historical background - James E. Walker Library

Teaching with Primary Sources—MTSU
PRIMARY SOURCE SET
EMANCIPATION DURING AND AFTER
THE CIVIL WAR
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
By 1860, slavery had existed on American soil for
more than 240 years. Along with slavery, however,
there existed a parallel history of emancipation, or
freedom from slavery. In the years after the Revolutionary War, many of the northern states enacted
gradual emancipation, some southern slaveholders
manumitted their slaves, and anti-slavery reform
efforts gained strength. Even after the reaction to
Nat Turner’s 1830 rebellion closed many avenues
to emancipation, enslaved people continued to run
away, often making use of the Underground Railroad. Still, on the eve of the Civil War, emancipation remained a goal for about four million slaves
across the South, including approximately 276,000
in Tennessee.
From the beginning of the war, enslaved African
Americans began to break down the bonds of slavery. The arrival of the Union army in Confederate
territory provided the catalyst. Although the goal
of the United States was to preserve the Union, not
to end slavery, enslaved people escaped to Union
military lines as soon as they had the opportunity.
Former slaves’ assistance to the Union army impressed President Abraham Lincoln, who issued the
Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863,
declaring slaves in the Confederacy free. Although
the proclamation did not apply to Union-occupied
areas, including Tennessee, many bondspeople living in these areas claimed their freedom, and African American men began to join the Union army.
With the war’s end in April 1865, all slaves gained
their freedom. The Thirteenth Amendment to the
U.S. Constitution abolished slavery for good. The
challenging transition from slavery to freedom,
however, continued for decades. Nonetheless, African Americans celebrated emancipation annually.
Reading the Emancipation Proclamation / H.W.
Herrick, del., J.W. Watts, sc. [1864, detail]
FROM THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS:
 From Slavery to Civil Rights (timeline)
 African American Odyssey
 The African-American Mosaic
 The Frederick Douglass Papers at the Library
of Congress (Collection Connections)
 America’s Story (Frederick Douglass, Abolition in D.C., and Juneteenth)
 Today in History (Abolition in the District of
Columbia, Emancipation Proclamation, The
Fisk School, and Howard University)
ALSO SEE:
 Emancipation (TPS-MTSU Content Resource)
 Underground Railroad (TPS-MTSU Primary
Source Set)
 Views on the Emancipation Proclamation (TPS
-MTSU Lesson Plan and Primary Source Set)
 The Emancipation Proclamation and Its Connection to the Thirteenth Amendment (TPSMTSU Lesson Plan)
 Chronology of Emancipation (Freedmen and
Southern Society Project Timeline)
 The End of Slavery: The Creation of the 13th
Amendment (HarpWeek Web Site)
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SUGGESTIONS FOR TEACHERS
This primary source set begins with sources that
illustrate the history of emancipation in the United
States before the Civil War. This will help students recognize that emancipation, though rare
throughout most of the history of slavery in the
United States, was not a foreign concept in 1861.
Most of these sources date to the antebellum period, and “Go down, Moses” (published in 1917) is a
spiritual that expresses the yearning for freedom
under slavery. *For each of the first four sources
in this section, ask students what more they would
like to know about this emancipation experience?”
The second section focuses on wartime emancipation. Several sources illustrate the significant role
of President Abraham Lincoln, the Union army,
and the Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln was a
hero to many former slaves, and the Library has
numerous sources about him as the “Great Emancipator.” Sources related to Lincoln tend to portray
emancipation as a “top-down” event. Yet, many
African Americans helped to bring about their own
freedom and the freedom of their families. *Ask
students to point out some sources that demonstrate this “grassroots” nature of emancipation, and
also ask them why they think that more sources
exist that illustrate the “top-down” aspect rather
than the “grassroots” quality of emancipation.
The section on postwar emancipation looks at the
transition from slavery to freedom, particularly
during the immediate aftermath of the war. Family
reunification, postwar violence, the establishment
of schools and churches, and westward migration
are all depicted. *Ask students which sources they
find most surprising.
The final section focuses on the memory and celebration of emancipation. This section includes a
“family record” marketed to African Americans by
W.H. Cowell of Martin, Tennessee, and a portrait
of Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, a novelist and
poet who wrote extensively about emancipation.
*Ask students to compare and contrast the 1866
and 1905 images of emancipation celebrations.
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Contrabands, Newport News, 1861
Emancipation Hymn: quartette & chorus composed
and dedicated by permission to the Salem Union
League by Manuel Fenollosa, Salem, Mass., June
1863; [words by R T. L.]
