Histology Compendium Odie Ellery Dustin JamesV1

Transcription

Ellery Santos Odie Jimenez
James Vietor Dustin Holmes
Biol 218 Anatomy 52999
Histology Compendium
MAIN
Sub Type
Sub Type
Sub Type
Sub Type
Sub Type
Connective
Fibrous
Loose
Areolar
NA
NA
Target
Notes / Description / Size
Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 1
Alternate
XC
Tissue type
Imaging Technology or Magnification 1
XC
Pathological 1
Pathological 2
Pathological 3
Notes / Description / Size /
Differences between Normal and Pathological
XC
Other Information /
Notes on Diseasae
Genetic Causes
Prevalence / Incidence
XC
Other Information /
Notes on Therapies / Treatments
Medical Research
Label
source / reference
Subcutaneous emphysema is a condition caused by the pathologic accumulation
of air underneath the skin of the skin or neck. The presence of air in the loose
subcutaneous areolar tissue and muscle.
These slides show loose (areolar) connective tissue, which is used
extensively throughout the body for fastening down the skin, membranes,
vessels and nerves as well as binding muscles and other tissues together.
The tissue consist of an extensive network of fibers secreted by cells called
fibroblasts.
Tumid lupus erythematosus is a cutaneous disorder.
Subcutaneous emphysema is sometimes caused by Facial bone
fracture, often occuring after ethmoid or maxillary sinus fractures.
Causes are UV light exposure. Several drugs may induce SCLE.
Hyperkeratosis is caused by a deficiency of vitamin A.
Hyperkeratosis is thickening of the stratum corneum, often associated with a
qualitative abnormality of the keratin
A person may use moisturizers to deal with thickened skin at home, but may need a
doctor's help for dealing with corns, calluses, and warts. A doctor may prescribe special
creams and ointments for dealing with this condition in some of its forms. Additionally,
bathing in bath oil may help improve minor forms of the condition
Skin lesions heal without scarring or atrophy but ay leave residual dyspigmentationn.
Treatment for subcutanewous emphysema is to remove the cause, such as removing or
repositioning the chest tube
Air can resolve in a matter of days.
.
Label
Human Mediastinum
source / reference
w w w .biow eb.uw lax.edu/zoolab
Adipose
Reticular
NA
NA
NA
NA
Areolar Connective Tissue Skin
www.newarkcolleges.com/kponto/4081Slides/index.htm
NA
NA
Areolar Connective Tissue under the epithelium of the
epidermis in skin
subcutaneous tissue smeared 100x
Subcutaneous emphysema
Tumid lupus erythematosus
Hyperkeratosis
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Anatomy_&_Physiology/A&P201/Co
nnective_Tissues/Connective_Tissues.htm
w w w .gardenrain.w ordpress.com/2009/05/07/subcutaneousemphysema-crepitus-or-sub-q-air/
w w w .dermpedia.org/baby-dermpedia-for-beginners/tumid-lupus-erythematosus
http://uk.ask.com/wiki/List_of_cutaneous_conditions
Lack of adipose tissue, either complete or partial, is the hallmark of disorders known as
lipodystrophies. Patients with lipodystrophies suffer from metabolic complications similar to
those associated with obesity, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes,
hypertriglyceridemia, and hepatic steatosis. The loss of body fat in inherited lipodystrophies
can be caused by defects in the development and/or differentiation of adipose tissue as a
consequence of mutations in a number of genes, including PPARG (encoding a nuclear
hormone receptor), AGPAT2 (encoding an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of
triglyceride and phospholipids), AKT2 (encoding a protein involved in insulin signal
transduction), and BSCL2 (encoding seipin, whose role in the adipocyte biology remains
unclear). The loss of body fat can also be caused by the premature death of adipocytes due
to mutations in lamin A/C, nuclear lamina proteins, and ZMPSTE24, which modifies the
prelamin A post-translationally. In this review, we focus on the molecular basis of inherited
lipodystrophies as they relate to adipocyte biology and their associated phenotypic
manifestations.
Lipodystrophy is characterized by sunken cheeks, thinning
arms and legs, and fat accumulations in the abdomen,
jaws and the back of the neck ("buffalo hump").
Hypodermis of the skin
histological section of mammary tissue
Components of connective tissue
Hypodermis; Abdomen
Adipose tissue: Fat tissue in the body
White Adipose tissue/Fat cells
lipodystrophies location buttocks
Adipose-specific peroxisom e proliferator-activ ated receptor γ knockout
causes insulin resistance in fat and liv er but not in m uscle
Lipodystrophy in HIV-infected Patients
Lipodystrophies
Characterizations
Treatments
http://classes.ansci.illinois.edu/ansc438/Mamdevelop/postpubertal.html
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Reticular+c
onnective+tissue
w w w .biotutoronline.com/connectivetissue.html
w w w .pennmedicine.org/health_info/w eightloss/000433.html
http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/L
ab5/Lab5.htm
w w w .trt-5.org/article127.html
w w w .pnas.org/content/100/26/15712/F2.expansion
w w w .utsouthw estern.edu/utsw /cda/dept105805/files/107020.html
w w w .ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16722806
http://aids.about.com/cs/conditions/a/lipodystrophy.htm
w w w .thew ellproject.org/en_US/Diseases_and_Conditions/Treatment_Related_Conditions/Lipodystrophy_Trea
tments_Part_II_Fat_Loss.jsp
Reticular fibres are very delicate and form fine networks instead of thick
bundles. They are usually not visible in histological sections but can be
demonstrated by using special stains. For example, in silver stained sections
reticular fibres look like fine, black threads - coarse collagen fibres appear
reddish brown in the same type of preparation.
Extreme intracellular edema of epidermal cells, resulting in rupture and
multilocular intraepidermal vesicles with septae formed by the remaining cell
walls. Seen in acute inflammatory dermatoses.
reticular fibers surrounding the venous sinuses
(spaces) in the spleen
The liver is one of the organs in which the cells are
supported by a network of reticular fibres
reticular tissue of the lymph node/high power
Lymph node of Dog
Bronchial lymph node, Monkey (H & Azure II-Eosin)
prominent reticular degeneration (hematoxylineosin stain, original magnification 200X).
Biopsy
Lesion
w w w .lab.anhb.uw a.edu.au/mb140/corepages/connective/connect.htm
w w w .up.ac.za/academic/medicine/telemed/Hist/bind/bind01e.html
w w w .columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/sbpm_histology_2009/lab/lab09_lymph
nodes.html
w w w .columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/sbpm_histology_2009/lab/lab09_lymphnod
es.html
http://w w w .medscape.com/view article/515666_2
w w w .epathologies.com/pcoll/derm/eczmcrnc/050978.htm
w w w .epathologies.com/pcoll/derm/eczmcrnc/050978.htm
"Dense regular connective tissue is a white, flexible tissue. It contains tight-packed bundles
of collagen fibers. All of these fibers run in one uniform direction — arranged parallel to the
direction of forces exerted on the particular body part where the tissue is located. For
example, this tissue tensile strength allows it to withstand pulling forces exerted in one
direction when a person flexes his or her arm. Generally, dense regular connective tissue
forms tendons, the cords that attach muscle to bone, and aponeuroses — the flat, sheetlike tendons that attach muscles to other muscles or muscles to bone. Ligaments, the
stretchier structures that bind bones together at the joints, are also made of this type of
tissue. Fascia, the outer wrapping that binds together groups of muscles, blood vessels,
and nerves, is also composed of dense regular connective tissue."
reticular degeneration
Tendinitis is inflammation, irritation, and swelling of a tendon, which is the
fibrous structure that joins muscle to bone. In many cases, tendonosis (tendon
degeneration) is also present.
Tendinitis can occur as a result of injury, overuse, or with
aging as the tendon loses elasticity. It can also be seen in
systemic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or
diabetes. Tendinitis can occur in any tendon, but some
commonly affected sites are the shoulder, the wrist, the
heel (Achilles tendonitis), and the elbow.
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-dense-connective-tissue.htm
Irregular
Elastic
NA
NA
NA
NA
HIV+ people with lipodystrophy can have both body shape changes and
metabolic problems. Some treatments can help with certain
lipodystrophy changes, but nothing has been proven to get rid of all
them
http://w w w .cytochemistry.net/microanatomy/connective_tissue/loose_con
nective_tissue.htm
shows stained reticular fibers in a lymph node
Regular
Mucosa (containing Loose Areolar CT )
w w w .cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/histo/Lab2connectivetissue/Lab2as52loo http://w w w 2.yvcc.edu/histologyzoomer/HistologyTutorials/histology_tuto
se10x.htm
rials.htm
Adipose tissue is found in the hypodermis of the skin, or surrounding many
organs muscles, nerves, etc. It is made of relatively large cells that are
distinguished by a thin process surrounding a large droplet of fat. The
nucleus is very thin and small. Thus, adipose tissue looks like a
"honeycomb" with the cells being the walls of the chambers and the fat
droplets filling the center. Adipose tissue is well-vascularized.
http://w w w .google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://millette.med.sc.edu/images/C% http://w w w .google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://millette.med.sc.edu/images/C
2520images/c9.jpg&imgrefurl=http://millette.med.sc.edu/Lab%25205%2520p %2520images/c9.jpg&imgrefurl=http://millette.med.sc.edu/Lab%25205%25
ages/Cartilage%2520Lab.htm&usg=__Fgm20pages/Cartilage%2520Lab.htm&usg=__FgmBvsTCd6QAcQnKmC_ytQpSOM=&h=286&w =432&sz=18&hl=en&start=41& BvsTCd6QAcQnKmC_ytQpSOM=&h=286&w =432&sz=18&hl=en&start=41
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=/images%3Fq%3Dloose%2Bconnective%2Btissue%26start%3D40%26um ev=/images%3Fq%3Dloose%2Bconnective%2Btissue%26start%3D40%2
%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1R2PCTC_enUS351%26ndsp 6um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1R2PCTC_enUS351%26n
%3D20%26tbs%3Disch:1
dsp%3D20%26tbs%3Disch:1
Dense
AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE SUBCUTANEOUS
w w w .anatomyatlases.org/MicroscopicAnatomy/Section03/Plate0327.sht
ml
Location – Tendons; Ligaments
tendon cut in longitudinal section
muscle-tendon junction at 100X magnification
Muscle-Tendon Junction, rat
Tendon
Dense White Fibrous Connective Tissue - Tendons and
Ligaments
Tendonitis
Histology of damaged Tendon
Histology of a normal Tendon
Tendonitis Description
Cause.
http://w w w .biotutoronline.com/connectivetissue.html
http://w w w .google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://millette.med.sc.edu/images/C
%2520images/c9.jpg&imgrefurl=http://millette.med.sc.edu/Lab%25205%25
20pages/Cartilage%2520Lab.htm&usg=__FgmBvsTCd6QAcQnKmC_ytQpSOM=&h=286&w =432&sz=18&hl=en&start=41
&zoom=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=9HEgbgFaYM60iM:&tbnh=83&tbnw =126&pr
ev=/images%3Fq%3Dloose%2Bconnective%2Btissue%26start%3D40%2
6um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1R2PCTC_enUS351%26n
&zoom=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=9HEgbgFaYM60iM:&tbnh=83&tbnw =126&p
rev=/images%3Fq%3Dloose%2Bconnective%2Btissue%26start%3D40%
26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1R2PCTC_enUS351%2
6ndsp%3D20%26tbs%3Disch:1
w w w .lab.anhb.uw a.edu.au/mb140/corepages/connective/connect.htm#la
bdreg
w w w .sacs.ucsf.edu/home/cooper/Anat118/ConnTiss/conntiss2.htm
w w w .new arkcolleges.com/kponto/4081Slides/index.htm
w w w .healthcentral.com/ency/408/imagepages/19632.html
w w w .aafp.org/afp/2005/0901/p811.html
w w w .aafp.org/afp/2005/0901/p811.html
w w w .healthcentral.com/ency/408/001229.html
w w w .healthcentral.com/ency/408/001229.html
"Body parts that are simultaneously pulled in multiple directions rely on dense irregular
tissue for structural strength. Dense irregular connective tissue features the same basic
structures as dense regular connective tissue, but its collagen fibers are irregularly
arranged bundles and are significantly thicker than those of the regular variety. This type of
body tissue makes up the dermis — the leathery second layer of the skin. The tissue
provides support to the body’s first line of defense. Dense irregular connective tissue also
forms joint capsules and the fibrous coverings of kidneys, cartilages, and nerves. "
Dermis of Skin
Dense irregular
http://w w w .ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/43_08.jpg
w w w .sacs.ucsf.edu/home/cooper/Anat118/ConnTiss/conntiss2.htm
Kindney/Dense irregular
Beneath the basal surface of the epidermis
http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/IDS_101_histo_resource/epithe http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/IDS_101_histo_resource/epitheli
lia_connective.htm
a_connective.htm
Dense irregular connective tissue found
between hair follicles
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Scleroderma
High-power view of the characteristic histology of localized
scleroderma depicting eccrine coils "trapped" in the deep
Plaque Psoriasis
http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/IDS_101_histo_resource/epith
elia_connective.htm
http://histology.leeds.ac.uk/tissue_types/connective/connective_
tissue_types.php
http://www.healthinplainenglish.com/health/skin/scler
oderma/pictures/
http://cme.medscape.com/viewarticle/550969_2
http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/diagnosis?pii=S15598675(06)70746-X
Scleroderma is a group of diseases that affect connective tissue in the body. This tissue
supports your skin and internal organs. Scleroderma involves tissue that gets hard or thick.
