516-525 - SPIRU Index Page

Proceedtnqs of the 7th Iniernatumal
Workmg Conference
Stored-product Protection - Volume 1
011
A reappraisal of an old fumigant, carbon disulphide, under
modern farm storage conditions
YongLm Ren and Sylvia E Allenl
Abstract
patented fumigant
Carbon disulphide , an old fumigant fallen mto disuse,
exammed
Results
and tnaled
bromide,
alternatrve
fumigant
by
may hmrt ItS
new
data
IS not Widely known
to control
history
from
emissions
The data covers gram quahty,
and residues
of carbon disulplude
It
m France,
msects
m processed
bromide
(MeBr)
residues on gram
products
were
and
processmg
mdistmguishable
analysis (hmits of quantification
w/w)
m
Resnfues
by current
were <0
degraded
methods
bromide,
wheat from the same source
NSW (Hilton et al
Extensive
and
the mamtenance
Results
1987)
Ghaly (1960)
of seed
starch
fumigation
Introduction
Compansons
for fumigants m
to thiS need an old fumigant,
and tnaled
of nee
(e
Stored Gram Research Laooratory,
g
hardness,
broken
ratio and
and qualities
(such as cookmg test,
iodine
and alkah test)
were not affected
by CSz
at a concentration
(Ghaly
of 400 mglL
1960)
and moisture
grams,
wheat flour, pohshed rice and legumes IS lower than
Sorption
of CSz on
and seems to be mamly physical
Mapes and Shrader
(Rafle 1954 and Tan
(1957a)
reported
120 and 40 ppm of CSz had declmed
<0
Carbon
that
CSz
and before any turnmg,
25 ppm respectlvely
Munsey
3 months
after
to < 2 5 ppm and
et al
(1957)
added
lOppm CSz to commerCial baker's flour, and then carned out
It was the first
commerCial bakmg studies
bread
I
(XIU et al
of 13 - 19%
fumigatIOn,
dlsulphlde (CSz) IS the oldest fumigant used for commerCial
large scale msect control m gram storage
CSz does not affect seed
reSidues found m commerCially fumigated wheat treated With
carbon
which IS m the
process of bemg phased out and also With phosphme
m
content
1994)
m sealed storage
are made With methyl bromide,
Carbon
growers
of 200 mglL
sorptlon as most of thiS IS recoverable
or under the threat of bemg Withdrawn from
In response
1998)
by Austrahan
showed that CSz had no effect on the
that for methyl bromide,
dlsulphlde was re-exammed
CSz
germmation and plumule length of Nahda vanety nee even
high
doses
(400 - 800 mglL)
The
physical
value,
use
a gram
With phosphine,
at
rmllmg output)
the process,
fumigant
work m Chma on more than 20 seed species
charactenstics
New fumigants are reqUIred as replacements
a gram
1998)
viability even at a concentration
used m sealed storage to replace many of the uses of methyl
where
favourably
showed that unhke methyl bromide,
reported m this paper indicate that carbon disulplude can be
bromide and m particular
viability IS desirable
Carbon
As carbon disulphide penetrates
disulphide IS also used currently
Unhke methyl
mg/L)
plumule length even at high doses (150
CSz as
Chma (NI 1983, Tan 1994 and Yang et al
of
5ppb
carbon disulphide had no effect on germmation
1984)
are still used in vertical silos Without recirculation m
(C~)
and the same as levels present m products made from
unfurrngated
(Bond
m the
mixed With nonflammable components such as carbon dioxide
processed
005 mglkg,
Bemg the first fumigant
It IS the only fumigant used m certain parts of the
mass well and compares
yet It leaves
These residues are extensively
storage
vme
the use of CSz as a fumigant
entomology
replaced
world (Bond 1984)
dunng
grape
flammability, relatively higher and longer term
residues than phosphme (PH,) which along With methyl
on gram IS lower than that for methyl
m ongm
the
high
natural
carbon disulphide
physical
agamst
m gram and sol! IS a landmark
of apphed
However,
and IS mamly
m 1869,
64667),
disulphide has now largely fallen mto disuse because of ItS
food Usmg sealed storage lower doses of carbon disulphide
