja verbalnim i neverbalnim sredstvima, prilagođena društvenoj prirodi situacije, tj. situacijskom kontekstu.10 Mediji kao sastavni dio kulture, imaju dvojaku ulogu: istovremeno informiraju i oblikuju društvenu zajednicu. Oni su između ostalog, sredstvo komunikacije kulturnih ustanova i njihovih javnosti, te izraz kulture ovih javnosti. Mediji kroz komunikaciju kulture stvaraju zajedničke vrijednosti i temelj društvenih veza. Medijskoj i informacijskoj pismenosti UNESCO daje primarnu ulogu u svakodnevnom životu. To leži u srži slobode izražavanja i informiranja - jer osnažuje građane za razumijevanje funkcija medija i drugih informacijskih usluga, kako bi kritički vrednovali njihov sadržaj, a kako bi donijeli odluku. Ove dvije pismenosti definira kao skup kompetencija potrebnih za život i rad, a izvor informacijskih usluga su knjižnice, arhivi, muzeji, Internet.11 4. ŠKOLSKA KNJIŽNICA I „PISMENOSTI 21. STOLJEĆA“ Školska knjižnica je informacijsko, kulturno i medijsko središte škole. Važan je društveni čimbenik u razvoju jedne od temeljnih životnih kompetencija, komunikacijskih vještina. Mediji kao infrastruktura i posrednik komunikacije jedna su od „javnosti“ koje su u interakciji sa školskom knjižnicom. Svojim „velikim potencijalom utjecaja“ u prenošenju informacija, a pod utjecajem društvene sfere, mediji kao (dobri) saveznici doprinose stvaranju imidža školske knjižnice. U društvu koje kapital definira najvećim kapitalom školska knjižnica započinje „svoju preobrazbu u informacijski servis škole preuzimajući nove specifične zadaće. Školska knjižnica postaje mjesto partnerskog odnosa učenika, nastavnika i knjižničara te je otvorena za promjene jer se uvjeti života i rada, kao i znanstvene činjenice i tehnološka 12 dostignuća, stalno mijenjaju.“ Istraživanje: Analizirano je prisustvo školskih knjižnica Karlovačke županije u lokalnim medijima: tiskovinama i web portalima. Pošlo se od stajališta da mediji imaju ključnu ulogu u 9 What is Transliteracy? Dpstupno na: http://librariesandtransliteracy.wordpress.com/what-istransliteracy/(13.05.2014.) 10 Renata Fox, Poslovna komunikacija: Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada, Zagreb, 2001. 11 UNESCO. Dostupno na: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/ media- development/media-literacy/mil-as-composite-concept/ (13.05.2014.) 12 Kovačević, D.; Jadranka Lasić-Lazić, Jasmina Lovrinčević, Školska knjižnica - korak dalje: Filozofski fakultet, Zavod za informacijske studije Odsjeka za informacijske znanosti: Altagama, Zagreb, 2004. June on Una River 2014 133 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ informiranju i oblikovanju javnosti. Uzorak analize obuhvatio je tiskovine: Večernji list, Karlovački tjednik te web portale: Ka portal, Radio Mrežnicu i Trend portal. Analiza medija imala je dvije svrhe: vidjeti prisutnost školskih knjižnica; tematsko prepoznavanje školskih knjižnica – imidž u lokalnim medijima. Analiza članaka i priloga pokrivala je razdoblje kalendarske godine 2013. te potvrdila hipotezu da su školske knjižnice vrlo slabo zastupljene. Prema tipovima analiziranih članaka gotovo uvijek je to vijest ili sažeti prikaz nekih informacija, a vrlo rijetko, u samo dva slučaja proširena vijest. Svi članci i prilozi pozitivno su predstavili aktivnosti. Rezultati istraživanja: Metodom analize sadržaja dobiveni su sljedeći rezultati: u dvije tiskovine i na tri portala lokalnog karaktera školske knjižnice zastupljene su (direktno i indirektno) 43 puta: u tiskovinama 22 članka, 21 prilog na portalima. Školske knjižnice nisu direktno zastupljene u naslovima članaka i priloga, osim u jednom slučaju: „Uređenje knjižnice i dnevnog boravka zahvaljujući europskim sredstvima“ - Trend portal. Prilozi su fotografijama popraćeni 27 puta, od toga 7 je fotografija školskih knjižnica. Bitna je prisutnost plakata u izvještavanju kojim su popraćene manifestacije i kampanje: Noć knjige, Tulum slova. Mediji su izvještavali o sljedećim temama: izložbe, donacije, gostovanja, kampanje i manifestacije, suradnja s udrugama, projekti. Rubrike u kojima su zastupljene navedene teme su sljedeće: Život oko nas; Poticanje čitanja: Obični ljudi; Županija; Školstvo; Vijesti; Kultura; Mozaik; Događaji; Gradska kronika; „Školski tjednik“ rubrika je u tjedniku „Karlovački tjednik“ u kojoj su predstavljene dvije osnovne škole iz Duge Rese, u čijem sklopu je predstavljena djelatnost knjižnica. Valja istaknuti projekt LIBROTEKA (Prva ulična knjižnica u Hrvatskoj), koji je zastupljen u 5 članaka (proširena vijest) i 4 priloga na portalima. Projekt Tulum slova predstavljen je 5 puta na portalima. Zanimljivo je da je ista tematika, na jednom istom portalu, predstavljena u tri uzastopna mjeseca, bila zastupljena u različitim rubrikama: Poticanje čitanja, Obični ljudi; Županija. IPA Projekt „Djeca za budućnost - učenje u Krnjaku i Vojniću iz multikulturalne perspektive" u sklopu kojega će biti uređena i opremljena školska knjižnica zastupljen je u pet medija: tri portala i dvoje tiskovine. Ovo su dvije teme koje su predstavljene kroz oblik proširene vijesti. Provedeno istraživanje potvrđuje stajalište o pasivnosti školskih knjižnica u komunikaciji s javnosti. Članci indirektno izvještavaju o aktivnostima knjižnice, proaktivan nastup nije prisutan. Navodeći prethodno ulogu i značaj školskih knjižnica za cjelokupan razvoj društva, ovim istraživanjem nije potvrđeno isto. Upitno je da li je uzrok tome nezainteresiranost medija za „naše“ teme ili pasivan stav školskih knjižničara u promociji i stvaranju pozitivnog imidža knjižnice i same knjižničarske struke. Zasigurno je to kombinacija navedenih pretpostavki. Prema rezultatima provedenog istraživanja za zaključiti je da školske knjižnice Karlovačke županije nisu prepoznate kao značajan segment cjeloživotnog učenja. Prepoznaje ih se u vrijeme nacionalnih manifestacija, kampanja ili projekata. Sadržajno su prepoznate po izložbama, akcijama, no njihovi fondovi i ostale usluge nisu predstavljene. Njihova uloga u informacijskoj i medijskoj pismenosti je ključna. Potrebno je pozicioniranje upravo na ovoj razini što bi u konačnici rezultiralo aktivnim sudjelovanjem građana u akcijama za boljitak školskih knjižnica. Ovo je svrha promocije za koju je suradnja s medijima nezaobilazna. 134 June on Una River 2014 Jasmina Milovčić, Percepcija „pismenosti 21. st.“ u školskim knjižnicama Karlovačke županije 5. ZAKLJUČAK Uloga knjižnica u informacijskom društvu je neupitna. Temeljna pismenost ustupila je mjesto pismenostima 21. st. Knjižnice, a napose školske temeljna su infrastruktura cjeloživotnog učenja sa segmentima informacijske i medijske pismenosti. Mediji kao dio kulture, a s velikom mogućnosti utjecaja u komunikaciji društvenih događaja, važan su suradnik u radu školskih knjižnica. Analizom njihove prisutnosti u lokalnim medijima istražen je način komunikacije između školske knjižnice i javnosti. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su nedostatnu zastupljenost; nedovoljnu prepoznatljivost svih mogućnosti i zadaća školske knjižnice te relativno pasivnu komunikaciju školskih knjižničara. U svom djelovanju nedovoljno se posvećuju marketingu, izgradnji prepoznatljivog imidža koji bi osigurao bolje mjesto u obrazovnoj zajednici, bolje razumijevanje i podršku svih javnosti: korisnika, građana, medija, ustanova i institucija kao potencijalnih partnera i suradnika. 6. LITERATURA Fox, R. Poslovna komunikacija: Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada, Zagreb, 2001. Kovačević, D.; Jadranka Lasić-Lazić, Jasmina Lovrinčević. Školska knjižnica - korak dalje: Filozofski fakultet, Zavod za informacijske studije Odsjeka za informacijske znanosti: Altagama, Zagreb, 2004. Lasić-Lazić, J.; Banek-Zorica, M.; Špiranec, S. Izgubljeni u novim obrazovnim okruženjima: pronađeni u informacijskom opismenjivanju. // Medijska istraživanja: znanstveno-stručni časopis za novinarstvo i medije = Media research: Croatian journal for journalism and the media. Lau, J. Smjernice za informacijsku pismenost u cjeloživotnom učenju: završna verzija, recenzirano 30. srpnja 2006. /s engleskoga prevela Ivana Faletar. Zagreb: Hrvatsko knjižničarsko društvo, 2011. Preporuka Europskog Parlamenta i savjeta; Ključne kompetencije za cjeloživotno učenje – Europski referentni okvir. Dostupno na: http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show= clanak&id_clanak_jezik=92192 (13.05.2014.) Šikić,T. Medijska pismenost, pismenost 21. stoljeća. Dostupno na: http://www.zbornica. com/index.php?option=com_zoo&task=item&item_id=250&Itemid=108 (13.05.2015.) Špiranec,S.;Banek-Zorica,M.Informacijska pismenost: teorijski okvir i polazišta. Zagreb: Zavod za informacijske studije Odsjeka za informacijske znanosti Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta, 2008 Tuđman, M. Obavijest i znanje: s rječnikom osnovnih pojmova. Zagreb: Zavod za informacijske studije, 1990. UNESCO. Dostupno na: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-andinformation/media-development/media-literacy/mil-as-composite-concept/ June on Una River 2014 135 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ UNESCO-ov Manifest za školske knjižnice. Dostupno na: http://dzs.ffzg.unizg.hr/ text/unesco.pdf (13.05.2014.) Vrednovanje usvojenosti vještina informacijske pismenosti. // Znanjem do znanja: prilog metodici rada školskog knjižničara / Jasmina Lovrinčević…[et al.]. – Zagreb: Zavod za informacijske znanosti Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, 2005 What is Transliteracy? Dostupno na: http://librariesandtransliteracy.wordpress.com/what-is transliteracy/(13.05.2014.) Žitinski, M. Što je medijska pismenost? Dostupno na: http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php? show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=58603 (13.05.2014.) 136 June on Una River 2014 INFORMACIONA PISMENOST – MEHANIZAM ODBRANE OD FENOMENA VIŠKA INFORMACIJA INFORMATION LITERACY – A PROTECTION MECHANISM AGAINST INFORMATION REDUNDANCY Anđela Kuprešanin Vukelić Fakultet političkih nauka Bulevar Vojvode Petra Bojovića 1A, BanjaLuka, Republika Srpska, BiH [email protected] SAŽETAK: Danas se sve više raspravlja o mehanizmima koji bi omogućili da se iz mnoštva informacija, uz stalno povećanje broja njihovih prenosilaca (masovnih medija), odabere ona koja je potrebna. Umjesto iznalaženja načina kako da se dođe do informacije u uslovima oskudice, pred nama je problem kako doći do neophodne informacije u situaciji kada vlada obilje istih. Realno ne možemo očekivati da će se broj informacija umanjiti, zbog čega se novonastaloj situaciji obilne informacijske ponude moramo na najbolji način prilagoditi. U tom smislu neophodno je pronaći mehanizme koji će omogućiti da se velika količina lako dostupnih informacija na najbolji način iskoristi. U radu se konstatuje da je upravo sticanje informacione pismenosti jedan od ključnih mehanizama odbrane od postojeće hiperponude informacija koja je određena kao fenomen viška informacija. Savladavanjem ove vrste pismenosti svaki pojedinac kao pripadnik informacionog društva bit će u mogućnosti da iskoristi pozitivne a istovremeno prevaziđe negativne efekte fenomena viška informacija, koji društveno nisu zanemarivi. Ključne riječi: informaciona pismenost, fenomen viška informacija, informacija, informaciono društvo, informaciono-komunikacione tehnologije. ABSTRACT Mechanisms that would enable choosing necessary information among loads of them are ever more debated today as the number of information channels (mass media) is constantly increased. Instead of finding the right way of getting a piece of necessary information where they are scarce, we face the issue of trying to get necessary information in a situation where they basically abound. Realistically speaking, we cannot expect that the amount of information will decrease and that is why we need to adjust in the best possible way to the situation of information abundance. It is therefore necessary to find mechanisms that would enable the abundance of easily available information to be used in the best possible way. This paper showcases that becoming informationally literate is one of key protection mechanisms against the existing hyper-availability of information denoted as an information overload phenomenon. By mastering this kind of literacy every individual as a member of information society will be in a position to use positive effects of information overload and, at the same time, to overcome its negative effects that cannot be socially neglected. Key words: information literacy, information overload phenomenon, information, information society, information and communication technologies. 1.UVOD Svjedoci smo mnoštva promjena koje su iznjedrile sve razvijenije informacionokomunikacione tehnologije. Jedna od ključnih posljedica neprestanog usavršavanja ovih tehnologija jeste prelazak iz društva oskudice informacija u društvo obilja informacija i njihove sve veće uloge i značaja. Za označavanje ovih promjena sintagma informaciono društvo je postala širokoprihvaćen terminus technicus (Subotić, 2011). Razvoj The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ informaciono-komunikacionih tehnologija je sa jedne strane rezultirao pojavom novih prenosilaca informacija dok je sa druge strane znatno doprinio usavršavanju postojećih. U tom smislu mogu se izdvojiti masovni mediji među kojima posebno mjesto zauzima internet. Njihova brojnost i tehnička savršenost dovele su do pojave fenomena viška informacija. Sama formulacija pojave obilja informacija kao fenomena viška informacija ukazuje na postojanje problema u smislu da je svakodnevna količina ponuđenih i lako dostupnih informacija mnogo veća od one koju pojedinac može da procesuira. Sveprisutnost informacija kao i znatno olakšan pristup njima sami po sebi nisu dovaljan preduslov za dostizanje nivoa opšteinformisanih i znanjem potkrepljenih građana kao pripadnika informacionog društva. „Pojedinci i zajednice uvijek su imali problem sa informacijama. Taj problem je hiljadama godina bio u tome da se o značajnim oblastima života proizvede dovoljno informacija i da se ljudima omogući pristup njima, ali, s razvojem masovnih medija, naročito u posljednjih pola vijeka, problem informacija se od obezbjeđivanja njihove dostupnosti pretvorio u zaštitu od njihovog prevelikog obima“ (Poter, 2011: 27). Mnogo bogatija ponuda informacija posredstvom medija istovremeno otežava njihovu kontrolu. Za uspješan izbor potrebnih od mnoštva ponuđenih informacija, nije važno samo znati koje informacije tražimo, već je neophodno da znamo ignorisati nepotrebne informacije. „Vještina je zaštiti se od onih 99,99% ponuđenih informacija koje čovjek ne želi (i, naravno, iskoristiti do posljednjeg slovca onaj posljednji promil)“ (Eriksen, 2003: 29). Širenje informacijske ponude ne znači automatski povećanje znanja. Tek dobro filtrirane informacije predstavljaju dobru podlogu za sticanje znanja i dostizanje nivoa razumijevanja, iz čega i proističe pitanje mehanizama za filtriranje informacija. Iako se sa razvojem informaciono-komunikacionih tehnologija vrijeme za pronalaženje potrebnih informacija znatno skraćuje, s druge strane produžava se vrijeme koje je neophodno za odabir odgovarajućih od mnoštva ponuđenih informacija i njihovo sređivanje. Naime, „čovjek trećeg milenijuma i informacijskog društva mora da nauči kako da izbjegne opasnosti preobilnog, istovremenog djelovanja informacija i pronađe odgovarajuće informacije koje su mu neophodne kao oslonac u svakodnevnom životu“ (Hamović, 2008: 229). Zbog postojećeg jaza između onoga što informacioni kanali mogu da pruže i onoga što čovjek može uspješno da iskoristi kvalitetan procesor informacija postaje prava vrijednost. Kako bi se iskoristile prednosti revolucionarnog razdoblja u kojem rast količine raspoloživih informacija znatno premašuje rast ljudskih potreba za njima, neophodna je primjena konkretnih metoda, kojima „savremeni čovjek može pokušati da ublaži efekte preopterećenja informacijama, da poboljša svoje sposobnosti prilagođavanja i sagleda i iskoristi pozitivne strane fenomena obilja informacija“ (Vitković, 2005: citirano u Hamović, 2008: 230). U pogledu metoda, mjera ili mehanizma, čijim bi se sprovođenjem bar djelimično prevazišle negativne posljedice koje sa sobom nosi fenomen viška informacija kao naročito važno može se izdvojiti ovladavanje vještinama koje se stiču informacionim opismenjavanjem. 2. INFORMACIONA PISMENOST – VJEŠTINA ZA 21. VIJEK Koncept informacione pismenosti nastaje u ranim 70-im godinama 20. vijeka. Termin prvi put 1974. godine koristi Paul Zurowski, definišući informacionu pismenost kao djelotvorno korišćenje informacija u kontekstu rješavanja problema (Bawden, 2001: 9). Razvoj informaciono-komunikacionih tehnologija učinio je dostupnim ogromnu količinu informacija, međutim, pokazalo se da sama tehnologija nije dovoljna, u smislu 138 June on Una River 2014 Anđela K. Vukelić, Informaciona pismenost – mehanizam odbrane od fenomena viška informacija efektivnog korišćenja informacija. Razvoj i dostupnost tehnologije, kao i savladavanje vještina potrebnih za njenu upotrebu, tek su prvi korak za potpuno iskorišćavanje potencijala informacionog društva. Pojedinac danas, kako bi uspješno odgovorio na izazove novog doba, čije su neke od odrednica globalizacija, umrežavanje, brz tehnološki razvoj, te ubrzano zastarijevanje informacija i znanja, mora biti osposobljen da koristeći se tehnologijama u bujici informacija zna raspoznati koja mu je informacija potrebna i kako je koristiti. Kako bi bio omogućen izbor potrebnih od mnoštva ponuđenih informacija, neophodna je upravo informaciona pismenost. Pojedini autori na važnost informacione pismenosti ukazuju nazivajući je ključnom vještinom za preživljavanje u informacionom društvu. Koliko je informaciona pismenost bitna za život i uspjeh savremenog pojedinaca, te za dalji razvoj informacionog društva istakli su još 1989. godine stručnjaci Američke asocijacije biblioteka (ALA) u svom izvještaju o uticaju eksplozije informacija na američko društvo, ali i šire. Kako se navodi u izvještaju, svi ljudi u informacionom društvu trebalo bi da imaju pravo na informacije koje mogu da unaprijede njihov život, ali isto tako moraju biti sposobni da iz širokog dijapazona dostupnih informacija i njihovih izvora izdvoje baš one informacije koje su im potrebne za ostvarivanje ličnih i poslovnih ciljeva (American Library Association Presidential Commitee on Information Literacy Final Report, 1989). Definicije informacione pismenosti su mnogobrojne, međutim jednu od najčešće citiranih definicija ove vrste pismenosti formulisala je ALA 1989. godine, prema kojoj informaciona pismenost predstavlja sposobnost uviđanja potrebe za informacijom te posjedovanje znanja o tome kako naći, procijeniti i iskoristiti najbolje i najnovije informacije koje su na raspolaganju kako bi se riješio određeni problem ili donijela neka odluka. Informaciono pismene osobe prema ALA-inom izvještaju definišu se kao „one koje su naučile kako učiti (...) jer znaju kako je znanje organizovano, kako pronaći informacije i kako ih koristiti na svima razumljiv način (...) To su osobe pripremljene na učenje tokom cijelog života“ (Isto). Sheila Webber sa Univerziteta u Šefildu, u Velikoj Britaniji, vodeći svjetski stručnjak u oblasti informacione pismenosti, smatra da je „informaciona pismenost usvajanje adekvatnih oblika ponašanja koji vode pronalasku informacije korišćenjem bilo kog načina ili medijuma, koji na najbolji mogući način zadovoljava potrebe za informacijama, koje vode njihovom mudrom i etičkom korišćenju u društvu. Ključna disciplina informacionog društva“ (Sheila, citirano kod Crnogorac, 2010: 271). Iz navedenih određenja informacione pismenosti primjetno je da je ona višeslojan koncept, a takvim ga čini to što bi informaciono pismen pojedinac trebalo ne samo da informacije koristi efektivno i etički ispravno, već i da razumije ekonomske, pravne i društvene implikacije njihove upotrebe i dijeljenja. Kompleksnost koncepta informacione pismenosti ogleda se i u tome što je ona neodvojiva od drugih oblika savremene pismenosti poput bibliotečke, medijske, informatičke (kompjuterske i mrežne), digitalne i vizuelne pismenosti. To svakako ne podrazumijeva njihovo poistovjećivanje, ali je evidentno da su ove vrste pismenosti velikim dijelom preduslov za sticanje informacione pismenosti. U smislu definisanja informacione pismenosti kao i ukazivanja na njenu ulogu i značaj u informacionom društvu ne može se zanemariti važnost Američke asocijacije biblioteka, ali isto tako, neophodno je ukazati na najnovije trendove ne samo u poimanju informacione pismenosti već i u kreiranju novih modela koji svoju praktičnu primjenu pronalaze u procesu informacionog opismenjavanja. Uporedo sa neprestanim June on Una River 2014 139 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ promjenama uslova u kojima živi savremeni pojedinac, neophodno je i kontinuirano iznalaženje najboljih načina za njegovo prilagođavanje tim promjenama. Primjer za to u pogledu informacione pismenosti kao neophodnog načina, odnosno vještine za uspješno funkcionisanje pojedinca u uslovima hiperponude informacija, je revidiranje starog i nastanak novog SCONUL modela sedam stupova informacione pismenosti. 3. NOVI SCONUL MODEL SEDAM STUPOVA INFORMACIONE PISMENOSTI Definicija informacione pismenosti kao sposobnosti da se prepozna potreba za informacijom, te sposobnosti da se ta informacija pronađe, procijeni i uspješno koristi razrađena je u modelu sedam stupova informacione pismenosti koji se odnose na sedam ključnih informacionih vještina.1 Ključne informacione vještine predstavljaju sedam koraka ka informacionoj pismenosti. 2 Značaj ovog modela ogleda se u tome što je on usvojen širom svijeta od strane bibliotekara i nastavnika, kao sredstvo pomoću kojeg oni prenose, odnosno, razvijaju informacione vještine kod učenika. Međutim, u cilju prilagođavanja ovog modela najnovijim uslovima u kojima živi savremeni pojedinac, 2011. godine članovi radne grupe SCONUL jednim ga dijelom revidiraju. Naime, na LILAC (Information Literacy) konferenciji održanoj u aprilu 2011. godine u Londonu Moira Bent i Ruth Stubbings kao predstavnici SCONUL Radne grupe za informacionu pismenost pokrenuli su novu verziju SCONUL modela sedam stupova informacione pismenosti. Iako osnovni principi na kojima se zasniva originalni model ostaju na snazi, prema mišljenju ovih stručnjaka, zbog toga što u 2011. godini živimo u drugačijem informacionom svijetu u odnosu na godinu kada je nastao prvobitni model, proširivanje postojećeg modela pokazalo se neophodnim. Kako bi novonastali model bio relevantan za različite zajednice korisnika i različite starosne grupe, u odnosu na prethodno opisani, ovaj model je predstavljen kao generički „osnovni“ model za visoko obrazovanje, koji također ima sedam ključnih elemenata, koji su preimenovani, ali i dalje pokrivaju iste osnovne oblasti. Ističući kako je informaciona pismenost u 21. vijeku ključni atribut za sve, bez obzira na starost ili 1 Model je 1999. godine predstavila Radna grupa za informacionu pismenost u okviru britanskog Društva fakultetskih, narodnih i univerzitetskih biblioteka (Society of College, National and University Libraries – SCONUL), u dokumentu pod nazivom Informacione vještine u visokom obrazovanju: SCONUL pozicioni dokument, zbog čega je ovaj model i postao poznat kao SCONUL model sedam stupova informacione pismenosti. 2 Sposobnost da se prepozna kada je informacija potrebna, te da se ta potreba analizira (razliku između onoga što znamo i onoga što bismo trebali da znamo SCONUL stručnjaci nazvali su „informacionim jazom“); sposobnost da se identifikuje više različitih načina da se taj jaz premosti; sposobnost izrade strategije za lociranje informacija, koja je neophodna zbog toga što ne postoji jedna univerzalna strategija koja bi bila odgovarajuća za pristup svim vrstama izvora informacija; posjedovanje znanja i vještina, koje informaciono pismenoj osobi nakon osmišljene strategije za pristup izvorima informacija, omogućavaju realizaciju tog pristupa i izdvajanje potrebnih informacija; sposobnost da se uporede i pravilno procijene informacije dobijene iz različitih izvora što je naročito važno s obzirom na količinu informacija koja je danas dostupna; sposobnost da se prikupljene informacije adekvatno organizuju, iskoriste i prenesu drugim korisnicima u smislu etički ispravnog korišćenja informacija; sposobnost da se pronađene informacije sintetizuju sa već postojećim, doprinoseći time stvaranju novog znanja, odnosno korisne osnove na kojoj se može graditi novo znanje (Information skills in higer education: a SCONUL position paper, 1999). 140 June on Una River 2014 Anđela K. Vukelić, Informaciona pismenost – mehanizam odbrane od fenomena viška informacija iskustvo, predstavnici SCONUL grupe u dokumentu u kojem je predstavljen novi model, proces razvijanja informacione pismenosti kod pojedinca vide kao kontinuiran, cjelovit proces sa često simultanim aktivnostima ili procesima koji mogu biti obuhvaćeni u sedam stupova informacione pismenosti. U okviru svakog stup pojedinac može da se razvije od „novajlije“ do „eksperta“ napredujući kroz svoje učenje tokom života, ali isto tako je moguće njegovo kretanje niz stup Oni naročito naglašavaju da se u razvoju informacione pismenosti mora uzeti u obzir kontekst šireg informacionog pejzaža u kojem pojedinac funkcioniše, kao njegov lični pejzaž informacione pismenosti (Bent, 2011). Novi model, također, definiše osnovne vještine, kompetencije (sposobnosti), stavove i ponašanja (razumijevanje) koji čine suštinu razvoja informacione pismenosti. Doživotno učenje, efikasno korišćenje biblioteke, razumijevanje pročitanog, mudro korišćenje informacija, organizovanje resursa, razvoj ideje, korišćenje informacione tehnologije, posjedovanje znanja o tome gdje tražiti informaciju, tumačenje informacije, sumiranje, te razumijevanje funkcionisanja informacija, su, prema autorima novog modela, vještine koje čine informacionu pismenost (Stubbings, 2012). U skladu sa namjerom da se model može primjenjivati u specifičnim situacijama, serija tzv. „objektiva“ razvijena je za potrebe različitih populacija korisnika. Oni mogu da proširuju ili pojednostave osnovni model u zavisnosti od populacije na koju se odnosi. Tvorci ovog modela zamislili su ga kao trodimenzionalno kružno „zdanje“, zasnovano na informacionom pejzažu, koji obuhvata svijet informacija kako ga doživljava bilo koji pojedinac u tom trenutku, tj. informacije o ličnom pejzažu pismenosti pojedinca, njegove sposobnosti, prošlost i iskustva koja bitno utiču na proces razvoja informacione pismenosti. Međutim, ono što je posebno važno i na šta se kružnom prirodom modela nastoji ukazati je to da informaciono opismenjavanje nije linearan proces, iz čega proističe da se osoba može razvijati u kontekstu informacione pismenosti, unutar nekoliko stupova istovremeno i nezavisno, mada su oni u praksi često usko povezani. Slika 1: Novi SCONUL model sedam stupova informacione pismenosit3 Na slici se mogu uočiti pojmovi kao nazivi stupova koji čine model informacione pismenosti. Svaki od navedenih stupova obuhvata niz sposobnosti ili vještina koje se stiču informacionim opismenjavanjem: upravljati (manage) – sposobnost organizovanja informacija profesionalno i etički; procijeniti (evaluate) – sposobnost upoređivanja i procjenjivanja informacija i podataka; predstaviti (present) – sposobnost primjenjivanja stečenih znanja, što podrazumijeva sposobnost predstavljanja rezultata istraživanja, sintezu novih i starih informacija i podataka u svrhu stvaranja novog znanja, te sposobnost širenja znanja na različite načine; prikupiti (gather) – sposobnost pronalaženja potrebnih informacija i podataka, kao i poznavanje načina kako im 3 www.slideshare.net/fmmacle/sconul-7-pilars. Pristupljeno: 02.04.2014. u 11:00. June on Una River 2014 141 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ pristupiti; identifikovati (identify) – sposobnost identifikovanja lične potrebe za informacijom; planirati (plan) – osmišljavanje strategije za lociranje informacija; obuhvatiti (scope) – procjenjivanje postojećeg znanja i identifikovanje praznina. U odnosu na prvobitni model može se uočiti da su ključne vještine u osnovi iste, dok su neki od principa na kojima se zasniva novi model bitno izmijenjeni. Oni se odnose na fleksibilnost i prilagodljivost, cikličnost, mogućnost primjene novog modela na različitim populacijama korisnika, zatim na korišćenje isključivo standardne (bibliotečke, akademske) terminologije, obavezno proširivanje od vještina na stavove i ponašanja, i na laku primjenljivost u praktičnim situacijama (Stubbings, 2012). 4. DRUŠTVENA OPRAVDANOST APOSTROFIRANJA ULOGE I ZNAČAJA INFORMACIONE PISMENOSTI U ODNOSU NA FENOMEN VIŠKA INFORMACIJA Podatak da se informacije uopšte u prosjeku uvećavaju za oko 30% na godišnjem nivou svakako nam ukazuje da živimo u vremenu u kojem je obilje informacija evidentno. Ovakav trend rasta broja informacija na globalnom nivou za posljedicu, pored pozitivnih, ima i negativne efekte. Neki od njih su: problem nedostatka pažnje i konfuzija (Naj, 2006; Eriksen, 2003; Bal, 1997), nemogućnost pridavanja smisla informacijama (Kin, 1995, Bodrijar, 1985), pribjegavanje konzumiranju kratkih i lakih sadržaja (Todorović, 2010; Eriksen, 2003), produbljivanje jaza u sferi znanja (Kunczik/Zipfel, 2006) i ugrožavanje demokratije (Čomski, 1997). Ublažavanju navedenih negativnih efekata fenomena viška informacija koji društveno nisu zanemarivi znatno može doprinijeti ovladavanje vještinama koje se stiču informacionim opismenjavanjem. Informaciono nepismeni građani su „ekonomski siromašni, kulturno dezorijentisani, socijalno frustrirani i nesigurni, nespremni za dijalog, politički lakovjerni, nekritični, nemotivisani, sa niskim ambicijama“, te „nikako ne mogu da se uklope u rastuće i zahtjevne izazove informacione ere ...“ (Crnogorac, 2010: 272). Na važnost informacionog opismenjavanja građana nastoji se ukazati i time što je za ostvarenje ovog procesa neophodna zajednička odgovornost mnogih, od formalnog obrazovnog sistema, kulturnih ustanova do međunarodnih i privrednih organizacija i vlada. Neke od značajnih organizacija koje se ističu po broju strategija i inicijativa u pogledu informacione pismenosti, poput UN-a, EU-a ili UNESCO-a, uviđaju da će uspjeh u 21. vijeku zavisiti od sposobnosti pronalaženja i korišćenja informacija (Špiranec, 2003). S obzirom na broj, kao i na sadržaj raznih dokumenata evidentno je da je uključivanje cjelokupnog društva u novo informaciono doba politika koja se naročito posljednjih godina nalazi u samom vrhu prioriteta vlada mnogih država. Razlozi zbog kojih se ukazuje na važnost informacionog opismenjavanja građana proističu iz samog karaktera savremenog društva, odnosno njegovih osnovnih obilježja. Razvoj i sve veća primjena informaciono-komunikacionih tehnologija uticali su na velike promjene u društvu, te su znatno doprinijeli transformaciji iz industrijskog u informaciono društvo, kao i u društvo utemeljeno na znanju, u kojem privredni razvoj i kvalitet života pojedinca uveliko zavise od znanja i pronalaženja, obrade i primjene informacija. Informaciono društvo je „društvo za koje je karakterističan visok stepen zavisnosti ekonomskih, političkih, kulturnih, i uopšte društvenih struktura (i diskursivnih formacija) od čovjeku eksternih procesa obrade informacija“ (Milovanović, n.d). 142 June on Una River 2014 Anđela K. Vukelić, Informaciona pismenost – mehanizam odbrane od fenomena viška informacija S obzirom na ulogu i značaj informacije u savremenom društvu, te na njihovu količinu koja se gotovo svakodnevno povećava, informaciona pismenost, pod kojom se podrazumijevaju vještine koje znatno olakšavaju ali isto tako doprinose kvalitetnijoj obradi informacija, svakako se može odrediti kao vještina za 21. vijek. Iako se, kada je riječ o mjerama kontrole prekomjerne količine informacija, može govoriti, osim o informacionoj pismenosti i o drugim mjerama, koje, također, mogu doprinijeti iskorišćavanju pozitivnih efekata ove pojave, ipak se informaciona pismenost u odnosu na njih može izdvojiti kao ključna. Kako ističe Biljana Vitković palijativni mehanizmi, odnosno, rješenja koje ona vidi kao jedini mogući izlaz iz situacije informacijskog overlouda upravo „se izgrađuju kombinacijom vještina koje se nazivaju informaciona pismenost i koje se stiču u procesu doživotnog učenja“ (2009: 108). A da je informaciona pismenost jedna od ključnih vještina za uspjeh pojedinaca u savremenom društvu, te da je informaciono opismenjavanje građana jedan od bitnih procesa za razvoj društva u cjelini, kroz svoja određenja informacione pismenosti potvrđuju brojni autori, kao i dokumenti, strategije i inicijative koje su donesene upravo u tom cilju. Jedan od takvih dokumenata je Aleksandrijska izjava o informacionoj pismenosti i doživotnom učenju u kojoj se ova dva koncepta, između ostalog, određuju i kao „svetionici informacionog društva koji osvjetljavaju puteve razvoja, napretka i slobode“. 5. ZAKLJUČAK Posjedovanje informacione pismenosti može se postaviti kao imperativ u razvoju informacionog društva. Osmišljavanje programa ili modela za sprovođenje informacionog opismenjavanja građana trebalo bi da bude ne samo stvar pojedinca već društva u cijelosti. U tom pravcu posebno značajnu ulogu može odigrati obrazovni sistem. Djeca već od osnovne škole, pa čak i ranije imaju pristup različitim vrstama medija kao dominantnim izvorima raznovrsnih informacija, čime se ostvaruje prvi preduslov za mogućnost njihovog djelovanja. Potencijalni uticaji medija nisu bezazleni, na šta bi se mladima trebalo ukazati. Posjedovanje i kontinuirano razvijanje vještina koje se stiču informacionim opismenjavanjem učinit će ne samo mlade već i svakog građanina kao pripadnika informacionog društva sposobnim da iskoristi prednosti a istovremeno izbjegne opasnosti koje su sa sobom donijeli novi informacioni tokovi. Razlika između društava ne ogleda se toliko u razvoju i primjeni informacionokomunikacionih tehnologija koliko u spremnosti da se na izazove kao rezultate njihovog razvoja na pravi način odgovori. Informaciona pismenost je važna za proces učenja, za unapređenje kvaliteta i produktivnosti poslovanja, kvaliteta života i za podizanje nivoa građanskog aktivizma. Njena važnost proističe i iz same uloge informacije kao nezamjenljivog resursa za sticanje i širenje znanja, s tim da samo posjedovanje informacija ne podrazumijeva istovremeno i posjedovanje znanja. U pogledu odnosa informacije i znanja ključno je razvijanje sposobnosti da se pronađene informacije sintetizuju sa već postojećim, doprinoseći time stvaranju novog znanja, odnosno korisne osnove na kojoj se ono može graditi. Ova sposobnost je u radu predstavljena kao sedmi stup SCONUL modela informacione pismenosti, kojem prethode brojne vještine koje se stiču kontinuiranim procesom informacionog opismenjavanja. Vještine koje se stiču ovim procesom su neophodne za uspjeh savremenog pojedinca koji među brojnim informacionim plastovima mora da izabere odgovarajući i da iz njega izvuče samo njemu potrebne informacije. 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Preuzeto 10.03. 2014. sa http://www.bos.rs/cepit/idrusto2/tema1/ 14. Naj, Dž. J. (2006). Kako razumevati međunarodne odnose: uvod u teoriju i istoriju. Beograd: Stubovi kulture. 15. Poter, Dž. (2011). Medijska pismenost. Beograd: Clio. 16. Stubbings, R. (2012). The SCONUL Seven Pillrs of Information Literacy. Preuzeto 02.04.2014. sa www.slideshare.net/fmmacle/sconul-7-pilars. 17. Subotić, O. (2011). Informaciono kontrolisano društvo. Stari Banovci; Beograd: Berner. 18. Špiranec, S. (2003). Informacijska pismenost – ključ za cjeloživotno učenje. Edupoint časopis, časopis o primjeni informacijskih tehnologija u obrazovanju, br. 17, str. 5–15 (http://edupoint.carnet.hr/casopis). 19. Todorović, N. (2010). Zagađenje preobiljem informacija. CM, časopis za upravljanje komuniciranjem br. 17, str. 87–93. 20. Vitković, B. (2007). Informacijsko preopterećenje: konceptualni okvir strukture istraživanja. CM, časopis za upravljanje komuniciranjem br. 4, str. 25–55. 21. Vitković, B. (2009). Preopterećenje informacijama: kako naći relevantne informacije. CM, časopis za upravljanje komuniciranjem br. 12, str. 87–113. 144 June on Una River 2014 WEB RESURSI U PODRUČJU KULTURE – PREZENTACIJSKA LOGIKA INSTITUCIJE Almedina Salihagić Komisija za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika – biblioteka i dokumentacioni centar Obala Kulina bana 1 71 000 Sarajevo www.kons.gov.ba [email protected] SAŽETAK: Digitalna tehnologija je danas prisutna u svim vrstama poslovanja, što je omogućilo nove načine komunikacije. U takvom društvu opće globalizacije kategorija prostora i vremena nisu iste kao ranije, jer je putem Mreže veliki broj informacija dostupan uvijek i na bilo kojem mjestu. Ove nove mogućnosti dovele su do redefiniranja pojma kulture i proširile ga na novi pojam digitalne kulture. Virtuelno okruženje omogućuje kulturnim ustanovama da svoje poslove organiziraju na novim osnovama, u skladu sa potrebama različitih kategorija korisnika. U društvu u kojem dominiraju savremene tehnologije i brz prijenos informacija, vidljivost i ostvarivanje interakcije sa korisnicima je postala jedna od najvažnijih komponenata u radu kulturnih institucija. Rad se bavi primjerima prezentacije kulturnog sektora u mrežnom okruženju na primjeru web-stranice Komisije za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika (u daljem tekstu Komisija), koja se bavi materijalnom baštinom Bosne i Hercegovine. Dat je osvrt na sadržajnu strukturu web-stranice te konstatirana potreba za redizajnom stranice uz poboljšanje postojećih sadržaja, kao i koncipiranje potpuno novih sadržaja. Cilj rada je naglasiti važnost kreiranja vizuelnog identiteta digitalnog prikaza ustanove, koji mora proizlaziti iz djelatnosti kojom se ustanova bavi. U radu je istaknuta hitna potreba za redizajniranjem web-stranice, jer njene trenutne mogućnosti ne mogu kvalitetno i adekvatno odgovoriti na prezentacijske potrebe Komisije. Ključne riječi: digitalna kultura, informacione tehnologije, kulturni sektor, web-stranice, Komisija za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika, vizuelni identitet, informacione tehnologije 1. UVOD Brzi razvoj informacijsko-komunikacijskih tehnologija utječe na način rada kulturnog sektora, tj. stvara novi kontekst u kojem kulturne ustanove djeluju. Nove informacijske tehnologije omogućile su nove načine komunikacije informacijama, a digitalizacija je omogućila lahku i brzu reprodukciju, spremanje, distribuciju i korištenje različitih vrsta sadržaja i informacija. Svaki novi medij transparentniji je od prijašnjeg, jer je nastao na iskustvu „starih“ medija. U tom kontekstu web je „bolji“ jer je interaktivan, a jedina ograničenja su mu nekompatibilnost između različitih hardverskih platformi, za koja nema stvarnih razloga već su nastala kao posljedica ekonomskih težnji različitih kompanija. Ova promjena komunikacijskih okolnosti utječu na društvene odnose što se direktno odrazilo na odnose između stvaraoca kulturnog sadržaja i korisnika. Umjesto pasivnog čekanja korisnika, svi stvaraoci kulturnog sadržaja prinuđeni su smišljati inovativne načine kako privući pažnju i obrazovati javnost o kulturnom sadržaju institucije. U tom je procesu posebno važno ostvariti komunikaciju sa ciljnim skupinama korisnika i javnosti te stvaranje željenog imidža u društvu. U afirmaciji kulturnog identiteta i promociji kulturne komunikacije web-stranice i kulturni portali imaju jednu od važnijih uloga, prvenstveno u stvaranju Kulturne mreže. The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ 2. KULTURNI SEKTOR I NOVE MOGUĆNOSTI KOMUNIKACIJE Pojmovi kulture, komunikacije i tehnologije međusobno su povezani, a kulturne vrijednosti društva se odražavaju i u virtuelnom svijetu. Ta bi se sfera mogla opisati kao svijet mogućnosti koje se izvode iz digitalnog modela i uputa korisnika (Lévy, 2001: 57). Pristup internetu za korisnike znači jednostavan pristup različitim informacijama i sadržajima kao što su: muzika, videozapisi, film, slike, tekst i ostali oblici digitalnih kulturnih dobara, tj. dokumentirane kulturne baštine koja je dostupna putem mreže. Jednostavan pristup kulturnim dobrima na interentu za korisnike je vrlo privlačan, zanimljiv i moglo bi se reći važan u novim odnosima u informacijskom društvu. Virtuelno okruženje omogućuje kulturnim ustanovama da svoje poslove organiziraju na novim osnovama, u skladu sa potrebama različitih kategorija korisnika – od naučnih radnika, do šire publike koja, također, nije homogena kategorija. Stoga institucije koje su zadužene za određeni kulturni sektor od državnog do lokalnog nivoa u svom radu ne mogu ignorirati trendove digitalizacije postojećih sadržaja kao i novonastale digitalne sadržaje. Od kulturnih se institucija očekuje da se prilagode novim trendovima i očekivanjima korisnika te svoju „imovinu“ koja je upravo sadržaj, tj. ne samo fizički atrefakti ili dokumenti, putem novih znanja i ICT-a tehnologija efikasnije prezentiraju i ponude korisnicima. Pored činjenice da je neka informacija dostupna na mreži, to nikako ne znači da će je korisnik jednostavno pronaći. Kulturne ustanove traže strategije za efikasnu ponudu svog sadržaja i komuniciranje sa korisnicima. Istovremeno korisnici pokušavaju filtrirati brojne informacije u potrazi za relevantnim informacijama. U tom su procesu mehanizmi selekcije vrlo važni zbog velike količine dostupnih informacija na mreži. Istraživanjem na internetu može se utvrditi u kojoj je mjeri i na koji način je kulturni sektor usvojio nove mrežne (i virtuelne) načine rada. U društvu u kojem dominiraju savremene informacione tehnologije i brz prijenosa informacija, vidljivost i ostvarivanje interakcije sa korisnicima postala je jedna od najvažnijih komponenata u radu kulturnih institucija. Za dugoročno stvaranje dobrih rezultata na ovom polju neophodno je nekoliko komponenti: definiranje jasnog cilja i svrhe; digitalni sadržaji; ciljana publika/korisnici; pregledna web-stranica (jednostavna za pronalazak željenih informacija); ažuriranost stranice; unaprijeđenje stranice i redizajniranje. 