It can also cause swelling or pain in the muscles and joints.
The cause is unknown. You can’t catch it from other people.
Doctors don’t think it is passed through genes (from parent to
child).
Plaque psoriasis is a lifelong disease of the immune system that causes red, scaly patches
to appear on the skin. There are five types of psoriasis: plaque, guttate, inverse, pustular
and erythrodermic. Plaque psoriasis is the most common form of psoriasis. Approximately
1.5 million Americans suffer from moderate to severe plaque psoriasis.
While plaque psoriasis may look like just a skin condition, it is in
fact a disease of the immune system. The immune system
protects the body from infections and diseases. In patients with
plaque psoriasis, certain immune cells are activated and produce
too much of a protein called tumor necrosis factor (TNF). This
protein can cause skin cells to grow too quickly. The skin cells
build up and form raised, red patches often with a silvery scale,
known as plaques. These plaques may itch, be painful, and can
bleed.
http://www.enbrel.com/psoriasis/yourcondition.jspx?WT.srch=1&channel=gosea&subchannel=azo
A thoracic aortic aneurysm is a weakened and bulging area in the upper part of
the aorta, the major blood vessel that feeds blood to the body. The aorta,
about the thickness of a garden hose, runs from your heart through the center
of your chest and abdomen. Because the aorta is the body's main supplier of
blood, a ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysm can cause life-threatening bleeding.
"Elastic connective tissue is a specialized type of dense connective tissue with a much
higher proportion of elastic fibers. Due to its rubbery nature, elastic tissue can recoil after
stretching. This makes it the ideal tissue to line the walls of the bronchiole tubes so that the
lungs can deflate after inhaling and to line the walls of large arteries so that these vessels
can pulse blood through the body. Elastic tissue also forms a few ligaments that demand
extreme flexibility, such as the ligamentum nuchae of the neck."
The exact causes of thoracic aortic aneurysms are
unknown, but factors that can contribute to an
aneurysm's development include: Marfan syndrome,
Other connective tissue diseases, Problems with your
heart's valves, or Previous injury to the aorta.
Raynaud's disease is a condition that causes some areas of your body — such
as your fingers, toes, tip of your nose and your ears — to feel numb and cool in
Doctors don't completely understand the cause of
response to cold temperatures or stress. In Raynaud's disease, smaller arteries
Raynaud's attacks, but blood vessels in the hands and
that supply blood to your skin narrow, limiting blood circulation to affected
feet appear to overreact to cold temperatures or stress.
areas.
epiglottis showing elastic cartilage (a)
Elastic cartilage is seen at (a), a part of the epiglottis at
20X magnification
http://w w w .google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://millette.med.sc.edu/images/C% http://w w w .google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://millette.med.sc.edu/images/C
2520images/c9.jpg&imgrefurl=http://millette.med.sc.edu/Lab%25205%2520p %2520images/c9.jpg&imgrefurl=http://millette.med.sc.edu/Lab%25205%25
ages/Cartilage%2520Lab.htm&usg=__Fgm20pages/Cartilage%2520Lab.htm&usg=__FgmBvsTCd6QAcQnKmC_ytQpSOM=&h=286&w =432&sz=18&hl=en&start=41& BvsTCd6QAcQnKmC_ytQpSOM=&h=286&w =432&sz=18&hl=en&start=41
zoom=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=9HEgbgFaYM60iM:&tbnh=83&tbnw =126&prev &zoom=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=9HEgbgFaYM60iM:&tbnh=83&tbnw =126&pr
=/images%3Fq%3Dloose%2Bconnective%2Btissue%26start%3D40%26um ev=/images%3Fq%3Dloose%2Bconnective%2Btissue%26start%3D40%2
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%3D20%26tbs%3Disch:1
the wall of the aorta, a large elastic artery
Artery
Skin/Dermis
Artery
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
Raynaud's disease
Raynaud's disease
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w w w .lab.anhb.uw a.edu.au/mb140/corepages/connective/connect.htm#la
belastic
w w w .lab.anhb.uw a.edu.au/mb140/corepages/connective/connect.htm#l
abelastic
w w w .lab.anhb.uw a.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Connective/Connect.htm
http://mksforum.net/forum/showthread.php?t=16658
http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM195404292501701
http://www.drmuellerhealthpsychology.com/page/page/5463965.htm
http://visoc.org/aorticaneurysms.php?gclid=CKaGg6OR2aQCFQQQbAodDVJEJw;
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/raynauds-disease/DS00433
http://visoc.org/aorticaneurysms.php?gclid=CKaGg6OR2aQCFQQQbAodDVJ
EJw
The goal of treatment is to relieve pain and reduce inflammation. Rest or
immobilization of the affected tendons is helpful for recovery. This may be
achieved using a splint or a removable brace. The application of heat or cold to
the affected area can help. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications
(NSAIDs), such as aspirin or ibruprofen, can also reduce both pain and
inflammation. Steroid injections into the tendon sheath can also be very useful
in controlling pain and allowing physical therapy to start.
Physical therapy that stretches and strengthens the muscle and tendon is
essential. This can restore the tendon's ability to function properly, improve
healing, and prevent future injury.
Rarely, surgery is needed to physically remove the inflammatory tissue from
around the tendon.
Treatments
w w w .healthcentral.com/ency/408/001229trt.html
There are a number of treatments available to address the various conditions associated
with scleroderma. None of them are a cure – they are designed to treat symptoms of the
disease.
There is no cure for plaque psoriasis, but there are a variety of treatments that can help
clear the skin. Some therapies work on the surface of the skin. Biologics work inside your
body to treat psoriasis at the source. ENBREL is a prescription medicine that is selfinjected. ENBREL, a biologic, blocks the activity of excess TNF that is associated with
plaque psoriasis. This helps slow the growth of skin cells before they cause plaques to
appear on the skin. Learn more about results with ENBREL. Because ENBREL works on
your immune system, it can lower your ability to fight infections and may raise other safety
concerns.
An aneurysm develops when a diseased blood vessel dilates or ―balloons‖ outward. Arterial
aneurysms can be found in many locations throughout the body but typically involve the
abdominal aorta below the kidneys. Risk factors for developing an aortic aneurysm include
hypertension, smoking, high cholesterol, emphysema, genetic factors and male gender. An
abdominal aortic aneurysm can develop in anyone, but it is most frequently seen in males
over 60 with one or more risk factors.
With Raynaud's, arteries to your fingers and toes go into what's called vasospasm. This
narrows your vessels dramatically and temporarily limits blood supply. Over time, these
same small arteries may also thicken slightly, further limiting blood flow. The result is that
affected skin turns a pale and dusky color due to the lack of blood flow to the area. Once
the spasms go away and blood returns to the area, the tissue may turn red before returning
to a normal color.
http://visoc.org/aorticaneurysms.php?gclid=CKaGg6OR2aQCFQQQbAodDVJEJw
Supportive
Cartilge
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibro
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Target
Tissue type
Alternate
Spongy
NA
NA
NA
NA
Pathological 3
A joint is where two bones meet to allow movement of body parts. Arthritis means joint
inflammation. The joint inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis causes swelling, pain, stiffness,
and redness in the joints. The inflammation of rheumatoid disease can also occur in tissues
around the joints, such as the tendons, ligaments, and muscles. Also called "wear and
tear" arthritis or degenerative joint disease,
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the progressive breakdown of the joints' natural shock absorbers. This
can cause discomfort when you use the affected joints perhaps an ache when you bend at
the hips or knees, or sore fingers when you type. Most people over 60 have some degree of
OA, but it also affects people in their 20s and 30s.
Hyaline Cartilage of Bone Joints
Hyaline Cartilage at the knee
Hyaline Cartilage from the trachea
Hyaline cartilage is found on the surfaces of movable joints,
and its primary function is to minimize friction between moving
bones.
http://w w w .new arkcolleges.com/kponto/4081Slides/index.htm
w w w .w essexhipunit.co.uk/kneeservice.html
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/labs/anatomy_&_p
hysiology/a&p201/connective_tissues/cartilage.htm
http://seymourchiropractic.ca/articles.html
Hyaline Cartilage 400X
Hyaline Cartilage in the Trachea
http://kcfac.kilgore.cc.tx.us/kcap1/practical_1_photos. http://faculty.palomar.edu/ggushansky/histology/pages/hy
htm
aline%20cartilage%20-%20trachea%202_tif.htm
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Osteoarthritis
w w w .medicinenet.com/rheumatoid_arthritis_pictures_slideshow /article
.htm
w w w .medicinenet.com/rheumatoid_arthritis_pictures_slideshow /article.htm
w w w .medicinenet.com/osteoarthritis_overview _pictures_slideshow /article.htm
"Elastic cartilage is found in the ear and epiglottis, where it provides a rigid but
elastic, framework. Its principal components are elastic fibers. Some elastic fibers
may be present in the tracheal cartilage."
http://ect.downstate.edu/courseware/histomanual/cartilage.html
Elastic cartilage from the ear, 400X
Elastic cartilage from epiglottis.
Elastic cartilage, silver stain
Elastic cartilage, Pinnae of the ear
Mammal Elastic Cartilage (100x)
Fibers of elastic cartilage are quite visible
Relapsing polychondritis
Relapsing polychondritis illustration
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/labs/anatomy_&_ph
ysiology/a&p201/connective_tissues/cartilage.htm
http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/histolab3.htm
w w w .udel.edu/biology/Wags/histopage/colorpage/cc/cc.htm
w w w .unm.edu/~vscience/microscopy.htm
http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/L
ab7/lab7.htm
http://w w w .uveitis.org/images/rp3.jpg
http://dermatology.cdlib.org/94/NYU/Nov2001/112001-4b.jpg
w w w .pathguy.com/lectures/relappol.gif
"A type of CARTILAGE whose matrix contains large bundles of COLLAGEN.
Fibrocartilage is typically found in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISK; PUBIC
SYMPHYSIS; TIBIAL MENISCI; and articular disks in synovial JOINTS."
http://www.bioportfolio.com/search/where_is_fibrocartilage_found
Fibrocartilage of intervertebral disc, with aniline blue
stain
Compact
Pathological 2
"In hyaline cartilage protein fibers are large and predominantly collagen.
Hyaline cartilage subsequently appears as a very uniform, glossy type
tissue with evenly dispersed chondrocytes in lacunae. Typically,
perichondreum is found around hyaline cartilage."
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/histology_mh/cartilag.html
Fibrocartilage of intervertebral disc, with H & E stain.
Cross section through an intervertebral disc
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/labs/anatomy_&_physiolo http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/labs/anatomy_&_physiol http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/labs/anatomy_&_physiol
gy/a&p201/connective_tissues/cartilage.htm
ogy/a&p201/connective_tissues/cartilage.htm
ogy/a&p201/connective_tissues/cartilage.htm
Bone
Pathological 1
Fribrocartilage with visible Chondrocytes and collagen
fibers
Fribrocartilage with visible Chondrocytes and collagen
fibers in blue stain
Fribrocartilage transverse section
Fibrous Dysplasia of Humerus-An Xray
http://boneandspine.com/orthopaedic-images/fibrousdysplasia-humerusan-xray/
Other Information /
Notes on Diseasae
Genetic Causes
Other Information /
Medical Research
The cause of rheumatoid arthritis is unknown. Even
though infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, and The doctor may elect to perform an office procedure called arthrocentesis. In this procedure,
fungi have long been suspected, none has been proven as a sterile needle and syringe are used to drain fluid out of the joint for study in the laboratory.
