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SOMOS AFRO
Social Inclusion of the
Afrodescendant Population of
Colombia, Ecuador y Panamá
MEMORIA DE LA FERIA
Cali-Colombia
11 al 14 de agosto de 2010
1
2
Justification _________________________________________________________________3
Fair Background ______________________________________________________________4
2.1
2.2
2.3
Seminar on Strategic Planning _______________________________________________4
Agreement with the Knowledge Management Area – UNDP LAC ___________________6
Project activities prior to the Fair _____________________________________________7
2.3.1 Selection process and results ______________________________________________7
3
Organization of the Fair _______________________________________________________12
3.1
3.2
3.3
4
The logistics workshop ____________________________________________________12
Local Partner: Cali City Council ____________________________________________13
Logistics Company. Selection process ________________________________________14
“Somos Afro” Fair __________________________________________________________17
4.1
4.2
Participants _____________________________________________________________17
Products at the Fair _______________________________________________________18
4.2.1 The Tent ___________________________________________________________18
4.2.2 Graphics ____________________________________________________________18
4.3
Activities of the Fair ______________________________________________________20
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
4.3.5
4.3.6
4.3.7
4.3.8
5
The Inauguration ______________________________________________________23
Workshop on Institutional Strengthening of Organizations _____________________23
Conference __________________________________________________________24
Ethno-Education Workshop _____________________________________________25
Donation of books to the Red de Bibliotecas in Cali __________________________26
Closure of the Fair and Pavilion __________________________________________26
Evaluation of the Fair __________________________________________________27
Press and Media ______________________________________________________28
Results of the Fair ___________________________________________________________30
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1
J USTIFICATION
0B
The “Afrodescendant Population of Latin America” Regional Project, in compliance with UNDP
Strategic Plan and the Regional Programme of the Regional Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean
(RBLAC), aims at fostering widened citizenship through the inclusive participation of afrodescendant
populations and promoting the effective recognition of their civil, economic, political, social and cultural
rights. The project therefore intends to generate knowledge and learning on social inclusion and
citizenship expansion of afrodescendant populations as well as strengthening capacities of afrodescendant
organizations and networks. The ultimate objective is to achieve inclusive development and more just and
equitable societies.
In Latin America, the afrodescendant population is associated with a wide variety of Civil Society
Organizations (CSOs) that are linked to other CSOs and governments of their respective countries and
international organizations, in order to achieve a diversity of objectives related to their well-being and the
delivery of services. These organizations and the whole afrodescendant population of Latin America are
together the beneficiaries targeted by APLARP, which, in turn, mainly focused on three countries during
2010: Colombia, Ecuador and Panama.
Social inclusion was the main issue dealt with this year, although not exclusively. Thus, seminars and
forums – both presential and on-line- were organized around this thematic area.
The “Somos Afro. Social Inclusion of the Afrodescendant Population. Colombia, Ecuador and Panama”
Fair is framed within that line of action and is aimed at retrieving practices and initiatives of
afrodescendant organizations from the three countries targeted this year so as to make them public for
duplication in other countries and appraise their contributions for the members of the communities
involved.
The fair shows progress in achieving the following goals of the project:
-
Strengthening the capacities of organizations of the afrodescendant population and their networks to
allow better recognition and promotion of their rights.
Systematizing, creating and disseminating knowledge related to social inclusion and citizenship
expansion for the afrodescendant population.
Creating social awareness (press) and spaces of dialogue to foster inclusive participation of
afrodescendant citizens.
In order to improve dissemination, the regional project decided to organize the fair in the framework
of the fourteenth Petronio Alvarez Festival, celebrated in the city of Cali (Colombia), August 11 - 15,
2010. The Petronio Alvarez Festival is the largest musical event on the Pacific coast, both in number
of musicians and bands, as for the number of visitors, estimated at 40,000 people, most of them
afrodescendants.
3
2
F AIR B ACKGROUND
1B
2.1
S EMINAR ON S TRATEGIC P LANNING
5B
In March 2010, the Regional Project carried out a Seminar on Strategic Planning as the first action
towards the organization of the “Somos Afro” Fair which was a regional gathering to share good practices
on the social inclusion of afrodescendant populations in Colombia, Ecuador and Panama.
The seminar enjoyed the presence of María Elisa Bernal (economist, Director of the KELLOGG/ECLAC
project “Experiences in Social Innovation”, ECLAC staff member) and Marta A. Palomares (sociologist,
consultant for WBG, IADB, ECLAC, KELLOGG/ECLAC, UN, AECID, and other bilateral and
multilateral agencies).
Following this was the Agenda of the seminar, held on March 25-26, 2010:
Table 1 - Strategic Planning Session
Thursday, March 25, 2010
9:30 – 10 am
10:00 – 10:30 am
10:30 – 11:30 am
11:30 – 12:30 am
12:30 pm
3:00 – 5:00 pm
Opening words by Silvia B. García S., Coordinator of UNDP Regional Project, and
introduction of the Project team.
Welcoming speech by Freddy Justiniano, Coordinator of UNDP Regional Centre (Panamá)
Silvia B. García S
Objectives of activity 2.5. within the framework of the Project. Achievements to date: thematic
and operational. Link to other activities of the Regional Project.
María Elisa Bernal
Experience in collection of good practices on social innovation in Latin America (forms,
evaluation, evaluators, field evaluation, among others); experience in fair organization in Latin
America; experience in meetings in Colombia. Knowledge and experience transfer.
Marta Palomares
Presentation of significant documents of the UN system about good practices in social
inclusion; proposal of criteria for the selection of good practices; consensus building on
different proposals; proposals of forms in identifying good practices; proposals of evaluation
forms.
Lunch
Marta Palomares
Presentation of the list of good practices in social inclusion according to research in data banks
(KELLOGG/ECLAC, EUROSOCIAL, governments, among others).
Friday, March 26, 2010
9:00- 10:00 am
Support to the launching of the Promotion and Strengthening of the Rights of Afrodescendant
Populations in Central America, presented by OHCHR in Building 129, Meeting Room, 1 st
floor
10:00 -10:30 am
Coffee break
10:30 -1:30 am
María Elisa Bernal, Marta Palomares and Silvia B. García S.: Evaluation of good practices;
future field working plan; sending forms, identification of evaluators, fair evaluation team.
Objectives set out during the workshop included:
-
Developing the conceptual framework for “good practices for social inclusion”.