(27g/m3)
were found to be efficaceous
The sorption of
bromide,
Patent No
used for commercial bulk gram,
carbon disulplude as an
IS supported
S
as a gram, soli and space fumigant
and
and by pubhshed Egyptian and Chmese data which
Austraha,
(U
pathogen phylloxera and for many years CSz was Widely used
With methyl
where msect resistance
The possibility of remtroducmg
m
was used
sealed farm storage
are compared
a fumigant m the process of being Withdrawn,
also With phosphme,
use
under modern
for carbon disulphide
IS re-
patented
1867 and used as a fumigant for gram m the US m 1896
companed
example,
CSIRO DIVISIonof Entomology •
They found no extra CSz m the
With bread
from
Mapes and Shrader (1957)
untreated
flour
For
found by reducmg CSz
rates of apphcatlon by one third (from 120 ppm to 38 ppm) ,
C<mberra GPO Box 1700 ACT 2601. Austraha
516
Proceedmqs of the 7th Iniernational
Worhng Conference on Stored- product Protection. - Volume 1
residues of CSz can be reduced 40 times (from 6 0 ppm to
14 ppm) m flour New evidence has shown that CSzrates
of application can be reduced by applying It m a sealed
storage, and CSz residues can be further reduced by forced
amng (Hilton et al 1998)
The object of this paper ISto re-examine CSzas a fumigant
under today's storage conditions and quality management
Also to bnng CSz use up to modern standards of safety and
efficacy, through being able to reduce the dose of CSz, and
further reduce residues and the nsk of explosion This reexanunation of CSzm response to the phasing out of methyl
bromide IS part of a general philosophy of having
alternatives, both new fumigants and old where applicable,
so that there IS not reliance on anyone chemical
o
Materials and Methods
Laboratory procedures
Samples and Chemscals
Wheat samples used m laboratory tests were Australian
Standard White (ASW, 10 6% moisture content, w/w wet
baSIS) Australian barley (var Schooner, 10 3 % moisture
content, w/w) , chick peas (Desi-type var Amethyst,
11 5% moisture content, w/w) , peas (10 5% moisture
content, wIw ), paddy (10 5% moisture content, w Iw )
and sorghum (11 5 % moisture content, wIw) were used
for germination and sorption tests All of the above samples
were free of msecticide
Carbon disulphide as a hquid (99 9% punty and 1250 gIL
density) was purchased from Ajax Australia Methyl bromide
(99 8% purity) was purchased from Matheson Gas Products
(Cucamonga, CA) Phosphine was prepared by the FAO
method (Anon 1975)
Germmauon. Tests
Wheat, barley and chickpeas samples (10 g) were
exposed at 25( ± 2rC to CSz(150 mglL) m 250 ml bottles
capped with a Mmmert mjectIon system The concentration
of CSz m the headspace was measured at timed mtervals,
and the samples were used for germination tests after 7 -14
days exposure
Germination tests were carned out accordmg to the
pnnClples stated m International Seed Testmg AsSOCiation
Methods (1976), adapted by Ghaly and Van Der Touw
(1982) Fifty seeds were saturated With approximately 40
mL of distilled water and wrapped m 2 rolled crepe filter
papers (500 mmX 330 mm each) The seeds were arranged
30 mm apart on the top half of the sheet (I e 250 mm x 330
mm), usmg a seed countmg board, and the lot covered by
foldmg the lower half over them Each doubled sheet was
saturated With water and loosely rolled from one Side to the
other, perpendicular to the base It was then held together
With a rubber band and put m an upnght posItion m the
germmatlOn cabmet, at 25°C The number of germmated
517
seeds was counted after 8 days (total germmation test) and
the plumule length was measured at 8 days Each
expenment was also replicated four times The data were
analysed statistically for standard error and vanance
Determmaium of Sorption of CSz on Gram and Pulses
Gram and pulse samples (wheat.
