nfast funded research projects 2012-2015

Transcription

NFAST FUNDED
RESEARCH PROJECTS
2012-2015
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
JUNE 2015
NFAST FUNDED RESEARCH PROJECTS 2012-2015
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
1
NFAST FUNDED
RESEARCH PROJECTS
2012-2015
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
JUNE 2015
Editors:
B. S. J. Msangi, PhD
Ms. Hilda Lyatuu
Dr. Joseph Maziku
Ms. Esther Rugakingira
Ms. Angela Kabuhaya
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
i
PREFACE................................................................................................................xiii
Acknowledgements.................................................................................................xiv
ABSTRACTS.............................................................................................................1
SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE,
MOROGORO, TANZANIA (SUA)..............................................................................2
Mwinama, G. (2013) Development of power tiller operated rice
combine harvester for smallholder farmers in Tanzania............................................2
Massawe, P. I. MSc. (2012) Reponse of rice (oryza sativa l) to
different phosphorus fertilizers in Lekitatu village,
Meru District, Tanzania..............................................................................................2
Mirondo, R. A. MSc. (2012) Assessment of quality of
mango juice and banana wine produced by small and
medium scale enterprises in Dar es Salaam...........................................................3
Rukambile, E. J. MSc. (2012) Molecular characterization
of theileria parva from indigenous cattle in eastern zone
of Tanzania................................................................................................................3
Loina, R. F. MSc. (2013) Evaluation of the Cooperative
programme for small scale dairy farmers in Muheza District.....................................4
Bivugile, D. H. MSc. (2013) Study of heirloom rice varieties
and farmers perception of performance and improvement in
Morogoro, Region......................................................................................................5
Aloyce, A. (2013) Detection of pathological isolates of stem rust
from selected wheat fields and varieties’ reactions in Tanzania................................5
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A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
Joseph, L. MSc. (2013) Comparative of evaluation of green
shanked indigenous chicken for production and egg quality traits............................6
Masao, D. F. MSc. (2013) Phenotypic characterization of the
Taturu Cattle..............................................................................................................6
Robin, L. MSc. (2013) Molecular diverity of theileria parva in
Kilosa District, Tanzania............................................................................................7
Chiligane, E. A. MSc. (2013) Nitrogen release from decomposed
residues of herbaceous legumes and their effect on maize growth
and yield in low nitrogen soil......................................................................................8
Fabian, D. MSc. (2013) Aggregate acreage response of
cashew nut and sesame to commodity price and non price factors in
Southeastern Tanzania..............................................................................................8
Ruboya, A. A. MSc. (2013) Effects of rotational woodlots
on households’ livelihood in Meatu District, Tanzania...............................................9
Mlay, J. A. MSc. (2013) Screening buffelgrass (cenchrus ciliaris)
from selected pasture seed farms in Tanzania for seedborne
microorganisms: pathogenicity and effect on germination......................................10
Musa, H. A. MSc. (2013) Evaluation of Sweet Potato genotypes
for drought tolerance in the Central Zone of Tanzania............................................10
Bombo, F.B. MSc. (2013) Transaction costs in production and
marketing of sugarcane under out growers’ schemes in
Morogoro region of Tanzania................................................................................... 11
Sanga, D. L. MSc. (2013) Evaluation of oil fertility status and
optimization of its management in s esame (sesamum indicum l.)
growing areas of Dodoma District........................................................................... 11
Kalaye J. K. MSc. (2014) Yield and quality of sweet potato as
affected by number of nodes buried and potash fertilizers......................................12
Wilson, C. MSc. (2014) Molecular characterization of the major
histocompatibility complex DRB3.2 locus in indigenous
zebu cattle in selected areas of Tanzania................................................................13
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
iii
Kwigizile, O.H. MSc. (2014) Adaptability of selected
snap genotypes and RESISTANCE to bean rust
(Uromyces appendiculatus (Per.: Pers.) Unger var. appendiculatus)
in Southern highlands zone of Tanzania..................................................................13
Kaswahili, C. R. MSc. (2014) Development of single cross maize
hybrids on earliness and yield for lowland areas of Eastern Tanzania....................14
Suvi, W. T. MSc. (2014) Grain yield and quality traits of rice
yellow mottle virus resistant rice (oryza sativa l.) genotypes in
Morogoro, Tanzania.................................................................................................15
Nkalange, R. H. MSc. (2014) Potential and limitations of
contract farming for tea out growers of East Usambara:
The case of Amani division, Muheza District...........................................................15
Hiza, S. J. MSc. (2014) Livelihood implications of
agricultural land loss through urban expansion and population
growth in Kibaigwa area in Dodoma, Tanzania.......................................................16
Maganga, R. M. MSc. (2014) Population structure of
pyricularia grisea and reaction of rice cultivars in the
Southern highlands of Tanzania..............................................................................16
Rwehumbiza, J. M. MSc. (2014) Evaluation of raw cow milk
quality Tanzania production in Bagamoyo and Kisarawe
districtris, Tanzania..................................................................................................17
Chasama, G. L. MSc. (2013) phenotypic characterisation of
Ukerewe and Bunda Tanganyika shorthorn zebu cattle in the
Lake Victoria basin..................................................................................................18
Mohamed, A. MSc. (2013) Developmental biology of fruit fly
(diptera: tephritidae) species attacking cucurbits....................................................18
Kalloka, M. S. MSc. (2013) Phenotypic characterization
of indigenous chicken ecotypes in southern Tanzania............................................19
Kadege, E.L. MSc. (2013) Prevalence and control of seedborne
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A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
fungal pathogens of wheat in farmers saved seeds of selected
locations in northern Tanzania.................................................................................20
Vicent, E. MSc. (2013) Evaluation of genotype x environment
interaction on yield components of tomato
(solanum lycopersicum l.) breeding lines and participatory selection......................20
Furahisha, E. H. MSc. (2013) Farmers adoption of selected
recommended rice production practices: A case of Kilombero
District of Morogoro Region, Tanzania....................................................................21
Kindimba, G. V. MSc. (2013) Effect of benzlyaminopurine
on in vivo multiplication and genetic stability of plantain
(musa spp. AAB) cv. ‘itoke sege’.............................................................................22
Makuru. H. D. MSc. (2013) Heritability, stability parameters
and paths of influence on yield components of sesame
(sesamum indicum l.) Breeding lines......................................................................22
Hashim, I. MSc. (2013) Banana xanthomonas wilt: incidence,
transmission, pathogen characterization and management
options in Kagera, Mwanza and Mara Regions.......................................................23
Ismail, M. MSc. (2013) Morphological and molecular
characterization of finger millet genotypes collection in Tanzania...........................23
Joachim, J. S. MSc. (2013) Genotype x environment interaction in
cowpea (Vigna unguiculata-l. Walp.) for yield performance in the
Lake Zone of Tanzania............................................................................................24
Kalimba, H. F. MSc. (2013) Effect of herbicides and soil moisture on
weed control, yield and quality of sugar cane (Saccharum officinarumL)
at Kilombero, Tanzania............................................................................................25
Kapeleka, J. A. MSc. (2013) Effectiveness of guidelines on pesticide labels
as a communication tool for smallholder farmers on pesticides handling
in Northern Tanzania...............................................................................................26
Kilambo, D. L. PhD (2013) Responses of compact coffee
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
v
(Coffea arabica) clones to coffee berry disease and leaf rust under varied
environmental conditions in Tanzania......................................................................26
Kissimbo, M. M. MSc. (2013) An assessment of public-private-partinerships
in provision of agricultural extension services in Mtwara.........................................28
Ndomba, M. D. MSc. (2013) Evaluation of soil fertility status
and response of maize to different nutrients in selected soils of Tabora
District......................................................................................................................28
Mbegu, S. J. MSc. (2014) Developing top cross maize (Zea mays L.)
hybrids tolerant against maize streak virus (msv) disease for the Eastern
Zone Ecologies........................................................................................................29
Shemahonge, M. I. MSc. (2013) Improving upland rice (Oryza sativa L.)
