Fråga-svar Barnhem i Mongoliet

2011-05-11
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borttagna 2013-01-24]
Fråga-svar
Barnhem i Mongoliet
Fråga
Finns det barnhem/institutioner/familjehem att tillgå i Mongoliet? Upp till vilken
ålder kan barn/ungdomar beredas plats på dessa?
Svar
Sammanställning av information från olika källor:
Caritas International (2010):
Due to special socio-economic development of Mongolia, children
in vulnerable groups face with many severe risks in Mongolia.
There are three main groups: children with special needs or
physically and mentally disabled children, orphans, children stayed
in residential care centres and street and working children.
In recent years, the number of people migrating from countryside to
the capital city has increased significantly, leading to increased
demand for civil service such as school, kindergarten, hospital,
public transportation, and energy.
In urban settlements where alcohol abuse, poverty and
unemployment are prevalent, children become victims of social
problems. They live on the streets and in care centers and engage in
child labour and prostitution. Children run away from their
neglectful and abusive family members or parents who ignore their
parental duties. Unsupervised children who stayed in manholes,
apartment building halls, basements and trade centers.
Although society has a long tradition of raising children in a
communal manner, societal and familial changes orphaned many
children. Child abandonment is a problem; other children are
orphaned or run away from home because of parental abuse, much
of it committed under the influence of alcohol.
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5.3.2 Separated children (family tracing services, etc.)
The number of children who are homeless and not under the control
of their parents has not fallen. Increased migration from the rural
areas to urban areas imposes a growing burden on children’s
educational, health and social services.
Issue of separated children is covered by state institutions in social
care field. Mongolian Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare and its
Department for Labour and Social Welfare Service is organised a
network in all Mongolian aimags. Person taking care after children
at home receive conditional cash benefit.
· Care for full orphan children;
· Children whose parents are with no legal capacity;
· Children whom parents are in the hospital for more than 3 months;
· Children whose parents are in prison;
· Children who need care due to violence.
Information about the amount of the benefit and necessary
documentation for application can be found on www.mswl.gov.mn,
website of the Ministry of Social Welfare and Labour.
Those who adopted or giving custody for full orphan children can
receive cash benefit. Information about size of the benefit and
addresses of organisations can be found at the above-mentioned
website of the
Ministry of Social Welfare and Labour.
5.3.3 Orphans
The State is responsible and should protect orphan children until
they reach 18.
According to the Statistical data, number of orphan children was
5,276 in 2006, 5,074 in 2007, 5,018 in 2008 and 4,684 in 2009.
Most organsations, orphanages, care centres are providing service
for full and semi-orphans, unsupervised children, neglected,
abandoned children and child victim of violence sheltering,
counseling, life skills training, reintegration program. Most care
centres provide basic social service for children including issuance
of new documentation such as ID, Birth certificate, Health insurance
books.
5.3.3.1 State responsibility in orphan care, legal regulation
The Law on Social Welfare regulates state responsibility in orphan
care, legal framework. For more information, please visit
www.legalinfo.mn, Law on the Child Rights Protection, Family
Code and Law on Social Insurance. These laws protect children
without parents and the state is responsible for them as long as they
are minors.
Article 25 of the Family Code entails a governor of soum or district
to appoint a legal guardian for the child if a contradiction between
the child and parents in regard of the best interests of the child is
confirmed.
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Article 66 of the same law states that soum shall take care of a full
orphan or an young child whose parents are diagnosed as a having
limited legal capacity or no capacity or whose parents lost their
rights to be parents whose parents are being treated at hospital for a
long time or those parents are imprisoned or individuals who have
mental illness. Every khoroo in Ulaanbaatar and every soum have
social workers who can direct orphans for service. Social welfare
offices in Ulaanbaatar districts and in the soums are responsible for
welfare issue of children. Please find names and addresses of the
Residential care centres run by Government.
UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Mongolia (2009):
156. According to 2006 statistics, 5,276 full orphans were
registered. From them, 2,000 kids are under care of guardians, 500
children reside in orphanages, and remaining orphans live in care
shelters. State care options are not available unless the child is a full
orphan. Temporary care services for unsupervised or run away
children as well as those whose best interests are violated at home
are not developed well.
249. There are seven State funded care institutions for children and
five of them are located in Ulaanbaatar, two of them are in Darkhan
and Erdenet. Operations of these institutions are described below:
A State orphanage is located in Ulaanbaatar and consists of two
parts; a kindergarten and dormitory. 120 children 3-7 years old are
in the kindergarten, and 140 children aged 8-18 live in the
dormitory.