EMANCIPATION BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR
The fugitive’s
song [1845]
$200 reward. Ranaway from the subscriber on the night of Thursday, the
30th of September. Five negro slaves
… Wm. Russell. St. Louis, Oct. 1,
1847.
The resurrection of Henry Box Brown at
Philadelphia, who escaped from Richmond
Va. In a bx 3 feet long 2 ½ ft. deep and 2 ft
wide [c1850; detail]
Certificate of Freedom of
Harriet Bolling, Petersburg, Virginia, 1851.
3
Anti-Slavery Fair Advertisement
[undated]
Go down,
Moses; Let
my people
go!. Negro
spirituals.
1917
EMANCIPATION DURING THE CIVIL WAR
Watch meeting, Dec. 31, 1862--Waiting for the hour /
Heard & Moseley, Cartes de Visite, 10 Tremont Row,
Boston. [c1863]
President Lincoln, writing
the Proclamation of Freedom. January
1st, 1863 /
painted by
[David Gilmour] Blythe ;
lithogr. and
printed in colors by Ehrgott, Forbriger & Co. Cincinnati, O.
[1863]
[Harriet Tubman, full-length
portrait, standing with hands on
back of a chair] [between ca.
1860 and 1875]
Jesse L. Berch, quartermaster sergeant, 25
Wisconsin Regiment of Racine, Wis. [and]
Frank M. Rockwell, postmaster 22 Wisconsin of Geneva, Wis. / J.P. Ball’s Photographic Gallery, No. 30 West 4th St., betw.
Main and Walnut Sts. Cincinnati, O..
[1862] (For more information about this
image, see the photo essay on the Oxford
African American Studies Center Web
site.)
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The first reading of the Emancipation Proclamation
before the cabinet / painted by F.B. Carpenter ; engraved by A.H. Ritchie. [c1866]
Emancipation. And by
virtue of the
power and
for the purpose aforesaid, I do
order and
declare that
all persons
held as slaves
… shall be
free! [1865]
The first edition of Abraham Lincoln’s final emancipation proclamation. [January 1, 1863]
[Envelope], For President, Abraham
Lincoln. [c1864; detail]
TEXTS:
 Extracts from documents in the office of the General Superintendent of Refugees and Freedmen:
headquarters, Memphis, Tennessee, March 1865 [1865] (See pp. 11-24 by Mrs. Canfield).
 Address by Hon. Frederick Douglass, delivered in the Congregational Church, Washington, D.D.,
April 16, 1883: on the twenty-first anniversary of emancipation in the District of Columbia [1883]
 Emancipation address: our duties and how to discharge them, delivered in the town hall of Salem,
Va., January 2, 1893,[...]/by Prof. Daniel B. Williams…; with an introduction by Prof. R.G.
Chissell… [1893]
 Thirty years a slave. From bondage to freedom. The institution of slavery as seen on the plantation
and in the home of the planter. Autobiography of Louis Hughes [1897]
 [Mrs. Ella Boney] [Oral History Interview] [1938]
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All slaves were made freemen by
Abraham Lincoln, President of the
United States. [January 1, 1863]
The Black Regiment. … Published by the
Supervisory Committee for Recruiting
Colored Regiments. [1863?] [Detail]
The effects of the proclamation - freed Negroes coming into
our lines at Newbern, North Carolina [1863; detail]
Murfreesboro, Tenn., vicinity. Men repairing
single-track railroad after Battle of Stones River]
[1863]
[Unidentified African American
soldier in Union uniform with
wife and two daughters]
[between 1863 and 1865]
6
The gallant charge of the fifty fourth Massachusetts
(colored) regiment: on the rebel works at Fort Wagner, Morris Island, near Charleston, July 18th 1863,
and death of Colonel Robt. G. Shaw. [Detail]
[Johnsonville, Tenn. Camp of Tennessee
Colored Battery] [1864]
EMANCIPATION AFTER THE CIVIL WAR
Emancipation / Th. Nast; King & Bird, printers, 607
Sansom Street, Philadelphia [c1865]
The gospel train / by . [1881]
7
Statutes at Large, 38th Congress, 2nd Session (p. 567). [1866] [Resolution #11, 13th
Amendment]
[Freedmen’s school?, possibly in South Carolina] /
Sam A. Cooley, photographer, Tenth Army Corps,
Beaufort, S.C. [between 1865 and 1870]
Glimpses at the Freedmen – Ther Freedmen’s Union
Industrial School, Richmond, Va. / from a sketch by
Jas E. Taylor. [1866]
Ho for Kansas! Nashville, Tennessee,
March 18, 1878.