4
-
Identifying and proposing criteria to select good practices for social inclusion of the afro-Panamanian,
afro-Colombian and afro-Ecuadorian populations shaped as projects of CSOs of afrodescendant
groups in Colombia, Ecuador and Panama.
Elaborating forms to be sent to organizations, field evaluators to be received in hard copy; forms for
field evaluations; forms of the request for proposals; and general guidelines for evaluators.
Preparing the time frame for the activities until the fair in Cali, to be held August 11 -15, 2010
Searching for projects in existing databases.
The concept of "good practice" was defined as a set of activities and cost efficient processes, with an
impact on the improvement of living conditions of the people involved, who are environmentally,
economically and institutionally sustainable and promoting gender equity, thus developing and
strengthening the participation of the community, with the means of it eventually being replicable in other
regions.
Regarding the criteria for the identification and selection of good practices for social inclusion and since
that term is used in a wide variety of contexts, although always referring to the best ways of executing a
process that can later serve as a model for other organizations, some of the theoretical developments
carried out by different institutions and organizations for their identification, selection and distinction
were analyzed.
For example, the criteria used by FAO for the identification of good practices were as follows:
-
Duplicity
Profitability
Sustainability of time
Promoting the empowerment of social actors involved
Ability to be institutionalized
After a process of deductive study, the features and conditions that activities and processes should meet to
be considered good practices for social inclusion were defined in the workshop. These are as follows:
-
Have a multiplier effect so they can be replicated and adapted to other regions;
Be broadly participatory;
Take into account gender equity;
Be financially and institutionally sustainable;
Be environmentally sustainable;
Lead to changes and promote skills and training;
Result in the strengthening of ties and promote maximum involvement of agents;
Be cost-effective.
It was further agreed that the regional project would look for good practices of social inclusion of the
afro-Colombian, afro-Panamanian and afro-Ecuadorian populations in four thematic areas, namely:
-
Formal and informal education
Traditional and western health
Housing and urban development
Income generation
5
As for the tools to detect and evaluate good practices, several forms were developed, all prepared in such
a way that they included questions regarding the essential features of what had been defined as good
practice. The forms were:
-
Application Form: to be completed by CSOs of the afrodescendant population;
Evaluation Form: to evaluate hard-copy proposals received;
Field Assessment Form
With the first form, participating organizations reported on different aspects of their project / programme
proposed as a good practice. It contained questions that addressed a number of criteria for the
consideration of being a good practice.
The other two forms, along with another document, a General Guidelines for Evaluation, served to
facilitate the evaluation task of the specialists designated for that purpose. Another result of the workshop
was the development of a theoretical paper on social inclusion and good practices.
On the other hand, in regards to the methodology in the selection of good practices, it was agreed to
follow a process that was later put into practice as described bellow:
F IRST STAGE
-
Publication of the official announcement and application forms for afrodescendant CSOs (Civil
Society Organizations), through different means: web pages, e-mails to organizations and UNDP
offices, and others.
Constitution of an evaluation panel, with experts in the thematic areas chosen, who will be
responsible for reviewing and evaluating the forms completed by the organizations.
S ECOND STAGE
-
Support to organizations in application filling.
Submission of the forms received to evaluators, who will assess the hard-copy proposals.
Field visits to shortlisted projects.
T HIRD STAGE
-
Selection of field evaluators.
Evaluation field visits.
F OURTH STAGE
-
2.2
From the results of field visits, a committee of experts will select the finalists (a maximum of 10
projects).
Two representatives from each selected project will be invited to the Fair of Good Practices of Social
Inclusion of the Afrodescendant Population.
A GREEMENT WITH THE K NOWLEDGE M ANAGEMENT U NIT – UNDP LAC
6B
On April 26, 2010, the Regional Project executed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the
Knowledge Management Unit of the UNDP Service Centre for Latin America and the Caribbean, for
6
conducting methodological advice on the creation of a meeting space for the afrodescendant communities
of Colombia, Ecuador and Panama.
This MoU brought the necessary support to formulate the social inclusion fair in terms of conceptual and
methodological elements, and set the following general objectives:
-
Document and showcase their initiatives and projects
Raise the interest of other actors convened
Visibilize the afrodescendant population of Colombia, Ecuador and Panama
The agreement specifically provided the Regional Project with support services on the following issues:
-
Definition of organizational aspects, progress review and adjustments
Support by a focal point
Facilitation of meetings at the fair
Provision of tools and methodologies for knowledge fairs
Octavio Aguirre and Juliana Antía were the members of the Knowledge Management Unit in charge of
this task.
It was one of the first meetings between the Regional Project and the KM Unit where the idea of
organizing the fair in a place where afro-Latin Americans gathered, to ensure its dissemination and
success was brought up.
Therefore, it was decided that the fair would to be organized within the framework of the Pacific Musical
Festival "Petronio Alvarez" that takes place in Cali (Colombia) every year during the month of August at
the Plaza de Toros in the city.
The fourteenth edition of the Festival was performed on August 11 - 15, 2010. The selection of the venue
turned out to be a wise decision as about 10,000 people attended the festival each day.
2.3
2.3.1
P ROJECT ACTIVITIES P RIOR TO THE F AIR
7B
S ELECTION PROCESS AND RESULTS
14B
On April 30, 2010, the official announcement for the selection process of good practices in social
inclusion of the afrodescendant population of Colombia, Ecuador and Panama, in the areas of health,
education, income generation and housing, was published on the Regional Project’s web site, as well as
on the UNDP Regional Centre’s.
In parallel, 300 additional invitations were sent to afrodescendant CSOs in these three countries by means
of a letter addressed to their institutional electronic mail, to which a copy of the application form and the
rules of the concourse were attached.
The announcement was also sent to a number of UNDP country offices and UN agencies working in
related fields.
The three-week period for application ended on May 21, 2010. About 30 requests for information relating
to the process and filling out application forms were attended to.
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On the deadline of the application, 14 applications were received from afrodescendant CSOs (10 from
Colombia, 3 from Ecuador and 1 from Panama).
In regards to the contemplated areas of social inclusion, half of the 14 applications were linked to formal
and informal education, and the remaining to income generation.
On receipt of applications, along with other documentation required concerning the legal capacity and
representation of the organizations, said documents were submitted to the evaluators, Mª Elisa Bernal and
Marta Palomares.