barley, paddy,
sorghum, peas and chick peas) of 180 g were placed m
bottles (250 ml ) which were equipped With a screw on
rnmmert valve (Alltech 24 mm Mmmert Valves. Code
95326) Fumigant to achieve 25 mg/L was injected mto the
bottles, and also mto bottles without sample This empty
flask was used as a control to calculate the concentration
applied Fumigant m the headspace was injected into a gas
chromatograph at timed intervals. and the concentration (C)
in the headspace determined The ratio (C/Co) of the
headspace concentration (C) and mitral concentration (Co)
IS expressed as sorption It represents the proportion of
original dose remaimng and It IS plotted against time after
dosing Samples were tested at 25 ( ± 2 rc and 90 - 95 %
filhng ratio and all samples were made m tnphcate
Determuuuum of CSzMovement Through Wheat
The procedure used was as descnbed m Desmercheher
(1994) Fumigants were blown through a 11m column of
wheat, of total volume 7 9 L. at an airflow rate of 200 mil
mm Fumigants (10 ml of PH3 and MeBr gas and 20 fLlof
CSzliquid) were applied Simultaneously to the column Via a
500 ml flask at the bottom of the column and their
concentrations were measured at the top of column
Analys1.'! of Carbon Dzsulphlde Reeuiues
Two methods were used for determmmg CSz residues m
wheat, wheat fractions (such as flour. germ. pollard and
bran) and wheat products (such as sponge cake, bread.
uncooked pasta and uncooked noodles)
(a) Method A This method was developed by Ren
(1997) and Ren and Desmarcheher (1998)
In thiS
procedure, a Panasomc model microwave oven eqUIpped
With time and power programmmg was used The
microwave power emission ranged from 270 to 900 W The
sample (15 g) was placed m a compressed bottle of 250 ml,
which was eqUIppedWith a screw on mmmert valve (Alltech
24 mm Mmmert Valves. Code 95326)
A cycle of
microwave Irradiation and headspace analYSISfollowed by 50
sec standmg was repeated until the amount of fumigant m
the headspace either remamed constant or started to
declme
(b) Method B ThiS method was based on an AOAC
procedure modified by Daft (1987) and further modified
(DesmarchelIer et al 1998a) by usmg gas-tight systems and
headspace chromatography The wheat sample (50g) and 50
ml 'Daft solutIOn' (acetone (80%) m 25% phosphonc aCid
solution) (Daft 1988) was placed m a 270 ml Erlenmeyer
flask, fitted With a septum ConcentratIOns m the headspace
were determmed after steepmg for 31 ± 3 hours, at room
Proceedmgs of the 7th Iniernai cmol Worktng Conference on Stored-product Protectum - Volume 1
temperature (25 ± sc )
DIluted C~ standards were prepared by addition of a
known volume of liquid C~ into a 500 ml Erlenmeyer flask
contammg 5 glass beads (e g 2 p.L m 500 ml grves 6 25
After rmxmg by shaking, the diluted gas
mg-L of C~)
standard was used to prepare both fornfied samples and
standards The fortified samples were prepared by mjectmg
a known volume of the diluted gas standard mto 'Daft
solution' (50 ml) m a 270 ml Erlenmeyer flask contammg
50 g of untreated wheat
Determinaium. of CSz Conceniratums
Carbon disulplude levels were determined using a
Shimadzu GC6AMgas chromatograph equrpped with a flame
photometric detector (FPD) , sulphur filter and aIm /- 3
mm glass column packed with HayeSep Q (Alltech 2801)
Operation conditions were an oven temperature of 140°C
and an mjection temperature of 200°C
AnalYSISof C~ m the headspace over solvents or m the
liquid phase required complete elution of the solvent or
solvent vapour from GC column before further mjections, so
a mrmmum mterval of 15 mrn was kept between injections
Commercial scale studies
Held Tratls
FIeld trtals were conducted on wheat m a sIlo at the SGRL
(Stored Gram Research Laboratory) sIte m Canberra, ACT
m May, 1997 The sIlo used was a welded steel, self
outloadmg sIlo of 55 m3 capacIty Before loadmg, the bm
was sealed by coatmg nvets bolts and holes WIth a sl!tcone
putty, Sl1astIc1Mfrom mSlde the bm The bm was fl1ledWlth
approxImately 40t wheat and pressure tested, as descnbed
m Banks and AnlllS (1980) A half-Me of greater than 4
mmutes was achIeved The wheat was treated WIth 1500 g