Analysis of the joint fluid can help to exclude other causes of arthritis, such as infection and
the cause.
gout. Arthrocentesis can also be helpful in relieving joint swelling and pain. Occasionally,
cortisone medications are injected into the joint during the arthrocentesis in order to rapidly
Every joint comes with a natural shock absorber in the
relieve joint inflammation and further reduce symptoms.
form of cartilage. This firm, rubbery material cushions the
There is no treatment to stop the erosion of cartilage in the joints, but there are ways to
ends of the bones and reduces friction in healthy joints. As
improve joint function. One of these is physical therapy to increase flexibility and strengthen
we age, joints become stiffer and cartilage is more
the muscles around the affected joints. The therapist may also apply hot or cold therapies
vulnerable to wear and tear. At the same time, repetitive
such as compresses to relieve pain.
use of the joints over the years irritates the cartilage. If it
deteriorates enough, bone rubs against bone, causing pain
and reducing range of motion.
w w w .medicinenet.com/osteoarthritis_overview _pictures_slideshow /article.ht
m
Relapsing polychondritis is a rare systemic disease. Clinical manifestations are variable and the
condition is frequently associated with other diseases. Chondritis typically involves ears, nose,
costal cartilages and upper airways. Other classical features include scleritis and episcleritis,
mucocutaneous lesions, arthralgia and constitutional symptoms. Repeated inflammation of
cartilaginous structures may lead to deformities of the ears, the nose and the airways.
Tracheobronchomalacia and aortitis of the ascending portion resulting in aortic regurgitation or
aneurysm are feared complications. Treatment is mainly based on systemic corticosteroids
alone or in association with immunosuppressants.
The cause of relapsing polychondritis is unknown. It is suspected
that this condition is caused by an immune system disorder
(autoimmunity) in which the body's immunity system (which
normally fights off invaders of the body, particularly infections) is
misguided. This results in inflammation that is directed at various
tissues of the body.
For patients with more mild disease, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs),
including ibuprofen (Motrin), naproxen (Naprosyn), and others, can be helpful to control the
inflammation. Usually, however, cortisone-related medications (steroids such as prednisone
and prednisolone) are required. High-dose steroids are frequently necessary initially,
especially when the eyes or breathing airways are involved. Moreover, most patient require
steroids for long-term use.
w w w .ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20469666
w w w .medicinenet.com/relapsing_polychondritis/article.htm
w w w .medicinenet.com/relapsing_polychondritis/page2.htm
Dysplasia (from the Greek δυσπλασία "malformation", δυσ- "mal-" + πλάθω "to
create, to form"), is a term used in pathology to refer to an abnormality of
development.[1] This generally consists of an expansion of immature cells, with a
corresponding decrease in the number and location of mature cells. Dysplasia is
often indicative of an early neoplastic process. The term dysplasia is typically used
when the cellular abnormality is restricted to the originating tissue, as in the case
of an early, in-situ neoplasm.
You develop fibrous dysplasia before birth, and its development
has been linked with a gene mutation that affects the cells that
produce bone. No one knows what causes the mutation, but it
isn't inherited from your parents, and you can't pass it on to your
children.
If you have mild fibrous dysplasia that's discovered incidentally and you have no signs or
symptoms, your risk of developing deformity or fracturing your bone is low. Your doctor can
monitor your condition with follow-up X-rays every six months. If there's no progression,
you don't need treatment.
Fibrous dysplasia of bone
A Haitian teen suffers from a rare form of Polyostotic Fibrous
Dysplasia, a nonhereditary, genetic disease that causes bone
to become "like a big a bowl of jelly with some bone inside,"
Dysplasia
Fibrous dysplasia
Treatments
http://www.pathologypics.com/pictview.aspx?id=104
http://english.pravda.ru/health/15-12-2005/9390-marlie-0/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysplasia
http://w w w .mayoclinic.com/health/fibrousdysplasia/DS00991/DSECTION=causes
w w w .mayoclinic.com/health/fibrous-dysplasia/DS00991/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs
Compact bone is one of the most dense substances in the body and a lack of
calcium to support these structures can cause them to break down and become
porris (filled with holes), leading to injury.
Osteoclast activity breaks down to realse calcium into the
blood stream. When these bone cells are over active, a
cause relating to a problem with parathyroid hormone,
bones may become extra brittle and weak.
An overall lack of calcium in the diet can lead to weak bones as well therefor
regular consumption of milk along with exercise cand help keep bones strong.
spongy bone is already more porris than compact bone so when osteoporosis is
present the tips (epiphysis) of long bones can become extremely fragile and even
completely seperate or shatter if a fracture occurs.
The same homronal causes for compact bone can cause
weaker spongy bone.
Milk helps replenish calcium in bones but when spongy bones are affected
exercise is only recomended under supervision or theapeutic conditions, and a
calcium supplement is generally warranted.
There are two osseous tissues in the body, the first is compact bone. Mature
bone cells or osteons are the site of calcium absorption and redistribution to
the body these circular maze like structures are located with in a cavity called
a lacunae. The middle of the osteon has a central canal, for blood flow, that
allows small vessels throughout the bone to travel through caniculi and
ultimatley drain through this structure. One of the strongest substances in the
world and second in the body only to the enamel on our teeth compact bone
makes up the diaphysis (shaft) of a long bone.
Radius 100x
Femur 400x
Ulna 250x
Femur 40x- longitudinal section
Vertebra 25x
Humerus 100x
rheumatoid arthritis
osteogenic sarcoma
osteoarthritis
http://w w w .spcollege.edu/clw /math_science/nicotera/pnic/nicotera/bone10
0X.jpg
http://w w w .spcollege.edu/clw /math_science/nicotera/pnic/nicotera/bone4
00X.jpg
http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/histo/Lab4bone/Lab4as8compact25x.htm
http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/histo/Lab4bone/Lab4as6compact4x.htm
http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/histo/Lab4bone/Lab4as23compact2x.ht
m
http://kcfac.kilgore.cc.tx.us/kcap1/images/compact%20bone%202%20firew o
rks%20b.jpg
http://rw jms.umdnj.edu/pathology/Lectures/Orthopaedic%20PathologyHosea.pdf
http://rw jms.umdnj.edu/pathology/Lectures/Orthopaedic%20Pathology-Hosea.pdf
http://rw jms.umdnj.edu/pathology/Lectures/Orthopaedic%20Pathology-Hosea.pdf
Osseous tissue type 2, spongy or cancellous bone is a lot less dense than
its counter part; compact bone. It does have a much higher surface area for
red blood cell production, hematopoiesis, which is created by the trabecula
that are the inner make up of the spongy bone. Spongy bone is the location of
red bone marrow, this is what produces blood cells. the end of a long bone or
epiphysis consists of cancellous bone.
100x- developing long bone diaphysis
bone marrow 100x
Spongy bone, LM 400x
spongy bone, LM 100x
cancellous bone, LM 180X
Mandible, LM 500x
Spicules of spongy bone
peridontal cyst
mixed pathologies of bone marrow
http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/histo/Lab4bone/Lab4bs7cancellous10x.ht
m
http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/histo/Labbonemarrow .htm
http://kcfac.kilgore.cc.tx.us/kcap1/images/cancellous%20bone%20100x%
20b%20firew orks.jpg
http://kcfac.kilgore.cc.tx.us/kcap1/images/cancellous%20bone%20400x%
20firew orks%20d.jpg
http://faculty.sdmiramar.edu/KPETTI/Bio160/TissueHistology/CancellBone.
jpg
http://w w w .coursew eb.uottaw a.ca/medicinehistology/english/musculoskeletal/Fig13_Junction_compact_spongy_bone.htm
http://w w w .meddean.luc.edu/lumen/meded/mech/cases/case18/hl4B68.jpg
http://w w w .library.vcu.edu/pdfgif/tml/oralpathology/44-traumatic-bone-cyst.jpg
http://w w w .translational-medicine.com/content/figures/1479-5876-6-26-10-l.jpg
Fluid
Blood
Cells
Basophil
Arteriole
capillaries
cross section capillary
Blood, Human, 450x, LM
Erythrocytes, SEM
Thymus
Kuehnel, Wolfgang. Color Atlas of Cytology, Histology,
and Microscopic Anatomy. 4th ed. Stuttgart: Thieme,
2003. Web
Kuehnel, Wolfgang. Color Atlas of Cytology, Histology, and
Microscopic Anatomy. 4th ed. Stuttgart: Thieme, 2003. Web
2003. Web
http://a-s.clayton.edu/biology/biol1151L/lab03/images/blood-450x.jpg
2003. Web
Eiosiniphil
Eosinophil granulocytes, usually called eosinophils or eosinophiles (or, less
commonly, acidophils), are white blood cells that are one of the immune
system components responsible for combating multicellular parasites and
certain infections in vertebrates. Along with mast cells, they also control
mechanisms associated with allergy and asthma. They are granulocytes that
develop during hematopoietic in the bone marrow before migrating into blood.
Neutrophil
These cells constitute 70% of leukocytes and usually have 2 to 5 nuclear
lobes connected by fine filaments of chromatin. Neutrophils are the most
numerous of all leukocytes, therefore, easiest to identify. The cytoplasm is
pink to grey because of the neutral staining of specific granules (i.e. they
don't stain). Neutrophils function as scavengers within extravascular tissue,
destroying bacteria or other infectious organisms that invade the body.
Neutrophils are also called Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (PMNs) in some
laboratories even though the following two cell types also have multi-lobed
nuclei.
Lymphocyte
Lymphocytes constitute 20 - 25% of agranulocytes and may be small,
medium or large in size. The nucleus is rounded or oval, and usually the
same size as an erythrocyte. The chromatin is densely packed with no
apparent nucleoli. When compared with nuclei of other cells, the lymphocyte
nucleus almost always appears smudged. The cytoplasm is scanty and
stains pale blue. Lymphocytes are composed of two subpopulations: T
lymphocytes & B lymphocytes, which have distinctive functional differences.
However, they appear morphologically identical in the stained blood smears
you are using. Some lymphocytes migrate into the connective tissues and
become Plasma Cells.
Monocyte
Monocytes comprise 3 - 8% of agranulocytes. This large cell has a lightly
stained nucleus that often appears horseshoe or kidney shaped. The
chromatin appears lacy and nucleoli are usually not apparent. The nucleus
looks a bit like a "brain." The abundant cytoplasm stainsnd quite often
contains vacuoles (small, clear areas). These areas help to distinguish
monocytes from large lymphocytes. Small dense granules are frequently
present. (Yes! even though they are called agranulocytes.) Monocytes
migrate into connective tissue and become Macrophages.
Sickle Cell, peripheral Blood, LM 40x
http://w w w .pathology.vcu.edu/education/dental2/images/case1-1.jpg
Blood, Human 100x, LM
Sickle Cell, LM 40x
Sickle Cell, Human SEM
http://w w w .bing.com/images/search?q=sickle+cell+pathology&form=QBIR&qs=n&sk=
#focal=73eefe702d5001819f3553a9d7fbfa63&furl=http%3A%2F%2Fw w w .microsco
pyu.com%2Fstaticgallery%2Fpathology%2Fimages%2Fsicklecellanemia40x02.jpg
http://medphoto.w ellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/result.html?_IXMAXHITS_=1&_IXACTION_=
query&_IXFIRST_=6&_IXSR_=3fdaL6lR7jF&_IXSS_=_IXFPFX_%3dtemplates%252ft%
26_IXFIRST_%3d1%26%252asform%3dw ellcome%252dimages%26%2524%2bnot
%2b%2522Contemporary%2bclinical%2bimages%2
Rat Basophilic Leukemia, ICM
Graaff, Van De. Human Antomy. Sixth ed. McGraw-Hill
Companies, 2001. Web.
