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PCM BPEO ENVISAGED OVERALL PROCESS
Waste generation
Future PCM waste
Consignors
Sort / segregation /
decontamination
Current PCM Waste
Y
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Sort / Segregate /
Size reduce /
decontaminate
?
Sort /
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A
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19.
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2–
High-energy
thermal
treatment for
all PCM with
possible
recovery of
contaminated
steels
Additional
planning and
R&D required
Uncertain
time to
implementation
(7-8yrs)
Throughput
in operation
3–
Extended /
enhanced
application of
WTC
principles for
all PCM
Potential for
implementation
within 2020
timescale
4–
Extended /
enhanced
application of
WTC
principles
with recovery
of steels
where
possible
Potential for
implementation
within 2020
timescale
Risks also
reduced by
decontamination
5–
Incineration
& compaction
of soft wastes,
high-energy
thermal
treatment or
encapsulation
for others,
steel recovery
R&D on
acceptability of
final wasteform
Time to
implementation
– more than one
plant required
Direct
process if highenergy
treatment used
Good for
drummed waste
Slow for
some other
waste forms
Disassembly
of crates
supports risk
reduction
Faster
immobilisation
of crate waste
than [6]
6–
Incineration
& compaction
of soft wastes,
high-energy
thermal
treatment or
encapsulation
for others
7–
Incineration
& compaction
of soft wastes,
direct
encapsulation
for others
Otherwise same
as [6]
Environment
Practicability
Avoid
implementation
hazards
Minimal
intrusion into
raw waste
packages
Control of
pathways
Moving
machinery
Fail-safe
designs and
controls, with
strong
conventional
safety record
Control and
containment of
both heat and
radionuclides
Radionuclide
traceability and
accountancy
Batch process;
radionuclides
remain with PCM
Accountancy &
assay for final
disposal more
difficult due to 23
nuclides etc.
Batch process
However, not
necessarily
contained within
original envelope > Pu can move to
other elements of
the system
Minimising offsite impact
Volume
reduction
Confidence in product
Ease of
decommissioning
Operability /
maintainability
Confidence in process
viability
One facility
No secondary
waste or off gas
Ambient
temperature process
Large number of
waste containers
and encapsulant
One facility for
all waste; small
footprint
Energy use
Secondary waste
– salt
Replacement of
filters and refractory
components (if
used)
filters can be fed
into plant
Significant (at
least 2x) increase
in volume
PVC, organics and
voids are all sources of
uncertainty in the quality
of the resulting product
Potential to develop
better optimised
encapsulant (e.g.
polymer-based) for PVC?
No organics
Reasonably
homogeneous product
Metal/glass product
separation
Uncertainty in
uniformity as untested for
ILW – case to be made
but opportunity to learn
from e.g. Swiss
experience
Simple plant with no
major technical
challenges
Comparatively easy
to keep clean
Ways and means to
address questions over
voidage in encapsulated
product
Significant experience
Hazards
understood
from experience
Good
criticality
control
Supercompaction ->
squeezate
Moving
machinery
Hazards
understood
from experience
Airborne
hazard with steel
decontamination;
hard to engineer
out
Batch process;
radionuclides
remain with PCM
Accountancy &
assay for final
disposal more
difficult due to 23
nuclides etc.
Volume
reduction of
compressible
waste (c. 50%)
Volume
increase for
wastes requiring
direct
encapsulation
Have letter of comfort
for some PCM wastes
Voids diminished
compared with direct
encapsulation
Issue of integrity in
storage (e.g. degradation
of PVC and organics)
Voids remaining for
some wastes
Complex machinery
operated within a glove
box environment, but
not as complex as [2]
Potential for oil
contamination
Complex machinery
operated within a glove
box environment, but
not as complex as [2]
Potential for oil
contaminations
Requires additional
decommissioning of the
decontamination
facility
Incineration
involves
movement of
particulates, off
gas etc.
Other
disadvantages as
for [2]
Volume
reduction of
compressible
waste (c.50%)
Volume
reduction from
decontamination
Volume
increase for
wastes requiring
direct
encapsulation
Volume
reduction of most
wastes
Some volume
increase due to
direct
encapsulation, but
overall better than
[3]
Have letter of comfort
for some PCM wastes
Voids diminished
compared with direct
encapsulation
Issue of integrity in
storage (e.g. degradation
of PVC and organics)
Voids remaining for
some wastes
High
temperature
process
Dust from
incineration and
decontamination
Compactor
operation
Heavy
machinery
Eliminates organics
and PVC
Decontamination of
metals
Demonstrating
encapsulation for ash
phase from incineration
More treatment
plants required, leading
to more problems and
more high-temperature
process materials
Same risks as
[5], but without
steels
decontamination
Batch process
Disadvantages
as for [5] and [2]
Greater volume
reduction direct
encapsulation
means lower
resource demand
No secondary
waste or off gas
Encapsulant
production
Squeezate
management
Volume
reduction from
decontamination
and downclassification
Potential for
recycling
Dust
management and
potential for liquid
effluent (if wet
decontamination)
Energy use and
encapsulation
materials
More plants
land and other
resource use
Off gas from
incineration
Replacement of
filters & refractory
components
As for [5]
Simple in principle
Experience of this
strategy in Sellafield, the
UK and the rest of the
world
Variable feed and waste
Operability (lessons
from MEP, WEP)
Complex feed process
requiring specialist
knowledge, e.g. to resolve
issues with drum loading
Maintenance needs a
complex design, e.g. to
handle outages
Refractory ‘bed
change’ may lead to
outages
Extent of possible
concerns dependent on
required throughput
Can learn from
experience to improve on
WTC1A (cf. AWE
decision), e.g. better
squeezate management
Variability in feed, but
better able to handle this
than [1]
Two plants
Volume
reduction for most
wastes
Disadvantages
as for [5]
No steels
decontamination
Eliminates organics
and PVC
Demonstrating
encapsulation for ash
phase from incineration
No decontamination of
steels
More treatment
plants required, leading
to more problems and
more high-temperature
process materials
No decontamination
facility
Minimal
intrinsic risk
associated with
encapsulation
High
incineration
temperatures
Dust controls
More
encapsulation ->
better tracking
Otherwise
disadvantages as
for [5]
Less
encapsulation
required, leading to
a volume reduction
Encapsulation
means no secondary
waste
Incineration and
associated factors
Slightly worse
than [6], owing to
encapsulation
rather than high
temperature
thermal treatment
of crates, plant
components etc.
PVC, organics and
voids are all sources of
uncertainty in the quality
of the resulting product
from direct encapsulation
Eliminates organics
and PVC for soft wastes
– improvement over
WTC waste product
Comparatively
simple plant for
encapsulation
Potential for oil
contamination in
compaction plant
Decommissioning of
high temperature and
off gas treatment plant
Batch processes
Accountancy &
assay for final
disposal more
difficult due to 23
nuclides etc.
No major issues
with
decontamination
Significant
volume reduction,
especially for
organics (c. 90%)
Complex equipment,
including the off gas
and other systems
Potential refractory
entrapment of Pu in
treatment plant
Possible
amelioration of
entrapment through incontainer vitrification
or cold crucible
treatment processes
Can learn from
experience to improve on
WTC1A (cf. AERE
decision), e.g. better
squeezate management
Variability in feed, but
better able to handle this
than [1]
Three plants
Decontamination an
additional consideration,
but essentially simple
Maintenance needs a
handle outages
Having an incinerator
and decontamination
means more plant to
operate and maintain
Maintenance needs a
handle outages
No decontamination
facility
No plasma process
to incinerator requiring
specialist knowledge, e.g.
to resolve issues with
drum loading
Maintenance needs a
handle outages
Socio-economic
Consistency
with site
strategy
Has been used in other
nuclear industry
applications (e.g.
Switzerland)
The technology (plasma
process) is not mature, so
that it is unclear whether it
is suitable for high fissile
material loading
R&D investment (and
time) required
Good knowledge of
process strengths and
weakness for this category
of waste
Possibility to learn from
experience
Good knowledge of
process strengths and
weakness for this waste
Possibility to learn from
experience
Decontamination not yet
demonstrated for PCM, but
there has been some
(unsuccessful) experience
which can be used to inform
plant design (R&D)
Incineration widely used
world-wide in nuclear
industry, some sites have
incinerated higher-activity
wastes
High temperature heat
treatment not mature, so
unclear whether suitable for
high fissile material loading
R&D investment (and
time) required
Broadly the same as [5]
Encapsulation experience
from [1]
Incineration issues from
[5]
Robustness to
uncertainty in feed
Planning
process
Suitable for the
majority of PCM
BUT potential for
problems with reactive
metals and void issues
for some wastes
Balanced by learning
from experience
Can handle
everything, via
campaigns centred on
waste type
Sensitive but
controllable, though
would have to be
careful with the salts
Able to cope with
some (c. 10%) liquid in
drums, would need to
be drip fed to process
Suitable for the
majority of PCM
BUT limited feed
for current process and
potential for difficulty
with reactive metals
Potential problems
with aerosols and free
liquids
Potential to learn
from experience
Broadly the same as
[3]
Availability of
plasma process would
provide a secondary
route for rejects from
main process
Segregation
required
Sensitive to feed
Broadly the same as
[5]
Broadly the same as
[3]
#%&'(
*
Costs
Affordability
Lifetime
costs
Simple
More stores
required
Low technical
complexity
Comparatively
limited up-front
investment
required
It can be done
(cf. SDP)
Concerns
about thermal
treatment
processes
expressed at the
May meeting
May require
socio-economic
package
High
investment cost,
though only one
plant required
(wide range of
estimates £25150 million, with
central estimate
in the region of
£80m)
High
volume of
product
means high
cost of
storage &
final
disposal
Good
volume
reduction
lowest
storage and
disposal
costs
Low rework risk
Operating
cost
Familiar &
uses existing
sites
Minimises
volume, with not
too many extra
stores needed
Midway
between Options
1 and 2 – around
£40m for
equipment and
civils
More plants
(including direct
grout facility)
and stores
required
Good
level of
volume
reduction
helps to
minimise
storage and
disposal
costs
Broadly the same
as [3] but
Broadly the
same as [3]
Familiar &
simple-ish
Low
technology
Uses existing
sites
Minimizes
volume, not too
many additional
stores
Couples
together
concerns
associated with
incineration in
addition to
plasma treatment
Larger
number of plants
All the
problems of [2]
Incinerator as
well as plasma
treatment
Potential
acceptability
problems
associated with
incineration
Additional
plants
Jobs
More plants would lead to more jobs in the short term, with maybe 10s of jobs for the operation of any new plants
Longevity of jobs is hard to quantify, but more sophisticated processes potentially provide transferable skills
1–
Direct
encapsulation
of all PCM
Health and Safety
Acceptable
rate of risk
reduction
Quick route
through process
Dynamic situation with respect to strategy; no end state has been defined yet
IWS is going to be informed by the PCM
If the footprint of the PCM is large, the larger the challenge will be
Options
3
Also requires
decontamination
facility for steels
More plant
higher
investment costs
More
plant
higher
decommissi
oning costs
More plant
higher
investment costs
More
plant
higher
decommissi
oning costs
Multiple plant
potential
combination of
Options 2 and 3
More
decommissi
oning
BC
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3
D
E
C
Incineration & compaction of soft
wastes, direct encapsulation for
others
wastes, high-energy thermal
treatment or encapsulation for
others, steel recovery
wastes, high-energy thermal
treatment or encapsulation for
others
Extended / enhanced application of
WTC principles with recovery of
steels where possible
!
Extended / enhanced application of
WTC principles for all PCM
#
High-energy thermal treatment for
all PCM with possible recovery of
contaminated steels
Direct encapsulation of all PCM
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Option 2
High-energy thermal treatment for all PCM with possible recovery of contaminated steels
Option 3
Extended / enhanced application of WTC principles for all PCM
Option 4
Extended / enhanced application of WTC principles with recovery of steels where possible
Option 5
Incineration & compaction of soft wastes, high-energy thermal treatment or encapsulation for others, steel
recovery
Option 6
Incineration & compaction of soft wastes, high-energy thermal treatment or encapsulation for others
Option 7
Incineration & compaction of soft wastes, direct encapsulation for others
6-
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Option 2
Option 3
Option 4
Option 5
recovery
Option 6
Option 7
6-
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Option 2
Option 3
Option 4
Option 5
recovery
Option 6
Option 7
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Option 2
Option 3
Option 4
Option 5
recovery
Option 6
Option 7
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PCM BPEO Study QRS-1372A-1 Version 2.0

Transcription

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