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The Infant Clinic Centre was established in 1991 in Ulaanbaatar.
Currently, about 100 underweight and abandoned children are in
care of this centre.
The Children’s Care Service Centre, a former Address
Identification Centre under, under the capital city police department
takes care of children who are living on streets and in apartment
entrances. The centre provides the child with assistance and
accommodations for up to 14 days. Then, the Centre transfers the
child to his or her home.
The Labour and Training centre provide social services to more
than 140 children who are out of the supervision of their parents.
The Life Skills Centre provides social services for 19-24 year old
homeless youths.
250. About 500 children live in the above-mentioned institutions.
All of these children are involved in education programmes
appropriate for their age and development needs. The information
on whether children from these care institutions enrolled in colleges
or found employment after the age of 18 is not available. Only the
State Orphanage has these data.
253. Care institutions for children lack proper management on
monitoring and tracking children’s in and out status with the
institutions. Mechanisms to prevent and monitor child rights
violations and recover affected children at these care institutions
have not yet been developed.
254. Child care centres and child care institutions are centralized in
Ulaanbaatar and in bigger cities. Due to a lack of care institutions in
remote rural areas, children are being transferred to centrally located
care centres. After the child’s transfer to an institution, it becomes
difficult for local governors to fulfil their legal responsibilities and
control the situation of those children.
255. The Social Welfare Law identifies the following services as
forms of community-based social welfare services for vulnerable
groups:
Counselling to improve one’s self-esteem and gain a positive
outlook on life
Employment skills or career development counselling
Training on life skills
Assist vulnerable people to improve their livelihood through
community development or income generating activities
Refer to projects or grants to start a small enterprise
Rehabilitation services
Foster care or shelter
Home-based care
In 2006, the Ministry of Social Welfare and Labour adopted a
Programme on Community Based Social Welfare. This programme
focuses on establishing a structure to deliver community-based
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social welfare services to disabled citizens, vulnerable children,
victims of violence and homeless citizens. Pursuant to this
Programme the disadvantaged child can be referred to residential
care, shelter care, foster care, or kindergarten services. In addition,
to enhance the sustainability of projects to reunite unsupervised
children with their families this Programme runs the activities to
create child-friendly environment at a community or family level.
Raising awareness of the Convention among families, communities
and children is a part of this Programme. However, insufficiency of
funding allocated from the Social Welfare Fund to communitybased social services and non-transparent approaches in selection
procedures for the identification of contractors to perform some
social services are issues that should be addressed.
292. About 10 kindergartens specialized in health care operate
nationwide. There are three kindergarten-orphanages run by the
State. Ministers of MOESC and MOSWL approve the procedures
for these special preschool entities.
UNICEF (2009):
There are 43 childcare centers operating in Mongolia to care for
children without parental care. Five of the centers and orphanages
are state-funded and located in Ulaanbaatar, Darkhan and Erdenet.
The main orphanage in Ulaanbaatar is overcrowded, with 260
children aged from three to 18 housed in a facility built to
accommodate 102 children. Young orphan or abandoned children
aged from zero to three are taken care of at the Infant Clinic
Sanatorium in Ulaanbaatar. The Child Address Identification
Center, the Child Care Center, the Child Labour Education and
Training Center and the Living Skills Center are centers designed to
provide differentiated care services for children. The Child Labour
Education and Training Centre provide services for 140 children
abandoned by their parents. The approval of standards for childcare
centers in 2008 was an important step forward in making
improvements in quality of services and access to those centers. The
43 childcare centers that are run by 36 domestic and foreign
organizations providing care for 1484 children in 2009. This
represents an increase of 298 compared with 1186 children who
were in childcare centers in 2005. One of the reasons for the
increasing number of children in care is related to residential care
being the only option for orphans and children who lack adequate
parental care. Of those 1484 children, 70 percent are orphans and 30
percent are abandoned.
Projects Abroad (odaterad):
The children in Mongolia’s orphanages might therefore be seen as
the lucky ones, but these institutions are often desperately
overstretched and sometimes cannot offer even the most basic
resources to the children in their care. Staff all too often simply
doesn’t have the time to provide the individual love and attention
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that all children require. This is where you can help when you
volunteer on a Mongolian Care project.
There are around twenty orphanages in Ulaanbaatar where our
placements are based. You can either work in a large orphanage,
which houses up to 120 children, or you can be involved with a
smaller care center which may house only 15 children at a time.
Many of these placements are located in very poor areas, usually in
the middle of tented 'Ger districts'. A lot of the work involves
playing with the children who range in age from babies to teenage
street-children. You may also be working with children who have
learning disabilities and would really benefit from the individual
attention you can focus on them.