http://w w w .glass-bottom-dishes.com/images/customer04.jpg
Mader, Sylvia S. Understanding Human Anatomy and Physiology. Fifth ed. McGraw - Hill
Cat, myleloid Leukemia, LM
http://w w w .vet.uga.edu/vpp/clerk/w aikart/fig03.jpg
Human, mast Cell Leukemia, 800x, LM
http://w w w .ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=cmed&part=A35539&rendertyp
e=figure&id=A35550
Human, Blood 100x, LM
Human, Blood 100x, LM
http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/ghaffar/innate.htm
http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/cardio/blood.htm
Human, Smear 100x, LM
http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/IDS_101_histo_resource/images/eosinophil_1
00x.jpg
http://student.nu.ac.th/w uth_w eb/pic.htm
http://student.nu.ac.th/w uth_w eb/pic.htm
eosinophilic leukemia, 400x
http://w w w .montgomerycollege.edu/~w olexik/Eosinophilic Leukemia400x.jpg
eosinophilic Leukemia, 1000x
http://w w w .montgomerycollege.edu/~w olexik/Eosinophilic Leukemia 1-1000x.jpg
Eosinophilic Leukemia, 1000x
http://w w w .niaid.nih.gov/SiteCollectionImages/labs_scientific/labs/aboutlabs/lpd/Eosi
nophilPathologyUnit/IHES2-100x.JPG
Human Blood, 100x LM
Human Blood SEM
Human, TEM
http://w w w .montgomerycollege.edu/~w olexik/Neutrophils.jpg
http://w w w .montgomerycollege.edu/~w olexik/Neutrophil.jpg
http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/neutrophil.jpg
http://141.83.55.222/media/custom/677_2545_3_k.JPG
http://c.photoshelter.com/imgget/I0000ENspgOM_Xeo/t/200/I0000ENspgOM_Xeo.jpg
abnormal neutrophil, bone marrow
http://w w w 1.imperial.ac.uk/resources/41BEB9B1-3BB1-4A23-998773D6A0B3E075/
hypersegmented neutrophil, blood smear
http://upload.w ikimedia.org/w ikipedia/commons/5/51/Hypersegmented_neutrophil.png
hyper-segmented neutrophil, blood smear
http://w w w .arab-x.com/up/uploads/images/w w w _arab-x_com_ef21969710.jpg
Human, T-lymphocyte SEM
http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/bow ers/t-lymph-dk2.jpg
Human, SEM
http://upload.w ikimedia.org/w ikipedia/commons/2/24/Red_White_Blood_ce
lls.jpg
Human, TEM
http://w w w .celentyx.com/images/Coloured_TEM_of_a_human_Blymphocyte_blood_celljpg.jpg
Human, SEM
T-lymphocyte TEM
http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/bow ers/lymphocyte2.jpg
http://millette.med.sc.edu/Lab 6 pages/C16 image page.htm
Lymphocytic Leukemia, 400x
http://w w w .montgomerycollege.edu/~w olexik/Lymphocytic Leukemia-1400x.jpg
Lymphocytic Leukemia, 1000x
http://w w w .montgomerycollege.edu/~w olexik/Lymphocytic Leukemia-1000x.jpg
Lymphocytic Leukemia
http://w w w .mednet.gr/pim/images-hematology/h3_1.jpg
http://web.cc.uoa.gr/health/pathology/aoh/images/1081.jpg
http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/histolab3a.htm
http://w w w .montgomerycollege.edu/~w olexik/Monocyte-2.jpg
Mouse, SEM
http://w w w .nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/obj/imi/images/english/Implan5.jpg
Human, SEM
http://w w w .monocytes.de/images/monocyte-small.gif
Human, TEM, placenta
http://w w w .unimainz.de/FB/Medizin/Anatomie/w orkshop/EM/eigeneEM/Placenta/Pl76Mo.j
http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/ghaffar/monocyte.jpg
Human, Skin
Human, Monocytic Leukemia, Blood 100x
http://image.bloodline.net/stories/storyReader$800
Human, Monocytic Leukemia, Blood
1. Sphenomegaly is an enlargement of the spleen, associated with certain
carcinomas. In respone, the body increases levels of macrophages and
histocytes. 2. This slide shows macrophages of a patient with HIV and Hodgkin's
Lymphoma. 3. An SEM slide of a macrophage attacking a cancer cell.
blood
blood
http://drpinna.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Macrophage-WITHLABEL-96-DPI.jpg
http://wpcontent.answcdn.com/wikipedia/commons/thu http://www.medecine.unige.ch/lafaculte/services/bioim http://srxa.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/macrophagemb/1/15/Macrophage.jpg/250px-Macrophage.jpg
aging/documents/macrophage.jpg
2.jpg
blood
Lymph node
Arterial Wall
http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/fac/micro/images.s
ection/pages/walking%20.macrophage.gif
Macrophage, SEM colored
Familial Sphenomegaly, LM
Macrophage of indivdual w/ Hodgkin's lymphoma
Macrophage destroying cancer cell, SEM
http://w w w .sciencephotolibrary.com/images/dow nload_lo_res.html?id=80276
0142
file://localhost/http/::jcem.endojournals.org:content:vol85:issue11:ima
ges:large:eg1106981001.jpeg
http://w w w .lmp.ualberta.ca/resources/pathoimages/Images-H/000p044c.jpg
http://w w w .damninteresting.net/content/macrophage_attacks.jpg
1. Von Willebrand's Disease:Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is a bleeding disorder. It affects your
blood's ability to clot. If your blood doesn't clot, you can have heavy, hard-to-stop bleeding after an
injury. The bleeding can damage your internal organs or even cause death, although this is rare.
2 &3. Fanconi's Anemia: a rare, inherited blood disorder that leads to bone marrow failure.FA
prevents your bone marrow from making enough new blood cells for your body to work normally.
FA also can cause your bone marrow to make many abnormal blood cells. This can lead to
serious health problems, such as leukemia (a type of blood cancer).
Patlets, also known as thrombocytes are cell fragments that lack a nucleus.
They are around 2-3 uM in diameter and originate from megakaryocytes.
Thrombocytes live for 5 to 9 days and provide a very important role in blood
clotting. They are also very important in the forming of blood clots in arteries.
Reaction of platlets and fibronogin
http://www.drugdevelopmenttechnology.com/projects/prasugrel/images/3-clot-formation.jpg
Lymph
Monocytic leukemia is a type of myeloid leukemia characterized by a dominance
of monocytes in the marrow. When the monocytic cells are predominantly
monoblasts, it is subclassified into the monoblastic leukemia.
http://w eb.cc.uoa.gr/health/pathology/aoh/images/1081.jpg
Macrophages are white blood cells. Human microphages are bout 21
micrometer in diameter. Along with monocytes, macrophages are
phagocytes. Their role is to eat harmfal pathogens
Lymph is the fluid inside the lymphatic system, which includes lymphatic
capillaries and lymph nodes as well as other specific organs of the body for
example the tonsils. Lymph fluid that leaves the system is considerably in
higher concentration of white blood cells. Lymph is the front line for the
defense of the Human body against bacteria and dangerous pathogens
Leukpenia is a disease in which there is a markedly lower
white blood cell count. The primary cause of leukpenia is
extensive wbc use and reduction. Other causes include
chemotherapy, radiation therapy, leukemia, myelofibrosis,
aplastic anemia, influenza, Hodgkin's lymphoma, some
types of cancer, malaria, tuberculosis and dengue.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer of the blood and bone
marrow — the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are made. About
15,000 people receive a diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia each year in
the United States, according to the National Cancer Institute. Chronic lymphocytic
leukemia most commonly affects older adults, though it may occur at any age and
rarely can affect children.
Blood plasma makes up about 55% of the total volume of blood. Mostly water
(90%) it contains some glucose, dissolved proteins, clotting factors, mineral
ions, hormones and Co2. Plasma is the main transporter of wastes.
Other Information /
Medical Research
1. Abnormal neutrophil precursors (giant metamyelocytes, red
arrows) in the bone marrow in megaloblastic anaemia. 2.
Hypersegmented neutrophil. These are a result of megaloblastic
anemia, caused by a deficiency in B12 vitamin or folic acid. The
disease causes multi-segmanted neutrophils.
http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/histolab3a.htm
Plasma
Other Information /
Notes on Diseasae
Genetic Causes
Acute eosinophilic leukemia (AEL) is a rare subtype of acute myeloid
leukemia with 50 to 80 percent of eosinophilic cells in the blood and
marrow. It can arise de novo or may develop in patients having the
chronic form of a hypereosinophilic syndrome. Patients with acute
eosinophilic leukemia have a propensity for developing bronchospasm
and heart failure from endomyocardial fibrosis. Hepatomegaly and
splenomegaly are more common than in other variants of AML.
Graaf f , Van De. Human Antomy . Sixth ed. McGraw-Hill Companies, 2001. Web.
Macrophage
Leukemia : Disease of Bone Marrow, affecting white blood cells, red blood cells,
platlets, and plasma. In Leukemia the bone marrow does not produce cells that
mature improperly. The immature cells crowd out the healthy ones.
Graaf f , Van De. Human Antomy . Sixth ed. McGraw-Hill Companies, 2001. Web.
plasma cells in blood
http://www.pathguy.com/histo/042z.jpg
Lymph
Pathological 3
Basophil granulocytes, sometimes referred to as basophils, are the least
common of the granulocytes, representing about 0.01% to 0.3% of circulating
white blood cells. Basophils appear in many specific kinds of inflammatory
reactions, particularly those that cause allergic symptoms. Basophils contain
anticoagulant heparin, which prevents blood from clotting too quickly.
Basophils function as mast cells and can be identified from the other
granulocyte
Blood, Human 100x, LM
Platelets
Pathological 2
Sickle cell anemia is an inherited form of anemia — a condition in which there
aren't enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen throughout your
body.Normally, your red blood cells are flexible and round, moving easily through
Leukemia is most common in ages 2-6 and is more
your blood vessels. In sickle cell anemia, the red blood cells become rigid, sticky
prevelant in caucasian children.
and are shaped like sickles or crescent moons. These irregularly shaped cells can
get stuck in small blood vessels, which can slow or block blood flow and oxygen to
parts of the body.
http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/cardio/blood.htm
qqqqqqqqqqqqqqq
Pathological 1
Erythrocytes are also referred to as Red Blood Cells and are the primary
transporters of oxygen into body tissues, through the ciriculatory system and
via blood flow. The adjacent slides represent general structures associated
with the circulatory system and erythrocytes in general.
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Target
Tissue type
Alternate
Clot formation (artist rendering)
Electron micrograph of Blood clot
http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:pdia2uM43FEBaM:h http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Lab
ttp://www.daviddarling.info/images/blood_clotting.gif&t= s/Lab6/IMAGES/PLATELETS%20IN%20SITU%20copy.
plasma cells of lymph
Plasma cells in schwannoma
Activated platelets, SEM
http://w w w .tendonconnection.com/images/activated_platelets.jpg
Plasma cells in interstitial fluid
Blood clot
http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/45383000/jpg
/_45383842_platelets226.jpg
Platelets, LM
Canine, Von Willebrand's disease, LM
Fanconi's Anemia, Human LM
Fanconi's Anemia, Human LM
http://w w w .popsci.com/files/imagecache/article_image_large/articles/679pxGiant_platelets.JPG
http://w w w .marvistavet.com/assets/images/canine_platelets.gif
http://w w w .steadyhealth.com/sites/steadyhealth.com/external/infocenter//img/pages/
symptoms_of_fanconi_anemia.jpg
http://stemcell.childrenshospital.org/images/spicule_2_Fanconi_anemia-318x215.jpg
Plasma cells in Trachea
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.rnds http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ZYR6qZLWkecdHM http://instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/histology/HistologyRe http://www.vetscan.co.in/v5n2/images/67/image007.jp
ystems.com/DAM_public/5216.jpg&imgrefurl=http://ww :http://http://www.reference.com/go/http://www.stritch.l ference/hrlym.8.jpg
g
Lymph node of cat
Axillary Lymph Node
http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab6/IMAG
ES/PLATELETS%20IN%20SITU%20copy.jpg
http://pleiad.umdnj.edu/~dweiss/normal_node/graphics/ http://www.microbiologybytes.com/iandi/ipics/LymphN
nl_node_lo_0.jpg
ode.gif
Detail of Lymph node (artist rendering)
Lymphocytes vs Macrophages
Lymphatic system in relation to cardiovascular
http://www.healingdaily.com/exercise/lymphaticsystem-dependent-on-detoxification.jpg
Lymphoma of face
leukemia
leukopenia
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_MQJaanPw gpQ/SUpgqe_CcbI/AAAAAAAAA
gg/Dnh20_YSZVI/s400/Acute+leukemia.jpg
http://img.medscape.com/fullsize/migrated/424/997/mn424997.
fig1.jpg
leukopenia
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Larg http://www.scielo.br/img/revistas/abd/v79n5/a10f05.jp
e_facial_Burkitt%27s_Lymphoma.JPG
g
leukemia
http://w w w .taconichills.k12.ny.us/w ebquests/noncomdisease/Leukemiapic.gif
Leukemia is a decrease in the white blood cell count. Usually the result of
radiation, chemotherapy and leukemia and many other diseases cause a
reduction in white blood cells. Some medications can casue leukpenia aswell.
Leukemia : Disease of Bone Marrow, affecting white blood
cells, red blood cells, platlets, and plasma. In Leukemia
the bone marrow does not produce cells that mature
improperly. The immature cells crowd out the healthy
ones.
Leukpenia is a disease in which there is a markedly lower white blood cell count.
The primary cause of leukpenia is extensive wbc use and reduction. Other causes
include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, leukemia, myelofibrosis, aplastic anemia,
influenza, Hodgkin's lymphoma, some types of cancer, malaria, tuberculosis and
dengue.
Leukemia is a decrease in the white blood cell count. Usually the result of
radiation, chemotherapy and leukemia and many other diseases cause a
reduction in white blood cells. Some medications can casue leukpenia aswell.
Leukemia : Disease of Bone Marrow, affecting white blood
cells, red blood cells, platlets, and plasma. In Leukemia
the bone marrow does not produce cells that mature
improperly. The immature cells crowd out the healthy
ones.
Leukpenia is a disease in which there is a markedly lower white blood cell count.
The primary cause of leukpenia is extensive wbc use and reduction. Other causes
include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, leukemia, myelofibrosis, aplastic anemia,
influenza, Hodgkin's lymphoma, some types of cancer, malaria, tuberculosis and
dengue.