2.1. WEB-STRANICA KOMISIJE ZA OČUVANJE NACIONALNIH SPOMENIKA Kada govorimo o mogućnostima koje nam nude informacione tehnologije, potrebno je istaći da je Komisija za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika (u daljem tekstu Komisija) bila jedna od prvih državnih kulturnih institucija u Bosni i Hercegovini koja je putem webstranice 2003. godine prezentirala svoj rad široj javnosti. Komisija je od samog početka svog rada uvidjela važnost web-komunikacije kao sistema koji „otvara“ instituciju široj javnosti i čini njene sadržaje i informacije jednako dostupnim za sve zainteresirane korisnike. Sa druge strane, tek je od 2006. do 2008. godine na državnom nivou pokrenut projekt E-vlada, sa preporukama i smjernicama za elektronsko poslovanje svih državnih institucija. Projekt je rezultirao usvajanjem "Uputstva o izradi i održavanju 146 June on Una River 2014 Almedina Salihagić, Web resursi u području kulture – prezentacijska logika institucije službenih internetskih stranica institucija BiH" ("Službeni glasnik BiH", broj 21/09). Analizom web-stranice Komisije (iz 2003.) ustanovljeno je da sadržajno odgovara sa oko 90 % preporuka iz Uputstva. Potrebno je istaći da web-stranica, posmatrana sadržajno, pruža dosta podataka koji su dostupni na jezicima naroda u BiH i engleskom jeziku kao što su: zakonski okvir za djelovanje Komisije; članovi Komisije; nacionalni spomenici (uključujući i Listu peticija i Privremenu listu i Listu najugroženijih spomenika); aktivnosti Komisije (sjednice, posjete Komisije općinama, projekti i konferencije, saopćenja za javnost, saradnja, izložbe, aktivnosti na Kampanji za zaštitu ugroženog naslijeđa, Izvještaji o radu Komisije itd.); biblioteka i dokumentacioni centar (dokumentarna građa o nacionalnim spomenicima); galerija fotografija nacionalnih spomenika; tekuće aktivnosti. Slika 1: Izgled web-stranice Komisije (Izvor: www.kons.gov.ba) Sa aspekta „vidljivosti“ rada u digitalnom prostoru, Komisija se trudi uspostaviti interakciju sa korisnicima i javnošću upravo putem weba. Najznačajniji dio webstranice svakako je baza podataka u kojima se nalaze odluke (opis dobra, historijski podaci, prethodna zaštita, stanje na terenu i dr.) za sve proglašene nacionalne spomenike (za koje je odluka objavljena u Službenom glasniku BiH), a od kojih svaka predstavlja nezaobilazan izvor podataka za pojedini spomenik za svakog pojedinca ili instituciju koja se bavi proučavanjem naslijeđa Bosne i Hercegovine ili je na bilo koji način povezana sa zaštitom naslijeđa. Putem web-stranice Komisija obavještava javnost o datumima sjednica, izložbi, novoproglašenim nacionalnim spomenicima, radovima u sklopu projekata Komisije, projektima i stručnim konferencijama na kojima su učestvovali stručni saradnici. Također je pružen uvid u resurse (dokumentarnu građu o nacionalnim spomenicima) kojima raspolaže Komisija, a koji su stavljeni na raspolaganje svim zainteresiranim korisnicima. Putem web-stranice je osigurana provedba Zakona o slobodi pristupa informacijama (PS BIH broj 57/00 23. oktobra 2000. godine Sarajevo) u BiH putem Vodiča za pristup informacijama kojima raspolaže Komisija. Svoju funkciju da June on Una River 2014 147 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ informira javnost o aspektima rada i djelovanja Komisije web-stranica je u potpunosti ispunila. Osim toga, stranica je ponudila i neke reprezentativne digitalne prezentacije naslijeđa od čega izdvajamo: fotogalerija o nacionalnim spomenicima; posteri spomenika za izložbu "Kulturno pamćenje – blago koje nestaje" (koju Komisija realizira već 10 godina); interaktivna videoigra za najmlađe "Moja BiH – moje naslijeđe" (čiji cilj je stjecanje znanja o naslijeđu). Slika 2: Ponuda digitalne baštine na web stranici Komisije (Izvor: www.kons.gov.ba) 2.2. VIZUELNI (NE)IDENTITET Budući da će potencijalni posjetitelji prvo „upoznavanje“ sa institucijom imati preko web-stranice o njoj ovisi prvi dojam koji ostavljamo na korisnike naših informacija i sadržaja. Ukoliko je stranica loša, nisu velike šanse da će se posjetitelji zadržati i provjeriti sadržaj. Posjetitelj mora biti u stanju u nekoliko klikova doći do informacije koju traži. Ukoliko u tome ne uspije, potražiti će drugu stranicu i teško da će se više vratiti. Posmatrano sa tog aspekta, web-stranica Komisije je zastarjela, nedovoljno jasna, bez jasno sistematiziranog sadržaja, a na njoj se ne možete jednostavno pronaći traženi podatak, čak i onda kada znate šta tražite. Stranica, nažalost, nije mijenjana od svog pokretanja, a tokom vremena došlo je do zastarijevanja tehničke infrastrukture web-stranice, što je dovelo do smanjenog plasmana digitalnih sadržaja, zbog nemogućnosti unosa podataka napravljenih u formatima koji izvornom web-stranicom nisu bili podržani. Svjesni činjenice da je stranicu neophodno redizajnirati nekoliko puta, rađena je evaluacija sadržaja i vizuelnog identiteta stranice na osnovi upita za korisnike (koji su u najvećoj mjeri studenti) i tima saradnika čiji je rad usko vezan sa digitalnim i informacionim tehnologijama. Rezultati upita za korisnike dali su odgovore na to kako „nas drugi vide“, a to je da sadržaj web-stranice nije jednostavno i lahko pretraživ, da vizuelni identitet nije privlačan, da nedostaju izbornici te da su podaci nejasno definirani. Na osnovi provedene evaluacije i upita korisnika potvrđeno je da je neophodno redizajnirati stranicu što je prije moguće. S obzirom na utvrđene činjenice tim koji će realizirati redizajn web-stranicu postavlja veliku odgovornost. Svakako je u pitanju složen proces, s obzirom na to da Komisija posjeduje podatke oko 800 tekstova i preko 10 000 fotografija za nacionalne spomenike, značajan broj PDF-dokumenta i tehničke dokumentacije koju je potrebno prezentirati i staviti na raspolaganje korisnicima. 148 June on Una River 2014 Almedina Salihagić, Web resursi u području kulture – prezentacijska logika institucije Redizajnom web-stranice omogućilo bi se poboljšanje postojećih sadržaja, kao i koncipiranje potpuno novih sadržaja. Cilj redizajna stranice je precizna identifikacija institucije prilikom ulaska korisnika na stranicu, zatim vizualna dopadljivost, kvalitetan sadržaj i struktuirana mogućnost povezivanja podataka. Prilikom redizajniranja stranice potrebno je pažljivo planirati strukturu stranice fokusirajući se na sljedeće: strukturu sadržaja; dizajn (vizuelni identitet i atraktivan izgled); jednostavnost pregleda i upotrebe za korisnike; mogućnost dograđivanja i proširivanja; razvijanje strukture koja će podržati aplikacije vezane za online baze podataka; dati kratko objašnjenje pojedinačnih sadržaja; osigurati sprovođenje statistike o posjetama web-stranice i preuzimanju sadržaja; mogućnost konvertiranja različitih formata. Potrebno je kreirati privlačnu naslovnu stranicu sa koje se jasno vidi čime se institucija bavi i što se od sadržaja nudi. Web-stranica mora biti sažeta i čitljiva jer njom šaljemo poruku svojim sadašnjim i budućim korisnicima. Objektivno, web-stranica je dobra ukoliko zadovoljava sljedeće kriterije: posjetitelji se vole zadržavati na stranici; stranica je napravljena u skladu sa generalnim pravilima struke; web-stranica nije trošak nego investicija u instrument za povećanje prezentacije rada institucije. Bez sadržajne kvalitete podataka, jednostavnog dizajna i kvalitetnog vizuelnog identiteta na web-stranici, koja treba korespondirati sa djelokrugom rada Komisije, razočarat ćemo i udaljiti korisnike. Kako je Komisija institucija kulture, koja je svojim radom ostvarila značajan ugled, velika je šteta što trenutna web-stranica zbog zastarjelosti ne prezentira kvalitetno instituciju. Pored toga najveća šteta za proučavanje i zaštitu naslijeđa jeste što digitalni kulturni sadržaji nisu na jednostavan način putem web-stranice dostupni korisnicima. Od 2012. godine pokušavaju se stvoriti uvjeti koji bi rezultirali izdvajanjem finansijskih sredstava za pokretanje redizajna web-stranice, nažalost taj projekt neće biti realiziran u 2014. godini. 3. ZAKLJUČAK Uzmu li se u obzir učinci inovativnih informacijskih i komunikacijskih tehnologija i digitalne kulture na dinamiku razvoja i promjene sa kojima se susreću kulturne institucije, jasno je da one moraju uložiti značajne napore da javnosti što bolje prezentiraju svoj rad i digitalnu kulturnu baštinu. Virtuelno okruženje omogućuje kulturnim ustanovama da svoje poslove organiziraju na novim osnovama, u skladu sa potrebama različitih kategorija korisnika – od naučnih radnika, do šire publike koja, također, nije homogena kategorija. Kada govorimo o mogućnostima koje nam nude informacione tehnologije potrebno je istaći da je Komisija za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika (u daljem tekstu Komisija) bila jedna od prvih državnih kulturnih institucija u Bosni i Hercegovini koja je putem webstranice 2003. godine prezentirala svoj rad široj javnosti. Sa aspekta „vidljivosti“ rada u digitalnom prostoru Komisija se trudi uspostaviti interakciju sa korisnicima i javnošću upravo putem web-stranice. Tim putem Komisija obavještava javnost o datumima June on Una River 2014 149 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ sjednica, izložbi, novoproglašenim nacionalnim spomenicima, radovima u sklopu projekata, projektima i stručnim konferencijama na kojima su učestvovali stručni saradnici. Također je pružen uvid u dokumentarnu građu o nacionalnim spomenicima kojima raspolaže Komisija, a koji su stavljeni na raspolaganje svim zainteresiranim korisnicima. Međutim, stranica nije mijenjana od pokretanja (10 godina), a tokom vremena došlo do vizuelne, sadržajne i tehničke infrastrukture web-stranice, što je dovelo do smanjenog plasmana digitalnih sadržaja zbog nemogućnosti unosa podataka napravljenih u formatima koji izvornom web-stranicom nisu bili podržani. Nažalost, zbog zastarjelosti stranice Komisija nije u mogućnosti da objavljuje digitalne materijale svojih aktivnosti koje u svojoj strukturi imaju tekst i tehničku dokumentaciju. S obzirom na to da webstranica ne može u potpunosti i kvalitetno prezentirati rad institucije i sadržaj podatka, nametnula se potreba za redizajnom stranice. Na taj način bi se omogućilo poboljšanje postojećih sadržaja, kao i formiranje potpuno novih sadržaja. Cilj redizajna stranice je precizna identifikacija institucije prilikom ulaska korisnika na stranicu, zatim vizualna dopadljivost, kvalitetan sadržaj i struktuirana mogućnost povezivanja podataka. Zaključak je da trenutni izgled web-stranice ne daje realnu sliku institucije, ona na internetu nije kvalitetno prezentirana i zbog toga je potrebno je što prije krenuti u realizaciju projekta redizajna stranice Komisije. Da bismo bili u korak sa intenzivnom interkulturalnom komunikacijom koja potiče nove oblike kulturne raznolikosti u umreženim identitetima na globalnom, regionalnom i nacionalnom nivou, neophodno je da u taj projekt krenemo odmah. Potrebno je kreirati privlačnu naslovnu stranicu sa koje se jasno vidi čime se institucija bavi i što se od sadržaja nudi. Webstranica mora biti sažeta i čitljiva jer njom šaljemo poruku svojim sadašnjim i budućim korisnicima. 4. BIBLIOGRAFIJA: Brofi, Piter. Biblioteka u dvadeset prvom veku: nove usluge za informaciono doba, Beograd: Clio, 2005. Dražin-Trbuljak, Lada. Redizajn web stranice muzejkog dokumnetacijskog centra, hpt: www.mdc.hr: od muzeja za muzeje, Muzeologija 41/42, Zagreb: Muzejski dokumentacijski centar, 2007. (266-276). Dostupno na: http://hrcak.srce.hr/index. php?show=toc&id_broj=6249. Lévy, P. Cyberculture. University of Minnesota Press, 2001. Light, Richard. Web stranica CIDOC-A analiza slučaja o ponovnoj upotrebi informacija, Muzeologija 41/42, Zagreb: Muzejski dokumentacijski centar, 2007. (35–41). Dostupno na: http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=toc&id_broj=6249. Homadovski, Aleksandar. Transformacije institucija kulture − Suvremene muzejske destinacije i utjecaji vrijednosti industrijskog brandinga, Prostor 17, Arhitektonski fakultet: Zagreb, 2009. (386-398). Dostupno na: www.hrcak.srce.hr/file/70202 Pavelin, Goran. Analiza web stranica hrvatskih arhiva s aspekta javnih programa. Dostupno na: 630787.Arhivi_javni_programi.docx bib.irb.hr/datoteka/630787. Rizvić, Selma. Digitization and Multimedia Presentation of Cultural Heritage in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 3D Technologies as Communcation Tool of 21st Century, IK3DT: Ljubljana, 2009. 150 June on Una River 2014 Almedina Salihagić, Web resursi u području kulture – prezentacijska logika institucije Selimović, Dino; Rizvić, Selma. "DIGI.BA" - Digitalizacija i informatizacija kulturne baštine BiH. Dostupno na: http://elibrary.matf.bg.ac.rs/bitstream/handle/ 123456789/2030/013%2520SELIMOVIC%2520RIZVIC.pdf?sequence=1. Strategija kulturne politike u Bosni i Hercegovini, Sarajevo 2008. Dostupno na: www.mcp.gov.ba/org_jedinice/sektor_nauka_kultura/.../strategije/?id. Strateški plan Komisije za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika. Sarajevo, 2013. (interni akt). Nadrljanski, Đorđe. Informatička pismenost i informatizacija obrazovanja, Informatologija, Vol. 39. No. 4. Zagreb: Hrvatsko komunikološko društvo, 2013. (262–66). Dostupno na: www.hrcak.srce.hr. Uzelac, Aleksandra. Digitalna kulturna dobra u informacijskom društvu između javne domene i privatnog vlasništva, Medij. istraž. (god. 10, br. 1) 2004. (37–53). ____________, Kulturne mreže i kulturni portali – nova infrastruktura kulturnog sektora, Muzeologija 41/42, Zagreb: Muzejski dokumentacijski centar, 2007. (42– 51). Dostupno na: http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=toc&id_broj=6249. Zakon o slobodi pristupa informacijama u Bosni i Hercegovini. Parlamentarna Skupština BiH broj. 57/00 Sarajevo, 2000. Dostupno na: http://www.mpr.gov.ba/ pristup_info/default.aspx?id=2574&langTag=bs-BA. June on Una River 2014 151 WEB RESOURCES IN THE FIELD OF CULTURE – PRESENTATION LOGIC OF INSTITUTION Almedina Salihagic Commission to Preserve National Monuments – Library and Documentation Centre Obala Kulina Bana, number 1 71000 Sarajevo www.kons.gov.ba [email protected] SUMMARY: Digital technology nowadays exists in all business segments, providing for new communication methods. In such a society faced with general globalisation, the notions of space and time are no longer the same as before given the fact that the web makes a large amount of information accessible anytime, anyplace. Such new horizons have made us redefine the concept of culture, expanding it to the new concept of digital culture. The virtual environment allows the cultural institutions to organise their business on new foundations, meeting the needs of many types of different users. In the society which is dominated over by modern technologies and fast information transmission, the visibility and the achievement of interaction with users have become some of the most fundamental aspects of work in the cultural institutions. This paper deals with the samples of the presentation of culture sector in the web environment, using as the sample the website of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments (hereinafter: Commission), which deals with the material heritage of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It provides for an overview of contextual structure of the website, and recognizes the need for the website redesign, along with boosting the existing content, as well as the developing entirely new content. The objective of this paper is to highlight the importance of creating visual identity of the institution’s digital presentation, from which it must be clear what activities the institution is engaged in. It also accentuates the urgent need for the website re-design, as its current potentials cannot respond to the presentation needs of the Commission in a qualitative and adequate manner. Key words: digital culture, information technologies, culture sector, web pages, the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, visual identity, information technologies. 1. INTRODUCTION The rapid expansion of information-communication technologies affects the mode of operation of the culture sector, more specifically it establishes a new contextual framework within which cultural institutions perform their work. New information technologies have provided new forms of communication by means of information, whereas digitalisation enables easy, simple and fast reproduction, storage, distribution and application of new types of content and information. Each new media is more transparent than the previous one, as its creation is based on the experience of the “old” media. Within such a context, web is “better”, given that it is interactive, while its only limitations lie in the incompatibilities between different hardware platforms, this having no grounds, considering that they have emerged as a result of economic aspirations of various companies. Such a change in communication circumstances affects social relations, this directly reflecting on the relations between the designers of cultural content and its users. Instead of awaiting the users passively, the cultural content designers are compelled to think of innovative methods in order to attract the attention and educate the public about cultural content of the institution. Within this process, it is of special significance to establish communication with the target user groups and the public, and to create a The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ desired image in the society. In the affirmation of cultural identity and the promotion of cultural communication, the websites and cultural portals have one of the major roles, primarily in the creation of a Cultural web. 2. CULTURE SECTOR AND NEW COMMUNICATION POTENTIALS The concepts of culture, communication and technology are interrelated, whereas cultural values of the society reflect on the virtual world. The virtual sphere might be described as the world of potentials that are derived from the digital model and the recommendations by users (Lévy, 2001: 57). For all the users, internet access signifies a simple access to various information and content, such as: music, videos, movies, photos, texts and other forms of digital cultural property, i.e. documented cultural heritage that is available through the Web. Easy access to cultural property on the internet is found by the users as a very attractive and interesting method, and we could say a very important one for the new relations in the information society. The virtual environment enables cultural institutions to organise their operations on new foundations, in accordance with the needs of various types of users – from scientific workers to general public, which is not a homogeneous user type either. Therefore, those institutions entrusted with the culture sector, from the state down to the local level, cannot ignore the trends of the digitalisation of existing content as well as newly designed digital content in performing their work tasks. The cultural institutions are expected to adjust to these new trends and user expectations, and to more efficiently present and offer their “property”, which actually represents the content and not just pure physical artefacts or documents, to the users through newly obtained knowledge and ICT technologies. The fact that certain information is available on the Web does not mean that the user will find it easily. The cultural institutions are searching for the strategies to efficiently offer their own content and achieve better communication with the users. At the same time, the users are trying to filtrate out numerous information in searching for relevant data. In this process, the selection mechanisms are of great importance due to a massive amount of information available on the Web. Internet research can lead to the conclusion to what extent and in what a manner the culture sector has adopted new network (including virtual) operation modes. In the society which is dominated over by modern information technologies and fast information transmission, the visibility and the achievement of interaction with the users have become some of the most fundamental aspects of work in the cultural institution. For the long term accomplishment of good results in this particular field, it is necessary to establish a few components: Definition of clear objectives and purposes; Digital content; Target audience/users; Well laid-out webiste (desired information easy to find) Website updating; Improvement of the wegsite and its redesign 2.1. WEBSITE OF THE COMMISSION TO PRESERVE NATIONAL MONUMENTS When we talk about the potentials of information technologies, it needs to be highlighted that the Commission to Preserve National Monuments (hereinafter: 154 June on Una River 2014 Almedina Salihagić, Web resources in the field of culture – presentation logic of institution Commission) was one of the first state cultural institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina to present its work to wide audience through the website in 2003. Since the beginning of this work, the Commission has recognised the importance of web communication as the system which “opens” the institution to general public and makes its content and information easily accessible to all interested users. On the other hand, it was only in the period 2006-2008 that the state level has seen the launch of the project E-government, including recommendations and guidelines for electronic business to all state institutions. The project resulted in the adoption of the “Guidance on Designing and Maintaining Official Internet Sites of BiH” (“BiH Official Gazette” no. 21/09). The analysis of the Commission’s web page (as of 2003) led to the conclusion that that site corresponds to the Guidance recommendations to about 90%. It needs to be emphasised that the website, from the contextual point of view, provides a lot of information that are available on all languages officially used in BiH, as well as in English language such as: Legal framework for the work of the Commission; Commission members; National monuments (including the List of Petitions, the Provisional List and the List of Heritage at Risk); Commission activities (session, Commission visits to municipalities, projects and conferences, press releases, cooperation, exhibitions, activities in the Campaign for Protection of Heritage at Risk, reports on the Commission work etc.); Library and Documentation Centre (documentary material on national monuments); Photo gallery of national monuments; Ongoing activities Figure 1: Lay-out of the Commission’s web site (Source: www.kons.gov.ba) From the standpoint of the “visibility” of work in the digital space, the Commission is striving to establish interaction with users and public through the Web. The most important segment of the website is certainly the database, carrying the decisions (description of the monument, historical information, protection up to date, condition of the site etc.) for all designated national monuments (for which the decision has been published in the BiH Official Gazette), each of them representing essential source of information on any individual monument for each individual or an institution dealing with the study of Bosnia and Herzegovina heritage, or is in any way associated with the heritage protection. Through its website, the Commission informs the public about the dates of its session, exhibitions, newly designated national monument, all activities deriving from the Commission’s projects, other projects and scientific conferences, at which various expert associates have taken participation. It also provides an insight into resources (documentary material on the national monuments) in possession by the Commission, which are made available to all interested users. The website ensures the June on Una River 2014 155 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ implementation of the Freedom of Access to Information Act (PS/Parliamentary Assembly of BiH, no. 57/00, dates 23rd October 2000, Sarajevo) in BiH via the Guide on Access to Information held by the Commission. This website has entirely achieved its objective to inform the public about all aspects of the Commission’s work and activities. Apart from this, the website offers some representative digital heritage presentations, of which we highlight: Photo gallery of national monuments; Posters on the monuments for the Exhibition “Cultural memory – a vanishing treasure (having been organised by the Commission for already 10 years); Interactive video games for the youngest population „My BiH - My Heritage“ (the aim of which is to gain knowledge about heritage). Figure 2: Digital heritage presentation on the Commission’s web site (source: www.kons.gov.ba) 2.2. VISUAL (NON) IDENTITY Given the fact that a potential visitor will make his initial acquaintance with the institution through its website, the first impression to be left on the user of our information and content depends on it. Should the website be of bad quality, there are poor chances that the visitor will spend some time on it and further search through its contents. The visitor must be enabled to reach needed information with only a few clicks. If he/she fails to do so, they will move to another page, and it is hard to expect that they will return to our website. Observing the situation from this aspect, we can say that the Commission’s website is out-dated, unclear, without properly systematized content, where you are unable to find easily desired information, even when you know what to look for. Unfortunately, the site has not been modified since its launch, while over time the technical infrastructure of the website has become out-dated, which has led to the reduction of the placement of digital content due to the inability to store data created in the formats not being supported with the initial website. Aware of the fact that the website needs to be redesigned, the evaluation of the content and visual identity of the page have been made a few times, based on the user survey (which mostly involved the students) and the survey of the associates whose work is closely linked to digital and information technologies. The user survey results have provided us with an overview as to “how others see us” and their answers actually tell us that the content of the website cannot be easily and simply searched, that the visual identity is not appealing, that it lacks menu and that data are vaguely defined. This evaluation and the user survey basically reiterate that the webpage needs to be redesigned as soon as possible. Given the aforementioned facts, the team which will carry out the website redesign process is faced with a great responsibility. This is certainly a complex process, considering the fact that the Commission is in possession of such data including around 800 texts and over 10 000 photographs related to the 156 June on Una River 2014 Almedina Salihagić, Web resources in the field of culture – presentation logic of institution national monuments, significant number of PDF documents and technical documentation that needs to be presented and made available to all the users. The website redesign would provide for improvement of existing content, as well as formation of entirely new content. Objective of the website redesign is to enable the user to accurately identify the institution when opening its website, followed by visual attractiveness, the content quality and the structured possibility of data linking. In the website redesign process, it is necessary to carefully plan the structure of the website, placing the focus on the following. Content structure; Design (visual identity and attractive layout); Easy search and user instructions; Possibility for upgrading and expansion; Develop structure that will be able to support applications related to the online databases; Provide statistics on the website visits and the content download; Possibility to convert different formats. It is necessary to make a home page attractive, where one can clearly see what the institution deals with and what it offers in terms of content. The website needs to be concise and readable, as it provides us with the possibility to send our messages to current and potential users. Objectively speaking, the website is good if it meets the following criteria: Visiters prefer to spend some time on that website; The website has been designed in compliance with the general professional rules; The web page is not an expense, but an investment into the instrument allowing for enhanced presentation of the institution’s work. Without data quality content-wise, simple design and good visual identity on the website, which should correspond to the scope of the Commission’s work, we will continue to make the users disappointed, further distancing them away from us. As the Commission is the institution of culture, which has reached good reputation based on its work, it is very detrimental for us that the current website fails to present the institutions in a qualitative manner, due to being out-dated. Apart from this, the biggest damage in studying and protecting the heritage lies in the fact that the digital cultural context of the website is not made easily available to users. Since 2012, the efforts have been made to create such conditions which would result in the allocation of financial resources for launching the website redesign, but unfortunately this project shall not see the light in 2014. 3. CONCLUSION Taking into account the effects of innovative information and communication technologies and digital culture on the dynamics of development and changes faced by the cultural institution, it becomes clear that these institutions must make significant efforts to better present their work and digital cultural heritage to general public. Virtual environment enables cultural institutions to organise their operations on new foundations, in accordance with the needs of various types of users – from scientific workers to general public, which is not a homogeneous user type either. June on Una River 2014 157 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ When we talk about potentials of information technologies, it needs to be highlighted that the Commission to Preserve National Monuments (hereinafter: Commission) was one of the first state cultural institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina to present its work to wide audience through the website in 2003. From the standpoint of “visibility” of work in the digital space, the Commission is striving to establish interaction with the users and public through its website. Through its website, the Commission informs the public about the dates of its sessions, exhibitions, newly designated national monuments, all activities deriving from the Commission’s projects, other projects and scientific conferences, at which various expert associates have taken participation. It also provides an insight into documentary material on the national monuments, in possession by the Commission, which is made available to all interested users. However, the website has not been modified since its launch (for about 10 years), while over time its visual, contextual and technical infrastructure has become out-dated, which has resulted in reduced placement of digital content due to inability to insert such data made in the format not supported with the initial website. Due to the fact that the website is unfortunately out-dated, the Commission is unable to publish digital materials of its activities, which in their structure carry the texts and technical documents. Given that the website cannot entirely and in a qualitative manner present the work of the institution and the content of its information, the need for the website redesign has been imposed. Like this, the existing content would be boosted and entirely new contents would be formed. Objective of the website redesign is to enable the user to accurately identify the institution when opening its website, followed by visual attractiveness, the content quality and structured possibility of data linking. The conclusion is that the current layout of the website does not give a realistic image of the institution, lacking in quality of its presentation on the internet, and therefore it is of significance to launch the redesign project of the Commission’s website as soon as possible. In order to keep up with the intensive intercultural communication, which stimulates new forms of cultural diversity in the networked identities on the global, regional and national level, it is necessary to launch this project. We should create such an attractive website, which clearly shows what the institution deals with and what content it may offer. The website needs to be concise and readable, as it allows us to send our messages to the current and potential users. 4. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Brofi, Piter. The library in the twenty-first century: new services for information age, Belgrade: Clio, 2005. Dražin – Trbuljak, Lada. Redizajn web stranice muzejkog dokumnetacijskog centra, (Web site redesign of the Museum Documentation Centre) hpt: www.mdc.hr: od muzeja za muzeje, Muzeologija (from a museum for the museums, Museology), 41/42, Zagreb: Muzejski dokumentacijski centar, 2007. (266-276). Available on: http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=toc&id_broj=6249 Lévy, P. Cyberculture. University of Minnesota Press, 2001. Light, Richard. Web stranica CIDOC-A analiza slučaja o ponovnoj upotrebi informacija, Muzeologija (CIDOC website – analysis of the case on the reuse of 158 June on Una River 2014 Almedina Salihagić, Web resources in the field of culture – presentation logic of institution information) 41/42, Zagreb: Muzejski dokumentacijski centar, 2007. (35-41). available on: http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=toc&id_broj=6249 Homadovski, Aleksandar. Transformacije institucija kulture − Suvremene muzejske destinacije i utjecaji vrijednosti industrijskog brandinga, (Transformation of the institutions of culture – Modern museum destinations and influence of the value of industrial branding) Prostor 17, Arhitektonski fakultet: Zagreb, 2009. (386-398). available on: www.hrcak.srce.hr/file/70202 Pavelin, Goran. Analiza web stranica hrvatskih arhiva s aspekta javnih programa, (Analysis of the websites of the Croatian Archives from the standpoint of public programs) available on: 630787.Arhivi_javni_programi.docx bib.irb.hr/datoteka/ 630787. Rizvić, Selma. Digitization and Multimedia Presentation of Cultural Heritage in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 3D Technologies as Communication Tool of 21st Century, IK3DT: Ljubljana, 2009. Selimović, Dino i Rizvić, Selma. „DIGI.BA“ - Digitalizacija i informatizacija kulturne baštine BiH, (Digitalisation and informatisation of BiH cultural heritage) available on: http://elibrary.matf.bg.ac.rs/bitstream/handle/123456789/2030/013% 2520SELIMOVIC%2520RIZVIC.pdf?sequence=1 Strategija kulturne politike u Bosni i Hercegovini, (Strategy for Cultural Policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina) Sarajevo 2008. available on: www.mcp.gov.ba/org_jedi nice/sektor_nauka_kultura/.../strategije/?id... Strateški plan Komisije za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika (Strategic Plan of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments). Sarajevo, 2013. (internal document) Nadrljanski, Đorđe. Informatička pismenost i informatizacija obrazovanja, Informatologija, (Information technologies literacy and informatisation of education, Informatology) Vol. 39. No. 4. Zagreb: Hrvatsko komunikološko društvo, 2013. (262- 66). available on: www.hrcak.srce.hr Uzelac, Aleksandra. Digitalna kulturna dobra u informacijskom društvu između javne domene i privatnog vlasništva, (Digital cultural property in the information society between the public domain and the private ownership) Medij. istraž. (god. 10, br. 1) 2004. (37-53). ______________, Kulturne mreže i kulturni portali – nova infrastruktura kulturnog sektora, Muzeologija (Cultural webs and cultural portals – new infrastructure of culture sector, Museology) 41/42, Zagreb: Muzejski dokumentacijski centar, 2007. (42 -51). available on: http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=toc&id_broj=6249 Freedom of Access to Information Act, BiH Parliamentary Assembly, number 57/00 Sarajevo, 2000. available on: http://www.mpr.gov.ba/pristup_info/default.aspx? id=2574&langTag=bs-BA June on Una River 2014 159 AUTENTIFIKACIJSKO-AUTORIZACIJSKA RJEŠENJA COBISS I ŠIBOLETIZACIJA INTERNET SERVISA COBISS AUTHENTICATION/AUTHORISATION SOLUTIONS AND SHIBBOLETHISATION OF WEB SERVICES Miran Petek, mr. Pero Šobot Institut informacijskih znanosti (IZUM), Maribor, Slovenija (http://www.izum.si) [email protected], [email protected] SAŽETAK: IZUM i biblioteke nude svojim korisnicima brojne informacijske servise, a većina tih servisa omogućuje, odnosno zahtijeva prijavu korisnika. Prijava se izvodi na osnovu korisničkog imena i šifre i omogućuje autentifikaciju i autorizaciju korisnika. Takvim mehanizmom IZUM upravlja na osnovu podataka identiteta/članova u COBISS sistemu. Ove godine planiramo uvođenje jedinstvene prijave (Single Sign-On) preko programske komponente Shibboleth. Rezultat tih nastojanja je Federacija COBISS AAI koja predstavlja infrastrukturni servis za prijavu korisnika u različite bibliotečko-informacijske servise. Ključne riječi: informacijska pismenost, informacijska tehnologija, informacijski sistemi i servisi, COBISS.SI, baze podataka članova biblioteka, autentifikacija, autorizacija, AAI, Federacija COBISS AAI, Shibboleth, LDAP, IdP, Identity Provider, Service Provider SUMMARY: IZUM and libraries offer their users a number of information services and the majority of these provide or require user logins. The login is carried out on the basis of a username and password and provides user authentication and authorization. Such mechanism is managed by IZUM on the basis of identity/member data in the COBISS system. This year, IZUM plans to implement a Single Sign-On via the Shibboleth software component. The result of these efforts is the COBISS AAI Federation, which represents an infrastructure service for a user login to different library information services. Key words: information literacy, information technology, information system and services, COBISS.SI, databases of library members, authentication, authorisation, AAI, COBISS AAI Federation, Shibboleth, LDAP, IdP, Identity Provider, Service Provider. 1. UVOD Sažmimo uvodne riječi sa IX. Međunarodne konferencije bibliotekara (Bećiraj, 2012), gdje autori opisuju shvatanje informacijske pismenosti (IL) i pojma informacijska tehnologija (IT), da bismo mogli da objasnimo zašto smo se odlučili da nastavimo i nadogradimo naš članak sa prošlogodišnje konferencije (Šobot, 2013). Američka asocijacija biblioteka (The American Library Association) nudi nam najprihvatljiviju definiciju za informacijsku pismenost: „Informacijska pismenost predstavlja skup umijeća koje su pojedincu potrebne da 'prepozna kada je informacija potrebna te da bude u stanju da locira, vrednuje i efikasno upotrebi traženu informaciju.' Informacije su dostupne preko biblioteka, javnih izvora, organizacija s posebnim interesovanjima, preko medija i interneta – a sve više informacije stižu do pojedinca u nefiltriranom obliku, uz pitanje o njihovoj autentičnosti, validnosti i pouzdanosti. Konačno, informacijski pismeni ljudi su oni pojedinci koji su se naučili kako treba učiti. Oni The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ znaju kako treba učiti, jer znaju kako su informacije organizovane, kako se mogu pronaći i upotrijebiti na način na koji i ostali iz njih mogu nešto naučiti.“ I o relaciji između IT i IL: „Informacijska pismenost povezana je sa umijećima informacijske tehnologije, a ujedno vrši širok utjecaj na pojedinca, obrazovni sistem i društvo u cjelini. Umijeća informacijskih tehnologija omogućuju pojedincu upotrebu računara, programske opreme, baza podataka i drugih tehnologija za postizanje širokog spektra akademskih, profesionalnih i ličnih ciljeva. Informacijski pismeni pojedinac neizbježno razvija neke od tehnoloških vještina.“ (ALA, 2000) Informacijska pismenost usko je povezana s bibliotekama, a biblioteke sa bibliotečkoinformacijskim sistemima. Za skoro cijelu regiju istočnog Balkana to je COBISS sistem. Zato su bibliotečko-informacijski servisi (IZUM za Sloveniju, nacionalni COBISS centri za ostale države u mreži COBISS.Net, 2014) zaduženi i za organiziranje pristupa stranim bazama podataka i servisima te za organiziranje stručnog obrazovanja i savjetovanja na području svoje djelatnosti. Dakle, nude brojne internet-informacijske servise i njihovim korisnicima, odnosno bibliotekama, savjetuju kako da ih koriste. Biblioteke opet pomažu kod upotrebe servisa svojim korisnicima. Većina internet-informacijskih servisa omogućuje, odnosno iziskuje prijavu korisnika. To posebno važi za informacijske servise koji omogućuju personalizaciju usluga, tj. podešavanja koja korisnici mogu postaviti prema ličnoj želji i na taj način servis prilagoditi svojim željama i potrebama. Pri tom se postavlja pitanje, kakav mehanizam prijavljivanja upotrijebiti. Treba ustanoviti da li se od korisnika zahtijeva samo autentifikacija ili i autorizacija, što zavisi od usluge koju biblioteka nudi svojim korisnicima i licencnih dogovora koje biblioteke imaju s provajderima informacijskih usluga. Postoje brojni autentifikacijsko-autorizacijski sistemi. U bibliotečko-informacijskim sistemima najčešće se koristi LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol). Ovaj sistem obezbjeđuje dovoljnu mjeru opšte informacijske bezbjednosti, kao i bezbjednosti ličnih podataka. IZUM podržava LDAP (2014) autentifikacijska rješenja i nudi ih slovenačkim bibliotekama. Rezultat toga su brojni, već realizirani projekti, što će biti prikazano u nastavku rada. Nadogradnju LDAP protokola predstavlja dopuna programskim modulom Shibboleth koji omogućuje jedinstvenu prijavu korisnika u različite informacijske servise. Obezbjeđuje tzv. Single Signe-On, odnosno ukida potrebu ponovnog prijavljivanja korisnika. Federacija COBISS AAI predstavlja rezultat projekta jedinstvene prijave na osnovu podataka o članovima biblioteka u COBISS sistemu i obezbjeđuje autentifikacijsku i autorizacijsku infrastrukturu za prijavljivanje korisnika u informacijske servise koje biblioteke nude svojim korisnicima. Svojom značajnom ulogom, IZUM, kao bibliotečko-informacijski servis, redovno aktivno učestvuje i u projektima i djelatnostima koji čine osnovnu infrastrukturu za razvoj doživotnog učenja. Ove godine također smo učestvovali u manifestaciji T(eden) V(seživljenskega) U(čenja) (Sedmica doživotnog učenja) pod sloganom „Parada učenja 2014“ (Dnevi učečih se skupnosti 9-17. maj) koji predstavlja jednu od najudarnijih promocijskih kampanja na području obrazovanja i učenja u Sloveniji (TVU, 2014) i dio je međunarodnog projekta festivala učenja. 162 June on Una River 2014 Miran Petek, Pero Šobot, Autentifikacijsko-autorizacijska rješenja COBISS i šiboletizacija Internet servisa 2. INFORMACIJSKI SERVISI U SLOVENAČKIM BIBLIOTEKAMA Slovenačke biblioteke koriste brojne informacijske servise na internetu. 2.1. Bežični pristup internetu Danas, u vrijeme dominacije mobilnih uređaja, bežični pristup internetu shvata se kao usluga bez koje biblioteka ne može zadovoljiti želje savremenog korisnika. U akademsko-istraživačkom okruženju, bežični pristup internetu potvrdio se preko međunarodnog projekta Eduroam (2014), o kojem u Sloveniji brine Arnes (2014). Riječ je o globalnom servisu bežičnog pristupa sa prostora obrazovnih institucija, članica projekta. To su univerziteti, istraživački instituti, srednje i osnovne škole i vrtići koji zaposlenima, studentima i istraživačima omogućuju bezbjednu i jednostavnu upotrebu njihovih mobilnih uređaja (prijenosni računar, tablica, pametni telefon) prilikom pristupa internetu. Dodatna vrijednost ovog servisa jeste mogućnost upotrebe servisa na svim lokacijama institucija širom svijeta koje učestvuju u projektu Eduroam. U projektu trenutno učestvuju 54 države. U praksi, to znači da je servis npr. dostupan slovenačkom profesoru ili studentu u vrijeme posjete ili studija na stranom univerzitetu izvan Slovenije. Za ostale „neobrazovne“ biblioteke IZUM, na osnovu iste infrastrukture poput Eduroama, nudi bežični pristup internetu preko projekta Libroam (2014). Servis prvenstveno koriste opšte biblioteke koje ne mogu da koriste usluge Arnesa. U projekt Libroam uključeni su i Narodna i univerzitetna knjižnica u Ljubljani i Univerzitetna knjižnica Maribor koje, osim univerzitetskim svoje usluge nude ostalim članovima biblioteke. Mrežu Libroam mogu koristiti i korisnici Eduroam mreže, jer se upotrebljava ista tehnološka platforma koja obezbjeđuje kompatibilnost obje mreže. 2.2. Daljinski pristup informacijskim servisima U svjetskim okvirima, EZproxy (2014) je najčešće korišten alat za obezbjeđivanje usluga pristupa informacijskim izvorima. Provajder programske opreme je OCLC (2014). Taj alat je veoma rasprostranjen i u Sloveniji, jer omogućuje daljinski pristup servisima, bez obzira na fizičku lokaciju korisnika (također od kuće). Primarni način pristupa informacijskim izvorima uređuje se na osnovu IP adresa institucija, a budući da provajderi informacijskih izvora ne dozvoljavaju „registraciju“ IP adresa izvan lokacija institucija naručioca servisa, upravo je alat EZproxy veoma priručan servis za obezbjeđivanje pristupa izvan registriranih IP adresa. Alat EZproxy Univerzitet u Ljubljani koristi preko portala Mrežnik (2014) o kojem brine Narodna i univerzitetna knjižnica. Univerzitet u Mariboru također koristi taj alat preko portala Univerzitetne knjižnice u Mariboru (UKM, 2014). Opšte biblioteke također su pretplaćene na brojne informacijske izvore i daljinski pristup uređuju alatom EZproxy. IZUM takvu mogućnost pristupa informacijskim izvorima obezbjeđuje ostalim bibliotekama koje nemaju sopstvena rješenja za daljinski pristup preko portala (Oddaljen dostop IZUM, 2014). 