PERFOMANCE through enhanced soil fertility and water conservation
methods at Ukiriguru Mwanza, Tanzania.................................................................29
Ndee, A. K. MSc. (2013) Introgression of bean anthracnose resistance
genes in common bean (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.) lines with ALS,
CBB and BCMV/BCMNV diseases resistances......................................................30
Mohammed, R. A. MSc. (2013); Agroforestry adoption and its
socio-economic contribution to livelihoods in Magu District, Mwanza,
Tanzania..................................................................................................................31
Titi, U. F. MSc. (2013) Analysis of demand for private fodder delivery
services for enhancing feed resource availability in Meru and Moshi
rural Districts............................................................................................................31
Raphael, T. M. MSc. (2014) Effects of spacing regimes on growth,
yield and wood properties of tectona grandis at Longuza Forest
Plantation, Tanzania................................................................................................32
Omar, M. M. MSc. (2013) Developing rainfall erosivity equations
for use in Tanzania with limited rainfall intensity data..............................................32
Mrema, E.J. MSc. (2012) Evaluation of the growth and yield
performance of Watermelon varieties during the dry and wet
seasons in Morogoro...............................................................................................33
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A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
Joseph, M.C. MSc. (2013) Influence of climate variability on
wetland cultivation: A case of Lake Victoria shoreline wetlands in
Misungwi District......................................................................................................34
Mlay, J. D. M. MSc. (2013) The potential of immunohistochemistry
in diagnosis of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in apparently health
animals....................................................................................................................34
Mohammed, S. O. MSc. (2013) Estimates of stability parameters and
interrelationship among yield components of orange-fleshed sweetpotato
(ipomoea batatas) clones in Zanzibar.....................................................................35
Mbapila, S. J. MSc. (2013) Assessment of pigeon pea export oriented
market in Babati and Karatu districts.......................................................................36
Shaali, M. S. MSc (2013) Genetic variability, heritability and
interrelationships among yield components of rice (Oryza sativa L.)
exotic genotypes in Zanzibar...................................................................................36
Mzula, A. MSc. (2013) Molecular epidemiology of Fowlpox virus in
Tanzania..................................................................................................................37
Kihwele, L. M. MSc. (2013) The feasibility of scaling up rural
institutions for sustainable land management: A case of Pemba Island..................37
Lukendakenda, P. P. MSc. (2013) Factors influencing sustainability
of diary farmer groups in the Muheza District of Tanga Region, Tanzania..............38
Nzilano, B. L. MSc. (2013) Contribution of Agroforestry homegardens
to household food security and income generation among communities
in Mbeya Rural District, Tanzania............................................................................39
Saidia, P. S. MSc. (2013) Response of upland rice to activated Effective
Microorganisms (EMA), farmyard manure and nitrogen at
Ukiriguru Mwanza, Tanzania...................................................................................39
Kachiwile, A. Z. MSC. (2014) Drought tolerance assessment of
cassava genotypes in a semi-arid environment in Central Tanzania.......................40
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
vii
Tewele, C. P. MSc. (2012) Susceptibility to Sitophilus zeamains and
nutrient content of traditionally stored maize: a case study of Mikese
(Morogoro Rural District).........................................................................................40
Ngalla, R. J. MSc. (2013) Factors contributing to food insecurity
during crop growing season in Handeni District, Tanga Region..............................41
Mpore, F.J.MSc. (2013) Nutrient content, Microbiological quality
and sensory acceptability of sun and solar dried raisins from Dodoma Region......42
Salehe, F. S. PhD. (2014) Irrigated Agriculture and Schistosomiasis
in Tanzania: A case of Morogoro and Kilimanjaro Regions.....................................42
Jeckoniah, J.N. PhD. (2013) Value chain development and women
empowerment in Tanzania: a case of onion value chain in Northern
Tanzania..................................................................................................................43
MUHIMBILI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH AND ALLIED
SCIENCE (MUHAS)................................................................................................44
Rweyemamu, I. K. MSc. (2013) Knowledge, Sexual behaviors,
Pregnancy experiences and HIV prevention among adolescents
living with HIV from early childhood in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania............................44
Lusekelo, M. MSc. (2013) Assessment of cardiovascular risk
factors and level of malnutrition among the elderly of rural and urban
areas in Morogoro, Tanzania...................................................................................45
Philiph, J. MSc. (2012) Bullying and associated psychosocial
factors among secondary school adolescents in Dodoma municipality..................46
Kenyunko, K. M. MSc. (2013) Profile of trochanteric fractures at
MOI: treatment and short-term outcome 2012........................................................46
Lucas, H. MSc. (2013) Prevalence and pattern of cardiac disorders
among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at their first
clinic visit at Muhimbili National Hospital.................................................................47
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A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
George, U. MSc. (2013) Components of systemic inflammatory
response as predictors of mortality in children presenting with fever
at the emergency medical department, Muhimbili National Hospital.......................48
Charles, L. L.MSc. (2013) Factors influencing sustained transmission
of lymphatic filariasis in school children after eight rounds of mass drug administration:
A case of mafuriko village in north-eastern Tanzania..............................................49
Longopa, G. MSc. (2013) Pattern of headache among patients attending
at Muhimbili National Hospital neurology clinic-2012..............................................50
Hillary, E. MSc. (2013) Assessment of knowledge and skills of
cardiopulmonary resuscitation among nurses working in critical care units at Muhimbili
National Hospital, Dar es Salaam Tanzania............................................................51
Msolla, R. MSc. (2013) Factors associated with late reporting for
health care among patients having oral maxillofacial tumours or
tumour-line lesions attending Muhimbili National Hospital......................................52
Abdala, R. M. MSc. (2013) The experiences of informal care givers
in caring for patients with cancer at Ocean Road Cancer Institute,
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania........................................................................................53
Mageta, D. J. MSc. (2013) Assessment of knowledge, attitude and
practice of healthy timing and spacing of pregnancy among women
attending antenatal clinic at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam...............54
Chipeta, P. MSc. (2013) Prevalence of cardiovascular autonomic
neuropathy in diabetic patients attending Muhimbili National Hospital
DIABETIC CLINIC...................................................................................................55
Kalinga, L. M. MSc. (2012) Distribution of anti malaria medicines in
public health facilities in Iringa Region....................................................................56
ARDHI UNIVERSITY (ARU)...................................................................................57
Siwa E. N. ( 2013); Assessing impacts of climate changes for improved
beef cattle production using remote sensing and GIS technologies:
A case of Ilemela and Magu Districts in Mwanza Region – Lake
Victoria Basin, Tanzania..........................................................................................57
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
ix
Hatibu, H. M. MSc. (2012) Investigation on production of sandcrete
blocks in Dar es Salaam..........................................................................................58
Twimanye, J. M. MSc. (2013) Assessment of the contribution of housing
co-operatives in the provision of affordable housing: The case of
Muungano Housing Co operative Society- Chamazi...............................................58
UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM.......................................................................59
Saria, Anasia MSc. (2013) Impact of biofuels investment on livelihoods
of the rural community in Kisarawe District.............................................................59
Rwegoshora, S. A. MSc. (2012) Applicability of performance
measurement during product development in manufacturing industries in
Tanzania..................................................................................................................60
Tunga, M. MSc. (2014) Improvement of information flow in service
delivery to teaching personnel: A case of Teachers Service Department
in Tanzania..............................................................................................................60
Mbwilo, B. M. MSc. (2013) Development of online sustainable energy
experiments using emona helex on ilab shared architercture with
switching capability..................................................................................................61
Ngajilo, F. MSc. (2013) Rural-Urban migrants’ contribution to the
livelihoods of rural communities in Makete District, Tanzania.................................61
Jabir, J. A. MSc. (2013) Cooperation between ministrial information
offices and the mass media in disseminating information on public goods.............62
Kira, E. S. PhD. (2014) Integrating of meteorology and environmental
education in the certificate of secondary education geography syllabus
in Tanzania..............................................................................................................63
Mahongo, S. B. PhD (2014) Analysis of met-ocean processes in relation
to changes in large scale climatic systems in Tanzania and the
Western Indian Ocean.............................................................................................64
Shoko, A. P. PhD. (2013) Aquaculture of Nile Tilapia (oreochromis
niloticus linnaeus, 1758) with an assessment of its economic
benefits in the Lake Victoria basin, Tanzania..........................................................64
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A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
THE NELSON MANDELA AFRICAN INSTITUTION OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY (NMAIST)......................................................................................65
Ramadhani, A. MSc. (2013) Mobile SMS based framework toward
enhancing veterinary extension service in rural areas of Tanzania.........................65
Nyamtiga, B. W. MSc. (2013) Enhanced security controls for mobile
banking systems in Tanzania...................................................................................66
Julius, B. MSc. (2013) Mobile phone based information system for
maternal health care in Tanzania.............................................................................66
Chambo, F. F. MSc. (2013) A mobile learning model for the