Muscle
Target
Tissue type
Alternate
Pathological 3
skeletal muscle 600x
tongue 400x
http://lima.osu.edu/biology/images/anatomy/Skeletal%20Muscle%20400X.j
pg
http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/histo/Labmuscle.htm
striated muscle 7000x
cross section- skeletal muscle
http://w w w .emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookanimalts.htm http://faculty.sdmiramar.edu/KPETTI/Bio160/TissueHistology/XSectSkelMuscle
l#Muscle%20Tissue
2.jpg
sarcoidosis
http://w w w .microscopyu.com/galleries/pathology/index.html
Aatrophy of muscle fibers, oftern in form of small angulated
fibers in adults.
Denervation and renervation is a process that can cause a nice wavy sheet of
smooth muscle to split apart and group together in an inconsistant pattern and
continuation of the process causes atrophy to take place of the affected tissue.
10x smooth muscle- penis
vena cava 100x
intestinal muscularis externa 40x
stomach 100x
jejunum 250x
smooth muscle 400x
atriel wall- injury activated carotid smooth muscle
leiomyosarcoma 20x
Barretts Esophagus x20
http://instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/histology/mr/himrp5.htm
http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/histo/Labbloodvesselsnerves.htm
http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/histo/Labglands.htm
http://lima.osu.edu/biology/images/anatomy/Smooth%20Muscle%20400X.jpg
http://biochem.uvm.edu/2010/08/jeremy-w ood-defends-doctoraldissertation/
http://radiology.uchc.edu/eAtlas/GI/978b.htm
heart 400x
cardiac muscle 20um
heart TEMx15, 400
cardiac muscle 200x
heart 400x
cardiac muscle 5000x SEM
coronary atherosclerosis
acute myocardial infraction (heart attack)
myocardial infraction (old)
http://w w w .technion.ac.il/~mdcourse/274203/slides/Muscle/14Cardiac%20Muscle-intercalated%20disks.jpg
http://w w w .emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookanimalts.html
#Muscle%20Tissue
http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab12a/Lab12a.ht
m
http://kcfac.kilgore.cc.tx.us/kcap1/images/cardiac%20muscle%20firew or
ks%20b.jpg
http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab12a/Lab12a.htm
columna anterior of the spinal cord
Satellite
astrocytes
microglia
Multipolar motor, spinal chord
Creutzeldt-Jakob Disease
http://pathology.mc.duke.edu/neuropath/CNSlecture4/hdgross.jpg
http://hygienicsystems.com/images/CJD.jpg
Capsular Cells of the PNS
http://w w w .csus.edu/org/nrg/carter/NeurosylActive/hiunipol.jpg
Dorsal root ganglion
Satellite Cell, LM 400x
http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/4_05.jpg
2003. Web.
Sensory neuron, Dorsal Root Ganglion
http://w w w .mhhe.com/biosci/ap/histology_mh/unipoln.jpg
http://top-10-list.org/w p-content/uploads/2009/05/creutzfeldt-jakobdisease.jpg
http://w w w .scienceclarified.com/everyday/images/scet_03_img0266.jpg
No racial or sex predilection is recognized. The average
Neurolemmomas are benign, encapsulated tumors of the nerve sheath. Their
age is between 20 and 50 years of age. Common lactions
cells origin are thought to be schwann cells. These masses usually arise from the
of umors are the head, and flexor surfaces of the upper
side of a nerve, as well encapsulated, and have a unique hisologic pattern
and lower extremities and the trunk.
schwannoma removed from vocal cords
oligodendrocytes
neuron, LM
K: Gross example of swchannoma.L: Microscopic example of schwannoma.
M Artist rendering of the process of myelination. N: Transverse section of
myelinated axon. O: schwann cells in the peripheal nervous system.
Rose, Alan G. Atlas of Gross Pathology. New York: Cambridge UP,
2008. Web.
Ependymal
spinal cord, LM
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is a rapidly progressive disease that causes
CJD attacks men and women in equal numbers. It occurs As of 2004, no treatment has been shown to be effective against CJD. Treatment
damage to the brain. It is one of the few diseases that affects humans and
worldwide at approxemetly one case per million people,
for symptoms such as muscle pain and jerky movements are available. The
animals. CJD is believed to be caused by prion, a newly identified type of disease- annually. It appears first at around 20 with the average age outcome for a person with CJD is usually very poor. Complete dementia
causing agent.
of onset being about 50
commonly occurs within 6 months or less after the first appearance of symptoms.
periphial nervous system
Central
4 types
Human, LM
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory http://www.hartnell.edu/faculty/aedens/Bio6L/WebNerv http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/ http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/histology/labmanual2002
/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/animal%20cel ous.jpg
files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/animal%20cell /labsection2/Nervoustissue03_files/image004.jpg
ls%20and%20tissues/Image15.jpg
s%20and%20tissues/Image15.jpg
Satellite cells are glial cells that surround the exterior of neurons in the PNS.
They are also located in the root ganglion. They are similar to astrocytes in
that they provide nourishment to the surrounding neurons. Satellite cells are
very similar to schwann cells.
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ouhsc.edu/histol
ogy/Glass%2520slides/6_02.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ouhsc.edu/
histology/text%2520sections/nervous.html&usg=__e0SKQlNoYzYu
pnQ6rRFgudABp4k=&h=314&w=400&sz=47&hl=en&start=0&zoom
=1&tbnid=pSQPTdGYKiZQ1M:&tbnh=113&tbnw=143&prev=/image
etc
This process has an unknown cause but the outcome in
infants and adults is significantly different, in adults the
fibers become scattered and change shape. The infants
case of denervation can be identified when there are
hypertrophic muscle fiber dispersed throughout large
quantities of small round muscle fibers.
causing agent.
2003. Web
Peripheral
2 types
Regular physical activity is extremely helpful in keeping healthy muscles healthy.
A Heart Attack or Acute Myocardial Infraction is an extremely visible problem with
There are many genetic factors as well as lifestyle choices
cardiac muscle tissue. Any sort of stoppage of oxygen to the myocardial (heart)
Regular cardiovascular activity and staying away from a sedintary lifestyle is great
that can lead to an event like a heart attack, which is why a
tissue causes cellular death, and if untreated total death to the individual. A treated
course of action.
family health history is something everyone should know
case will still show signs of scar tissue in the area of the infraction
These figure show multipolar motor nerve cells from the columna anterior of
the spinal cord (anterior horn motor neurons). Stain: Weigert carmine;
magnification: x200 L. In this figure a glial cell is clealy defined Stain: Nissl
cresyl violet; magnification; x 400
Neurons
Other Information /
Medical Research
http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/ids_104_musclenerve_path/stude http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/ids_104_musclenerve_path/stud
nt_musclenerve/musclepath.html
ent_musclenerve/subpages/pan.muscle.nadh.6.html
Heart muscle is very similar to skeletal muscle, striated and multi nucleic
(occaisionally). Some distinct differences are a central nucleus(or nuclei) and
branching muscle fibers. A dominant landmark would be the intercalated
disks located where individual cardiac fibers meet.
Cardiac
Other Information /
Notes on Diseasae
Genetic Causes
Target and targetoid fibers on NADH-TR stain. Note the central
clearing within muscle fibers and peripheral accentuation of
staining. (NADH-TR, 200x)
Smooth muscle lacks I/A bands which cause other histologies to appear
striated. This non-striated muscle is mainly found in visceral organs and
blood vessels, it appears in sheets or folds, and is controlled involuntarily.
Smooth
Normal vs Path.- Skeletal muscle has a consistent flow to its look but when a
pathology is present grouping may occur where certain fibers grow large and other
fibers shrink and surround the larger fibers.
Neuroglia
Pathological 2
Description- Skeletal muscle or striated muscle has long cylindrical fibers. A
string of nuclei is usually visible along the edge of each striation, these fibers
have multiple/ peripheral nuclei. The term striated comes from the visible I
bands and A bands that line the fibers for contraction.
Skeletal
http://employee.lsc.edu/faculty/BrianBich/Picture%20Library/Forms/DispFor
m.aspx?ID=140&Source=http%3A%2F%2Femployee%2Elsc%2Eedu%2Ffa http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/b
culty%2FBrianBich%2FPicture%2520Library%2FForms%2FAllItems%2Easp
io%20101%20lectures/cells/skeletal_muscle_cell.jpg
x%3FRootFolder%3D%252Ffaculty%252FBrianBich%252FPicture%2520Lib
rary%252FAnat%2DPhys%2520I%2520%28Biol%25201140%29%252FMu
Nervous
Pathological 1
Histology of Schwannoma
Schwann Cell, artist rendering
Schwann Cell, branch of radial nerve
Kuehnel, Wolfgang. Color Atlas of Cytology, Histology, Kuehnel, Wolfgang. Color Atlas of Cytology, Histology,
Kuehnel, Wolfgang. Color Atlas of Cytology, Histology, and Microscopic Anatomy. 4th ed. Stuttgart: Thieme, 2003. Web.
2003. Web.
2003. Web.
Periphial Nervous System
http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/ids_104_cns_injury/Response%2
0_to_Injury/SchwannCells.htm
Neurolemma
schwannoma
http://w w w .dmacc.edu/instructors/PerNXH.gif
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Plexiform_
Schwannoma_1.jpg
K: Artist Rendering of Ependymal cell. L: Picture of an ependymal granulation
located in the central canal of the spinal cord. M: Ependymal cells lining the
central canal. N: Ependymal cells with good examples of cilia. O: ependymal
cell artist rendering in choroid plexus
Ependymal cell, artist rendering
ependymal granulation
Graaff, Van De. Human Antomy. Sixth ed. McGraw-Hill Companies,
2001. Web.
_to_Injury/EpendymalCells.htm
spinal cord
Ventricle of Rabbit
Choroid plexus
http://mwsu-bio101.ning.com/forum/topics/distincthuman-celltypes1?commentId=2263214:Comment:10323
http://light.simanonok.com/CiliaInVentricles.jpg
http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:8amIJgBXOxVDzM:http://www.daviddarling.info/images/choroid_plexus.gif&t=1
ependymal granulations
ependymoma
http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/introductionneuropathology/Response%20
_to_Injury/Injury_Images/EpendymitisGran20x.jpg
http://en.w ikipedia.org/w iki/File:Ependymoma_low _intermed_mag.jpg
K: oligodendrocytoma located in the cerebral cortex. L Oligodendrocytes
shown with a red stain, notice the few main body's surrounded by many
extensions. M: Artists Redering of Oligdendrocyte. N-O: more examples of
oligodendrocytes
cerebral cortex
cerebral cortex
oligodendrocyte, artist rendering
oligodendroglioma
Rose, Alan G. Atlas of Gross Pathology. New York: Cambridge UP,
2008. Web.
Graaff, Van De. Human Antomy. Sixth ed. McGraw-Hill
Companies, 2001. Web.
_to_Injury/Oligodendroglia.htm
oligodendrocyte, white matter, LM
http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/ids_104_cns_injury/Res
ponse%20_to_Injury/Oligodendroglia.htm
oligodendrocytoma
oligodendrocytoma
http://jpkc.fimmu.com/bingli/Content/N26/6167.jpg
http://w w w .w ghersentumoren.be/attachments/Image/MRI_SCAN_HERSENTUMOR.bmp
These slides show astrocytes located throught the central nervous system.
K: Astrocytes in the pineal gland can be seen throughout this slide by their
red stained nuclei. L: Astrocyte at greater magnification, the nucleus and the
arms of the cell are visible. M: This slide clearly shows the astrocyte as dark
stained nuclei with clearly efined extensions to capillaries. N: Artist rendering
of astrocyte. O: This is an image of reactive astrocytosis stained with an
immunoperoxidase stain for GFAP. P: This is an image of white mater with
astrocytosis.
As with most benign tumors, nerilemmomas respond well to local resection. The
lesion is excised marginally, and the nerve fibers are spared.
Ependymal granulations are actually areas of ventricular lining where the
ependymal cells have been sluffed off and the underlying astrocytes (for example
by the arrow)(L) react and form a small nodule. It is seen in cases of chronic
hydrocephalus and in patients with a history of a chronic intraventricular infection.
However, it is not uncommon to find a few small granulations in an otherwise
normal brain
Patiants with a history of these symptoms present no
problem in diagnosis. However if the neoplasm is small
..... scalloping of the posterior aspects of the vertebral bodies, widening of the
and producting few symptoms spinal fluid and x-rays may
interpediculate spaces, and enlaargement of the spinal canal due to the expanding
be needed for full diagnosis. Spinal fluid studies consist
neoplasm. Treatment is surgical. Over eighty-five per cent of primary neoplasms
mainly of manometric tests and spinal fluid analysis. About
of the spinal cord are benign and can be completely removed. After laminectomy,
fifty percent of obstructing neoplasms of the spinal cord
over ninety percent of these patients recover completly, though at times very
show yellow (xanthochromic) spinal fluid. X-rays may
slowly. The operative mortality in most nerosurgical clinics is less then one
show localized bony erosion, calcification within the
percent.
neoplasm, patial or complete absorption of one or more
pedicles, cont...