(1200 ml) C~ 38 ppm. w/w or 27 g m -3 by pounng C~
through a plastic funnel and pIpe onto hessIan placed on the
surface of the wheat Safety consIderations of time taken to
dose and any spIlls were the major concerns To mllllmise
nsk, gloves were worn and a dry run Wlthout C~ was
carned out pnor to dosmg The bm remamed sealed for 6
days, outloadmg after amng for 1 day Gas samples were
taken WIth a DYNAVCpump (Model ODl) through Nylon
!tnes (3 mm mternal dIameter), and collected m Tedlar
bags Gas samplmg poSitions were m the centre of the bm,
at dIstances of 1,2, 3 and 4 m below the gram surface, at
the bottom and the top of the bm (mslde) m 4 eqUldlstant
dlrectLOnsand m the central headspace Concentrations of
C~ were measured by GC On outloadmg, wheat (3 t) was
transferred mto three Bulka bags. each of 1 - 1 5 t
capacIty Ten to fIfteen samples of 0 5 kg were taken from
the wheat streams, WIth a glass jar as It entered each Bulka
bag
Insect tested were stored product msects T1'1bolmm
castaneum stram CTC4 (50 adult and 50 larvae) ,
518
Rhzopertha domuuca stram CRD2 (50 adult) and
Sitophil us oryzae strain CLS2 (50 adult) The media
within the test insect containers was 95% wheat and 5 %
wheat flour The contamers were placed 15m below the
surface of the gram, at different distances from the center
of the bin pnor to fumigation They were constructed of a
perforated stamless steel cyhnder , diameter 22 mm, height
100 mm , with a cone at each end, to enable them to be
inserted mto the gram The contamers were removed dunng
outloadmg of the gram Insects were counted when removed
from the bm, and again after holding penods of 4 and 8
weeks at 30°C
Wheat samples used m held trails were Australian
Standard White (ASW, 10 6% moisture content, w/w wet
baSIS) and msecticide free Carbon disulplude as a liquid
(99 9% purity and 1250 gIL density) was purchased from
Ajax Australia
M~llmg and Bakmg Trtuls
The outloadmg wheat (3 t ) was transferred to the BRI
(Bread Research Institute) SIte withm 5 hours of outloadmg
to carry out wheat cleanmg and millmg studies, WhICh
represent usual commercial practice
The usual BRI
commercial formula and procedure were used m the bakmg,
noodle and pasta processmg studIes Levels of C~ were
measured by GC
Results and Discussion
Laboratory studies
The Effect of C~ on Get'nnnatwn and Plumule Length
The germmatLOnrate of wheat, barley and chIck peas was
unaffected by exposure to 150 mglL of C~ as shown m
Figure 1 The standard error hom 4 rep!tcates of 50 seeds
was less than 2 5 % m all cases The time of exposure
rangmg from 7 - 14 days at a dose of 150 mglL, dId not
dlIDmlsh the germmatIon potential for all three type of
seeds. That IS, C~ had no deletenous effect on the
germmatIon of wheat, barley and chIck peas at eIther hIgher
levels (150 mglL) of C~ or longer penods (14 days) of
exposure. ThIS result IS consIstent WIth that found on 20
fumIgated seed and gram speCIes whIch mcluded grams,
legumes, 011contammg seeds and vegetable seeds, where
the CSz concentration reached 200 mglL for exposure
penods of 48 hours (XlU et al 1987) XlU also mdlcated
that the order of effect of fumIgants on germmatlon of 20
seed specIes was ethylene OXIde> methyl bromIde >
sulphuryl fluonde > carbon dlsulphlde Here CSz had the
lowest phytOtOXICItyGhaly (1960) reported that C~ has no
effect on the germmatLOn and plumule length of Nahda
vanety nce even at hIgh doses (400-800 mglL) , 48 hours
exposure and 16% m01sture content Verma (1988) had
exammed the effect of C~ on seed germmatIon, where the
germmatIon rate of dner wheat IS unaffected at hIgh
Proceedings of the 7th International
Working Conference on Stored-product Protection - Volume 1
concentrations for long periods, but the germination rate
decreases with increasing moisture content.
110
100
90
80
o
Barley
70
~
'-"
60
Wheat
(l,)
1a
1-0
50
t::
.Q
...
Cl:l
III Chick pea
40
t::
'§
30
(l,)
0
20
10
---,
0
Untreated
168
185
240
336
Time of exposure to 150 mg/L carbon disulphide (hours)
Fig. 1.
Percentage gerrninabilityof wheat, barley and chick pea at initial dose 150 mglL of CSz and different lengths of exposure
compared with untreated grains.