Seasonworkers (2011):
This project takes place in the Childcare Centre of Mongolia
(CCM), the only national orphanage in Mongolia, where about three
hundred children live and study together with little financial support
from the government. CCM has a simple residential building and a
field where they produce vegetables for year-round consumption:
the elder 30 kids of Orphanage who are between 12-16 years old
work there during the 3 months of summer. They produce
vegetables such as carrots, radish, onions, etc. just enough for their
meals all year. There are currently a total of 300 children comprising
approximately 150 younger kids and 150 older kids. 35 teachers and
50 staff run the Centre. The children live in a very deprived
environment. Facilities and living space are limited. The main
concern is food and education facilities. Volunteers will mainly
work together with the orphans to remove weeds and look after the
vegetable field.
HoltInternational ( 2010):
Current Projects
Holt strives to keep children within their birth families
before pursuing ICA. With poverty the primary cause of child
abandonment in Mongolia, Holt began working with struggling
families to help stabilize their income in 2010. In Songin Khairan,
one of the most impoverished districts of Ulaanbaatar, Holt began
providing economic support to the most destitute families –
primarily households headed by single mothers. This program
enables parents to care for their children while they find the
means to support their family independently. Every year, many
more children are able to stay with their families in Mongolia
than join families through adoption.
In Mongolian culture, the community traditionally assumes the
burden of care for children whose families are unable to support
them. Community care is considered temporary, and struggling
families often relinquish children to orphanages with the
intention to return for them later, once better equipped to care for
them. Holt’s Mongolia program staff frequently work with child
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care centers to help maintain contact with the birth families. Staff
will notify the families of their children’s progress and condition,
and families often visit their children at the care center. While
children in care wait to rejoin their birth families or join adoptive
families, Holt helps ensure the ongoing support for those living in
two state orphanages. Holt supplements the nutrition of children at
both the Infant Sanitorium and at No. 58 Kindergarten, a
government-run institution caring for children ages 3 to 8. The
Rainbow Special Baby Care Unit also continues to provide loving
care for 35-50 infants and toddlers, some of whom have moderate to
more serious special needs. Today, Holt continues to fund special
medical services, clothes, toys and equipment for the children and
training for the staff at the Rainbow SBCU. In addition to providing
direct services to children, Holt partners with both the Nadvair
Center and the Mongolian Government to strengthen and modernize
the child welfare system here.
Denna sammanställning av information/länkar är baserad på informationssökningar gjorda av
Migrationsverkets landinformationsenhet under en begränsad tid. Den är sammanställd utifrån
noggrant utvalda och allmänt tillgängliga informationskällor. Alla använda källor refereras.
All information som presenteras, med undantag av obestridda/uppenbara fakta, har
dubbelkontrollerats om inget annat anges. Sammanställningen gör inte anspråk på att vara
uttömmande och bör inte tillmätas exklusivt bevisvärde i samband med avgörandet av ett
enskilt ärende.
Informationen i sammanställningen återspeglar inte nödvändigtvis Migrationsverkets
officiella ståndpunkt i en viss fråga och det finns ingen avsikt att genom sammanställningen
göra politiska ställningstaganden.
Refererade dokument bör läsas i sitt sammanhang.
Källförteckning
Caritas International, Country sheet Mongolia, sept 2010
http://www.reintegrationcaritas.be/fileadmin/user_upload/Fichiers/CS/Mong
olia/COUNTRY_SHEET_MONGOLIA_ENGLISH_VERSIONx.pdf
(Hämtad 2011-05-11)
HoltInternational, 2010
http://www.holtinternational.org/mongolia/pdfs/2010-work-in-mongolia.pdf
(Hämtad 2011-05-11)
Projects Abroad , odaterad
http://www.projectsabroad.org/projects/care/mongolia/?content=orphanage-work/
(Hämtad 2011-05-11)
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Seasonworkers, 2011
http://www.seasonworkers.com/gapyears/placements/volunteer-in-anorphanage-in-mongolia-3338.aspx
(Hämtad 2011-05-11)
UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Consideration of reports
submitted by States parties under article 44 of the Convention : Convention
on the Rights of the Child : 3rd and 4th periodic report of States parties due
in 2007 : Mongolia, 9 June 2009
http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/4a8e859b0.pdf
(Hämtad 2011-05-11)
Unicef, Situation Analysis of Children and Women in Mongolia, 2009
http://www.unicef.org/mongolia/English_version_of_SITAN.pdf
(Hämtad 2011-05-11)