It is worth noting that no application was received from organizations working on housing, urban
development and traditional/western health issues.
The evaluators were given 10 days to conduct a detailed study of the proposals and to issue a report for
each one. The proposals were given to the two specialists according to the specific areas covered, which
included income generation and formal and informal education, respectively.
As a result of these assessments seven initiatives were shortlisted to be visited on the ground.
Bellow is a list of the specific, shortlisted projects submitted by organizations that passed the first
evaluation:
Table 2 -Organizations selected in the first evaluation
ORGANIZATION
1- “Sabores del Manglar” [Flavours of the Mangrove]
Asociacion Concheros de Nariño (ASCONAR)
2- “Pasos de la tierra”. [Steps of the Earth]. Dance training and
creation for Afro-Colombians social inclusion. AfroCorporacion Cultural Afrocolombiana SANKOFA
3-
45-
67-
Dulces Dulafros [Dulafros Sweets]. Creation and operation of
a company for the production and marketing of AfroColombian typical sweets, presented by Organización Social
de Comunidades Negras ÁNGELA DAVIS
Corporacion de Docentes y Maestros Investigadores de la
Etnoeducacion (COETNOEDUCACION)
“Project on business development and consolidation of
Geinnova Corporation. Business Incubator of Chocó”
Corporación GEINNOVA
Fundacion de Desarrollo Social y Cultural Afroecuatoriana
“AZUCAR”
Corporacion Champeta Criolla Cartagena de Indias
CITY
Tumaco
COUNTRY
Colombia
AREA
Income
Generation
Education
Medellín
Colombia
Barranquilla
Colombia
Income
Generation
Cartagena
Colombia
Education
Quibdó
Colombia
Income
Generation
Quito
Ecuador
Education
Cartagena
Colombia
Education
As can be seen, six of the organizations came from Colombia and one from Ecuador. It was not possible
to have any organizations selected from Panama, since the only applicant lacked the minimum
requirements.
The most common reasons for not considering the remaining seven initiatives were, in almost all cases
and according to the information given, the lack of progress and/or their non-sustainability due to lack of
resources or proper management.
8
All non-selected organizations were notified of the fact that their projects had not been shortlisted, while
encouraging their persistence and improvement.
Soon after a very detailed organization process, all selected initiatives were visited in the field by
evaluators, Maria Elisa Bernal and Marta Palomares, between June 15 -23, 2010. The specialists spent
two full days with each short-listed project in their city. They not only met with the legal team and
managers of the initiatives but corroborated the information obtained from the organizations with public
authorities and partners.
The corresponding field assessments showed a really encouraging result since they confirmed the
adequacy of all shortlisted initiatives.
As of July 7, 2010, following the selection process as stipulated, a Council of Notary Officials, consisting
of Mr. Andras Uthoff, former Director of the Department of Social Affairs of ECLAC and Mrs. Carmen
Rosa Villa, Regional Director of the High Commissioner for Human Rights met, on the basis of reports
and questionnaires issued by the independent evaluators, and a final decision was made on the initiatives
to be chosen to exhibit their products at the "Somos Afro.” Social Inclusion of the Afrodescendant
Population." Fair.
This decision was reflected in an Act carried out by members of the Council of Notary Officials and
include the following statements: The well evaluated initiatives were taken to the Fair; three were taken as
good practices and the remaining four as good practices in progress. The latter may well be strengthened
through exchanges with initiatives described as having comprehensive good practices.
Given that the only Panamanian initiative who presented did not pass the field assessment, did not meet
the prerequisite of having worked with afro-Panamanians and, failed the request of the Black Ethnicity
Council of Panama to have initiatives that were innovative and replicable, the Notary Officials advised
that if such initiatives were found, in any of the 4 areas requested, they should be taken to the Fair in Cali
as "experiences in progress"
Against this background, the initiatives that were eventually selected to be presented at the fair with their
essential features are shown in the following summaries:
DULCES DULAFROS [DULAFROS SWEETS]
Organización Social de Comunidades Negras “Ángela Davis”
Barranquilla, Colombia
22B
23B
24B
DULAFROS is a company formed by afrodescendant women dedicated to handmade production and
marketing of typical Caribbean sweets. DULAFROS has gradually improved living conditions and
incomes of women in the company providing them with decent jobs with fair working hours, training,
remuneration and social security. These achievements are made possible thanks to the mobilization and
work of women who took over the company and succeeded in obtaining funding resources from USAID,
PADF and the Gobernación del Atlántico, in order to organize and introduce technology in their
production processes.
SABORES DEL MANGLAR [FLAVOURS OF THE MANGROVE]
Asociación de Concheros de Nariño “ASCONAR”
Tumaco, Colombia
25B
26B
27B
ASCONAR is an association of afrodescendant women made up of about 105 families engaged in fishing
and the sale of piangua (a type of mussel), oysters and other shellfish in Tumaco (Colombia) and
9
surrounding municipalities. It is accompanied by alternative offshore fishing for men of the families of
the associates, so as to reduce competition in the extraction of shellfish and, on the other hand, ensure
higher incomes to all the family groups of the associates. The results achieved so far are related to the
improved working and living conditions of the women involved as well as their families, by capacity
building, generating income and supporting them to gain access to credit, etc. Both technical and financial
support, as well as the work of these same women along with the efforts made by the City Council of
Tumaco, was crucial for the realization of the partnership and the achievement of results.
CASA CULTURAL AFROECUATORIANA “CON MANOS DE ÉBANO” [“WITH EBONY HANDS”
AFRO-ECUADORIAN CULTURAL HOUSE]
Fundación de Desarrollo Social y Cultural Afroecuatoriana “AZÚCAR”
Quito, Ecuador
28B
29B
30B
"With Ebony Hands" is a Cultural Centre born from the initiative of 20 afrodescendant women, and
dedicated to retrieve and add value to afro-Ecuadorian history and culture. The foundation has managed
to have a fully equipped Cultural Centre, create an afro music and dance group, train and create jobs for
afrodescendant men and women and perform a number of productive activities which have improved the
living conditions of people involved. All these results are a consequence of the work and commitment of
the women who have embarked on this project, receiving the support of different agencies, and national
and international funding.
COMPREHENSIVE CULTURAL AND ARTISTIC TRAINING IN CHAMPETA CRIOLLA.