[African American
soldiers mustered out
at Little Rock, Arkansas] [1866]
8
Scenes in Memphis, Tennessee, during the riot [1866;
detail]
All God’s Chillun’s Got Wings! [ca. 1933]
Courtesy of the Sumter Gallery of Art, Sumter,
S.C.
EMANCIPATION REMEMBERED AND CELEBRATED
Celebration of the abolition of slavery in the District
of Columbia by the colored people, in Washington,
April 19, 1866 / sketched by F. Dielman.
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Proclamation of emancipation. The
second Declaration of Independence!
[L. Smith]. [after April 15, 1865]
The shackle broken - by the genius of
freedom / lith. & print by E. Sachse &
Co. [c1874]
Family record. Before
the war and
since the
war / Krebs
Lithographing
Company,
Cincinnati.
[c. 1880;
detail]
Iola Leroy;
or, Shadows
uplifted, by
Frances E.W.
Harper.
[1893; detail]
Emancipation Day, Richmond, Va.. [c1905]
Will you ever
give the colored race a
show: an appeal to Congress words
and music by
Robt. P.
Jackson.
[c1898]
Negro G.A.R. veterans parading, New York
City, May 30, 1912 [Detail]
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CITATIONS: Emancipation During and After the Civil War
Teachers: Providing these primary source replicas without source clues may enhance the inquiry experience for students. This list of
citations is supplied for reference purposes to you and your students. We have followed the Chicago Manual of Style format, one of
the formats recommended by the Library of Congress, for each entry below, minus the access date. The access date for each of these
entries is 5/8/13.
Herrick, H.W., del., and J.W. Watts, sc., “Reading the Emancipation Proclamation / H.W. Herrick,
del., J.W. Watts, sc. Print. [Hartford, Conn.: S.A. Peters and Co.], c1864. From Library of Congress,
Prints and Photographs Division. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2003678043/
Waud, Alfred R. “Contrabands, Newport News, 1861.” Drawing. 1861. From Library of Congress, Prints
and Photographs Division. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2004660979/
Fenollosa, Manuel, and L., R.T. “Emancipation hymn: quarette & chorus composed and dedicated by permission to the Salem Union League by Manuel Fenollosa, Salem, Mass., June 1863; [words by R T. L.]
Sheet Music. Boston: Oliver Ditson & Co., c1863. From Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division, The Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/
r?ammem/scsmbib:@field(DOCID+@lit(scsm000056))
Russell, William. “$200 reward. Ranaway from the subscriber on the night of Thursday, the 30 th of September. Five negro slaves … Wm. Russell. St. Louis, Oct. 1, 1847.” Broadside. St. Louis, 1847. From
Library of Congress, An American Time Capsule: Three Centuries of Broadsides and Other Printed Ephemera.
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/rbpebib:@field(NUMBER+@band
(rbpe+08600200))
Hutchinson, Jesse, Jr. “The Fugitive’s Song.” Sheet Music. Boston: Henry Prentiss, 1845. From Library of
Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2008661459/
“The resurrection of Henry Box Brown at Philadelphia, who escaped from Richmond Va. In a bx 3 feet
long 2 ½ ft. deep and 2 ft wide.” Print. [New York]: Publ. by A. Donnelly, no. 19 ½ Courtland St., N.Y.
c1850. From Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/
item/2004665363/
“Anti-Slavery Fair.” Broadside. Boston: Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, n.d. From Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division. http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/african/afam005.html
“Certificate of Freedom of Harriet Bolling, Petersburg, Virginia, 1851.” Certificate. 1851. From Library
of Congress, Manuscript Division. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart2.html
Burleigh, Harry Thacker. “Go down, Moses; Let my people go!. Negro Spirituals. 1917.” Sheet Music.
New York, New York, G. Ricordi, 1917. From Duke University, Historic American Sheet Music, 18501920. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/dukesm:@field(DOCID+@lit
(ncdhasm.n0708))
Lindsley, H.B. “[Harriet Tubman, full-length portrait, standing with hands on back of a chair].” Photograph. Between ca. 1860 and 1875. From Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. http://
www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2003674596/
“Watch meeting, Dec. 31, 1862—Waiting for the hour / Heard & Moseley, Cartes de Visite, 10 Tremont
Row, Boston.” Carte de Visite. c1863. From Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division.
http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/98501210/
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“President Lincoln, writing the Proclamation of Freedom. January 1st, 1863 / painted by [David Gilmour]
Blythe; lithogr. And pringed in colors by Ehrgott, Forbriger & Co. Cincinnati, O. Print. [Pittsburgh, Pa.]:
M. Depuy, [1863]. From Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. http://www.loc.gov/
pictures/item/2004665377/
Ball, James Presley. “Jesse L. Berch, quartermaster sergeant, 25 Wisconsin Regiment of Racine, Wis.
