mapping med

Transcription

mapping med

Maritime Clusters supporting Research &
Innovation to enhance Blue Economy
Entrepreneurship - CoRINThos
“MARITIME CLUSTERS
SUPPORTING RESEARCH &
INNOVATION TO ENHANCE
BLUE ECONOMY
ENTREPRENEURSHIP”
D.2.1.1.C.
“Contribution to the
Comparative transnational
analysis of maritime
clusters in MED area”
Partnership:
Technical Support:
KiNNO Consultants Ltd.
1
Introduction
Scope of the deliverable
The present report has been implemented in the framework of CoRINThos project. The
general purpose of the project is to identify the R&D gaps that exist in existing maritime
clusters and set the bases for the creation of successful clusters based on the
prerequisites of Blue economy. In order to provide a sound information basis for the
activities of CoRINThos project, the responsible partner collected and analysed the
Regional/ National reports that were prepared by the Spanish, Italian and Cypriot
partners and elaborated this comparative mapping report.
Mapping Methodology
In order to obtain an accurate mapping of the existing maritime clusters in MED area, as
it is defined by MED Programme and more specifically in Spain, Italy, Greece and
Cyprus. The responsible partner elaborated a review of the mapped maritime clusters
and based on their main characteristics, prepared a comparative analysis aiming at
defining similarities and differences. In order to make it inclusive of all interesting cases,
the data collected were supplemented with information from other sources: the
European Cluster Observatory (http://www.clusterobservatory.eu/) and a series of
published reports on maritime sectors.
Picture 1: Eligible MED area according to MED Programme
2
Contents of the deliverable
The present work is structured as follows: in chapter 1, after a brief introduction of the
area’s basic characteristics, data on maritime sectors are presented regarding the
prevailing sectors, relevant policies and strategies, R&D activities, challenges and
opportunities. The main chapter of the report is dedicated to the comparative analysis of
the mapped maritime clusters, existing and potential ones. The final chapter consists of
recommendations and identified gaps in R & D activities that could be tackled in the
future and improve the operation of the clusters.
3
1. Data on maritime sectors at EU level
Blue Growth is the long term strategy to support sustainable growth in the
marine and maritime sectors as a whole. Seas and oceans are drivers for the
European economy and have great potential for innovation and growth. It is the
maritime contribution to achieving the goals of the Europe 2020 strategy for
smart, sustainable and inclusive growth.
The 'blue' economy represents roughly 5.4 million jobs and generates a gross
added value of almost €500 billion a year. However, further growth is possible
in a number of areas which are highlighted within the strategy.
The strategy consists of three components:
1. Develop sectors that have a high potential for sustainable jobs and growth,
such as:
a. aquaculture
b. coastal tourism
c. marine biotechnology
d. ocean energy
e. seabed mining
2. Essential components to provide knowledge, legal certainty and security in
the blue economy
a. marine knowledge to improve access to information about the sea;
b. maritime spatial planning to ensure an efficient and sustainable
management of activities at sea;
c. integrated maritime surveillance to give authorities a better picture of
what is happening at sea.
4
- Integrated maritime policy
The Integrated Maritime Policy seeks to provide a more coherent approach to
maritime issues, with increased coordination between different policy areas. It
focuses on:
Issues that do not fall under a single sector-based policy e.g. "blue growth"
(economic growth based on different maritime sectors).
Issues that require the coordination of different sectors and actors e.g. marine
knowledge.
Specifically it covers these cross-cutting policies:
Blue growth
Marine data and knowledge
Maritime spatial planning
Integrated maritime surveillance
Sea basin strategies
- Marine and maritime agenda - The Limassol Declaration
A Marine and Maritime Agenda for Growth and Jobs was adopted on 8 October
2012 by European Ministers for maritime policy and the European Commission,
represented by President Jose Manuel Barroso and Commissioner Maria
Damanaki, at a conference in Limassol organised by the Cypriot Presidency. Five
years after the launch of the EU Integrated Maritime Policy, the Member States
and the Commission reaffirmed that a dynamic and coordinated approach to
maritime affairs enhances the development of the EU's 'Blue Economy' while
ensuring the health of seas and oceans.