Corporación Champeta Criolla
Cartagena, Colombia
31B
32B
33B
Corporación Champeta Criolla currently has 50 partners and is dedicated to the promotion of cultural
manifestations of the most disadvantaged groups in the city of Cartagena, as is the case with the Creole
Champeta. The achievements of this initiative range from the visualization of this genre in many festivals
to the development of training young people to strengthen their working skills and livelihoods. Seventy
people benefit from this training project. The results are made possible thanks to the work and initiative of
its director and the financial support of public institutions, the private sector, national and international
organizations and the civil society.
ETHNIC EDUCATION AND AFRO-COLOMBIAN STUDIES IN CARTAGENA
Corporación de docentes y maestros investigadores de la etno-educación “CORETNOEDUCACIÓN”
Cartagena, Colombia
34B
35B
36B
This corporation is dedicated to strengthening the development of ethno education and afro-Colombian
teaching in secondary and vocational educational institutions, through research and training of teachers.
Among the achievements of this organization are; advising 25 educational institutions in the
implementation and strengthening of afro-Colombian ethno education; having a significant number of
teachers and administrators trained and sensitized; achieving the success of having 12,000 successful
graduates and carrying out various forums and meetings. These achievements are the result of
collaborative work by a group of teachers, the support of the National Ministry of Education, the Mayor’s
Office of Cartagena, educational institutions and the participation of different universities and NGOs.
BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT AND CONSOLIDATION OF GEINNOVA CORPORATION
Business Hub in Chocó - Corporación GEINNOVA
Quibdó, Colombia
37B
38B
39B
GEINNOVA is a business hub formed by young professionals seeking to promote business development
in the department of Chocó (Colombia) with people from different economic sectors. The main result of
10
this initiative are the eleven micro-enterprises that have been successfully supported and surviving by
producing profits, bringing together a total of 101 people generating income, and creating about 145 job
openings. The achievements are the result of volunteer work and the free technical advice that this group
of young people has been offering to those interested in setting up or expanding microenterprise activities.
PASOS EN LA TIERRA. [STEPS ON EARTH]
Dance training and creation for Afro-Colombian social inclusion
Corporación Cultural Afrocolombiana SANKOFA
Medellín, Colombia.
40B
41B
42B
43B
SANKOFA is a dance group, with influences in several municipalities in Colombia, which promotes
urban contemporary afro dance and the consolidation of a dance language as an alternative to the
distinction, visibility and social inclusion of the afro culture. SANKOFA has succeeded in selling their
shows successfully and creating awareness, about their rights and cultural differences among participants
and members of the project. It also supports processes of professionalism for artists and authorities in
afro-Colombian dance tradition as a socioeconomic, historical and political right. These results are made
possible thanks to the initiative and work of its founder and director, and the financial support of the
Ministry of Culture and the City Council of Medellin.
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3
3.1
O RGANIZATION OF THE F AIR
2B
T HE LOGISTICS WORKSHOP
8B
As of May 20, 2010 a Logistics workshop was held with theof the "Afrodescendant Population of Latin
America” Regional Project staff and representatives of the Knowledge Management Unit of the UNDP
Regional Centre. The general objective was to review the organizational roadmap of the Fair of Good
Practices on Social Inclusion of the Afrodescendant Population in Cali.
In the first place, the aim was to give an update on the status of the work done so far, and secondly, to
define activities, responsibilities and working hours for completion.
Those attending the meeting were Silvia Garcia (Coordinator), Ane Etxebarría (consultant), Shaunette
Bailey and Rosario Ramos, from the Regional Project. The Knowledge Management Unit of the UNDP
Regional Centre was represented by Octavio Aguirre and Juliana Anita.
The following is the agenda of the meeting:
Thursday, May 20, 2010
10:00 am – 11:00 am
Invitation of experiences
State of the application process. The “Afrodescendant Population of Latin America” Project Team
has identified a series of difficulties; discussion on possible solutions.
11:00 am – 11:30 am
Coffee Break
11:30 pm – 1:00 pm
Fair logistics
Discuss Terms of Reference prepared by the Project to contract a logistics company to organize the
fair: graphic products, timeframe for review and delivery, among others
Communication with Cali City Council and CORFECALI. Information required about the fair.
Logistics workshop
Definition of logistics features and progress review
1:00 pm – 2:00 pm
Lunch
2:00 pm – 4:30 pm
Definition of fair dynamics
Discussion: methodology and development of the fair, parallel conference (reservation of the
conference room), press conference and other activities with the media, among others.
Fair assembly
Minimum installation requirements of the stand, suggestions.
Relevant agreements and results included:
-
Keeping the fair within the framework of the Petronio Álvarez Festival, Cali (Colombia).
Visiting the city of Cali with the aim of making the necessary formal agreements with the City
Council of Cali for the development of the fair given the serious difficulties in communicating with
that institution.
The fair would have the following activities:
-
A lecture on social inclusion in Cali
A workshop on institutional strengthening to improve the selected organizations.
An ethno-education meeting.
12
Graphic products to be designed for the fair would include:
-
An informative newsletter
Informative posters on the initiatives invited to the fair
Different banners
A video of the event
Personal identifications
Posters on the lecturers
Logistics would be based on the following principles and actions:
-
3.2
Reviewing and adjusting the terms of reference for hiring a logistics company with experience in this
type of event.
Proceeding to the publication of the terms as soon as possible.
Renting a tent after knowing the size of the space offered by the municipality.
Arranging air tickets for guests organized by the project.
Giving an official announcement and providing information to the media about the fair.
T HE LOCAL PARTNER : C ALI C ITY C OUNCIL
9B
Contact was first made with the Minister of Culture and Tourism of Cali, Argemiro Cortes, to whom the
proposal of internationalizing the Petronio Álvarez Festival with the presence of the Regional Project was
sent, and in turn, gave more publicity of the Festival to the international community and international
agencies and organizations.
The proposal was accepted and we were offered a space and collaboration as shown in the invitation letter
sent by the Secretariat to the project.
This was the beginning of extensive collaboration with Cali City Council which culminated in having a
successful fair and achieving important goal.
On June 18, Silvia B. García and Ane Etxebarría from the regional project were in Cali to achieve the
following purposes:
-
Agree with Cali City Council on: the exact location planned for the Fair of Social Inclusion; the size
of the location; the place available for the conference; publicity of the fair in all the public messages
from the City Council.