Carbon disulphide had no affect on the plumule length of
germinated wheat, barley and chick pea (Figure 2). The
standard error in plumule length was less than 8 % of the
mean value in all cases. Unlike hydrogen cyanide (HCN) ,
CSzcan be used at higher levels without decreasing plumule
length. This result is similar to the effect of carbonyl
sulphide on plumule length of germinated wheat at a dose of
100 mg.L (Ren et al. 1997).
Sorption of Fumigants on Grains
Results for sorption show that CSz is much less strongly
sorbed than MeBr. The decay of the fumigants in the
headspace is shown in Figure 3, which plots the ratio of
concentration to applied concentration (CICo) against time
(the standard error in sorption of fumigants was < 4 % of
the mean value in all cases). They are typical sorption
curves, that is, the loss of fumigants from the gas phase
followed the expected pattern, with an initial rapid sorption
giving way to a long term trend after about 10 hours from
dosing. Sorption of CSzon tested grains and pulses was less
than for MeBr.
The decay of CSzis relatively slow and concentrations that
are effective against insects are still present over the
519
exposure period in all commodities tested. Even after 160
hours fumigation, loss was less than 50% and 30% for
wheat, barley respectively. For sorghum, paddy, peas and
chick peas > 30 % of the dose remained after 6 days.
Conversely there was a remarkably rapid sorption rate for
MeBr found for all tested grains and pulses in this study.
Methyl bromide will disappear by reaction in few days when
applied to peas and chick peas or paddy and sorghum.
Movement of Fumigants Through Wheat
Fumigant concentrations in the effluent gas are shown in
Figure 4, for all concentrations greater than 1 ppm, v/v.
Carbon disulphide moved through wheat in a similar manner
to the two most widely used fumigants, PH3 and MeBr. The
chromatography of PH3 and CSzwas essentially identical with
respect to retention time, peak width and degree of tailing.
However, methyl bromide has a broader peak and greater
tailing, consistent with stronger sorption. Differences in
sorption are less obvious in this system of blowing fumigants
in an airstream than in a static test. Carbon disulphide
moved rapidly through or was blown out of a wheat column,
to levels below 1 ppm in the intergranular air.
Proceedings of the 7th International
Working Conference on Stored-product Protection. - Volume 1
10
9
8
0 Barley
7
~
ao
6
t
5
m
'-'
Wheat
l::
..2
(\)
4
III Chick pea
'"S
e~
Po.
3
2
o
Untreated
168
185
240
336
Time of exposure to 150 mg/L of carbon disulphide (hours)
Fig.2.
Plumule length of wheat, barley and chick pea at initial dose 150 mglL of
compared with untreated grains.
CSz and different lengths of exposure
standard cleaning and conditioning of wheat from the field
treatment with CSz. Residues of CSz are progressively
reduced during cleaning and conditioning of wheat before
milling (Figure 5). Levels of CSz in wheat on outloading
from the silo at the SGRL site were approximately 7 mglkg
(ppm, w/w), which is below the Australian MRL of 10 mg/
kg. There was a small amount of CSz(0.03 - 0.08 mglkg)
in unfumigated wheat, which we believe to be natural
levels. Under natural conditions, CSz can be produced from
carbonyl sulphide (COS) and conversion and decomposition
of thiocyanate (Ren 1999).
The ability of a fumigant to move through a column of
grain shows an integrative effect of factors such as sorption,
desorption, penetration and diffusion of the fumigant
(Muthu 1973). Because CSz can more easily and quickly
move through wheat in an air stream, it can be blown away
from fumigated grain by ventilation in a short period of
time. These advantages are essential requirements for an
ideal fumigant, which should be able to be easily passed
through bulk grain, and thus improve worker safety during
unloading and transportation of grain after fumigation.
Commercial scale fumigation and wheat processing
trials
Table 1. Insect mortality and progeny in field trials.
The Effect of CSz on Control of Insects in Sealed Storage
Results for insect mortality are shown in Table 1.
Mortality at the end of exposure was complete for the tested
insects, and no progeny had developed after a holding period
of 4 weeks and 8 weeks at 30"C. In this trial, concentration
of CSzaveraged 10.5 mg/L at day 4, and this concentration
fell to 7.7 mg.L at day 6. That is, the (C x T) values of
CSzagainst all tested insects of species were in the range of
1000 - 1500 mg h L -1. This result showed that CSz was
highly toxic to all tested insects, and killed them quickly.