2.3. Baze podataka i metapretraživači U najznačajnije bibliotečke usluge svakako spada pristup bazama podataka. U Sloveniji je ponuda veoma široka. Postoje nacionalni konzorci za nabavku baza podataka i eizvora koji uključuju sve univerzitetske korisnike i najznačajnije istraživačke institucije. Postoji i mnogo individualnih dogovora s provajderima informacijskih izvora i June on Una River 2014 163 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ pojedinim bibliotekama. Izdavači, agregatori i ostali provajderi specijaliziranih baza podataka slovenačkim bibliotekama nude šarolik spektar sadržaja, kako akademske tematike tako i tematike zanimljive za opšte korisnike. Posebno su interesantne baze podataka s punim tekstom (full text), a u posljednje vrijeme i e-knjige. Sve češće biblioteke se odlučuju za nabavku građe koja zamjenjuje klasična štampana izdanja. Neke biblioteke prelaze na tzv. e-only modele narudžbina. Metapretraživači i discovery alati olakšavaju korisnicima pretraživanje informacija i literature koja im je potrebna za njihove istraživačko-obrazovne potrebe. IZUM nudi servis Metaiskalnik (2014) koji omogućuje istovremeno pretraživanje po različitim informacijskim izvorima. Tim alatom korisnik štedi vrijeme potrebno za izbor pojedinih informacijskih izvora i izvođenje upita na različitim portalima i grafičkim interfejsima različitim tehnikama pretraživanja. Discovery alati, koji se širom svijeta sve više koriste i polako potiskuju klasične bibliotečke portale za pretraživanje informacija, korisnicima olakšavaju taj posao, jer je pretraživanje po centralnom indeksu mnogo brže, jednostavnije i lakše za korisnika. Discovery alati se koriste i u Sloveniji, a IZUM u svom programu rada planira implementaciju rješenja u okviru sistema COBISS/OPAC. 2.4. Moja biblioteka u COBISS/OPAC-u Moja biblioteka jedna je od najznačajnijih funkcionalnosti COBISS/OPAC-a (COBISS.SI, 2014). Ona omogućuje uvid u pozajmljenu građu pojedinog člana i mogućnost online produžavanja roka pozajmice. Online rezervacije građe također su veoma korištena opcija koja, zajedno sa međubibliotečkom pozajmicom, korisniku nudi mogućnost naručivanja građe iz „fotelje“. Mobilna aplikacija mCOBISS (2014) dodatno doprinosi lagodnosti servisa. Jedna od funkcija, koju su korisnici tražili i koja je u posljednje vrijeme dodana u Moju biblioteku, jeste pregled historijata pozajmljene građe. Svakako, ne smijemo zaboraviti na pregled dugovanja i ograničenja koje korisnici imaju u svojoj biblioteci. Mogućnost uključivanja obavještavanja e-poštom ili SMS-om korisniku može olakšati kontrolu nad pravovremenim vraćanjem građe i primanjem različitih obavještenja biblioteke o događajima i značajnim informacijama. Funkcionalnosti Moje biblioteke svakako se šire sa svakom novom verzijom COBISS/OPAC-a. 2.5. Internet forumi, internet kursevi i drugo Veoma korisne stručne diskusije o bibliotečkim temama često se razvijaju na tzv. internet-forumima. IZUM također nudi tri takva e-foruma (Spletni forumi, 2014). Učesnici raspravljaju na temu katalogizacije, opšteg rječnika predmetnih odrednica COBISS i referentnog servisa Pitaj bibliotekara i na taj način doprinose boljem razumijevanju tematike, a također i postavljanju vizije daljeg razvoja pojedinih područja. Učenje na web-u (Spletno učenje, 2014) koje IZUM nudi pomoću alata Moodle, veoma je korisno pomoćno sredstvo za učenje i osposobljavanje naših korisnika. Naročito krajnjih korisnika biblioteka kojima, pomoću video sadržaja, pripremljenih zadataka, testova te mogućnosti samostalnog učenja, pomažemo da steknu znanja o pretraživanju informacija u sistemu COBISS/OPAC i ostalim informacijskim izvorima, kao što su Web of Science, ProQuest i EBSCO. 164 June on Una River 2014 Miran Petek, Pero Šobot, Autentifikacijsko-autorizacijska rješenja COBISS i šiboletizacija Internet servisa 2.6. Ostali servisi koje nude biblioteke U zanimljivije bibliotečke servise spada usluga „Otvaranje vrata“ koju koriste Univerzitetna knjižnica Maribor i Narodna i univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana. Članovi tih biblioteka, pomoću članske karte, mogu otvoriti vrata određenih bibliotečkih prostora poput čitaonice. U Ljubljani je zaživio projekt Urbana (2014) koji pametnom karticom omogućuje upotrebu bibliotečkih usluga kao što su usluga javnog autobuskog prijevoza, parkiranja, posjeta muzejima i ostalih usluga grada Ljubljane. Brojne biblioteke koriste knjigomate koji olakšavaju vraćanje pozajmljene građe. Pojavljuju se i novi servisi upravljanja štampanja sadržaja na štampaču (npr. PaperCat), što predstavlja dodatnu ponudu biblioteke. Većina biblioteka korisnicima obezbjeđuje pristup personalnim računarima na lokacijama biblioteke. Portali elektronskih knjiga, npr. BIBLOS (2014), prvi slovenački portal s takvom ponudom omogućuje pozajmicu ili kupovinu e-knjiga. Iz dana u dan, takvih je servisa sve više, te možemo očekivati da će ubuduće i ponuda biblioteka biti šarolika i prilagođena savremenom načinu življenja. Cilj ovog rada nije u tome da detaljno opisuje ponudu biblioteka prisutnu u slovenačkoj bibliotečkoj sferi, jer je opširnije opisano u prošlogodišnjem zborniku radova (Šobot, 2013). Svim spomenutim servisima zajednička je činjenica da iziskuju prijavu korisnika, odnosno upotrebu korisničkog imena i šifre, čime korisnik dokazuje identitet u svojoj biblioteci, a time i pravo pristupa. Potreba za prijavljivanjem u spomenute servise može postojati zbog autorizacije koju informacijski servis iziskuje od korisnika i/ili zbog personalizacije podešavanja koja korisnik u servisu koristi (npr. pohranjivanje upotrebljenih zahtjeva za pretraživanje, podešavanja korisničkog interfejsa, uključivanje usluga obavještavanja itd.). Uslov za mogućnost prijave jeste postojanje elektronske baze podataka/evidencije o članovima biblioteke. 3. BAZE PODATAKA O ČLANOVIMA BIBLIOTEKA U SISTEMU COBISS Većina slovenačkih biblioteka koristi automatiziranu pozajmicu građe koja je omogućena u okviru segmenta COBISS/Pozajmica i predstavlja jednu od značajnijih lokalnih aplikacija bibliotečkog informacijskog sistema COBISS. Značajan dio tog segmenta jeste baza članova biblioteke (evidencija članova). Bibliotekari imaju mogućnost upisivanja, ažuriranja i brisanja ličnih podataka članova u svojoj lokalnoj bazi. Osim pozajmice građe, segment pozajmice omogućuje i produžavanje roka pozajmice, vraćanje, rezervacije i evidentiranje izgubljenih primjeraka građe, evidentiranje i podmirivanje potraživanja prema članovima te pretraživanje i ispis podataka o članu, izradu i brisanje opomena, upis napomena o članovima i mnoge druge funkcije. Ukratko, evidencija članova omogućuje bibliotekarima uvid u podatke i aktivnosti pojedinih članova biblioteke. Upisivanje i ažuriranje podataka o članovima uglavnom se izvodi ručno, a to je moguće raditi i automatizirano. U Sloveniji se automatizirano ažuriranje podataka izvodilo prvenstveno u univerzitetskim bibliotekama u kojima postoje univerzitetske evidencije studenata i zaposlenih u tzv. LDAP imenicima. Te podatke IZUM konvertira u zapise čitljive u COBISS-u i izvodi automatizirano ažuriranje podataka o članovima biblioteke. IZUM također priprema rješenja koja će omogućiti direktno obuhvatanje i ažuriranje podataka iz već pripremljenih evidencija i registara Ministarstva za obrazovanje, školstvo i sport RS. Spomenimo samo nekoliko podataka koji se mogu bilježiti kod pojedinog člana biblioteke i koji su važni za prijavu korisnika u informacijske servise. Broj upisa člana June on Una River 2014 165 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ obezbjeđuje jedinstvenu identifikaciju člana u pojedinoj biblioteci i koristi se prilikom autentifikacije, odnosno dokazivanja identiteta u biblioteci. Kategorija člana (studenti, zaposleni, penzioneri, zaposleni na univerzitetu, zaposleni u matičnoj ustanovi itd.) također je jedan od značajnijih podataka o članu koji se često koristi za autorizaciju člana, odnosno kao kriterij za određivanje nadležnosti članu (npr. omogućen pristup licencnim informacijskim izvorima). Mogu se evidentirati i mnogi drugi podaci o identifikaciji članova (ime i prezime, broj indeksa, broj ličnog dokumenta), lični podaci (datum rođenja, spol, mjesto rođenja itd.), podaci o obrazovanju i članovima porodice, roditeljima i starateljima i mnogi drugi podaci. IZUM posvećuje posebnu pažnju pristupu osjetljivim ličnim podacima. U Sloveniji je na snazi veoma strog Zakon o zaštiti ličnih podataka (ZVOP) koji, kako provajderima informacijskih servisa (npr. IZUM), tako i bibliotekarima koji rade na segmentu automatizirane pozajmice građe, nalaže obaveze i odgovornosti u oblasti obezbjeđivanja privatnosti i bezbjednosti ličnih podataka. 4. AUTENTIFIKACIJSKO-AUTORIZACIJSKI PROTOKOLI U dosadašnjem dijelu članka upoznali smo neke informacijske servise koje biblioteke nude svojim korisnicima. Možemo konstatovati da će ponuda takvih internet-servisa ubuduće biti sve veća i ujedno prilagođena potrebama korisnika. To uključuje, kako mobilnost, interaktivnost tako i aspekt društvenih komunikacija koje donose savremena tehnologija i način obrazovanja te stil života korisnika uopšte. Brojne internet usluge omogućuju korisnicima prilagođene funkcionalnosti koje korisnicima olakšavaju rad i alat prilagođavaju ličnim preferencijama pojedinca. One podržavaju tzv. personalizaciju parametara. U okviru web interfejsa pojedine aplikacije, korisnik ima mogućnost da pohrani već upotrebljene zahtjeve za pretraživanje čime dobija na vremenu, jer nema potrebe da ponovo upisuje izraz za pretraživanje koji je ranije koristio. Provajderi u svojim alatima e-poštom nude i mogućnost obavještavanja o pojedinim događajima, npr. objavljivanju novog članka nekog autora ili nove brojeve časopisa. Neki servisi dopuštaju mogućnost prilagođavanja interfejsa aplikacije (boje, logotipi itd.) koje korisniku web lokaciju približavaju u smislu web okruženja koje je za njega prijatnije. Neki pretraživači, ličnim podešavanjima, omogućuju utjecaj na algoritam relevantnosti koji korisnik koristi, i to tako da korisnik određuje stepen svog obrazovanja ili bira željeno istraživačko područje. Ukratko, dodatna ponuda funkcionalnosti veoma je raznolika. Ipak, ako želi da je koristi, korisnik se mora prijaviti, odnosno autentificirati. Ako se korisnik ne prijavi, te dodatne funkcionalnosti ne može da koristi, već može da upotrebljava samo podrazumijevane osnovne funkcije. Zbog licencnih uslova, neki informacijski servisi traže prijavu korisnika i za samu osnovnu upotrebu servisa. Primjeri takvih informacijskih servisa su Web of Science, ProQuest, Scopus, EBSCOHost itd. Za prijavu korisnika u internet servise potrebni su podaci o članovima. Već smo konstatovali da slovenačke biblioteke imaju baze/evidencije svojih članova u segmentu COBISS/Pozajmica. Drugi zahtjev za povezivanje sa servisima je neki od autentifikacijsko-autorizacijskih protokola koji će obezbijediti vezu između baza članova biblioteka i njihovih informacijskih servisa. Postoje brojni protokoli koji obezbjeđuju tu vezu. LDAP, SIP, CAS, RADIUS, Shibboleth, CGI i drugi. IZUM je najprije koristio SIP protokol koji smo u posljednje 166 June on Una River 2014 Miran Petek, Pero Šobot, Autentifikacijsko-autorizacijska rješenja COBISS i šiboletizacija Internet servisa vrijeme zamijenili LDAP protokolom i ove godine ga nadogradili programskim modulom Shibboleth. U nastavku će biti prikazana ta rješenja. 4.1. LDAP PROTOKOL LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) je protokol za autentifikaciju koji se najčešće koristi u bibliotečko-informacijskim servisima. Sa SSL-om (Secure Sockets Layer), preko podrazumijevanog porta 636, obezbjeđuje dovoljan nivo opšte bezbjednosti informacijskih sistema, kao i bezbjednosti ličnih podataka koju određuje Zakon o zaštiti ličnih podataka (ZVOP). U osnovi, za autentifikaciju korisnika potreban je LDAP imenik korisnika, a budući da biblioteke već koriste svoje baze članova u sistemu COBISS, IZUM je uspostavio LDAP server za komunikaciju između baza članova i informacijskih servisa prema standardnom protokolu LDAP. LDAP imenik korisnika nudimo samo nekim slovenačkim institucijama koje nemaju mogućnost automatizirane pozajmice građe (a s samim tim i baze članova) ili nemaju svoju biblioteku. Takav je slučaj Agencija za istraživačku djelatnost RS za koju IZUM nudi LDAP hosting. Slika 1 prikazuje osnovni koncept mehanizma prijavljivanja COBISS preko protokola LDAP. Pristup informacijskom servisu (npr. Libroam, Moja biblioteka u COBISS/OPAC-u, EZproxy, Metaiskalnik, Mrežnik, itd.) obezbjeđuje LDAP server na osnovu podataka o članovima iz COBISS/Pozajmice preko LDAP protokola. Prilikom prijavljivanja u informacijski servis korisnik upiše korisničko ime i šifru koja se provjerava u bazi članova. Ako je šifra pravilna, korisnik će biti autentificiran u informacijski servis. U suprotnom, biće odbijen. Neki servisi traže i autorizaciju korisnika, tj. provjeravanje dodatnih podataka/atributa o članu, kao što su kategorija člana (student, zaposlen na univerzitetu itd.). Informacijski servis LDAP server COBISS3/ Pozajmica COBISS2/ Pozajmica autorizacija.dat autorizacija.dat Slika 1: Osnovni koncept mehanizma prijavljivanja COBISS preko protokola LDAP Autorizacijska pravila upisuju se u posebnu datoteku koja se provjerava prilikom prijave u informacijski servis. Autorizacijska pravila usaglašavaju se između IZUM-a i biblioteke koja obezbjeđuje servis svojim korisnicima. Ujedno se moraju uvažavati licencni uslovi koji su dogovoreni s ponuđačem informacijskog servisa. Prilikom prijave u informacijski servis može se uvažavati lokalna politika biblioteke koja može da odbije prijavu za određene članove biblioteke, npr. za korisnike koji imaju dug u biblioteci ili neko drugo ograničenje pristupa e-izvorima, odnosno bibliotečkim uslugama. Ti uslovi se također usaglašavaju između IZUM-a i biblioteke. June on Una River 2014 167 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ Slika 2: Pojednostavljeni prikaz autentifikacijsko-autorizacijskog mehanizma COBISS preko protokola LDAP Slika 2 predstavlja pojednostavljen prikaz autentifikacijsko-autorizacijskog mehanizma COBISS preko protokola LDAP. Informacijski servisi, koje nude IZUM i slovenačke biblioteke, koriste prijavu na osnovu LDAP protokola SSL preko LDAP servera koji komunicira s bazama podataka članova biblioteka u sistemu COBISS. Neke biblioteke još koriste staru platformu COBISS2/Pozajmica, a sve više njih prelazi na novu platformu COBISS3/Pozajmica. Server LDAP predstavlja centralnu aplikaciju mehanizma prijavljivanja, dok su baze članova osnovni izvor podataka o članovima koji su potrebni za omogućavanje autentifikacije i autorizacije u informacijske servise. Neki informacijski servisi traže samo autentifikaciju korisnika (Libroam, Odpiranje vrat, MyPC, Biblos itd.), dok drugi opet traže više podataka o korisnicima – tzv. autorizaciju (EZproxy, Metaiskalnik itd.). Slabost takvog LDAP sistema prijavljivanja ogleda se u tome što korisnik u svaki od servisa mora da se prijavljuje ponovo, iako je prethodno već obavio prijavljivanje u neki od njih. Budući da informacijski servisi funkcionišu na različitim platformama i serverima, nisu međusobno aplikacijski povezani, te zato postupak autentifikacije i autorizacije korisnik mora izvesti svaki put posebno. Da bismo izbjegli postupak ponavljanja i osigurali ne samo „Same Sign-On“, već i „Single Sign-On“ potrebna je implementacija aplikativnog modula koji bi osigurao takvu funkcionalnost. Naročito u akademsko-istraživačkim krugovima zapadnog svijeta potvrdio se Shibboleth kao aplikativni međučlan između informacijskog servisa i provajdera identiteta. 4.2. SHIBBOLETH Shibboleth (2104) je aplikacija otvorenog koda koja obezbjeđuje komunikaciju između internet servisa i provajdera identiteta. On obezbjeđuje Single Sign-On ili jedinstvenu prijavu korisnika. Korisniku, koji se prijavi u prvi shibbolethiziran informacijski servis, osigurana je prijava i u ostale shibbolethizirane servise, bez potrebe za ponovnim upisivanjem korisničkog imena i šifre, jer je svoj identitet već dokazao prijavljivanjem u prvi informacijski servis. Za obezbjeđivanje takvog mehanizma prijavljivanja potrebna je implementacija Shibboleth modula, kako na strani informacijskog servisa – 168 June on Una River 2014 Miran Petek, Pero Šobot, Autentifikacijsko-autorizacijska rješenja COBISS i šiboletizacija Internet servisa Shibboleth SP (Service Provider) – tako i na strani provajder identiteta – Shibboleth IdP (Identity Provider). IZUM je ove godine nadogradio postojeći LDAP server sa IdP rješenjem zasnovanim na SimpleSAMLphp (2014) tehnologiji i povezao ga s Shibboleth modulom aplikacije EZproxy, te na taj način shibbolethizirao udaljen pristup. Sljedeći informacijski servis za koji smo omogućili takvu prijavu jeste Web of Science provajdera Thomson Reuters. Budući da neki provajderi informacijskih servisa traže nadogradnju IdP-ova u federaciju, što se odražava u metapodacima koje provajder servisa i provajder identiteta razmjenjuju prilikom međusobnog povezivanja, IZUM je izveo nadogradnju LDAP autentifikacijsko-autorizacijskog mehanizma u Federaciju COBISS AAI. 5. FEDERACIJA COBISS AAI Federacija COBISS AAI (Authentication and authorization infrastructure) predstavlja rezultat IZUM-ovih autentifikacijsko-autorizacijskih rješenja koje bibliotekama u COBISS sistemu, odnosno njihovim krajnjim korisnicima, obezbjeđuje jedinstvenu prijavu u informacijske servise. Svaka biblioteka, čija je pozajmica podržana automatiziranim segmentom COBISS/Pozajmice, uključena je u tu federaciju. Trenutno se sistem koristi samo u Sloveniji, s tim što IZUM namjerava da ga nadogradi i za ostale COBISS sisteme izvan Slovenije, odnosno za COBISS.Net. Federacija COBISS AAI predstavlja prirodnu izgradnju sistema (Šoštarič, 2013), jer su ostvareni svi uslovi za međusobno priznavanje identiteta koje korisnici imaju u svojim bibliotekama. U slučaju Federacije COBISS AAI riječ je o okruženju povezanih organizacija – biblioteka koje međusobno već sarađuju na uzajamnom projektu COBISS, a sa AAI-om, sinergija tehnološkog i organizacijskog povezivanja povećava se i širi na područje mehanizama prijavljivanja. Ove godine IZUM je obezbijedio mogućnost prijavljivanja za sve članice slovenačkog konzorcija Web of Science preko Federacije COBISS AAI, što prikazuje slika 3. Među ponuđenim opcijama AAI federacija, korisnik izabere Federaciju COBISS AAI, nakon čega sistem traži i upisivanje korisničkog imena i šifre koju korisnik upotrebljava u svojoj biblioteci. U slučaju pravilnog unosa, korisnik će biti uspješno prijavljen na korisnički račun matične institucije informacijskog servisa Web of Science, uključujući sve dostupne baze podataka i funkcionalnosti koje korisniku omogućuje provajder Thomson Reuters na osnovu formalnog dogovora s bibliotekom. Slika 3: Prijava u informacijski servis Web of Science preko Federacije COBISS AAI June on Una River 2014 169 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ IZUM se dogovara i sa ostalim svjetskim provajderima informacijskih usluga, kao što su Elsevier, ProQuest, EBSCO, Oxford Journals i dr. za uspostavljanje mehanizma prijavljivanja, te se može očekivati da će takva autentifikacijsko-autorizacijska infrastruktura zamijeniti ostala aplikativna rješenja koje biblioteke trenutno koriste prilikom omogućavanja udaljenih pristupa informacijskim servisima. Na raspolaganju će biti i mogućnost zamjene klasičnog IPpristupa koji je primarno ograničen samo na pristup iz prostora institucija članica, a ne i izvan njih. Slika 4: Pojednostavljen prikaz autentifikacijsko-autorizacijskog mehanizma preko Federacije COBISS AAI Slika 4 predstavlja pojednostavljeni prikaz autentifikacijsko-autorizacijskog mehanizma preko Federacije COBISS AAI. Cilj IZUM-a je da šiboletizira sve internet servise koje nudi i da preko federacije COBISS AAI obezbijedi i olakša upotrebu internet servisa za sve biblioteke u COBISS sistemu. Pred nama se nalaze brojni izazovi, jer provajderi informacijskih servisa nude različite pristupe i tehnička rješenja povezivanja. IZUM će tome znati da se prilagodi i da obezbijedi infrastrukturna rješenja. 6. ZAKLJUČAK U svom kooperativnom odnosu, slovenačke biblioteke i IZUM omogućuju svojim korisnicima prijavljivanje u brojne informacijske servise kojih će ubuduće biti sve više. Ta se prijava zasniva na autentfikacijsko-autorizacijskom mehanizmu COBISS koji je ove godine nadograđen u Federaciju COBISS AAI. Federacija predstavlja osnovnu infrastrukturu za prijavu koja će ubuduće zamijeniti dosadašnja rješenja i na taj način obezbijediti jednu od značajnijih funkcionalnosti za prijavljivanje, odnosno Single Sign-On. Sa ostalim aplikativnim rješenjima, koja IZUM planira tokom sljedećih godina, a u koje spada Accounting linking (mogućnost povezivanja različitih identiteta korisnika, kako unutar COBISS sistema, tako i izvan njega – Google account, Twitter account …), olakšat ćemo i poboljšati korisnička iskustva informacijskih servisa. Trenutno se takva rješenja koriste samo u Sloveniji, s tim što IZUM namjerava da tu infrastrukturu ponudi i ostalim članicama sistema COBISS.Net, što bi uskoro trebalo da uslijedi. 170 June on Una River 2014 Miran Petek, Pero Šobot, Autentifikacijsko-autorizacijska rješenja COBISS i šiboletizacija Internet servisa 7. LITERATURA ALA (2000). Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education, preuzeto maj 14, 2014 sa http://arizona.openrepository.com/arizona/bitstream/10150/105645/1/ standards.pdf Arnes. (2014). Preuzeto maj 14, 2014 sa http://www.arnes.si BIBLOS. (2014). Preuzeto maj 14, 2014 sa http://www.biblos.si/lib/ Bećiraj, A., Findrik, N., Knežević, R. (2012). Information literacy and lifelong learning programmes in Western Balkans (Tempus project 517117). Zbornik radova IX. Međunarodne naučne konferencije Juni na Uni “Informacijska pismenost – cjeloživotno učenje”, 7-11. COBISS.Net. (2014). Preuzeto maj 14, 2014 sa http://www.cobiss.net/ COBISS.SI (2014). Preuzeto maj 14, 2014 sa http://www.cobiss.si/ Eduroam. (2014). Preuzeto maj 14, 2014 sa http://www.eduroam.si/ EZproxy. (2014). Preuzeto maj 14, 2014 sa http://www.oclc.org/ezproxy.en.html LDAP. (2014). Preuzeto maj 14, 2014 sa http://www.openldap.org/ Libroam. (2014). 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Zbornik radova X Međunarodne naučne konferencije bibliotekara Juni na Uni, “Informacijska pismenost – cjeloživotno učenje”, 34-39. Šoštarič, D. (2013). Koncept avtentikacijske in avtorizacijske infrastrukture v okolju COBISS. Organizacija znanja, 2013/(1-4), 1-6 TVU. (2014). Teden vseživljenjskega učenja 2014. Preuzeto Maj 14, 2014 sa http://tvu.acs.si/koledar/izvajalci/index.php?id=2890 UKM. (2014). Preuzeto maj 14, 2014 sa (http://www.ukm.si/podrocje.aspx?id=1126) Urbana. (2014). Preuzeto maj 14, 2014 sa http://www.jhl.si/enotna-mestna-karticaurbana June on Una River 2014 171 INFORMACIJSKA PISMENOST ZA PRIPREMU ISPITA I IZRADU PISANIH RADOVA (SEMINARA I ZAVRŠNIH RADOVA) NA STUDIJU STRANOGA JEZIKA INFORMATION LITERACY IN EXAM PREPARATION AND WRITING PAPERS (SEMINARS AND FINAL) AT THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE FACULTY mr. Jasmina Tockić-Ćeleš, Dragana Šenda Univerzitet u Bihaću, Pedagoški fakultet, Luke Marjanovića bb, Bihać [email protected], [email protected] SAŽETAK: U ovom radu se daje kratki prikaz koncepta informacijske pismenosti i standarda informacijske pismenosti za studente. Predstavljen je i analiziran istraživački projekt o informacijskoj pismenosti studenata 4. godine studija Engleskog jezika i književnosti i Njemačkog jezika i književnosti Pedagoškog fakulteta u Bihaću, koji je uključio anketu i radionicu. Projekt pokazuje da su studenti nedovoljno upoznati s pojmovima informacijska i informatička pismenost i da ih većina ne razlikuje, kao i pojmove savremene pismenosti. U okviru ankete studenti su imali mogućnost odgovoriti na pitanja u vezi sa izvorima informacija, savremenu pismenost, informacijsku i informatičku pismenost i sposobnosti u procesu učenja i izrade pisanih radova, te su tako pokazali da nedovoljno poznaju te pojmove. Nakon anketiranja su se kroz dvosatnu radionicu (workshop) upoznali detaljnije s pojmovima savremene pismenosti, kao i fazama u izradi pismenih radova prema standardima o informacijskoj pismenosti za studente/nastavnike. Osnova radionice je bio i kratak pregled koncepta informacijske pismenosti. U evaluaciji radionice konstatovano je da studenti nakon toga prepoznaju proces dolaska do informacija, njihovoga pravilnoga korištenja u procesu učenja i pisanja seminarskih i završnih radova. Studenti su uočili razliku između informacijske i informatičke pismenosti i shvatili važnost principa „učiti kako učiti“ u procesu cjeloživotnoga učenja, posebno bitnoga u nastavničkom pozivu. Ključne riječi: informacijska i informatička pismenost, standardi informacijske pismenosti, anketa i radionica, savremena pismenost, cjeloživotno učenje ABSTRACT: This paper gives a brief overview of the concept of information literacy and standards of information literacy for students.The research project on information literacy of 4th year students of English Language and Literature and German Language and Literature Faculty of Pedagogy in Bihac was presented and analyzed. It included a questionnaire and workshop. The project shows that students are not sufficiently familiar with the concepts of information and computer literacy. Most of them are not able to differentiate between them, or between other notions of contemporary literacy. As a part of the survey, students had the opportunity to answer questions relating to sources of information, modern literacy, information and computer literacy and skills in the learning process and the development of written works, and they also demonstrate that insufficient knowledge of these concepts. After the interview, they had the two-hour workshop introducing them in detail, with contemporary notions of literacy, as well as stages in the development of written works by the standards of information literacy for students/teachers. The basis of the workshop was a brief overview of the concept of information literacy. After the evaluation of the workshop it was concluded that the students are able to identify the process of obtaining information, its proper use in the process of learning and writing papers and finishing works. Students have noticed the difference between information and computer literacy and realized the importance of the principle of "learning to learn" in the process of lifelong learning, especially essential in this vocation. Key words: information and computer literacy, standards of information literacy, questionnaire and workshop, modern literacy, lifelong learning 1. UVOD U svijetu tehnologije je napredak velikim koracima izmijenio u kratkom vremenu mogućnost pristupa informacijama na svim naučnim poljima. Takav je slučaj i sa The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ učenjem stranoga jezika i izučavanjem jezika kao predmeta naučnoga istraživanja. Svakodnevno je širi dijapazon teorija i naučnoistraživačkih rezultata vezanih za jezik kao sistem i naučne discipline, za interdisciplinarne nauke koje nam pomažu da u nastavi na studiju dođemo do boljih rezultata (kao što je metodika nastavnoga rada) i za jezički fond koji se obogaćuje novim složenicama, izvedenicama i tuđicama, a da ne spominjemo skraćenice kojima se u elektronskom svijetu u sve većem obimu koristimo. Prateći naučna dostignuća i prikupljajući informacije za svoje ispite i pismene radove, studenti se susreću sa različitim izvorima informacija počev od usmenih, koje dobiju direktno na predavanjima i vježbama, preko pisanih, u knjigama i časopisima koje koriste za pripremanje ispita i pismenih radnji, pa sve do elektronskih sa kojima se susreću na internetu, u obliku CD-a i DVD-a ili drugih vrsta elektronskih zapisa. U tom obilju informacija oni stvaraju svoj lični i jedinstven sistem za prikupljanje i razvrstavanje informacija prema svojim potrebama i interesima. Nije dovoljno samo imati pristup internetu i neograničenom broju informacija, treba se snaći na tom području i izdvojiti potrebno i korisno. Tako Sonja Špiranec u svom radu navodi: „No pokazalo se da sama tehnologija nije dovoljna. Dostupnost tehnologije i vještine potrebne za njezinu uporabu tek su prvi korak za puno iskorištavanje potencijala informacijskog društva. Pojedinac danas mora biti osposobljen da koristeći se tehnologijama dođe do potrebnih informacija, da u bujici informacija zna raspoznati koja mu je informacija potrebna i kako je koristiti.“ (Špiranec, 2003: 5) Cilj ovoga istraživačkoga projekta je da se kod studenata razvije svijest o potrebi za informacijskom pismenošću i usmjeri ih u prikupljanju informacija i njihovom korištenju u pripremi ispita i pisanih radova, kao i o principu „učiti kako učiti“ kao osnovi njihovog nastavničkog poziva. U radu je primijenjena anketa da bi se došlo do potrebnih podataka o informisanosti studenata i održana radionica sa studentima na istu temu, da bi proširili svoje znanje o pojmovima savremene pismenosti, posebno informacijske pismenosti. Polazi se od pretpostavke da studenti prikupljaju informacije za ispite i pismene radove neplanirano i neorganizovano i koriste ih veoma često i bez odgovornosti prema autorima da budu pravilno citirani. Sljedeća pretpostavka je da studenti pri tome ne posvećuju pažnju principu „učiti kako učiti“ koji im treba biti vodilja u nastavničkoj profesiji i što će u svom radu u struci prenositi na nove generacije i u svom cjeloživotnom učenju. Pretpostavka je i da studenti ne vladaju pojmovima savremene pismenosti. 2. OSVRT NA POJMOVE IZ PODRUČJA INFORMACIJSKE PISMENOSTI U savremenu pismenosti se pored informacijske pismenosti ubrajaju: digitalna, informatička, knjižnična i medijska pismenost. Koncept informacijske pismenosti nastao je i razvijao se uz napredak informacijske i komunikacijske tehnologije u ranim 70-ima 20. vijeka. Sam termin prvi put 1974. godine uvodi Paul Zurowski, koji je u tom periodu postao vodeća ličnost američke informacijske industrije. On definiše informacijsku pismenost kao učinkovito korištenje informacija u kontekstu rješavanja problema (Bawden, 2001: 9). U potrazi za definicijom o informacijskoj pismenosti nailazi se na jednu koja se najčešće koristi i koju je formulisalo Američko bibliotekarsko društvo (American Library Association: ALA) 1989. godine. Prema ALA-inom Izvještaju (Presidential Committee, 1989), informacijski pismene osobe se definišu kao „one koje su naučile 174 June on Una River 2014 Jasmina Tockić-Ćeleš, Dragana Šenda, Informacijska pismenost za pripremu ispita i izradu pisanih radova (seminara i završnih radova) na studiju stranoga jezika kako učiti… jer znaju kako je znanje organizovano, kako pronaći informacije i kako ih koristiti na svima razumljiv način… To su osobe pripremljene na učenje tokom cijelog života”. ALA navodi standarde o informacijskoj pismenosti u Uputama za predavače sa sastanka iz juna, koji predstavljaju prikaz Standarda informacijske pismenosti za nastavnike (Information Literacy Standards for PK-12 Pre-Service Teachers). Istraživanje Biblioteka upućuje na Standarde informacijske pismenosti i osposobljenosti za visoko obrazovanje (ACRL 2000) te se odražava kroz faze u procesu istraživanja kroz koje student prolazi: (1) Definiše i jasno iznosi potrebu za informacijama, planira strategije i odabira alate za pronalaženje odgovarajuće informacije. (2) Pronalazi i odabira podatke na temelju njihove prikladnosti prema potrebama specifično definisane informacije. (3) Organizuje i analizira informacije za odgovarajuću upotrebu za potrebe specifično definisane informacije. (4) Procesuira, sintetizira, te prikazuje informacije na način koji je prikladan za namjenu za koju je potrebna informacija. (5) Ocjenjuje pojedinačne dijelove informacija za odgovarajuću upotrebu, kao i proces traženja informacija u cjelini. (6) Zna kako etički koristiti i širiti informaciju. Prateći potrebe za organizovanom mrežom saradnje u oblasti informacijske pismenosti u svijetu se organizuju i brojni skupovi koje potiču nacionalne biblioteke i udruženja bibliotekara, jer se ne zadržavaju više u svom području rada na organizaciju pohranjivanja i distribucije samo knjiških i novinskih zabilješki svojim članovima. Na tim skupovima se uvezuju naučnici iz raznih oblasti i izdaju svoje deklaracije o informacijskoj pismenosti. Jedna od njih je i Havanska deklaracija iz 2012. god. koja se bazira na svojim prethodnicama počev još od 1997. godine. Cilj ove deklaracije je da kombinuje glavne pojmovne, filozofske i istražne aspekte prijašnjih deklaracija (Ciudad Juarez, 1997-1999-2002; Prag, 2003; Alexandria, 2005; Toledo, 2006; Lima, 2009; Paramillo, 2010; Murcia, 2010; Maceió 2011; Fez, 2011), te da preporuči provođenje nekoliko praktičnih i konkretnih aktivnosti iz perspektive zajedničkog rada i razvoja mreža koje će dovesti do povećanja informacijske pismenosti u tim okvirima. Taj skup je stvorio mogućnost da se okupi što više različitih stručnjaka, bibliotekara, obrazovnih institucija i članova koji pripadaju organizaciji Ibero - American countries, radi razmjene i razumijevanja svojih vizija, iskustava i razmišljanja na temu informacijske pismenosti IL-INFOLIT - forum za škole, akademske i javne bibliotekare za razmjenu ideja o programima informacijske pismenosti i iskustava (Havana Declaration, 2012: 1). UNESCO ističe da informacijsko društvo i njegova tehnologija povećavaju mogućnost pristupa podacima, ali je za njihovo korištenje potrebno znati prikupljati informacije, odabirati ih, svrstavati, baratati i služi se njima (Delors, 1994: 24). Evropsko podneblje također širi ideju informacijske pismenosti kroz različite vrste projekata počevši od: EU-ovog projekta DEDICATE, osnivanja NORDInfolita u skandinavskim zemljama, projekta Big Blue u Velikoj Britaniji, inicijative Ministarstva obrazovanja i nauke u Njemačkoj o budućnosti naučnih informacija u toj zemlji i mnogih sličnih koji su nakon toga slijedili i u ostalim zemljama širom Evrope. 3. REZULTATI ANKETE I RADIONICE U ovom istraživačkom projektu učestvovalo je 33 studenta 4. godine Pedagoškog fakulteta u Bihaću: 18 studenata Odsjeka za engleski jezik i književnost i 15 studenata Odsjeka za njemački jezik i književnost. U prvom dijelu projekta su studenti anketirani. U drugom dijelu projekta je odrađena dvosatna radionica o informacijskoj pismenosti, June on Una River 2014 175 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ pri čemu se pored osnovnih pojmova razgovaralo i o standardima informacijske pismenosti i fazama u izradi seminarskih i završnih radova. 3.1. Prikaz rezultata ankete Anketa o informacijskoj i informatičkoj pismenosti za studente 4. godine na odsjecima stranoga jezika na Pedagoškom fakultetu u Bihaću je sprovedena u svrhu konstatacije: koje izvore najviše koriste u pripremi za ispite i pismene radove, da li poznaju standarde informacijske pismenosti i sposobnosti koje se trebaju primijeniti u procesu učenja i izrade pisanih radova, da li razlikuju informacijsku i infomatičku pismenost i da li su studenti dovoljno upoznati sa pojmovima savremene pismenosti. Tabela 1: Izvori informacija koje studenti koriste za pripremu ispita i izradu pisanih radova Naziv izvora informacija Broj studenata koji koriste taj izvor U procentima od 33 anketiranih web stranice udžbenici rječnici stručne knjige enciklopedije naučnoistraživački radovi ostalo 32 31 24 17 12 12 96,96 93,93 72,72 51,51 36,36 36,36 9 27,27 Iz Tabele 1 je vidno da 96,96% anketiranih studenata na prvo mjesto od izvora informacija stavlja web stranice, dok drugo mjesto prema mišljenju anketiranih zauzimaju udžbenici i to 93,93%. Treće mjesto je zastupljeno rječnicima s 72,72%, jer se radi o studentima stranih jezika, koji u svim stručnim predmetima imaju potrebu konsultovati se s rječnicima svih vrsta. Enciklopedije i nučnoistraživački radovi su zastupljeni sa po 36,36% i ostali izvori informacija s 27.27%. Tabela 2: Sposobnosti u procesu učenja i izradi pisanih radova Mjesto koje zauzima u procesu 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Prepoznavanje potrebe za informacijom 16 8 5 2 2 Pronalaženje informacije 17 16 0 0 0 Analiza i vrednovanje informacije 0 5 17 8 3 Korištenje informacije 0 3 10 17 3 Objavljivanje informacije/ prezentacija rada 0 1 1 6 25 Tabela 2 donosi pregled odgovora studenata o postavljanju sopstvenog redoslijeda za sposobnosti u procesu učenja i izrade pisanih radova. Anketa daje rezultate da 16 ili 48,48% anketiranih postavlja na prvo mjesto sposobnost prepoznavanja potrebe za informacijom, dok 17 ili 51,51% anketiranih smatra da je za taj proces na prvom mjestu potrebna sposobnost pronalaženja informacija. Kod analize i vrednovanja informacija se 3 anketiranih ili 9,09% opredijelilo da tu sposobnost stavi na posljednje mjesto, a kod korištenja informacija 9,09% smatra da ona dolazi kao završna u tom procesu. Nadalje, 25 ili 75,75% anketiranih smatra objavljivanje informacija završnom fazom, dok 8 ili 24,24% tu sposobnost ne stavlja na posljednje mjesto u ovom procesu. Anketa daje rezultate da 10 ili 30,30% anketiranih prepoznaje šta obuhvata informatička pismenost, 17 ili 51,51% anketiranih to prepoznaje djelimično, ubrajajući tu i svijest o problemu pouzdanosti i vjerodostojnosti informacija i upućenost pri odabiru i 176 June on Una River 2014 Jasmina Tockić-Ćeleš, Dragana Šenda, Informacijska pismenost za pripremu ispita i izradu pisanih radova (seminara i završnih radova) na studiju stranoga jezika vrednovanju informacija, dok 6 ili 18,18% anketiranih ne prepoznaje šta obuhvata informatička pismenost. U okviru određenja šta od ponuđenih 10 pojmova obuhvata savremena pismenost, 14 ili 42,42% anketiranih je ubrojalo čitanje i pisanje u savremenu pismenost i 18 ili 54,54% komunikativne sposobnosti, dok su se za stvarne elemente savremene pismenosti izjasnili na sljedeći način: 32 ili 96,97% za informatičku pismenost, 60,60% medijsku, 57,58% informacijsku, 45,45% digitalnu i 21,21% knjižničnu pismenost. 3.2. Pregled rada u radionici Sa studentima su u radionici odrađeni sljedeći koraci za izradu pisanih radova (prema standardima informacijske pismenosti koji su navedeni u ovom radu): (1) Odrediti informacijski problem (formulisanje upita, definisanje ključnih riječi, proširenje/sužavanje strategije pretraživanja); (2) Koje su vrste informacijskih izvora i kako ih koristiti? (knjige, rječnici, priručnici, stručni časopisi, baze podataka, internet); (3) Kako pronaći informacijske izvore?; (4) Koje strategije pretraživanja primijeniti? (indeks, ključne riječi, sintaksa); (5) Informacije na webu; (6) Vrednovati informacije; (7) Pridržavati se etike za korištenje izvora (citiranje, plagijati). U pisanju seminarskih i završnih radova studentu je potreban veliki broj informacija. On posjeduje određena znanja o temi koju želi obraditi, no treba ih dopuniti i razraditi. U saradnji sa nastavnicima i asistentima studenti se usmjeravaju u radu kroz tri faze: 1. odabir i definiciju teme seminara/završnoga rada, 2. pronalaženje i prikupljanje sadržaja za seminar/završni rad, analizu i vrednovanje informacija i 3. korištenje i objavljivanje informacija. U samom početku je student prilično nesiguran i nema definisano mišljenje o procesu rada i prikupljanja informacija, uz pomoć nastavnika i asistenata se njegovo mišljenje kristalizira, usmjerava, pojačava se njegov interes za istraživački rad i on se fokusira na rješavanje istraživačkoga problema. On traži informacije, dokumentuje rezultate pretraživanja, razvrstava ih i analizira. U tom procesu prolazi kroz različite faze da bi došao do konačnice - pisanoga rada i stoga te faze treba dobro poznavati i postupno ih pratiti u procesu dolaska do informacija i njihove primjene. Ovdje je veoma bitno da je student upoznat sa standardima informacijske pismenosti, koji su navedeni u 2. dijelu ovoga rada i koji su relevantni u procesu izrade seminarskih i završnih radova, i da se uputi na izvore informacija počev od pretraživanja u bibliotekama sve do interneta. I u bibliotekama se odvijaju obrazovne aktivnosti koje se usmjeravaju na razvoj informacijske pismenosti „kako bi korisniku omogućili usvajanje vještina pristupa i korištenja izvora bez obzira na to gdje se oni nalaze“ (Špiranec, 2003: 8). Vezano za samu tehniku pisanja rada, student se za izradu seminara i završnog rada upućuje da prati Upute za pisanje seminarskih i završnih radova koje su dostupne na web stranici Fakulteta, kao i u printanoj formi u biblioteci. Nakon obavljene radionice je urađena i evaluacija cijeloga projekta sa studentima. 4. ZAKLJUČAK Obrazovne ustanove trebaju biti nosioci informacijske pismenosti i cjeloživotnoga učenja ujedno usmjeravajući na važnost biblioteka u procesu dolaska do informacija. To se posebno odnosi na visokoškolske ustanove koje obrazuju nastavni kadar. Samim izborom nastavničkog poziva, kao životnoga opredjeljenja, treba se usmjeriti na June on Una River 2014 177 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ cjeloživotno učenje i podučavanje drugih ne samo novim sadržajima nego i sistemu učenja, odnosno „učiti kako učiti“. U pripremanju svojih ispita i pisanju seminarskih i završnih radova studenti se na odsjecima za strani jezik Pedagoškog fakulteta pripremaju jednim dijelom i za odabir strategija učenja, prikupljanje i korištenje informacija uz podršku nove tehnologije za pronalaženje informacija, biblioteka, medija i svega ostaloga što im stoji na raspolaganju. Dobro informisani studenti nisu samo uspješniji u rezultatima njihovih ispita, nego obogaćuju i svoje komunikacijske sposobnosti i upotpunjuju svoje pisane radove stečenim informacijama iz stručnih i općih područja. Na kraju radionice je u evaluaciji potvrđena pretpostavka da studenti nesistematski postupaju s informacijama u procesu učenja i izrade pisanih radova, zanemarujući često i pravila citiranja, te da nisu vladali pojmovima savremene pismenosti. Studenti su se izjasnili da ne posvećuju dovoljno pažnje principu cjeloživotnoga učenja, što je i bila pretpostavka koja je inicirala ovaj projekt. Provedeni istraživački projekt pokazuje da postojeći pristup pripremanju ispita i pisanju pismenih radova treba proširiti i temeljno planirati kroz faze i obuhvatiti informacijsku pismenost, koja se direktno veže za cjeloživotno učenje i strategije učenja. Imajući u vidu rezultate ovoga istraživačkoga projekta, informacijsko opismenjavanje se treba usmjeriti uglavnom na izgradnju i njegovanje vještina kritičke evaluacije, tumačenja i sinteze informacija, koje bi studentima pomogle prevazići stadij površnog pronalaženja informacija i omogućiti im da detaljno sagledaju informacijske prostore u kojima uče i istražuju, a koji su direktno vezani za struku: strani jezik koji studiraju, nastavu stranoga jezika i metodiku nastave stranoga jezika. LITERATURA: 1. American Library Association. EBSS Instruction for Educators Committee 20062007 – 2009-2010. Information Literacy Standards for PK-12 Pre-Service Teachers. Retrieved July 17, 2010. http://connect.ala.org/files/39851/ebssstandardsrvsdjune 0610_pdf_16275.pdf 2. Bawden, David (2001): Information and digital literacies; a review of concepts. 3. Delors, Jacques et al. (1994): Učenje: blago u nama: Izvješće UNESCO-u Međunarodnog povjerenstva za razvoj obrazovanja za 21. stoljeće. Educa. Zagreb. 4. Havana Declaration (2012) – fifteen information literacy actions... … for collaborative work on generation of networks for development of information literacy in Ibero-American countries (Latin America, Spain and Portugal). http://www.ifla.org/files/assets/information-literacy/publications/Declaration/ILINFOLIT.Havana.Declaration.%282012%29.pdf 5. Presidential Committee on Information Literacy: Final Report. 1989. http://www.ala.org/Content/NavigationMenu/ACRL/Publications/White_Papers_an d_Reports/Presidential_Committee_on_Information_Literacy.htm 6. Špiranec, Sonja (2003): Informacijska pismenost – ključ za cjeloživotno učenje. CARNet - Časopis Edupoint, str. 4 – 14, godište III, broj 17, Zagreb. 