[and] Frank M. Rockwell, postmaster 22 Wisconsis of Geneva, Wis./J.P. Ball’s Photographic Gallery,
No. 30 West 4th St., betw. Main and Walnut Sts. Cincinnati, O.” Photograph. 1862 Sept. From Library of
Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2008678814/
Ritchie, Alexander Hay. “The first reading of the Emancipation Proclamation before the cabinet / painted
by F.B. Carpenter; engraved by A.H. Ritchie.” Print. c1866. From Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2012648844/
Lincoln, Abraham. “The first edition of Abraham Lincoln’s final emancipation proclamation.” Broadside.
Washington, D.C., Jan. 1, 1863. From Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division,
The Andrew Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/
scsmbib:@field(DOCID+@lit(scsm001016))
“Emancipation. And by virtue of the power and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all
persons held as slaves … shall be free!” Print. Philadelphia: J.L. Magee, 1865. From Library of Congress,
Rare Book and Special Collections Division, The Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana. http://
memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/scsmbib:@field(DOCID+@lit(scsm000336))
“[Envelope], For President, Abraham Lincoln.” Envelope. New York: William P. Lyon & Whittemore, c.
1864. From Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division, The Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/scsmbib:@field(DOCID+@lit
(scsm000714))
Extracts from Documents in the Office of the General Superintendent of Refugees and Freedmen: Headquarters, Memphis, Tennessee, March, 1865. Memphis, Tenn.: Freedmen Press Print., 1865 From Library of Congress,
African American Pamphlet Collection. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/rbaapcbib:@field
(NUMBER+@band(rbaapc+31500))
Douglass, Frederick. Address by Hon. Frederick Douglass, delivered in the Congregational Church, Washington,
D.D., April 16, 1883: on the twenty-first anniversary of emancipation in the District of Columbia. Pamphlet.
Washington, D.C.: [s.n.], 1883. From Library of Congress, Daniel Murray Pamphlet Collection.http://
memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/murraybib:@field(NUMBER+@band(lcrbmrp+t0a04))
Williams, Daniel B. Emancipation address: our duties and how to discharge them, delivered in the town hall of Salem, Va., January 2, 1893, under the auspices of the Emancipation Club of Salem, with which was joined the Emancipation Club of Roanoke, Va./by Prof. Daniel B. Williams…; with an introduction by Prof. R.G. Chissell…. Pamphlet. [Salem, Va.?: s.n.], c1893. From Library of Congress, African American Pamphlets from the Daniel A.P.
Murray Collection, 1818-1907. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/murraybib:@field
(NUMBER+@band(lcrbmrp+t0g06))
Hughes, Louis. Thirty years a slave. From bondage to freedom. The institution of slavery as seen on the plantation
and in the home of the planter. Autobiography of Louis Hughes. Book. Milwaukee: South Side Printing Company, 1897. From Library of Congress, Pioneering the Upper Midwest: Books from Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, ca. 1820-1910. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/lhbumbib:@field
(NUMBER+@band(lhbum+21103))
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Boney, Ella. “[Mrs. Ella Boney] [Oral History Interview].” Interview. November 26, 1938. From Library
of Congress, American Life Histories: Manuscripts from the Federal Writers’ Project, 1936-1940. http://
memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=wpa1&fileName=16/1602/16020904/
wpa116020904.db&recNum=0
Brownell, H.H., composer. “All slaves were made freemen by Abraham Lincoln, President of the United
States.” Broadside. January 1, 1863. From Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division, The Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/
scsmbib:@field(DOCID+@lit(scsm000846))
“The effects of the proclamation – freed Negroes coming into our lines at Newbern, North Carolina.”
Print. Harper’s Weekly, 21 Feb. 1863. From Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. http://
www.loc.gov/pictures/item/95501775/
Boker, George H. “The Black Regiment. … Published by the Supervisory Committee for Recruiting Colored Regiments. [1863?]” Song Sheet. [1863?] From Library of Congress, Rare Books and Special Collections Division, America Singing: Nineteenth-Century Song Sheets. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?
ammem/amss:@field(DOCID+@lit(cw100610))
“[Murfreesboro, Tenn., vicinity. Men repairing single-track railroad after the Battle of Stones River].”
Photograph. 1863. From Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. http://www.loc.gov/
pictures/item/cwp2003000847/PP/
“[Unidentified African American soldier in Union uniform with wife and two daughters].” Photograph.