Report on the publication of the Terms of Reference to contract the company in charge of the logistics
of the fair.
Hold meetings with two experts on afro-Colombian population (Prof. Fernando Urrea and Dr.
Gustavo de Roux).
The following are the activities of the mission:
-
Carrying out a meeting with the Minister of Culture and Tourism of the Cali City Council, Mr.
Argemiro Cortés Buitrago. Mr. Jaime Saldarriaga, Director of Populations of the City Council; Ms.
Mónica Sánchez Roldán, Cultural Manager of the City Council for the “Petronio Álvarez”; and Dr.
Gustavo de Roux, consultant to the Regional Project.
13
During the meeting, an agreement was reached on:
-
The place assigned to the Regional Project by the City Council for the tent in the surroundings of the
Plaza de Toro where the festival would take place; between 30 and 50 square meters near the arts and
crafts section and as far as possible from the food area;
The venue of the conference: Auditorium of the City Council, free of charge;
Publicity of the conference. It was agreed with Ms. Mónica Sánchez that she would include a
reference to the conference in every publication on the cultural aspects of the Festival.
It was reported that the Terms of Reference for the fair was being published on that date on the
project’s web site, as well as on the UNDP Regional Centre and UNDP Colombia’s web sites.
Maximum
publicity
among
contractors
in
Cali
was
requested.
On the evening of June 18, meetings were held with:
-
-
-
Prof. Fernando Urrea, one of the most distinguished experts on afro issues in Colombia and Latin
America. We met him at his place and invited him to the conference. He accepted and was prepared
to collaborate in the organization of the fair and conference. He also advised us to consider having a
Brazilian celebrity as a speaker.
Dr. Gustavo de Roux, consultant to the Regional Project. He was consulted about using other
speakers at the conference. His opinion was that the speaker should an be afrodescendant from Cali
and expert in afro-Colombian population. He mentioned Prof. Oscar Gamboa and Prof. Carlos
Viáfara among others.
A visit was paid to the Plaza de Toro and its surroundings. A visual inspection of the area assigned to
the tent was carried out and we had a talk with the logistics manager of the Plaza de Toro to have a
more accurate idea of the following:
- General logistics of the Festival
- Entrance of cars and people
- General security issues of the place and security of the area surrounding the location of
the tent
- Location of toilets
- Connection to different services (electricity, water, technology)
All this was made in collaboration with different departments of the City Council, namely:
-
3.3
The Secretariat of Culture and Tourism
The General Secretariat (Protocol)
The Bureau of Populations
The Bureau for Social Inclusion
L OGISTICS COMPANY . S ELECTION P ROCESS
10B
The tender process for the logistics companies in the organization of the “Somos Afro” Fair initiated on
June 16, 2010, by publishing the following advertisement on the Regional Project’s web site, the UNDP
Regional Centre and Colombia Office’s web sites:
14
The “Afrodescendant Population of Latin America” Regional Project invites all companies interested to
submit proposals, both economic and technical, on logistics services required to organize the Fair of
“Social Inclusion of the Afrodescendant Population of Colombia, Ecuador and Panama”, to be
celebrated August 11 - 15, 2010, in Cali (Colombia).
-
Download Terms of Reference and form requested.
Deadline for submissions: July 1, 2010, 12:00 a.m. (Panama time).
Although the 15-natural day period for submissions ended on June 1, 2010, the deadline was extended to
July 2, 8:00 p.m., due to an inadvertent mistake in the e-mail address to which interested companies had
to submit their proposals.
However, by July 2, 2010, 11 offers –five (5) from Cali, five (5) from Bogotá and one (1) from Panamawere received and they were subjected to detailed study and review of their contents in order to verify that
they had met the minimum requirements for admission.
The evaluation of proposals followed a methodology consisting of three (3) stages: a preliminary
assessment stage based on whether requirements fulfilled/did not fulfil the legal status of the company
and acceptance of contractual terms that the UNDP expressed in a proposal letter, a technical evaluation
of detailed requirements in the Terms of Reference, and finally, the methodology proposal and
comparison of prices of technically qualified proposals.
From the eleven offers only 4 companies had fulfilled all the necessary documentation, which consisted
of:
-
Affidavit signed by the person in charge
Work Plan and Work Schedule
Technical Proposal
Registration at the Chamber of Commerce or Tourism Institution
Letters of Reference by previous clients or evidence of previous work
Curriculum Vitae of the staff that would provide the service
Economic offer
Four companies that were well equipped in the process submitted complete documentation. From this
group, a contract was awarded to the bidder that met all the requirements and timelines under the terms of
reference while obtaining a qualifying score of at least 70 points and quoting the lowest price.
Therefore, as of July 7, 2010 an evaluation committee was formed consisting of four members of the
UNDP Regional Service Centre for Latin America and the Caribbean, who determined that TOTAL
MANAGEMENT LTD should be awarded the contract, according to the conditions expressed in the
Terms of Reference, for an amount of 71,406,950 Colombian pesos, as they presented the lowest
economic offer.
On July 15, 2010, the contract was executed and, on the same day, a coordination meeting was held with
the legal representative of the company, which was also attended by members of the UNDP Regional
Project and Knowledge Management Unit of the UNDP Regional Centre.
15
At that meeting it was agreed, inter alia, that the fair would be called:
SOMOS AFRO
Inclusión social de la población afrodescendiente
Colombia, Ecuador y Panamá
[In English, “WE ARE AFRO. Social Inclusion of the Afrodescendant Population. Colombia, Ecuador
and Panama]
16
4
4.1
T HE “SOMOS AFRO” F AIR
3B
P ARTICIPANTS
11B
The fair was organized by a consultant specifically hired for that purpose, along with the assistance of two
people from the Project, a Communications Officer of the UNDP Regional Service Centre and two
officials of the Knowledge Management Unit.
As for the guests at the fair, two people per project were invited to Cali, along with two people from
Panama, as identified by the Black Ethnicity Council in Panama, which made a total of 16 people. In
addition, three organizations financed the participation of five additional people. Out of 21 people, 9 were
male and 12 were female.
It was requested that the representatives of each initiative had a comprehensive understanding of the
setting up, development, mission, vision and objectives of their respective organizations.
All representatives of the initiatives invited to Cali by the Regional Project, signed a letter of commitment
according to the goals set thereof. In addition, they were all sent a Logistics Note with details of the
activities planned for each day of the fair of social inclusion.