Grossly, oligodendroglioma appear firm, reddish, and solid, although occasionally
there may be associated cysts. Microscopically, they present an array of irregular
cells with uniformaly spherical or rounded nuclei surrounded by a halo of
cytoplasm. Diseases which result in injury to the oligodendroglial cells include
demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis and dysmyelinating diseases
called leukodystrophies.
Oligodendroglioma make up just 4 percent of the glioma
group. They are slow-growing, often well-demarcated neoplasms occurring in the cerebral hemispheres of adults.
The tumor originates in the white matter near the basal
ganglia and extend along myelanated fibers. Mitotic
figures are rare. Special stains show scant fibrillae. Areas
of calcification are not unusual, and these show up as
granular specks by x-ray.
Clinically the symptoms are insidious and slowly progressive and extend over a
period of six months to a year before giving convincing evidence of an expanding
intracranial neoplasm. Complete surgical removal is followed by long survival
periods.
Astrocytic Tumors: Astrocytoma, accounts for nearly forty percent of all gliatoma.
Most frequently found in the lateral cerbellar lobes of children or in the temporal or
frontal lobes of adults. The tumors are solid, but may also be cystic, containing Ventriculograms, electo- encephalograms, or arteriograms
xanthochromic or dark brown oily fluid. Areas of calcification are rare and show up aid in early diagnosis. Survival following complete surgical
as fine, flaky specks by x-ray. The symptoms of recurrent increased intracranial
extirpation may be from ten to twenty years or longer
pressure may extend over six to nine months before focal erbellar, frontal, or
temporal lobe signs appear. (cont...)
Pineal Gland
Pineal Gland
Cerebral Cortex
Central Nervous System
astroctyoma
Graaff, Van De. Human Antomy. Sixth ed. McGraw-Hill Companies, http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/ids_104_cns_injury/Response%2 http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/ids_104_cns_injury/Response%20_to http://w w w .microscopyu.com/galleries/pathology/images/astrocytoma2
2001. Web.
0_to_Injury/Astrocytes.htm
_Injury/Astrocytes.htm
0x01.jpg
astrocytoma
http://www.neuropat.dote.hu/jpeg/tumor/2astroc1.jpg
causing agent.
K: microglia in the central nervous system. L: Microglia amid astrocytes
indicated by the blue arrows. M: Microglia shown with an orange stain. N
higher resolution of the same microglia in M. O
Central Nernous System
central Nervous System
central nervous system
http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/ids_104_cns_injury/Respo http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/ids_104_cns_injury/Resp http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/ids_104_cns_injury/Resp http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/ids_104_cns_injury/Resp
nse%20_to_Injury/Microglia.htm
onse%20_to_Injury/Microglia.htm
Microglia (RED), TEM
http://w w w .keck.bioimaging.w isc.edu/dailey-lecture.jpg
http://top-10-list.org/w p-content/uploads/2009/05/creutzfeldt-jakobdisease.jpg
http://w w w .scienceclarified.com/everyday/images/scet_03_img0266.jpg
Epithelial
Simple
Ciliated
Non Ciliated
Squamous
Keratinized
Non Keratinized
Cuboidal
Columnar
Pathological 1
Pathological 2
Sublingual gland
Blood Vessel, Cardiovascular system
Lung
Artery and Vein
Kidney
Simple Squamous Epitheleum, the thinnest tissue of the
body.
Squamous cell cancer usually occurs on parts of a person's body that have been exposed to the sun. Often, it appears on the top of the nose, forehead,
low er lip, and back of the hands. It also may appear on skin that has been severely sunburned, been exposed to carcinogenic chemicals, or had X-ray therapy.
http://w w w .lab.anhb.uw a.edu.au/mb140/corepages/epithelia/epithel.htm#Si
mple
http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~sfinazzo/epithelium%20edited/epitheliumIndex.html
http://w w w .flashcardmachine.com/chapter-4and5theintegumentarysystem.html
http://w w w .umanitoba.ca/faculties/medicine/units/anatomy/1734.htm
http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/IDS_101_histo_resource/epithelia_connecti
ve.htm
http://webanatomy.net/histology/epithelium/epithelial_inde
x.htm
http://www.ask.com/pictures?q=Squamous+Cell+Skin+Cancer&qsrc=6&o=0&l=dir&ni=&pstart=
Kidney
Kidney Labeled
Thyroid
Ovary
Thyroid
Simple cuboidal epithileum forms ducts, tubuoles and
secretory cells.
atypical cell, papillary surface, LM
Atypical cuboidal cell
http://w w w 4.napavalley.edu/Projects/1799/03_Simple_Cuboidal_100x.jpg
http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/IDS_101_histo_resource/epithelia_connective
.htm
http://anatomyforme.blogspot.com/2008/04/endocrine-histology-thyroidand.html
http://w w w .cytochemistry.net/microanatomy/female_reproductive/ovary_p
reovulation.htm
http://w w w 4.napavalley.edu/Projects/1799/3_Thyroid_100x.jpg
http://webanatomy.net/histology/epithelium/simple_cuboid
al.jpg
http://w w w .glow m.com/resources/glow m/uploads/1209842115_Fig._2
3-1.bmp
http://w w w .glow m.com/resources/glow m/uploads/1209841884_Fig.22-1.bmp
The exact cause of skin cancer is unknow n. I w ould
like to emphasize that ultrav iolet radiation from sun
exposure is the biggest risk factor. Ev en if you nev er
w ere out in the sun much, decades of going to the
mailbox, hanging laundry, etc... all tally up for a
significant amount of sun exposure. The effects of
your sun exposure are cumulativ e. People at
highest risk are those w ho hav e fair skin, light
colored eyes, and hav e spent a lifetime w orking in
the sun.
Possible treatment modalities include: Excision w ith cosmetic/plastic
repair of the defect
Excision w ith healing by secondary intention
Mohs Surgery
Electrodesiccation and Curettage
Laser destruction
Radiation Therapy
Cryosurgery
I njectable and Topical chemo and immuno therapies
Keratoacanthoma of Skin
Dysplasia is defined as neoplastic epithelium that remains confined within the basement
membrane of the epithelial surface within which it arose. Questions regarding the diagnosis and
grading of dysplasia arise commonly
Intestinal Villi
Human Ileum
Human Uterus
Fallopian Tube
Fallopian Tube #2
http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/IDS_101_histo_resource/epithelia_connective.
htm
http://w w w .lab.anhb.uw a.edu.au/mb140/corepages/epithelia/epithel.htm#l
abduo
http://w w w .w ikidoc.org/index.php/Image:Gray1169.png
http://pathology.mc.duke.edu/research/PTH225.html
http://w w w .siumed.edu/~dking2/erg/RE017b.htm
Ciliated simple columnar epithelium, illustration
Smokers trachea, missing cilia from columnar cells
Cilliated columnar c ell on mild dysplastic epithelium
http://webanatomy.net/histology/epithelium/ciliated_simple http://slidefinder.net/4/427_201_20Tissue_20types_2
_columnar.jpg
0characteristics/9651952
Non ciliated differ from ciliated simply because they lack the cilia hair at the
superficial surface. They are still tall, narrow cells with the nucleus close to
the basal layer that assist in secretion and absorbtion. Goblet cells
(unicellular glands) are found between the columnar epithelial cells of the
duodenum. They secrete mucus/slime,which acts as a lubricating substance
which keeps the surface smooth.
Stomach
Stomach,small intestine and Large intestine
Stomach
Stomach
Colon
Simple clumnare epithelium, non-ciliated in GI tract
Columnar cell lesions
http://w w w .lab.anhb.uw a.edu.au/mb140/corepages/epithelia/epithel.htm#la
bduo
http://kcfac.kilgore.cc.tx.us/kcap1/images/simple%20columnar%20nonciliat
d%20400x%20d%20firew orks.jpg
http://w w w 4.napavalley.edu/Projects/1799/03_Stomach_100x.jpg
http://pathology.mc.duke.edu/research/PTH225.html
http://w w w .medicalhistology.us/tw iki/bin/view /Main/EpitheliumAtlas01
http://webanatomy.net/histology/epithelium/ex_simple_columnar.jpg
http://www.ask.com/pictures?qsrc=2990&o=0&l=dir&q=Columnar+cell+lesions
Covering the entire body as skin, we see that in stratified squamous
keratinized epithemium the basal cells are generally columnar and
germinating. Basal cells often form a well defined layer at the boarder of the
epithelium to the underlying connective tissue. An irregular boarder is formed
due to the papillae and acts as an anchor between the epithelium and the
connective tissue.
Skin
Thick Skin
Ventral surface of Penis
Skin
Skin
http://w w w .ouhsc.edu/histology/text%20sections/epithelium.html
http://w w w .technion.ac.il/~mdcourse/274203/lect2.html
http://w w w .anatomyatlases.org/MicroscopicAnatomy/Section06/Plate061
27.shtml
http://w w w .austincc.edu/histologyhelp/tissues/tg_stra_sq_ker_e.html
Stratified squamous keratinized, Epidermis of the skin
Basal cell carcinoma
http://webanatomy.net/histology/epithelium/ex_stratified_s http://www.trihealth.com/ser/cancer/images/Basal_c
quamous.jpg
ell_carcinoma.jpg
Basal cell carcinoma skin cancer still considered as malignant
since its can cause disfigurement and destruction by invading
the surrounding tissues.
Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) have many different
appearances
http://skincancer-fact.com/wpcontent/uploads/2009/10/Basal_cell_carcinoma_-skin_cancerpicture.jpg
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/adam/images/en/basal-cellcancer-picture.jpg
With the w idespread adoption of screening mammography in the past several decades, columnar cell lesions
(CCL) of the breast have become a frequent finding in breast biopsies. In fact, these lesions have been
reported to be present in nearly half of biopsies performed for mammographic microcalcifications and have
been identified as the source of three-quarters of biopsy-detected microcalcifications [1]. CCL is a broad
designation that encompasses a w ide range of histologic changes ranging from alterations of the epithelium
w ith no architectural or cytologic atypia to changes resembling ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS
Columnar Cell ChangeCCC is the simplest form of CCL
and is characterized by enlarged TDLUs with variably
dilated acini that may have an irregular contour (3).
CCC consists of one to two layers of columnar epithelial
cells that have uniform ovoid nuclei oriented
perpendicular to the basement membrane (3) and that
have no conspicuous nucleoli. Apical cytoplasmic blebs,
or snouts, are often present at the luminal surface of the
cells, and flocculent secretions may be present in the
lumina of the acini (Figs 1–3). CCC and apocrine
metaplasia are both characterized by apical snouts;
however, in apocrine metaplasia the cytoplasm is more
abundant and eosinophilic (3).
http://breast-cancer-research.com/content/12/4/R61
http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/27/suppl_1/S79.full
Carcinomas are cancers of epithelial cell origin. The genes that produce
certain types of keratin are over-expressed in carcinoma cells, particularly
in those on the outside edge of the tumor. The excess keratin is needed
for the movement or invasiveness of the cancer cells. Keratin may also
help cancer cells resist the tumor necrosis (rotting) toxin produced by
macrophages.
The main cause of basal cell carcinoma of the skin is ultraviolet radiation from
the sun. The earth's ozone layer offers protection from UV radiation by
blocking it. How ever, depletion of the ozone layer since the late 1970s has
increased the damage to the skin that can result in cancer.
Defined
Tongue
Esophagus
Esophagus
Vagina
Anorectal
Stratified squamous non-keratinized, viginal wall.
http://legacy.ow ensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/Histology/API%20histo%2
0epithelial.htm
http://kcfac.kilgore.cc.tx.us/kcap1/images/stratified%20squamous%20400
x%20b%20firew orks.jpg
http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/IDS_101_histo_resource/images/222X10_co
py.jpg
http://w w w .ansci.w isc.edu/jjp1/ansci_repro/lab/lab3/histology/lab3hist.htm
l
http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab19/Lab19.ht
m
http://webanatomy.net/histology/epithelium/nonkeratinized_stratified_squamous.jpg
http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/199/main.html
The exact cause of skin cancer is unknow n. I w ould
like to emphasize that ultrav iolet radiation from sun
exposure is the biggest risk factor. Ev en if you nev er
w ere out in the sun much, decades of going to the
mailbox, hanging laundry, etc... all tally up for a
significant amount of sun exposure. The effects of
your sun exposure are cumulativ e. People at
highest risk are those w ho hav e fair skin, light
colored eyes, and hav e spent a lifetime w orking in
the sun.