[Between 1863 and 1865]. From Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division.http://
www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2010647216/
Currier & Ives, “The gallant charge of the fifty fourth Massachusetts (colored) regiment: on the rebel
works at Fort Wagner, Morris Island, near Charleston, July 18th 1863, and death of Colonel Robt. G.
Shaw.” Print. New York: Currier & Ives, 152 Nassau St., Sept. 11, c1863. From Library of Congress,
Prints and Photographs Division. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2001699787/
“[Johnsonville, Tenn. Camp of Tennessee Colored Battery]. Photograph. [1864]. From Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/cwp2003000850/PP/
Nast, Thomas, artist, and King & Baird, engraver. “Emancipation/Th. Nast; King & Baird, printers, 607
Sansam Street, Philadephia.” Print. Philadelphia: S. Bott, no. 43 South Third Street, c1865. From Library
of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2004665360/
“The gospel train/by.” Sheet Music. Cincinnati: John Church & Co., 1881. From Library of Congress,
Music for the Nation: American Sheet Music. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/
mussm:@field(NUMBER+@band(sm1881+06564))
U.S. Congress. “Resolution #11, 38th Cong., 2nd Sess.,” Statutes at Large, Vol. XIII, p. 567. Book. Boston:
Little, Brown & Company, 1866; repr., Buffalo, N.Y.: Dennis & Co., Inc., 1964. From Library of Congress, A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774-1875.http://
memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=013/llsl013.db&recNum=596
“[Freedmen’s school?, possibly in South Carolina] / Sam A. Cooley, photographer, Tenth Army Corps,
Beaufort, S.C.” Photograph. Samuel A. Cooley, [between 1865 and 1870]. From Library of Congress,
Prints and Photographs Division. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/gld/item/2010647795/
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Taylor, Jas. E. “Glimpses at the Freedmen – The Freedmen’s Union Industrial School, Richmond, Va. /
from a sketch by Jas E. Taylor.” Print. Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, v. 23, 22 Sept. 1866, p. 5. From
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/98501491/
“Ho for Kansas! Nashville, Tennessee, March 18, 1878.” Broadside. 1878. From Library of Congress, African American Odyssey. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart5.html
Waud, Alfred R. “[African American soldiers mustered out at Little Rock, Arkansas].” Print. Harper’s
Weekly, v. 10, 19 May 1866, p. 308. From Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. http://
www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2004660198/
Waud, Alfred R. “Scenes in Memphis, Tennessee, during the riot.” Print. Harper’s Weekly, 26 May 1866,
p. 321. From Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/
item/94507780/
White, Elizabeth. “All God’s Chillun’s Got Wings!” Print. Ca. 1933. From Library of Congress, African
American Odyssey. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart5b.html
Dielman, Frederick. “Celebration of the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia by the colored
people, in Washington, April 19, 1866 / sketched by F. Dielman.” Print. Harper’s Weekly,12 May 1866.
From Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/
item/00651116/
Rosenthal, Max, and Lincoln, Abraham. “Proclamation of emancipation. The second Declaration of Independence! [L. Smith].” Print. Philadelphia: L. Smith, Jan. 1, 1863 [actually after April 15, 1865]. From
Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division, The Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/scsmbib:@field(DOCID+@lit
(scsm000852))
E. Sasche & Co., “The shackle broken – by the genius of freedom / lith. & print by E. Sachse & Co.”
Print. Baltimore: E. Sachse & Co., c1874. From Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division.
http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2003690777/
Cowell, W.H., “Family record. Before the war and since the war / Krebs Lithographing Company, Cincinnati.” Print. Cincinnati: Krebs Lithographing Company, c1880. From Library of Congress, Prints and
Photographs Division. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/91721220/
Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins. Iola Leroy; or, Shadows uplifted, by Frances E.W. Harper. Book. 2d. ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Garrigues Bros., 1893. From Library of Congress, The Nineteenth Century in Print: Books, digitized by the University of Michigan Library. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/
ncpm:@field(DOCID+@lit(ULA17059159))
““Emancipation Day, Richmond, Va..” Photograph. [c1905] From Library of Congress, Touring Turn-of-the
-Century America: Photographs from the Detroit Publishing Company, 1880-1920. http://memory.loc.gov/cgibin/query/r?ammem/detr:@field(NUMBER+@band(det+4a12513))
“Negro G.A.R.veterans parading, New York City, May 30, 1912.” Photograph. 30 May 1912. From Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2003668501/
Jackson, Robert P. “Will you ever give the colored race a show: an appeal to Congress words and music
by Robt. P. Jackson.” Sheet Music. Chicago, c1898. From Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special
Collections Division, The Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/
query/r?ammem/scsmbib:@field(DOCID+@lit(scsm000092))
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