5
- Funding opportunities
The EU provides funding for the political priorities for the Integrated Maritime
Policy expressed by the Commission, the Council and the European Parliament
under Regulation 508/2014. The funding is implemented through:
Annual work programmes with a total budget of EUR 259 million for the 20142020 period. The 2014 Work Programme has a budget of EUR 29 million to be
spent mainly on calls for tender and calls for proposals
EUR 71 million for the 2014-2020 period within the framework of the EMFF
operational programmes.
In addition, maritime policy is implemented through
European Investment and Structural Funds
Horizon 2020
LIFE+
COSME
- Maritime sectors based on Blue Growth
Blue biotechnology: Marine life has adapted to thrive in the extreme ambient
conditions found in the sea. Blue biotechnology is concerned with the
exploration and exploitation of the resulting diverse marine organisms in order
to develop new products.
Exploration
of
the
sea
biodiversity
could
enable
us
to
develop
new
pharmaceuticals or industrial enzymes that can withstand extreme conditions,
and which consequently have high economic value. In the long term, it is
expected that the sector will offer high-skilled employment and significant
downstream opportunities.
6
We now have the underwater technology to explore the sea and undertake DNA
sequencing to analyse its life. Concerted action from the EU at this early stage
joins up the efforts of EU countries in order to provide critical mass and hence
stimulate growth and facilitate access to competitive niche markets whilst
avoiding risks to the marine environment.
Integrated maritime surveillance: Integrated Maritime Surveillance is about
providing authorities interested or active in maritime surveillance with ways to
exchange information and data. Sharing data will make surveillance cheaper
and more effective.
Currently, EU and national authorities responsible for different aspects of
surveillance – e.g. border control, safety and security, fisheries control,
customs, environment or defense – collect data separately and often do not
share them. As a result, the same data may be collected more than once.
A Common Information Sharing
Environment (CISE)
is currently being
developed jointly by the European Commission and EU/EEA member states. It
will integrate existing surveillance systems and networks and give all concerned
authorities access to the information they need for their missions at sea.
Seabed mining:
The quantity of minerals occupying the ocean floor is
potentially large. Seabed mining is concerned with the retrieval of these
minerals to:
ensure security of supply;
fill a gap in the market where either recycling is not possible or adequate,
or the burden on terrestrial mines is too great.
Numerous organisations within the EU are presently engaged in seabed mining
activities, both as technology providers and as mine operators. The sector,
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though small, has been identified as having the potential to generate
sustainable growth and jobs for future generations.
However, our lack of knowledge of the deep-sea environment necessitates a
careful approach. The European Commission is thus engaged in a variety of
studies and projects aimed at shedding light on the benefits, drawbacks and
knowledge gaps associated with this type of mining.
Aquaculture: Farming finfish, shellfish and aquatic plants is one of the world's
fastest growing food sectors, it already provides the planet with about half of all
the fish we eat.
In Europe, aquaculture accounts for about 20% of fish production and directly
employs some 80 000 people. EU aquaculture is renowned for its high quality,
sustainability and consumer protection standards.
EU overall output has been more or less constant in volume since 2000 whereas
global production has been growing at nearly 7% per year.
The Commission intends to boost aquaculture through the Common Fisheries
Policy reform, and has published Strategic Guidelines presenting common
priorities and general objectives at EU level. Four priority areas have been
identified in consultation with all relevant stakeholders:
reducing administrative burdens
improving access to space and water
increasing competitiveness
exploiting competitive advantages due to high quality, health and
environmental standards.
8
Coastal and maritime tourism: The extraordinary beauty, cultural wealth and
great diversity of EU's coastal areas have made them the preferred destination
for many holidaymakers in Europe and abroad, making coastal and maritime
tourism an important tourism sector. Employing over 3.2 million people, this
sector generates a total of € 183 billion in gross value added and representing
over one third of the maritime economy. As much as 51% of bed capacity in
hotels across Europe is concentrated in regions with a sea border.
As part of EU's Blue Growth strategy, the coastal and maritime tourism sector
has been identified as an area with special potential to foster a smart,
sustainable and inclusive Europe. It is the biggest maritime sector in terms of
gross value added and employment and, according to the Blue Growth Study is
expected to grow by 2-3% by 2020. In 2012, Cruise tourism alone represents
330,000 jobs and a direct turnover of €15.5 billion and is expected to grow.
Ocean energy: Our seas and oceans offer a vast renewable energy resource,
particularly,
but
not
only,
along
the
Atlantic
seaboard.
Ocean
energy
technologies are currently being developed to exploit the potential of tides and
waves as well as differences in temperature and salinity.
The development of this emerging sector would not only help us to achieve our
renewable energy and greenhouse gas reduction targets, but it could fuel
economic growth through innovation and create new, high-quality jobs.
The EU
already supports technology development through its research
programme. In its Blue Growth communication of September 2012, the
Commission announced that it would assess further options and deliver a
proposal for action in 2013.
9
2. Maritime clusters in the context of Blue Economy
- Generic concept of Cluster
The term “Cluster” was first introduced by Michael Porter in The competitive
Advantage of Nations (1990). The Cluster concept was defined by Porter as
geographical concentrations of interconnected companies of specific suppliers,
services providers, companies from related sectors and associated institutions in
specific fields competing and also cooperating.
A Cluster can vary in shape and size based on its complexity and extension. It
usually
includes
suppliers,
manufacturers,
financial
institutions,
technical
assistance centers, such as universities or governmental agencies.
The Cluster limits needs to include all companies, industries and institutions that
are linked to a specific sector and that can affect innovation and productivity.
- Concept of Maritime Cluster
The maritime sector, like all economic sector with an important potential is
suitable for the implementation of the “Cluster” concept considering the benefits
that the Cluster concept can bring to the sector.
So, over the last fifteen years, many maritime Clusters were created at national
and regional level.
Despite this, there is little information about maritime Clusters as Pavlos
Kampouridis says in Development of performance indicators for maritime
clusters.
This is mainly the differences between maritime Clusters from different
countries with regard to the scope and all the sectors composed by.
10
- Types of Maritime Clusters in Europe
As a result of this problem, and in order to make easier Clusters analysis based
on a same pattern, a definition of Maritime Cluster that unifies criteria was
required.
For this, an analysis of the different clusters which are part of the European
Network of Maritime Clusters was undertaken. This analysis was based on
information published in the official website of the European Network of
Maritime Clusters and previously obtained by the Clusters which are part of the
European Network.
To summarize, the comparative table below was performed to look at the
differences and similarities between the different Clusters with regard to the
sectors that elaborate them and then, from this, establish a definition of
Maritime Clusters.
Despite the wide diversity of fields that the maritime Clusters took into account,
Clusters differences are observed between the north and south of Europe.
About Clusters from the north of Europe, e.g., Ireland, Norway or Sweden, the
sectors of, for instance, oil refinery and gas are more important. Ship owners,
insurance and finance companies are also important.
On the other hand, tourism, nautical sector and related activities are more
important for the Clusters from the south of Europe, e.g., Portugal, Spain or
Italy.
Nevertheless, some elements appear in the north and south of Europe, such as
research and maritime education, the commitment to alternative and renewable
energies.
As it relates to the Blue Economy, the nomenclature of the Clusters should be
modified because it includes all the different sectors that are related to the sea.
This would lead to reconsider the nomenclature of the Clusters, extending the
11
term to “marine” and proposing to adopt the term “maritime-marine”, including
therefore the different sectors.
3. Comparative analysis of Mapped Maritime clusters
In the framework of CoRINThos project, the partnership identified the existing
and potential maritime clusters that operate in the following maritime sectors:
Shipbuilding
Shipping
Fisheries
Offshore Oil and Gas
Tourism
Aquaculture
Surveillance and New Technologies
Maritime Services
The results are presented in the next table that shows the clusters that were
mapped per participating country, as well as the maritime sectors that they
belong.
