WSN 53(1) (2016) - World Scientific News

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WSN 53(1) (2016) 1-66
EISSN 2392-2192
A Treatise on the Jumping Spiders
(Araneae: Salticidae) of Tea Ecosystem of Dooars,
West Bengal, India
Tapan Kumar Roy1,a, Sumana Saha2,b, Dinendra Raychaudhuri1,c
1
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, IRDM Faculty Centre,
Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Narendrapur,
Kolkata - 700103, West Bengal, India
2
Department of Zoology, Barasat Govt. College, Govt. of West Bengal, Kolkata - 700124, India
a-c
E-mails address: [email protected] ; [email protected] ;
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
The present study is devoted to 23 salticids under 20 genera recorded from the tea estates of
Dooars, West Bengal, India. Of these, Cheliceroides brevipalpis is considered as new to science;
Cocalus murinus Simon, 1899 and Phaeacius fimbriatus Simon, 1900 are new from India. The former
two genera are the first records from the country. While providing diagnosis of the newly recorded
genera, description and necessary illustrations of the new species are also provided. Recorded genera
and species are suitably keyed together with relevant illustrations. Lyssomanes sikkimensis Tikader,
1967 is considered as the junior synonym of Telamonia festiva Thorell, 1887.
Keywords: Salticidae; New taxa; Tea Estates; Dooars; West Bengal
Reviewer:
Prof. Jerzy Borowski
Department of Forest Protection and Ecology,
Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
World Scientific News 53(1) (2016) 1-66
1. INTRODUCTION
Tea, a major monoculture plantation crop, is a permanent but typical ecosystem (Fig. 1)
that provides habitat continuity for 1031 species of arthropods and 82 species of nematodes
globally (Chen & Chen 1989; Hazarika et al. 2009). In Asia, 230 species of insects and mite
pests attack tea (Muraleedharan 1992). However, 173 arthropods and 16 nematodes are
reported to be the pests of tea in North-East India (Hazarika et al. 1994).
None of the part of tea bush remains unattacked by the pests that ultimately affect “Two
leaf and a bud”. As a result tea crop suffers loss (10-15%) in yield. To control these pests, per
hectare consumption of pesticides is excessively high and equally expensive (Chakravartee &
Hazarika 1995). Again heavy application of pesticides does no longer produce economic and
effective pest control in tea, partly because of the rising cost of pesticides but mainly due to
large scale and sometimes indiscriminate use of hard pesticides that promote speedier
evolution of insect pests; affect non-target species; convert formerly innocuous species into
pests and leave undesirable residues in made tea (Hazarika et al. 1994). As a result especially
due to importers dissatisfaction with pesticide residues and reluctance to accept such tea,
problem of residues has become a major concern to the tea industry.
To address the issue an alternative to chemical based plant protection i.e., an integrated
approach based primarily on the use of biocontrol measures, habitat management, need based
application of botanicals and safer pesticides, is being adopted. Such an approach is thought
to reduce residues and ancillary problems associated with pesticide application (Hazarika et
al. 1994). A review by Riechert & Lockley in 1984 brought attention to spiders as potential
agent of biological pest control. The unquestionable contribution of spiders in biological
control made an important tactics for integrated pest management system. Appreciating the
necessity of spiders as bioresource against agricultural pests, the spider fauna of several crop
ecosystems have been well documented in some parts of the world, e.g. cotton, soybean,
alfalfa, maize, citrus orchards, deciduous orchards and rice (Barrion & Litsinger 1995;
Satpathi 2004). But unfortunately attempt to document the spider fauna of tea-ecosystem is
wanting. With this background, we carried out a systematic survey on the spiders of tea
ecosystem of Dooars, West Bengal, India. It is worth mentioning that such study is first of its
kind in India and second globally after China (Zhang, J. W. 1993 and BoGang, C. 2003).
Among the recorded araneo fauna, jumping spiders, the salticids are found to be the
second largest group from the study area. The family Salticidae is currently represented by
5872 species belonging to 598 genera throughout the world (World Spider Catalogue 2016).
However, Metzners’ 2015 data differs from the catalogue referred above. In India they
are represented by a total of 207 species under 73 genera (Keswani et al. 2012). During our
study for the spiders of tea ecosystem of Dooars, we could sample 23 salticid species under
20 genera from eight tea estates namely Shikarpur T. E., Kailashpur T. E., Meenglas T. E.,
Nepuchapur T. E., Nagrakata T. E., Bhogotpore T. E., Kurti T. E. and Dalgaon T. E.. Of the
recorded species, Cheliceroides brevipalpis is considered as new to science.
The genera Cocalus C. L. Koch, 1846 and Cheliceroides Zabka, 1985 are the first
records from India. Phaeacius fimbriatus Simon, 1900 and Cocalus murinus Simon, 1899 are
new from the country. While providing suitable keys for the recorded taxa, diagnosis and
necessary descriptions of the new taxa are also provided. All the species have also been
suitably illustrated. We propose Lyssomanes sikkimensis Tikader, 1967 as the junior synonym
of Telamonia festiva Thorell, 1887.
-2-
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Spiders were sampled mainly by hand from the foliages and tea bushes, shade tree
trunks and fencing trees during the period 2008-2011. They were also trapped from the
ground by pitfall. The study area included eight Tea Estates (Fig. 2) namely Shikarpur T. E.,
Kailashpur T. E., Meenglas T. E., Nepuchapur T. E., Nagrakata T. E., Bhogotpore T. E., Kurti
T. E. and Dalgaon T. E.. Of these, the former four belong to Western Dooars while the rests
are within the jurisdiction of Central Dooars.
Spider specimens thus sampled were preserved following Tikader (1987) and Barrion &
Litsinger (1995). They were studied under Stereo Zoom Binocular Microscopes, model
Olympus SZX-7. The measurements indicated in the text are in millimeters (mm), made with
an eye piece graticule. Materials are in the deposition of Department of Agricultural
Biotechnology, IRDM Faculty Centre, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University,
Narendrapur, Kolkata.
2. 1. Abbreviations
Abbreviations used: AL= abdominal length, ALE= anterior lateral eye, AME= anterior
median eye, AW= abdominal width, CL= cephalothoracic length, CW= cephalothoracic
width, PLE= posterior lateral eye, PME= posterior median eye, TL= total length, BTE=
Bhogotpore Tea Estate, DTE= Dalgaon Tea Estate, KTE= Kailashpur Tea Estate, KUTE=
Kurti Tea Estate, MTE= Meenglas Tea Estate, NTE= Nepuchapur Tea Estate, NATE=
Nagrakata Tea Estate, STE= Shikarpur Tea estate, WB= West Bengal, J= Juvenile, * = New
to World, Ф = New to India, Ψ = New to West Bengal, ▲ = Endemic to India, ♦ = Proposed
Synonymy
3. RESULTS
Class- Arachnida Cuvier, 1812
Order- Araneae Clerck, 1757
Family- Salticidae Blackwall, 1841
Key to genera:
1. Retromargin of chelicerae with one tooth
---------------------------------- 2
-
Retromargin of chelicerae with more than one tooth
-------------------------------- 15
2. Cephalothorax flattened
---------------------------------- 3
-
Cephalothorax not flattened
---------------------------------- 6
-3-
3. Beetle like; cephalothorax somewhat rounded with thick mouse like hairs, posteriorly
wider; 1st pair of legs in males robust with tibia broad and flat
--------- Rhene Thorell, 1869
-
Not beetle like; cephalothorax and 1st pair of legs in male otherwise
---------------------------------- 4
4. Tibiae and metatarsi I and II with 3 and 2 pairs of ventral spines respectively
-- Marpissa C. L. Koch, 1846
-
Tibiae and metatarsi I and II not so
---------------------------------- 5
5. Pale, brownish grey, broad band extending from the middle of cephalothorax up to the
tip of abdomen; body entirely with lateral brown band
---- Menemerus Simon, 1868
-
No such bands; abdomen metallic, slender, ovoid, with flat setae
---- Thiania C. L. Koch, 1846
6. Cephalothorax circular or U shaped
---------------------------------- 7
-
Cephalothorax neither circular nor U shaped
---------------------------------- 9
7. Cephalothorax yellow brown to black, moderately high, with eye field darker
-- Euophrys C. L. Koch, 1834
-
Cephalothorax not so, eye field not darker
---------------------------------- 8
8. 1st pair of legs in male robust, with tibia flat, fringed with stiff hairs alongside dorsal
and ventral face
------------- Siler Simon, 1889
-
Both 1st and 2nd pairs of legs a little more robust than 3rd and 4th pair, tibiae not so
-------- Hasarius Simon, 1871
9. Cephalothorax swollen or spherical, with horn like tuft of long, stiff, slightly curved
bristles lateral to anterolateral eyes
-------------------------------- 10
-4-
-
Cephalothorax otherwise, without any hornlike tuft of long, stiff, curved bristles
-------------------------------- 12
10. Abdomen of female pale with a pair of longitudinal dark lines, male slender with mid
dorsal white band on abdomen
----- Telamonia Thorell, 1887
-
Abdomen with different pattern
-------------------------------- 11
11. Embolus usually short, sometimes with compound terminal apophysis
--------- Evarcha Simon, 1902
-
Embolus long, often with pars pendula; tibial apophysis sometimes with a few spur
like projection at the flat tip
----- Hyllus C. L. Koch, 1846
12. Cephalothoracic length always more than 1.2 x its width
-------------------------------- 13
-
Cephalothoracic length always less than 1.2 x its width
-------------------------------- 14
13. Cephalothorax convex with cephalic margins nearly parallel; abdomen of female pale
with series of chevron marks and white bands, in male such bands extending
throughout the body
- Plexippus C. L. Koch, 1846
-
Cephalothorax slopping posteriorly; males usually black with 2 longitudinal white
bands extending from thoracic region to tip of abdomen, females brownish, with pale
yellow chevron pattern on abdomen
----- Carrhotus Thorell, 1891
14. Chelicerae slender, with fangs long, sometimes larger than chelicerae, curved at tip;
abdomen often with gray, indistinct, linear pattern
-------- Phintella Strand, 1906
-
Cheliceral fang never so; abdomen of female with a series of chevron marks
-------- Epocilla Thorell, 1887
15. Cheliceral retromargin with 2 teeth
--- Cheliceroides Zabka, 1985
-5-
-
Cheliceral retromargin with many teeth
-------------------------------- 16
16. Eyes in 4, 2, 2 arrangement
-------------------------------- 18
-
Eyes in 2, 2, 2, 2 arrangement
-------------------------------- 17
17. Eyes of 2nd and 3rd rows never on tubercles; cephalothorax convex, almost oval with a
white, broad band along the rim; abdomen spherical with lustrous flat setae
--------- Brettus Thorell, 1895
-
Eyes of 2nd and 3rd rows always on small tubercles; cephalothorax not so; abdomen
slender with short, scanty, soft hairs
-- Asemonia O. P.-Cambridge, 1869
18. Ant like; cephalic - thoracic region distinctly marked by a constriction; pedicel long,
conspicuous, visible from above
------ Myrmarachne MacLeay, 1839
-
Not ant like; cephalic - thoracic region fused, without any constriction; pedicel short,
inconspicuous, not visible from above
-------------------------------- 19
19. Ocular quad with a prominently elevated lump like mound at the centre; abdomen
elongate, conical; tibia of male palp with finger like apophysis
---- Cocalus C. L. Koch, 1846
-
Ocular quad without any mount; abdomen nearly oval; tibial apophysis of male palp
blunt, spine like
------ Phaeacius Simon, 1900
Genus: Rhene Thorell, 1869
Rhene Thorell, 1869, Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis (3) 7: 37.