178 June on Una River 2014 INFORMACIJSKA PISMENOST U VISOKOM OBRAZOVANJU U BiH – STUDIJA SLUČAJA PEDAGOŠKOG FAKULTETA U BIHAĆU INFORMATION LITERACY IN B&H HIGHER EDUCATION – A CASE STUDY OF THE PEDAGOGICAL FACULTY IN BIHAĆ Alma Žerić, Alma Huskić Univerzitet u Bihaću, Pedagoški fakultet u Bihaću, Luke Marjanovića bb [email protected]; [email protected] SAŽETAK: Cilj ovog članka je da prikaže trenutno stanje informcijske pismenosti u visokom obrazovanju u BiH, kao i da predloži rješenja i načine poboljšanja. Nove informacije i razvoj tehnologije u 21. stoljeću su promijenile visoko obrazovanje na svjetskoj razini ostavljajući neke zemlje manje spremnima za promjenu od drugih. Ipak, jedan od najvažnijih aspekata svih institucija visokog obrazovanja je naučiti svoje studente vještinama potrebnim za cjeloživotno učenje, i na taj način omogućiti im kontinuirani rast u svim sferama života, profesionalnom i ličnom. Razvoj takvih generičkih vještina i intelektualnih sposobnosti doprinosi da osoba razvija vještine efikasnijeg rješavanja problema, donošenja odluka kritičkog razmišljanja i rasuđivanja. Sposobnost da se pronađe, upravlja i koristi informacija jedna je od takvih vještina, ujedno i jednostavna definicija pojma koji je stekao veliki značaj u obrazovanju 21. stoljeća, a to je, informacijska pismenost. Informacijska pismenost je postala jednom od najistaknutijih komponenti pomenutog cjeloživotnog učenja. Zbog ogromnog utjecaja tehnologije na biblioteke, studenti ih smatraju manje važnim jer oni vjeruju da je internet svjetska biblioteka, ipak nisu svjesni činjenice da su biblioteke jedan od najvažnijih komponenti u informacijskom dobu. Zbog spomenutog ogromnog značaja informacijske pismenosti u visokom obrazovanju ova studija je istražila percepciju informacijske pismenosti kod studenata engleskog jezika i književnosti. Ključne riječi: informacijska pismenost, visoko obrazovanje, cjeloživotno učenje ABSTRACT: The aim of this article is to review and critique the current state of information literacy in higher education in B&H, and to propose solutions and ways of improvement. New information and technological developments of the 21st century have changed higher education on a global level leaving some countries less prepared for the change than others. Still, one of the most important aspects of all higher education institutions is to equip its students with skills necessary for them to become lifelong learners, and in such a way enable continuous growth in all spheres of life, professional and personal. Developing such generic skills and intellectual abilities results in individuals with more effective problem solving skills, decision making skills, critical thinking and reasoning. The ability to find, manage and use information is one of such skills and also a simple definition of a term which has gained much importance in the 21 st century education, that is, information literacy. Information literacy has become one of the most prominent components of the fore mentioned lifelong learning. Because of the enormous effect of technology on libraries, students consider them less important since they believe that the Internet is the world’s library, yet they are unaware of the fact that libraries are one of the most important components of the information age. Due to this enormous importance of information literacy in higher education this study investigated B&H EFL students’ perceptions of their informational literacy. Key words: information literacy, higher education, lifelong learning 1. INTRODUCTION Universities are Alma Mater in the full meaning of the word. They are educational institutions which provide students some scientific knowledge and prepare them for professional careers. In the 21st century, we have seen and will continue to see rapid change in how we advance knowledge in higher education in our country as a result of The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ new information and technological developments. In the era of information explosion, the need to be information literate cannot be magnified. And therefore students are expected to develop such skills to appropriately source information for the realization of their academic pursuit. Major changes in higher education are occurring worldwide. Rader and Allan (2006) observe that these changes affect every segment of society and all levels of education. Since it is an important aspect of all levels of education along with all disciplines and learning environments, it forms the basis for lifelong learning. Therefore, it enables learners to gain such intellectual and generic skills to become more independent, to extend their knowledge through search and to accept greater control over their own learning. In the process of lifelong learning, the most important components are libraries, even though technology has left a huge effect on them. As the most important objective of libraries has always been exchange of knowledge, they should fulfil different roles in 21st century. They should go beyond their traditional reference and lending services by maintaining easy access to needed information, by upgrading their services in a digital age for online use. New generations of students are unaware of the fact that libraries play a significant role in providing a good education and knowledge as they are helping them to find, preserve and organize information. This study investigates whether undergraduate students at the Pedagogical faculty in Bihać possess the information literacy skills, how often they use them for the purposes of their education and where they acquired them. 2. INFORMATION LITERACY The phrase information literacy first appeared in print in a 1974 report by Paul G. Zurkowski. He said an information-literate person is “anyone who had learned to use a wide range of information sources in order to solve problems at work and in his or her daily life” (Bawden, 2001:9). Two years later, Burchinel (1976: 11) suggested ‘’To be information literate requires a new set of skills. These include how to locate and use information needed for problem solving and decision making efficiently and effectively.’’ Its meaning changed over the years, especially thanks to the development of technology. Although the issues raised by technology can dominate the teaching exchange, the core definition of information literacy deals with how people search for information and how they transfer those skills to a variety of needs. The American Library Association (ALA) Presidential Committee on Information Literacy (1989) defines an information literate person as somebody who is ‘’able to recognise when information is needed and have the ability to locate, evaluate, and use effectively the needed information.’’ The term information literacy is becoming more and more important in the higher education, as well as in the contemporary life which is filled with everyday technological advancements and changes and is also abundant in vast resources of information. This complex nature of information sources has infiltrated all spheres of modern life, from academic studies to the work place and even personal lives. Due to the abundant availability of information through media, the Internet, libraries, etc. individuals are faced with unfiltered and sometimes unreliable sources in terms of their authenticity and validity. Another aspect that adds to this complexity are different forms of media – textual, graphical and aural. Such a vast quantity of information which is of uncertain quality is one of the new challenges that the modern society faces. Even though the 21st century individual is able to access more information in a shorter time, it does not necessarily mean that they will result in a more informed 180 June on Una River 2014 Alma Žerić, Alma Huskić, Informacijska pismenost u visokom obrazovanju u BiH – studija slučaja Pedagoškog fakulteta u Bihaću individual without them mastering a specific set of abilities necessary for an effective use of that information. As it was previously mentioned, information literacy is nowadays present in all levels of education, from primary school to higher education and also in all learning environments which makes it one of the foundations for the process of lifelong learning. It allows students to become more in control over their own learning and in such a way creates an environment which learner-centred and promotes learner autonomy. The (US) Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL, 2000) defines the key areas of desirable behaviour, namely, that the information literate student should possess the following skills: 1. determines the nature and extent of the information needed; 2. accesses needed information effectively and efficiently; 3. evaluates information and its sources critically and incorporates selected information into his or her knowledge base and value system; 4. uses information effectively to accomplish a specific purpose; 5. understands many of the economic, legal, and social issues surrounding the use of information and accesses and uses information ethically and legally. 3. HIGHER EDUCATION AND INFORMATION LITERACY One of the most important tasks of any higher education institution is to implement into its learners a set of skills enabling them to become lifelong learners. The ability of reasoning and critical thinking are essential in facilitating students’ learning how to learn process. By creating such learners, higher education institutions such as colleges and universities create a fertile soil for a lifetime of growth whether it is in the aspect of professional, career wise or simply personal life, a productive member of the society. It is obvious form what important role information literacy plays in the process of lifelong learning. The information literacy skills previously mentioned go beyond the classroom and help individuals in becoming more proficient in all areas of life. According to Johnston Bill and Sheila Webber’s Information Literacy in Higher Education: a review and case study (2003:340), there has already been substantial international debate and research on information literacy, and there have been repeated efforts to draw up skill lists, standards and models (but generally not curricula) relating to information literacy. Key points to emerge are that: 1. the international profile of information literacy is growing and should be taken seriously as the appropriate vehicle for integrating responses to the information society from the library computer and pedagogical communities; 2. there is a body of theory and practice relevant to higher education, graduate careers, the workplace and citizenship. The body of knowledge, methods and skills described as information literacy goes well beyond library and information ‘search and find’ skills or IT fluency characterisations, and requires integration into the curricular structure of higher education; 3. in some countries, concern with improving IT competency may have diverted attention away from serious engagement with the challenges posed by education for information literacy. The face of higher education has changed drastically in the past few decades due to the growing importance of information literacy. A student in the 90s would have viewed the library as its predominant source of information. However, due to the technological June on Una River 2014 181 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ boom of the past few years, it is almost impossible to imagine modern campus without access to both libraries and other technological sources of information. 3. CASE STUDY Academic progress depends on the use of information. Since an efficient use of information relies on a number of different skills this study tries to explore if students possess the skills necessary for an efficient use of information. We were testing the skills the student should possess according to The (US) Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL, 2000): SKILL 1 – How would you grade your skills when it comes to determining the nature and extent of the information needed (e.g. defining and articulating the need for information and identifying a variety of types and formats of potential sources for information) SKILL 2 - How would you grade your skills when it comes to accessing needed information effectively and efficiently (e.g. constructing and implementing effectivelydesigned search strategies and extracting, recording, and managing the information and its sources) SKILL 3 - How would you grade your skills when it comes to evaluating information and it sources critically and incorporate selected information into her knowledge base and value system (e.g. summarizing the main ideas, articulating and applying initial criteria for evaluating both the information and its sources and interpretation of the information through discourse with others) SKILL 4 - How would you grade your skills when it comes to using information effectively to accomplish a specific purpose individually or as a member of a group (e.g. applying new and prior information to the planning and creation of a particular product or performance and communicating it effectively to others) SKILL 5 - How would you grade your skills when it comes to understanding many of the economic, legal, and social issues surrounding the use of information and access and use information ethically and legally (e.g. following laws, regulations, institutional policies, and etiquette related to the access and use of information resources and acknowledging the use of information sources in communicating the product or performance). The tests subjects were 81 undergraduate students of the English Language and Literature at the Pedagogical faculty in Bihać. The data was collected through the use of a questionnaire. After the students were familiarized with the meaning of the term information literacy and with all that it includes, there were asked to grade their information literacy skills on a scale from 1 to 5, after which they graded their overall proficiency in information literacy. They were also asked to state where they acquire these skills. They were also questioned on the predominant source of information during their education, how often they use technology as a part of their education. And since they are students of a foreign language, they were asked to state how often they use technology at Faculty while learning the four language skills (reading, writing, speaking and listening). The study tries to answer the following question: Where B&H students acquire their information during their undergraduate studies? How proficient the B&H students are when it comes to information literacy skills? How often is technology integrated into the learning of four language skills? 182 June on Una River 2014 Alma Žerić, Alma Huskić, Informacijska pismenost u visokom obrazovanju u BiH – studija slučaja Pedagoškog fakulteta u Bihaću 3.1. Results of the study When asked which source of information they use the most during their university education, a staggering 80 students (98.76%) state the Internet as their predominant source of information during their university education, only 1.23%, that is one student, lists the library as being the primary source of information. This is not so surprising since only 37 students (45.67%) are members of the university library. 78 students (96.29%) of them use Google as their search engine, only 2 students (2.46%) use Internet explorer, and one student (1.23%) lists Mozilla as their favourite search engine. When it comes to the proficiency of B&H students’ information literacy skills, overall 40 students (49.38%) deem themselves as good, 38 students (46.91%) as fair and only 3 students (3.7%) as having poor skills. Most of them state that they have acquired skills outside of an educational institution, 46 students (56.79%), 19 students (23.45%) acquire them during their education and 16 students (19.75%) give a combination of these two. The specific skills defined by the ACRL are presented in table 1. The students graded them on a scale from 1 to 5, 1 being the lowest and 5 being the highest. When it comes to determining the nature and extent of the information needed, most of them, 36 students (44.44 %) graded their abilities as a 4. As far as the second skill, accessing needed information effectively and efficiently, 34 students (41.97 %) grades their abilities as a 4. Concerning the third skill, evaluating information and it sources critically and incorporate selected information into her knowledge base and value system, 36 students (43.2 %) grades their abilities as a 4. As for the fourth skill, using information effectively to accomplish a specific purpose individually or as a member of a group, 33 (40.74 %) students graded their abilities as a 4. When it comes to the fifth skill, understanding many of the economic, legal, and social issues surrounding the use of information and access and use information ethically and legally, 37 students (45.67%) graded their abilities as a 3. Table 1: Information literacy skills SKILL 1 SKILL 2 GRADE 1 (%) 1 (1.23%) GRADE 2 (%) 4(4.93%) 3 (3.7%) GRADE 3 (%) 30 (37.03%) 27 (33.33%) GRADE 4 (%) 36 (44.44%) 34 (41.97%) SKILL 3 SKILL 4 SKILL 5 1 (1.23%) 2 (2.46%) 6 (7.4%) 3 (3.7%) 10 (12.3%) 27 (33.33%) 19 (23.45%) 37 (45.67%) 35 (43.2%) 33 (40.74%) 23 (28.39%) GRADE 5 (%) 11 (13.58%) 16 (19.75%) 12 (14.81%) 26 (32.09%) 9 (11.11%) Table 2 shows that a very high percentage of students use technology often at home, 74 students (91.35 %), and 57 students (70.37 %) state that they do not use technology so often at the Faculty. Table 2: Use of technology OFTEN (%) NOT SO OFTEN (%) NOT AT ALL (%) AT HOME 74 (91.35%) 7 (8.64%) - AT THE FACULTY 7 (8.64%) 57 (70.37%) 17 (20.98%) June on Una River 2014 183 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ When it comes to the four language skills which are a crucial part of any foreign language learning process, more than half of the students stated that they do not use technology so often while learning these four skills at faculty. Table 3 shows the percentages of using technology while teaching reading (51.85 %), writing (49.38 %), speaking (54.32 %) and listening (50,61 %). Table 3: The four skills OFTEN (%) READING WRITING SPEAKING LISTENING 28 (34.56%) 13 (16.04%) 13 (16.04%) 36 (44.44%) NOT SO OFTEN (%) 42 (51.85%) 40 (49.38%) 44 (54.32%) 41 (50.61%) NOT AT ALL (%) 11 (13.58%) 28 (34.56%) 24 (29.62%) 4 (4.93%) An alarming number of students of the Pedagogical faculty in Bihać state that they do not even use libraries as a source of information during their education. One of the reasons for this might be the fact that the students are not even aware of the many benefits of using a library. It might be a good idea to raise awareness among the students about the different ways in which they can benefit from using the library as a source of information. The overall information literacy skills of students of the Pedagogical faculty in Bihać were assessed as good, including all the five specific information literacy skills. Even though the students assessed their abilities as quite good (most of them graded themselves with a grade 4 on a scale from 1 to 5), only a small percentage list using these skills often when learning how to read, write, speak and listen at the faculty. If we want to implement the skills of lifelong learning into our students, it seems only logical that these numbers should be much higher. 4. CONCLUSION As we become more immersed in the information age and as information literacy gains more and more importance in everyday life, the ability to access, evaluate and use information becomes essential for lifelong learning and education. Information literacy is about searching and finding, evaluating and using the information to solve problems, and wherever it comes from, the library, the Internet as the world's library or any other source, the most important thing is to possess such skills and abilities to, first of al, understand and than evaluate information. We can definitely agree that technology has done and will continue to do a great job in helping language learning, but this is just the beginning of the age of technology enhanced education. Nevertheless, what teachers should always have in mind is that technology is just a tool, and students' learning achievement relies on appropriate and creative instruction. If the teacher is aware of all the entanglements of using technology to design creative activities, technology will work harder and better for foreign language education. 5. LITERATURE 1. American Library Association. EBS Instruction for Educators Committee 2006-2007 – 2009-2010. Information Literacy Standards for PK-12 Pre-Service teachers. Retrieved July 17, 2010. 184 June on Una River 2014 Alma Žerić, Alma Huskić, Informacijska pismenost u visokom obrazovanju u BiH – studija slučaja Pedagoškog fakulteta u Bihaću 2. Johnston, Bill and Sheila Webber (2003): Information Literacy in Higher Education: A Review and case study. Studies in Higher Education, pages 335-352, Volume 28, Issue 3, England. 3. Lee g. Burhinel (1976): The Communications Revolution: America's Third Century Challenge Originally presented in The Future of Organizing Knowledge: Papers Presented at the Texas A & M University Library's Centennial Academic Assembly. Texas. 4. Wang, LI (2005): The Advantages of Using Technology in Second Language Education. T.H.E. Journal, T.H.W. Wilson Company. 5. Presidential Committee on Information Literacy: Final Report. 1989. http://www.ala.org/acrl/publications/whitepapers/presidential 6. Spitzer, Kathleen et al. (1998). Information Literacy: Essential Skills for the Information Age. Clearinghouse on Information and Technology. New York. June on Una River 2014 185 OVERVIEW OF INFORMATION LITERACY INITIATIVES IN THE SARAJEVO CANTON dr. sc. Lejla Hajdarpašić Senior Teaching Assistant at Department of Comparative Literature and Librarianship, Faculty of Philosophy in Sarajevo [email protected] dr. sc. Senada Dizdar Prof. at Department of Comparative Literature and Librarianship, Faculty of Philosophy in Sarajevo [email protected] Alma Mešić, MA Graduate Student of Art History / Contemporary and Modern Art and Librarianship, Faculty of Philosophy in Sarajevo [email protected] Abstract In recent period in the Sarajevo Canton information literacy (IL) has become a subject of interest of a small but representative group of interested researchers as well as individual institutions that oriented great efforts towards highlighting the significance of the IL in contemporary information environment and promoting IL as a fundamental part of participatory societies. In this regard, this paper will try to provide an overview of some selected representative IL initiatives in the Sarajevo Canton, comment those initiatives and highlight future steps that need to be done in order to fully acknowledge the significance of IL in B&H education context. Keywords: information literacy, lifelong learning, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo Canton, IL 1. FOREWORD Alexandria Proclamation on Information Literacy and Lifelong Learning from 2005 and the recently structured Moscow Declaration on Media and Information Literacy (MIL) from 2012 both accentuate that in the contemporary environment individuals and societies require new spectrum of competencies as well as knowledge in order to create, organize, evaluate and use information and knowledge in every aspect of their lives. Expectedly due to the undisputed importance of IL, numbers of different educational institutions, professional organizations etc. in the last decade oriented great efforts towards implementing IL contents in their specific environments. Given that diversity and number of IL initiatives (both in developed countries and countries in transition) is determinate by different social and other issues that overlap education and other systems, in regard to specific social and other complexities of Bosnian and Herzegovinian wider environment, certain IL activities in the Sarajevo Canton in recent period seem somewhat encouraging in terms of recognizing and promoting IL as fundamental of emerging knowledge societies. By providing an overview of selected representative IL initiatives in the Sarajevo Canton in this regard, this paper will also accentuate what future efforts need to be oriented towards actual implementing of IL contents in B&H education environment. The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ 2. UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVO EFFORTS IN PROMOTING IL CONCEPT As a key driving force of development of higher education and science in Bosnia and Herzegovina, University of Sarajevo (UNSA) in recent period expectedly throw series of activities took a leading role in promoting IL concept in local and wider B&H education community. Beside to certain members of academic community and librarians1 that try to introduce, promote and define the term information literacy on several University Consultations on the reform of higher education and the implementation of the Bologna Process at the University of Sarajevo, acknowledging that processes of structuring and implementation of IL programs in higher education institutions can improve the quality of education and meet the requirements of the Bologna reform, UNSA through its active participation in European Union funded Project “Developing information literacy for lifelong learning and knowledge economy in Western Balkan countries”2 made additional considerable efforts to promote the IL concept as a sine qua non of modern complex information environment, to raise awareness of the importance of the lifelong learning concept and its connection to IL in order to create conditions for the improvement in this domain. In this regard, since the beginning of the mentioned Project (November, 2011) and among other concrete activities, UNSA conducted survey on the status of IL in faculties and academies of the University of Sarajevo3, actively participated in structuring following documents: Integrating Information Literacy into Academic Curricula of Balkan Countries Universities,Guidelines for planning Information Literacy Programs in Western Balkan countries, Defining Information Literacy Program Harmonized Contents etc. published the publication Information Literacy: Guidelines for Innovative Network Modules Developing.4 It is expected that in upcoming period UNSA active participation in Project “Developing information literacy for lifelong learning and knowledge economy in Western Balkan countries” and its cooperation with partner institutions as well as engagement of individual higher education institution will result with the actual implementation of IL programs for undergraduate and postgraduate students at UNSA. 2.2. IL Activities at Faculty of Philosophy Regarding the IL initiatives of individual faculties and academies of the University of Sarajevo (members and associate members of the University) efforts of the Faculty of Philosophy oriented toward implementing IL contents are especially representative. The innovative Program of pedagogical training of teacher witch realization is managed by Department of Education recognized the importance of IL concept, followed the recommendations of contemporary international standards related to pedagogical 1 See: Horton, Forest Woody. Overview of Information Literacy Resources Worldwide. Paris: UNESCO, 2013. URL: http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CI/CI/pdf/ news/overview_info_lit_resources.pdf (16th March 2014) 2 Project official web site available at: http://ringidea.org/ (16th March 2014) 3 See: Hajdarpašić, Lejla. Muslić, Fuada. Isović, Jasmina. Information Literacy and Faculties / Academies of University of Sarajevo / Zbornik radova IX Međunarodne naučne konferencije bibliotekara „Juni na Uni“: Informacijska pismenost – cjeloživotno učenje. Bihać: Kantonalna i univerzitetska biblioteka Bihać, 2012, pp. 49-57. 4 By authors dr. sc. Senada Dizdar, dr. sc. Lejla Turčilo, Baba Ešrefa Rašidović and dr. sc. Lejla Hajdarpašić. 188 June on Una River 2014 Lejla Hajdarpašić, Senada Dizdar, Alma Mešić, Overview of Information Literacy initiatives in the Sarajevo canton training of teachers and in Ac. Year 2011/2012 this Program was redefined and in its structure the content Information Literacy was introduced. After the inclusion of IL content in PON 2011/2012 an exhaustive comparison of expected learning outcomes (of performed instructions) with actual learning outcomes derived from evaluation sheets was conducted5 and its findings indicated how participants perceived the newly introduced content as extremely useful and that they are planning to transfer acquired information competencies in their private and professional lives. On the basis of conducted comparison in the PON 2012/2013 and PON 2013/2014 the content Information Literacy was once again introduced. Inclusion of Information Literacy content in mentioned cycles was performed in cooperation with the information professionals from the Department of Comparative Literature and Librarianship. In this regard, all cycles of the PON could be interpreted as a good example of possible cooperation models in realization of IL contents that acknowledges the interdisciplinary approach to education process, the role of information professionals in IL instructions etc. In order to promote and implement IL concept in the Canton of Sarajevo and to establish concept of lifelong learning at the Faculty of Philosophy Sarajevo another Project was launched: School Libraries as a Means to Develop a Democratic Society through Strengthening Information Literacy and Lifelong Learning 6 that was granted by Office of Public Affairs, U.S. Embassy Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2013. The project goal was to promote, implement and strengthen IL in 39 high-school libraries across Canton Sarajevo in order to help developing a critical attitude of youth towards received information. Following long-term impacts of mentioned Project were recognized: 1. Creation of a corresponding legal framework (laws, regulations, standards, curricula, school curricula, strategies for increase of literacy, educational reform, etc.) for the work of libraries and librarians. 2. Increasing sensitivity and involvement of wider community in the role of the school library and lifelong learning. 3. Creation of an optimal environment for the development and implementation of permanent library programs and Projects, which would include support to reading programs. 4. Meeting the rights, needs and requests of students in adapting the library’s collection, space, equipment and offers. It can be reasonably expected that this Project will in future help increase the quality of education in this Canton, help develop independency and creativity of students, and establish pre-conditions for developing civil society with core competencies of a knowledgeable society. 5 See: Mavrak, Mirjana. Hajdarpašić, Lejla. Informacijska pismenost i pedagoško obrazovanje nastavnika = Information Literacy and Pedagogical Training of Teachers / 6 Savjetovanje o reformi visokog obrazovanja "Kontinuitet reforme visokog obrazovanja". Sarajevo: Univerzitet, 2012, pp. 165-179. 6 Project was headed with dr. sc. Ivo Komšić, Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy, dr. sc. Adila Pašalić - Kreso, professor at Department of Education and dr. sc. Senada Dizdar, professor at Department of Comparative Literature and Librarianship. June on Una River 2014 189 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ 3. IL PROGRAMS IN LIBRARIES Implementation of IL programs in libraries of the Sarajevo Canton is relatively unsatisfactory. Public, academic, school and other libraries in the Sarajevo Canton, with few exceptions, still mainly perform on regular basis traditional user education programs. The National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina within its Center for Permanent Education of Librarians periodically realizes Information Literacy Course for librarians (both those who are graduate librarians or library science masters and those who come from other disciplines than library science but have meet the certification exam in the National and University Library and received title professional librarians). The mentioned Center for Permanent Education of Librarians in The National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina was formed in 1999 with the mission to educate librarians in IL, library classification, cataloging, concept of intellectual freedom etc. According to the mission of the Center, the IL Course is held once a year. Regarding the IL programs that are realized in academic libraries of the Sarajevo Canton especially is representative and unique in its activities the Library of Faculty of Economics and Business.7 Mentioned Library frequently, every week, realizes Information Literacy Course within Library facilities and by employee information professionals. Target audiences of IL programs are BA, MA and PHD students of the Faculty that find course contents extremely useful and very satisfactory in terms of realization as the analysis of the survey on quality of performed instruction discovered 8. Experience of library professionals in performing a wide range of IL instructions, reached learning outcomes of IL programs etc. make this Library IL activities as a example of good practice in performing IL programs in academic libraries. 4. NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION ACTIVITIES IL as a meta competency of lifelong learning became a subject of interest of several NGO organizations in Sarajevo Canton as well. In this regard, one of the projects in the Sarajevo Canton that was released with the mission of implementing concept of IL in the Canton of Sarajevo is entitled Education of High School Librarian for the Knowledge Society in the Sarajevo Canton. Mentioned project was realized with the help of the Federal Ministry of Education and Science in 2013 9. The first phase of this Project was to examine the state of school libraries in Sarajevo Canton, present the research results to relevant institutions and define the objectives that need to be archived in order to create the basis for the implementation of IL. Regarding to the mission of this Project, the second phase of Project was to promote the IL to all interested parties: 7 Available at: http://www.efsa.unsa.ba/bic/ (16th March 2014) See: Sabljaković, Biserka. Informacijsko opismenjavanje korisnika biblioteke Ekonomskog fakulteta = User education of information literacy in library of the Faculty of Economics / V Savjetovanje Reforma visokog obrazovanja "Daljnji trendovi reforme visokog obrazovanja po bolonjskim principima". Sarajevo: Univerzitet, 2011, pp. 87-100. 9 The organization name which is headed for this Project is non - governmental organization „Korak dalje - KOD 21“ and the representative of the organization is dr. sc. Senada Dizdar, professor at Department of Comparative Literature and Librarianship at the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Sarajevo. 8 190 June on Una River 2014 Lejla Hajdarpašić, Senada Dizdar, Alma Mešić, Overview of Information Literacy initiatives in the Sarajevo canton the school management, social and political organizations, professional associations, librarians and finally to train school librarians to implement IL programs. Non-governmental organization “Pravo Ljudski” also made an effort in order to increase awareness about IL and its benefits in education context. NGO “Pravo Ljudski” prepared a manual ZUMIRAJ PRAVA U ŠKOLI: Interaktivna edukacija putem audiovizuelnih materijala10. It was presented in February 2013 with the support and assistance of teachers/professors from all over Bosnia and Herzegovina. The methodology is developed in collaboration with the People in Need (Prague, Czech Republic) in order to adapt their educational program One World in Schools (www.oneworldinschools.cz) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The program goal is to familiar high school student with various current topics that are part of their local and global realities, including topics on IL that were also recognized as priority thematic units. “Train the Trainer” activities regarding the methodology were performed with 70 teachers already and in upcoming period 300 teachers from Bosnia and Herzegovina will participate in such programs. 5. CONCLUSION Since the formal introduction of IL term in the Sarajevo Canton education environment, throw different efforts of small group of interested researchers as well as individual institutions, IL concept tried to be promoted as sine qua non of contemporary information landscape. Different IL initiatives in the Sarajevo Canton accentuated that information literacy forms the basis for lifelong learning and that it is common to all learning environments. Following those efforts, all education institutions, individual organization, libraries etc. in the Sarajevo Canton and consequently in Bosnia and Herzegovina in upcoming period must continue to promote the IL concept, to address the strong interconnection between IL and lifelong learning, to continuously raise awareness among B&H education environment about differences between information literacy and IT skills and so on. In order to raise awareness on significance of IL in contemporary society and accordingly to structure and include IL programs into their specific curriculums, closer cooperation especially between education institutions is needed because only by join efforts IL can be presented as fundamental of emerging knowledge societies. 6. LITERATURE AND RESOURCES Hajdarpašić, Lejla. Muslić, Fuada and Isović, Jasmina. Information Literacy and Faculties / Academies of University of Sarajevo / Zbornik radova IX Međunarodne naučne konferencije bibliotekara „Juni na Uni“: Informacijska pismenost – cjeloživotno učenje. Bihać: Kantonalna i univerzitetska biblioteka Bihać, 2012, pp. 49-57. Mavrak, Mirjana and Hajdarpašić, Lejla. Informacijska pismenost i pedagoško obrazovanje nastavnika = Information Literacy and Pedagogical Training of Teachers / 10 Available at: http://www.pravoljudski.org/index.php?lang=ba (17th March 2014) June on Una River 2014 191 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ 6 Savjetovanje o reformi visokog obrazovanja "Kontinuitet reforme visokog obrazovanja". Sarajevo: Univerzitet, 2012, pp. 165-179. Sabljaković, Biserka. Informacijsko opismenjavanje korisnika biblioteke Ekonomskog fakulteta = User education of information literacy in library of the Faculty of Economics/V Savjetovanje Reforma visokog obrazovanja "Daljnji trendovi reforme visokog obrazovanja po bolonjskim principima". Sarajevo: Univerzitet, 2011, pp. 87100. The Alexandria Proclamation on Information Literacy and Lifelong Learning, 2006. Available at: http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.phpURL_ID=20891&URL_DO=DO_ TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html (16 March 2014) The Moscow Declaration on Media and Information Literacy, 2012. Available at: http://www.ifla.org/files/assets/information-literacy/publications/moscow-declarationon-mil-en.pdf (16 March 2014) TEMPUS Project “Developing information literacy for lifelong learning and knowledge economy in Western Balkan countries” Available at: http://ringidea.org/ (17 March 2014) ZUMIRAJ PRAVA U ŠKOLI: Interaktivna edukacija putem audio-vizuelnih materijala/ ed. Monja Šuta – Hibert and Alina Trkulja. Sarajevo: Udruženje građana Pravoljudski, 2012. Available at: http://www.pravoljudski.org/index.php?lang=ba (17 March 2014) 192 June on Una River 2014 INFORMATION PORTAL OF SCHOOL LIBRARIES IN THE SARAJEVO CANTON dr. sc. Adila Pašalić Kreso, academician, dr. sc. Senada Dizdar, dr. sc. Lejla Hajdarpašić, Alma Mešić, MA Faculty of Philosophy in Sarajevo Summary In order to promote, implement and strengthen information literacy in 39 high school libraries of the Canton Sarajevo, during 2013 and 2014 project entitled “School Libraries as a Means to Develop a Democratic Society through Strengthening Information Literacy and Lifelong Learning” was realized by the Department of Comparative Literature and Librarianship and the Department of Education of Faculty of Philosophy in Sarajevo. Project resulted, among other things, with the construction of School Libraries Information Portal that is the first recorded attempt to connect school librarians of the Sarajevo Canton and other interested parties online and familiarize them about the latest activities, projects, innovative programs in the field of information literacy and school librarianship. This paper will first shortly present implementation phases of the mentioned Project and in parallel to discussion of the long term impacts of the Project paper will outline the major benefits of the specialized information portal construction for the Bosnian and Herzegovinian school librarianship. Keywords: information literacy, lifelong learning, Faculty of Philosophy in Sarajevo, School Libraries Information Portal 1. FOREWORD Information literacy (IL) as a Meta competence of lifelong learning is common to all disciplines, to all learning environments, and to all levels of education 1. As accentuated for example by the ACRL Task Force, in contemporary information environment, information literate individual is able to: Determine the extent of information needed Access the needed information effectively and efficiently Evaluate information and its sources critically Incorporate selected information into one’s knowledge base Use information effectively to accomplish a specific purpose Understand the economic, legal, and social issues surrounding the use of information, and access and use information ethically and legally. 2 In this regard and in order to enhance critical thinking skills of students and educate them how to identify, find, organize, evaluate and use information effectively and ethically in contemporary complex and information overloaded environment, secondary school libraries as information and learning centers must orient great effort towards implementing diverse information literacy programs for students. 1 Presidential Committee on Information Literacy. Final Report. Chicago: American Library Association, 1989. URL: http://www.ala.org/acrl/publications/whitepapers/presidential (10.04.2014.) 2 Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education / Approved by the Board of Directors of the Association of College and Research Libraries on January 18, 2000, Endorsed by the American Association for Higher Education (October 1999) and the Council of Independent Colleges (February 2004). American Library Association, 2000. URL: http://www.ala.org/acrl/sites/ala.org.acrl/files/content/standards/standards.pdf (10.04.2014.) The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ Considering that implementation of IL programs in high school libraries of the City of Sarajevo is quite unsatisfactory due to the low awareness on significance of IL, primary education system that is anachronistic in terms of teaching, often practice of identifying informatics literacy as IL etc., project “School Libraries as a Means to Develop a Democratic Society through Strengthening Information Literacy and Lifelong Learning” was launched during 2013 with the main goal to promote and raise awareness about significance of IL with the school management and its information professionals. Project was focused on strengthening existing information literacy competences of school librarians and training them to design and implement innovative IL programs within their respective school environments and resulted among other things with the creation of the “School Libraries Information Portal” whose significance, structure and content as well as future planned development will be outlined in this paper. 2. PROJECT “SCHOOL LIBRARIES AS A MEANS TO DEVELOP A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY THROUGH STRENGTHENING INFORMATION LITERACY AND LIFELONG LEARNING” The educational system in Bosnia and Herzegovina, that was confirmed repeatedly (Pašalić Kreso, 2009; Zgaga, 2006), for the most part is still focused on teaching students facts and not teaching them how to receive, process, and assign values to information With the growing use and presence of Internet, high-school student are exposed to substantial amounts of information of all sorts, through web-sites, forums, discussion boards, blogs etc. Not much of this information could or can be factual, but it may strongly shape the opinions or thoughts of a student whose entire learning path has been to receive and perceive all information as facts. In a democratic society, where everyone is given the right and responsibility to be a decision-maker, especially in the context of a fragile and recovering society, empowering youth to search for, comprehend, process and adequately use information is the key to development of both the society and economy (The OECD DeSeCo Project, 2005). In this regard, Department of Education, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Sarajevo and Department of Comparative Literature and Librarianship, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Sarajevo3 during the 2013, with the financial support of the Embassy of the United States in Bosnia and Herzegovina, implemented a project called "School library services in development of a democratic society by strengthening information literacy and lifelong learning." The project was focused on the promotion, implementation and strengthen of information literacy in 39 high-schools of the Sarajevo Canton and during the project implementation, group of professors, teachers and scientific workers have oriented great efforts towards: 1. Researching and analyzing the current situation in the libraries and librarian profession in high-schools of Canton Sarajevo 2. Realization of series of workshops that helped delineating professional and generic competencies of a school librarian 3. Strengthening existing information literacy competencies of school librarians 3 Project coordinators were Dr. Adila Pašalić - Kreso, academician, in front of the Department of Education, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Sarajevo and Dr. Senada Dizdar in front of the Department of Comparative Literature and Librarianship, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Sarajevo. 