Possible treatment modalities include: Excision w ith cosmetic/plastic
repair of the defect
Excision w ith healing by secondary intention
Mohs Surgery
Electrodesiccation and Curettage
Laser destruction
Radiation Therapy
Cryosurgery
I njectable and Topical chemo and immuno therapies
It's not clear what causes salivary gland cancer. Doctors know
salivary gland cancer occurs when some cells in a salivary gland
develop mutations in their DNA. The mutations allow the cells to
grow and divide rapidly. The mutated cells continue living when
other cells would die. The accumulating cells form a tumor that
can invade nearby tissue. C ancerous cells can break off and
spread (metastasize) to distant areas of the body.
Treatment for salivary gland cancer depends on the type, size and stage of salivary gland
cancer you have, as well as your overall health and your preferences. Salivary gland cancer
treatment usually involves surgery, with or without radiation therapy.
Columnar cell change with atypia is characterized by terminal duct lobular units
that display variably dilated acini lined by one or two layers of epithelial cells that
are columnar in shape, although the height of these columnar cells varies. Apical
cytoplasmic blebs or snouts are often present at the luminal surface of the
epithelial cells and, in some cases, may be prominent or exaggerated, which may
impart an irregular contour to the luminal aspect of the acini.
The term columnar cell hyperplasia with atypia is used to
describe lesions composed of terminal duct lobular units
with variably dilated acini lined by columnar cells that have
cytologic features similar to those seen in columnar cell
change with atypia but that also show cellular stratification
of more than two cell layers.
Lesions included within the category of flat epithelial atypia (i.e. lesions that we
currently designate columnar cell change with atypia and columnar cell
hyperplasia with atypia) are being encountered with increasing frequency due to
the widespread use of screening mammography.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC314429/
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/9947.ht
m
Salivary gland cancer is a rare form of cancer that begins in the salivary glands. Salivary
gland cancer can begin in any of the salivary glands in your mouth, neck or throat.
Sweat Glands
Mammary Gland
Salavary gland
Inactive Mammary gland
Mammary gland during pregnancy
Illustration of stratified cuboidal epithileum
http://ocw .tufts.edu/Content/4/CourseHome/221179/221198
http://w ordsdomination.com/keratinized.html
http://w w w .coursew eb.uottaw a.ca/medicinehistology/english/Reproduction/mammary/Fig02Mammary.htm
http://w w w .coursew eb.uottaw a.ca/medicinehistology/english/Reproduction/mammary/Fig02Mammary.htm
https://courses.stu.qmul.ac.uk/smd/kb/microanatomy/epit
helia/images/t/stratcubt.gif
Grossly, the tumor was a small 1 x 2 cm well
demarcated nodule embedded within the mid portion
of the salivary gland. There is no true capsule
The granular feature is best appreciated in the cytoplasmic
preparation that is prepared while the tumor is being examined
before fixation
There is no collagenous tissue within the tumor. The tumor
cells are polygonal and rather homogeneous in size. They have
low-grade, centrally located nuclei
http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/Com08/Com807-1-Diss.htm
Stratified columnar cells are rare. One place you can find them is in the
largest ducts of salavary glands and the male ureter.Cells flatten as the
layers become more apical. Stratified columnar cells are more cubodial in
appearance at the most basal layer.
Tongue
Sweat gland
Duct
Ureter
Stratified columnar 1000X
Columnar cell hyperplasia with atypia. In this cells here - note the variability of nuclear morphology and the
image the columnar cells with cytoplasmic
presence of nucleoli (red arrows). The blue arrows point to
luminal 'snouts' are illustrated very clearly.
admixed myoepithelial cells which in this image have clear
http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/Histolab4ab.htm
http://w w w .sacs.ucsf.edu/home/cooper/Anat118/urinary/urinary98.htm
http://www.jeremyswan.com/anatomy/203/html/03i.html
http://www.breastpathology.info/sub-pages-cch-atypia/2.html
cytoplasm and small pyknotic nuclei (H&E x 40)
http://w w w .anatomyatlases.org/MicroscopicAnatomy/Section02/Plate0223 http://w w w .cytochemistry.net/microanatomy/epithelia/stratified_columnar.
.shtml
htm
Causes
Squamous cell cancer
http://www.ask.com/pictures?q=Squamous+Cell+Skin+Cancer&qsrc=6&o=0&l=dir&ni=&pstart=
As illustrated in the slides, stratified cuboidal is a rare tye of epithelial tissue
that is composed of cuboidal shaped cells arranged in multiple layers.
Exmples of these cells would include sweat glands, mammary glands and
salivary glands.
http://legacy.ow ensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/Notes/API%20Notes%20F
%20epithilial%20tissues.htm
Treatment depends on the size of the tumor and the general health of
the patient. Surgery is usually the treatment used to remove the
cancer.
http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/199/main.html
Squamous cell cancer is a specific type of skin cancer. I t can occur at
any age, but it appears more often in adults ov er thirty-fiv e. Squamous
cell cancer usually occurs on sun exposed areas of skin, and it may take
months to years to grow . There are sev eral subtypes of squamous cell
carcinoma such as keratoacanthomas, Bow en's disease, and some
physicians believ e that actinic keratoses may be v ery early squamous
cell carcinomas that hav e not ev olv ed.
Stratified squamous non- kertanized cells include that of the oral cavity,
pharynx, vocal folds, esophagus vagina and anus. Non-keratinized refers to
he fact that combination of cells is not recgonized as skin like it is in
kertanized.
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/salivary-gland-cancer/DS00708
The acini in this terminal duct lobular unit are lined by a few
layers of columnar epithelial cells that show low-grade
cytologic atypia, characterized by relatively round,
monotonous nuclei (hematoxylin & eosin, original
magnification 20×).
http://breast-cancer-research.com/content/figures/bcr625-2l.jpg
Macroscopically, the tumors are large. They may or may not
These tumors are aggressive and have high mortality. They tend to occur in a population
have a capsule. Extrathyroidal invasion is common. On scanningthat is older that those associated with other papillary carcinoma and they also have a male
magnification, columnar cell carcinoma is characterized by
predilection. There is a high frequency of distant metastases, especially to the lung and
predominantly papillary growth pattern with stratified tumor cells
vertebra, and to regional lymph nodes. It is important to distinguish it because of its
somewhat lined in long paralleled ribbons. Other patterns, such
unusually aggressive behavior for a papillary neoplasm. As compared with conventional
as microfollicular, cribiform, organoid, and solid as well as poorly
papillary thyroid carcinoma, these tumors are characterized by a male predilection, in a
differentiated areas may be focally evident in some cases. The
patient population that is older than those associated with other papillary carcinoma, more
papillare are lined by tall columnar cells without typical nuclear
aggressiveness and higher mortality, a higher frequency of distant metastases, especially to
features seen in those conventional papillary carcinomas.
the lung and vertebra, and its distinctive histological appearance.
Instead, the nuclei are elongated, euchromatic or hyperchromatic.
Pseudostratified columnar cells are much like that of the columnar
epithelium, however they have different nuclear layers and cilia. Some cells
show central nucleus while others show a more basal nucleus. These cells
can be found in your olfactory and trachea.
Transitional cells combine to create a type of tissue that has the ability to
contract and expand. Like that of the bladder. The cellsappear cuboidal when
they are not being streched. When the cells are streched, the tissue
compresses and the cells appear squamous. Other organs found to have
transitional cells include the ureters, superior urethra and the prostate in
men.
Other Information /
Medical Research
http://wzus1.ask.com/r?t=a&d=us&s=a&c=p&ti=1&ai=30752&l
=dir&o=0&sv=0a5c4040&ip=43a9808d&u=http%3A%2F%2Fm
edsci.indiana.edu%2Fc602web%2F602%2Fc602web%2Fscan
s%2F154f.JPG
As demonstrated in the slides, the cells are taller than they are wide and the
nuclei are usually located at the same height with in the cell, often close to
the base of cells. Examples of this include the internal surface of the GI tract
from the cardia to the stomach or the rectum The cilia are capable of rapid
rhythmic wavelike beating and assist in secretion and absorbtions. They are
found in air passages and found in the uterus and fallopoian tubes in the
female assisting the ovum to the uterus.
The columnar cell population represents the majority of the
Transitional
Other Information /
Notes on Diseasae
Genetic Causes
1 &2. Photomicrograph of a papillary surface adenofibroma associated with
dystrophic calcifications. Secondary papillae lined with atypical cuboidal cells are
noted at the upper right-hand corner
Parotid gland
Columnar
Squamous cell cancer is a specific type of skin cancer. I t can occur at
any age, but it appears more often in adults ov er thirty-fiv e. Squamous
cell cancer usually occurs on sun exposed areas of skin, and it may take
months to years to grow . There are sev eral subtypes of squamous cell
carcinoma such as keratoacanthomas, Bow en's disease, and some
physicians believ e that actinic keratoses may be v ery early squamous
cell carcinomas that hav e not ev olv ed.
http://w w w .lab.anhb.uw a.edu.au/mb140/corepages/epithelia/epithel.htm#la
boeso
Pseudostratified
Pathological 3
The slides demonstrate simple cubodial epithelium. These cells occur in
small excretory ducts of many glands. Viewed from the surface they look like
small polygons. In sections perpendicular to the surface of the epithelium
they appear cubodial. They appear in common ducts including follicles of
thyroid gland, tubules of the kidneys and on the surface of ovaries.
Cuboidal
Stratified
The slides show examples of simple squamous epithelium. This is a single
layer of flattened cells, the cells are plate-like in shape. They occur
commonly in the human body including the cardiovascular system, large
body cavities and lymph vessels which are typically lined with simple
squamous epithelium. The nuclei of epithelial are often ovoid and located
close to the center of the cell.
Squamous
Columnar
Target
Tissue type
Alternate
Trachea
Trachea labeled
Olfactory cells
Trachea
Olfactory cells 2
Pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated
Thyroid papillary carcinoma, columnar cell variant
http://w w w 4.napavalley.edu/Projects/1799/03_Pseudostratified_400x.jpg
http://w w w .lab.anhb.uw a.edu.au/mb140/corepages/epithelia/epithel.htm#l
aboeso
http://w w w .kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histow eb/resp/resp0
2.htm
http://w w w .ouhsc.edu/histology/Text%20Sections/Respiratory.html
http://w w w .technion.ac.il/~mdcourse/274203/lect13.html
http://webanatomy.net/histology/epithelium/pcce.jpg
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/JTY1/Com/ComImage/Com304-1MM2.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.gfmer.ch/selected_images_v2/detail_list.php%3Fcat1%3D16%26cat3%3D867%26stype%3Dd&usg=__HC6YBMDZOo6OpDIa6uWJxKk9tCs=&h=450&
w=600&sz=130&hl=en&start=1&zoom=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=SAOtrICh_zqbNM:&tbnh=101&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcolumnar%2Bcell%2Bcarcinoma%26um%3D1%26
hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1R2PCTC_enUS351%26tbs%3Disch:1
The etiology of papillary carcinoma is yet to be elucidated, but a number of
associations have been made. Radiation, Iodine Excess, or Molecular.
http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/Com/Com304-1-Diss.htm
Bladder cancer is a type of cancer that begins in your bladder — a balloon-shaped organ in
your pelvic area that stores urine. Bladder cancer begins most often in the cells that line the
inside of the bladder. Bladder cancer typically affects older adults, though it can occur at any
age.
It's not always clear what causes bladder cancer. Bladder cancer
has been linked to smoking, a parasitic infection, radiation and
chemical exposure.
Treatments may vary, surgery, chemotherapy, biological therapy (immunotherapy
or synthetic version of immunotherapy.
Target
Tissue type
Alternate
Bladder
Ureter
Bladder
Ureter
Prostate
Transitional Epithelium in urinary tract, illustration
http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/urinary/bladder3.htm
http://dspace.udel.edu:8080/dspace/handle/19716/2224
http://w w w .lab.anhb.uw a.edu.au/mb140/corepages/epithelia/epithel.htm
http://w w w .anatomyatlases.org/MicroscopicAnatomy/Section02/Plate0224
.shtml
http://w w w .tissue-array.com/ver3/index.php?menu=2&menu_sub=1
http://webanatomy.net/histology/epithelium/transitional.jpg
Pathological 1
Pathological 2
Pathological 3
The bladder is a hollow, balloon-like organ located behind
the pelvic bone and hidden within the pelvis. Cancer is a
disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth of
abnormal cells (called a tumor). Bladder cancer is any type
of malignant (cancerous) growth in the bladder.