enhancement of learning science subjects in secondary school education:
Case study of Kilimanjaro Region...........................................................................67
Mariki, M. MSc. (2013) Towards enhancement of smallholder
poultry enterprise’s performance through mobile based information
management system; Case of.................................................................................67
Madila, S. MSc. (2013) Developing a prototype of e-commerce system
which uses mobile-money payment system for small and medium
enterprises...............................................................................................................68
Massawe, E. A. MSc. (2013) Development of a sensor system to
detect adulteration of petroleum products...............................................................68
Mazima, J. MSc. (2013) A controlled biomedical signal transmission
through wireless network.........................................................................................69
Kilavo, H. MSc. (2013) A system for monitoring and reporting excessive
passengers in public buses.....................................................................................70
Matumo, M. B. MSc. (2013) Wireless sensor network for electric
distribution system power quality monitoring...........................................................70
Kalolo, S. MSc. (2013) A price based spectrum sharing scheme in wireless
cellular networks......................................................................................................71
Kazema, T. MSc. (2013) Spatial and shadow fading model for rf
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
xi
optimization in W-LAN.............................................................................................71
Ngeleja, R. C. MSc. (2013) Multi-objective optimization model for energy
security with harmony to economic growth and environmental protection..............72
Mgina, H. MSc. (2013) Mathematical and computational modeling of
predicting intrinsic growth rates of population in Tanzania......................................72
Ngoye, A. O. MSc. (2013) Prevalence of hypertension among maasai
ethnic group: The role of rural to urban migration...................................................73
Ndabigaye, A. MSc. (2013) Assessing the efficacy of a vaccine against
malignant catarrhal fever under field conditions......................................................74
Msairi, C. J. MSc. (2013) Allelopathic effect of parthenium
hysterophorus on seed germination, seedling growth and chlorophyll
content of two nativespecies (Chloris Gayana and Alysicurpus Glumaceae).........74
Nyoki, D. MSc. (2013); Effects of Rhizobium (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) Inoculation
and Phosphorus Supplementation on Productivity of
Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (l.) Walp]......................................................................75
Ngatunga, D. P. MSc. (2013) Diversity of plasmodium malaria and
molecular markers of sulphadoxine resistance in Muheza, Nachingwea
and Muleba Districts................................................................................................76
Mwamilawa, E. MSc. (2013) Reduction of post harvest losses of
tomatoes by developing tomato powder product.....................................................76
Tairo, E. V. MSc. (2013) Effects of bradyrhizobium japonicum
inoculation and phosphorus supplementation on growth and nutrient
uptake by soybean (glycine max (l.) merril).............................................................77
Mubito, E. P. MSc. (2013) Assessment of antimicrobial usage and
sulfonamide residues in chicken eggs in Dar es Salaam........................................77
Elisante, F. MSc. (2013) Allelopathic effect of datura stramonium
on the survival of grass and legume species in the conservation areas..................78
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A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
Namkeleja, H. S. MSc. (2013) Allelopathic effects of invasive plant
species; argemone mexicana to growth of selected native plant species...............79
Laizer, H. MSc. (2013) Demography and ecology of lion population in
Tarangire National Park, Tanzania...........................................................................79
Raymond, J. MSc. (2013) Development of high quality sesame
energy bar (Simbar).................................................................................................80
Njisya, J. MSc. (2013) Isolation of antibiotic resistant bacteria
from the environment...............................................................................................80
Lukindo, T. E. MSc. (2013) Cellular IMMUNE responses elicited after VACCINATION
with the HYBRID-1+IC31® tuberculosis vaccine in
HIV infected Tanzanian adults.................................................................................81
Nyarobi, M. J. MSc. (2013) Prevalence of rift valley fever virus in the
serengeti ecosystem, Tanzania: Evidence for inter-epidemic infections..................82
Daudi, M. MSc. (2013) Physiological stress; the impact of vaccine and
malignant catarrhal fever challenge in cattle...........................................................82
Ally, M. S. MSc. (2013) Mycotoxins and heavy metal contamination in complementary
foods locally processed in Tanzania........................................................................83
Mrutu, B. A. MSc. (2013) Molecular characterization of maize
(ZEA MAYS L) inbred lines and hybrids in southern highlands
of Tanzania..............................................................................................................84
Ngomuo, M. MSc. (2013) In vitro propagation methods of banana by
using shoot tip cultures............................................................................................84
Mlalila, N. MSc. (2013) Synthesis and characterization of
methyltestosteroneloaded lipid nanoparticles for production of all-male tilapia cultures........................85
Rubaka, C. MSc. (2013) Analysis of phytochemical and antibacterial
activity of carissa spinarum and carica papaya crude extracts...............................86
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
xiii
Kavishe, S. MSc. (2013) Quality, microbial and chemical safety of
banana alcoholic beverages case study: Arusha Tanzania.....................................86
Masaki, S. S. MSc. (2013) Prevalence of type 2 diabates amongst
selected Maasai ethnic group: the role of rural to urban migration..........................87
Xavery, D. K. MSc. (2013) Developing a tissue culture protocol for
regenerating the threatened African sandalwood (osyris lanceolata)......................88
Ismail, S. MSc. (2013) Students’ conceptual understanding of
computational round-off arithmetic in Tanzanian schools:
A case study of high school students in Hai and Moshi Urban Districts..................88
Kahuru, S. MSc. (2013) Mathematical model for water resource
planning in irrigation: The case of wine grape farming in
Dodoma Region.......................................................................................................89
Ndakidemi, C. MSc. (2013) Natural regeneration trend of the
threatened brachylaena huillensis in Bombo West Forest Reserve
and development of sanitation protocol for in vitro propagation..............................90
Mzena, T. P. MSc. (2013) Evaluation of nutritional values and
medicinal pyhtochemicals of wild edible mushroom species
growing in Mufindi District, Tanzania.......................................................................90
MZUMBE UNIVERSITY, MOROGORO, TANZANIA..............................................91
Justine, P. K. A. MSc. Financial sector’s reform in Tanzania:
what are the outcomes of financial reform to economic growth..............................91
SCINTIFIC ARTICLES PUBLISHED FROM COSTECH FUNDED
RESEARCH ROJECTS..........................................................................................92
R. R. Minja1, J. Ngailo2, N. Mwalukasa2 and S. Kyando2 (;2014);
Effects of Phosphate Rock on Phosphorus Availability for Vegetable
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A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
Crops in Cropping Sequence..................................................................................92
Zacharia Katambara1, Frederick C. Kahimba2, Winfred B. Mbungu2,
Paul Reuben2, Muyenjwa. Maugo3, Fikiri D. Mhenga2, and Henry
F. Mahoo2 . Optimizing System of Rice Intensification Parameters
Using Aquacrop Model for Increasing Water Productivity and
Water Use Efficiency on Rice Production in Tanzania.............................................93
Zacharia Katambara1*, Frederick C. Kahimba2, Henry F. Mahoo2,
Winfred B. Mbungu2, Fikiri Mhenga2, Paul Reuben2, Muyenjwa
Maugo3, Anthony Nyarubamba3 . Adopting the system of rice
intensification (SRI) in Tanzania:.............................................................................93
Kahimba, F.C.1, Kombe, E.E.2, and Mahoo, H.F.1. The Potential of
System of Rice Intensification (SRI) to Increase Rice Productivity:
a Case of Mkindo Irrigation Scheme in Morogoro Region, Tanzania......................94
P Y Kavana and V A M Kakengi* Availability of pasture for domestic
and wild herbivores in grazing land of Mpanda Tanzania........................................95
1Christopher L. Materu, 2Seguni Z. Kombo and 3Linus Masumbuko.
Ant species diversity and composition at Mlingano mango
orchard in Tanzania.................................................................................................95
Christopher L. Materu1*; Zuberi Seguni2; Evarista, E. Shao,
Beatrice M. Mruma, Andrew J. Ngereza2. Assessing the Impact of
Integrated Pest Management Programme for Management of Fruit
Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) On Mango Orchards in Tanzania..................................96
Samwel Mchele Limbu ;Amon Paul Shoko ; Hieromin Amon
Lamtane; Evantuce Dominick Shirima ; Mary Alphonce
Kishe-Machumu; Huruma Fredrick Mgana; Yunus Daud Mgaya.
Effect of initial stocking size of the predatory African sharptooth
catfish (Clarias gariepinus) on recruits, growth performance,
survival and yield of mixed-sex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis
niloticus) in concrete tank culture system................................................................97
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
xv
PREFACE
The Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology (COSTECH) was established
in 1986 by Act of Parliamentary No.7 as a successor to the Tanzania National Scientific
Research Council (UTAFITI) with the responsibility of coordinating and promoting
research and technology development activities in the country. The Commission is an
apex organ with the responsibility of advising the Government on the use of Science,
Technology and Innovation for socio economic development.
Part V of the Act that established the Commission provides for the establishment of
the National Fund for the Advancement of Science and Technology (NFAST) which is
managed and administered by the Commission.
The Fund is basically intended to support research with special emphasis in the
national priority areas; support development and transfer of appropriate technologies;
support capacity building in R&D and S&T activities in terms of human resources and
research facilities; support organization of/ attendance to scientific fora and information
dissemination through publications; promote innovativeness and inventiveness through
the provision of awards; commission individuals, groups of individuals, institutions or
groups of institutions to undertake research or studies in special areas identified by the
Commission to be of a national interest and support any other activities whose objectives
would be the promotion of S&T for national development.
COSTECH on behalf of the Government has been providing research funds for among
other things, supporting research grants and fellowship for Msc and PhD programmes
in various R & D Institutions and Universities from year 2010. Since then, COSTECH
through NFAST has supported 76 research grants and sponsored 517 researchers for
postgraduate studies in the local Universities at the level of MSc (343) and PhD (174).