194 June on Una River 2014 Adila Pašalić Kreso, Senada Dizdar, Lejla Hajdarpašić, Alma Mešić, Information portal of school libraries in the Sarajevo canton 4. 5. Improving the pedagogical competencies of the librarian and their didactic and methodic skills in communication and education of other target groups (students, teachers, school management, etc.) Raising awareness of the modern role of the library as an information center for life-long learning etc. 2.1. Information portal of school libraries in the Sarajevo Canton There is no doubt that the school library needs to become a central place in the highschools of Canton Sarajevo, where student can learn how to access pertinent information, where student can develop an attitude of forming critiques towards certain information received, and where a future citizen of a democratic society is formed. Hence information literacy and lifelong learning cannot only be limited and linked to education as increasing one’s knowledge fund, as it is linked to understanding and critical reflection on the nature of the information and its social, cultural and philosophical context (more: A Good School Library, 2002; Indiana Study, 2007; Realizing the importance of school libraries in the process of (re) building society (more: The Indiana study, 2007; Frantsi et al., 2002; The School Library: Today and Tomorrow, 2002) the above mentioned Project resulted, among other things, with the construction of School Libraries Information Portal4 (Image 1) that is the first recorded attempt to connect school librarians of the Sarajevo Canton and other interested parties online and familiarize them about the latest activities, projects, innovative programs in the field of information literacy and school librarianship. Image 1: www.ipzb.ba - Home page Thus, Information Portal of the School Libraries is a specialized portal created with the current aim to unite and inform librarians in primary and secondary schools of Bosnia and Herzegovina, (currently Canton Sarajevo) and all other interested parties about the latest activities, projects, innovative programs in the field of school librarianship in Bosnia and Herzegovina5. Librarian’s principle of openness and widely use of Word Press for designing web presentations, “as a free and open source blogging tool and a content management 4 Available at: www.ipzb.ba (12 March 2014) The editors of the Portal are dr. sc. Lejla Hajdarpašić from Faculty of Philosophy in Sarajevo, Department of Comparative Literature and Librarianship and Alma Mešić, MA - graduated Student of Art History / Contemporary and Modern Art and Librarianship, Faculty of Philosophy in Sarajevo. 5 June on Una River 2014 195 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ system (CMS) based on PHP and MySQL, which runs on a web hosting service.“ 6, determinate the use of Word Press to built a web presentation of Portal. Due to its plugin7 architecture and flexible graphic user interface, Word Press was the optimally chosen solution capable to meet the primal goals of Portal creation. The content of the Portal is divided into the corresponding sections: 1. Projects, that are linked with Portal (include latest news in the field of high school librarianship) 2. The library's innovative program that includes examinations of current programs in fields of librarianship, education, etc. 3. Jurisprudence, public and legal documents relevant to school library and librarianship in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but also documents relevant to education process 4. Sections of current authors that contributed to the Portal contents and their affiliation 5. Educational material that is used in the workshops. This section will also in future include other material relevant to the corresponding area 6. Contact information in order to connect both individuals and organizations (schools, school libraries, etc.) Simple graphical interface allows any user to search for information as well as to review and evaluate the content of the Portal and in order to be search engines friendly, the content of Portal is labeled with metadata and tags, but also with description and keywords. Metadata set includes the author, keywords, description, type of document, copyright, tags, and other core information that will help visitors to make familiar with Portal content (Image 2). Image 2: Meta tags for educational material located on Portal Generic Meta tags are placed in header of web presentation through admin Control Panel. Also, Meta Tag plug-ins are used in order to customize each meta tags, and to allow meta information to describe better each page, category or post on Portal. The content of the Portal, besides news, texts, etc. as mentioned also includes educational material that was created during the workshops realization within the mentioned Project by B&H experts8. Acknowledging the affiliation of authors, it can be 6 Word Press. “Word Press Web Hosting”, May 2013. Available at: https://wordpress.org/hosting/ (13 March 2014) 7 In computing, a plug-in is a software component that adds a specific feature to an existing software application. 8 Content is created by following authors: dr. sc. Adila Pašalić – Kreso, academician, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Sarajevo, dr. sc. Jadranka Lasić-Lazić, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Zagreb, dr. sc. Senada Dizdar, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Sarajevo, dr. sc. Jasmina Lovrinčević, The Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, dr. sc. Mirjana Mavrak, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Sarajevo, dr. sc. Dinka Kovačević, The Josip Juraj 196 June on Una River 2014 Adila Pašalić Kreso, Senada Dizdar, Lejla Hajdarpašić, Alma Mešić, Information portal of school libraries in the Sarajevo canton concluded that content of Portal beside to its informative role has a significant educational and scientific nature as well (Image 3). Image 3: www.ipzb.ba – Category of educational material for librarians/students/etc Primal mission of the Portal is to be opened for all interested participants with the aim of linking and connecting high-school librarians, but also for collaboration. In addition, the content, which includes scientific and teaching material, could easily in future form the basis of a digital repository for librarians, teachers and students, specifically disciplinary repository that for example R. Vrana defines as a “digital repository that serves certain scientific discipline, or several closely related disciplines” (Vrana: 2011: 57). 3. PORTAL FURTHER AIMS AND THINGS TO BE DONE The leading role in participation in this platform is assigned to the librarians that continuously need to add to their list of competencies new knowledge and skills that will enable them to adequately train youth (high-school students). The role of librarian within school environment becomes particularly important, especially if we consider the already established and accepted impact of information literacy and lifelong learning on the overall economic and social development. In this regard and in order to please the mission of Portal in the future, it is necessary to firstly: - Connect all B&H school librarians as well as other interested parties (students, teachers, librarians) with a Portal - Promote Portal within the school librarianship and wider community and inform about Portals objectives and content - Exploit developed competencies of librarians in order to improve the Portal - Encourage the creation of new content that will be stored on the corresponding sections of the Portal. It is expected that above mentioned activities will in upcoming period, among other thing, greatly help: - Librarians to educate the new user groups (school management, principals, pedagogues, teachers and also students’ parents) for use of multimedia sources and their proper use, which could be located and linked at the Portal - Increase the use and quality of available educational materials in local language (in e-form) which is presently in this field negligibly low Strossmayer University of Osijek, dr. sc. Lejla Hajdarpašić, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Sarajevo, mr. sc. Emina Dedić - Bukvić, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Sarajevo and Monja Šuta Hibert, MA, NGO “Pravo Ljudski”. June on Una River 2014 197 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ - - Present libraries and information science activities through the use of modern technologies Increase sensitivity and involvement of wider community regarding the role of the school library in education process Create an optimal environment for the development and implementation of permanent library programs and projects, which would include support to reading programs Meet the rights, needs and requests of students in adapting the library’s collection, space, equipment etc. School Libraries Information Portal has a great potential to increase the quality of education in Sarajevo Canton and wider community through developing independency and creativity of high-school librarians, their affirmation as professionals, together with pupils. This Portal, according to its mission, will assist and motivate activities of transforming the school library into a place of preparing one for an active participation in a democratic society through processes of strengthening information literacy competences of high-school children and encouraging lifelong learning. 4. CONCLUSION Assuming that the Information Portal of School Libraries could someday become a significant virtual platform for learning and sharing knowledge lead us to a point where we must consider redefining Portal in its virtual architecture and place a base for a specific digital repository. In this process, the information literacy is becoming a key competence for, as Carmel Mc Naught in her essay “The Synergy between Information Literacy and eLearning“concludes, not only individual learning and the development of individual but also a social responsibility. Portal has a tendency to help formation of disciplinary directory for school library, teachers, librarians and students, yet now, the Portal in its original, starting version has a unquestionable potential to become a comprehensive virtual platform that will help researchers, librarians, students and all other interested parties gain necessary information within the framework of school librarianship in Bosnia and Herzegovina and a platform that by informing and connecting targeted group simultaneously encourages creation among them. 5. LITERATURE AND RESOURCES 1. Frantsi, H., Kolu, K. and Salminen, S. A Good School Library. The Finnish National Board of Education, The School Library Association in Finland, 2002. 2. Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education / Approved by the Board of Directors of the Association of College and Research Libraries on January 18, 2000, Endorsed by the American Association for Higher Education (October 1999) and the Council of Independent Colleges (February 2004). American Library Association, 2000. URL: http://www.ala.org/acrl/sites/ala.org.acrl/ files/content/standards/standards.pdf (13 April 2014) 3. Information Portal of School Libraries in the Canton Sarajevo. Available at: www.ipzb.ba (12th March 2014) 4. Lynch, Clifford. “Digital collections, digital libraries and the digitization of cultural heritage information”. First Monday, 7(5), 2002. pp. 30-36. 198 June on Una River 2014 Adila Pašalić Kreso, Senada Dizdar, Lejla Hajdarpašić, Alma Mešić, Information portal of school libraries in the Sarajevo canton 5. Mavrak, Mirjana and Hajdarpašić, Lejla. Informacijska pismenost i pedagoško obrazovanje nastavnika = Information Literacy and Pedagogical Training of Teachers / 6 Savjetovanje o reformi visokog obrazovanja "Kontinuitet reforme visokog obrazovanja". Sarajevo: Univerzitet, 2012, pp. 165-179. 6. McNaught, Carmel. „The Synergy between Information Literacy and eLearning“. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Volume 33, 2006. pp 29-43. 7. Pašalić Kreso, Adila. “The War and Post-War Impact on the Educational System of Bosnia and Herzegovina” in Majhanovich, S. Fox, Ch. and Pašalić Kreso, A.: Living Together, Education and Intercultural Dialog, Springer, 2009, pp. 67- 88; 8. Presidential Committee on Information Literacy. Final Report. Chicago: American Library Association, 1989. URL: http://www.ala.org/acrl/publications/whitepapers/presidential 13th 9. The Indiana study: How Students, Teachers & Princiopals Benefit from Strong School Libraries. AIME: Indianopolis, 2007. 10. The OECD DeSeCo Project: The Definition and Selection of Key Competencies, Executive Summary, 2005. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/pisa/35070367.pdf (5th April 2014) 11. The School Library: Today and Tomorrow. Published by the IFLA School Library Section to commemorate its 25 anniversary, 2002. 12. Vrana, Radovan. “Digital repositories and the future of preservation and use of scientific knowledge”. Informatol. 44, 2011, 1, pp. 55-62. 13. Wegner, E. Communities of practice: Learning, meaning and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 14. Word Press. Available at: https://wordpress.org (13th March 2014) 15. Zgaga, P. (ed). “The Situation of Education in South-East Europe”. Ljubljana: CEPS, 2006. June on Una River 2014 199 ОСТАЦИ ПАРОХИЈСКЕ БИБЛИОТЕКЕ ИЗ XIX ВЕКА У СЕЛУ МЕДНА КОД ВАРЦАР ВАКУФА (МРКОЊИЋ ГРАДА) Мр Радован Пилиповић Архив Српске православне цркве (Београд, Република Србија) Сажетак: У раду се даје преглед и опис библиотечке грађе у власништву православне парохије у селу Медна код Варцар Вакуфа, данашњег Мркоњић Града. Књиге које су имале превасходно своју ритуалну функцију представљају сведочанство не само култне, него и културне историје и говоре о везама поменутог краја са другим регијама, барем по питању ефеката библиотечке продукције која је задовољавала потребе источног хришћанства на простору Босне и Херцеговине. Кључне речи: Штампана књига, култ и ритуал, конфесионално одређење писмености, парохија, Медна, Босанска Крајина. I Писменост и њен верски значај У селу Медна недалеко од Мркоњић Града у оквиру парохијског верског комплекса Српске православне цркве налази се колекција књига која припада и извире из идејног света православног хришћанства. С обзиром на несрећне и дисконтинуиране прилике које су карактеристичне за нестабилно подручје Балканског полуострва, овако сачувана збирка штампаних богослужбених књига, представља модел на основу кога би могле да се реконструишу друге парохијске библиотеке српске етничке заједнице Босне и Херцеговине, а посебно Босанске Крајине. Писменост која израња из наглашеног верског поимања света протеже се у Босни и Херцеговини од раног средњег века. Она се без теолошких елемената и параметара и адекватне контекстуализације не може разумети, нити се културна историја може на прави начин представити. Сама реч култура, садржи у себи појам култног и трансцедентног. Секуларизација је временом брисала домнинацију ритуалне сврхе. У сваком случају, поменута збирка црквених књига остаје важно сведочанство посебно исказане микроисторије, културног трага и путовања књиге, то јест, на првом месту њене набавке, сврхе, употребе, њеног значења и вредности. За разлику од ислама, чији се култ испуњује читањем и тумачењем једне књиге – Ал Корана1, у православном хришћанству богослужење византијског типа спроводи се уз помоћ читаве библиотеке. Аналогно исламу код хришћана Свето Писмо игра базичну улогу, али се химнографија посебно развијала остављајући за собом компликовану књижевну историју. Молитве се групишу у дневни, недељни, месечни и годишњи циклус читања. Читање Јеванђеља, Апостола, Часослова, Псалтира, Служебника, Октоиха, Требника, Пентикостара има своје тачно прописано место и свој нарочити смисао. 2 1 Лазар Милин, Историја религије, Београд 1977, стр. 130-133. Уп. Димитрије Богдановић, Стара српска библиотека, у: Студије из српске средњовековне књижевности, Београд 1997, стр. 5-79. 2 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ II Историјске и географске цртице о Медни Село Медна налази се у општини Мркоњић Град3 у долини мање реке Медљанке и заузима не много стрме обронке планине Димитор, док је са друге стране село ограничено реком Саном. Сеоски атар заузима површину од око 100 km2 и поседује највише извора у читавој општини. Село обилује и шумом, пашњацима, као и налазиштем угља и алабастра. О имену места постоје две етиолошке легенде: једна каже да су место турски освајачи у XVI веку прозвали Медина (што на арапском језику значи утврђено насеље) и то по тврђави која се налазила према селу Слатина, али по другој причи село је добило име по меду. Старији људи су на питање одакле су знали рећи да су из Медине, иако је временом преовладао облик Медна.4 Данашња парохија медљанска се у другој половини 19. века црквеноадминистративно делила на две. По евиденцији из 1882. године Доња Медна у којој је службовао свештеник Симо Берић обухватала је Медну и Трново са 180 кућа и 1456 становника. У Горњој Медној, пак, био је Томо Берић, а ову парохију су чинила мања насеља Илићи и Лекићи са 100 домова и 652 становника. Обе парохије су биле у протопрезвитерату герзовачком.5 Годину дана касније ситуација се променила тек толико што је Доња Медна бројала 193 куће и имала 1460 становника.6 Православни храм у Медној је грађен од 1883. до 1886. године, а црква је уведена у богослужбену употребу освећењем које је извршио митрополит дабробосански Георгије Николајевић 1887. године. Од средине, али и нешто пре 1850-их година па надаље у парохији су служили следећи свештеници: Симо Берић, Тома Берић, Симеун Берић, Илија Берић, Симо Берић млађи (1883-1902), затим Чедо Марјанац и Павле Убовић (1902-1910).7 За време службовања ових свештеника искристалисала се парохијска библиотека у фондовском смислу. III Каталог старе Медљанске библиотеке 1. Служебник, Москва 1794. На овој књизи постоји изузетно занимљив запис из 1865. године који у преводу са старијег језика гласи: „Ово је књига Ђуре Бабића, ако се украде нека се познаде, украсти се не мере док је Ђуре жива“, док нови власник није постао „Тодор Тешић“. Даље, један запис из 1879. године говори о смрти „Стаке [к]ћери Ђуре Бабића“. Први запис, својеврсни екс-либрис Ђуре Бабића има старински призвук и сасвим је очигледно да је то српски превод и подражавање античким екс-либрисима. Ево, на пример, како је гласио један у Западној Европи, коришћен на рукописима и у многим библиотекама на почетку 3 Кроз читав 19. век град се звао Варцар Вакуф, а име Мркоњић Град му је дато 1925. године према псеудониму краља Петра I Карађорђевића из времена Босанскохерцеговачког устанка 1875-1878. године. 4 Епископ Хризостом Јевић, Чудо у Медној – Бог је с нама!, Медна 2006, стр. 10-11. 5 Шематизам православне митрополије и архидијецезе дабро-босанске за годину 1882, уредио Ђорђе Николајевић, Сарајево 1882, стр. 37. 6 Шематизам православне митрополије и архидијецезе дабро-босанске за годину 1883, уредио Ђорђе Николајевић, Сарајево 1883, стр. 50. 7 Епархија бихаћко-петровачка – Први шематизам 2010, Босански Петровац 2011, стр. 369. 202 June on Una River 2014 Radovan Pilipović, Ostaci parohijske biblioteke iz XIX veka u selu Medna kod Varcar Vakufa (Mrkonjić Grada) 6. века: „Qui rapiet librum istum non videbit Iesum Christum sed ibit infernum et manebit in aeternum inter bracchia diabolorum per omnia saecula saeculorum“. 8 (Превод: Ко украде ову књигу неће видети Исуса Христа, него ће ићи у пакао и остати тамо довека у рукама ђавола у све векове векова). Наш Ђуро Бабић се више уздао у своју снагу („док је Ђуре жива“) него у неку духовну санкцију и метафизичку казну. 2. Служебник, Београд 1836. (Штампан за време кнеза Србије Милоша Обреновића и београдског митрополита Петра Јовановића). Постоји мање читљив запис на дну последње стране: „Писа ... Никола, Азари[ј]е из Пецке“... 3. Књига ова „Псалтир“ у којој се налазе обичне катизме, песме и изабрани паслми заједно са Уставом за њихово држање и остало, одштамано је са благословом (дозволом) Архиепископа и Митрополита Карловачког Г. Стефана [Станковића], У Будиму Граду 1844, у Царско-краљевској Угарској универзитетској типографији. То је „илирски Псалитр“ (Psaltir illyrisch), односно Псалтир штампан на црквенословенском језику за потребе Српске цркве у држави Хабзбурга. Доживео је више издања попут следећег, а сретали смо га у многим другим парохијама Западне Босне, као нпр. у Ливну. 4. Књига ова „Псалтир“ у којој се налазе обичне катизме, песме и изабрани паслми заједно са Уставом за њихово држање и остало, одштамано је са благословом (дозволом) Архиепископа и Митрополита Карловачког Г. Стефана [Станковића], У Будиму Граду 1845, у Царско-краљевској Угарској универзитетској типографији. Има запис власника: „Симо, Симо, Симо Берић“, а затим обавештење: „Воду пије Симо Берић“....„милос(о)т“, што би можда могло бити сведочанство о држању строгог поста и покајничком тражењу Божије помоћи. 5. Пентикостар, Беч 1855. 6. Октоих од гласа првог до гласа петог, Беч 1855. Запис сведочи о власништву: „Општина Медна храм Рождества Богородичиног, прилог од Царства, 13. септембар 1887“. Књига је у српску црквену општину дошла као поклон окупационих власти Аустро-Угарске монархије. 7. Антологион или Цвјетослов, Беч 1855. 8. Часослов за употребу Свете православне цркве источног вероисповедања, Београд, Књигопечатња Кнежевине Србије 1857. Поред записа на корицама постоји интересантан цртеж са потписом: „Крест Кранитељ“, што је симболичкоапотропејско прослављање моћи Часног Крста, а значи „Крст Чувар – Заштитик“. 9. Цветни триод, (штампан у време руског цара Александра Николајевича 18181881) Записи: 1. „Ово је књига Пентикостар мене попа Симе Берића из села Медне од кадилука Ђалисара, године Христове 1866.“. Ђалисар односно „Ђулхисар“ је место Језеро. 2. „Симо Берић, свештеник млађи, 1893. године, 3. марта“. 10. Часослов, (штампан у време „великог војводе српског и цара аустријског Франца Јозефа I). Војводство Србија и Тамишки Банат је назив за круновину Аустријског царства која је постојала на подручју данашње 8 Messalino secondo il rito detto di S. Pio V decreto del Sommo Pontefice Giovani XXIII del 23. luglio 1960, latino e italiano, Roma 2009, стр. 1. June on Una River 2014 203 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ Војводине између 1849. и 1860. године. Записи на последњој страници су део молитве и имена за молитвено сећање житеља места Медне. 11. Требник, (штампан у време „цара аустријског Франца Јозефа Перваго“). 12. Служебник „попа Симе Берића“, из прве половине 19. века, уметнут је поменик са именима парохијана, предвуковски правопис. 13. Требник, 19. век, нема ближих библиографских података, кожни повез. 14. Требник, исечених корица, ово је очигледно намерно урађено да би се лакше носио и њиме служило као важном приручном књигом. 15. Псалтир, Београд 1875. (Књига је штампана за време београдског митрополита Михаила Јовановића). 16. Октоих од првог до петог гласа, има запис појца: „Саво Обрадовић црквени пјевчић“ 17. Октоих од петог гласа: Има записе корисника: 1. „Саво Обрадовић црквени пјевчић“ 2. „Симо син покојнога Даке Опарнице“, пре 1894 године. 3. „Писа Симо Ђаковић, син Дакин 1892. године“. 18. Василије Николајевић, Велики типик то јест Устав црквени..., Нови Сад 1892. 19. Служебник, Сарајево 1898. 20. Свештено Јеванђеље, Сарајево 1890. Има новији запис: „8. (21.) септембра 1963. епископ бањалучки Андреј посетио Медну „служио Св. Архијерејску Литургију и обновио Св. Трпезу“. 21. Апостол, Сарајево 1892. 22. Деловодни протокол из 1912. године. Ради се о класичној архивској књизи која прати канцеларијско пословање и проток докумената у тадашњој службеној комуникацији. Не спада у библиотечку грађу, али се физички налази поред старих књига. IV Осврт на крају Развијеног верског живота и остварене религиозне праксе код традиционалних православних хришћана не може бити без књиге. Православни Срби у Босни и Херцеговини услед политичких прилика нису имали сопствено штампарство у континуитету него су се све до пред крај 19. века ослањали на књижарску продукцију православних Срба у Аустро-Угарској, Кнежевини Србији, а нешто мање на руско издаваштво богослужбених књига, иако је и оно било присутно. 9 У распону од готово 100 година, од почетка до краја 19. века у Медној се сусрећу све богослужбене књиге потребне за испуњавање дневног, недељног, месечног и годишњег круга класичног богослужбеног устава (типика) наслеђеног још из византијских времена. Најстарији су, свакако, служебници у којима су молитве главних служби (Света Литургија и друго) које изражавају средиште учења и морала православног хришћанства. Занимљиво да оне књиге које се често користе 9 Ипак, не треба сметнути с ума да је прва штампарија на простору Босне и Херцеговине почела са радом 1519. године у Горажду, а основао ју је Божидар Горажданин, доневши штампарске справе из Венеције, одакле се штампарија 1523. године, због најезде Турака, премешта у град Трговиште (Румунија). Те прве књиге су биле црквене садржине: Служебник (1519), Псалтир (1521) и Молитвеник (1523). 204 June on Una River 2014 Radovan Pilipović, Ostaci parohijske biblioteke iz XIX veka u selu Medna kod Varcar Vakufa (Mrkonjić Grada) приликом вршења обреда (крштење, венчање, сахрана и друге сличне молитве приватне побожности) не налазимо у уредном стању очуваних књижних блокова и са читљивим библиографским подацима. Како се примичемо крају 19. века тако се сусрећу православне богослужбене књиге које су штампане на територији Босне и Херцеговине, а са санкцијом највиших верских ауторитета Српске православне цркве. Ово је био корак тадашње Земаљске владе којом је требало верски живот православних Срба поменутих области и на овај начин учинити независним од Карловачке, Београдске митрополије или од Руског царства. Медљанска библиотека је редак пример солидне сачуваности читаве колекције богослужбених књига у једној парохији на подручју Босанске Крајине са којом се може испунити византијски богослужбени устав, класични ритуални концепт источно-православне побожности и вероисповедања. V Извори и литература а. Извори: Парохијска библиотека при храму Рођења Пресвете Богородице у Медној б. Литература: Шематизам православне митрополије и архидијецезе дабро-босанске за годину 1882, уредио Ђорђе Николајевић, Сарајево 1882. Шематизам православне митрополије и архидијецезе дабро-босанске за годину 1883, уредио Ђорђе Николајевић, Сарајево 1883. Лазар Милин, Историја религије, Београд 1977. Димитрије Богдановић, Стара српска библиотека, у: Студије из српске средњовековне књижевности, Београд 1997. Епископ Хризостом Јевић, Чудо у Медној – Бог је с нама!, Медна 2006. Епархија бихаћко-петровачка – Први шематизам 2010, Босански Петровац 2011. Messalino secondo il rito detto di S. Pio V decreto del Sommo Pontefice Giovani XXIII del 23. luglio 1960, latino e italiano, Roma 2009. June on Una River 2014 205 THE REMAINS OF THE XIX CENTURY PAROCHIAL LIBRARY IN MEDNA VILLAGE NEAR VARCAR VAKUF (MRKONJIĆ GRAD) Radovan Pilipović, MA the Serbian Orthodox Church Archives (Belgrade, the Republic of Serbia) Abstract: This paper provides an overview and a description of the library’s resources in the possession of an orthodox parish in Medna village near VarcarVakuf, the present-day Mrkonjić Grad. The books that once had primarily ritual function bear testimony not only to cult but also cultural history and they attest to the ties of the mentioned area with other regions, at least in terms of the library’s production effect that satisfied the needs of Eastern Christianity in Bosnia and Herzegovina territory. Key words: Printed book, cult and ritual, denominational determination of literacy, parish, Medna, Bosanska Krajina. I Literacy and its religious importance In Medna village, near Mrkonjić Grad, within the parochial denominational complex of the Serbian Orthodox Church, there is a collection of books that belongs to and originates from the world of ideas of Orthodox Christianity. Considering the unfortunate and discontinuous conditions characteristic for the unstable territory of the Balkan Peninsula, such a preserved collection of printed liturgical books represents a model based on which other parochial libraries of Serbian ethnical community in Bosnia and Herzegovina could be reconstructed, especially in Bosanska Krajina. Literacy that emerges from a prominently religious understanding of the world has been widespread in Bosnia and Herzegovina since the early Middle Ages.Neither can it be understood without theological elements, parameters and adequate contextualisation, nor can cultural history be presented in a proper manner. The very word “culture” contains in itself the notion of cultural and transcendental. Over time, secularization erased the domination of ritual purpose.At any rate, the mentioned collection of church books remains an important testimony of a uniquely expressed micro-history, cultural trace and the journey of a book, that is, first of all its acquisition, its purpose, usage, its meaning and value. Unlike Islam, whose cult is filled with reading and interpreting of one book - AlQur’ān1,the Byzantine liturgy in Orthodox Christianity is done with the help of an entire library.Analogous toIslam, the Bible has an essential role with Christians, but hymnography developed independently, leaving behind a complex literary history. Prayers are grouped into daily, weekly, monthly and yearly cycles of reading. The reading of the Evangeliary, the Apostles, the Book of Hours, the Psalter, the “Služebnik” (Liturgikon), the Octoechos, the Breviary and the Pentateuch has their exactly prescribed order and their unique meaning.2 1 Lazar Milin, The History of Religion, Belgrade 1977, p. 130-133. Cf. Dimitrije Bogdanović, Old Serbian Library, in: Studies from Serbian Medieval Literature, Belgrade, 1997, p. 5-79. 2 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ II Historical and geographical storiettes about Medna Medna village is situated in the municipality of Mrkonjić Grad 3, in the valley of a small river Medljanka and it stretches over mildly steep slopes of mountain Dimitor, while the river Sana forms a border on the other side of the village.The territory of the village covers around 100km2 and has the greatest number of springs in the entire municipality. The village is rich in forests, pastures as well as alabaster and coal deposits. There are two legends about the name of the village: one states that in the XVI century the Turkish invaders named the area “Medina” (which means “fortified settlement” in Arabic) after the fortress that was near Slatina village, but according to another story, the village was named after “honey” (“med” is the Serbian word for “honey”). The elderly would say that they came from Medina when asked about their birthplace, although the name Medna prevailed in time. 4 The present-day parish of Medna was divided into two ecclesiastically and administratively separate parishes in the second half of the XIX century. Based on the records from 1882, Donja Medna, where the reverend Simo Berić officiated, used to include Medna and Trnovo with 180 homes and 1456 inhabitants. In Gornja Medna, however, Tomo Berić officiated and this parish consisted of smaller communities named Ilići and Lekići with 100 homes and 652 inhabitants. Both parishes were in the Proto-presbyterate of Gerzovo.5 One year later, the situation changed only to the extent that Donja Medna had 193 homes and 1460 inhabitants. 6 The building process of the Orthodox Church in Medna lasted from 1883 until 1886, and it became open for liturgy when it was sanctified by the Dabar-Bosnian Metropolitan George Nikolajević (Georgije Nikolajević) in 1887. From mid 1850s, although even before that period onwards, the following priests were officiating in that parish: Simo Berić, Toma Berić, Simeun Berić, Ilija Berić, Simo Berić Junior (18831902), then Čedo Marjanac and Pavle Ubović (1902-1910).7 During these priests’ officiating, the parish library took a more definite shape in terms of its resources. III The Catalogue of the old Medna Library 1. Služebnik (Liturgikon), Moscow, 1794. There is an exceptionally interesting inscription from 1865 on this book whose translation from an old language states: “This is Đuro Babić’s book, if anyone should steal it, let that be known, it cannot be stolen as long as Đuro is alive”, until the new owner became “Todor Tešić”. Furthermore, an 1879 inscription speaks of the death of “Staka, the daughter of Đuro Babić”. The first inscription, Đuro Babić’s ex-libris of sorts, has an archaic tone and it is quite obvious that it is a Serbian translation and a support to antique ex-libris. For instance, here is one 3 Throughout the entire 19th century, the city was called VarcarVakuf, and it was named Mrkonjić Grad in 1925 after the pseudonym of King Petar I of Serbia (king Petar I Karadjordjević) from the time of the First Herzegovina Uprising 1875-1878 4 Bishop Hrizostom Jević, Miracle in Medna– God is with us!,Medna 2006, p. 10-11. 5 The Schematism of Dabar-Bosnian Orthodox Mitropolitanate and Archidioceses for the year 1882,redacted by Đorđe Nikolajeveć, Sarajevo 1882, p. 37. 6 The Schematism of Dabar-Bosnian Orthodox Mitropolitanate and Archidioceses for the year 1883, redacted by Đorđe Nikolajević, Sarajevo, 1883, p. 50. 7 The Eparchy of Bihac-Petrovac– The first Schematism of 2010,Bosanski Petrovac 2011, p. 369. 208 June on Una River 2014 Radovan Pilipović, The Remains of the XIX Century Parochial Library in Medna Village near Varcar Vakuf (Mrkonjić Grad) that was used in Western Europe on manuscripts in many libraries at the beginning of the 6th century: „Qui rapiet librum istum non videbit Iesum Christum sed ibit infernum et manebit in aet ernum inter bracchia diabolorum per omnia saecula saeculorum“.8 (Translation: The one who steals this book shall not see Jesus Christ, but shall go to hell and remain there in the devil’s hands until the end of time). Our Đuro Babić relied more on his own strength (“as long as Đuro is alive”) than on a spiritual sanction and metaphysical punishment. 2. Služebnik (Liturgikon), Belgrade, 1836. (Printed during the reign of Miloš Obrenović I, the Prince of Serbia and the Metropolitan of Belgrade, Petar Jovanović). A less intelligible inscription can be found at the bottom of the last page: “Wrote…Nikola, Azari[j]e from Pecka”… 3. This book “Psalter” which contains ordinary kathismas, poems and chosen psalms together with the Constitution for their possession and such, was printed with the blessing (permission) of the Archbishop and Metropolitan of Karlovci G. Stefan [Stanković], in Buda in 1844, in Royal-Imperial Hungarian University typography. It is an “Illyrian Psalter”, (Psaltirillyrisch), that is, a Psalter printed in the Church Slavonic language for the needs of the Serbian Church in the Habsburg Monarchy. It was successfully published several times, such as the one given here, and we have come across it in many other parishes of Western Bosnia, for instance, in Livno. 4. This book “Psalter” which contains ordinary kathismas, poems and chosen psalms together with the Constitution for their possession and such, was printed with the blessing (permission) of the Archbishop and the Metropolitan of Karlovci G. Stefan [Stanković], in Buda in 1845, in Royal-Imperial Hungarian University typography. It has the owner’s inscription that states: “Simo, Simo, Simo Berić”, and then a notification: “Simo Berić drinks water”… “mercy”, which might be a testimony to keeping a strict fast and contriteasking for God’s help. 5. Pentacostarion, Vienna, 1855. 6. Octoechos from the First Voice to the Fifth Voice, Vienna, 1855. The inscription testifies to the ownership: “The Medna Municipality, The Church of Virgin Mary’s Nativity, the contribution of the Empire, September 13 th, 1887”. The Serbian parish received the book as a present from the occupying government of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. 7. Anthologion or Florilegium, Vienna, 1855. 8. The Book of Hours given to the Holy Orthodox Eastern Church of religion to use it, Belgrade, Book-stamping of the Principality of Serbia (Knjigopečatnja Kneževine Srbije), 1857. There is an intriguing drawing with a signature next to the inscription on the book: “Cross the Provider”, which is a symbolic and apotropaic celebration of the power of the Holy Cross, and it means: “Cross the Guardian – Protector”. 9. Floral Triodion (printed during the reign of Alexander II of Russia 1818-1881). Inscriptions: 1. “This is the Pentateuch book that belongs to me, the Reverend Simo Berić from the village of Medna, the kadiluk of Đalisar, in the Year of the Lord 1866.”Đalisar, that is “Gülhisar” is the town called Jezero. 2. “Simo Berić, junior priest, 1893, March the 3rd”. 8 Messalino secondo il rito detto di S. Pio V decreto del Sommo Pontefice Giovani XXIII del 23. luglio 1960, latino e italiano, Roma 2009, p. 1. June on Una River 2014 209 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ 10. The Book of Hours, (printed during the reign of “the Grand Duch of Serbia and the Emperor of Austria, Franz Joseph I”). The Duchy of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar is the name for the Crown land of the Austrian Empire which existed in the territory of the present-day Vojvodina between 1849 and 1860. The inscriptions on the last page are a part of a prayer and the names written in prayerful remembrance of the village Medna’s inhabitants. 11. Breviary, (printed during the reign of “the Austrian Emperor, Franz Joseph I”). 12. Služebnik (Liturgikon) of “the Reverend Simo Berić”, from the first half of the 19th century, with an inserted commemorative list of parishioners’ names written in orthography that pre-existed Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, reformer of Serbian language 1847. 13. Breviary, from the 19th century, there is no further bibliographic data, it has leather binding. 14. Breviary, with its binding removed, which was obviously done in order to be carried more easily and used as an important reference book. 15. Psalter, Belgrade, 1875 (The book was printed during the reign of the Metropolitan of Belgrade Mihailo Jovanović). 16. Octoechos from the First Voice to the Fifth Voice, it has an inscription of the chorister: “Savo Obradović the church chorister”. 17. Octoechos from the Fifth Voice: it has the users’ inscriptions: 1. “Savo Obradović, the church chorister” 2. “Simo, the son of the late Daka Oparnica”, before 1894 3.“Written by Simo Đaković, the son of Daka, the year 1892”. 18. Vasilije Nikolajević, The Great Typikon or the Church Constitution…, Novi Sad 1892. 19. Služebnik (Liturgikon), Sarajevo 1898. 20. Evangeliary (Svešteno Jevanđelje),Sarajevo, 1890. There is a new inscription: “the 8th (21st) of September 1963, bishop of Banja Luka Andrej visited Medna, “served the Divine Archiereus Liturgy and restored the Divine Table”. 21. Apostle, Sarajevo 1892. 22. Registry from 1912. It is a classic archival book that follows office management and the flow of documents in the official communication of that time. It is not found among the resources of the library, but it is physically present beside old books. IV The Final Retrospection A well-developed religious life and a successful religious practice cannot exist without books among traditional Orthodox Christians. Due to certain political circumstances, Orthodox Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina never had their own printing in continuity, but they were forced to rely on the book production of Orthodox Serbs in the AustroHungarian Empire, the Principality of Serbia and, although it was present as well, to a lesser extent on Russian publishing of liturgical books up until the end of the 19 th century.9 Spanning almost a hundred years, from the beginning until the end of the 19 th 9 Still, one should not forget that the first printing office in Bosnia and Herzegovina started working in 1519 in Goražd, and it was founded by Božidar Goraždanin when he brought printing machines from Venice, and then the printing office was moved to the city of Trgovište (Romania) in 1523 due to Turkish invasions. Those first books had liturgical content: Služebnik-Litrugikon (1519), Psalter (1521), and Prayer Book (1523). 210 June on Una River 2014 Radovan Pilipović, The Remains of the XIX Century Parochial Library in Medna Village near Varcar Vakuf (Mrkonjić Grad) century, Medna collected all liturgical books necessary for fulfilling the daily, weekly, monthly and yearly cycle of a classic Canon Law (Typikon) inherited from the Byzantine era. The oldest ones are most certainly the “služebnik books” (liturgikons) in which main service prayers can be found (the Divine Liturgy, etc.) which express the core of the learning and the moral of the Orthodox Christianity. Interestingly, the frequently used books during performing rites (such as baptism, marriage, funeral and other similar prayers of personal piety) cannot be found in good condition among wellpreserved book blocks and with intelligible bibliographic information. As we approach the end of the 19th century, so the Orthodox liturgical books printed in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina start to “reunite”, together with the sanction of the highest-ranking religious authorities of the Serbian Orthodox Church. This was the step of the existing Temporal government that was supposed to give further independence to the religious life of Orthodox Serbs in the aforementioned areas from the influence of the the Metropolitanate of Karlovci, Belgrade and the Russian Empire. The Medna Library is a rare example of a fairly well-preserved complete collection of liturgical books in one parish in the territory of Bosanska Krajina that can fulfill the needs of the Byzantine Canon Law, the classic rite concept of the Eastern-Orthodox piety and worship. V Sources and Bibliography а. Sources: The parochial library within The Church of Virgin Mary’s Nativity in Medna b. Bibliography: Шематизам православне митрополије и архидијецезе дабро-босанске за годину 1882, уредио Ђорђе Николајевић, Сарајево 1882. (The Schematism of Dabar-Bosnian Orthodox Mitropolitanate and Archidioceses for the year 1882, redacted by Đorđe Nikolajević, Sarajevo 1882.) Шематизам православне митрополије и архидијецезе дабро-босанске за годину 1883, уредио Ђорђе Николајевић, Сарајево 1883. (The Schematism of Dabar-Bosnian Orthodox Mitropolitanate and Archidioceses for the year 1883, redacted by Đorđe Nikolajević, Sarajevo, 1883.) Лазар Милин, Историја религије, Београд 1977. (Lazar Milin, The History of Religion, Belgrade, 1977.) Димитрије Богдановић, Стара српска библиотека, у: Студије из српске средњовековне књижевности, Београд 1997. (Dimitrije Bogdanović, Old Serbian Library, in: Studies from Serbian Medieval Literature, Belgrade, 1997.) Епископ Хризостом Јевић, Чудо у Медној – Бог је с нама!, Медна 2006. (Bishop Hrizostom Jević, Miracle in Medna– God is with us!, Medna 2006.) Епархија бихаћко-петровачка – Први шематизам 2010, Босански Петровац 2011. (The Eparchy of Bihac-Petrovac – The first Schematism of 2010,Bosanski Petrovac 2011.) Messalino secondo il rito detto di S. Pio V decreto del Sommo Pontefice Giovani XXIII del 23. luglio 1960, latino e italiano, Roma 2009. June on Una River 2014 211 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ VI Илустрације/Illustrations 1. Запис Ђуре Бабића из 1865. године као exlibris The inscription by Đuro Babić in 1865 as ex-libris. 2. Цртеж у Часослову из 1857. године A drawing in The Book of Hours in 1857. 212 June on Una River 2014 Radovan Pilipović, The Remains of the XIX Century Parochial Library in Medna Village near Varcar Vakuf (Mrkonjić Grad) 3. Увез књиге из средине 19. века Binding of a mid-19th-century book. 4. Насловна страна Псалтира, Беч 1844. June on Una River 2014 213 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ The front page of Psalter, Vienna, 1844. 5. Насловна страна Јеванђеља, Сарајево 1890. The front page of Evangeliary, Sarajevo, 1890. 