Concerning the academic professionals involved in the "Somos Afro” Fair, nine people participated in the
following event:
-
The Workshop on Institutional Strengthening was given by the good practices evaluators, Mª Elisa
Bernal and Marta Palomares, who drew on their knowledge of the organizations they had selected and
visited, and Marilyn Pasco, consultant for the PROLOGO Project in Cartagena.
The main lecturer at the Conference was Beatriz Ramírez, Director of the National Institute of
Women and Afro-Uruguayan leader from Uruguay who is widely recognized in Latin America.
Other lecturers were Prof. Fernando Urrea and Prof. Carlos Viáfara from the Universidad del Valle,
Cali.
The meeting on Ethno Education was conducted by the Sub-secretary of Pedagogical Development
and Education of the Cali City Council, José Darwin Lenis, and two professors specialized in the
subject area, from two different universities in Cali, Gorkis Murillo and Raúl Castro.
Mr. Jorge Iván Ospina, Mayor of Cali, visited the tent 4 times. The Secretary of Culture and Tourism
came 5 times.
The presence of Mr. Bruno Moro, Resident Representative of UNDP in Colombia and Coordinator of the
entire United Nations system in Colombia was much appreciated. Mr. Moro participated in the opening
and remained to converse with guests and authorities as well as the press.
As for the staff provided by the logistics company TOTAL MANAGEMENT, there were five persons
responsible for its organization, one person in charge of the media, another one for graphic products and a
number of contracted staff for technical issues such as sound, lighting, assembly, cleaning, and others.
Finally, regarding the general public, at least 500 people attended the "Somos Afro" Fair, during the four
days. Visitors entering the tent asked about good practices of the initiatives but also about the UNDP and
the role of the UN. They received informative material and in many cases, attended the programmed
activities.
17
4.2
4.2.1
T HE PRODUCTS OF THE F AIR
12B
T HE T ENT
A tent had to be specially designed and built to ensure the success of the “Somos Afro” Fair.
The tent was placed in the same area for the 5-day Pacific Music Festival “Petronio Álvarez”, in Cali, in
the surroundings of the Plaza de Toro in Cali. It was installed in the parking lot of the Plaza de Toro, next
to food and handicrafts stands.
The selection of the location turned out to be a good decision, since about 10,000 people went to the
Festival per day.
The tent measured at 72 meters square on the inside, but in total had an estimated measurement of 90
meters and 100 meters externally. It was visible because it was white, with a neat and linear style and
modern furniture which was in contrast to the rest of the other stands.
Inside the tent, a division with a piece of furniture and big screens was made to create two different
atmospheres. Films on the afrodescendant population were played on the screens. One of the screens was
at the front of the tent to act as a lure for the general public at the festival.
The eight stands of good practices were on the right side of the tent. Each stand had a double table where
organizations could display their brochures and other documents on their activities or organization.
Behind each table was a poster with detailed data on each initiative.
The workshops took place on the left area of the tent. For that purpose, chairs, a flip chart, screen and
other elements were displayed for teamwork.
The following pictures show the design of the tent.
4.2.2
G RAPHIC P RODUCTS
Picture 1 - Stand design simulation for the Fair
Regarding the graphic products designed and produced for the fair, it is worth highlighting the magazine
and posters of the initiatives because they fulfilled an outstanding function in the dissemination of the
objectives of the fair itself. However, a total of 10 different products were designed including badges,
banners, pennants, ribbons, posters for the speakers, and others.
18
All products created, including the tent itself, were based on a logo with the name of the fair, inspired by
an active blog of the Regional Project. The design of the logo is shown bellow (with two backgrounds
available: purple and white).
The Newsletter was written by the Regional Project and consisted of 16 pages. The contents corresponded
to the following index:
-
Presentation
Information on the Regional Project
Donors of the Regional Project
The “Somos Afro. Social Inclusion of the Afrodescendant Population. Colombia, Ecuador and
Panama” Fair.
The last section was the main one, as it gathered an explanation on what a social inclusion fair entails and
a large space was devoted to each initiative selected to be present in Cali.
500 copies of the Newsletter were printed and given to the public who visited the fair.
View of the front and back cover.
19
The content of the posters with information about the social inclusion initiatives invited to the fair was
also developed by the staff of the Regional Project who endeavoured to create an attractive and appealing
product for readers, all the while explaining the activity that was being carried out.
There were 7 large posters, one per initiative, with two copies of each since they were exposed on both
inside and outside the tent to ensure popularization.
Finally, 400 books were brought to Cali for distribution among guests and visitors. Half of them were
Illustration 2. Example of Posters.
copies of " Las mujeres afrodescendientes y la cultura latinoamericana”and the other half corresponded
to “Derechos de la población afrodescendiente: Desafíos para su implementación”.
Both were published by the Regional Project and had a great reception.
4.3
T HE A CTIVITIES OF THE F AIR
13B
The “Somos Afro” fair of social inclusion was held on August 11 - 14, 2010.
Activities scheduled for those days are listed in the following Agenda:
20
Wednesday, August 11: OPEN DOORS TO THE PUBLIC
11:00 – 1:00 pm
Opening of the tent to the public.
Introduction of representatives of the initiatives invited to the fair and presentation
of their activities.
OPENING OF THE FAIR : Mr. Jorge Iván Ospina, Mayor of Cali; Mr. Argemiro
Cortés, Minister of Culture and Tourism of the City of Cali; Mr. Bruno Moro,
Resident Representative of the United Nations in Colombia; Ms. Silvia García,
Coordinator of the “Afrodescendant Population of Latin America” Regional
Project.
Diplomatic corps and UN staff.
Media.
U
3:00 – 5:30 pm
U
Thursday, August 12: OPEN DOORS TO THE PUBLIC
9:30 pm
10:00 – 1:00 pm
3:00 – 5:30 pm
Opening of the tent to the public
WORKSHOP ON INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING : Mª Elisa Bernal,
Marta Palomares and Marilyn Pasco.
WORKSHOP ON INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING (continuation)
U
U
Friday, August 13: OPEN DOORS TO THE PUBLICS
Opening of the tent to the public
9:30 pm
CONFERENCEON SOCIAL INCLUSION : Beatriz Ramírez, Fernando Urrea
11:00 – 13:00 pm and Carlos Viáfara (Auditorium of the Cali Cultural Centre Building. Carrera 5.