Bladder cancer cells
Approximately 30% of urothelial carcinomas invade the
detrusor muscle
http://www.healthcentral.com/prostate/h/gall-bladdercancer-prognosis.html
http://codingnews.inhealthcare.com/category/hot-codingtopics/page/15/
http://pathology2.jhu.edu/bladder_cancer/types_ca.cfm
Other Information /
Notes on Diseasae
Genetic Causes
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bladder-cancer/DS00177/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs
Other Information /
Medical Research
Target
Tissue type
Alternate
Pathological 1
Pathological 2
Pathological 3
XC
Reproductive
Female
Ovary
Germ Cells are the term used to describe the embryonic
population
of cells that will form in the oocyte progenitor present in the
primordial follicle ovary. In males, these are the cells that will
form
the embryonic testes. These cells are located in the stroma of
the ovary cortext beneath the tunica albuginea. In humans,
these cells intially migrate during week 5 to 6 into the genital
ridge which will form the gonad.
Germ Cells
Follicles / Gametes
Immature
Immature Gametes, also called oocytes is a female germ cell
involved in reproduction. It is the immature ovum or egg cell.
Its formation is called oocytogenesis, where a primordial germ
cell undergoes mitotic division to become an oogonium. The
oogonium then becomes an oocyte.
Mature
The mature gamete is called an ovum, which is a haploid
reproductive cell. It is this cell that when combined with the male
sperm cell forms a zygote.The human ova grow from primitive germ
cells that are embedded in the substance of the ovaries. Each of
them divides repeatedly to give rise to several smaller cells, the
oogonia. The oogonia then develop into the ova, the primary
oocytes. The ovum is one of the largest cell in the human body,
typically visible to the naked eye without the aid of a microscope or
other magnification device. The human ovum measures 120 µm in
diameter
Testis
Infant Ovary (Human) LM
Adult Ovary Cortex (Human) LM
Ovarian Cortext (Cat) high powered LM
Illustration of new born Ovary LM
Juvenile Ovary (Feline) LM
Ovary (Feline) LM
Ovary (Female) LM
Ovary (Female) LM
Ovary (Feline) LM
http://php.med.unsw .edu.au/embryology/images/3/3c/Infant_ovary.jpg
http://w w w .glow m.com/resources/glow m/uploads/1211558264_ovarian_
cortex.jpg
http://embryology.med.unsw .edu.au/medicine/BGDlab3_3.htm
http://upload.w ikimedia.org/w ikipedia/commons/d/d3/Gray1113.png
http://w w w .felipedia.org/~felipedi/w iki/index.php/Image:Female08.jpg
http://w w w .felipedia.org/%7Efelipedi/w iki/images/6/60/Female06.jpg
http://w w w .uoguelph.ca/~rfoster/repropath/surgicalpath/female/cat/F
fel ovary follicular cysts YB99613 01w l.jpg
http://w w w .uoguelph.ca/~rfoster/repropath/surgicalpath/female/cat/F fel ovary
remnant neoplasia GST YB96281 08w l.jpg
http://w w w .uoguelph.ca/~rfoster/repropath/surgicalpath/female/cat/F fel ovary ICT
YB145422 05w l.jpg
Pathology 1: Abnomral Oocyte
Pathology 2: Degenerating Oocyte
Pathology 3: Oocyte with Polar Body
Cat Ovary (100 μm) LM
Oocyte (Human) TEM
Oocyte (Rabbit) TEM
Oocyte (Cat) SEM
Ooctye (Human) SEM
Oocyte (Hampster) SEM
Oocyte (Female) TEM
Oocyte (Female) LM
Oocyte (Female) LM
http://embryology.med.unsw .edu.au/histology/reproductive/ova20he.jpg
http://php.med.unsw .edu.au/embryology/images/6/62/Human-oocyte.jpg
http://w w w .ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=mboc4&part=A3718
http://biomedcentral.inist.fr/images/1751-0147-49-28-2.jpg
http://images.w ellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/obf_images/a4/18/5b6d2fec4252
dab687c9bab94d06.jpg
http://w w w .scielo.org.ar/img/revistas/biocell/v29n3/a01f1.jpg
http://afcivf.com/photogallery.html
Ovary (Female) TEM
Ovary (Female) TEM
Ovary (Female) TEM
zygote (Human) TEM
Zygote (Human) TEM
Zygote with polar body (oyster) TEM
Zygote (Human) SEM
Zygote (sea urchin) LM
Zygote (Human) SEM
http://embryology.med.unsw .edu.au/w w w human/Stages/Stage1.htm
http://w w w .ivf-infertility.com/infertility/infertility4.php
http://w w w .ag.auburn.edu/fish/image_gallery/details.php?image_id=756
http://w w w .urmc.rochester.edu/fertility-center/images/zygote.jpg
http://w w w .sw arthmore.edu/NatSci/sgilber1/DB_lab/Urchin/img_urchin/z
ygote.jpg
http://w w w .corbisimages.com/images/67/6EF2FFB5-2BA8-4DCC-A09898B18D8FDB86/42-16116443.jpg
Ovary (Female) LM
Ovary (Female) LM
Ovary (Female) LM
Ovary (Female) LM
ovary (Female) TEM
Ovary (Female) LM
http://w w w .histol.chuvashia.com/images/female/ovary-05-l.jpg
http://w w w .histol.chuvashia.com/atlas-en/female-01-en.htm
http://w w w .histol.chuvashia.com/atlas-en/female-01-en.htm
http://w w w .flickr.com/photos/euthman/3595010317/sizes/m/in/photostrea
m/
http://ihmedical.com/images/products/fertimorph/screenshot1.gif
http://w w w .ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass slides/83_13.jpg
The zona pellucida (plural zonae pellucidae) is a glycoprotein membrane
surrounding the plasma membrane of an oocyte. It is a vital constitutive part
of the latter, external but of essential importance to it. The zona pellucida first
appears in multilaminar primary oocytes.
This structure binds spermatozoa, and is required to initiate the acrosome
reaction.
Other Structures / Cells
Male
Pathology 1: Follicular Cyst
Pathology 2: granulosa cell tumour
Pathology 3: feline ovarian interstitial cell tumour
The pathological slides shows abnormal thicknesses/shape of the Zona pellucida.
The germs cells in the male are the cells that will form the embryonic testes.
They originate from the basal laimina of the seminiferous tubules. Some cells
differentiate to become sperm, and move toward the lumen of the
seminiferous tubules. Spermatogonium is the germ cell in the production of
spermatozoa
Germ Cells
Spermatogonia were stained red and are the wild type for the Pin-1 gene. The
following two pathological slides are the mutant the pin-1 gene (negative). The
slides show that the testes are devoid of germ cells.
Seminiferous Tubules (Human)
http://w w w .endotext.org/male/male1/figures/figure5.jpg
Gametes
Immature
Mature
Seminiferous Tubules (boar testes) LM
http://en.w ikipedia.org/w iki/File:Testicle-histology-boar.jpg
Seminiferous Tubules (Human) LM
http://instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/histology/mr/himrp3.htm
Seminiferous Tubules (Rat Testes) LM
Seminiferous Tubules (primate) LM
testis Tubes (Mice) LM
http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/histo/Lab21malerepro/images/s77_rattesti
s40xv1.jpg
http://ocw .tufts.edu/data/4/221084/221096_xlarge.jpg
http://w w w .biolreprod.org/content/69/6/1989/F1.large.jpg
The spermatid is the haploid male gametid that results from division of
secondary spermatocytes. As a result of meiosis, each spermatid contains
only half of the genetic material present in the original primary spermatocyte.
Spermatids are connected together by cytoplasmic material and have
superfluous cytoplasmic material around their nuclei.
When formed, early round spermatids must undergo further maturational
events in order to develop into spermatozoa, a process termed
spermiogenesis (also termed spermeteliosis).
Abnormaly Spermatid Cell shape.(pathology 1 &2)
Azathioprine was added to the seminiferous tubules, which caused complete
disorganization and atrophy of seminiferous tubules with widening of its lumen and
absence of sperm. (pathology XC)
Seminiferous Tubules (Black Mouse), TEM
Spermatid (C. Elegans) SEM
Spermatid (Human) SEM
Spermatid (Mouse) SEM
Seminiferous Tubules (Trahira) LM
Testes (Adult) LM
Testes (Adult) LM
http://w w w .scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S071795022005000400007&script=sci_arttext
http://w w w .mcb.arizona.edu/w ardlab/Images/Photos/spermatids.jpeg
http://w w w .mcb.arizona.edu/w ardlab/Images/Photos/buddingtids.jpg
http://w w w .rikenresearch.riken.jp/eng/frontline/6349
http://w w w .scielo.br/img/revistas/rbzool/v24n3/a03fig01.gif
http://reproductivegenomics.jax.org/images/492_1/492-1-%232_lg.jpg
http://reproductivegenomics.jax.org/images/492_1/492-1-%233_lg.jpg
The term sperm refers to the male reproductive cells. In the types of sexual
reproduction known as anisogamy and oogamy, there is a marked difference
in the size of the gametes with the smaller one being termed the "male" or
sperm cell. The human sperm cell is haploid, so that its 23 chromosomes
can join the 23 chromosomes of the female egg to form a diploid cell. A
uniflagellar sperm cell that is motile is referred to as a spermatozoon,
whereas a non-motile sperm cell is referred to as a spermatium. Sperm cells
cannot divide and have a limited life span, but after fusion with egg cells
during fertilization, a new organism begins developing, starting as a totipotent
zygote.
Sertoli Cells
Sertoli cells are responsible for sexual development along a
male pathway in many ways. One of these ways involves
stimulation of the arriving primordial cells to differentiate into
sperm. In the absence of the Sry gene, primordial germ cells
differentiate into eggs. Removing genital ridges before they
started to develop into testes or ovaries results in the
development of a female, independent of the carried sex
chromosome.
Leydig Cells
Leydig cells, also known as interstitial cells of Leydig, are
found adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testicle.
They produce testosterone in the presence of luteinizing
hormone (LH). Leydig cells are polyhedral in shape, display a
large prominent nucleus, an eosinophilic cytoplasm and
numerous lipid-filled vesicles.
Lack of Serpmatogenesisin the Seminiferous Tubules. The diameter of the tubules
are reduced and there is no thickening of basement membranes. There are only a
few scattered lydig cell present.
Spermatozoon (Human) SEM
Spermatozoon (Fruit Fly)
Sperm Cell (Canine) LM
Sperm Cell (Human) 1000x
Spermatozoa (Human) FLM
Spermatozoon (Human) SEM
Seminiferous Tubules (Infertile Adult)
Seminiferous Tubules (infertile Adult)
http://w w w .sp.uconn.edu/~bi107vc/images/cell/sperm+egg.JPG
http://new s.discovery.com/animals/2010/07/16/sperm-semen-animals278x225.jpg
http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab27/IMAGES/S
PERM OIL-1.jpg
http://w w w 2.sunysuffolk.edu/pickenc/Sperm 1000X.JPG
http://php.med.unsw .edu.au/embryology/images/c/c1/Humanspermatozoa.jpg
http://php.med.unsw .edu.au/embryology/images/5/5c/Single_human_spermat
ozoa.jpg
http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/Com/ComImage/Com305-3-HE-HM1.gif
http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/Com/ComImage/Com305-3-HE-HM2.gif
Benign large cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumor of testis in 14-year-old boy. Contrastenhanced CT scan reveals enhancing left testicular lesion with dense central
calcification
Testes (Monkey) LM
Testes (Adult) LM
Testes (Adult) LM
Testes (pre pubescent male) LM
Seminiferous Tubules (Adult) LM
Seminiferous Tubules (Rat) LM
Testes (pre-pubescent Male) LM
Testes (pre pubescent male) CT Scan
Testes (pre pubescent male) LM
http://w w w .infertility-male.com/patientevaluation/Image12.jpg
http://jcp.bmj.com/content/57/8/802/F4.large.jpg
http://img.medscape.com/pi/emed/ckb/urology/435575-437884-2518.jpg
http://w w w .sigmaaldrich.com/prodimages/t/t9028_ihc.jpg
http://w w w .ajronline.org/content/vol189/issue2/images/large/08_07_20
89_01C_cmyk.jpeg
http://w w w .ajronline.org/content/vol189/issue2/images/large/08_07_2089_01B.jpeg
http://w w w .endotext.org/male/male13/images/figure8.jpg
Leydig Cell tumors in the testes.
Testes (Monkey) LM
Testes (Adult) LM
Testes (Adult) LM
Testes (Human) LM
Testes (Desert Hedghog) TEM
Testes (Adult) LM
Testes (Adult) LM
Testes (Adult) LM
http://w w w .apn-histopathology.unimelb.edu.au/Images/019 testis.jpg
http://w w w .kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histow eb/male/small/M
ale06s.JPG
http://w w w .ansci.w isc.edu/jjp1/ansci_repro/lec/lec4/lec4extraimages/leydig.j
pg
http://w w w .pathconsultddx.com/images/S1559867506703175/gr3sml.jpg
http://w w w .pathconsultddx.com/images/S1559867506703175/gr4-sml.jpg
Other Information /
Notes on Diseasae
Genetic Causes
Other Information /
Medical Research

Histology Compendium Odie Ellery Dustin JamesV1

Transcription

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