214 June on Una River 2014 UTICAJ INFORMACIONO-KOMUNIKACIONE TEHNOLOGIJE NA STVARANJE NOVE GENERACIJE UČENIKA INFLUENCE OF INFORMATIONAL COMMUNICATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TO CREATING NEW GENERATION OF PUPILS Doc. dr. Nebojša Macanović Fakultet političkih nauka Banja Luka Univerzitet u Banja Luci Bulevar vojvode Petra Bojovića 1A, Banja Luka [email protected] Apstrakt: Zahvaljujući razvoju medijske tehnologije današnje generacije učenika uče mnogo brže. Djeca (učenici) svakodnevno komuniciraju koristeći internet, e-poštu, chatove, forume, klipove, SMS-e,... Takvi vidovi komunikacije postaju prirodno okruženje u kojima djeca odrastaju, ali i način usvajanja znanja i njihovog obrazovanja. Oni primaju, obrađuju i skladište brojne informacije na sasvim drugačiji način od ranijih generacija koje nisu odrastale uz nove tehnologije koje se danas koriste. Nove generacije učenika zahvaljujući razvoju informacionokomunikacione tehnologije u mogućnosti su da obavljaju više poslova istovremeno. Oni sve više usvajaju informacije i znanja kroz neformalne i informalne oblike učenja. Upravo takve promjene zahtijevaju i prilagođavanje obrazovnog sistema, prije svega škola, koje moraju redefinisati svoju ulogu u savremenom društvu, ako žele da uvaže potrebe i interesovanja kojima teže nove generacije učenika. Polazeći od toga cilj ovoga rade jeste da se ukaže na obilježja „nove generacije učenika“, kao i značaj digitalne tehnologije koju ona ima u odrastanju i obrazovanju istih, te ukaže na potrebu stvaranja novih školskih modela i novih paradigmi u obrazovanju. Ključne riječi: digitalna tehnologija, učenici, obrazovanje, škola. Summary: Due to development of media technology, today’s generations of pupils learn much faster then before. Children (pupils) communicate every day by using internet, e-mail, chat, forums, sms, etc. These forms of communications become natural environment in which children grow, but also natural way for education and accepting of new knowledge. They accept, precess and store numerous information in completely different way comparing to former generations which did not use modern technology. New generation of pupils, thanks to development of informational communicational technology, have ability to work on more tasks at same time. They accept knowledge through informal forms of education. These changes also demand adjusting of educational system, schools primarily, which have to redefine it's role in modern society if they want to follow interest of new generations of pupils. Having this in mind, goal of this paper is to point out to characteristics of „new generation of pupils“, and to importance of digital technology which it has in their growing and education. It’s goal also is to point out the need for creating new school models and new educational paradigm. Key words: digital technology, pupils, education, school 1. UVOD Bez obzira što živimo u svijetu globalizacije, tehnološke revolucije, umrežavanja svijeta mi i dalje primjenjujemo tradicionalan način obrazovanja koji je u minimalnim okvirima doživio neke korekcije kada je u pitanju uvođenje informacionekomunikacione tehnologije kao savremenog oblika učenja. I dalje je dijete u pasivnom The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ položaju kada je u pitanju učenje u školama. Ipak, zahvaljujući novim vidovima komuniciranja djeca su, svjesno ili ne, izložena svakodnevnom „bombardovanju” raznim informacijama, koje oni filtriraju i skladište na sasvim drugačiji način nego ranije. Zahvaljujući internetu djeca brzo dolaze do informacija, veoma lako razmjenjuju znanja i iskustva, upoznaju druge, istražuju... S tim u vezi u knjizi „Pedagoška futurologija“ (2012) prof. Nenada Suzića pokušava dati viziju obrazovnih odgovora na društvene promjene koje se očekuju u prvoj polovini XXI vijeka. Između ostalog on ukazuje da učeća civilizacija donosi nove uloge u društvu. Uz život u učećoj civilizaciji ljudi će biti motivisani za permanentno učenje, jer će ono predstavljati značajan uslov slobode i sreće pojedinca. Kada govori o budućnosti samog znanja on ističe da će znanje postati najprofitabilnija roba, ali ne znanje kao reprodukcija činjenica, nego nalaženje i upotreba informacija – znanje u primjeni. O ulozi informacione-komunikacione tehnologije kao neophodnog aspekta u razvoju i obrazovanju mladih ukazuju radovi i mnogih autora (Rastek, 2003., Turkle, 1997., Stoll, L., Fink, D., 2000), koji prepoznaju nove potrebe mladih i značaj digitalne tehnologije u zadovoljavanju istih. Današnji učenici su se radikalno promijenili. Oni nisu promijenili samo odjeću i stil u odnosu na prijašnje, nego na potpuno drugačiji način razmišljaju i obrađuju informacije od svojih prethodnika. Oni prolaze i doživljavaju drugačija iskustva od prijašnjih učenika. Zahvaljujući eri tehnologije stvorena je nova generacija učenika koja znanja usvaja na drugačiji način od onoga u školama. Ova činjenica ukazuje na potrebu radikalnih promjena u obrazovnom sistemu koji je neophodno redizajnirati i prilagoditi potrebama novih generacija mladih ako želimo da ih pripremimo za život i izazove u XXI vijeku. 2. NOVA GENERACIJA UČENIKA – „HOMO ZAPPIENSE“ Oblinger (2003) smatra da se u obrazovnom sistemu javljaju „novi“ učenici koji su se formirali pod utjecajem svjetskih zbivanja i novih tehnologija. Ti učenici nisu pasivni konzumenti obrazovnih izvora znanja. Krajem 80-ih godina XX vijeka djeca su rađana u naprednom tehnološkom okruženju. Današnji učenici, od vrtića do fakulteta, prva su generacija koja je odrasla uz digitalnu tehnologiju, sa kompjuterskim mišem u ruci, daljinskim TV upravljačem, mobilnim telefonom i drugim elektroničkim uređajima za komunikaciju i zabavu. Ta ista generacija očekivana je posljedica uključivanja savremenih digitalnih tehnologija u svakodnevni život, gdje se sve tehnološke prednosti koriste u svrhu jednostavnije komunikacije, učenja ili igranja. Mnogi alati digitalnog doba kao što su računarske igre, internet, e-pošta, messenger, wiki i blogovi integralni su dijelovi njihovog života (Veen, 2003). Došlo je vrijeme ličnih i participirajućih medija. Upotreba mass medija opada, dok online komuniciranje s vršnjacima, pretraživanje informacija i zabava na internetu, svakim danom postaje sve popularnije (Wijngaards, Fransen, Swager, 2006). Tehnologija je drastično promijenila način na koji današnja generacija djece (učenika) živi, uči, razmišlja. Riječ je o homo zappiens generaciji, djeci kojoj su lični računar, internet, mp3, mobitel, te svi „stari“ mediji, činili prirodno okruženje za odrastanje. Homo zappiensi predstavljaju generaciju koja je rođena sa kompjuterskim mišem u rukama i kompjuterskim ekranom kao prozorom u svijet (Tapscott, 1998). Izraz Homo zappiens osmislio je i prvi put javno predstavio na konferenciji u Oslu, 2000. godine, nizozemski univerzitetski profesor Wim Veen, koji se godinama bavi uticajem informaciono-komunikacione tehnologije na obrazovanje i pedagogiju. Naziv 216 June on Una River 2014 Nebojša Macanović, Uticaj informaciono-komunikacione tehnologije na stvaranje nove generacije učenika homo zappiens izveden je iz latinske riječi „homo“ (čovjek) i onomatopeje mahanja laserskim oružjem „zap-zap-zap“ odnosno prebacivanja televizijskih kanala uz pomoć daljinskog upravljača. Homo zappiensi igraju računarske igrice, komuniciraju uz pomoć raznih alata i softvera, sklapaju virtualna prijateljstva, preferiraju internet i mobilne telefone umjesto štampanih medija (Veen & Vrakking, 2006). Homo zappiensi predstavljaju generaciju za koju je učenje igra. Njima škola predstavlja mjesto za druženje s prijateljima, a ne mjesto za učenje (Veen, 2003). Ta generacija djece (učenika) odrasla je uz tehnologiju i uči kroz kompjuterske ekrane, ikone, zvukove, slike i računalne igre, istražujući i ispitujući druge. Kao očekivana posljedica javio se i drugačiji način zaključivanja, nelinearan pristup učenju, informacije se usvajaju brže, radi se više zadataka odjednom (multi-tasking) itd. Homo zappiense karakterišu 4 vještine i to: ikoničke vještine, multi-tasking, istovremena obrada različitih vrsta informacija i nelinearni pristup učenju (Veen & Vrakking, 2006). Njihov način traganja za novim informacija o nečemu što ih zanima najčešće počinje tako što će prvo pretražiti internet, tako što će upisati ključne riječi u pretraživač (npr. Google) ili će uzeti mobilni telefon i nazvati svoje prijatelje. Razni sadržaji nude se i kroz wiki stranice i blogove (videoblog, fotoblog, crtež, audio zapis) te se mogu vidjeti, kreirati, razmijeniti, komentarisati. Jednostavno rukovanje digitalnim zapisima, brojni i jednostavni softveri te besplatni medijski prostor u cyber spaceu osigurali su mlađoj populaciji kreiranje vlastitog medijskog svijeta. Homo zappiensi su naučili snalaziti se u svijetu informacija i uspješno se nositi sa preopterećenošću informacija klikanjem (npr. PC miša) (Veen, 2003). Naučili su na koji način kvalitetno i efikasno prolaziti kroz mnoštvo informacija, kako komunicirati i na vrlo lagan i brz način razmjenjivati informacije, te priključiti se mreži vršnjaka. Oni su svjesni da postoji ogromna količina znanja koja je, uz pomoć tehnologije, brzo i lako dostupna te izgrađuju svoj profil znanja u trenutku kada ih to zanima i kada procijene da im to treba za zapošljavanje, hobi ili nešto drugo. „Homo zappiensi su samousmjeravajući učenici, 'nano' učenici, digitalni mislioci, iskusni komunikatori i kreativni rješavači problema, te su razvili nove vrijednosti u suprotnosti s vrijednostima prijašnjih generacija pripremajući se za kreativno i haotično društvo” (Vrcelj, Klapan, Kušić, 2009:757). Upravo takav sistem vrijednosti i odnos prema znanju često dovodi do nerazumijevanja i neprihvatanja nove generacije učenika od strane ranijih „preddigitalnih” generacija. Kako bi naglasio razliku između nove generacije učenika i prijašnjih generacija Prensky (2001) je upotrijebio termine digitalni urođenici i digitalne pridošlice. Današnje učenike nazvao je digitalnim urođenicima jer su oni izvorni govornici digitalnog jezika računala, igrica i interneta. Nas ostale, koji nismo rođeni u digitalnom svijetu, ali smo se u jednom trenutku života našli okruženi novom tehnologijom, naziva digitalnim pridošlicama. Digitalne pridošlice socijalizirali su se na drugačiji način i uvijek će jednom nogom ostati u prošlosti. Razlika između digitalnih urođenika i pridošlica vidljiva je i u nekim svakodnevnim poslovima koje obavljamo pa tako npr. digitalni urođenik neće printati svoju e-poštu i dokument će uređivati i čitati direktno na računaru. „Istraživanja dječjeg ponašanja često idu u prilog da djeca mnogo nauče uz pomoć računarskih igrica i online komuniciranja. Usprkos tome, mnoge obrazovne institucije, nastavnici i roditelji se žale na današnju generaciju djece i mnogi od njih smatraju da su sve te tehnološke naprave i softveri gubitak vremena, da loše utiču na zdravlje djece i da vode u socijalnu izolaciju” (Vrcelj, Klapan, Kušić, 2009:757). June on Una River 2014 217 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ Ono što je indikativno u odnosu na ranije generacije koje nisu odrastale uz savremena tehnološka dostignuća jeste da se danas djeca sve više igraju uz pomoć računara igrajući razne igrice i učestvujući aktivno u njima kao sudionik, te da se sve manje igraju u dvorištima. Oni na virtuelan način pronalaze nove prijatelje, često sudionike u igri i razmjeni informacija. Također, polaskom djece u školu ona aktivno počinju da koriste mobilne telefone koje im roditelji kupuju, prije svega, da ih mogu kontrolisati. Djeca jako malo koriste telefon u tu svrhu, a sve više u početku, za igranje igrica, a kasnije za traženje zanimljivih podataka uz pomoć pretraživača i interneta. Zbog obaveza roditelja, ali i sigurnosti djece, oni sve više vremena provode u zatvorenom prostoru (stanu), a sve manje na igralištima, parkovima, šetnjama.. U takvim okolnostima djeca svoju potrebu za igrom, druženjem, interesovanjem, zadovoljavaju uz pomoć široke lepeze informaciono-kominikacionih sredstava koja su danas dostupna većini porodica. Ponekad, na takav način, roditelji kupuju svoj mir nakon iscrpljujućeg dana. Ipak, pretpostavljamo da bi i ranije generacije imale drugačiji pristup u organizaciji slobodnog vremena i načina na koji bi ga iskoristili da su im ova tehnološka dostignuća bila dostupna. Iako mnogi stručnjaci kritikuju i ukazuju da ovakav uticaj informacione-komunikacione tehnologije može imati negativan odraz na pravilan razvoj djeteta, pogotovo na njihovo zdravlje, sasvim je jasno da živeći i radeći u informacionom dobu ovakav vid odrastanja postaje neminovnost, a na našem obrazovnom sistemu i drugim faktorima socijalizacije ostaje zadatak da se prilagode potrebama nove generacije djece (učenika). 3. UTICAJ DIGITALNE TEHNOLOGIJE I MEDIJA NA OBRAZOVANJE UČENIKA Za današnje škole možemo reći da su konfekcijske škole, jer se u svim školama kroz razredno-predmetno-časovni sistem ostvaruje isti nastavni plan i program uz iste ili približno iste objektivne uslove. Dominira nastava koja je prvenstveno usmjerena na nastavnika. Učionice su uređene i opremljene za frontalnu nastavu u kojoj učenici sjede u potiljak, a nastavu organizuje nastavnik ispred njih na svom stolu uz pomoć table ili savremene nastavne tehnologije. Za većinu nastavnika je važno kako se u školi ostvaruje propisani nastavni plan i program. Za vrijeme ostvarivanja nastavnog programa učenici moraju sjediti, slušati i gledati te raditi ono što im je naređeno. Malo je pedagoških situacija koje karakteriziraju strategije aktivnog učenja (problemsko učenje, učenje istraživanjem, projektna nastava, simulacije i igre) i učioničkih aktivnosti koje homo zappiensima omogućuju da koriste njihove vještine (Vrcelj, Klapan, Kušić, 2009). Brojne promjene u društvu utiču da se i škola mora prilagoditi diskontinuitetu suvremenog doba koji tradicionalno orijentiranu prosvjetnu koncepciju čini prilično nestabilnom. Digitalna tehnologija postala je dio obrazovanja i utiče na potrebe i interesovanja današnjih učenika, nastavne planove i programe te na cjelokupnu organizacijsku strukturu obrazovnih institucija. Nezavisno učenje nemoguće je kvalitetno i u cijelosti organizovati unutar razredno-predmetno-časovnog sistema. Učenici trebaju raditi nezavisno i sarađivati s drugima na interdisciplinarnim sadržajima (temama) koristeći tehnologiju (npr. razni oblici e-učenja). Provjera znanja više nije samo nastavnikova obaveza, već u velikoj mjeri i obaveza učenika. Upotreba digitalnih portfolia za svakog pojedinog učenika efikasan je način na koji homo zappiensi mogu prikazati svoje kompetencije. U skladu s navedenim, svi subjekti procesa nastave i 218 June on Una River 2014 Nebojša Macanović, Uticaj informaciono-komunikacione tehnologije na stvaranje nove generacije učenika učenja moraju preuzeti nove uloge i odgovornosti. Međutim, i veliki problem u obrazovanju učenika predstavljaju nastavnici koji još uvijek govore jezikom preddigitalnog doba i poučavaju generaciju koja taj jezik ne razumije, odnosno homo zappiense koji govore potpuno drugačijom jezikom. Uloga nastavnika više nije uloga predavača nego uloga voditelja, mentora, saradnika, savjetnika, organizatora, istraživača. Oni se moraju prilagođavati novim potrebama učenika i od modela prenosioca znanja preći na ulogu voditelja ili savjetnika. Umjesto da samo prenose znanje, nastavnici bi trebali kreirati strukture i mreže koje će stimulisati učenje i vještine učenja. Učenicima ne trebamo servirati znanje nego ih učiti kako da i sami pronalaze znanje, jer ćemo ih tako na najbolji način pripremati za budućnost i sve složenije zahtjeve koje pred njih postavlja svijet odraslih. Upravo iz tog razloga, a uslijed svakodnevnih promjena i priliva novih informacija o tehnološkim dostignućima, učenicima su sve više neophodna znanja i vještine iz sfere digitalne komunikacije kako bi što brže usvajali, pratili, prihvatali i memorisali nove informacije. Tehnologija i mediji su se promijenili. Izmijenjeno je i društveno okruženje. Svijet je postao umrežen i povezan. U ovom okruženju ogromnih promjena, metodologija dizajniranja koja se koristi za unapređenje učenja ostaje neobično staromodna – stvorena za vrijeme i potrebe koje više ne postoje. Često se govori da je vrijeme da se odbaci sadašnji model obrazovanja, školski model, odnosno industrijski model, u korist onoga koji više odgovara svijetu s kojim će se učenici suočiti nakon završetka školovanja, modelom koji prepoznaje razliku između obrazovanja i cjeloživotnog pothvata zvanog učenje, odnosno modelom učenja ili kako ga još naziva C. Libmann, „znanje-dob“ modelom (Lackney, 2001). Dinamične promjene dovode do toga da znanje brzo zastarijeva, te nam je neophodna škola budućnosti koja daje dobru osnovu za buduće učenje, koja će nas medijski opismeniti i osposobiti za kritičko razmišljanje, tj. naučiti kako da analiziramo podatke, da prosuđujemo argumentima i postavljamo prava pitanja. Nažalost, u današnjim školama djeca i dalje nisu medijski pismena. U školama se poezija, kratke priče i romani i dalje tretiraju kao jedine forme jezičkih izražaja vrijedne edukacije. Djecu i dalje ne učimo da analiziraju značenje reklame ili tv priloga, niti da uviđaju estetske vrijednosti neke serije ili filma. Kao rezultat toga, većina djece je medijski nepismena, a potreba za medijskom edukacijom još uvijek je futurologija za naš obrazovni sistem. Činjenica je da mladi danas primaju gotovo sve informacije putem popularne kulture, tj. masovnih medija, dok u školama još uvijek ne uče gotovo ništa što bi im pomoglo da shvate tu popularnu kulturu. Ukoliko im pomognemo, medijska pismenost omogućit će mladima da postanu kritički mislioci, a ne pasivni posmatrači. S tim u vezi i budućnost škole za XXI vijek svakako će zavisiti i od osposobljenosti nastavnika da u svoj nastavni rad uključi multimedijske tehnologije ili da ga bar multimedijski obogati. Uvažavajući „neke nove klince”, njihove potrebe i interesovanja, škole se trebaju prilagođavati njima; umjesto zapamćivanja i reprodukcije dobivenih informacija, valja provocirati intelektualnu revoluciju u razredima. Međutim, postoje mišljenja da je isprobani način rada u školama dobar te da tehnologija nije promijenila paradigme pedagogije. Prema D. Thornburgu, u Thornburg institut ističe se: „Promjene paradigma dolaze kad tehnologija prekida status quo“ (Lackney, 2001). S obzirom na to, možemo sa sigurnošću reći da zasad tehnologija nije stvorila promjenu paradigmi u obrazovanju. Naš osnovni model učenja gotovo je isti kao i prije izuma računara. Prošlih godina June on Una River 2014 219 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ doticali smo rubove reformi u debatama o Deweyu, Piagetu, Gardneru, Vigotskym i drugim velikim misliocima pedagogije. Bez obzira na brojne nedostatke našeg obrazovnog sistema činjenica je da se posljednjih decenija desio mali pomak ka poboljšanju strategije podučavanja, ali je osnovna pretpostavka bila da su srž škole, nastavni plan i program, te pedagogija zdravi i ne trebaju promjene. Međutim, uvažavajući one koji se u školama obrazuju, obrazovne sisteme i institucije trebalo bi redizajnirati u cijelosti. Tradicionalna frontalna predavanja, standardizovani kurikulumi i provjere znanja te grupe učenika istog uzrasta (razredi) neprikladna su organizacijska struktura u današnje vrijeme i za potrebe današnjih učenika – homo zappiensa. Sa sigurnošću možemo tvrditi da nam je u današnje vrijeme nužno potreban radikalni prekid sa istrošenim načinima u pedagogiji i redizajniranje postojećih obrazovnih sistema i institucija te nema nikakve sumnje da će tehnologija u tome odigrati glavnu ulogu. Iako su mnoge zemlje uložile ogromne napore i novac za redizajniranje starih privrednih sistema i ekonomija prema modernim društvima, to se ipak nije dogodilo i sa obrazovnim sistemima. Valja vjerovati da će homo zappiensi nametnuti potrebu njihova uvažavanja i da će kreirati buduću školu. Oni je i već sada kreiraju ali zbog snažnog uticaja onih koji su davno prestali učiti i ići u korak sa tehnološkim razvojem nova generacija učenika, njihova nova vizija učenja i dalje se ignoriše, jer „tehničari dječijih duša“ određuju šta i kako učiti. Nove generacije učenika sve više pokazuju interesovanje za virtuelno učenje. Svakako da će veoma brzo virtuelne škole postati značajna alternativa klasičnom školovanju. Virtualne škole su obrazovne organizacije koje nastavu i kurseve izvode preko interneta ili pomoću web baziranih metoda, što je prirodan nastavak razvoja i primjene tehnologija i učenja na daljinu (e-learning, distance learning) (Damjanović, 2013). Virtuelnih škola ima na svim kontinentima. a najviše ih je u SAD. Prva virtuelna škola otvorena je u Kaliforniji 1991. godine. U SAD oko 3% ukupne školske populacije pohađa potpuni ili djelimični K-12 program u virtuelnim školama (uzrast 6-18 godina). Popularnost virtualnih škola u SAD raste uslijed sve učestalijih pojava učeničkog nasilja i raznih drugih oblika netolerancije. Istraživanja su pokazala da ni komponenta socijalizacije ličnosti nije ugrožena kod učenika koji pohađaju virtualne škole – naprotiv, veliki broj tih učenika redovno upražnjava razne sportske, kulturno-umjetničke i društveno-korisne aktivnosti. Širom Evrope ima preko 70 virtuelnih škola u 19 zemalja, ali broj učenika u virtualnim školama ne prelazi ni 1% ukupne školske populacije. Glavna prepreka za širu primjenu virtuelnih škola u Evropi je pravna regulativa i konzervativna priroda resornih ministarstava. Učenici i studenti virtualnih škola kroz online učenje vježbaju i važne vještine upravljanja vremenom, konstantno unapređuju svoju informatičku pismenost, mogu da kontaktiraju sa vršnjacima iz čitavog svijeta, da uspostave sopstveni način učenja praveći lični raspored časova i tempo usvajanja gradiva. Rješavanje problema i zadataka uključuje i grupni rad i diskusije sa kolegama i nastavnikom, neposredno ili putem interneta. Virutelne škole obezbijeđuju obrazovanje i učenicima koji su u dužem vremenskom periodu bolesni ili hospitalizovani, licima sa posebnim potrebama, licima sa privremenim ograničenjem kretanja, đacima-putnicima, trudnicama, bračnim parovima sa malom djecom, učenicima koji imaju fobiju od škole, učenicima koji su bili izloženi nasilju ili uznemiravanju u školi, licima koja ne znaju domicilni jezik (imigranti), licima koja su napustila školovanje ili žele da se doškoluju odnosno dokvalifikuju, studentima koji žele da ubrzaju studiranje... 220 June on Una River 2014 Nebojša Macanović, Uticaj informaciono-komunikacione tehnologije na stvaranje nove generacije učenika U velikom broju slučajeva, virtualne škole su odraz lokalnih ili nacionalnih potreba i politike, izraz tražnje na određenoj teritoriji ili lokaciji. Ukazujući na ove aspekte za očekivati je da će veoma brzo virtuelne škole postati značajna alternativa klasičnom školovanju u čitavom svijetu. ZAKLJUČAK: Živimo u svijetu globalizacije, a ona ima i određene zahtjeve – stalno ulaganje u znanje, tehnologije, istraživanje i razvoj. Ako neko počne zaostajati u procesu globalizacije ili se na vrijeme ne uključi u savremene procese, bitno zaostaje. Današnji se svijet sve više „otvara“ i „smanjuje“ i otuda je stvorena već dobro poznata uzrečica o svijetu kao „globalnom selu“. Zahvaljujući globalizaciji nestaju granice između država i znanje postaje jedna od glavnih roba sa kojom se danas trguje u svijetu. Upravo zbog ovakvih dinamičkih dešavanja u društvu i potreba „nove (homo zappiens) generacije učenika“ mijenja se razumijevanje procesa obrazovanja, uloge, mjesta, vremena i načina na koje se ono provodi te se sve više propagiraju koncepti i ideje „učenja u pravo vrijeme“ (justin-time learning), „učenja na zahtjev“ (learning-on-demand), „učenja samo koliko je potrebno“ (just enough learning) i „učenja samo za tebe“ (just for you learning). Stajališta koja na znanje gledaju kao cjelinu sastavljenu od „znati šta“ (eksplicitno) i „znati kako“ (prešutno) bivaju zamijenjena sa „znati gdje“. Za većinu je škola karakteristično da na učenika gledaju kao na homo sapiensa, a njegova „inteligencija“ se mjeri količinom zapamćenih, odnosno reprodukovanih informacija. U skladu s takvim stanovištem, efikasnost škole mjeri se „kognitivnim postignućem“ uz pomoć testova. Zbog toga, reforme škola se vrlo često kreću od jedne krajnosti na drugu gubeći stalo iz vida potrebe današnjeg čovjeka. Nove generacije učenika odrastaju uz nova tehnološka dostignuća koja moraju biti i sastavni dio obrazovanja, ako želimo da odgovorimo na njihove zahtjeve. Kakvu školu i obrazovanje trebamo u XXI vijeku najbolje oslikava Tofflerova (1981) misao da u XXI vijeku neće biti nepismen onaj koji ne zna da čita i piše, nego onaj koji ne želi da uči. Ova misao najbolje oslikava sve one aspekte kojima društvo treba da teži, te ukazuje kakvo nam je obrazovanje potrebno u novom vijeku. Bez obzira koliko se tradicionalni sistem obrazovanja odupire promjenama, one su neminovne i polako ulaze u škole kroz neke sadržaje, metode i tehnike koje savremeni nastavnici prepoznaju i kreiraju, a kao rezultat takvog načina rada oni imaju zadovoljne učenika, aktivne i znatiželjne da sami tragaju za znanjem, da ga nadograđuju koristeći nove vidove informacione-komunikacione tehnologije. Da bismo pratili promjene i prilagođavali se njima i sama nauka, u ovom slučaju pedagogija, mora da mijenja svoje paradigme i teži novim savremenijim oblicima učenja, da razvija svijest kod učenika o potrebi učenja kroz čitav život, da ih priprema za budućnost i izazove s kojima će se susretati, da ih medijski opismeni kako bi bili sposobni analizirati brojne informacije s kojima se svakodnevno susreću, te da steknu kompetencije za kritičko razmišljanje i da se aktivno uključe u sve što donosi novi talas procesa globalizacije, a ne samo da budu pasivni posmatrači.. Danas mladi sve više znanje usvajaju kroz razne vidove neformalnog i informalnog učenja, te na takav način zadovoljavaju svoje potrebe i interesovanja. Formalno obrazovanje više nije jedini vid učenja. Nove su generacije učenika sve više samostalne u istraživanju, kreiranju, filtriranju i zadržavanju novih informacija. Njihovo funkcionisanje u svijetu neprestanih promjena sve je više zavisno od digitalne June on Una River 2014 221 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ tehnologije. Upravo iz tog razloga neophodna je transformacija obrazovnog sistema i prilagođavanje istog novim obrazovnim okvirima koji se sve više oslanjaju na dostignuća informacione tehnologije. Također, nove generacije učenika sve više uviđaju značaj cjeloživotnog učenja za njihov budući razvoj i obrazovanje, kao i potrebu informacijske pismenosti u prevazilaženju brojnih društvenih izazova u XXI vijeku – vijeku digitalizacije i neprestanih promjena. LITERATURA: 1. Damjanović, D. (2013). Virtuelne škole. Preuzeto: 25.12.2013. s http://www. http://pripremazacas.wordpress.com/ostalo/virtuelne-skole/ 2. Lackney, J. A. (2001). Classrooms of the Future: Thinking Out of the Box. School Design Research Studio, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Preuzeto 12.01.2014. s http://schoolstudio.engr.wisc.edu/futureclassrooms.html 3. Oblinger, D. (2003). Understanding the New Students. Educause. Preuzeto 21.01.202014. s http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/erm0342.pdf 4. Prensky, M. (2001). Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants. MCB University Press, Vol. 9 No. 5, October 2001. Preuzeto 26.01.2014. s http://www.marcprensky. com/writing/Prensky/pdf 5. Rastek, R. (2003). The new brain: How the Modern Age is Rewiring Your Brain. New York, NY: Rodale. 6. Stoll, L., Fink, D. (2000). Mijenjajmo naše škole: Kako unaprijediti djelotvornost i kvalitetu škola. Zagreb: Educa. 7. Suzić, N. (2012). Pedagoška futurologija: EKTOS: Banja Luka. 8. Tapscott, D. (1998). Growing up Digital, The Rise of the Net Generation. New York: McGraw-Hill. 9. Turkle, S., (1997). Life on the Screen, Identity in the Age of the Internet. New York: Simon & Schuster. 10. Toffler, A. (1981). Future shock: The third wave. New York: Bantam Books. 11. Veen, W. & Vrakking, B. (2006). Homo Zappiens, Growing up in a Digital Age. London: Network Continuum Education. 12. Veen, W. (2003). A new force for change: Homo Zappiens. The Learning Citizen,7,5-7. 13. Vrcelj, S., Klapan, A., Kušić,S. (2009). Homo Zappiensi – kreatori nove škole. U Zborniku: Buduća škola. str. 751-763. Beograd: Srpska akademija obrazovanja. 14. Wijngaards, G., Fransen, J., Swager, P. (2006). Teenagers and their digital world: What teachers and parents should know (Original title – Jongeren en hun digitale wereld: Wat leraren en ouders eigenlijk moeten weten. Centre for Learning, INHOLLAND University for Applied Sciences. Assen: Van Gorcum. 222 June on Una River 2014 SUPERVIZIJA U SOCIJALNOM RADU – CJELOŽIVOTNO UČENJE IZ ISKUSTVA SUPERVISION IN SOCIAL WORK - LIFELONG LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCE doc. dr. Jagoda Petrović Fakultet političkih nauka Banja Luka, Bulevar Petra Bojovića 1A [email protected] SAŽETAK U profesijama u kojima ljudi rade sa ljudima, supervizija je nezaobilazna karika. Socijalni rad je profesija u kojoj se pruža podrška ljudima koji imaju poteškoće u psihosocijalnom funkcionisanju. Socijalni radnici su veoma izloženi riziku od profesionalnog sagorijevanja. Zato je supervizija važan vid psihosocijalne podrške socijalnim radnicima. Supervizija ima tri komplementarne funkcije: administrativnu, edukativnu i podržavajuću. Cilj supervizije je razvoj organizacionih, stručnih i moralnih kapaciteta socijalnih radnika. Krajnja svrha je kvalitetno pružanje usluga korisnicima. U procesu supervizije socijalni radnici razvijaju znanja i vještine nakon formalnog obrazovanja. Ovaj oblik cjeloživotnog učenja specifičan je po tome što je to učenje iz iskustva. U BiH supervizija u socijalnom radu dobija sve više na značaju. O tome govore zakonske odredbe o obaveznom uvođenju usluga supervizije u praksu socijalnog rada, kao i edukacija iz supervizije na visokoškolskim ustanovama. Ključne riječi: supervizija, socijalni rad, cjeloživotno učenje, učenje iz iskustva ABSTRACT: In professions where people work with people, supervision is an unavoidable link. Social work is a profession, which provides support to people who have difficulties in psycho-social functioning. Social workers are highly exposed to the risk of professional burnout. This is why supervision is an important aspect of psycho-social support to social workers. Supervision has three complementary functions: administrative, educational and supportive. The objective of supervision is to develop organizational, professional and moral capacities of social workers. The ultimate purpose is to provide a good quality customer service. In the process of supervision, social workers develop the knowledge and skills after completion of their formal education. This form of lifelong learning is specific in being experience-based learning. In BiH, supervision in social work has becoming of an increasing importance. This is confirmed by the legal provisions on mandatory introduction of supervision services into social work practice and education in supervision at higher education institutions. Key words: supervision, social work, lifelong learning, learning from experience 1. UVOD U vremenu brzih promjena, tržišne kompeticije i visokih profesionalnih standarda sve više je profesija koje se bave razvojem ljudskih resursa, unapređenjem međuljudskih odnosa, jačanjem individualnih i grupnih sposobnosti neposrednih izvršilaca. U profitnom sektoru su sve zastupljenije specifične vrste usluge kao što su seminari o komunikacijskim vještinama, team-building, te posebni oblici savjetovanja, poput coachinga, organizacionog razvoja i supervizije. The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ Kontinuiran lični razvoj postaje imperativ za profesionalce u svim oblastima rada. To posebno važi za tzv. „pomažuće“ profesije, kao što su psihološko i pedagoško savjetovanje, psihoterapija ili socijalni rad. U profesijama u kojima ljudi rade sa ljudima, supervizija postaje nezaobilazna karika uspješnog pružanja usluga krajnjim korisnicima. Pored nadzorne funkcije, u superviziji se prepoznaju edukativna i podržavajuća funkcija. Svaka od njih podrazumijeva kontinuirano učenje, koje se nastavlja nakon završetka formalnog obrazovanja. Specifikum supervizije, kao vida cjeloživotnog učenja, jeste učenje iz iskustva. U socijalnom radu supervizanti, bilo da su o pripravnici ili već iskusni socijalni radnici, na supervizijskim sastancima iznose problematične slučajeve iz svoje svakodnevne prakse. Proradom u grupi, pod vještim vodstvom supervizora, oni uče i time podižu nivo svojih stručnih sposobnosti, poznavanja upravnih procedura, samopuzdanja i motivisanost za rad. Istovremeno, predupređuju profesionalno sagorijevanje. Krajnja svrha učenja je podizanje kvaliteta usluga koje pružaju krajnjim korisnicima - ljudima u stanju socijalne potrebe. 2. FUNKCIJE SUPERVIZIJE U SOCIJALNOM RADU Na sjednici odbora Međunarodne asocijacije škola socijalnih radnika održanoj januara 2014. godine, prihvaćena je nova globalna definicija socijalnog rada: „Socijalni rad je praktično utemeljena profesija i akademska disciplina koja promoviše socijalnu promjenu i razvoj, socijalnu koheziju i osnaživanje te oslobađanje ljudi. Principi socijalne pravde, ljudskih prava, kolektivne odgovornosti i poštovanja različitosti u središtu su socijalnog rada. Uz pomoć teorija socijalnog rada, društvenih i humanističkih nauka te autohtonih znanja socijalni rad uključuje ljude i strukture u rješavanje životnih izazova i povećanje dobrobiti (http://www.iassw-aiets.org/).“ Ovako definisana profesija socijalnog rada obuhvata širok dijapazon poslova koji podrazumijeva svakodnevni kontakt sa ljudima koji imaju probleme u psihosocijalnom funkcionisanju. „Svijet klijenta“, kako ga naziva Payne (2002), je osnovno područje rada socijalnih radnika koji se bave unutrašnjim (psihološkim) životom korisnika i njegovim socijalnim okruženjem. Ovaj izazovan, ali i iscrpljujući rad sa ljudima u nevolji, nerijetko je malo plaćen, opterećen birokratskim procedurama, medijski loše prezentovan i nedovoljno društveno vrednovan. Profesija socijalnog rada ne zauzima ekskluzivnu poziciju u društvenoj hijerarhiji većine zemalja, a kod nas posebno. Prema nekim istraživanjima (http://www.careercast.com/, pristupljeno 09.03.2014.), na listi od 200 najtraženijih zanimanja socijalni rad zauzima 49. mjesto. Briga o siromašnima, djeci bez roditeljskog staranja, osobama sa invaliditetom, žrtvama korištenja psihoaktivnih supstanci, maloljetnim delinkventima, starim osobama, čini ovu profesiju iznimno teškom. Ne čudi što je socijalni rad često svrstan u najdepresivnija zanimanja na svijetu (http://magazin.net.hr/zdravlje/, pristupljeno 09.03.2014.). U stalnom procjepu između zahtjeva ljudi sa kojima rade i očekivanja javnosti, socijalni radnici lako „izgore“ na poslu. Sve ovo iziskuje posebnu podršku profesionalcima u sferi socijalnog rada, koja će im omogućiti lakše prevazilaženje stresa i frustracija, dobro poznavanje pravila i procedura rada, ali i stalno unapređenje znanja iz oblasti struke kojom se bave. Ovo je polje supervizije, profesije koja je sve zastupljenija, kako u profitnom tako i u neprofitnom sektoru. 224 June on Una River 2014 Jagoda Petrović, Supervizija u socijalnom radu – cjeloživotno učenje iz iskustva U mnogim evropskim zemljama supervizija je postala važan oblik profesionalnog savjetovanja, a kao priznata profesija, ulazi u službene nomenklature zanimanja. Mnogi fakulteti u Evropi danas imaju posebne poslijediplomske edukacije iz područja supervizije i organizacionog razvoja. U socijalnom radu, kao jednoj od profesija koje se bave ljudima, ljudskim potrebama i ljudskim problemima, supervizija je sve zastupljenija. Prisutna je u okviru institucija, različitih udruženja i u edukativnim programima. Interesantno je primijetiti da se supervizija u socijalnom radu tek posljednjih godina bori za svoje mjesto, iako je ova profesija starija od profesije socijalnog rada. Naime, krajem 19. vijeka javila se supervizija nad volonterima koji su u sklopu različitih vjerskih zajednica u dobročiniteljskim i dobrovoljnim organizacijama pomagali siromašnima. Kasnije se proširila i na druge pomažuće profesije u zdravstvu i školstvu, i na različite profesionalne uloge, kao što su vaspitači, rukovodioci, psihoterapeuti, pa i socijalni radnici. Metoda supervizije prvo se razvila u medicini, a iz nje se, odmah nakon nastajanja socijalnog rada, prenijela i na ovo područje (Kaslow, 1977:13). Uporedo sa razvojem zanimanja i profesija za ličnu pomoć ljudima u riziku, u svijetu se oblikovala i posebna metoda čiji je cilj rasterećenje stručnjaka i razvijanje sposobnosti za konstruktivno prevladavanje stresnih situacija i očuvanje spremnosti za učenje: supervizija. Postavlja se pitanje koja je suštinska svrha ove specifične vrste podrške profesionalcima. Imajući u vidu sam nastanak supervizije, može se primijetiti da je ona u početku prevashodno imala svrhu nadzora nad nedovoljno osposobljenim volonterima u dobrovoljnom humanitarnom sektoru. Funkcija nadzora i danas je dominantna u razumijevanju supervizije. Tome doprinosi i etimološko porijeklo riječi supervizija od latinskog „super“ (nad) i „videre“ (gledati, vidjeti). Shodno tome, supervizor se percipira kao nadglednik, osoba koja nadzire rad druge osobe i snosi odgovornost za kvalitet njenoga rada. Međutim, današnja supervizija ima različite funkcije. Osim administrativno-upravljačke, supervizija ima i podržavajuću funkciju, koja doprinosi osnaživanju socijalnih radnika. U tom smislu, bliska je psihološkom savjetovanju. Ishod bi trebalo da bude moralno i radno zadovoljstvo profesionalaca. Kroz supervizijski proces supervizant (socijalni radnik) uspješno prevladava tjeskobu, stresove i nezadovoljstva u radu. Supervizor dijeli odgovornost za složene slučajeve i situacije i podstiče samostalno funkcionisanje i uspješnost radnika (Kadushin, 1992:292). Na taj način razvija se samopouzdanje i sigurnost. Treća značajna funkcija supervizije je edukativna funkcija. U prvom tekstu socijalnog rada na temu Supervizija u radu sa slučajem, supervizija se definiše kao „edukativni proces u kome osoba opremljena određenom sumom znanja i vještina preuzima odgovornost za obuku druge osobe sa manje znanja“ (Robinson, 1936:53, prema Ajduković 2004). Predmet edukativne supervizije je radnikovo neznanje i nedostatak vještina. Analogno tome, cilj je da se otkloni neznanje i unaprijede vještine. Može se zaključiti da su u superviziji sve tri funkcije bitne, te da je njena glavna svrha da pomogne početnicima, ali i iskusnim socijalnim radnicima, da pružaju što kvalitetniju pomoć i podršku svojim klijentima. 2. CJELOŽIVOTNO UČENJE IZ ISKUSTVA Definicija prema kojoj je „supervizija važna metoda, pomoću koje socijalni radnici mogu nastaviti razvijati i poboljšavati svoje vještine nakon završetka formalnog June on Una River 2014 225 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ obrazovanja“ (Davis, 1999, prema Ajduković, 2004:15), određuje superviziju kao specifičnu vrstu cjeloživotnog učenja. U radnom materijalu Memoranduma o cjeloživotnom učenju, ističe se vidljiv porast ulaganja u ljudske resurse, budući da 2'poslodavci sve više zahtijevaju sposobnost brzog učenja i usvajanja novih vještina i prilagođavanja novim situacijama i izazovima'“, ali u isto vrijeme „samopouzdanje, samousmjerenje i spremnost preuzimanja rizika, također postaju sve značajnije budući da se od ljudi očekuje da se znaju ponašati puno samostalnije nego prije (Evropska komisija, 2000:12). Sve navedene dimenzije cjeloživotnog učenja značajne su za profesionalne kompetencije stručnjaka u psihosocijalnom radu, s tim da su u superviziji, u odnosu na sticanje novih znanja i vještina, naglašenije dimenzije samostalnosti, samopuzdanja i spremnosti na preuzimanje rizika. Rad sa konkretnim ljudima na rješavanju složenih životnih problema, često zahtijeva da socijalni radnici pruže originalan vid podrške i da izađe van striktnih procedura i teorijskih okvira. Drugim riječima, oni katkad treba da preskoče granice, ne bi li našli mogućnost za promjenu i razvoj. „To znači promijeniti perspektivu i imati druge vidike, usuditi se i biti spreman na iznenađenja. Zadatak supervizora je da ponudi i stvori atmosferu u kojoj se kreativnost aktivno podržava“ (Cajvert, 2001: 16). Sticanje novih znanja i vještina može se obezbijediti kroz obuku na poslu i različite vrste obaveznih i slobodno odabranih edukacijskih treninga. To je, uostalom, etička i profesionalna obaveza. U tom smislu, postoji razlika i između edukativne supervizije i podizanja ukupnog nivoa znanja i vještina, koje obuhvata različite aktivnosti kao što su treninzi, radionice, predavanja, vježbe, informativne brošure i diskusione grupe i sl. Obuka osoblja odnosi se na sve administrativne i stručne procedure koje neka socijalna služba primjenjuje kako bi povećala znanja u vezi sa poslom, vještinama i stavovima svog osoblja. U tome je edukativna supervizija specifična po tome što je vrsta obuke „usmjerena ka potrebama posebnog radnika koji brine o posebnom slučaju, suočava se sa posebnim problemima i kome je potrebna neka vrsta individualiziranog programa obuke“ (Kadushin, 1992: 139). Zbog toga je „radni materijal“ supervizijskog sastanka konkretna problematična situacija iz svakodnevne profesionalne prakse. Njenom proradom se tokom supervizijskog susreta dolazi do opštih zaključaka o tome kako profesionalno djelovati. To konkretno znači da učesnici supervizije na početku susreta iznose neku situaciju iz svakodnevne prakse, koja im se čini problematičnom i važnom za proradu. U saradnji sa supervizorom i u interakciji sa ostalim učesnicima supervizije, analiziraju predočenu profesionalnu situaciju, pri čemu se osvrću na to kako su lično reagovali, kako su profesionalno djelovali, kakva je uloga institucionalnog okvira i na koji način su drugi uticali na situaciju. Teme mogu biti različiti aspekti individualnog razvoja, profesionalne funkcije, uloge i kompetencije, funkcioniranje organizacije. Poseban naglasak je na tome kako ti faktori utiču na kvalitet profesionalnog rada. Zajedničkom proradom pronalaze se novi pravci djelovanja koji se odnose na formalne i neformalne uloge u organizaciji, na etičke principe, na prevazilaženje burn-out sindroma. Sve to doprinosi razvoju radnog i ličnog zadovoljstva, a time i kvalitetu usluga koje pružaju, kao i ukupnom učinku socijalne službe. Pojednostavljeno, proces učenja u superviziji počinje od priče o konkretnom profesionalnom iskustvu (supervizijsko gradivo), nakon čega slijedi refleksija iskustava (analiza faktora koji su 226 June on Una River 2014 Jagoda Petrović, Supervizija u socijalnom radu – cjeloživotno učenje iz iskustva djelovali na to iskustvo), zatim osmišljavanje iskustva (integracija novih spoznaja o tom iskustvu), da bi se na kraju usvojilo praktično djelovanje na osnovu novog iskustva. Neizostavan dio ovog učenja je otkrivanje i razumijevanje ličnih prednosti i nedostataka, koji mogu unaprijediti ili ugroziti profesionalne kontakte. Kognitivna komponenta učenja je u drugom planu u odnosu na razumijevanje vlastitih postupaka i doživljaja. Osnovni faktor učenja, tj. kvalitativne promjene, jeste iskustvo. Ovakav pristup temelji se na pretpostavci da ljudski um ima potencijal za promjenu, naročito ako je osoba motivisana za promjenu. „Za to znanje nastalo iz psihoterapijskog iskustva postoji danas sve više potvrda u znanosti kroz saznanje da je plastičnost mozga doživotna pa tako i mogućnost za promjenu prisutna tijekom cijelog života... Iskustvo predstavlja podražaj koji pokreće genetsku matricu da izazove stvaranje proteina koji su odgovorni za kreiranje novih veza među neuronima. Možemo tako reći da je mozak socijalni organ par exellence... Pokretač koji pokreće gene, a time i oblikovanje mozga, je iskustvo“ (Bastaić, 2007:454). Specifičnost supervizije je u tome što omogućava „rad na sebi“. Naravno, samoizgrađivanje svako od nas može da provodi individualno. U tome može poslužiti bogat opus literature, različitih knjiga, članaka, preporuka i analiza. Ipak, korjenitoj kvalitativnoj promjeni posebno doprinosi interakcija sa osobama sličnog iskustva i međusobna refleksija u procesu supervizije. 