This came out as one of the strategies to address the issue of limited research human
resources base in R & D institutions including Universities.
xvi
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
This Book of Abstracts provides a total of 144 abstracts of research findings from 8
research grants as well as 136 dissertations of NFAST funded MSc and PhD programmes.
The entire community of the Commission hopes that you will find the contents of the
abstracts useful and a dependable reference material for your future endeavors. The
organization of this book starts with abstracts sourced from dissertations published by
NFAST funded fellows then followed by publications of NFAST funded research grants
results sourced from various journals as indicated in the subtitles of each abstract.
COSTECH is grateful to the Chairman of the Board of Commissioners and the
Government of The United Republic of Tanzania to allow it to demonstrate its potential
in supporting research that in turn will provide opportunities to Tanzanians to exploit
National resources more effectively and sustainably.
Dr. Hassan Mshinda
Director General
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
xvii
Acknowledgements
First and foremost, The Unit that Coordinates the National Fund for Advancement of
Science and Technology (NFAST) would like to thank the contribution of the authors of
the abstracts of this book for their entire commitments that has been quite encouraging.
NFAST Unit on behalf of the Commission also acknowledge all Universitie’s
Managements and members of staff particularly Directors of Research and Postgraduate
Studies at Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Muhimbili University of Health and
Allied Sciences (MUHAS), University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), Nelson Mandela
African Institute of Science and Technology (NMAIST) and Ardhi University (ARU) for
submission of dissertations to the Commission as agreed in the fellowship contracts.
COSTECH is in addition wish to express her sincere appreciation to R and D Institutions
for cooperation and supervision of the funded projects without which this publication
would not be possible. I wish to express my confidence to the entire production team in
the preparation of this book of Abstracts.
This work would not have been effectively accomplished without the financial and
material support from the Board of Commissioners in supporting the program and
publishing costs of this book.
Finally, the Unit is grateful to the Board of Commissioners and Government of The United
Republic of Tanzania for allowing it to demonstrate its potential in supporting research
that in turn will provide opportunities to Tanzanians to exploit National resources more
effectively and sustainably.
B. S. J. Msangi (PhD)
NFAST Coordinator FUNDED RESEARCH PROJECTS 2012-2015
xviii NFAST
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE,
MOROGORO, TANZANIA (SUA)
Mwinama, G. (2013) Development of power tiller operated rice combine harvester
for smallholder farmers in Tanzania
Abstract
This study was conducted to develop a Power Tiller Operated Rice Combine Harvester
(PORCH) for small holder farmers in Tanzania. PORCH can be attached to a power
tiller during harvesting operation and detached to give the power tiller a room for other
operations. The study aimed at designing, construction and testing performance of
PORCH prototype.
Design specifications and drawings were developed and prototype was constructed. The
performance of PORCH prototype was tested in Lower Moshi and compared to manual
harvesting. Comparisons made included manpower required (man-h/acre), harvesting
capacity (acre/h), grain loss (%), presence of material other than grain (MOG %) in the
harvested grain, and harvesting cost.
It was found that in PORCH harvesting average values of man-h, harvesting capacity,
cost, grain loss and MOG were 4.76 h/acre, 0.42 acre/h, Tsh. 30151/acre, 28.86% and
3.19% respectively. While the average values of man-h, harvesting capacity, cost, grain
loss and MOG for manual harvesting were 255.9 h/acre, 0.0039 acre/h, 181250/acre,
14.48% and 8.3% respectively. Hence PORCH harvesting was better for all performance
measures made except grain loss reduction. More grain loss in PORCH harvesting was
due to leakages in some of PORCH functional elements.
Grain loss can be reduced by avoiding leakages in PORCH functional elements. It
was recommended in the future that modifications should be done so as to alleviate
shortcomings in PORCH functional elements.
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1
Massawe, P. I. MSc. (2012) Reponse of rice (oryza sativa l) to different phosphorus
fertilizers in Lekitatu village, Meru District, Tanzania
Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate the response of rice to P and P use efficiency from
MPR, Minjingu mazao and TSP fertilizers under irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) production
in Lekitatu village. The fertility status of the soils and their suitability for rice production
at two experimental sites were evaluated based on technical indicators of soil fertility.
The major soil fertility limitations included low soil organic matter, low total nitrogen and
medium available phosphorus hence the rice soils in Lekitatu village were categorized
as of low fertility status and moderately suitable for rice production. Phosphorus was
applied at rates of 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P ha-1 as MPR, Minjingu mazao and TSP. Nitrogen
was applied uniformly at a rate of 60 kg N ha-1 as urea to the MPR, Minjingu mazao and
TSP treatments plots taking into account the 10% N contained in the Minjingu mazao
fertilizer.
The P fertilizers were broadcasted and incorporated into the soils before transplanting
the rice seedlings and N was applied at two equal splits, namely at tillering and panicle
initiation stages. The ranges in yield components between the control (0 kg P ha-1) and
the highest levels of P (60 kg P ha-1) were 12-22, 12-19 and 12-22 number of tillers per
plant, 7.67-25.97, 7.67-26.83 and 7.67-30.20 tha-1 dry matter yields and 1.5-8.63, 1.59.23 and 1.5-10.43 tha -1 grain yields for MPR, TSP and Minjingu mazao, respectively.
The P fertilizers applications increased rice yield components, N and P contents in the
rice plants, residual soil P as well as plant PUE as the levels of P increased from 0 to 60
kg P ha-1 for all P sources. The yield components increased significantly (P<0.05) with
increasing rates of P application. The increased were due to increased availability and
uptake of plant nutrients particularly P.
Based on the generated yields data, it was thus recommended that: Minjingu mazao at
the rates of (40 t0 60 kg P ha-1), MPR and TSP at a rate of 60 kg P ha-1, respectively
could be adopted for increased and sustainable rice production in Lekitatu village.
2
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Mirondo, R. A. MSc. (2012) Assessment of quality of mango juice and banana
wine produced by small and medium scale enterprises in Dar es Salaam
Abstract
This study was performed to evaluate the nutritional and microbiological quality of
industrially processed and street vended mango (Mangifersa indica) juices and banbana
(Musa Sapientum) wines from thirteen different processors in Dar es Salaam. Street
vended juices reported high level of Ash content, pH and reducing sugars whereas
industrially processed juice had higher levels of vitamins C. These parameters were
significantly different at P<0.05. The titratable acidity (TA) of street vended juice samples
ranged from 0.45-0.64% and for industrially processed ranged from 0.38-0.62%.
For wine , the pH ranged from 4.70-5.14 with titratable acidity ranging between 0.95
and 2.23%whereas total soluble solids (TSS) ranged between 4.30% and 10.79%. Both
ethanol and methanol content determined were within the range set by Tanzania Bureau
of Standards. In microbiological analysis the street vender juice reported presence of
faecal coliforms which ranged between 7.3 x 10 to 2.4 x 104 CFU/ml, yeast (1.21
x 104 -5.95 x 102 CFU/ml, mould (7.73 x 102 – 2.68 x 102 CFU/ml and Total Planet
Count ( TPC) ( 1.317 x 103 – 1.76 x 102 CFU/ml). The fungi detected were Candida,
Saccharomyces, Cladosporium, Penicillium and Aspergillus spp. industrially processed
juices and wines were devoid of coliforms and moulds but Saccharomyces spp.
Were detected in some samples. Based on the results obtained, street vended juices
were highly contaminated posing health risks to consumers. It was therefore suggested
that training should be offered to the street vended juice processors on Good Hygienic
Practices (GHP) and other methods that would help to reduce the levels of microbial
contamination.
Some of the challenges encountered by the processors were; lack of trained personnel
and market information, insufficient funds and technology, difficulties in obtaining
packaging materials, poor power supply and no links with research institutions that
would assist them in dealing with technical problems.
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3
Rukambile, E. J. MSc. (2012) Molecular characterization of theileria parva from
indigenous cattle in eastern zone of Tanzania
Abstract
Theileria parva is a haemoprotozoan parasite that causes fatal lymphoproliferative
disease of cattle, East Coast fever (ECF), transimitted by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus
tick. ECF severely constraints the livelihoods of poor livestock-keepers in East Africa.
There are many strains/stocks of T. parva differing in many characteristics. Immunity
elicited by immunization is strain/stock specific and therefore, it is appropriate to
characterize T.parva to find most relevant stocks for inclusion in a vaccine. Crossimmunity trials and monoclonal antibodies have been used for characterization of
T.parva, but difficulties in determining the change in the characteristics of the parasite
after tick- cattle passage and cross reactivity are among the drawbacks in the use of
these methods.
The only accurate methods for characterization of T. parva stocks thereby selecting
the candidate for vaccine are molecular techniques. This study used conventional
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and semi-nested PCR to amplify antigenic genes
coding for sporozoite surface (p67) and piloplasm proteins (p104) respectively using
DNA extracted from cattle blood samples naturally infected with T.parva. Restriction
fragments length polymorphism (RFLP) profiles of p104 were generated by Arthrobacter
luteus 1 (Alu 1 ) restriction enzyme.