The Effect of Cleaning and Conditioning on CSzResidues
in Wheat
Residues of CSzwere determined at various stages of the
Species
T. castaneum
(adult)
T. castaneum
(larvae)
R. dominica
(adult)
S. oryzae
(adult)
%)
Mortality(
at end of
fumigation
Progeny
after
4 weeks
Progeny
after
8 weeks
100
0
0
100
0
0
100
0
0
100
0
0
Cleaning of wheat reduced residues of CSz from 6.7 mg/
kg to 4.5 mglkg. That is, approximately 30% of the CSz
520
Proceedmqs of the 7th International
Worhng Conference on Stored-product Protection - Volume 1
rmllmg and baking of wheat from the field treatment with
residues were removed dunng wheat cleanmg (Figure 5)
Conditionmg of wheat further reduced residues of CSz from
4 5 mglkg to 2 2 mglkg, approximately another 30% of
the CSzresidues were removed durmg this stage (FIgure 5)
Of the total residues 67% of the CSz was removed from
outloadmg, dunng cleamng and condrtiomng In all cases,
concentrations of CSzm the work space were below the TLV
of 10 ppm (v/v)
The Effect of Procesenu; on CSzReeuiues 1n W71Rat nulled
Products
Residues of CSz were determmed at vanous stages of the
CSz Residues of CSzm milled products are shown m Figure
6 Of the milled fractions, flour or pollard fmal flour had the
lowest residue and germ had the highest, where residues
This level of residue was below the
were 5 45 mglkg
MRL, but higher than those m conditioned wheat, that IS
the residues are to an extent concentrated m the germ
Residues of CSz(2 62 mglkg) m bran were slightly above
the levels m conditioned wheat Residues of CSzm flour and
pollard fmal flour were 3 and 10 times the natural level of
CSzrespectively
10
10
Wheat
Barley
08
08
0
06
06
U
04
04
02
02
U
00
0
40
80
120
00
160
10
~
80
120
160
120
160
120
160
10
Peas
08
0
40
0
Paddy
08
06
06
04
04
02
02
00
00
~<>N>~
0
40
80
120
160
'l
10
Sorghum
08
0
06
U 04
~
02
06
04
~-.-.
1 \
o2
f
I
00 ,
0
80
Chickpeas
08
-,
S:2
40
0
40
80
120
00
160
~
:~
0
40
80
TIme of exposure (hours)
Fig. 3.
Comparative sorption data for CSz and MeBr, taken from measurement of loss of fumigant concentration
(-0- MeBr and
-e- CSz)
521
III
the headspace
Proceedings of the 7th InternationaL Working Conference on Stored-product Protection - Volume 1
100
-ir-CS2
~PH3
80
-k-MeBr
60
Concentration of fumigant, (% of maximum
concentration) eluting from a 1.1m column of wheat, at
40
an air flow of 200mL/min
20
o
200
150
100
50
Time of fumigants through the bulk wheat column (min)
Fig. 4.
Concentration of fumigant, (% of maximum GC area) eluting from a 1.1 m column of wheat, at an air flow of 200 ml
min -
1,
plotted against time (-()-
~,
-e-
PH3 and - ....-
MeBr) .
10 ppm
~Fumigated
• Untreated
4.6 ppm
2.2 ppm
0.050
0.039
ppm
ppm
0.038
ppm
_~.--.J
Australian
MRL
on wheat
Fig.5.
At outloading
from bin
Carbon disulphide residues in ~
Mill cleaned
wheat
-.
Mill conditioned
wheat
fumigated and untreated wheat during processing of wheat.
522
I
Proceedings of the 7th International
S traightrun
0.04
Working Conference on Stored-product Protection - Volume 1
ppm
0.14
ppm
• Untreated
Pollard
final flo ur
~ Fumigated
Pollard
1.03 ppm
Germ
5.45 ppm
Bran
Carbon
Fig.6.
disulphide
residues
in wheat milled products
Carbon disulphide residues in milled wheat products of on ~
(ppm, mg/kg)
fumigated and untreated conducted commercial scale
milling trials at the BRI site.
Sponge
cake
0.0025 ppm
0.0025 ppm
Uncooked
pasta
0.0040 ppm
0.0043 ppm
Uncooked
noodles
0.0022 ppm
0.0024 ppm
Bread
0.0002 ppm
~ Untreated
0.0006 ppm
D Fumigated
Carbon disulphide
wheat flour products
Fig. 7 .
Carbon disulphide residues on processed ~
residues in
(ppm, mg/kg)
fumigated and untreated wheat products conducted on a commercial scale
milling trial at the BRI site.
523
of the 7 th International Workmg Conference on Stored-product Protectum - Volume 1
Proceedmgs
FAD
The Effect of Bakmg and Prccessinq an CSz Residues 111
Wheat Flour Products
The flour rrulled from fumigated wheat and unfumigated
wheat was used m baking studies
uncooked noodles,
only small residues
004 mglkg)
(0 0022-0
not sigmficantly
CSz m the bread,
treated wheat flour,
Internat
These
J
Worhng Canf
J
Canberra,
Australia,
Wnght,
With bread from untreated
Trang
insects
quickly
phytotoxicity
Unhke
methyl
brormde ,
a diverse
vanety
of seed types
and plumule
The sorption
these
are
extensively
processing
There
were
but
damage
degraded
and
disinfestation
dunng
no residues
natural levels m untreated
storage
Chern
sulphide
as
M,
In Proc
UK, Vol
R
Champ,
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CAB
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Allen,
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638-
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E , Ren, Y Land
Commercial-scale trials on
Allen, S
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a
6th
, Edited by E
Apnl
the
carbonyl sulphide and carbon
1960
Fumigation
of nee against insect pests
Cairo Unrversrty, Egypt
Ghaly, T H and Van Der Touw,
and IS
It leaves residues on gram,
mainly physical m ongm
Anal
Banks and B
and ItS effects on the quahty of the gram
of carbon
disulphrde on gram IS lower than that for MeBr,
J
Vu
No 75)
Ghaly, T H
(> 150 mg L -I) on
length even at very high concentrations
spices,
disulphide to wheat (CSIRD Entomology Technical Report
and kills
It IS low m
and has no effect on germmauon
Carbonyl
J
application of ethyl formate,
the results mdicate that CSz IS highly tOXICto
T value of 1000 - 1500 mg h L -I)
;<
off
and mites
17 - 23
residues
644
Desmarcheher,
Conclusion
m whole grams
Stored prod
H
Wallmgford,
multifurmgants
msects (C
Assoc
1994
Desmarcheher, J M,
1998a
Modifications
flour
In this study,
M
Highley, E
International
(1957) who found no
which was made from CSz
compared
J
fumigant for control of insects
of CSz were found
different from those m the controls
multifumigant
734 -739
Desmarcheher,
pasta and
In most cases, these values were
results are consist WIth Munsey et al
additional
70
m the range 0 0002 - 0 0025 mglkg was
In uncooked
Determmmg
milled and low-fat gram products,
citrus fruits and beverages
Residues of CSz m baked
found m bread and sponge cake
1987
and legumes,
and processed products are shown m Figure 7 Small amount
of CSz residues,
J
Datt,
studies
336
Greenmg,
above that found as
samples of wheat end products
in
relation
J
of wheat
H
G
1984
W
Furmgation
1982
high
Eng
TheSIS,
Heat
temperature
Res
27
329-
tnals WIth farm-stored
So carbon disulphide apphed m sealed storage can be used as
gram
a fumigant to replace many of the uses of MeBr particularly
• Practical
where high rates of seed germmation
Fumigation m Gram Storage'
held from 11 to 22 Apnl1983
m Perth,
[Edited by Ripp, BE]
must be preserved
Proceedings
J
to
Agnc
Master,
Hilton,
J
M
Desmarcheher,
E
J
Wnght,
Development
parttClpants
m
Agreement
thank
Le
the
Corporatton
Stored
for fmanclal
(GROC)
Gram
Research
assistance
of
Controlled
Western Austraha
and
international
symposium
Atmosphere
and
673
J
Cassells,
A
and Banks,
Laboratory
International
Mapes, D
Trang Vu for techmcal assIstance
Stored
(Research report)
Seed Testtng AssocIatton
Seed
Rules for Seed Testing
Wish to
J
H
1997
of unsealed farm bms WIth carbon disulplude
CSIRD DIVISIon of Entomology,
the
Laboratory
The authors
J ,
S
Funugauon
P
C Anms and V Hantos for helpful adVIce and to the Gram
Research
an
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1976
Internattonal
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