3. PRIMJENA SUPERVIZIJE U PRAKSI SOCIJALNOG RADA Bosna i Hercegovina je napravila veliki iskorak u pravcu primjene supervizije, ukoliko se ovaj pomak posmatra u odnosu na početno nepoznavanje i skepsu od prije 15-tak godina. „U univerzitetskim udžbenicima iz disciplina socijalnog rada, pa ni u jezicima u BiH, nije postojao termin supervizija, niti drugi termin u istom ili približno istom značenju. Pokušaji da se taj termin prevede nisu uspjeli, pa se on u izvornom obliku odomaćio u sva tri jezika u BiH, kako u literaturi, tako i u praksi“ (Branković, 2010: 1). Osim terminološkog, postojalo je i suštinsko nerazumijevanje, koje se ogledalo u tome što se u početku pod ovim pojmom podrazumijevala prevashodno administrativnonadzorna djelatnost. Pomak se može vidjeti na području obrazovanja i stvaranja zakonodavnog okvira za primjenu supervizije, što bi trebalo da se odrazi i na praksu. Pretpostavka za sticanje teorijskih znanja i praktikovanja supervizije bio je prvi program edukacije 17 socijalnih radnika iz supervizije. Ovaj humanitarni projekt SIDE (Švedska međunarodna agencija za razvoj), u okviru programa SVEBIH, realizovao je Univerzitet iz Geteborga. Godine 2000. supervizija je prvi put ušla u Zakon o socijalnoj zaštiti Tuzlanskog kantona. U međuvremenu, uz pomoć Švedske vlade realizovan je projekt pod nazivom „Osposobljavanje nosilaca aktivnosti u socijalnom sektoru za implementaciju nacionalnog plana reforme socijalnog sektora“, a dio tog projekta bio je ugovor o organizovanju magistarskih studija između Univerziteta u Geteborgu (Fakultet društvenih nauka), Univerziteta u Banja Luci (Filozofski fakultet) i Univerziteta iz Sarajeva (Fakultet političkih nauka). Danas se u nastavnim kurikulima studija socijalnog rada supervizija izučava kao poseban nastavni predmet. Primjer je i nastavni predmet „Supervizija u socijalnom radu“ na studijskom programu socijalnog rada na Fakultetu političkih nauka u Banja Luci. Kada je u pitanju zakonski okvir, treba navesti da Zakon o socijalnoj zaštiti RS iz maja 2012. godine propisuje da „stručni radnici i radnici na ostalim poslovima socijalne zaštite imaju pravo i obavezu da se stručno usavršavaju radi unapređivanja obavljanja June on Una River 2014 227 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ poslova“ (član 95.). Sljedstveno tome, ustanove socijalne zaštite su dužne da obezbijede uslove za uvođenje supervizije „kojom se obezbjeđuje organizovana i stalna stručna podrška radi kvalitetnijeg profesionalnog obavljanja poslova i pružanja usluga korisnicima“ (član 96.). Nažalost, iako je Zakon predvidio da u roku od šest mjeseci nakon njegovog donošenja, ministar donese Uputstvo o superviziji u ustanovama socijalne zaštite, ovaj akt do danas nije utvrđen. Na području Federacije BiH u toku je usvajanje novog zakona o socijalnoj zaštiti gdje se, također, očekuje preciznije utvrđivanje supervizije. Ovo donekle utiče na primjenu supervizije u praksi. Istovremeno, potrebu njene primjene potvrđuju rezultati empirijskih istraživanja, provedenih prilikom izrade magistarskih radova iz oblasti supervizije. Prema jednom od tih istraživanja, čak 60% profesionalaca u socijalnom sektoru izjavljuje da su prepušteni sami sebi i da sami brinu o radu sa klijentima, te da se često suočavaju sa osjećajem bespomoćnosti, stresom, profesionalnim sagorijevanjem, pa i sumnjom u sopstvenu profesionalnu kompetentnost (Delibašić, 2009, prema Branković, 2010). Pored potreba profesionalaca, evidentna je i šira društvena potreba koja proizlazi iz činjenice da je BiH zemlja u tranziciji, suočena sa siromaštvom, postratnim traumama, ekonomskim i socijalnim krizama. Stoga u narednom periodu supervizija ima šansu da zaživi kao oblik cjeloživotnog učenja u socijalnom sektoru. 4. ZAKLJUČAK Budući da je supervizija oblik učenja zasnovan na iskustvu, riječ je o procesu kojim se, ujedno, stiče znanje o novoj vrsti učenja. Na osnovu toga izgrađene su metode, tehnike, modeli i strategije u superviziji. Supervizija je specifičan put sticanja novih znanja kroz rasprave, razmjenu iskustava, sukobljavanje različitih mišljenja, stavova i vrijednosnih orijentacija. Kroz saradnički, interaktivan, odnos učesnici supervizije razvijaju kreativnost, stiču nova znanja i vještine, jačaju svoje samopouzdanje i sposobnost preuzimanja odgovornosti za vlastiti razvoj. Supervizor usmjerava stručnjake kako bi naučili da rade u uslovima svakodnevnog stresa, suočeni sa složenim životnim problemima ljudi koji od njih očekuju pomoć i podršku. Takvih ljudi je sve više, budući da živimo u složenim i turbulentnim društvenim prilikama. Zato su i sve veći izazovi u tzv. pomažućim profesijama. Cjeloživotno iskustveno učenje kroz superviziju odgovara na dva zahtjeva: kontinuitet u edukaciji stručnih radnika i uvažavanje aktuelnih problema krajnjih korisnika. Ovaj dugotrajniji proces korjenito mijenja kvalitet znanja i vještina profesionalaca koji postaju sigurniji, slobodniji i efikasniji u pružanju usluga. Kao takva, supervizija donosi dobrobiti, ne samo u socijalnom sektoru, nego i u drugim profesijama u kojima ljudi rade sa ljudima. 4. LITERATURA Ajduković, M. & Cajvert, L. (2001). Supervizija psihosocijalnog rada kao specifičan oblik podrške i pomoći socijalnim radnicima i drugim stručnjacima u sustavu socijalne skrbi. Ljetopis Studijskog centra socijalnog rada, 8 (2), 195-214; Ajduković, M. & Cajvert, L. (2004). Supervizija u psihosocijalnom radu. Zagreb: Društvo za psihološku pomoć; 228 June on Una River 2014 Jagoda Petrović, Supervizija u socijalnom radu – cjeloživotno učenje iz iskustva Bastaić, Lj. (2007). Supervizija i interpersonalna neurobiologija - kako supervizijski odnos mijenja supervizora i supervizanta. Ljetopis Studijskog centra socijalnog rada, 14 (2), 453-463; Branković, D. (2010) Supervizija u socijalnom radu u Bosni i Hercegovini. Socijalna misao, 2, 97-109; Cajvert L. (2001). Kreativni prostor terapeuta - O superviziji, Sarajevo: IP Svjetlost, Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva; Kadushin, A. (1992). Supervision in Social Work (3rd. edn.), New York: Columbia University Press; Memorandum o cjeloživotnom učenju, radni materijal, Evrpska komisija, Bruxelles, 30.10.2000. SEC (2000) 1832, http://www.hzpou.hr/stranice/3/21-100.pdf, pristupljeno 09.05.2014. Miloševič Arnold, V. i dr. (1999). Supervizija – znanje za postupanje. Priručnik za superviziju kao proces učenja za stručno postupanje i lični razvoj. Ljubljana: Socijalna komora Slovenije; Payne, M. (2002). Savremene teorije socijalnog rada, Banja Luka: Filozofski fakultet; Petak, O. (2007). Supervizija u sustavu socijalne skrbi, namjere i očekivanja supervizora. Ljetopis socijalnog rada, 14 (2), 473-477; Van Kessel, L. (1999). Supervizija – neophodan doprinos kvaliteti profesionalnog postupanja: Primjer nizozemskog modela supervizije. Ljetopis Studijskog centra socijalnog rada, 6, 59-76; Zakon o socijalnoj zaštiti RS, Službeni glasnik RS br 37/12; Žorga, S. (2003.) Supervision: The process of life-long learning in social and educational professions. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 16 (3), 265-276. Žorga, S. (2009). Specifičnost procesa učenja u superviziji u Refleksije o superviziji: međunarodna perspektiva, ur. Ajduković, M. Zagreb: Društvo za psihološku pomoć; http://magazin.net.hr/zdravlje/, pristupljeno 01.03.2014; http://www.careercast.com/, pristupljeno 09.03.2014; http://www.iassw-aiets.org/, pristupljeno 08.03.2014 June on Una River 2014 229 OBRAZOVANJE U DIGITALNOM DOBU EDUCATION IN THE DIGITAL AGE dr. sc. Elvira Islamović, van. prof. Pedagoški fakultet Univerzitet u Bihaću Luke Marjanovića bb Bihać [email protected] SAŽETAK Razvoj tehnologije, naročito računalne i telekomunikacijske, doveo je do lakoće prijenosa informacija širom svijeta o kakvoj nismo mogli ni sanjati. Obrazovanje je najvažniji pokretač inovacija i razvoja. Informacijske tehnologije sve više na različite načine ulaze u prostor škole vršeći utjecaj na pedagoške procese. Budući da se nastanak informatičkog društva smatra jednom od najvažnijih činjenica života u budućnosti, od iznimnog značaja je istražiti implikacije masovnih i temeljitih tehnoloških promjena na obrazovne procese, te intelektualno, političko i društveno korištenje tih tehnologija. U radu se razmatraju i pitanja nedostatka dostupnog obrazovanja i ekonomskih mogućnosti. Utjecaj informacijskih tehnologija može dovesti do pojačane nejednakosti i u obrazovanju. Naime, informacijsko siromaštvo, informatička nepismenost i nemogućnost pristupa informacijskim tehnologijama svima na jednak način, može za posljedicu imati i nejednak pristup obrazovanju i obrazovnim šansama. Ključne riječi: obrazovanje, informacijsko društvo, informacijska tehnologija, informacijsko siromaštvo ABSTRACT The development of technology, especially computer and telecommunications technologies, has led to the ease of transfer of information around the world of which we could not even dream of. Education is the most important initiator of innovation and development. Information technology ever increasingly enters into the domain of school influencing the educational process in different ways. Since the emergence of the information society is considered one of the most important facts of life in the future, it is of utmost importance to investigate the implications of the massive and sweeping technological changes in the educational process, as well as intellectual, political and social use of these technologies. This paper discusses the issues and the lack of affordable education and economic opportunities. The impact of information technology can lead to increased inequality in education as well. Namely, information poverty, computer illiteracy and lack of access to information technologies equally to everyone can lead to unequal access to education and educational opportunities. Keywords: education, information society, information technology, information poverty 1. UVOD Poimanje pismenosti iz temelja se promijenilo u vrijeme globalizacije. Dok je u 20. stoljeću pismenost podrazumijevala čitanje, pisanje i smisleno izražavanje, u 21. stoljeću pismenost podrazumijeva barem bazičnu informatičku pismenost. S novim tehnologijama, mijenjaju se i individualni i društveni obrasci kulture. Društvo u kojem uspon informacijske tehnologije doživljava svoj vrhunac, najčešće se naziva „postindustrijsko društvo“ ili „informacijsko društvo“ (Bell), „društvo znanja“ i/ili „postkapitalističko društvo“ (Drucker), „informacijsko društvo“ i/ili „umreženo društvo“ (Castells). „Polazeći od koncepcije postindustrijskoga društva prema kojoj je znanje glavni izvor vrijednosti u ekonomiji, mnogi sociolozi upućuju na to da informacija i njena upotreba određuju novi oblik društva. Oni smatraju da su 'informacijska supercesta' - to jest spajanje različitih tehnologija u integriranu informacijsku tehnologiju (IT) - i rastuća finansijska važnost intelektualnih usluga zajedno stvorili novu tehničku i ekonomsku osnovu suvremenog kapitalizma“ The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ (Abercrombie, Hill, Turner, 2008, 138-139). Smatra se da informacijsko društvo ima društvene učinke, na primjer mogućnost da ljudima osigura pristup izvorima informacija i učenja. S obzirom na izuzetno važnu ulogu novih informacijskih tehnologija na društvo, Manuel Castells sugerira da se pojam postindustrijskoga društva zamijeni pojmom informacijskoga društva. U informacijskom društvu, pokretač društvenog razvoja je tehnologija stvaranja znanja, obrade informacija i komunikacija. 2. IMPLIKACIJE TEHNOLOŠKIH INOVACIJA NA OBRAZOVNE PROCESE U modernom društvu informacijska tehnologija ima nesumnjiv utjecaj na sva područja ljudskoga života, pa tako i na obrazovanje. Budući da se nastanak informatičkog društva smatra jednom od najvažnijih činjenica života u budućnosti, od iznimnog značaja je istražiti razvoj i implikacije na obrazovne procese, te intelektualno, političko i društveno korištenje tih tehnologija. Globalni društveni replikatori ili globalni društveni strojevi (ekonomija, kultura, politika) postaju mogući s globalnom primjenom informacijskih tehnologija na različite sektore društvene ontologije i uz njihovo povezivanje u world wide web (Ibrulj, 2005, 164). Time je omogućena nova društvena metodologija, metodologija e-sociologije koja se sastoji u "Copy and Cut World" operacijama: dekodiranjem informacija s različitih lokalnih prostora i s različitih naučnih područja moguće je kreirati vlastitu mapu ili vlastitu nano-memoriju, sudjelovati u mrežama ili bazama podataka i u stvaranju mreže spoznavatelja na distancu (Ibrulj, 2005, 164). Lokalnu informaciju, iz sasvim drugog realnog vremenskog i prostornog svijeta, možemo „kopirati“, „izrezati“ i „prilijepiti“ u svoje vlastito okruženje (u svoju memoriju) i pokrenuti procese prepoznavanja, kompariranja i dizajniranja jednog novog aranžmana svijeta. To se danas imenuje procesom učenja (Ibrulj, 2005, 165). Od obrazovnog sistema se očekuje spremnost prilagođavanja društvenim promjenama. Razvoj „informacijskog društva“ povećava mogućnost pristupa podacima i činjenicama, u tom smislu i obrazovanje bi trebalo omogućiti svima da odabiru, služe se i prikupljaju informacije. Informacijske tehnologije sve više na različite načine ulaze u prostor škole. Internet omogućava veću mogućnost univerzitetima da poboljšaju kvalitet svog obrazovanja i da ga učine dostupnim većem broju ljudi. Kroz nove komunikacije i informatičke medije mladi su suočeni sa sve više informacija, koje su ranije mogli dobiti jedino u školi. Stoga je važno da mladi danas, mogu razlikovati informacije od znanja. Nove tehnologije kroz „elektronske univerzitete“ na kojima se znanje i diploma stječu putem interneta, postale su sastavni dio obrazovnih procesa u obrazovnim sistemima razvijenih zemalja. Internet je globalni sistem veza između računara koji omogućava ljudima da međusobno komuniciraju i pronalaze informacije na „www“, uz pomoć vizualnih pomagala, zvuka i teksta, na način koji ne zavisi od vremena i mjesta, cijene, udaljenosti, niti od kontrole nacionalnih vlada. Nezaustavljivi su procesi prijenosa sve veće količine podataka u sve kraćem vremenu. Međutim, da li će internet, CD-ROM i ostala informatička sredstva potisnuti udžbenike, nastavnike i školu u današnjem obliku, ili će samo dopunjavati postojeće modele učenja, ostaje da se vidi. Ipak, činjenica je da mladi već odrastaju u informacijskom i medijskom društvu, pa su i mnogo češće u kontaktu s novom tehnologijom. Dosta se govori i o „revoluciji u učionici“ - o ulasku „virtuelne stvarnosti“ u „učionice bez zidova“ (Giddens, 2003, 511-512). Nema sumnje da su računari pomjerili granice u obrazovanju, omogućavajući djeci da samostalno rade, istražuju različite oblasti i 232 June on Una River 2014 Elvira Islamović, Obrazovanje u digitalnom dobu koriste obrazovni softver uz koji savladavaju gradivo prema vlastitom tempu. Ipak, „učionice bez zidova“ u kojima djeca uče isključivo preko svojih računara, još uvijek su daleko od realnosti. Ne samo zbog činjenice da ne postoji dovoljan broj računara za svu djecu, nego i zbog stajališta da informaciona tehnologija ne može u potpunosti zamijeniti ono učenje koje se odvija kroz interakciju između učenika i nastavnika. Većina nastavnika koji su u mogućnosti, koriste računare kao dopunu tradicionalnoj nastavi, a ne kao zamjenu za nju. Stoga je važno promišljanje o načinu na koji se nove tehnologije mogu integrirati u tradicionalnu nastavu. S druge strane, bez obzira na mogućnost brže i lakše komunikacije koju omogućuju informatičke tehnologije, problem predstavlja sve izraženija tendencija otuđenosti, osamljenosti te izostanak autentične ljudske komunikacije i bliskosti. „Zapanjujuća komunikacijska tehnologija koja danas obavija zemaljsku kuglu malokad se služi svojim golemim potencijalom za širenje globalnih vrijednosti i njegovanje skrbnije, suosjećajnije svijesti. Naprotiv, mediji su puni nasilja i užasa, okrutnosti i krvoprolića, neobuzdane potrošnje i besramnog promiskuiteta, situacija koje ne samo iskrivljuje osviještenost mladih nego i otupljuje našu senzitivnost na ljudsku patnju i bol“ (Singh, 1998, 256). Neki autori upozoravaju na preveliku privrženost djece i mladih virtualnom svijetu i slabljenju osjećaja za realnost. Ti trendovi upućuju i da proces učenja i pristup znanju, na neki način, izmiču iz ruku formalnog obrazovnog sistema, uz potencijalno ozbiljne posljedice po socijalizaciju djece i mladih (Delors, 1998, 69). S tim u vezi, Michael Manley podsjeća kako su kroz čitavu povijest nastavnici igrali važniju i neprimjetniju ulogu od one predavača (Delors, 1998, 254). „Svojom strašću za ideje i vrijednosti, zajedno s ljubavlju za djecu i razumijevanjem procesa kojim se sije sjeme motivacije, to je zanimanje nadahnulo milione ljudi da postanu sve - od aktivista do brižnih roditelja; od istaknutih stručnjaka do cijenjenih vođa u svakom aspektu društvenog života. Nužno je da nikad ne izgubimo iz vida nastavnika u tom osobnom smislu, kao najvažnijeg instrumenta odgojnog procesa“ (Delors, 1998, 254). Bogat virtualni krajolik u kojem danas živimo, popularnost vizuelnih medija i novih tehnologija, doveli su do krize čitanja, koja je postala ozbiljan pedagoški problem. Učenici sve manje vremena posvećuju knjizi i čitanju. Knjiga mora ponovo pronaći svoje mjesto na polju masovnog komuniciranja. Ona je nezamjenjiva u razvoju čitalačkih i jezičkih sposobnosti, analitičkog i sintetičkog mišljenja i mašte. U suvremenom diskursu informacijsko društvo olako poistovjećuje s društvom znanja. „Omiljenoj tezi da živimo u informacijskom društvu i na taj način u društvu znanja može se, doduše, posve opravdano suprotstaviti teza da živimo u 'dezinformacijskom društvu'“ (Liessmann, 2008, 24). „Znanje se zbog toga ne može konzumirati, obrazovna mjesta ne mogu biti uslužna preduzeća, a prilagodba znanja ne može ludički uslijediti jer to bez pomoći mišljenja jednostavno ne polazi za rukom. Iz tog se razloga znanjem ne može menadžerski upravljati“ (Liessmann, 2008, 27). Još je Theodor Adorno 1959. godine izložio svoju teoriju poluobrazovanosti, upravo uzimajući u obzir koliziju modernog medijskog društva s idealima i normama obrazovanog građanstva. Tako manjak znanja u informacijsko doba stvara društvene prostore očišćene od kritičnosti. U postmodernoj realnosti, sredstva masovne komunikacije bez uvijanja pretendiraju da zauzmu mjesto obrazovanja, informacije nadoknađuju znanje, oslikavajući duhovno siromaštvo našega vremena u kojem sve postaje nejasnije i trivijalnije. Brojne promjene koje je današnjica unijela u obrazovne ustanove kako bi ih učinila „suvremenima“ i „modernima“ prema mišljenju Nietzschea (1991, 248) dobrim dijelom su „iskrivljene linije i skretanja s puta izvorne uzvišene tendencije njihova June on Una River 2014 233 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ utemeljenja“. Nova tehnološka revolucija i razvoj informacijskih tehnologija nerijetko se dovode u vezu s obrazovnom krizom, čiji je izlaz, kako ističe Miroslav Vujević (2008), „u humanizaciji, a ne u kompjutorizaciji. Teško da se možemo složiti da bi neki drugi oblik mogao zamijeniti sistem formalnog obrazovanja. Obrazovni sistem ima veliku odgovornost u suvremenom društvu. On mora osposobiti pojedince da se nosi s bujanjem informacija, to jest da iskazuju kritički duh u odabiru i rangiranju informacija. „Njihova je zadaća pomoći ljudima načiniti odmak od društva medija i informacija koje je često tek društvo prolaznog i trenutačnog. Tiranija 'stvarnog vremena' u sukobu je s vremenom 'nakon događaja' potrebnim za zrenje, a to je vrijeme kulture i asimilacije znanja. Upotreba tehnologije u školskom okružju može, naravno, poprimiti različite oblike. No načelo pritom mora i dalje biti ono jednakosti, a cilj mu je osigurati da se oni najpotrebitiji (ujedno i oni najnepovlašteniji) mogu okoristiti tim novim pomagalima za razumijevanje svijeta i tako će obrazovni sistemi morati - uz to što osiguravaju vitalne načine socijalizacije - položiti temelje građanstva u informatičkom društvu“ (Delors, 1998, 71). Jasno je da tehnologija sama po sebi nije lijek za bolesti društva i krizu obrazovanja, ali mudra primjena tehnologija može unaprijediti procese učenja i obrazovanja. „Tehnički svijet prerade i slanja informacija, pripreme i sistematizacije i sl., postao je najozbiljniji čovjekov konkurent, (...) što znači da čovjek više nije u situaciji monopola, već je dobio ozbiljnog konkurenta - stroj; svijet stvari je postao inteligentniji; opasnosti manipulacije informacijama povećavaju se, kao i šanse njihove zloupotrebe“ (Cifrić, 1990, 190-191). Stoga, „prenošenje i premještanje informacija iz 'mozgova' ljudi u tehničke sisteme, vodi obrazovanje u krizu - krizu institucija i njihove uloge, krizu kritičke svijesti“ (Cifrić, 1990, 190-191). U tom kontekstu, zadatak obrazovanja je: da razvija socijalno biće čovjeka; da povlači svoje ciljeve prenošenja čistog znanja i fakata, a omogućava služenje istim znanjima; da uvede u školu suvremene tehnike, kako ne bi obrazovalo za informatičko društvo, a sama škola i obrazovanje opstojali na njegovim marginama; da nastavnik postane ne samo prijenosnik pojedinih informacija, mentor, sugovornik, nego i odgajatelj. Od njega će se tražiti da razvija etičke norme učenika, kako bi ih pripremao za suočavanje s delikatnim odlukama; da osnovni zadatak odgoja i socijalizacije bude stvoriti psihički stabilnog čovjeka, intelektualno budnog i duhovno humanog koji će znati koristiti informacije i da u strukturi svijesti ekološki kriterij odnosa čovjeka i prirode postane dominantni kriterij ponašanja (Cifrić, 1990, 195-196). Utjecaj modernih komunikacijskih medija na proces globalizacije, često se ističe kao proces „kulturne globalizacije“. Globalni prodor informacijske tehnologije zajedno s razvojem računarske tehnologije, otvara brojne mogućnosti i zahtijeva stalno tehnološko opismenjavanje. Jedna od obrazovnih promjena u modernim društvima jeste mogućnost učenja na daljinu. Zbog mnogih prednosti koje internet posjeduje kao nastavno sredstvo, tržište internet obrazovanja je u porastu. Informacijske tehnologije i internet omogućili su dostupnost predavanja u svim dijelovima svijeta. 1 Moderna tehnologija uključujući 1 Već 2000. obrazovanje pomoću Interneta predstavljalo je biznis vrijedan dva miliona dolara koji je rastao 40% godišnje. Bok, 2005, 87. 234 June on Una River 2014 Elvira Islamović, Obrazovanje u digitalnom dobu internet, u poređenju s radiom, televizijom i drugim tehnologijama, pruža i omogućuje lakše ažuriranje materijala i stvaranje posebno prilagođenih nastavnih programa koji bi pogodovali potrebama. S druge strane, ovaj medij je interaktivan i olakšava međusobnu komunikaciju. Prodor informacijske tehnologije u humanističke nauke neće ugroziti princip univerzalnosti na kojem humanističke nauke zasnivaju istraživanje ljudske prirode (Ibrulj, 2005, 245). Ona će pomoći da ono univerzalno u ljudskoj prirodi postane interkulturna činjenica koja može poslužiti kao ideja stvaranja društva vođenog tolerancijom (Ibrulj, 2005, 245). Međutim, pored svih svojih prednosti, treba biti pažljiv u potpunoj privrženosti i zalaganju da internet u potpunosti zamijeni tradicionalno univerzitetsko obrazovanje. „Ma kakav bio uticaj Interneta, on jasno nudi značajne obrazovne prilike mnogobrojnim zaposlenim ljudima, mladim majkama vezanim za kuću i drugima koji ne mogu lako da dođu na univerzitet“ (Bok, 2005, 91). Međutim, upozorava Bok u svojoj raspravi o komercijalizaciji visokog obrazovanja, „ne slave svi nastavnici pojavu Interneta, naročito kada se koristi da se zarađuje na račun obrazovanja. Za neke je ova nova tehnologija tek još jedan način na koji zvaničnici univerziteta mogu da eksploatiraju nastavni kadar“ (Bok, 2005, 87). David Noble upozorava kako bi učenjem na daljinu i internet predavanjima, univerziteti mogli svoje profesore pretvoriti u najamne radnike i podrediti ih producentima i drugim nadređenima koji će eksploatisati njihove napore i prigrabiti zaradu (prema: Bok, 2005, 94). „Kada jednom nastavni kadar i kursevi pređu na Internet, administratori dobijaju mnogo veću direktnu kontrolu nad radom fakultetskog osoblja i sadržajem kurseva nego ranije i mogućnost za administrativni nadzor, nadgledanje, organiziranje, disciplinu, čak i cenzuru. (...) Upotreba tehnologija povlači za sobom neizbježno produžavanje radnog vremena i povećanje obima rada. Jer se nastavni kadar upire da danonoćno drži tehnologiju pod kontrolom i da odgovara pomoću pričaonica, virtuelnog radnog vremena i elektronske pošte, kako studentima tako i administratorima i postaje trenutno i neprekidno dostupan. Tehnologija također omogućava mnogo podrobniju administrativnu kontrolu dostupnosti, aktivnosti i brzine reagovanja nastavnog kadra“ (prema: Bok, 2005, 94). 3. „INFORMACIJSKO SIROMAŠTVO“ I DRUŠTVENA STRATIFIKACIJA U suvremenim društvima postoji potreba da obrazovanje i znanje budu dostupni svima, ne samo zbog individualnog i društvenog rasta, nego i zbog važnosti koju znanje i univerzalne naučne istine imaju u otklanjanju manipulacije neznanjem i predrasuda. Teoretičari informacijskoga društva vjeruju da će se „u stvarnosti dogoditi velika podjela između onih koji imaju pristup informacijama i onih koji ga nemaju; drugim riječima, pojavit će se novi oblik društvene stratifikacije između informacijski bogatih i informacijski siromašnih.“ Alain Touraine (1998) upozorava kako područje društvenih borbi sve više postaje područje informacija. „Danas vlasti obilježavaju tajnost i znanje. Države, velika poduzeća, stručne profesije, partije i vojske, akumuliraju informacije i drže ih u tajnosti. Ne vidimo li kako se u obrazovanju pokreti otpora suprotstavljaju i samoj ideji prenošenja spoznaja, kao da postoji neka riznica znanja čiji nam čuvari samo daju da pogledamo ili dotaknemo neke dragocjenosti? To je tehnokratska zamisao kojoj se suprotstavlja ideja komunikacije, prednosti nastavnog odnosa nad prenošenjem znanja“ (Touraine, 1998, 148). I drugi autori upozoravaju da utjecaj informacijskih tehnologija može dovesti do pojačane nejednakosti i u obrazovanju. Naime, informacijsko siromaštvo, informatička nepismenost i nemogućnost pristupa informacijskim tehnologijama svima na jednak June on Una River 2014 235 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ način, može za posljedicu imati i nejednak pristup obrazovanju i obrazovnim šansama. Pojam „informacijsko siromaštvo“ odnosi se na one ljude koji imaju nedovoljan ili nikakav pristup informacijskoj tehnologiji i računarima. U širem značenju, radi se o problemu tehnološkog jaza između razvijenih i siromašnih zemalja, koji se ogleda i u razlikama u obrazovanju. Budući da je globalna ekonomija sve više zasnovana na znanju, postoji opasnost da siromašne zemlje još više budu potisnute na margine privrednog razvoja. Nove komunikacijske tehnologije u tom svjetlu, pokazuju još jedno lice rastuće globalne nejednakosti. Prema Izvještaju Ujedinjenih nacija, pod nazivom Izvještaj o ljudskom razvoju (1999), pristup internetu postao je nova linija razdvajanja između bogatih i siromašnih (Giddens, 2003, 512). Prema nekim stajalištima, upotreba računara i informacione tehnologije ne mora nužno dovoditi do većih nacionalnih i globalnih nejednakosti, već ona može biti od velike koristi u povezivanju ljudi i stvaranju novih mogućnosti. Međutim, neposredna praksa kako primjećuje Giddens (2003, 512), pokazuje kako u nedovoljno razvijenim područjima koja se bore s nepismenošću i nedostatkom struje i telefonskih linija, nedostajuća obrazovna infrastruktura ne pruža mogućnosti i koristi od programa za učenje na daljinu. Tako velik dio stanovnika u siromašnijim dijelovima svijeta ostaje potpuno isključen iz mogućnosti koje pružaju suvremene informacione tehnologije. Informatički sistemi su još uvijek razmjerno skupi, što onemogućava mnoge zemlje da ravnomjernije sudjeluju u procesima razvoja. S druge strane, takva situacija druge zemlje ili interesne skupine koje imaju nadzor nad informatičkim sistemima, stavlja u povlašten položaj osiguravajući im kulturnu i političku moć. Ekonomija znanja zahtijeva informatički obrazovanu radnu snagu, a obrazovanje mora ispuniti i tu potrebu. Razvijene zemlje pokrenule su stoga niz inicijativa na državnom nivou usmjerenih na modernizaciju i kompjuterizaciju škola, što je dovelo do masovnije upotrebe informacijske tehnologije u školama. 4. ZAKLJUČAK Nastanak „informatičkih društava“ otvara niz pitanja razumijevanja svijeta i uloge obrazovanja u njemu, budući da stvara nove oblike socijalizacije, pa čak i nove tipove individualnog i kolektivnog identiteta. Razvijanje internet obrazovanja, odnosno nove obrazovne tehnologije (učenja na daljinu, s interaktivnim predavanjima, uz korištenje simulacija) predmet je rasprava u čijoj osnovi leži pitanje kakve promjene u znanju treba očekivati pod utjecajem novih informatičkih tehnologija, te dvojba o u mogućnosti dostupnosti i kvaliteti takvog obrazovanja. Internet i njemu bliske tehnološke inovacije promijenile su način gledanja na znanje. U suvremenom društvu u kojem se odvija revolucija podataka već postajemo suočeni s fenomenom kojeg se uobičava nazvati „preopterećenost informacijama“. Obrazovni sistem ima veliku odgovornost u suvremenom društvu. On mora osposobiti pojedince da se nosi s bujanjem informacija, to jest da iskazuju kritički duh u odabiru i rangiranju informacija. 5. LITERATURA 1. Abercrombie, N., Hill, S., Turner, B. S. (2008). Rječnik sociologije. Urednik hrvatskog izdanja J. Čačić-Kumpes i J. Kumpes, Zagreb: Naklada Jesenski i Turk. 2. Bok, D. (2005). Univerzitet na tržištu: komercijalizacija visokog školstva. Beograd: Clio. 236 June on Una River 2014 Elvira Islamović, Obrazovanje u digitalnom dobu 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Castells, M. (2000). Uspon umreženog društva. Zagreb: Golden Marketing. Castells, M. (2003). Internet galaksija: razmišljanja o Internetu, poslovanju i društvu. Zagreb: Naklada Jesenski i Turk. Cifrić, I. (1990). Ogledi iz sociologije obrazovanja. Zagreb: Školske novine. Delors, J. (ur.) (1998). Učenje: blago u nama: Izvješće UNESCO-u Međunarodnog povjerenstva za razvoj obrazovanja za 21. stoljeće. Zagreb: Educa. Giddens, A. (2003). Sociologija. Beograd: Ekonomski fakultet. Ibrulj, N. (2005). Stoljeće rearanžiranja. Eseji o identitetu, znanju i društvu. Sarajevo: Biblioteka Eidos, Filozofsko društvo Theoria. Liessmann, K. P. (2009). Teorija neobrazovanosti. Zablude društva znanja, Zagreb: Naklada Jesenski i Turk. Schmidt, E., Cohen, J. (2014), Novo digitalno doba. Zagreb: Profil. Singh, K. (1998). Obrazovanje za globalno društvo. U: Delors, J. (ur.), Učenje: blago u nama: Izvješće UNESCO-u Međunarodnog povjerenstva za razvoj obrazovanja za 21. stoljeće. Zagreb: Educa. Touraine, A. ( 1998), Kritika modernosti. Zagreb: Politička kultura. Vujević, M. (2008), Sociologija obrazovanja-terijsko-metodološki pristup. U: Pilić, Š. (ur.), Obrazovanje u kontekstu tranzicije, Prilozi sociologiji obrazovanja. Split: Biblioteka Školskog vjesnika, knj. 3 June on Una River 2014 237 INFORMATION LITERACY AMONG YOUNG LEARNERS Rijalda Dizdarević University of Bihać [email protected] SUMMARY: Teaching children and young people information literacy skills has never been more important since economic and social growth depend on information literate citizens who are fully equipped with critically thinking skills and competencies of accessing, analyzing, and evaluating information. Young learners are immersed in 21st century “new literacy“ technologies, but are we preparing them for the future? This paper focuses exactly on information literacy of youth and ways to improve it. Key words: information literate young people, competencies, “new literacy“ technologies; 1. INTRODUCTION There is a great need to bring new literacies into clasrooms by including these in national school curricula. In 2011 UNESCO presented a framework for teachers and teacher training, Media Information Literacy Curriculum for Teachers. Today's students, the "digital natives" as they are called, are practically inseparable from their computers, video games and the Internet. Although they may be computer experts, they still don't use information they encounter in a proper way, or at least they don't know how to think critically about its use. 2. TOWARDS AN INFORMATION LITERATE SOCIETY: “FACT FROM FICTION““ What students need is a guidance on how to find the best information most efficiently and how to determine fact from fiction. These are the key words – determining fact from fiction. Teachers as well as parents should explain to their students/children the difference between the fact and fiction as this is the first step in developing information literacy in them. This of course can be done by engaging young learners into conversation containing statements of both types. For example, “I have blue eyes“, “I think that Internet does more harm than good“, “Sun rises in the east“, “A dog is a man's best friend.“ After explanation they should be able to distinguish between the two entities. Another very important approach or step is teachning them how to evaluate information sources. Children and young learners belong to the group of people most exposed to new media, web-based platforms. In order to make them be critical about all sources of information especially those on-line, there are some tips in form of questions that you can either write on a paper and place it somewhere on the top of your PC or in the classroom above the board so that whenever a child accesses certain information, he/she can make evaluation of it by answering the following questions: 1. Who is the author of information? 2. Is that person an expert? What do we now about him? 3. The reason why information is written? Is someone trying to persuade you to buy something? 4. Which category does the information belong to? 5. When was it published? The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ Here is the link where you can find tips for “Checking Source, Author Authencity/Content“, you may download it and use either in the class or at home: http://www.in2edu.com 2.2. 21ST CENTURY SKILLS Students should be able to figure out who created the information they encountered in order to determine what stance the author takes and then to accept or refuse it. The process of evaluating information is an example of “new literacy“ whose utility lies in online reading comprehension and learning skills, or 21st century skills, required by the Internet and other information and communication technologies (ICTs), including content found on wikis, blogs, video sites, audio sites, and in e-mail. They require the ability not just to "read" but also to navigate the WWW (World Wide Web), locate information, evaluate it critically, synthesize it and communicate it, skills that are becoming vital to success in this century's economy and workforce. According to a recent Pew Internet and American Life Project study students are spending 27 hours a week online at home, compared to an average of 15 minutes per week at school. This is extra motivation for parents to work with their children. 2.3 INFORMATION LITERACY 21ST CENTURY STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP Parents, teachers, teacher-librarians! There has been noted a growing interest for mutual collaboration among parents, teachers, teacher-librarians and school administrators on project called developing information literacy. By taking an active interest in school's curriculum and learning activities of their children parents can help them in acquiring information literacy skills as acquiring of these is not restricted only to school environment. The family situation in which certain decisions are to be made together or problem solved, children also benefit because a kind of informal learning takes place. A positive example of promoting information literacy skills is that of parents and school or public libraries working together on the same goal as parent's involment in learning as resource people and as mentors for students is needed. Teachers are also very important element in this chain. Their task is to identify different student needs and strengths in order to implement teaching approaches that would fit a wide variety of different students' learning styles. Research studies (Clyde, 1996, Haycock, 1995, Krashen, 1992, Haycock, 1992, Woolls, 1990) indicate that the development of student competence in information skills is most effective when integrated with classroom instruction through collaborative program planning and team teaching by two equal partners, the classroom teacher and the teacher-librarian. This successful partneship produced a new instructional approach called resource-based learning. 2.4. RESOURCE-BASED LEARNING Teacher-librarians are information specialists, knowledgeable about learning resources in all formats. Their major task is to provide varied learning resources as addition to already established school programs and bring information technology to support student learning. As students in today's information society are expected to take greater responsibility for their own learning and academic progress. Resource-based learning places a learner in the center attributing him a role of a subject not an object within 240 June on Una River 2014 Rijalda Dizdarević, Information Literacy among young learners educational system. Simply having many learning resources, besides the textbook and the teacher, will not ensure that students get the type of information literacy development they need. There is the challenge provided by resource-based learning that young learners have to accept. This means being constantly involved in all learning activities as well as contributing to the learning process. What they need to feel is that their own experiences, interests, and judgements matter, that they have some choice in the inquiries they design in collaboration with their teachers. Great emphasis is placed on teaching them how to ask good questions i.e questions whose answers will lead to another stage of learning. Skills and strategies in assesing and evaluating information are also emphasized. Whenever they have opportunity to creatively use new information to create their own knowledge, synthesize the best ideas and information available, students' learning is marked by excitement and creativity, what is great motivator. This practice will ensure that they will become lifelong learners capable of independent and informed decision-making. What is essential for the implementation of resource-based learning: Good school library facilities, along with access to collections of adequate and appropriate learning resources in varied formats, are essential for the implementation of resource-based learning. As noted earlier, together with teachers, parents and teacher-librarians, school community is able to satisfy demands of information-based times. This means that all educators and parents in school communities accept responsibility for their students' information literacy development by employing the same type of learning strategies and activities made available to other students in schools with adequate library instructional programs implemented by teacher-librarians. So, support for resource based learning is essential and this is best developed when there is a collaborative professional environment. 2.5. INFORMATION LITERACY PRACTICE IN SCHOOLS What has been done and what can be done?! Young children are hands-on learners. Learning takes place through interrelated physical, social, emotional and cognitive domains. Therefore, it is crucial to introduce things and activities that are related to real life. If you are a teacher willing to help your students become information literate then you have a myriad ways to do so. Maybe you are not aware of the fact that each time you ask a question they do not know the answer to, and then you ask them to check it, you are getting them to develop certain research skills they need. However, this can be done intentionally by making lesson plans and providing extra activities which will be more effective. The main question or problem is how to organize research in a class, what steps to include?! The best way to introduce certain topic is through demonstration. If your today's lesson is going to be about extinguished species then it would be great if you bring pictures of these and some interesting facts about animals in general that students will find amazing and inspiring. With good introduction you will succeed in catching their attention and motivation. Divide them into two groups in order to add a competitive element into work. After you have introduced the subject ask them to do brainstorming. Then, give each group the text about dinosaurs to read. Example for developing keyword skills: When they have finished reading the text, let them write down the keywords and as many questions as possible about dinosaurs, extinguished species, mammoths etc. everything they don't know or are not sure of but June on Una River 2014 241 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ are willing to know about. Make sure that you have brought extra material for this topic – handouts, posters, prompting cues and articles. When both groups have come up with as many questions as they could, start with the main part of the activity, and that is competition. Members of both groups read their questions, one person starts with an open-ended question, then the other person responds with a related open-ended question. This goes back and forth as long as they can continue without making a statement or repeating a previous question. Also, this can be altered in a way that a member from group “A“ asks question and someone from group “B“ answers and vice versa, the winner is the group with most correct answers. After tha, together with them answer those questions they were not familiar with, prompting them to find necessary information. Example for creating “fat“ and “thin“ questions: As a teacher, you should encourage your students to ask “fat“ questions rather than “thin“ ones, because fat questions demand much thinking than those that can be answered in just one sentence, e.g. “When did dinosaurs live?“, and “What do you think where would dinosaurs live if they hadn't wiped out?“ Example for main ideas: Another activity you can introduce into the class is game with cards or pictures. In groups, they guess which animal is on the picture or card and what they would want to know about it. Collect the questions and then ask each group to find the answers. The next stage is report. Students can share their answers and everything they found during the research process on relevant subject. They can present it in the number of different ways, e.g. make a speech or do a Power Point Presentation. The last step is evaluation. This teaches them to be reflective in their learning by asking themselves the following questions: “What did we learn about learning?“, “Was the presentation successful?“, “What has your audience learned from you?“ “What are the recommendations for the future?“ “How has this changed the way you think about the world?“ Procedure for the activities presented above may be summarized into the following: 1. Planing (defining subject, brainstorming, writing down things they already know about subject, defining keywords and then deciding which resources they will use) 2. Searching for information (book, encyclopedia, magazines, dictionary, internet pages etc.) 3. Taking notes (writing down most important facts, synthesizing) 4. Using the information (organizing iniformation, comparing and contrasting, using their own words, five finger test, putting in order) 5. Report (who I am presenting to, what tool can I use to present with, is my message clear, choosing method: arthistic, art, music; poster; folder presentation; multimedia presentation; drama, acting; speech;) 6. Evaluation (what worked well, what would I change next time, what was the audience feedback like etc.) It is important that the information literacy skills are taught using variety of resources (i.e book or ICT environment). The best way to achieve objectives is through introduction of activities that will attract students' attention. 242 June on Una River 2014 Rijalda Dizdarević, Information Literacy among young learners 2.6. PORTALS FOR DEVELOPING INFORMATION LITERACY KYVL For Kids Research Portal The KYVL for Kids Research Portal teaches kids about research and information literacy in a fun way. The Portal has two primary components: the Research Rocket and Research Frontier. The final feature of the KYVL is this Research Frontier – a gateway to the various commercial databases available through KYVL, emphasizing resources most appropriate for kids. Information Process Model STEPS is an Information model designed to use mnemonics that appeal to children. It has a number of versions to suit the level or the curriculum area. These include: STEPS Junior version, STEPS Senior version, STEPS Science version, STEPS Technology version, STEPS Art version; Information Process Model was developed in New Zeland (New Zeland Information Literacy meeting, 2004) to meet the needs of seeing learning and information literacy as a journey, or STEPS. 