Two types of p67 bands were identified, 750 bp and 950 bp. Profiles for p104 PCR-RFLP
revealed two types of stocks;one stock with 340 bp and 500 bp bands, and another
with 220 bp and 280 bp bands. These bands were identical to those of T.parva Katete
and T.parva Muguga respectively. Three DNA samples showed mixed infection of either
T.parva or another species of Theileria.
They have 3-5 bands of sized ranging from below 100 bp to 340 bp. Therefore in this
study, two types of T.parva stocks were observed. T. parva Katete, T.parva Muguga
and Theileria stocks with multiple bands. With respect to p67 gene amplification, 750
and 950 bp alleles were identified. This study has found unequivocally that there are
T.parva stocks in Tanzania which are not in the imported ECF trivalent vaccine (“Muguga
cocktail”) currently in use. The study recommends characterization of T.parva local
stocks for inclusion in the vaccine against ECF.
4
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Loina, R. F. MSc. (2013) Evaluation of the Cooperative programme for small scale
dairy farmers in Muheza District
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the cooperative breeding programme for small
scale dairy farmers in Muheza District. A total of 90 (64 cooperative members, 26
non- cooperative members) farmers and 4 extension officers were interviewed using
questionnaires and Focused Group Discussion (FGD) to gather primary data. The
secondary data were collected from the cooperative office and farmers’ records.
The district was studied covering four zones namely; Muheza East, Muheza West,
Amani East and Amani West. This study revealed that the cows kept by cooperative
members performed better in terms of milk production and reproduction performance as
compared to farmers who are not members of the cooperative. The cooperative provides
market stability of milk, heifers on credit and training services but the price of milk set by
the cooperative was considered by the farmers to be low. There was poor linkage among
the members, cooperative managers and other actors.
Eighty two percent of the interviewed farmers reported not to have technical support
from Tanga Fresh Ltd. (the sole bulk buyer) while 86.8% of the farmers had no access
to knowledge sharing among members. Sixty eight percent of the farmers opted to use
natural service due to non-availability, reliability or cost of Artificial Insemination services.
Most 94% of the breeding bulls were of Friesian breed and the remaining 6% were
Ayrshire. The dairy herd comprised of a cross between local and Friesian or Ayrshire
and local.
On average farmers owned 1 to 5 dairy cows producing average of 8.17= 1.27 litres of
milk per cow/per day. Many farmers are keeping records but they lack enough knowledge
in utilizing them. It is therefore concluded that the major problems facing farmers in
Muheza District include low price of milk, lack of quality animals, unreliable bull/semen
services, lack of adequate veterinary and extension services and lack of adequate dairy
inputs
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5
Bivugile, D. H. MSc. (2013) Study of heirloom rice varieties and farmers
perception of performance and improvement in Morogoro, Region
Abstract
A study of heirloom rice varieties and analysis of farmers’ perception on their performance
and improvement was conducted in 2011/2012, using survey and field experimentation.
About 120 farmers from rice growing villages in Morogoro Region were interviewed using
a questionnaire, during which seed sample of the heirloom varieties were collected.
Field characterization trial of the collected varieties was planted accompanied with
particular evaluation trials for selection of the collected varieties involving two groups of
farmers, from Mlali and Turiani. Data collected were analysed using SPSS for survey data,
pair wise and matrix ranking for PVS and Genstat for morphological characterization with
differences of means using Tukey’s mean separation test. The survey results showed
that there is a great number of farmers using local varieties despire the release of some
improved varieties. Twenty one rice varieties were collected in total during the survey
and in these only one was an improved variety.
Outstanding characteristics of these varieties by farmers’ perception included those
against disease and pest, low yield and drought. Using matrix ranking, SARO 5 was
rated overall best for Turiani farmers with the best performance in yield; whereas Kihogo
was the best in palatability and aroma for Mlali farmers.
This shows that farmers from different locations have different perceptions. Varieties
Mbawambili, Supa Mbeya and Kihogo appeared in all the ranking tools as the best
overall. This also shows that there are shared important characteristics in these varieties
that can be explored for general breeding purposes. Morphological characterization of
the varieties showed that there was significant difference among the varieties in all
parameters (P≤ 0.05). This study indicates the importance of farmer’s participation
in variety selection including incorporating their perception in breeding and variety
development program as one of the ways to increase adoption rate of improved varieties.
6
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
Aloyce, A. (2013)
Detection of pathological isolates of stem rust from selected wheat fields and
varieties’ reactions in Tanzania
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine Status of wheat stem rust disease in Tanzania
and how the available wheat varieties react to the prevailing isolates of this disease. The
study aimed at identifying isolates groups and resistant varieties, and draw implications
for farmers, research and extension. Wheat stem rust disease survey was conducted in
twenty fields from Manyara, Mbeya, Iringa Kilimanjaro and Arusha regions.
Of all the fields surveyed 60% were infected by stem rust disease with severity between
26 – 50%. Fifteen percent of fields were affected at 11 – 25% disease severity and 10%
had 51 – 75%. The lowest disease severity of 5% was scored in Iringa region whilst in
northern highlands none of the field was infected at a severity level of less than 15%.
Seventeen isolates of Pucinia graminis f. sp. Tritici collected from the selected regions
were all virulent to Viri wheat variety. Isolates from Manyara and Arusha were more
virulent followed by those from Kilimanjaro, Mbeya and Iringa.
The most destructive isolates encountered in different regions caused various severity on
Viri wheat variety with average severity of 37.5%. Most varieties (Mamba, Mbayuwayu,
Selian, Juhudi, Azimio 87, Chiriku and Riziki) under production were susceptible to
wheatstem rust disease.
Sifa variety response to wheat stem rust isolates both in the field and under controlled
environment indicated an outstanding resistant to the most aggressive isolates and is thus
recommended for disease management. Technology transfer is significantly important
for formers to get rid of using susceptible varieties e.g. Viri. Plant protection strategies
such as crop rotation and weeding are not implemented accordingly in some areas; such
cases need to be addressed as well to improve wheat production in Tanzania.
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
7
Joseph, L. MSc. (2013) Comparative of evaluation of green shanked indigenous
chicken for production and egg quality traits
Abstract
A study was taken at Sokoine University of Agriculture to investigate the influence of
shank colour on egg quality traits and production performance. The study involved
green shanked Indigenous (GSI) chickens, yellow shanked Indigenous (YSI) chickens
and Rhode Island Red (RIR) genetic groups. The genetic groups were reared under the
same environment and management.
A total of 240 blood plasma samples were used in assessment of plasma cholesterol
content while 120 egg samples were used to assess egg yolk cholesterol and other
egg quality traits. RIR differed significantly (P≤ .05) from GSI and YSI genetic groups in
terms of egg number, egg weight, egg mass, laying intensity, yolk ratio and yolk albumin
ratio.
However, there was no significant difference between the indigenous genetic groups
for these parameters as well as fertility, hatchability, growth rate and survival rate. The
mean weights were 40.1 ≠ 0.8, 42.3 ≠ 0.9 and 52.0 ≠ 0.7 gm while the laying intensities
were 46.7 ≠ 1.76, 46.8 ≠ 1.7 and 76.6 ≠ 1.7% for GSI, YSI and RIR genetic groups,
respectively. There was no significant difference in egg yolk cholesterol, whilst plasma
cholesterol differed significantly between RIR and indigenous types.
The mean egg yolk cholesterol were 196.2 ≠ 7.2, 210.1 ≠ 7.2 and 201.8 ≠ 7.2 mg/
dl for GSI, YSI and RIR respectively, while the blood plasma cholesterol were 210.4 ≠
7.5, 196.5 ≠ 7.5 and 152.1 ≠ 7.5 mg/dl for GSI, YSI and RIR respectively. Furthermore,
the study revealed that, egg yolk cholesterol increased gradually with age while plasma
cholesterol decreased with age in all genetic groups of this study.
8
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Masao, D. F. MSc. (2013) Phenotypic characterization of the Taturu Cattle
Abstract
A study on phenotypic characterization of the Taturu cattle was undertaken in Manyoni
and Iramba districts of Singida region. Furthermore, the study aimed at carrying out
household characteristics of Taturu pastoralist and husbandry practice of their cattle. A
total of six villages were surveyed in each district and ten household per village were
sampled for in- depth analysis.
Body measurements of Taturu cattle such as body weight length, heart girth, height and
withers, horn length, ear length and width were taken from a total of 116 live animals.
Data on household socio-economic characteristics and cattle adaptive traits were
collected through individual interviews of 120 farmers using a structured questionnaire.
Adaptive attributes observed on Taturu cattle include tolerance to drought (90%), disease
(98%), heat (74%), and better draft power (93%). The average mature weight of bulls
and cows were 295.5 kg and 217.3 kg, respectively.
Mean weights of bulls and cows in Manyoni were higher (p<0.05) than in Iramba.
Taturu cattle in Manyoni had higher body hight (p<0.05) than in Iramba. Sex affect
was significant (p<0.05) for all linear body measurements. Mean values for heart girth
(151.2cm), withers height (111.3cm) and body length (119.7cm) for bulls were higher
(p<0.05) than in cows. The coat colour varied from grey (16.3%), brown (14,3%), black
(13.7%), red (10.7%), white(9.3%) or multicolour (35.67%), where by one or more
colours were found in one animal.
The udders were moderately well developed with rather small teats. Selection criteria
for cows were for milk yield, growth rate and fertility while for bulls were dams’ milk
production potential, ability to withstand hot condition, low food and water during the dry
seasons.
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
9
Robin, L. MSc. (2013) Molecular diverity of theileria parva in Kilosa District,
Tanzania
Abstract
Theileria parva is an apicomplexan protozoan parasite causing East Coast Fever in
Eastern and Central Africa. A study conducted between February and May 2012
in six villages in kilosa district in Tanzania to determine the diversity of the T.parva
parasite circulating in the district. Also data of the disease cases reported to Veterinary
investigation centres (VIC’s) and compiled by the Ministry of Livestock Development
and Fisheries, were analyzed to gain insight into the current status of ECF in Tanzania.
To determine the diversity, convectional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to
amplify antigenic genes coding for sporozoite surface protein (p67) using DNA extracted
from cattle blood samples naturally infected with T. parva and T.parva isolated from ticks.
A total of 100 cattle blood and 95 tick samples were collected. PCR products (banding
Pattern) were analyzed to characterize T.parva parasite that occur in cattle and ticks.
Analysis of the PCR products suggested the existence of two groups of T.parva parasites
with band sizes 800 and 900 by respectively. This study has found that there is T.parva
allele in Kilosa that is not in the imported ECF trivalent vaccine (“Muguga cocktail”)
currently in use.
Three year records (2008-2010) of the disease indicate lower prevalence of ECF
compared to prevalence reported by other previous studies. The low prevalence
observed in this study suggests that reports from Vic’s cannot give good estimates of
ECF prevalence due to under reporting, poor diagnosis, poor records keeping and otjher
in the field.
It was recommended that more research has to be conducted so as to establish the
complete list of parasite circulating in Kilosa and the region.
10
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Chiligane, E. A. MSc. (2013) Nitrogen release from decomposed residues of
herbaceous legumes and their effect on maize growth and yield in low nitrogen
soil
Abstract
This study was conducted at Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) located at 60 51’5”S
and 37 039’26”E at 525 masl at the site with sandy clay soil pH 5.16 with the overall
objective of improving maize productivity through the use of leguminous residues as
source of nitrogen (N). Specifically the study aimed at determining the mineralization
pattern and total amount of released from decomposition of legume residues; to assess
the effects of legume residues on maize growth and yield and to evaluate the effects of
legumes biomass applied on maize yield.
The treatments used were control (no legume residue and fertilizer application);
application of N (urea); residues in form of velvets bean (mucuna prurient L.), dolichos
(lablab purpureus L.) and sunhemp (crotalaria ochroleuca G.) Maize variety ‘’staha’’ was
used as a test crop. Experiments conducted were laboratory mineralization experiment,
screen house and field experiments. These experiments were conducted between
November 2011 and June 2012. Results showed that sunhemp had the highest N content
of 2.77% followed by velvet been and dolichos with 2 .49 and 2.42%, respectively.
Total amount of release over 16 incubation weeks differed significantly (P< 0.05) with the
range of 151.22 ug kg -1. Leguminous biomass production was 15.13, 12.67 and 11.75 t
ha -1 for velvet bean, dolichos and sunhemp, respectively. Maize grain yield range from
1.02 for control to 3.96 t ha -1 with Urea application. Sunhemp velvet bean and dolichos
resulted in 3.69, 3.6 and 3.49 t ha -1, respectively. As the incorporation of leguminous
residues resulted into improvement of soil physical characteristics such as texture, bulk
density and moisture content, It is recommended for use in mineral low N soils. This
application will enhance resources farmers to improve maize productivity.
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
11
Fabian, D. MSc. (2013) Aggregate acreage response of cashew nut and sesame to
commodity price and non price factors in Southeastern Tanzania
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the impact of price and non-price factors on cashew
and sesame acreage in Nachingwea and Mtwara rural Districts. Growth rates analyses
were also conducted through linearlized exponential growth model to trace the trends
for area, yield (productivity) and production of the two crops for the period 1995-2010.
The general trend showed positive growth rates in area, yield and production, but with few
exceptions. Meanwhile, the logarithmic functional form of the linear Nerlovian adjustment
model was employed on time series data from 1995-2010 to estimate acreage response
to price and non-price factors. Results revealed that there was a positive and significant
relationship of sesame acreage with price, and non-significant relationship with rainfall
(non-price factors) in both districts. Similarly, cashew acreage was observed to have
positive and significant relationship with price and positive but insignificant relationship
with rainfall in Nachingwea District. In Mtwara rural, positive relationship existed between
cashew acreage and price, while with rainfall the relationship was negative.
The study further established that short and long run price elasticities of sesame
acreage were 0.264 and 0.515, relationship in Nachingwea, whereas short and long run
price elasticities in Mtwara rural were 0.478 and 1.65, respectively, which implies that
farmers are more responsive to price changes in the long run than they are in the short
run. Similarly, non-price short and long run elasticities for sesame were 0.035 and 0.06,
respectively in Nachingwea; and 0.032 and 0.11, respectively for Mtwara rural District.
For cashew acreage, the short and long run price elasticities were 0.326 and 1.364,
respectively for Nachingwea while in Mtwara rural short and long run price elasticities
were 0.37 and 0.885, respectively. Meanwhile the study found that short and long run
non-price elasiticities for Nachingwea were 0.033 and 0.049, respectively. However, the
elasiticities though positive, they generally fell in the inelastic range suggesting that price
incentive in itself is essential but not sufficient.
12
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Ruboya, A. A. MSc. (2013) Effects of rotational woodlots on households’
livelihood in Meatu District, Tanzania
Abstract
Meatu district in Simiyu region is one of the most degraded areas in Tanzania where the
effects of deforestation were vivid resulting from increased population of both humans
and livestock. The problem extends to the effect of soil degradation, poor crop yield,
shortage of fuel wood, building materials and fodder. Rotational Woodlot (RWL) was the
most promising tested technology to solve the problem. The objective of this study was
to assess the effects of rotational woodlots on households’ livelihood.
The study was carried out in two wards, two villages per ward and thirty households
from each study village. Both primary and secondary data were collected to address
the objectives. Methods used for primary data collection included household survey, key
informant interviews using a checklist and direct observation.
Literature survey was done to obtain secondary data. Qualitative data was analyzed
using content analysis while qualitative data was analyzed through a Statistical Package
for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer soft ware version 12. Result indicated that 44.4%
of total household income and 62.0% of the total household food produced was obtained
from rotational woodlots.
Socio-economic was: age of household head, land ownership, food produced from
rotational woodlots while constrained factors were: sex and education level of the head
of the household, land under RWL and household size. Socio-economic factors which
enhanced food security were: sex and occupation of the head of the household, size of
the household, land under RWL and income from RWL.
The constraining factors were: age, education level of the head of household, the rights
to land. The study concludes that, RWL has positive effect of household’s income and
food security. Based on the socio-economic findings it is recommended that RWL
be up scaled through establishing tree nurseries in the villages, as well as recruiting
more extension staff and conducting frequent monitoring and evaluation in the villages
practicing rotational woodlots. Moreover, there is need of taking into consideration socioeconomic factors that enhance and constrain RWL based on income and food security.
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13
Mlay, J. A. MSc. (2013) Screening buffelgrass (cenchrus ciliaris) from selected
pasture seed farms in Tanzania for seedborne microorganisms: pathogenicity
and effect on germination
Abstract
Buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris) is one of the important perennial grasses in the pasture
industry in Tanzania. It is drought tolerant, nutritious and has rapid growth characteristics.
Three hundred sixty grams of seed samples of C. ciliaris collected from six selected
pasture seed farms were screened for seedborne microorganisms at the African Seed
Health Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
The lotter method, the direct plating and the Top of Paper methods were used for fungal,
bacteria and seed germination tests, respectively.Fungal and bacteria pathogens of
economic importance that were detected included; Phoma spp. (28.5%). Curvularia
lunata (17.34%), Alternaria alternate (14.09%) Bipolaris spp. (12.2%), Acidovorax,
Xanthomonas and Pseudomonas spp.
Characterization using morphological and biochemical tests including molecular
techniques and pathogenicity of fungal and bacteria strains were done on buffelgrass
seedlings. Results indicated that seed germination decreased (<50%) with an increase
in fungal infection.