Type species: Rhanis flavigera C. L. Koch, 1846.
Distribution: Cosmopolitan (Metzner 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).
Key to species:
-6-
1. Body highly pale brown, not metallic, thickly clothed with white hairs, these
posteriorly forming transverse zigzag, narrow bands; abdomen medially with 2 pairs
of sigillae, anterior pair more prominent
--------------- decorata Tikader
-
Body brown black, metallic, clothed with yellowish hairs leaving large area free, this
at the posterior half forming 2 broad transverse bands; sigillae absent
----------------- danieli Tikader
Rhene decorata Tikader, 1977
(Figs. 3A-E, 24 A & 26 D)
Rhene decorata Tikader, 1977, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science 85(B): 276, f.
4-6 (♀).
Measurements (♀): CL - 1.43, CW - 1.47, AL - 2.16, AW - 1.39, TL - 3.59.
Interocular distance: AME – AME= 0.33, ALE – AME= 0.29, ALE – ALE= 0.86, PME –
PME= 0.94, PLE – PME= 0.53, PLE – PLE= 1.27, ALE – PLE= 0.73, AME – PME= 0.45
Legs: I 2.36 (0.80, 0.33, 0.53, 0.40, 0.30); II 1.83 (0.67, 0.23, 0.33, 0.33, 0.27); III 1.39 (0.53,
0.13, 0.20, 0.33, 0.20); IV 2.33 (0.77, 0.33, 0.50, 0.43, 0.30). Leg formula 1423.
Material examined: 1♀, KTE, 13 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, MTE, 16 Mar. 2009, coll. T.
K. Roy; 1♀, NTE, 8 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy
Distribution: India: Assam, Maharashtra, West Bengal (Tikader & Biswas 1981; Biswas &
Biswas 1992; Majumder 2005; Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider Catalogue
2016).
Rhene danieli Tikader, 1973
(Figs. 4A- F, 24 B & 26 E, F & G)
Rhene danieli Tikader, 1973, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science 78(B): 71, f. 5-9
(♂).
Measurements (♂): CL - 2.12, CW - 2.45, AL - 2.53, AW - 2.04, TL - 4.65.
Legs: I 4.60 (1.70, 0.80, 1.00, 0.60, 0.50); II 2.80 (1.00, 0.40, 0.60, 0.40, 0.40); III 2.70 (0.90,
0.40, 0.60, 0.50, 0.30); IV 3.60 (1.20, 0.50, 0.90, 0.60, 0.40). Leg formula 1423.
-7-
Material examined: 1♂, STE, 12 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♂, KTE, 14 Jul. 2008, coll. T.
K. Roy; 2♂♂, KTE, 31 Jan. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♂, NTE, 11 Sep. 2008, coll. D. C. Dhali;
2♂♂, NTE, 9 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy
Distribution: India: Maharashtra, West Bengal (Tikader & Biswas 1981; Biswas & Biswas
1992; Sebastian & Peter 2009; Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider Catalogue
2016).
Genus: Marpissa C. L. Koch, 1846
Marpissa C. L. Koch, 1846, Die Arachniden, 13: 56.
Type species: Araneus muscosus Clerck, 1757.
Marpissa decorata Tikader, 1974
(Figs. 5A- E, 24 C & 27 A)
Marpissa decorata Tikader, 1974, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science 79(B): 206,
f. 4-6 (♀).
Legs: I 4.60 (1.50, 0.70, 1.40, 0.50, 0.50); II 4.30 (1.60, 0.60, 1.20, 0.50, 0.40); III 4.20 (1.50,
0.50, 1.20, 0.50, 0.50); IV 4.00 (0.80, 0.60, 1.30, 0.90, 0.40). Leg formula 1234.
Material examined: 1♀, NTE, 1 Nov. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy
Distribution: India: Assam, Maharashtra, West Bengal (Tikader & Biswas 1981; Biswas &
Biswas 1992; Majumder 2005; Metzner 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).
Genus: Menemerus Simon, 1868
Menemerus Simon, 1868, Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (4) 8: 663.
Type species: Attus semilimbatus Hahn, 1829.
Distribution: Ethiopian and Oriental (Metzner 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).
Menemerus brevibulbis (Thorell, 1887)
(Figs. 6A- E, 24 D & 27 B)
-8-
Tapinattus brevibulbis Thorell, 1887, Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova
25: 372.
Menemerus brevibulbis Simon, 1901, Histoire naturelle des araignées. Paris, 2: 604.
Legs: I 5.10 (1.64, 1.00, 1.18, 0.73, 0.55); II 4.54 (1.45, 0.82, 1.09, 0.73, 0.45); III 4.83 (1.55,
0.55, 1.09, 1.00, 0.64); IV 6.28 (2.00, 0.73, 1.64, 1.18, 0.73). Leg formula 4132.
Material examined: 1♀, KTE, 13 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 2♀♀, MTE, 28 Aug. 2010, coll.
T. K. Roy; 1♀, NTE, 9 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, NATE, 10 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy
Distribution: India: West Bengal (New record); Djibouti, Senegal, Somalia, Yemen (Thorell
1887; Wesolowska 1999; Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).
Genus: Thiania C. L. Koch, 1846
Thiania C. L. Koch, 1846, Die Arachniden, 13: 171.
Type species: Thiania pulcherrima C. L. Koch, 1846.
Distribution: Australian, Oriental and Palaearctic (Metzner 2015; World Spider Catalogue
2016).
Thiania bhamoensis Thorell, 1887
(Figs. 7A- E, 24 E & 27 C)
Thiania bhamoensis Thorell, 1887, Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova 25:
357, fig. (♀♂).
Legs: I 4.92 (1.57, 0.50, 1.14, 1.07, 0.64); II 3.79 (1.29, 0.50, 0.86, 0.64, 0.50); III 4.15 (1.36,
0.43, 1.00, 0.86, 0.50); IV 3.93 (1.00, 0.43, 1.00, 1.00, 0.50). Leg formula 1342.
Material examined: 1♀, KTE, 6 Oct. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, KTE, 24 Aug. 2010, coll. T.
K. Roy; 2♀♀, NTE, 18 Mar. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 2♀♀, NTE, 9 Oct. 2009, coll. D.
Raychaudhuri; 4♀♀, NTE, 9 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 2♀♀, NTE, 20 Aug. 2010, coll. T.
-9-
K. Roy; 2♀♀, NTE, 1 Nov. 2010, coll. S. Saha; 5♀♀, NATE, 10 Apr. 2010, coll. D.
Raychaudhuri; 3♀♀, DTE, 23 Aug. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy
Distribution: India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Assam, Kerala, West Bengal; China,
Indonesia, Krakatau, Malacca, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Vietnam (Sebastian & Peter
2009; Dhali et al. 2010; Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).
Genus: Euophrys C. L. Koch, 1834
Euophrys C. L. Koch, 1834, Deutschlands Insekten., Heft: 122-127.
Type species: Aranea frontalis Walckenaer, 1802.
Distribution: Throughout except Nearctic (Metzner 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).
Euophrys frontalis (Walckenaer, 1802)
Aranea frontalis Walckenaer, 1802, Faune parisienne. Insectes. ou Histoire abrégée des
insectes de environs de Paris. Paris 2: 246, fig. (♀).
Euophrys frontalis C. L. Koch, 1834, Deutschlands Insekten., Heft: 123, pl. 1, f. 7-8.
Euophrys frontalis Dhali et al., 2014, Munis Entomology and Zoology 9(1): 144, f. 1-5, 11
(♀).
Material examined: 1♀, NTE, 1 Nov. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy
Distribution: India: West Bengal; Afghanistan, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, China, Croatia,
Czech Republic, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iran,
Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Libya, Lithuania, Macedonia, Netherlands,
Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Sakhalin, Serbia, Slovakia, South Korea, Switzerland,
Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine (Dhali et al. 2014; Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World
Spider Catalogue 2016).
Genus: Siler Simon, 1889
Siler Simon, 1889, Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (6) 8: 250.
Type species: Siler cupreus Simon, 1889.
Distribution: Oriental and Palaearctic (Metzner 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).
Siler semiglaucus (Simon, 1901)
(Figs. 8A-E, 24 F & 27 D)
-10-
Cyllobelus semiglaucus Simon, 1901, Histoire naturelle des araignées. Paris 2: 549, fig. 664
(♂).
Siler semiglaucus Prószyński, 1984, Wyższa Szkola Rolniczo-Pedagogiczna, Siedlcach 2: 137.
Legs: I 3.77 (1.37, 0.51, 0.69, 0.69, 0.51); II 3.15 (1.03, 0.46, 0.63, 0.63, 0.40); III 3.15 (1.03,
0.57, 0.69, 0.57, 0.29); IV 4.86 (1.60, 0.69, 1.14, 0.97, 0.46). Leg formula 412=3.
Material examined: 1♀, KTE, 7 Sep. 2008, coll. T. K. Roy; 2♀♀, NTE, 29 Jan. 2010, coll. T.
K. Roy
Distribution: India: Kerala, West Bengal; China, Indonesia, Krakatau, Nepal, Philippines,
Singapore, Sri Lanka, Vietnam (Sebastian & Peter 2009; Dhali et al. 2010; Metzner 2015;
Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).
Genus: Hasarius Simon, 1871
Hasarius Simon, 1871, Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (5) 1: 330.
Type species: Attus adansonii Audouin, 1826.
Hasarius sp. nr. adansoni (Audouin, 1826)
(Figs. 9A- E, 24 G & 27 E)
Attus adansonii Audouin, 1826, Histoire Naturelle 1(4): 404, pl. 7, f. 8 (♀♂).
Hasarius adansoni Simon, 1871, Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (5) 1: 330
(108).
Legs: I 6.09 (2.00, 1.00, 1.27, 1.27, 0.55); II 5.82 (2.00, 0.91, 1.18, 1.18, 0.55); III 5.73 (2.00,
0.91, 0.91, 1.27, 0.64); IV 6.63 (2.09, 1.09, 1.27, 1.36, 0.82). Leg formula 4123.
Material examined: 1♀, KTE, 6 Oct. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy
Distribution: India: West Bengal; Algeria, Australia, Belgium, Canary Islands, Cape Verde,
China, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Egypt, France, French Polynesia,
-11-
Galapagos Islands, Gambia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hawaii, Hispaniola Island,
Hungary, Italy, Japan, Krakatau, Libya, Malaysia, Malta, Marocco, Marquesas Islands,
Marshall Islands, Mexico, Midway Atoll, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Palmyra Atoll,
Panama, Peru, Poland, Reunion, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, South Korea, Sri Lanka,
Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, USA, Vietnam, Yemen, Zimbabwe
(Barrion & Litsinger 1995; Sebastian & Peter 2009; Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World
Genus: Telamonia Thorell, 1887
Telamonia Thorell, 1887, Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 25: 386.
Type species: Telamonia festiva Thorell, 1887.
Key to species:
1. Only femur I dorsally decorated with spines; cephalothorax creamy white to light
brown; abdomen elongate, oval, with 2 longitudinal, mid dorsal, chocolate bands
------------- dimidiata (Simon)
-
All legs dorsally decorated with spines; cephalothorax reddish brown; abdomen
slender, elongate, almost parallel sided, with 2 longitudinal mid dorsal chocolate
brown bands enclosing a band of thick white
------------------- festiva Thorell
Telamonia dimidiata (Simon, 1899)
(Figs. 10A- E, 24 H & 27 F)
Viciria dimidiata Simon, 1899, Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 43: 118.
Telamonia dimidiata Prószyński, 1984, Annales Zoologici, Warszawa 37: 428, fig. 29-32
(♂♀).
Legs: I 8.33 (2.11, 1.67, 2.22, 1.44, 0.89); II 7.45 (2.22, 1.56, 1.89, 1.11, 0.67); III 9.33 (3.22,
1.22, 1.89, 1.89, 1.11); IV 8.78 (3.00, 1.00, 2.11, 1.78, 0.89). Leg formula 3412.
-12-
Material examined: 1♀, STE, 12 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 2♀♀, STE, 2 Nov. 2010, coll. T.
K. Roy; 1♀, KTE, 14 Jul. 2008, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, KTE, 7 Sep. 2008, coll. S. Saha; 2♀♀
(J), KTE, 6 Oct. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy; 2♀♀ (J), KTE, 31 Jan. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀,
KTE, 13 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀ (J), MTE, 8 Sep. 2008, coll. D. C. Dhali; 5♀♀ (J),
MTE, 7 Oct. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy; 4♀♀, MTE, 14 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, MTE, 28
Aug. 2010, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 1♀, NTE, 10 Sep. 2008, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, NTE, 18
Mar. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, NTE, 9 Oct. 2009, coll. S. Saha; 2♀♀ (J), NTE, 30 Jan. 2010,
coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, NTE, 9 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀ (J), NTE, 20 Aug. 2010, coll. D.
Raychaudhuri; 2♀♀, NTE, 1 Nov. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 2♀♀ (J), NATE, 22 Mar. 2009, coll.
T. K. Roy; 2♀♀ (J), NATE, 1 Feb. 2010, coll. S. Saha; 1♀, NATE, 10 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K.
Roy; 1♀, NATE, 22 Aug. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 2♀♀ (J), BTE, 15 Oct. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy;
3♀♀ (J), BTE, 3 Feb. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, BTE, 21 Aug. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀ (J),
BTE, 31 Oct. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 3♀♀, KUTE, 18 Ma. 2008, coll. S. Saha; 1♂ (J), DTE,
12 Sep. 2008, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀ (J), DTE, 21 Mar. 2009, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 2♀♀ (J),
DTE, 11 Oct. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy
Distribution: India: Assam, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra, West Bengal; Bhutan, Indonesia,
Singapore, (Sebastian & Peter 2009; Dhali et al. 2010; Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015;
World Spider Catalogue 2016).
Telamonia festiva Thorell, 1887
(Figs. 11A- E, 24 I & 27 G)
Telamonia festiva Thorell, 1887, Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova 25:
386.
Lyssomanes sikkimensis Tikader, 1967, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science 66(B):
120, f. 3a-b (♀).
Telamonia sikkimensis (Tikader) Logunov, 2004, Bulletin of the British Arachnological
Society 13: 75.
Material examined: 1♀, NTE, 19 Mar. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy
Description: Female
CL - 3.60, CW - 3.26, AL - 5.26, AW - 2.11, TL - 9.03. Cephalothorax (Fig. 11A)
brown, elongate oval, anteriorly truncate, broadest at middle, cephalic region somewhat flat
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with ocular area yellowish brown, sides sloping, thoracic region posteriorly depressed with
distinct, median, reddish brown, longitudinal fovea, either side of which with broad, whitish,
downward and outwardly directed yellow band, immediately behind the posterolateral eye
row, radii distinct. Eyes 8, homogenous, transparent, basally ringed with black, arranged in 4
transverse rows, anteromedians (AME) forming the anterior row, occupying the frontal
region, 2nd row or anterolaterals nearly 1/3 of AME, 3rd row of eyes or posteromedians
smallest, widest, situated closer to ALE than PLE, 4th row of eyes or posterolaterals nearly
equal to anterolaterals, ocular quad almost rectangular, formed by PME and PLE, eye
diameter AME> ALE ≥ PLE > PME. Interocular distances: AME – AME= 0.80, ALE –
AME= 0.63, ALE – ALE= 1.77, PME – PME= 1.60, PLE – PME= 0.66, PLE – PLE= 1.74,
ALE – PLE= 1.20, AME – PME= 1.03. Clypeus narrow, nearly equal to the diameter of ALE,
clothed with long, white hairs. Chelicerae (Fig. 11B) yellow brown, moderately long, stout,
more or less parallel, promargin with 2 and retromargin with 1 teeth; fang brown, curved,
sharp and stout. Labium (Fig. 11C) yellowish, longer than wide, constricted sub basally,
apically truncate and scopulate. Maxillae (Fig. 11C) elongate, basally brown, outer margin
concave, inner margin weakly so, apically yellowish, round, bulged and scopulate with brown
hairs. Sternum (Fig. 11C) yellow brown, margin darker, slightly indented at each coxae,
longer than wide, clothed with long, pale brown hairs, apically weakly concave, tip round.
Legs yellow brown, moderately long, stout, clothed with brownish black hairs and spines,
tarsal claw 2 with claw tufts, each with 7 pectinations. Leg measurements: I 6.85 (2.00, 0.97,
1.71, 1.31, 0.86); II 6.28 (1.94, 0.91, 1.37, 1.26, 0.80); III 7.14 (2.11, 0.97, 1.83, 1.43, 0.80);
IV 7.20 (1.43, 0.86, 2.34, 1.77, 0.80). Leg formula 4312.
Abdomen (Fig. 11A) yellow brown, long, parallel sided, anteriorly truncate, margined
with long, brown, erect hairs, cardiac spot white, antero-laterally with a pair of distinct
yellowish sigillae. Dorsum decorated with a pair of more or less parallel brown black band,
anal tubercle distinct, triangular. Venter yellow, with irregular grey black patch extending
from epigastric furrow to almost near tip, spinnerets yellow brown, covered with brown hairs,
posterior pair distinctly longer than anterior.
Epigynum - Internal genitalia (Figs. 11D & E): Epigyne sclerotised, a convex shield,
depressed anteriorly with parallel longitudinal lines evident medially, spermathecae heavily
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sclerotised; copulatory openings medial; fertilization duct long, heavily coiled, divergent
apically.
Distribution: India: West Bengal; Celebes, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, New
Guinea, Singapore, Vietnam (Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider Catalogue
2016).
Remarks: Wanless (1980) questioned on the status of Lyssomanes sikkimensis Tikader
primarily relying on unidentate nature of retromarginal teeth of chelicerae. Logunov later in
2004 assigned the species to Telamonia (Thorell) basing on the
total length (8 mm),
characteristic v shaped colour pattern on the abdominal dorsum, other than the number of
cheliceral teeth. He further believed the limit of Lyssomanes in the palaearctic only. They
however had to depend on the illustrations of Tikader (1967).
Present species appears to be a replica of Lyssomanes sikkimensis Tikader other than
the internal genitalia (illustration not available in Tikader 1967). Intense study on the species
leads to conclude that the species is Telamonia festiva Thorell [Metzner 2015]. Lyssomanes
sikkimensis Tikader is therefore proposed as the junior synonym of Telamonia festiva Thorell.
Genus: Evarcha Simon, 1902
Evarcha Simon, 1902, Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 71: 389-421.
Type species: Araneus falcatus Clerck, 1757.
Distribution: Throughout except Neotropical (Metzner 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).
Evarcha flavocinta (C. L. Koch, 1846)
Maevia flavocincta C. L. Koch, 1846, Die Arachniden: 74, fig. 1330 (♀).
Evarcha flavocincta Zabka, 1985, Annales Zoologici, Warszawa 39: 224, fig. 187-196 (♀).
Evarcha flavocincta Roy et al., 2014, Munis Entomology and Zoology 9(1): 380, fig. 1-6 (♀).
Material examined: 1♀, KTE, 24 Aug. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, NTE, 12 Oct. 2009, coll. T.
K. Roy.
Distribution: India: West Bengal; Bintan Island, China, Indonesia, Japan, Lombok, Malaysia,
Singapore, Vietnam (Roy et al. 2014; Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider
Catalogue 2016).
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Genus: Hyllus C. L. Koch, 1846
Hyllus C. L. Koch, 1846, Die Arachniden, 13: 161.
Type species: Hyllus giganteus C. L. Koch, 1846.
Distribution: Throughout except Nearctic and Neotropical (Metzner 2015; World Spider
Catalogue 2016).
Hyllus semicupreus (Simon, 1885)
(Figs. 12A- E, 25 A & 27 H)
Thyene semicuprea Simon, 1885, Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France 10: 4, 29, pl.
10, f. 1 (♂♀).
Hyllus semicupreus Prószyński, 1990, Wyższa Szkola Rolniczo-Pedagogiczna W Siedlcach:
177.
Legs: I 6.69 (2.23, 1.09, 1.49, 0.97, 0.91); II 5.60 (1.77, 0.97, 1.20, 0.86, 0.80); III 6.52 (2.40,
1.03, 1.09, 1.20, 0.80); IV 7.54 (2.57, 1.26, 1.54, 1.26, 0.91). Leg formula 4132.
Material examined: 1♀, KTE, 7 Sep. 2008, coll. T. K. Roy; 2♀♀, KTE, 31 Jan. 2010, coll. T.
K. Roy; 2♀♀, KTE, 13 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀ (J), MTE, 8 Sep. 2008, coll. D. C.
Dhali; 1♀, NTE, 18 Mar. 2009, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 1♀, NTE, 30 Jan. 2010, coll. T. K.
Roy; 1♀, NTE, 8 Apr. 2010, coll. S. Saha; 1♀, NATE, 22 Aug. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 3♀♀,
BTE, 3 Feb. 2010, coll. S. Saha; 2♀♀ (J), DTE, 11 Oct. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy
Distribution: India: Assam, West Bengal; Sri Lanka (Sebastian & Peter 2009; Dhali et al.
2010; Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).
Genus: Plexippus C. L. Koch, 1846
Plexippus C. L. Koch, 1846, Die Arachniden, 13: 107.
Type species: Attus paykullii Audouin, 1826.
Plexippus paykullii (Audouin, 1826)
(Figs. 13A- E, 25 B & 27 I)
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Attus paykullii Audouin, 1826, Histoire Naturelle 1(4): 409, pl. 7, f. 22 (♂).
Plexippus paykulli Peckham & Peckham, 1886, Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of
Sciences, Arts and Letters 6: 296.
Legs: I 5.00 (1.60, 0.87, 1.20, 0.80, 0.53); II 4.54 (1.60, 0.80, 1.07, 0.67, 0.40); III 4.74 (1.67,
0.80, 1.00, 0.67, 0.60); IV 5.60 (1.73, 0.87, 1.27, 1.13, 0.60). Leg formula 4132.
Material examined: 1♀, STE, 12 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, KTE, 14 Jul. 2008, coll. T.
K. Roy; 1♀, KTE, 7 Sep. 2008, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♂ (J), KTE, 6 Oct. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy; 1
♀, KTE, 13 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 2♀♀, MTE, 7 Oct. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, MTE,
28 Jan. 2010, coll. S. Saha; 3♀♀, MTE, 14 Apr. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, NTE, 16 Jul.
2008, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, NTE, 11 Sep. 2008, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 1♀, NTE, 18 Mar.
2009, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, NATE, 16 Ma. 2008, coll. T. K. Roy; 3♀♀, NATE, 21 Mar. 2009,
coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, BTE, 21 Aug. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali;1♀ (J), KUTE, 23 Jul. 2008, coll.
T. K. Roy; 2♀♀ (J), DTE, 11 Oct. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy
Distribution: India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Kerala, Manipur, West Bengal; Afghanistan,
Algeria, American Samoa, Australia, Bermuda, Brazil, Canary Islands, Celebes, China, Costa
Rica, Crete, Cuba, Egypt, Ethiopia, Fiji, France, French Polynesia, Galapagos Islands,
Gambia, Greece, Hawaii, Hispaniola Island, Indochina, Indonesia, Iran, Italy, Japan, Kenya,
Krakatau, Lao, Libya, Malaysia, Malta, Marquesas Islands, Marshall Islands, Nepal, New
Hebrides, Palmyra Atoll, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Philippines, Saudi Arabia,
Senegal, Singapore, Society Islands, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Taiwan,
Tonga, Trinidad, Tuamotu Islands, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, USA, Venezuela,
Vietnam, Yemen (Tikader & Biswas 1981; Biswas & Biswas 1992, 2004, 2006; Barrion &
Litsinger 1995; Majumder 2005, 2007; Sebastian & Peter 2009; Dhali et al. 2010; Metzner
2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).
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Genus: Carrhotus Thorell, 1891
Carrhotus Thorell, 1891, Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar
24(2): 1-149.
Type species: Plexippus viduus C. L. Koch, 1846.
Distribution: Ethiopian, Oriental and Palaearctic (Metzner 2015; World Spider Catalogue
2016).
Carrhotus viduus (C. L. Koch, 1846)
(Figs. 14A- E, 25 C & 27 J)
Plexippus viduus C. L. Koch, 1846, Die Arachniden: 104, f. 1166 (♂).
Carrhotus viduus Thorell, 1891, Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens
Handlingar 24(2): 142.
Legs: I 4.80 (1.40, 0.90, 1.25, 0.75, 0.50); II 4.45 (1.40, 0.80, 1.00, 0.80, 0.45); III 4.15 (1.40,
0.75, 1.15, 0.50, 0.35); IV 4.65 (1.00, 0.70, 1.25, 1.05, 0.65). Leg formula 1423.
Material examined: 1♀, MTE, 28 Jan. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, NTE, 29 Jan. 2010, coll. T.
K. Roy
Distribution: India: Assam, West Bengal (New record); Bintan Island, China, Indonesia,
Malacca, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Penang Island, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Sumbawa
(Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).
Genus: Phintella Strand in Bösenberg & Strand, 1906
Phintella Strand in Bösenberg & Strand, 1906, Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen
Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 30: 331.
Type species: Telamonia bifurcilinea Bösenberg & Strand, 1906.
Catalogue 2016).
Phintella vittata (C.L. Koch, 1846)
(Figs. 15A- E, 25 D & 27 K)
Plexippus vittatus C. L. Koch, 1846, Die Arachniden: 125, f. 1185 (j).
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Phintella vittata Zabka, 1985, Annales Zoologici, Warszawa 39: 429, f. 435-441, 453.
Legs: I 2.54 (0.80, 0.27, 0.60, 0.40, 0.47); II 2.40 (0.80, 0.33, 0.47, 0.40, 0.40); III 2.54 (0.80,
0.20, 0.60, 0.47, 0.47); IV 2.80 (0.80, 0.20, 0.73, 0.60, 0.47). Leg formula 41=32.
Material examined: 1♀, STE, 12 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, STE, 26 Aug. 2010, coll. T.
K. Roy; 1♀, STE, 2 Nov. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♂(J), KTE, 14 Jul. 2008, coll. T. K. Roy;
1♀, KTE, 7 Sep. 2008, coll. T. K. Roy; 16♀♀, KTE, 14 Mar. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀,
KTE, 6 Oct. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, KTE, 13 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, KTE, 3
Nov. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 4♀♀, MTE, 16 Jul. 2008, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, MTE, 7 Oct. 2009,
coll. T. K. Roy; 5♀♀, MTE, 14 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, MTE, 28 Aug. 2010, coll. S.
Saha; 1♀, NTE, 16 Jul. 2008, coll. D. C. Dhali; 4♀♀, NTE, 18 Mar. 2009, coll. D.
Raychaudhuri; 2♀♀, NTE, 9 Oct. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy; 2♀♀, NTE, 30 Jan. 2010, coll. T. K.
Roy; 5♀♀, NTE, 19 Aug. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 4♀♀, NTE, 1 Nov. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy;
5♀♀, NATE, 22 Mar. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy; 6♀♀, NATE, 10 Apr. 2010, coll. S. Saha; 2♀♀,
BTE, 22 Mar. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, BTE, 31 Oct. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 3♀♀, KUTE,
18 Ma. 2008, coll. S. Saha; 2♀♀ (J), DTE, 11 Oct. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy; 2♀♀, DTE, 7 Apr.
2010, coll. T. K. Roy
Distribution: India: Nicobar Islands, West Bengal; China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Penang Island,
Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Vietnam (Sebastian & Peter 2009; Dhali et al. 2010;
Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).
Genus: Epocilla Thorell, 1887
Epocilla Thorell, 1887, Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova 25: 378.
Type species: Epocilla praetextata Thorell, 1887.
Catalogue 2016).
Epocilla aurantiaca (Simon, 1885)
(Figs. 16A- E, 25 E & 27 L)
-19-
Opistoncus aurantiacus Simon, 1885, Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France 10: 30.
Epocilla aurantiaca Simon, 1901, Histoire naturelle des araignées. Paris 2: 555.
Legs: I 4.23 (1.31, 0.57, 1.09, 0.80, 0.46); II 3.60 (1.14, 0.40, 0.80, 0.80, 0.46); III 4.28 (1.54,
0.63, 0.91, 0.74, 0.46); IV 4.85 (1.66, 0.51, 0.91, 1.31, 0.46). Leg formula 4312.
Material examined: 1♀, KTE, 7 Sep. 2008, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, MTE, 16 Mar. 2009, coll. T.
K. Roy; 3♀♀, NTE, 29 Jan. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, NTE, 1 Nov. 2010, coll. D.
Raychaudhuri; 1♀, BTE, 11 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, NATE, 10 Apr. 2010, coll. S.
Saha
Distribution: India: Assam, Kerala, West Bengal (New record); Malacca, Malaysia, Myanmar,
Sri Lanka, Vietnam (Sebastian & Peter 2009; Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider
Catalogue 2016).
Genus: Cheliceroides Zabka, 1985
Cheliceroides Zabka, 1985, Annales Zoologici, Warszawa 39: 209
Diagnosis: Cephalothorax oval, moderately high, atmost 1/3 longer than wide, sloping
posteriorly and on the sides from caput, occupying nearly half of its area. Eyes in 4 transverse
rows, each with 2, 1st row of eyes close together, occupying the entire face, 2-3 times larger
than the next, 2nd situated just behind, 3rd row with 2 very small eyes, close to 2nd, little wider
than the last, 4th row of eyes nearly as large as the 2nd; ocular quad formed by 2nd and 4th rows,
as long as wide or 1/4 to 1/2 wider. Sternum somewhat heart shaped. Coxae separate by width
of labium and part or all of maxillae. Maxillae enlarged at extremity. Labium as long as or
little longer than wide. Abdomen long, slender, tapering; spinnerets short. Legs usually long
and slender, 4th with long and fine spines on femora, tibia, metatarsus and patella.
Type species: Cheliceroides longipalpis Zabka, 1985.
Distribution: Oriental (Metzner 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).
Cheliceroides brevipalpis sp. nov.
(Figs. 17A- F, 25 F & 27 M, N & O)
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Differential diagnosis: The male differs from other species of the monotypic genus
Cheliceroides Zabka, 1985 by a small palp and retromargin with two teeth, one located near
the base of fang and other almost at the middle.
Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from small palp.
Material examined: Holotype: 1♂, KTE, 7 Oct. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy
Paratype: 1♂, KTE, 7 Oct. 2009, coll. D. Raychaudhuri
Type Deposition:
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, IRDM Faculty Centre,
Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Narendrapur, Kolkata – 700103, registration
no: RKMVUE 0042- 15
Description: Male (Holotype)
round, robust, brown, clothed with dark brown and white hairs, margins encircled with 2
overlapping rims, gradually broadened posteriorly, outer one black brown and inner white,
cephalic region moderately high, thoracic region posteriorly depressed with distinct, short,
black, longitudinal fovea, few small white hairs beset in front of it, radii faintly marked. Eyes
8, homogenous, transparent, basally ringed with black, with white hairs in between anterior
eyes, arranged in 3 transverse rows, anterior recurved, ocular quad trapezoid, a little wider
behind, formed by posteromedian (PME) and posterolateral (PLE) eyes, anteromedians
(AME) largest, anterolaterals (ALE) half the diameter of AME, set on tubercles, 2nd row of
eyes or posteromedians (PME) smallest, set on tubercles, slightly inward to lateral margins of
ocular quad, situated almost at the centre of anterolaterals (ALE) and posterolaterals (PLE),
PLE = ALE, on tubercles, eye diameter AME > ALE ≥ PLE > PME. Interocular distance:
AME – AME= 0.67, ALE – AME= 0.58, ALE – ALE= 1.70, PME – PME= 1.72, PLE –
PME= 0.47, PLE – PLE= 1.72, ALE – PLE= 1.00, AME – PME= 0.95. Clypeus narrow,
brown black, clothed with white hairs. Chelicerae (Fig. 17B) long, stout, robust, dorsally
black, ventrally brown, distally divergent, promargin with 8 teeth, 1 close to the base of fang,
rest at the base of chelicerae, retromargin with 2 teeth, 1 located near the base of fang and the
other almost at the middle, fang long, stout, wavy, strongly curved near acute apex, basally
with a black prominence, apical ¼ th red brown, rest brown black. Labium (Fig. 17C) dark
brown, long, basally broad, apically narrowing and truncate. Maxillae (Fig. 17C) elongate,
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basally dark brown, apically red brown to off white, scopulate, outer margins concave.
Sternum (Fig. 17C) red brown, elongate, anterior margin nearly straight, clothed with fine,
brown hairs. Legs long, strong, yellowish excepting dark brown femur I-III and metatarsi III, usually clothed with hairs and spines, tarsal claw 2, with claw tufts, claw pectinate
throughout. Leg measurements: I 8.88 (2.44, 1.11, 2.33, 2.11, 0.89); II 7.45 (2.33, 1.00, 1.78,
1.56, 0.78); III 6.68 (2.00, 0.78, 1.56, 1.56, 0.78); IV 6.56 (2.33, 0.56, 1.33, 1.67, 0.67). Leg
formula 1234.
Abdomen (Fig. 17A) elongate, yellow brown, midlongitudinally with a pale yellow
band clothed with white and brown, long, erect spiny hairs, marginally with broad, pale
brown band tinged with red leaving the apex . Dorsum decorated with 2 pairs of black spots in
the posterior half and 2 pairs of distinct yellowish sigillae near middle. Venter yellow brown,
medially with a broad, dark brown band, spotted with 2 white longitudinal lines, clothed with
dark brown hairs extending from epigastric furrow to the base of blackish yellow spinnerets.
Palp (Figs. 17D - F): Small, genital bulb within the rounded cymbium, RTA comparatively
short, basally broad, apically narrowed, embolus coiled, apically sharply pointed, bulbous
pocket dictinct, distal haematodocha tubular.
Distribution: India: West Bengal. The species is so far known from the type locality.
Remarks: Cheliceroides brevipalpis sp. nov. resembles the monotypic species Cheliceroides
longipalpis Zabka, 1985 but can be separated by i) chelicerae long, distally divergent, with 8
promarginal teeth, 1 close to base of fang, rest at its base and with 2 retromarginal teeth, 1
located near base of fang and the other almost at the middle (chelicerae not so long and
divergent distally, each marginal teeth 2, promarginals small, distal to base of fang, of the
retromarginals larger one located near base of fang in C. longipalpis); ii) cephalothorax round,
margins encircled with 2 overlapping rims (cephalothorax subrectangular, margins darker in
C. longipalpis); iii) abdomen long, medially wide, narrowed at both ends, dorsum with 2 pairs
of black spots in the posterior half and 2 pairs of distinct yellowish sigillae near middle
(abdomen oval, narrowed posteriorly, dorsum with a midlongitudinal stripe in the middle
enclosing 5 sigillae, 2 semi lunar, transverse bands, anterior one continuous and posterior one
discontinuous in C. longipalpis); iv) tibial apophysis short, peg like; embolus thread-like and
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spiral (tibial apophyses long, sharp and embolus long, incurved in C. longipalpis Zabka) .
Such differences appear to justify the erection of a new species.
Genus: Brettus Thorell, 1895
Brettus Thorell, 1895, Descriptive catalogue of the spiders of Burma, London. : 355.
Type species: Brettus cingulatus Thorell, 1895.
Brettus albolimbatus Simon, 1900
(Figs. 18A- E, 25 G & 27 P)
Brettus albolimbatus Simon, 1900, Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 69: 31.
PME= 0.83, PLE – PME= 0.49, PLE – PLE= 0.94, ALE – PLE= 0.75, AME – PME= 0.53.
Legs: I 5.82 (1.82, 0.55, 1.45, 1.27, 0.73); II 4.45 (1.64, 0.36, 1.18, 0.82, 0.45); III 4.55 (1.55,
0.36, 1.09, 1.00, 0.55); IV 5.73 (1.27, 0.45, 1.73, 1.64, 0.64). Leg formula 1432.
Material examined: 1♀, NATE, 13 Oct. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy
Distribution: India: Assam, Kerala, West Bengal; Celebes, China, Indonesia, Sri Lanka
(Sebastian & Peter 2009; Dhali et al. 2010; Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider
Catalogue 2016).
Genus: Asemonea O. P.-Cambridge, 1869
Asemonea O. P.-Cambridge, 1869, Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 10:
373-397.
Type species: Lyssomanes tenuipes O. P.-Cambridge, 1869.
Catalogue 2016).
Asemonea tenuipes (O. P.-Cambridge, 1869)
(Figs. 19A- E, 25 H & 27 Q)
Lyssomanes tenuipes O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869, Annals and Magazine of Natural History
(4) 3: 65, pl. 5, f. 50-52 (♂).
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Asemonea tenuipes Peckham & Peckham, 1886, Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of
Sciences, Arts and Letters 6: 340.
Legs: I 5.79 (1.79, 0.43, 1.57, 1.50, 0.50); II 5.01 (1.57, 0.36, 1.29, 1.29, 0.50); III 5.36 (1.50,
0.36, 1.43, 1.50, 0.57); IV 6.29 (1.79, 0.36, 1.43, 2.07, 0.64). Leg formula 4132.
Material examined: 1♀, NTE, 16 Jul. 2008, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, NTE, 1 Nov. 2010, coll. T.
K. Roy
Distribution: India: Andaman Islands, West Bengal; Myanmar, Singapore, Sri Lanka,
Thailand (Sebastian & Peter 2009; Dhali et al. 2010; Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World
Genus: Myrmarachne MacLeay, 1839
Myrmarachne MacLeay, 1839, Annals of Natural History 2: 10.
Type species: Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay, 1839.
Key to species:
1. Typical ant like spider; abdomen oval, weakly constricted in female
----------- melanocephala MacLeay
-
Atypical ant like; abdomen deeply constricted, apparently bilobed; chelicerae robust,
dumble shaped, as long as cephalothorax (male)
--------plataleoides O. P.-Cambridge
Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay, 1839
(Figs. 20A- F, 25 I & 27 R)
Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay, 1839, Annals of Natural History 2: 10. (♂).
Legs: I 4.66 (1.63, 0.42, 1.21, 0.93, 0.47); II 3.56 (1.26, 0.51, 1.00, 0.51, 0.28); III 4.09 (1.26,
0.56, 1.11, 0.88, 0.28); IV 6.74 (2.14, 0.70, 1.95, 1.53, 0.42). Leg formula 4132.
-24-
Material examined: 1♀ (J), MTE, 28 Aug. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, NTE, 19 Aug. 2010,
coll. S. Saha; 3♀♀, NATE, 10 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy
Distribution: India: Andaman Islands, Assam, Kerala, West Bengal; Pakistan (Tikader &
Biswas 1981; Biswas & Biswas 1992; Majumder 2005, 2007; Sebastian & Peter 2009; Dhali
et al. 2010; Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).
Myrmarachne plataleoides (O. P.-Cambridge, 1869)
(Figs. 21A- G, 26 A & 28 A, B & C)
Salticus plataleoides O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869, Annals and Magazine of Natural History
(4) 3: 68, pl. 6, f. 61-65 (♂).
Myrmarachne plataleoides Simon, 1901, Histoire naturelle des araignées. Paris 2: 499, f.
586, 590-592 (♂).
Measurements (♂): CL - 2.46, CW - 1.21, AL - 2.46, AW - 1.04, TL - 5.58.
Legs: I 6.20 (2.10, 0.70, 1.80, 1.00, 0.60); II 4.50 (1.40, 0.50, 1.30, 0.90, 0.40); III 4.60 (1.40,
0.50, 1.10, 1.20, 0.40); IV 7.20 (2.30, 0.60, 2.00, 1.70, 0.60). Leg formula 4132.
Material examined: 1♂, NATE, 1 Feb. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♂, KUTE, 27 Aug. 2010, coll.
T. K. Roy
Distribution: India: Assam, Bihar, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal; China,
Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand (Biswas & Biswas 1992; Sebastian & Peter 2009;
Dhali et al. 2010; Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).
Genus: Cocalus C. L. Koch, 1846
Cocalus C. L. Koch, 1846, Die Arachniden, 1-234.
Diagnosis: Medium sized, moederately high, compact salticids, usually clothed with soft,
small hairs. Cephalothorax slightly longer than wide, elongate with low elevation in the centre
of posterior ocular quad. Abdomen conical. Palpal retrolateral apophysis with curious finger
like projection.
Type species: Cocalus concolor C. L. Koch, 1846.
Distribution: Australian and Oriental (Metzner 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).
-25-
Cocalus murinus Simon, 1899
(Figs. 22A- E, 26 B & 28 D)
Cocalus murinus Simon, 1899, Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 43: 102.
Material examined: 1♀, NATE, 11 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy
Description: Female
brown, elongate, oval, moderately high, clothed with brown hairs with sides sloping, cephalic
region elevated, thoracic region posteriorly depressed with moderate longitudinal fovea
immediately behind the posterolateral eye row. Eyes 8, homogenous, transparent, basally
ringed with black and clothed with thick hairs, arranged in 3, transverse rows, with anterior
row recurved as viewed dorsally, ocular quad trapezoid, a little wider behind, formed by PME
and PLE, a small tubercle at its centre, anteromedians (AME) largest, anterolaterals (ALE)
half the diameter of anteromedians (AME), posteromedians (PME) or 2nd row of eyes
smallest, set on small tubercles, slightly inward to lateral margins of ocular quad, situated
almost at the centre of anterolaterals (ALE) and posterolaterals (PLE), posterolaterals (PLE)
equal to anterolaterals (ALE), situated on tubercles, eye diameter AME> ALE ≥ PLE > PME.
PME= 1.79, PLE – PME= 0.71, PLE – PLE= 2.00, ALE – PLE= 1.29, AME – PME= 1.00.
Clypeus narrow, equal to the diameter of anterolateral eyes, usually clothed with brown hairs.
Chelicerae (Fig. 22B) reddish brown, more or less parallel, elongate, promargin with 3 and
retromargin with 4 comparatively small teeth. Labium (Fig. 22C) basally wide, brown,
medially swollen, apically pale, scopulate. Maxillae (Fig. 22C) yellowish brown, elongate,
outer margin concave, anteriorly pale yellowish, scopulate. Sternum (Fig. 22C) yellow brown,
elongate, margins with long dark brown hairs and rest with fine pale brown ones. Legs
moderately long, pale yellowish, clothed with hairs and spines, tarsal claw 2, with claw tufts,
pectinate throughout excepting at apex. leg measurements: I 7.21 (2.21, 1.07, 1.86, 1.21,
0.86); II 6.49 (2.00, 0.93, 1.64, 1.21, 0.71); III 6.00 (1.86, 0.93, 1.36, 1.14, 0.71); IV 8.43
(2.21, 1.07, 1.93, 2.43, 0.79). Leg formula 4123.
Abdomen (Fig. 22A) long, brown, medially paler, basally more so, clothed with long,
white hairs and fine, pale brown ones. Venter brown, marginally with a broad, longitudinal,
-26-
white band accommodating largely with white, long and few brown hairs, medially with 4
rows of white spots running from epigastric furrow to spinnerets, spinnerets brown, clothed
with hairs, posterior with 2 equal segments.
Epigynum – Internal genitalia (Figs. 22D & E): Epigynum sub rectangular, chocolate brown,
anteriorly clothed with small dark brown hairs, orifice indistinct, evidently plugged,
spermatheca reniform, compact, fertilization duct short, downward.
Distribution: India (New record): West Bengal; Indonesia, Singapore (Wanless 1981b;
Metzner 2015; Prószyn'ski 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).
Genus: Phaeacius Simon, 1900
Phaeacius Simon, 1900, Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 69: 32.
Type species: Phaeacius fimbriatus Simon, 1900.
Distribution: Oriental and Palaearctic (Metzner 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).
Phaeacius fimbriatus Simon, 1900
(Figs. 23A- E, 26 C & 28 E)
Phaeacius fimbriatus Simon, 1900, Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 69: 32.
Material examined: 1♀, KUTE, 11 Apr. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy
Description: Female
CL - 4.64, CW - 3.86, AL - 6.14, AW - 3.07, TL - 10.79. Cephalothorax (Fig. 23A) brown,
oval, longer than wide, clothed with fine white and brown hairs, thoracic region somewhat
flat, weakly concave, in front of distinct, long, brown, mid longitudinal fovea, with gradually
slopping sides and distinct radii. Eyes 8, homogenous, transparent, basally ringed with black,
arranged in 3 transverse rows, anterior row recurved as viewed dorsally, with white hairs
between eyes, ocular quad trapezoid, a little wider behind, formed by posteromedian (PME)
and posterolateral (PLE) eyes, anteromedians (AME) largest, anterolaterals (ALE) almost half
the diameter of AME, 2nd row of eyes or PME smallest, set on tubercles, slightly inward to
lateral margin of ocular quad, situated closer to ALE than PLE, PLE = ALE, set on tubercles,
eye diameter AME> ALE≥ PLE> PME. Interocular distances: AME – AME= 0.68, ALE –
AME= 0.61, ALE – ALE= 1.82, PME – PME= 1.64, PLE – PME= 0.79, PLE – PLE= 1.79,
ALE – PLE= 1.36, AME – PME= 0.93. Clypeus narrow, margins with white, long hairs,
-27-
clypeal angles obtuse, weakly produced. Chelicerae (Fig. 23B) long, brown, roughly
cylindrical, margins with long, pale brown hairs, promargin with 3 teeth, 1 close to the base of
fang, rest 2 slightly lower, retromargin with 4 equidistantly placed teeth, fang stout, stumpy,
curved, basally dark brown, apically paler. Labium (Fig. 23C) brown, longer than wide,
constricted sub-basally, apically off white, truncate and scopulate. Maxillae (Fig. 23C)
elongate, brown, anteriorly weakly bulged, pale brown, scopulate, outer margin concave,
inner one yellow brown. Sternum (Fig. 23C) yellow, longer than wide, covered with long pale
brown hairs, outer margin thin, dark, slightly indented at coxae III & IV, apical margins
nearly straight, tip round. Legs long, slender, dorsally brown, banded, clothed with brownish
hairs and spines, ventrally yellowish, tarsal claw 2, with claw tufts, claws pectinated. leg
measurements: I 10.34 (3.11, 1.22, 2.67, 2.56, 0.78); II 10.56 (3.11, 1.22, 2.78, 2.56, 0.89); III
10.00 (2.89, 1.22, 2.56, 2.33, 1.00); IV 11.00 (2.89, 1.22, 3.00, 2.78, 1.11). Leg formula 4213.
Abdomen (Fig. 23A) pale yellow, longer than wide, elongate oval, anteriorly truncate,
marginally brown, clothed with both brown and white hairs. Dorsum grey, decorated with 2
pairs of distinct, yellowish sigillae, 2nd pair large, deeply grooved, both pairs marked by
brown hairs. Venter yellowish, medially spotted with 4 longitudinal lines, running from
epigastric furrow to spinnerets, clothed with pale brown and lateral white hairs. Spinnerets
pale brown, clothed with brownish hairs, posterior pair laterally extended.
Epigynum – Internal genitalia (Figs. 23D & E): Epigynum reddish brown, roughly triangular,
spermatheca elongate oval, fertilization duct short, straight, mid basally attached to
spermatheca, copulatory duct long, outwardly curved, terminally coiled.
Distribution: India (New record): West Bengal; Indonesia, Nepal (Wanless 1981a; Metzner
2015; Prószyński 2015; World Spider Catalogue 2016).
-28-
4. CONCLUSIONS
In tea ecosystem, diversity of the salticids is second highest. They are dominant during
post monsoon, though a state of equilibrium is maintained throughout the year. Salticids,
visually based stalking attackers, are frequent in tea trunk, both sides of leaves, fencing trees
and shade trees. They are diurnal, typical non-weavers but make silken retreats in the form of
a tube or sac fastened to various substrata to moult, sometimes to mate, lay eggs or take night
shelter. Dominant species are Hyllus semicupreus Simon, Phintella vittata (C.L. Koch),
Plexippus paykullii (Audouin), Telamonia dimidiata (Simon) and Thiania bhamoensis
Thorell. Species like Myrmarachne spp. gain some protection from predators through their
resemblance with aggressive or unpalatable ants.
Analysis of zoogeographical distribution reveals that except Euophrys frontalis
(Walckenaer), Menemerus brevibulbis (Thorell) and Plexippus paykullii (Audouin); the
species are exclusively Oriental.
Number of recorded salticids from the study area shows that their diversity is maximum
in Nepuchapur T. E. and minimum in Bhogotpore T. E.. Based on species diversity, the
decreasing order of the tea estates are NTE (73.9%) > KTE (52.2%) > NATE (47.8%) > MTE
(39.1%) > KUTE (26%) > STE (21.7%) > DTE (21.7%) > BTE (17.4%). Our discussion with
the respective garden managers leads to infer ‘tea estates experiencing less pesticides harbour
higher spider heterogeneity’.
Table 1. Summary
DISTRIBUTION
TAXA
TEA ESTATES
S K M N N B K D
SEASONAL
T T T T A T U T
E E E E T E T E
E
E
Family: Salticidae
1. Rhene decorata Tikader ▲
-
2. Rhene danieli Tikader ▲
+ +
-
3. Marpissa decorata Tikader ▲
-
-
-
4. Menemerus brevibulbis (Thorell) Ψ
PrM
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
PsM
-
+ + + +
-
-
-
PrM, M
5. Thiania bhamoensis Thorell
-
+
-
+ +
-
-
+
6. Euophrys frontalis (Walckenaer)
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-29-
+ + +
-
PrM, M, PsM
PrM, M, PsM
PsM
7. Siler semiglaucus (Simon)
8. Hasarius sp. nr. adansoni (Audouin)
-
+
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
M, PsM
PsM
PrM, M, PsM
9. Telamonia dimidiata (Simon)
+ + + + + + + +
10. Telamonia festiva Thorell ♦
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
11. Evarcha flavocinta (C. L. Koch)
+
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
12. Hyllus semicupreus (Simon)
-
+ + + +
-
+ + PrM, M, PsM
13. Plexippus paykullii (Audouin)
+ + + + + + + + PrM, M, PsM
14. Carrhotus viduus (C. L. Koch) Ψ
-
15. Phintella vittata (C. L. Koch)
+ + + + + + + +
16. Epocilla aurantiaca (Simon) Ψ
-
+ + + + +
-
-
PrM, M, PsM
17. Cheliceroides brevipalpis sp. nov. *
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
PsM
18. Brettus albolimbatus Simon
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
PsM
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
M, PsM
-
-
+ + +
-
-
-
PrM, M
-
-
-
-
+
-
+
-
M, PsM
22. Cocalus murinus Simon Ф
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
PrM
23. Phaeacius fimbriatus Simon Ф
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
PrM
19. Asemonia tenuipes (O. P.Cambridge)
20. Myrmarachne melanocephala
MacLeay
21. Myrmarachne plataleoides (O. P.Cambridge)
-
+ +
-
-
-
-
PrM
M, PsM
PsM
PrM, M, PsM
Acknowledgements
We thank National Tea Research Foundation, C/o-Tea Board [17(177)/2008 dt.27.3.2008] and MOEF & CC,
GOI, (AICOPTAX) [22018/02/2010-CS (Tax) dt. 28.7.2014] for sponsoring the study and the officials of the
concerned Tea Estate, Dept. of Forest, Govt. of West Bengal, The Head, Dept. of Zoology, University of
Calcutta and The Hon’ble Vice-Chancellor, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Narendrapur for
necessary support.
-30-
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CAPTIONS OF TABLE AND FIGURES
Table 1. Summary
Fig. 1. Tea Ecosystem A. Nursery, B. Rehabilitation Crop, C. Saplings, D. Young Tea, E.
Mature Tea, F. Plucking, G. winter, H. pruning
Fig. 2. Study Area.
Fig. 3. Rhene decorata Tikader, female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B. Chelicera, ventral
view. C. Maxillae, Labium and Sternum, ventral view. D. Epigynum, ventral view. E. Internal
genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A= 0.5 mm, B – E = 0.25 mm.
Fig. 4. Rhene danieli Tikader, male. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B. Chelicera, ventral
view. C. Maxillae, Labium and Sternum, ventral view. D. Left male palp, prolateral view. E.
Left male palp, ventral view. F. Left male palp, retrolateral view Scale bar: A – F = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 5. Marpissa decorata Tikader, female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B. Chelicera,
ventral view. C. Maxillae, Labium and Sternum, ventral view. D. Epigynum, ventral view. E.
Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A= 1 mm, B – C = 0.5 mm, D – E = 0.25 mm.
Fig. 6. Menemerus brevibulbis (Thorell), female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B.
Chelicera, ventral view. C. Maxillae, Labium and Sternum, ventral view. D. Epigynum,
ventral view. E. Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A= 1 mm, B – C = 0.5 mm, D – E
= 0.25 mm.
Fig. 7. Thiania bhamoensis Thorell, female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B. Chelicera,
Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A= 0.5 mm, B – C = 0.25 mm, D – E = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 8. Siler semiglaucus (Simon), female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B. Chelicera,
Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A= 0.5 mm, B = 0.25 mm, C= 0.5 mm, D – E =
0.25 mm.
Fig. 9. Hasarius sp. nr. adansoni (Audouin, 1826), female. A. General habitus, dorsal view.
B. Chelicera, ventral view. C. Maxillae, Labium and Sternum, ventral view. D. Epigynum,
ventral view. E. Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A= 1 mm, B – C = 0.5 mm, D – E
= 0.25 mm.
Fig. 10. Telamonia dimidiata (Simon), female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B. Chelicera,
Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A= 1 mm, B - E = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 11. Telamonia festiva Thorell, female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B. Chelicera,
Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A – C = 0.5 mm, D - E = 0.25 mm.
Fig. 12. Hyllus semicupreus (Simon), female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B. Chelicera,
Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A= 1 mm, B - E = 0.5 mm.
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Fig. 13. Plexippus paykullii (Audouin), female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B. Chelicera,
Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bar: A – E = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 14. Carrhotus viduus (C. L. Koch), female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B.
ventral view. E. Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A – C = 0.5 mm, D – E = 0.25
mm.
Fig. 15. Phintella vittata (C.L. Koch), female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B. Chelicera,
Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A= 0.5 mm, B – E = 0.25 mm.
Fig. 16. Epocilla aurantiaca (Simon), female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B. Chelicera,
Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A = 0.5 mm, B = 0.25 mm, C= 0.5 mm, D – E =
0.25 mm.
Fig. 17. Cheliceroides brevipalpis sp. nov., male. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B.
Chelicera, ventral view. C. Maxillae, Labium and Sternum, ventral view. D. Left male palp,
prolateral view. E. Left male palp, retrolateral view, F. Left male palp, retrolateral view. Scale
bar: A – F = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 18. Brettus albolimbatus Simon, female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B. Chelicera,
Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bar: A – E = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 19. Asemonia tenuipes (O. P.-Cambridge), female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B.
ventral view. E. Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A = 0.5 mm, B= 0.25 mm, C = 0.5
mm, D – E = 0.25 mm.
Fig. 20. Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay, female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B.
Chelicera, ventral view. C. Maxillae, Labium and Sternum, ventral view. D. Abdomen, lateral
view. E. Epigynum, ventral view. F. Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A = 1 mm, B=
0.25 mm, C = 0.5 mm, D = 1 mm, E – F = 0.25 mm.
Fig. 21. Myrmarachne plataleoides (O. P.-Cambridge), male. A. General habitus, dorsal view.
B. Chelicera, ventral view. C. Maxillae, Labium and Sternum, ventral view. D. Abdomen,
lateral view. E. Right male palp, prolateral view. F. Right male palp, ventral view. G. Right
male palp, retrolateral view Scale bars: A = 1 mm, B – D = 0.5 mm, E – G = 0.25 mm.
Fig. 22. Cocalus murinus Simon, female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B. Chelicera,
Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A = 1 mm, B – E = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 23. Phaeacius fimbriatus Simon, female. A. General habitus, dorsal view. B. Chelicera,
Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A = 1 mm, B – E = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 24. A. Rhene decorata Tikader female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 0.5 mm.
B. Rhene danieli Tikader, male, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 0.5 mm. C. Marpissa
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decorata Tikader, female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 1 mm. D. Menemerus
brevibulbis (Thorell), female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 1 mm. E. Thiania
bhamoensis Thorell, female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 0.5 mm. F. Siler
semiglaucus (Simon), female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 0.5 mm. G. Hasarius
sp. nr. adansoni (Audouin, 1826), female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 1 mm. H.
Telamonia dimidiata (Simon), female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 1 mm. I.
Telamonia festiva Thorell, female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 0.5 mm.
Fig. 25. A. Hyllus semicupreus (Simon), female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 1
mm. B. Plexippus paykullii (Audouin), female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 0.5
mm. C. Carrhotus viduus (C. L. Koch), female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 0.5
mm. D. Phintella vittata (C.L. Koch), female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 0.5 mm.
E. Epocilla aurantiaca (Simon), female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 0.5 mm. F.
Cheliceroides brevipalpis sp. nov., male, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 0.5 mm. G.
Brettus albolimbatus Simon, female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 0.5 mm. H.
Asemonia tenuipes (O. P.-Cambridge), female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 0.5
mm. I. Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay, female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale
bar: 1 mm.
Fig. 26. A. Myrmarachne plataleoides (O. P.-Cambridge), male, general habitus, dorsal view,
scale bar: 1 mm. B. Cocalus murinus Simon, female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 1
mm. C. Phaeacius fimbriatus Simon, female, general habitus, dorsal view, scale bar: 1 mm.
D. Rhene decorata Tikader female, internal genitalia, dorsal view. scale bars: 0.25 mm. E, F
& G. Left male palp, prolateral view; Left male palp, ventral view & Left male palp,
retrolateral view respectively of Rhene danieli Tikader, male, scale bar: 0.5 mm.
Fig. 27. A. Marpissa decorata Tikader, female, internal genitalia, dorsal view, scale bar: 0.25
mm. B. Menemerus brevibulbis (Thorell), female, internal genitalia, dorsal view, scale bar:
0.25 mm. C. Thiania bhamoensis Thorell, female, internal genitalia, dorsal view, scale bar:
0.5 mm. D. Siler semiglaucus (Simon), female, internal genitalia, dorsal view, scale bar: 0.25
mm. E. Hasarius sp. nr. adansoni (Audouin, 1826), female, internal genitalia, dorsal view,
scale bar: 0.25 mm. F. Telamonia dimidiata (Simon), female., internal genitalia, dorsal view,
scale bar: 0.5 mm. G. Telamonia festiva Thorell, female, internal genitalia, dorsal view, scale
bar: 0.25 mm. H. Hyllus semicupreus (Simon), female, internal genitalia, dorsal view, scale
bar: 0.5 mm. I. Plexippus paykullii (Audouin), female, internal genitalia, dorsal view, scale
bar: 0.5 mm. J. Carrhotus viduus (C. L. Koch), female, internal genitalia, dorsal view, scale
bar: 0.25 mm. K. Phintella vittata (C.L. Koch), female, internal genitalia, dorsal view, scale
bar: 0.25 mm. L. Epocilla aurantiaca (Simon), female, internal genitalia, dorsal view, scale
bar: 0.25 mm. M. N & O. Left male palp, prolateral view; Left male palp, retrolateral view;
Left male palp, retrolateral view respectively of Cheliceroides brevipalpis sp. nov., male,
scale bar: 0.5 mm. P. Brettus albolimbatus Simon, female, internal genitalia, dorsal view,
scale bar: 0.5 mm. Q. Asemonia tenuipes (O. P.-Cambridge), female, internal genitalia, dorsal
view, scale bar: 0.25 mm. R. Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay, female, internal
genitalia, dorsal view, scale bar: 0.25 mm.
Fig. 28. A, B & C. Right male palp, prolateral view; Right male palp, ventral view and Right
male palp, retrolateral view respectively of Myrmarachne plataleoides (O. P.-Cambridge),
male, scale bar: 0.25 mm D. Cocalus murinus Simon, female, internal genitalia, dorsal view,
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scale bar: 0.5 mm. E. Phaeacius fimbriatus Simon, female, internal genitalia, dorsal view,
scale bar: 0.5 mm.
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WSN 53(1) (2016) - World Scientific News

Transcription

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