3. CONCLUSION The prosperity of the society in the 21st century greatly depends on information literate people, well-informed citizens, therefore, if we are not those who will teach and inspire young generations to critically approach everything especially messages we are being bombarded with, then I ask myself where is the future of that society?! 4. References: 1. Yelland, Louise (2007) Shift to the future: rethinking learning with new technologies in education. New York: Routledge. Available at http://arcadiaproject.lib.cam. ac.uk/docs/theory.pdf (accessed 10 May 2014) 2. Ben Levin, 2003. “Approaches to equity in policy for lifelong learning,” paper commissioned by the Education and Training Policy Division, OECD http://www.oecd.org/education/educationeconomyandsociety/38692676.pdf 3. Barbara Cambridge and Penny Moore, “Learning and Education and Information Literacy,” in High-Level Colloquium on Information Literacy and Lifelong Learning, Held inBibliotheca Alexandrina, Alexandria, Egypt, November 6-9, 2005, Sarah Devotion Garner, ed. http://archive.ifla.org/ III/wsis/HighLevel-Colloquium.pdf. (accessed 11 May, 2014) 4. Australian Vice-Chancellors' Committee. (1996). Exploiting Information Technology in Higher Education: an Issues Paper. Canberra: Australian Vice-Chancellors' Committee. 5. Bradley, D. (1996). Integration of Information Technologies into Teaching and Learning. University of South Australia 6. American Library Association. (2000) “Kids and reading.” Available online: http://www.ala.org/pio/factsheets/kidsucceed.html June on Una River 2014 243 NOVI MEDIJI – NOVE ŠANSE NEW MEDIA - NEW OPPORTUNITIES Biljana Kovačević magistar socioloških nauka Doktorant na Fakultetu političkih nauka u Banjoj Luci [email protected] Vedran Francuz dipl. sociolog Student master studija na Fakultetu političkih nauka u Banjoj Luci [email protected] SAŽETAK: Informatička pismenost se drastično promijenila u posljednjih deset godina. Nekada se ovaj pojam odnosio na osnovno poznavanje rada na računaru i, eventualno, programa MS Office, dok su danas neophodne naprednije vještine rada na računaru i mobilnim uređajima, kao i sposobnost dolaska do informacija, njihove upotrebe, prosljeđivanja i prezentovanja, što od pojedinca zahtijeva da bude i informacijski pismen. Ljudi danas žive u dva paralelna svijeta - u stvarnom i u medijskom svijetu. Onaj stvarni, budući da je ograničen prostorom i vremenom i ne dozvoljava nam da u potpunosti zadovoljimo našu maštu i želju za novim informacijama, kompenzovan je „svemogućim“ svijetom medija. Novi mediji nam pružaju mogućnost da saznamo nešto što inače ne bismo mogli sami, da proširujemo svoje znanje o svijetu koji nas okružuje i na taj način ga bolje upoznamo i razumijemo. Samo jednim klikom možemo saznati šta se dešava na drugom kraju svijeta. Fizička udaljenost više ne predstavlja prepreku. Cilj ovog rada jeste ukazati na nove izazove pred koje nas postavljaju novi mediji, a prije svega na informatičko opismenjavanje koje je preduslov za informacijsku, ali i medijsku pismenost koja se već smatra elementarnom pismenošću u 21. vijeku. Ključne riječi: pismenost. Novi mediji, internet, tehnologija, informacijska pismenost, informatička ABSTRACT: Computer literacy is drastically changed in the last 10 years, once referred it to the basic knowledge of computers and possibly MS Office, while today we needed a little more advanced skills of computer and mobile device, as well as the ability to reach the information, use it, forward and to present it. Today people live in two parallel worlds: the real world and in the world of media. The real, as it is limited by space and time and does not allow us to fully satisfy our imagination and desire for new information, compensated for the "almighty" world media. New media gives us the opportunity to learn something that otherwise could not be learned on our own, to expand our knowledge about the world around us, and by that to learn and understand it better. Just one click we can find out what is happening on the other side of the world. Physical distance is no longer an obstacle. The goal of our work is to point to the new challenges that are set up by medias in front of us, but most of all on Information literacy, which is basic for information as well as media literacy that are both essential in the 21st century. Key words: New media, Internet, Technology, Information literacy, Computer literacy. The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ 1. UVOD Naučno-tehnološka revolucija je unijela velike promjene u medijski sistem – promijenio se način prikupljanja, obrade i distribucije informacija. 1 Kao što kaže Eriksen, nastupilo je informaciono društvo u kojem je informaciona tehnologija ključni činilac u svim tipovima proizvodnje. „Informacija je pokretačka sila današnje privrede, a njen sve veći deo se prosleđuje preko interneta“2, što implicira značaj medija i sve veću zavisnost od njih. Stoga je proučavanje društvenog konteksta medija, kao i promjena koje su novi mediji unijeli u društveni život, od izuzetne važnosti za svako društvo. Nove komunikacione tehnologije svojim ubrzanim razvojem potiskuju klasične medije i njihove forme prezentacije. Ranih devedesetih godina prošlog vijeka stručnjaci iz oblasti komunikacija i tehnologija uočili su da budućnost ne leži u personalnim kompjuterima, nego u globalnom sistemu međusobno povezanih kompjutera – internetu.3 Iako nudi nova iskustva u istraživanju svijeta, internet istovremeno prijeti da iz korijena promijeni ljudske odnose. Kao što se to ranije dogodilo sa televizijom, i internet rađa strah i nadu. Broj korisnika interneta širom svijeta neprestano raste 4, a opseg aktivnosti koje se mogu obaviti preko interneta u stalnoj je ekspanziji. U ovom radu ćemo se baviti vladavinom informacija, njenom moći i uticaju koji ima na pojedince i društvo u cjelini, novim medijima koji nude nove šanse, kao i sposobnošću pojedinaca da se prilagode toj novoj informacionoj eri, prije svega kroz informacijsko opismenjavanje. Putem interneta pojedinac je dobio priliku da stvara i razmjenjuje informacije na globalnom nivou, a to mu je prije svega omogućeno putem medija kao što su portali, forumi, blogovi, društvene mreže, mobilna telefonija, koji iz temelja mijenjaju prirodu informisanja. To dovodi do situacije da je publika svakodnevno izložena velikom izboru informacija, pa je informacijska pismenost neophodna kako bi se kapitalizovala ta velika ponuda informacija. Informacijska pismenost bez sumnje jeste izazov 21. vijeka, kako za pojedince, tako i za društvo kao cjelinu, jer omogućava pojedincu da na aktivan način učestvuje u društvenim, političkim, kulturnim zbivanjima na lokalnom i globalnom nivou. Cilj ovog rada jeste ukazati na značaj informacijske pismenosti i korištenja novih medija kako bi se obezbijedio uspješniji i kvalitetniji život u društvu znanja u kojem je znanje najbolji resurs i kapital, i u kojem je njegova primjena ključni faktor uspjeha. 1 Zahvaljujući globalizaciji i moći medija, ljudi su od Karakasa do Kaira u prilici da slušaju istu popularnu muziku i vijesti, gledaju iste filmove i televizijske programe, te da budu svjedoci događaja koje televizije prenose istovremeno sa njihovim dešavanjem. (Više vidjeti u: Gidens, E., Sociologija, Ekonomski fakultet Beograd, 2003, str. 454) 2 Eriksen, T. H., Tiranija trenutka: brzo i sporo vreme u informacionom društvu, Biblioteka XX vek, 2003, str. 28 3 Mreža je začeta u Pentagonu, sjedištu američkih vojnih snaga. Ustanovljena je 1969. godine. Ubrzani razvoj interneta dogodio se krajem osamdesetih i početkom devedesetih godina 20. vijeka. 4 Prema podacima stranice Internet World Stats broj korisnika interneta u svijetu u 2011. godini premašio je dvije milijarde. Ukupna korisnička baza povećala se za oko 480 odsto u odnosu na 361 milion korisnika koji su se služili internetom 2000. godine. Čak 44 % korisnika interneta locirano je u Aziji (992 miliona), a 23 % (476 miliona) u Evropi. Sjeverna Amerika ima 272 miliona korisnika. Afrika je i dalje kontinent sa najmanjim postotkom populacije koja koristi internet. Samo 12 % stanovništva na Crnom kontinentu ima pristup internetu (119 miliona). (http://www.internetworldstats.com/) 246 June on Una River 2014 Biljana Kovačević, Vedran Francuz, Novi mediji – nove šanse 2. DRUŠTVENA ULOGA MEDIJA Mediji su potpuno integrisani sa modernim društvom. Mediji su karakteristični učesnici u političkoj, ekonomskoj, socijalnoj i kulturnoj dinamici društvene moći. Kako pojedinci, tako i institucije oslanjaju se na medije kako bi se informisali o onome što se događa u njihovoj zajednici i svijetu uopšte. Mediji prikupljaju, analiziraju i šire informacije, ali to nikako ne znači da su oni neutralni prenosioci informacija. Mediji su društvene institucije koje funkcionišu unutar posebnih stega i rade pod posebnim finansijskim ograničenjima. U većini slučajeva posjeduju ih vlasnici, a vode menadžeri sa različitim viđenjem svijeta i različitim interesima koje promovišu putem svog medija. Rajt Mils smatra da mediji funkcionišu na način koji je odraz udruženih interesa moći društvenih elita, što će reći grupa, prije svih ekonomskih, koje su u položaju da vrše raspodjelu društvenih resursa. 5 Uprkos ovim ograničenjima, mediji u svim modernim društvima imaju izuzetno važnu ulogu. Da bi se stekao uvid u to kako mediji utiču na pojedince, kao i na društvo u cjelini, neophodno je proučavati sadržaj medija. Proučavanje medijskog sadržaja omogućava da se upoznaju afiniteti publike, uređivačka i vlasnička politika medija, stekne uvid kako funkcionišu institucije, kao i društvo u cjelini. Kada se proučava sadržaj, proučava se u stvari način na koji su ideje i slike izražene, odnosno reprezentovane, što daje širi uvid u društvena zbivanja u zajednici. Stoga, proučavanje sadržaja, koji obuhvata ono što je izraženo i način na koji je izraženo, stoji u srži proučavanja komunikacije. S novim medijima institucije koje su bile stupovi socijalizacije zahvaćene tehničkim, ekonomskim i organizacionim promjenama gube svoju tradicionalnu ulogu. Mijenja se sistem vrijednosti i sve ono što je do sada činilo osnovu vrijednosti jednostavno nestaje. Rađanje tehnički programiranih ljudskih bića i mogućnost genetske intervencije čini da se drastično ljuljaju osnove na kojima tradicionalno počivaju ljudski život i njegov smisao. „Sada nije samo ljudski DNK možda modifikovan i dat u ruke 'đavoljem šegrtu', nego svi mogući DNK: politički, društveni, profesionalni, porodični, kulturni, religiozni, psihološki, epistemološki, aksiološki; svi izvori smisla i identiteta koji su i biće sve više i više u budućnosti stavljeni u svojevrsnu mutaciju, a čemu se još ne vidi pravi smisao i globalna ciljnost“.6 Za moguće tumačenje ovog novog kulturološkog konteksta Nikić navodi sljedeće objašnjenje: došlo se do opšteg ubrzanja svih evolucija, naročito naučnih, tehničkih i ekonomskih; došlo je praktično do „sužavanja planete“, što uzrokuje miješanje različitih kultura, međupovezanost svih sistema i nepostojanje međunarodnih granica; i na kraju došlo je do razvoja telekomunikacija, elektronskih medija i informatike što dovodi do kulture sajberspejsa (cyberspace), međuljudske povezanosti koja je u pređašnjem sistemu vrijednosti bila nezamisliva. 7 Tako je informacija čiji su vlasnici mediji postala temelj socijalne moći. Pojedinac sve više postaje zavisan od medija i od informacija koje dobija putem njih. Iako su te informacije sekundarne, one za njega postaju primarne. Smisao se traži u onome što daju drugi, a pojedinac postaje manipulativni objekat. Socijalizacija u kojoj glavnu ulogu igraju tradicija, moral, religija, sve više ustupa mjesto djelovanju medijskih informacija i slika. U mnogim oblastima mediji su uspjeli da zauzmu mjesto porodice, škole, ustanova kulture i crkve, koje su bile glavni izvori saznanja i socijalizacije. 5 Видјети: Милс, Р., Елита власти, Култура, Београд, 1964. Nikić, S., Etika i Internet, Kotor, 2007, str. 7 77 Više vidjeti u: Etika i Internet, Kotor, 2007. 6 June on Una River 2014 247 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ Posebno je opasna industrija zabave koju forsiraju masovni mediji. Ona se može odrediti kao svojevrsan metodičan način djelovanja na interesovanja, formiranje stavova i određenje ukusa. Industrija zabave djeluje pomoću raznih vrsta simbola čija funkcija nije u tome da kultivišu nego da eksploatišu nagone i ukuse mase. Mediji utiču na to da se zabava prihvata u neograničenim količinama. Zabava najčešće opravdava samu sebe i nema neke ozbiljne ciljeve i perspektivu. Mediji pažnju mnogobrojnih gledalaca privlače snabdijevajući ih u izobilju bilo kakvim informacijama, spektaklom, zabavom ili senzacijom. Mediji su u funkciji „ubijanja vremena“ koje predstavlja jedan od najvažnijih problema savremene civilizacije. Bijeg u zabavu je ogledalo svakodnevnog života, i njemu se jedino može suprotstaviti ličnost koja ima kritički odnos prema okolini. Čini se da što je više briga, to je veća potreba za zabavom i spektaklima. U svemu tome veliku ulogu igraju masovni mediji koji proizvode i prenose spektakle gdje se ljudi na gomili zabavljaju na identičan način, potiskujući tako svoju individualnost. Masovni mediji u ogromnim količinama eksploatišu svijet zabave kojom odvraćaju pažnju ljudi od stvarnih problema kojima su izloženi kao pojedinci, ali i društvo. 3. NOVI MEDIJI – IZAZOVI I PERSPEKTIVE Napredak tehnologije donio je drastične promjene na medijskoj sceni. Novi mediji, prije svega, digitalna televizija, internet i mobilna telefonija, svakodnevno postavljaju nove izazove i suštinski mijenjaju način na koji doživljavamo medije i kako se odnosimo prema medijskim sadržajima. Termin novi mediji je u upotrebi od 70-tih godina 20. vijeka. Koristili su ga istraživači različitih disciplina koji su proučavali uticaj informacionih i komunikacionih tehnologija na društvo i pojedinca. Međutim, sa početkom globalne digitalizacije, ovaj termin ulazi u masovnu upotrebu, istovremeno mijenjajući smisao. Naime, novi mediji, prije svega, podrazumijevaju nove kanale komuniciranja, jer svaki put kada stare medije počnemo koristiti na nov način, dobijamo nove medije, što znači da se termin prvenstveno odnosi na medije koji su se pojavili posljednjih decenija. Ranije su to bili radio, televizija, satelitske komunikacije, a danas pod terminom novi mediji podrazumijevamo internet i mobilnu telefoniju. Ipak, televizija i internet su danas najdominantniji mediji. Televiziju su nazvali „opijumom za narod“, jer je postala nadmoćan konkurent svim ostalim sredstvima javnog komuniciranja. Zbog vizuelne prezentacije, nepoznavanja udaljenosti, udobnosti gledanja, žive slike u boji, televizija je izuzetno moćan medij u savremenom svijetu i danas praktično svako domaćinstvo ima televizor.8 Istraživanja pokazuju da broj IPTV9 8 U Velikoj Britaniji televizor je uključen između pet i šest sati dnevno. Situacija je slična i u ostalim zapadnoevropskim zemljama. Stariji od četiri godine u Velikoj Britaniji gledaju televizijski program u prosjeku 24 časa nedjeljno. Stariji ljudi pred televizorom provedu duplo više vremena od djece između četiri i 15 godina starosti, dok žene u nešto većoj mjeri prate televizijski program od muškaraca. (Gidens, E., Sociologija, Ekonomski fakultet Beograd, 2003, str. 455). 9 IPTV (Internet Protocol TV) je usluga koja je bazirana na ADSL tehnologiji i korisnicima osigurava da mogu na svom TV prijemniku da prate televizijske i radio kanale, kao i da koriste brojne interaktivne usluge. Uvođenjem IPTV-a gledalac dobija mogućnost da preko televizora prati brojne TV i radio programe. Također, korisnik dobija vrlo kvalitetan internet pristup. Ključna i najvažnija prednost IPTV-a jeste njegov prelazak u digitalnu i interaktivnu sferu televizije. Pored živih kanala, IPTV podrazumijeva i brojne druge usluge direktno na TV ekranu korisnika, kao što su: VOD usluga – predstavlja takozvanu virtuelnu videoteku koja omogućava 248 June on Una River 2014 Biljana Kovačević, Vedran Francuz, Novi mediji – nove šanse pretplatnika širom svijeta rapidno raste. 10 Podaci o broju korisnika pokazuju da danas, u vrijeme globalizacije televizija predstavlja najmoćniji i najrasprostranjeniji masovni medij. Pesimisti tvrde da je televizija jednoobrazna, da unosi pasivnost u publiku i eksploatiše njene potrebe. Optimisti pak televiziju smatraju prefinjenim medijem koji nudi bogate sadržaje prihvatljive za sve slojeve društva. Nesporan je njen uticaj na socijalizaciju, obrazovanje, kulturu, opšte stavove i vrijednosti. Televizija je preuzela veliki broj uloga koje su u prošlosti pripadale porodici, školi i drugim institucijama. S druge strane i širenje interneta otvara mnoga pitanja. Internet omogućava veliki stepen međupovezanosti i interaktivnosti. Novi mediji, posebno socijalne mreže, pružaju mogućnost za direktnu konekciju sa korisnicima, kao i mogućnost da se čuju njihove potrebe i želje. Tako je razvoj novih medija omogućio dijalog medija sa njegovim korisnicima, što je zamijenilo dosadašnji medijski monolog, koji je baziran na slanju poruka u jednom pravcu. Interaktivnost novih medija unapređuje demokratiju, koja je zasnovana na slobodi mišljenja i govora, ali ova sloboda u novim medijima ima svoje negativne strane. Internet nudi nove mogućnosti, ali su opravdani strahovi da će njegovo širenje dovesti do slabljenja kontakta među ljudima i povećanja izolacije. Informatičko društvo pruža mogućnost kreiranja virtuelne i alternativne stvarnosti, gdje je second life, na primjer, samo prvi u nizu.11 Vladavina informacija uvodi nas u novo doba (New Age), što je drugo ime za vladavinu medijske kulture i pokret stvaranja „alternativne duhovnosti“.12 Novi mediji su tehnički proizvedena sredstva informacija i komunikacija, to su mobilni telefon, digitalni video, digitalna televizija, kompjuterske igre i novi interaktivni mediji. Oni nastaju hiperprodukcijom novih uređaja ubrzane digitalizacije svijeta. Novi mediji nam pružaju mogućnost da proširujemo svoje znanje o svijetu i da ga na taj način bolje upoznamo i razumijemo. Novi mediji u mnogome kreiraju život ljudima, na kraju se sa njime i poistovjećuju. Zato treba krajnje pažljivo, objektivno i uz kritičku distancu primati informacije, provjeravati njihove izvore i sačuvati kritičku moć rasuđivanja, a za to je neophodna informacijska pismenost. 4. ZNAČAJ INFORMACIJSKE PISMENOSTI Ne tako davno pismenost je podrazumijevala znati čitati i pisati. Napredak tehnike i tehnološka revolucija učinili su da se i ovaj pojam posmatra i definiše u daleko širem kontekstu, pa danas pismenost podrazumijeva daleko više od čitanja i pisanja. Uz elementarnu pismenost koja podrazumijeva čitanje i pisanje, danas se sve češće naglašava neophodnost sticanja takozvane sekundarne ili funkcionalne pismenosti koja podrazumijeva vještinu i sposobnost snalaženja u svakodnevnim situacijama od korisnicima da putem IPTV sistema iz svog doma mogu naručivati filmove, serije i slično; mrežno snimanje programa; mogućnost gledanja TV programa 24 časa unazad; elektronski TV vodič za kanale koje može da gleda; igranje unutar IPTV sistema. 10 Prema istraživanju kompanije Market Intelligence & Consulting Institute, u svijetu je broj pretplatnika na IPTV usluge dostigao je brojku od 92,7 miliona krajem 2013., što je porast od 23,7% u odnosu na prethodnu godinu. Studija „Worldwide IPTV Subscriber Market, 1Q 2014“ predviđa dalji rast na 128 miliona pretplatnika do kraja 2014. (http://neweumarket.com/hr/brojiptv-i-pay-tv-pretplatnika-u-porastu/) 11 Second life – drugi život, virtuelna stvarnost, u kojoj je moguće, između ostalog, permanentno re-kreirati sopstveni identitet. (Tomić, Z., News Age, Čigoja štampa, Beograd, 2008, str. 14) 12 Više vidjeti u: Tomić, Z., News Age, Čigoja štampa, Beograd, 2008. June on Una River 2014 249 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ upotrebe raznih proizvoda, prije svega tehničkih, pa do snalaženja u saobraćaju, javnim ustanovama, i slično. Uz ove dvije vrste pismenosti ide i treća tercijarna pismenost pod kojom se podrazumijeva informacijska, informatička i medijska pismenost. Može se reći da pismenost danas podrazumijeva sticanje znanja iz raznih oblasti, prije svaga tehničko opismenjavanje, učenje jezika, ali podrazumijeva i način komunikacije i određen kulturni razvoj. Tako da se uvid u pismenost može vidjeti u različitim formama – na papiru, na računaru, u medijima. Iako je danas elementarna pismenost veliki problem u svijetu13 sa napretkom i razvojem tehnologije sve veći značaj se pridaje sekundarnoj i tercijarnoj pismenosti. Sa razvojem tehnologije sve više se povećava potreba za informatičkom pismenošću, ali i informacijskom, koja je osnova za razvoj savremenog društva. O informacijskoj pismenosti14 može se govoriti sa različitih aspekata, ali je prije svega važno odrediti šta se podrazumijeva pod ovim terminom. Jednu od najopštijih definicija informacijske pismenosti dalo je Američko društvo bibliotekara koje je informacijsku pismenost definisalo kao skup sposobnosti neophodnih pojedincu da bi prepoznao kada mu je potrebna informacija, da bi mogao da je pronađe, procijeni i uspiešno koristi. Iako je riječ o sličnim konceptima važno je uočiti razliku između informacijske i informatičke pismenosti, kao i medijske pismenosti koje su dio koncepta savremene pismenosti. Biti informacijski pismen podrazumijeva prepoznati informacijsku potrebu, znati kritički vrednovati informacije, kao i efikasno koristiti te informacije, dok s druge strane informatička pismenost podrazumijeva sposobnost korištenja računara, računarskih programa i aplikacija. Usko u vezi sa ovim terminima je i koncept medijske pismenosti pod kojim se podrazumijeva niz kompetencija koje omogućavaju da se analiziraju, procjenjuju i kritički ocjenjuju medijski sadržaji. Ona obuhvata korištenje vještina, kritičko razumijevanje i komunikacijske sposobnosti za vrednovanje sadržaja koji se plasiraju u medijima. Može se reći da su informatička i informacijska pismenost intelektualno polazište za razumijevanje, pronalaženje, vrednovanje i korištenje informacija. Stoga, biti informatički, informacijski i medijski pismen, podrazumijeva biti pismen za 21. vijek. Informacijski pismena osoba jeste ona osoba koja je naučila kako da dolazi do novih saznanja i kako da ta saznanja koristi kako bi stekla nova znanja, odnosno kako bi permanentno bila u procesu učenja. Informacijski pismena osoba jednostavno je pripremljena za cjeloživotno učenje, jer tačno zna kako i gdje pronaći, i na koji način iskoristiti informacije koje pred nju postavljaju obrazovanje, poslovni i drugi izazovi. Promjena komunikacionih obrazaca i ponašanja, stalni rast broja nosilaca informacija, kao i razvoj tehnologija i aplikacija za pretraživanje informacija, uslovljavaju pojedince da budu u procesu informacijskog opismenjavanja i cjeloživotnog učenja kako bi unaprijedili znanje, vještine i sposobnosti unutar lične, profesionalne i društvene 13 Prema podacima organizacije UNESCO na svijetu je 774 miliona nepismenih osoba, odnosno oko 16,1 posto stanovništva starijeg od 15 godina. (http://balkans.aljazeera.net/vijesti/svakadeveta-osoba-na-svijetu-nepismena) 14 Koncept informacijske pismenosti nastajao je uporedo sa razvojem tehnologije, a termin je prvi put upotrijebio Paul Zurkovski 1976. godine koji je informacijsku pismenost definisao kao učinkovito korištenje informacija u kontekstu rješavanja problema. (Više vidjeti u: Bawden, D., (2001) "Information and digital literacies: a review of concepts", Journal of Documentation, Vol. 57 Iss: 2, pp. 218 – 259) 250 June on Una River 2014 Biljana Kovačević, Vedran Francuz, Novi mediji – nove šanse perspektive. U društvu u kojem se informacija smatra izuzetno važnim kapitalom opstaju i preživaljavaju samo oni koji su spremni na permanentno učenje i prilagođavanje promjenama. Savremeno društvo od pojedinaca zahtjeva cjeloživotno učenje, jer najvažniji oblik upravljanja ljudskim potencijalima jeste obrazovanje. Tako je informacijska pismenost važan preduslov za postizanje uspjeha u društvu i vještina bez koje je gotovo nemoguće preživjeti u 21. vijeku, gdje su ključne kompetencije definisanje informacijskih i informacionih potreba, pristup informacijama, evaluacija informacija, korištenje tih informacija, kao i diseminacija informacija. 5. ZAKLJUČAK Ne treba zaboraviti činjenicu da je obrazovanje jedan od najvažnijih faktora odgovornih za razvoj društva, stoga se kao imperativ nameće prilagođavanje obrazovanja promjenama koje sa sobom donosi informacijsko doba i digitalna era. Tako bi kreiranje nastavnog plana i programa za osnovne i srednje škole, kao i za fakultete, trebalo da prati novine koje sa sobom donosi informatička revolucija, kako bi mlade generacije koje se obrazuju mogle da idu u korak sa vremenom i da stiču znanja koja su im neophodna za snalaženje i napredak u društvu u kojem glavnu riječ vode tehnika i informacija. Također, neophodno je popularizovati informacijsku pismenost i među odraslima kroz neformalne oblike edukacije, kako bi i generacije koje nisu imale priliku da se edukuju kroz formalno obrazovanje, mogle da steknu uopotrebno i produktivno informatičko i informacijsko znanje. Neophodno je prvo stvoriti informatički pismene generacije, što je preduslov za informacijsku pismenost. Dakle, važno je znati da nije dovoljno nekog osposobiti da koristi računare, nove programe, aplikacije i nove medije, već je neophodno naučiti kako to tehničko znanje transformisati i iskoristiti za sticanje novih znanja. Cilj svakog društva trebalo bi da bude stvaranje informacijski pismenog pojedinca koji bi kao posmatrač informacija morao kritički da posmatra njene oblike, te osvijesti procese njihovog dekodiranja. Na taj način pojedinac postaje aktivni član društva koji se promišljeno koristi tehnikom i informacijama, a sve sa ciljem postizanja progresivne društvene promjene. Civilno društvo mora aktivno pridonositi tim naporima kroz pokretanje različitih inicijativa koje bi sa stručne strane pridonosile senzibilizaciji javnosti i vraćanju vrijednosti u svakodnevni život pojedinca. To mora da bude promovisano kao interes cijelog društva. Umjesto definisanja novih medija kao pojave opasne po društvene interese i njihovo korištenje za propagiranje lokalnih dominantnih ideologija, naše društvo bi prema uzoru na razvijene demokratske zemlje trebalo da podrži razvoj različitih medijskih strategija i zakona koji će omogućiti kreiranje uspješne medijske politike. Jedna od kratkoročnijih ili dugoročnijih strategija svakako bi trebalo biti uvođenje medija u obrazovni sistem kako bi se iznjedrile informacijski i medijski pismene generacije. 6. LITERATURA Bal, F., (1997), Moć medija – mandarin i trgovac, Klio, Beograd Bawden, D., (2001) "Information and digital literacies: a review of concepts", Journal of Documentation, Vol. 57 Iss: 2, pp. 218 – 259 Gidens, E., (2003), Sociologija, Ekonomski fakultet, Beograd Gone, Ž., (1998), Obrazovanje i mediji, Klio, Beograd Eriksen, T. H., (2003), Tiranija trenutka: brzo i sporo vreme u informacionom društvu, Biblioteka XX vek, Beograd June on Una River 2014 251 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ Koković, D., (2007), Društvo i medijski izazovi: uvod u sociologiju masovnih komunikacija, Filozofski fakultet, Novi Sad Mils, R., (1964), Elita vlasti, Kultura, Beograd Nadrljanski, Đ., (2000), Obrazovni softver-hipermedijalni sistemi, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu Nikić, S., (2007), Etika i Internet, Kotor Ruk, R., (2011), Evropski mediji u digitalnom dobu, Klio, Beograd Tomić, Z., (2008), New$ Age, Čigoja štampa, Beograd Internet izvori: http://www.internetworldstats.com/ (05.05.2014.) http://neweumarket.com/hr/broj-iptv-i-pay-tv-pretplatnika-u-porastu/ (10.05.2014.) http://balkans.aljazeera.net/vijesti/svaka-deveta-osoba-na-svijetu-nepismena (10.05.2014.) 252 June on Una River 2014 IMPORTANCE OF INFORMATION LITERACY FOR STUDENTS Danijela Findrik, Sandina Kozlica Students of Law Faculty University of Bihac [email protected], [email protected] Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present students´ opinion on issues dealt with information literacy, lack of information, and how to avoid some problems concerning this topic. While explaining some terms we will emphasize what students’ issues are, and try to recommend solutions to the mentioned ones. Defining some specific terms, concerning sources and resources, is not something we should deal with, because we assume that it is the matter familiar to everyone so far. The main reasons causing students’ illiteracy, mentioned throughout this work, are: non existing curriculum, lack of information how to access data base and also how to use them properly at the same time, not being enough fluent in foreign languages, lack of interest to learn something new, and copy-paste methods which are seen almost everywhere including academic stuff. Keywords: information literacy, students, data base and curriculum. There are many definitions of term “information literacy (IL)”, but we think that some of them are too complicated to be understood, while on the other side some of them seem to be missing something, so we have agreed that the one mentioning that “[i]information literacy is the ability to identify what information is needed, understand how the information is organized, identify the best sources of information for a given need, locate those sources, evaluate the sources critically, and share that information. It 1 is the knowledge of commonly used research techniques” , is the most appropriate one at this moment. Ranaweera goes further, as she is simplifying this definition, by saying that: “[i]information literacy is a set of skills required by a person to find, retrieve, analyze and use information. Information literacy is directly linked with lifelong 2 learning, critical thinking, and learning to learn concepts of education” . Term „literacy“ itself nowadays is somehow misunderstood, perhaps even overrated. No one wants to hear that anyone is, or might be, illiterate. Many of us don´t pay much attention to its significance, and to think that all the knowledge we have is just a tear drop of something bigger, and maybe at this moment less understandable, makes us work harder and more effective. Being literate is a skill, and in order to be well skilled we also have to learn how to use everything offered to us. It is somehow shameful not to use the opportunity we were given to, as we all witness the process of globalization, and what in the past seemed impossible today is easy to be done. We are losing ourselves in the ocean of information and it is hard to choose which of them could be important and relevant. Therefore here is the question we need to ask ourselves, why is that so. 1 2 http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/info_literacy/ (15.05.2014.) http://eprints.rclis.org/11956/1/Microsoft_Word_-_Prasanna_2.pdf (15.05.2014.) The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ Students are not getting used to search for the relevant information, their only concern is how many pages and where on Google or Wikipedia could something be found. Their lack of knowledge that they could be privileged like millions of other students from around the world, somehow seems not to be their issue. In our opinion it is hard to make them search for more if they don´t know what chances they have. Not having from an early age any kind of curriculum, where they could learn so many new things, reflects on their future and we shouldn´t be surprised that plagiarism has taken its place in our lives. It is hard to break some bad habits when it comes to the term of plagiarism amongst academic stuff, which we are facing every now and then. Not being able to speak any foreign language is another issue that needs to be discussed. There are so many information written in English, German, French, Italian, Spanish and lack of knowledge of any of these languages is a serious problem that needs to be solved in very near future. English is, so to speak, one of the most spoken foreign languages in the world and many young people in search for better tomorrow are trying to be fluent in it. Even though they don´t know everything, their chances to find more information are better because they are able to understand and interprete what´s been read and also write it too. To be able to learn a language students need to be motivated, the ones who teach them must use specific methods to make them interested in that what they have to learn. Learning foreign languages is a process that should start from an early age of every child. In those years they have better chances to interact with other children and through games learn the language. This is somehow a good plan to be implemented sometimes in the near future. It would be totally wrong to say that children can learn something while having been tutored privately by other teachers, as we witness segregation between children as well. The ones coming from “rich” families have better chances to be successful in their lives, and they often waste their time and opportunity that has been given to them. Educational system should be equal for everyone, and that is something we need to improve as soon as possible throughout projects with primary and high school students. While learning foreign languages children should also have first lessons where they could gain information about information literacy. We are sure that they would learn it much easier, and throughout some years would be real professionals when it comes to terms of this. Information literacy doesn´t necessarily mean that we must have some good computer skills, it also means that we must have access to important and world recognized data bases. At the same time we must be able to “determine the extent of information needed, access the needed information effectively and efficiently, evaluate information and its sources critically, incorporate selected information into one's knowledge base, use information effectively to accomplish a specific purpose, understand the economic, legal, and social issues surrounding the use of information, and access and use 3 information ethically and legally, […] “ . The reason why information literacy is so important lays in the fact that there are too many information available to society and the only thing expected from us is to find the right path to use them and learn how to share with others. That appears to be a real 3 http://eprints.rclis.org/11956/1/Microsoft_Word_-_Prasanna_2.pdf (15.05.2014.) 254 June on Una River 2014 Danijela Findrik, Sandina Kozlica, Importance of Information Literacy for students problem amongst students, because we don´t even know how to recognize and determine information necessary to be processed. We use only specific words as keywords to make some researches, are restricted to 2 familiar search engines. Not to mention Wikipedia which contains too many false information, and which can be found as the most referenced source from the internet. Throughout many presentations we have seen what should be done to change the present state of students’ illiteracy problem, but it still, all remains the same because we don’t have anyone who could guide us through this entirely new process. Lack of interest is one of the main reasons why no one pays enough attention to it, and students who are willing to learn something new are often left on their own. Fact that there are about 500 search engines available to us is not familiar to everyone, because we mostly use two or three of them (Google and ask). LITERATURE: [1] http://eprints.rclis.org/11956/1/Microsoft_Word_-_Prasanna_2.pdf [2] http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/info_literacy/ June on Una River 2014 255 Presentations BOSNIAN AND ABORIGINAL SPIRIT IN ONE Roby Dee 1, Slash Stand Purdy Avenue Dandenong 3175 Melbourne Australia Ph: 0387746450 robydee.com My name is Roby Dee and I’m coming from Australia, although I have been born here in Bosnia close to this city where we sit today, Velika Kladuša. I’ll do talk to you about folk traditional Bosnian genre Sevdalinka. The word Sevdalinka is coming from the word sevdah which is Turkish but meaning is melancholy. Root of the word sevdah actually is Arabic Savda and meaning is black bile. With Ottomans empire sevdah came in Bosnia. It became part of Bosnian culture, although Bosnian people had many different instruments and melodies before the empire. Sevdah was also very popular across the former Yugoslavia. Actually composers of many Sevdalinkas are unknown. Sevdalinka is characterized by slow or moderate tempo and intense emotional melodies. Songs are very elaborate, emotionally charged sung with passion full of desire and favor. The combination of oriental, European and Sephardic elements makes this type of music stand-out proudly among other type of folk music on Balkan. Usually it’s sung in Minor scale and Second intervals on the end, does hinting to Orientals and phrygien mode. As a result the modulation are noted for living strong melancholic feeling. The singer often impose the rhythm and tempo for the song which can be variable throughout the singing. Traditionally, Sevdalinka is women song, most of it addressing issue of love, longing, unfulfilled and unfortunate love full of melismatic ornate. Some Sevdalinkas got elements of currently days often performed by male singers where we could find less melismatic and more syllabic elements. Most used instruments in sevdah are a violin, Saz, Daire and Doboš (variant of drum). When Austro-Hungaria committed annexation of Bosnia 1908., they brought accordion. With accordion their interpretations are fully aligned to western chromatic system. Modern Sevdalinka singers are followed by a small orchestra: accordion, violin and nylon string guitar. During the last war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, I moved to Australia. Having the sevdah in my roots and blood, craving very much about homeland, not knowing very well English I started to compose. Although I’m a classical pianist playing Mozzarts, Beethovens and Chopins pieces, on every second part the concert I played my composition based on sevdah. First concert done was in Bosnian community (26th of October 1997), soon after 10th of December on the Human right day, ausiecare organized in Melbourne City Hall concert for the TV SBS and TV ABC where I very successfully played Mozzart, Chopin and unavoidably sevdah in my composition in the classical style. From that moment on I started to compose. Many times I read Hasanaginica, a Bosnian love story translated on German (Goethe, 1775), English (Scott, 1798), Russian (Pushkin 1835, beginning, and Akhmatova 1950s, in full), French (Mérimée, 1827 and Mickiewicz, 1841) etc. The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ I started to work on opera Hasanaginica. When I finished the Score and Libretto, it was translated on English by Ms. Stepnell and got a name “Women of Substance”. After that it was performed in Sydney Opera House. It was a very successful project, where was combined Bosnian theme, good voices, sevdah melismatic, English and native Aboriginal instrument didgeridoo with philharmonic orchestra. My English improved using R.V.I.B. Library and I started to compose more on English. My intention is to translate more Bosnian writers, give it melody and present it to the listeners over the World. In my opus you can find Samuel Tyler Coldridge, Danielle Steel, Cathrine Rosseti and certainly Bosnian poetry as Mehmedalija Mak Dizdar (Stony sleeper) which Mr. John Francis translated in Shakespearen, Ćatić translated by Stepnell, Hamza Humo, Enver Čolaković, Meša Selimović, Alhamiado literature etc. I’ll be very happy if you listen today few examples from my opus which is very wide. Beside opera, there are many short instrumental, vocal instrumental compositions, symphonies and so on. Part of my opus and concerts you can find on the website robydee.com which created my husband Mr. Dizdarević and helped me very much in preparation of the Scores and recording the same. 258 June on Una River 2014 ELDORADO Project A major upgrade of national library services in Hungary János Pancza International Operation Officer [email protected] Main scope • Digital access of library holdings regardless of copyright and digitization status • Equal access to information remotely • Access to copyrighted materials, public domain and orphan works • Re-publishing in digital form out of commerce books The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ Project services for libraries • Complete digital workflow management (ordering, processing, service copy) • Copyright infrastructure (licence management, orphan works) • Financial management (online payment, invoice) • Digital cluster (central register of digitization projects and storage management) • Platform services (contact with publishers, integration with common catalogue and document supply system) • Collaboration with external service providers and project partners (like EBSCO and EOD) to broaden the range of service scope Legal Process of digitalization Document yes Out of commerce E-version? yes no Copyright no Licence management yes Copyrigh t-holder.? no yes ARROW – RRO 260 ARROW – Books In Print no Orphan work Digitalization yes Permit? June on Una River 2014 ELDORADO János Pancza, ELDORADO Project Joint business model with libraries and publishers • Management led by Hungarian National Library • System development : Qulto • Commercial service with public support • One stop shop, on-demand • Aggregated catalogue (content portal) • Priority of on-demand user requests in order to form digitization plans and strategies • DRM, licence management, e-loan to obtain remote access to digitized documents Partners and document groups Public Domain Out of Commerce In-Commerce June on Una River 2014 Partner libraries Copyright aggregators Publishers 261 The 11th Scientific International Librarians' Conference “Western Balkan Information Literacy“ Why is it good? • For libraries: ELDORADO will be an efficient common system that supports the whole digitization process with a single service platform and ensure an efficient copyright management • For publishers: Helps to make contacts with customers and to create new opportunities in order to resell out-of commerce works in digital form • For users: Easy and legal offer to access a wide range of digital contents on-demand We are kindly looking for partners in order to develop similar projects! 262 June on Una River 2014 János Pancza, ELDORADO Project Thank you for your attention! June on Una River 2014 263 INFORMATION LITERACY AND ACADEMIC LIBRARIES IN CANADA Margaret Law Associate University Librarian (International Relations) Director, Copyright Office University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta CANADA T6G 2J8 [email protected] 780-492-9849 Abstract: This session demonstrates how to combine the theoretical principles of marketing with the practice of information literacy instruction. It recognizes that the information literacy environment is constantly changing, and uses the 5 P’s of marketing (people, place, product, price, promotion) as a framework for not only developing and evaluating a flexible program of instruction, but also as a basis for an advocacy strategy to change attitudes about information literacy. The theory will be illustrated with examples from the University of Alberta Libraries, the second largest academic library in Canada. The integration of new forms of delivery, using digital and social media channels will be included. REMARK: This paper will be presented at the Conference, but following the personal wish of the author is not published in the Proceedings. RN 868-14 // Biblioteka // meke korice // print 560-ka zadnja // simbol card 270g Sponsors of the Western Balkan Information Literacy Conference Bihac, Bosnia and Herzegovina 11-14 June 2014 Oxford University Press ProQuest Government of Una Sana Canton Emerald Monguz CITAVI Municipality of Bihac IFLA RN 868-14 // Biblioteka // meke korice // print 560-ka prednja // simbol card 270g KANTONALNA I UNIVERZITETSKA BIBLIOTEKA BIHAĆ IV UN Z IT ET U BI H U ISSN 2233-1689 ER KANTONALNA I UNIVERZITETSKA BIBLIOTEKA BIHAĆ AĆ ZBORNIK RADOVA 2014. JU KANTONALNA I UNIVERZITETSKA BIBLIOTEKA BIHAĆ Univerzitet u Bihaću Limerick Institute of Technology ZBORNIK RADOVA KONFERENCIJA O INFORMACIJSKOJ PISMENOSTI NA ZAPADNOM BALKANU JUNI NA UNI • Informacijski sistemi u bibliotekama • Razvoj informacijske pismenosti u regionu • Cjeloživotno učenje 11-14. juni 2014. godine This programme is funded by the EU "This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein"