GPS Tech Week 02

Week 02
Assist. Prof. Dr. Himmet KARAMAN
ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
Topics
Introduction to Space Techniques
Introduction to GPS
GPS Observable and mathematical models
GPS Observation Techniques
Fieldwork
GPS Coordinate Systems & Datum Transformation
Error sources in GPS
Fieldwork & Data Processing
GPS Data Processing
GPS Receiver Technologies
Midterm Exam
GPS Project Management
Applications of GPS
Earthquake Monitoring, Continuous Reference Stations
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ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
Number of Activities & Their Contribution
(%) to Final Grade
Activities
Contribution to Final Grade %
Quiz
8 (10)
Midterm Exam
30 (25)
Seminar
12 (5)
Final Exam
50
Proje
(10)
70 % Attendance Required
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ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
References (Books)
1. GPS Theory and Practice, , B. Hofmann-Wellenhof, H. Lichtenegger and J. Collins,
Springer-Verlag, 4th edition, 1997. (2000 on sale)
2. Global Positioning System : Theory and Applications, Volume I & Volume 2. ., Edited
by Bradford W. Parkinson & James J. Spilker, American Institute of Aeronautics and
Astronautics, Inc., 1996.
3. GPS for Geodesy by P.J.G. Teunissen and A. Kleusberg, 2nd edition, Springer, 1998.
4. Linear Algebra, Geodesy, and GPS by Gilbert Strang & Kai Borre, Wellesley –
Cambridge Press. 1997
5. Understanding GPS : Principles and Applications by Elliott D. Kaplan, Artech House
Publishers., 2006.
6. GNSS; GPS, GLONASS, Galileo & more, Hofmann-Wellenhof, Lichtenegger, Wasle,
Springer Wien NewYork, 2008.
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ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
References (www)
SURVEYING USING GPS
http://www.osg.vic.gov.au/sbv_gps/SURVGPS.html
GPS INFORMATION SERVICES
http://gauss.gge.unb.ca/GPS.INTERNET.SERVICES.HTML
GPS OVERVIEW (UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN)
http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/gps_f.html
GEODESY & GEOMATICS HOT LISTS
http://www.unb.ca/gge/HotList.html
GPS WORLD
http://www.gpsworld.com
GPS WORLD ONLINE
http://www.gpsworld.com/resource.htm
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ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
References (www)
NATIONAL GEODETIC SURVEY
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/
GPS – info
http://www.udel.edu/johnmack/frec480/gps_intro.htm
GEOLOGICAL MAPPING, GPS, TOTAL STATIONS
http://www.casdn.neu.edu/~geology/department/staff/colgan/class_notes/gis/1441-19.htm
GPS POWERPOINT PRESENTATION
http://www2.una.edu/geography/classes/ge424/gps1/
TABLE OF CONTENTS IN GEODESY
http://www2.geod.nrcan.gc.ca/~craymer/tcg/tcg.html#list
SATELLITE GEODESY
http://gps.cv.nctu.edu.tw/research/paper.html
GPS SATELLITES
http://wings.buffalo.edu/academic/department/som/students/clubs/KMBA/work/mgs/ywgps/gps.html
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ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
References (www)
SURVEYING SOFTWARE
http://www.sonic.net/~trollhei/survsoft.html
WGS-84
http://www.nima.mil/GandG/tr.html
WHAT IS GPS ? :
http://wings.buffalo.edu/academic/department/som/students/clubs/KMBA/work/mgs/ywgps/gps.htm
ITRF AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO GPS
http://schubert.ign.fr/CIAG/WITRF/ITRF-GPS.html
GPS LINKS & RELATED PAGES
http://www.gmat.unsw.edu.au/snap/gps/gps_links.htm
GPS BOOKS
http://www.navtechgps.com/supply/books.asp?Line=basic
U.S. COAST GUARD, THE NAVIGATION CENTER
http://www.navcen.uscg.mil/gps/
THREE DECADES OF LUNAR LASER RANGING
http://www.ifag.de/Geodaesie/earth_rotation/three.htm
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ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
History of the Global Navigation
Satellite Systems
Prepared by
Assist. Prof. Dr. Himmet KARAMAN
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ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
First Step: Triangulation
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Triangulation is firstly applied for determining
accurate coordinates over continental distances.
