Introduction to ArcView 3.2

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Introduction to Geographic information systems
Description of a GIS
GIS is a software tool:
The software tool is a combination of a CAD-tool and a database
management system that gives access to geographically referenced data
ArcView 3.x
Two developing lines in ArcView: ArcView 3.x and ArcView 8.x and following
ArcView 3.x is „fading out“ – Version 3.3 was last updated in 2004
ArcView 3.x will be supported also the next 4-5 years
ArcView 8.x was developed 2001, the new version is 9.1, in autumn 2006
version 9.2 is expected to be released
ArcView 3.x is more common than ArcView 8.x or 9.x
ArcView 3.x
From the printed map to a digital map: Digitizing concepts
in ArcView
Two possibilities to get a digital vector map:
• Using a digitizer
• Digitizing at the monitor
Three steps to digitize a map at the monitor:
• Scanning
• Georeferencing
• Digitizing
Scanning
Several maps are needed to get a good (hydro-)geological map:
- Scan it coloured, decrease colour depth to black/white
- Resolution 300 dpi
- Be sure, that the clipping covers more than the thematical map
Georeferencing images
Georeferencing is not easy with ArcView 3.x:
• For every *.tif-file a *.tfw-file is needed.
Georeferencing images
• Choose at least two points in the map to join pixel
coordinates and real world coordinates. Real world
coordinates from the analog map or from the measured grid.
Quantum GIS
Open the georeferenced image file in ArcView 3.x:
Aquifer types: Classification international standard legend
From: Struckmeier & Margat (1995)
Aquifer types: Classification international standard legend
From: Struckmeier & Margat (1995)
Digitizing maps
Digitizing maps: Concepts
Entities of geographical data:
• Points
• Lines
• Polygones
Non-topological GIS: No connection between points, lines and
polygones.
Attributes: Relational database structure possible.
Digitizing points
Choose „View“ – „New Theme“ – „Point“, set path and name
Theme must be
- active,
- visible and
- ready to start edit
!
Points can be digitized
after pushing the
button
Attributing points
To attribute the points, it‘s easy to open the table aside of the
view window and add the attributes/fields:
It‘s good to use relate-tables e.g. for tectonical data
Digitizing lines
Choose „View“ – „New Theme“ – „Line“, set path and name
Theme must be active, visible and ready to start edit!
Lines can be
digitized after
pushing button
If a line should snap
to another one,
intersection of lines
should be used
Digitizing polygons
A bit tricky: Choose „View“ – „New Theme“ – „polygon“, set path and name
Theme must be active, visible and ready to start edit!
Because we don‘t
need squares or
circles, we use the
following button
Digitizing polygons
Polygons have to be adjacent to each other!
Three ways in digitizing:
1. „Create new polygon“
2. Append new
polygon adjacent to
another
3. Create line to split
polygon
Digitizing polygons
The borders of polygons shouldn‘t be corrected because ArcView is a
non-topological GIS and every border is internally constructed by two
lines. Result: By adjusting a vertex an overlap or a gap will be created!
Solution: Mark both
polygons, use button to
move vertices, click to
the vertex (attention,
don‘t move!!!) and after
that move the vertex
Digitizing polygons
Another problem: Digitizing of
isle-polygons
Polygons are digitized
overlapping, then chosen by
„Select feature“ button and then
cut by using „Edit“->“Subtract
features“
Digitizing polygons
Work with relate tables:
- less problems in attributing while digitizing
- easy change of attribute data
- use of more sophisticated interpretation and further utilization of data
Visualizing maps
Visualizing our data: A short view at the legend editor
• Open the shape-file and double-click the theme in the View-window.
• Use the Legend editor to show classifications.
• Find out about changes in colours, line thickness, symbols in the
Symbol editor.
Symbols and colours: Legend editor
Legend can be
changed by
doubleclicking the
Table of Content
Legend Editor is
opened, type and
classification can
be changed
Symbols and colours: Symbol editor
Change symbols:
Doubleclick the
Symbol
Symbol Editor is
opened, Fill, Pen,
Marker, Font and
Colour of the
symbol can be
changed
Symbols and colours: Additional symbols
Additional palettes: Use the Palette
Manager
Standard extensions:
e
activat
Explore the extensions!
More extensions:
Extensions are saved in
C:\ESRI\AV_GIS30\ARCVIEW\EXT32
More extensions are saved in
C:\ESRI\AV_GIS30\ARCVIEW\Samples\ext
Even more extensions are available on
• ESRI homepage
• www.seminolecountyfl.gov/gis/extents.asp
• etc.
Load extensions in ArcView:
To use these extensions: Copy the *.avx-file
to the C:\ESRI\AV_GIS30\ARCVIEW\EXT32
folder
Some extensions are very expensive (but also very useful):
Spatial analyst: Handle raster data in ArcView
3D Analyst: Visualize raster data in 3D
ArcPress: Raster-Image Processor (RIP) used for fast
printing
Scripting Language in ArcView 3.x: Avenue
Two very important examples:
Addxycoo.ave (add X,Y coordinates to a point theme)
Shp2gen.ave (create a generate file from a shape file)
Also useful:
Calcacre.ave (calculate areas)
There are dozens of scripts (without a description)
Scripting Language in ArcView 3.x: Avenue
How to use scripts:
In the project window choose the “scripts” button
Scripting Language in ArcView 3.x: Avenue
Most of the scripts are in the directory:
C:\ESRI\AV_GIS30\ARCVIEW\Samples\scripts
Scripting Language in ArcView 3.x: Avenue
Scripts have to be “compiled”:
Scripting Language in ArcView 3.x: Avenue
After compiling click to the view window, click on the theme
the script refers to (activate it!) and then run the script
Scripting Language in ArcView 3.x: Avenue
There are thousands of ArcView 3.x scripts in the internet
available (free and with a description).
Selections and querrying
Querrying values in ArcView 3.x
Identify-button:
Cick to the feature:
Selecting values, open attribute table in ArcView 3.x
Querry builder in ArcView 3.x
It‘s also possible to
use the querry
builder for a table
Advanced selections in ArcView 3.x
Spatial/geometrical selections: Select from one theme, „Select by theme“ from
another theme
Advanced selections in ArcView 3.x
Spatial/geometrical selections:
Advanced selections in ArcView 3.x
Also possible with lines:
Constructing groundwater contours
Hydrological Triangle:
Constructing groundwater contours
Hydrological Triangle:
Layout in ArcView 3.x
Principles
A map consists of:
• The map itself with a grid showing the geographical reference
• A legend
• A scale bar
• A north arrow
A few rules for map composition:
• Have a look at the copyright and tell, where the data come from
• Isolines should be annotated with numbers foot downhill
• Label shouldn‘t cover other objects
• More than 12 colours are very hard to distinguish
Techniques
In the layout:
• Set „Layout“ – „Page setup“ to centimeters
• Set „Layout“ – „Properties“ to a grid spacing of 0.1 cm
Techniques
Specify
• Scale of the View
• Outline of the View
• Scale bar
• North arrow
• Fonts in the Symbol Window
Graticules and GRIDs
Add „Graticules and Grids“ with a button. Use „wizard“.