Seed samples from LITI Tengeru had the lowest seed germination (8%) and high fungal
(37.8%) incidence on their caryopses. Pathogenicity of Bipolaris spp. , Phoma ssp.,
Pyricularia grisea, Fusarium pallidoroseum, Exserohilum rostratum, Nigrospora oryzae
and Acidovorax, Pseudomonus and Xanthomonas bacteria strains were confirmed on
C. ciliaris seedlings. Some species of the detected fungi were found in both spikelets
and caryopses. Further research is needed on losses caused by fungal infection in
buffelgrass seeds.
14
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Musa, H. A. MSc. (2013) Evaluation of Sweet Potato genotypes for drought
tolerance in the Central Zone of Tanzania
Abstract
Drought in the most significant factor restricting crop growth and productivity in most
agricultural fields of the world. The purpose of this study was to identify sweet potato
genotypes tolerant for drought that could be used in breeding programs for improving
sweet potato production in Tanzania. A field experiment involving 17 sweet potato
genotypes was conducted at the Agriculture Research Institute (ARI) Hombolo, Dodoma
between April and September 2012 (dry season). The experiment was laid out in a
randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications.
The genotypes were evaluated under well watered (WWW) and water stress (WS)
conditions where moisture level was maintained at field capacity until 60 days after
planting (DAP). In the WW plots, supplementary irrigation was applied up to maturity at
two days interval to maintain moisture level at field capacity while for WS irrigation was
stopped at 60 DAP. In the WW plots, supplementary irrigation was applied up to maturity
at two days interval to maintain moisture level at field capacity while for WS irrigation
was stopped at 60 DAP.
Data was collected on yield, morphological parameters and level of antioxidant
activity (catalase and peroxidase) and analyzed by GENSTAT, 13th Edition. Under WS
conditions, the highest yield observed was 2.8 t ha -1 compared to 15 t ha -1 for WW. The
study revealed that WS SPKBH06/216, Simama, D12-02, SPKBH01/264 and Polista.
On morphological parameters, the study revealed a reduction in plant size under WS.
The level of antioxidant enzyme activities catalase and peroxidase showed to be
higher under WS. Implying accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Thus such higher
levels could be used as an indicator for drought tolerant genotypes in sweet potato.
From farmer’s participatory evaluation for culinary characteristics it was revealed that
genotypes Polista, Simama, Pipi and SPKBH06/216 were the most preferred in terms
of root taste, color and dry matter. The above genotypes could be used as breeding
materials.
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15
Bombo, F.B. MSc. (2013) Transaction costs in production and marketing of
sugarcane under out growers’ schemes in Morogoro region of Tanzania
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyse the production and marketing transaction
costs of sugarcane out growers in Mvomero and Kilosa disrtricts of Morogoro Region in
Tanzania.
The specific objectives were to determine the level of transaction costs in different
categories of out growers, to examine the influence of institutional arrangement on
sugarcane transaction costs, and to examine the impact of transaction cost on the quality
of sugarcane in terms of sucrose content (Rendement). Data were collected through a
cross sectional survey by using structured questionnaire, complemented by focus group
discussions, personal interviews with key informants, and field observations.
A total of 160 sugarcane out growers (80 from Turiani and 80 from Ruembe) were
randomly selected and interviewed. Checklists were used to gather information from
sugarcane participating institutions. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were
used to analyze the data. The result showed that distance from the field to the factory
is the only significant factor affecting the transaction cost positively in both study area.
Regression analysis was also used to investigate the effects of transaction cost on
sugarcane quality. The study revealed an inverse relation between transaction costs
and rendement level with insignificant variable under study and weak explanatory power
of the model. The study also revealed that there are several productions and marketing
problems that hinder prosperity of out growers’ involvement is sugarcane production.
The existing institutional arrangement has resulted in inefficient services delivery, losses
to out growers and increase transaction costs; the study recommends reorganization
of the institutional set up of sugar industry; settings up policy that would create a good
working environment between sugarcane out growers and the factories.
16
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
Sanga, D. L. MSc. (2013) Evaluation of oil fertility status and optimization of its
management in s esame (sesamum indicum l.) growing areas of Dodoma District
Abstract
A study was conducted in Dodoma district, Dodoma region Tanzania to assess the soil
fertility status for sesame production. The study was initiated due to the continuous
decline of sesame yield to alarmingly low levels. The objectives of the study were to
determine the levels of N, P, K, S, Mg, Ca, Na, Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn in soils and evaluate
the response of sesame crop to the application of N, P, K, S and Zn. This was done by
analyzing soils from twenty sesame growing areas of Dodoma district.
The analysis included determination of total N, OC, P, exchangeable bases and
micronutrients, and then field experiments were conducted at two sites located at
Makutupora and Hombolo villages. The plant samples were analys`ed for N, P, K, S, Ca,
and Zn. The results of soil analysis indicated that all the soils analysed were deficient in
N, about 70% had low available P, 90% had low extracted S and 60% had low Ca levels.
Also, most of these soils had low Zn levels and only one site had adequate Zn levels.
All the soils had adequate levels of Mg, K, Cu, Fe and Mn. The field experiment showed
that application of N, P, K, S and Zn increased nutrient contents in sesame at both sites.
However, the deficiency was observed in the absolute control treatments. It was further
revealed that combined application of sulphur along with Zn and N, P and K significantly
increased seed yield and straw dry yield.
Following the results from the field experiments, it was concluded that most of the soils
under sesame production in Dodoma district that were analysed through this study
were deficient in N, P, S and Zn. However, in order to optimize production and increase
sesame yield, these nutrients (N, P, S and Zn) must be applied at rates of 45kg/ha, 20kg/
ha, 45kg/ha and 25kg/ha, respectively.
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
17
Kalaye J. K. MSc. (2014) Yield and quality of sweet potato as affected by number
of nodes buried and potash fertilizers
Abstract
A study was conducted from January 2013 to June 2013 at Hombolo Agricultural
Research Institute in Dodoma, Central Tanzania. The aim was to evaluate response of
three sweet potato varieties in productivity and quality to four levels of nodes buried and
three potash fertilizer sources. A Split-split plot designs was employed and treatments
were applied.
Main plot were three sweet varieties, Kiegeya, Mataya and Ukerewe. Sub plot were,
nodes burring levels: four buried nodes, (two above ground), five buried nodes (three
above ground), seven buried nodes (three above ground) and eight buried nodes (four
above ground).
The sub-subplot treatments were potash fertilizer sources: Control no fertilizer used,
Potassium chloride (KCI), Potassium nitrogen phosphate (NPK) and Farm yard manure
(FYM). Results indicated total yield were not affected by varieties planted.
There were significant differences among number of nodes on the total yields, the lowest
total yield (11.68 t ha-1) was from four buried nodes whereas the highest yield of (15.91
t ha-1) was from eight buried nodes. The application of fertilizers at the rate 120 kg ha-1
significantly influenced the yield components (P <0.05). The lowest number of tuber
roots (2.81) was from control treatment while the highest number of tuber roots (6.03)
was from KCI treatment.
The indicators of tuberous root quality such as diameter (4.81 cm), length (19.03 cm) and
weight (0.42 kg plant-1) were from KCI. The total tuber roots yield (18.84 t ha-1) from KCI,
(17.51 t ha-1) from NPK, (11.33 t ha-1) from FYM and (8.82 t ha-1) with control treatment.
Seven and eight buried nodes with KCI and NPK fertilizers appeared appropriate for
optimum sweet potato growth, yield and tuberous root quality in the study area and are
therefore recommended.
18
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
Wilson, C. MSc. (2014) Molecular characterization of the major histocompatibility
complex DRB3.2 locus in indigenous zebu cattle in selected areas of Tanzania
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays important roles in eliciting immune
responses and combating infectious diseases. The major histocompatibility complec of
cattle is reffered to as Bovine Lymphocyte Antigen (BoLA). The BoLA- DRB3.2 is the
most polymorphic bovine MHC class 11 gene which encodes the peptide-binding groove.
This gene has been extensively evaluated as a candidate marker for associations with
various bovine diseases and immunological traits.
In this study, the genetic diversity of the BoLA- DRB3.2 locus was investigated by
sequence analysis and comparing the sequences with sequences available in the
Genbank. The genetic variability at BoLA- DRB3.2 locus was assessed in 120 cattle
belonging to three Tanzanian Shorthorn Zebu strains (i.e. Iringa red (n = 40), Maasai (n
=40) and Gogo n = 40) and Fresian breed (n =30). Blood samples were collected from all
cows and genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood samples. A two step PCR was
carried out in order to amplify a 284 bp fragment of the BoLA- DRB3.2 gene.
The nested PCR products were sequenced so as to determine the BoLADRB3.2*polymorphisms. The phylogenetic analysis revealed high percentage variation
of BoLA-DRB3.2 locus in Tanzania Shorthorn strains.
The phylogenetic tree show that 84% of the BVoLA-DRB3.2 sequences clustered in
clade B which include Friesian, Iringa red zebu and Gogo zebu and 16% of the alleles
clustered in clade A wjhich include the Maasai zebu only. Based on the genetic distances
of the BoLA-DRB3.3 sequences, Gogo and Iringa red zebus were found to be closer to
each other (0.0696) while the Maasai and Gogo zebus were the most distantly related
breeds (1.1188).