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The series of triangles was generally oriented or
fixed by astronomic points where selected stars had
been observed to determine the position of that point
on the surface of the earth.
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ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
Triangulation
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Triangulation has disadvantages because of the
hundreds of meters of errors at the positioning of the
stars.
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To solve this problem;
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ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
Road Map to Satellite Based Positioning
In 1600’s Lunar distance method
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by using the occultation of certain stars by moon
In 1946 Stellar triangulation method
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by depicting the stars and satellites path and coordinates by
optical direction measurements
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In 1957 launch of first artificial satellite Sputnik
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Electromagnetic Global Trilateration
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By using electromagnetic ranging technique.
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Doppler shift in the signal broadcast by a satellite were used
as an observable to determine the exact time of closest
approach of the satellite
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ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
Introduction to Space Techniques
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ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
Geodesy
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Study of the size and the shape of the earth
Determination of earth gravity field
Variation of earth surface
Precise positioning
Study of geodynamics (polar motion, earth rotation
and clustal deformation)
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ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
Satellite / Space Geodesy
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Performs all the objectives given for the geodesy
using the earth orbiting satellites, including moon
and extra-galactic radio sources known as quasars.
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ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
The Earth: 200 million years ago…
NASA, 1999
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ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
Artificial Satellites in Space
Height Above the Earth (km)
Satellite Types
150 – 1500
Remote Sensing
1500 – 20000
Geodetic
> 36000
Communication
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ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
Forces Acting on a Satellite
Sun
Earth-reflected radiation
pressure of Sun
Moon
Asmospheric drag
Earth & Ocean
Loading
Direct radiation
pressure of Sun
Non-spehericity of Earth
Earth
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ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
Atmosphere
20 000 km
Ionosfer
Tropospher
200 km
50 km
Cloud
Earth
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ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
History of Navigation Satellite Systems
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1957
Launch of first satellite, SPUTNIK by former Soviet
Union
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1957
TRANSIT system by USA
6 orbit planes, 6 satellites, 1100 km above the earth
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1967
ZIKADE system by former USSR
6 orbit planes, 6 satellites, 1100 km above the earth
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1974
GPS by USA
6 orbit planes, 24 satellites, 20200 km above the earth
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1976
GLONASS by former USSR
6 orbit planes, 24 satellites, 20200 km above the earth
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ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
GPS
•24 satellites
•6 orbiting planes
•55 degree inclination
•20200 km above Earth
•12 hours of orbit
•5 hours view in horizon
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ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
GPS Monitoring Stations
COLORADO
SPRINGS
HAWAII
KWAJALEIN
ASCENSION
ISLAND
MASTER CONTROL
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MONITORING
DIEGO
GARGIA
UPLOAD & DOWNLOAD
ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
GLONASS
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Formed by 24 satellites located on 3 orbital planes
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Each satellite is defined by its slot number, which defines
the orbital plane (1-8, 9-16, 17-24) and the location within
the plane
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Three orbital planes are separated by 120 degrees
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Within the 3 orbital planes, the 8 satellites are separated
by 45 degrees
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The GLONASS orbits are circular orbits, 19140 km, with
an inclination of 11 hours 15 minutes 44 seconds
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ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
Galileo
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30 spacecraft
orbital altitude: 23,222 km (MEO)
3 orbital planes, 56° inclination, ascending nodes
separated by 120° longitude (9 operational satellites
and one active spare per orbital plane)
satellite lifetime: >12 years
satellite mass: 675 kg
satellite body dimensions: 2.7 m x 1.2 m x 1.1 m
span of solar arrays: 18.7 m
power of solar arrays: 1,500 W (end of life)
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