No. 6-05)
ETHNO EDUCATION MEETING : José Darwin Lenis, Gorkis Murillo, Raúl
3:30 – 5:30 pm
Castro and Miguel Obeso. Teachers, professors and experts.
U
U
U
U
Saturday, August 14: OPEN DOORS TO THE PUBLIC
9:30
Opening of the tent to the public
10:00 – 1:00 pm
Meeting with afrodescendant organizations from Cali.
11:00 pm
Book donation to libraries of the city of Cali
3:00 – 5:30 pm
CLOSURE OF THE FAIR: CONCLUSIONS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In order not to compete with the Festival and still take advantage of the large influx of people, the fair
was officially open to the public from 9:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. However, due to the amount of visitors, and
the interest shown by the Mayor of Cali, it remained opened longer.
The Project tried at all times to have a warm reception for the visitors inside the tent. Therefore, people
approaching it were invited to come inside and share their concerns and insights on what was presented
there. This brought acceptance and trust, which was one of the main objectives of the project.
People asked many questions about the fair itself and the United Nations. Guests from the initiatives
helped answer the questions and had the chance to explain what they were doing.
21
Picture 3 – Entrance to the "Somos Afro" tent
Since two of the good practices invited had a clear artistic component, several days ended with
impromptu dancing in the tent, which the public enjoyed and this increased the general acceptance of the
fair.
The days began with a meeting in the hotel with the initiatives of good practices before the departure of
the bus to the fair. In the first of those meetings the rationale of a knowledge fair was explained to the
guests, and specifically, the objectives of the activity in which
Picture 4 - Interior of the tent with visitors
they were to participate. Their role and responsibilities were also explained, including being at their stand
on time, meeting people’s requests for information on their own activities, and participate in workshops
and the conference of the fair.
Tasks were normally fulfilled and the representatives of these good practices were grateful and pleased
There were moments for recreation and there was a great exchange of information between
representatives of the organizations and also among themselves and the visiting public.
22
The most relevant events included:
-
The opening of the fair and tent,
The workshop on institutional strengthening,
The conference,
The ethno education meeting
The donation of books to local libraries
The closing of the fair and pavilion and the evaluation of the fair.
4.3.1
T HE INAUGURATION
All local representative authorities were present at the inauguration of the fair. Furthermore, it was
decided by the City Council that the opening of the Petronio Álvarez Festival would also take place at the
fair’s tent, which attracted a large audience from visitors and the media.
The main table of the event comprised of Mr. Bruno Moro, Resident Representative of the United Nations
in Colombia, the Mayor of Cali, the Minister of Culture and Tourism, Ms. Leonor González Mina “Negra
Grande de Colombia” and Ms. Silvia Garcia.
Both the Coordinator, Silvia Garcia, and the Resident Representative, Bruno Moro, had the opportunity
to talk about the objectives of the fair on social inclusion of the afrodescendant population, as well as the
work developed by the Regional Project and the United Nations system in that area.
Picture 5 - Opening of the Fair
4.3.2
W ORKSHOP ON INSTITUTIONAL S TRENGTHENING FOR O RGANIZATIONS
15B
As mentioned above, the workshop was conducted by the evaluators of these good practices to draw on
their knowledge of the organizations they had previously visited along with Marilyn Pasco, consultant for
PROLOGO Project of Cartagena.
The workshop took place in the tent and lasted one day (six hours). The general public was also welcome
and it turned out that there was not enough room for all the people who wished to attend.
Participation and input were outstanding and the event moved along nicely during the day.
23
Picture 6 - Session of the workshop
The contents of the workshop encompassed the following issues:
-
The creation of partnerships
Management systems and leadership
Funding and resource mobilization
4.3.3
T HE C ONFERENCE
16B
The Conference was held in the auditorium of the Cultural Centre Building of Cali. The space was
amphitheatre-shaped with a capacity of about 500 people. However, despite dozens of personal
invitations that were sent on the event, only about 100 people attended.
Nevertheless, considering the amount of questions raised by the audience and the time devoted to further
discussion, it can be considered that the Conference on Social Inclusion of the Afrodescendant Population
created great interest among the audience.
The keynote speaker was Beatriz Ramirez, National Director of Women's Institute in Uruguay and afroUruguayan leader who is deeply involved in afrodescendants and women’s movements. Her presentation
was entitled "Gender and race: a public policy approach."
24
Picture 7 - Conference
Professor Fernando Urrea, a sociologist and professor in the Department of Social Sciences and
Economics at the Universidad del Valle, addressed the issue of racial discrimination in the lower strata of
society in Cali with a dissertation entitled "Poverty and social exclusion of the afrodescendant population
in Cali: an analysis of households and population of the popular sectors and lower middle classes
through EHSIISAS.”
Prof. Carlos Viáfara, economist (M. A, Population Studies), and Professor at the Department of
Economics, Universidad del Valle in Cali, presented a paper entitled "Ethnic and racial discrimination
and inclusion policies for the afro-Colombian population."
The three papers are available on the following sites of the Regional Project and UNDP Regional Centre
for Latin America and the Caribbean, respectively:
http://www.afrodescendientes-undp.org/
http://www.regionalcentrelac-undp.org/index.php?lang=es
HU
HU
4.3.4
U
E THNO E DUCATION M EETING
17B
On the same day of the conference, an ethno education meeting was held, in the tent and that lasted for
about four hours.
The meeting attracted great interest, and was the most attended activity in the fair’s tent.
The speakers thereof were the Deputy Secretary of Educational Development of the City Council of Cali,
Joseph Darwin Lenis, and two professors and experts in the area of interest from the University of
Buenaventura: Gorkis Murillo and Raul Castro. A representative of the selected good practices on ethno
education from Cartagena, Miguel Obeso, also took part in the meeting.
The participation in the meeting was outstanding and from this entailed, perhaps, the only moment of
tension at the 4-day fair. A city councillor came in and listened for few minutes to what was said on ethno
education and then asked for permission to speak. After a long speech, he started to talk about local policy
issues in a quite disparaging tone. The incident had no serious consequences.
25
Picture 8 - Ethno Education Meeting
4.3.5
D ONATION OF B OOKS TO THE N ETWORK OF L IBRARIES IN C ALI
18B
On Saturday morning the official donation of books published by the Regional Project to the network of
public libraries of Cali took place. The event was somehow improvised due to lack of coordination by
some staff of the City Council.