12
SPAIN
CLUSTERS PER
MARITIME SECTOR
ITALY
GREECE
CYPRUS
Maritime Cluster of
Eastern
Mediterranean
Maritime Cluster of
Balearic Islands
Region of Murcia
Maritime Cluster
Federazione del
Mare
Potential Greek
Maritime Cluster
Shipbuilding/ Ship repair
x
x
x
x
Transportation/ Shipping
x
x
x
x
Fisheries
x
Oil and gas
x
x
x
x
x
x
Biotechnology
13
Renewable Energy Resources
Tourism
x
Aquaculture
x
x
x
x
x
x
Mineral resources
Surveillance and New
Technologies
x
x
Maritime Services
x
x
x
Table 1: Maritime Clusters per country and maritime sector
x:
Prevailing maritime sector
14
Though almost entirely enclosed, the Mediterranean is quite deep (average
depth 1 500 m). There is little tidal variation, with amplitudes below 50 cm in
most places. The climate is warm and dry. The water – also warm – is highly
saline. While it is poor in nutrients, it has a rich biodiversity. Home to the
ancient cities of Egypt, Crete, Mycenae, Greece and Rome, the Mediterranean is
the birthplace of European civilisation.
The EU has almost 40 000 km of Mediterranean coastline. The Sea is Europe’s
border with Africa. Only 30 km of water separates Gibraltar from Africa, though
at
some
points
the
two
continents
are
1
600
km
apart.
The world’s leading tourist destination, the Mediterranean is also a major
shipping channel, with almost a third of all international cargo traffic passing
through it. Aquaculture (fish farming) is well established, and the fishing
industry (mainly small-scale) is a significant source of employment.
- Spain
The maritime organisations are represented by Cluster Maritimo Espanol (SMC)
and several regional cluster organisations (e.g. Galicia and País Vasco)
Fisheries:
–Spain is the leader in the total fish production in the EU in terms of volume and
value (source: DG MARE)
Shipbuilding:
–Spanish shipyards specialise in large fishing and factory vessels and research
vessels, delivering advanced and specialised ships with a high added value
component (source: DG MARE)
Coastal tourism:
–Spain has the largest coastal tourism sector in Europe
15
Offshore supply:
–Spain is the world’s second largest producer of wind power (source: DG MARE)
Recreational boating:
–After the drop in the number of recreational boat registrations in 2002 and
2003 and, at the same time, the spectacular recovery, a stable growth rate is
now observed (source: Departament d’Investigació i Estrategia de Mercats,
2007)
16
- Italy
In the light of the European Maritime Policy, the Federazione del Mare wants to
achieve a more compact, stronger form of integration between its federated
organisations, extending beyond the areas that have been addressed to date
The different sectors of the cluster have demonstrated in the last years a good
capacity to ‘navigate’ the market turbulence thanks to their ability to innovate
and to improve the qualitative level of the products and services offered
Shipbuilding:
–Increasing focus on cruise-ships, ferries and mega-yachts; the realisation of
medium-size and, above all, large-size cruise ships
–Fast ferries and cruise ferries has reached a third of the total produced in the
world in these particularly sophisticated market niches*
Marine equipment:
The sector becomes more and more integrated
Seaports:
Very limited cooperation between ports
Shipping:
Forecasts indicate an increase of at least 40% in passenger and cargo traffic in
the next 10 years*
Italian maritime cluster and sectors focus on specific niches, especially in
shipbuilding*
17
18
- Greece
Formal organisation representing most sea-related sectors in Greece is not (yet)
established.
Shipping:
Greece has the largest merchant fleet in the EU, which accounts for half of the
total EU deadweight tonnage (source: EC, DG MARE)
Shipbuilding:
Shipbuilding and ship repair were once important sectors for the Greek
economy; in recent years the value of this sector has decreased because of low
productivity and outdated technological capability and machinery (source: EC,
DG MARE)
Fisheries:
Fishing fleet is characterised by its large share of small scale coastal vessels
(source: EC, DG MARE)
19
- Cyprus
Cyprus employs 10 100 persons in Area 1, 30 600 persons in Area 2 and
1 200 persons in Area 3.
Cyprus employs 30 600 persons in coastal tourism and 1 200 persons in
fisheries and gains three stars in both Areas.
20

mapping med

Transcription

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