Mr. Luis Ignacio Cerón represented the City Council and was accompanied by about 20 people
representing other libraries.
The project gave 60 copies of "Afrodescendant Women and the Latin American Culture " and 60 copies
of “Las mujeres afrodescendientes y la cultura latinoamericana: identidad y desarrollo” , to be distributed
among the 58 public libraries in the city.
U
U
4.3.6
T HE C LOSING OF THE F AIR AND T ENT
19B
The fair ended with an act of dialogue involving members of the good practices, the facilitators and
Regional Project staff.
The aim of the fair was to find and streamline insights on the work done during the event, being selfcritical where necessary in order to highlight successes, and ultimately create a space for reflection.
The following are some of the comments issued from this session, which was of great interest for all
attendees:
-
The main achievement of the fair was that it helped to make the issue of afrodescendants known
globally, thus helping to overcome the inequality affecting them.
The knowledge exchange among these good practices and the partnerships created were also
interesting. The possibility of generating new contact with people that visited the pavilion was also
appraised.
The conference was one of the most valued activities for its relevant theoretical input to the issue of
afrodescendants and their progress.
26
-
The application form was considered too complicated and focused too much on business activities.
Members of the initiatives asked to know the results of the evaluations carried out by the specialists,
who were acknowledged for their work and consideration, and for the exercise of reflection the
evaluation brought along.
The “dignifying and humane treatment” received at all times by the Regional Project.
It was requested to conduct workshops on administrative, legal and accounting issues in order to
improve managerial aspects of organizations.
Members of the selected good practices requested permanent accompaniment and sporadic follow-up
from the Regional Project.
4.3.7
T HE E VALUATION OF THE F AIR
20B
A short anonymous questionnaire was circulated among representatives of the selected good practices.
The results of the survey are presented in the following table.
Table 3 - Evaluation results
Evaluation Results (18 questionnaires completed)
LOGISTICS – COORDINATION
ORGANIZATION
Very good
14
Very good
Good
3
Good
To be improved
0
To be improved
AGENDA
14
Suitable (A)
Good
3
Not suitable (NA)
To be improved
0
Very good
15
3
0
METHODOLOGY
17
0
Lecture by Beatriz Ramirez
The professionalism and dedication of the UNDP staff
Knowledge and experience sharing among initiatives
WHAT WAS MOST INTERESTING
Addressing the issue of Ethno Education
Creating partnerships with invited organizations
Thematic diversity of invited initiatives
Conference
Workshop on Institutional Strengthening
Lack of space for academic events in the pavilion
THE LEAST INTERESTING
Intervention of teachers and councillors from Cali
Scarce attendance to the conference
Excellent job
SUGGESTIONS FOR FACILITATION
Try to consolidate partnerships among initiatives
Human quality of people
For new methodologies
USEFULNESS
To improve the structure of the organization
To solve problems of the organizations
27
To increase motivation
Knowledge on social inclusion
Knowledge transfer
THE LINKS WITH OTHER
ORGANIZATIONS WERE IMPROVED
17 affirmative answers
Address the issue of ethno-tourism and ethno-development
Maintain communication among initiatives
Capacity development on administrative and financial issues
Longer duration
PENDING ISSUES
Accompaniment to initiatives
Strengthening the undertakings of afrodescendant population
Deal with issues of afro diversity
Information on incentives/grants
Deal with afro organizations issues in depth
Get to know afrodescendant population and organizations of Cali
4.3.8
P RESS AND M ASS M EDIA
21B
The whole process from the official announcement, selection of experiences, assessment results, to the
organization of the fair and results, has been permanently covered by information posted and updated on
the Regional Project’s website as well as on the website of the UNDP Service Centre for Latin America
and the Caribbean.
Currently, this content can be found at the following addresses:
HU
HU
http://www.afrodescendientes-undp.org/
http://www.regionalcentrelac-undp.org/index.php?lang=es
In addition, during the development of "Somos Afro," 26 media outlets including radio, television and
printed press with local, regional and national coverage, reported on the fair.
The list of those media outlets are as follows:
Printed press:
Diario La Nación 15 días (newspaper)
Diario El Tiempo Cali (newspaper)
Radio:
Radio Súper
Red Sonora radio
Todelar
Television:
Amaneciendo, Telepacífico Channel
28
RCN News.
CNC News.
Noti 5
Internet:
http://www.canalune.com.co/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=271:festival-demusica-del-pacifico&catid=36:destacados
http://yenyere.org/paradojas-y-contrastes-de-la-etnia-afrodescendiente-en-clave-de-inclusion/
http://www.revistaebano.com/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=113:sigu
e-la-fiesta-del-pacifico&catid=67:musicahttp://www.eltiempo.com/blogs/afrocolombianidad/2010/08/feria-de-inclusion-social-afro.php
H
H
H
H
Academia:
http://www.plandecenal.edu.co/html/1726/w3-article-242140.html
Universidad Autónoma de Occidente.
La Palabra de la Universidad del Valle:
http://lapalabra.univalle.edu.co/inclusionsocial_septiembre10.htm
H
Hundreds of digital pictures were taken during the event. Some of them can be seen on the following site:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EpOWSMbCBrI
H
Two videos – a long and short version – of the fair will be available shortly. They will be distributed in
DVD and published on the Regional Project’s website.
Likewise, an exhibition will be organized with the graphic material and other elements of the fair that was
held in Cali.
29
5
T HE R ESULTS OF THE F AIR
4B
In general, the fair on social inclusion, “Somos Afro” was considered successful since it achieved the
general and specific objectives.
Relevant achievements include:
Good practices on social inclusion that were exhibited and disseminated by afrodescendant
organizations of Colombia, Ecuador and Panama.
Information facilitated and knowledge sharing promoted to enable replication of such good
practices in other Latin American countries.
Generated knowledge and learning related to social inclusion of afrodescendants, and the
expansion of citizenship.
Strengthened capacities of afro organizations and their networks.
Strengthened partnerships between the Regional Project and its local partner, the City Council of
Cali.
Disseminated that the UNDP is committed to the fight against racism and all forms of
discrimination and that its development paradigm arises from the importance of providing every
person with the conditions of freedom necessary to develop their full potential.
Improved image of the UN system before the afrodescendant population of the Pacific Coast of
Latin America.
30