This study has revealed that among the four breeds of cattle examined, each breed had
a unique allele at BoLA-DRB3.2 locus. Further molecular study is highly recommended
to confirm if the different alleles are associated with different adaptive traits.
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
19
Kwigizile, O.H. MSc. (2014) Adaptability of selected snap genotypes and
RESISTANCE to bean rust (Uromyces appendiculatus (Per.: Pers.) Unger var.
appendiculatus) in Southern highlands zone of Tanzania
Abstract
Snap bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L. ), also widely known as French bean or Green bean,
is of growing importance in the socio-economic systems of East and Central Africa.
It is a crop with great potential for addressing food insecurity, improving incomes and
alleviating poverty in East and Central Africa. Most of the commercial varieties grown
locally are highly susceptible to bean leaf rust caused by Uromyce appendiculatus
fungus.
Development of disease resistant varieties with acceptable pod quality is a feasible
preference to alleviate the constraint. The present work centered on evaluating the
adaptability and performance of snap bean genotypes and resistance to bean rust in the
Southern highlands zone of Tanzania.
Ten advanced bushy snap bean genotypes (HAB 404, HAB 425, HAB 449, HAB 423,
HAB 240, HAB 427, HAB 442, HAB 403, HAB 414 and HAB 419), and the check variety
Teresa were evaluated for agronomical characteristics, reaction to bean leaf rust, yield
potential and pod quality using the Randomized Complete Block Design with three
replications, at each location. The plot size was 1.5 m x 1.0 m, with two rows of plants
spaced 50 cm x 10 cm. data was collected on growth habit, yield and yield components,
and bean leaf rust score beginning 3, 5, and 7 weeks. Pod characteristics (color, shape,
length (cm), width (mm) and snap-ability) were also assessed.
The entries were scored for the bean rust at vegetative growth, flowering and at pod
filling stages. Data was subjected to ANOVA using GenStart 14 Edition (2012) and
means were separated using the Fisher’s Protected LSD at P = 0.05. Genotype HAB
427, HAB 425, HAB 423, and HAB 240 were high yielder and showed resistance to bean
20
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
leaf rust. Significant and positive correlations were also observed among genotypes on
the yield and yield components.
There were highly significant differences at (P≤0.001) across sites on number of pods per
plant, total pod yield and pod weight (g), 50% days of flowering and maturity. Interaction
between genotypes and location showed also significant differences at (P≤0.01) for the
number of pods per plant and total pod yield (kg) per 10 plants harvested. Therefore;
genotypes HAB 427, HAB 425 and HAB 240 promised can be used as donor parental
materials.
Kaswahili, C. R. MSc. (2014) Development of single cross maize hybrids on
earliness and yield for lowland areas of Eastern Tanzania
Abstract
A study was conducted to develop single cross maize hybrids for earliness and yield
suitable for the lowlands of eastern Tanzania. The objective of this research was to study
the nature of inheritance of earliness in maize genotypes for increased maize yield in the
Eastern zone of Tanzania. Seven inbred lines from Chollima Research centre were used
in a 7x7 diallel cross to obtain 42 F 1 hybrids.
Evaluation of the hybrids was done at three sites of Dakawa, Ilonga and SUA. At
Ilonga, the hybrids indicated significant differences for ASI and MC. At SUA only GY
of the hybrids showed significance between entries and at Dakawa the hybrids were
significantly different on ASI, GW and SW. Across sites the location x entry interaction
had significant effects on SW and GY.
The entries that gave high yielding across sites were 17, 18, 8, 33, 35 and 40. So these
hybrids were recommended for use in the lowlands of Eastern Tanzania to increase
grain yield. Inbred lines D and E had good GCA for GY. Lines B and E had good GCA for
lateness in AD and crosses with high SCA for lateness in AD such as 19, 7,24, 11, 13,
15, 6 and 38 can be recommended. Inbred lines C and A had good GCA for earliness
in SD.
Inbred line A had good GCA for shorter ASI. Lines G, C and F had good GCA for R/C
while inbred lines A, C,E and F had good GCA for SW. R/C and AD were significantly
and positively correlated with yield and their direct effects were high and positive. ASI
revealed high negative correlated and direct effect on yield. Research is required to
include more diverse accessions and confirm on the performance of the obtained
hybrids in future works.
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
21
Suvi, W. T. MSc. (2014) Grain yield and quality traits of rice yellow mottle virus
resistant rice (oryza sativa l.) genotypes in Morogoro, Tanzania
Abstract
The study on genetic variability in grain yield and quality of Rice yellow mottle virus
(RYMV) resistant rice genotypes was conducted at Sokoine University of Agriculture and
Dakawa, Morogoro during 2012 and 2013. Thirty four rice genotypes were laid in a splitpilot arranged in completely randomized design with three replications under screen
house condition.
These genotypes were screened for resistance to RYMV strains S4 and S5. The results
indicated that six rice genotypes including the resistant check, Mwangaza showed
resistance to the two strains of RYMV. Field experiments were conducted with six
resistant genotypes indentified from screen house experiment plus the resistant and
susceptible checks in order to evaluate their agronomic and grain quality characteristics.
The experiments were laid out in randomized complete block design with three
replications. The analysis of variances indicated significant differences for the some
morphological and grain quality traits.
The genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were higher for grain yield, amylose
content and chalkiness. High broad sense heritability coupled with high expected genetic
advance was observed for grain yield, percent filled grains, days to 50% flowering and
chalkiness indicating that these characters were controlled by additive gene effects.
Correlation coefficients from combined analysis revealed that grain yield was significantly
positively correlated with plant height, panicle length, number of grains per panicle and
percentage filled grains suggesting their potential contribution to grain yield.
Path analysis indicated that, the highest direct effects were observed for percent filled
grains and number of grains per panicle on grain yield associated by their respective
significant positive correlations suggests importance of their inclusion in selection for the
grain yield improvement.
22
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
Nkalange, R. H. MSc. (2014) Potential and limitations of contract farming for tea
out growers of East Usambara: The case of Amani division, Muheza District
Abstract
A study was conducted at Amani division in Muheza District, Tanga from 2011 to 2012
to find out the potentials and limitations of contract farming for tea out growers of East
Usambara. The survey was conducted in three wards of Amani division which were
Mbomole, Amani and Zirai where villages included in this study from these wards were
Kwemwewe, Sakale, Mlesa, IBC-Msasa, Makanya, Antakae and Zirai.
Therefore a sample of 120 respondents was used to accomplish this study. The
respondents were interviewed by using well-structured questionnaire so as to obtain
primary data.
However, a checklist was used to gather additional information from key informants
and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) where observations of farmers circumstances
was done by the researcher and a research assistant. Secondary data were obtained
from official reports such DALDO’s office - Muheza, Malikitanda Tea Research Institute
(TRIT-Maliktanda), Sokoine National Agricultural Library (SNAL), Department of
Agricultural Education and Extension (DAEE), Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and
Cooperatives (MAFC). The analysis of data was done by using Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (SPSS).
escriptive statistics was done to analyze data so as to find the sample means and
percentages for studied variables and it was also used for drawing frequency distribution
graphs and tables.
The findings from the study revealed that there were potentials which exist to Amani
tea out growers producing under contract farming despite of the limitations under
the contractual arrangement. However, the findings have revealed that farmers have
engaged in tea out growing due to availability of market for their produce and fringe
benefits they acquire when producing under contract. Therefore contract farming can
provide a win situation though wins most is not always predictable.
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
23
Hiza, S. J. MSc. (2014) Livelihood implications of agricultural lan
d loss through urban expansion and population growth in Kibaigwa area in
Dodoma, Tanzania
Abstract
The study conducted in Kibaigwa a rapidly expanding Township in Kongwa District,
Dodoma, Tanzania. Objective of the study was to examine livelihood implications of
agricultural land loss through urban expansion and population growth.
A number of 120 households randomly selected interviewed using structure
questionnaire. One session of informal group discussion conducted among community
elders to investigate the changing of land use that is taking place. Results indicated that
production system of Kibaigwa inhabitants was slowly changing to non-farm production
and some of the observed examples were maize and sunflower seeds processed to flour
and oil respectively.
The analysis also showed decrease of agriculture land from 82.2% in year 2000 to
64.8% in year 2010 and thus leaving 38% of population depending in agriculture for
livelihood with agricultural land of 1 to 5.5 acres per household. Selling of agricultural
lands observed to contribute loss of agricultural land and regression analysis indicated
that location of agricultural land from the main road and education level of the farmer
contributed to rapid selling of agricultural lands.
Agricultural lands converted to settlements and other urban infrastructure were directly
related to increase in population and using GIS, results indicated that about 27% of
agricultural land converted to settlements and other urban infrastructure between 2000
and 2010. Urban land use coefficients estimated to provide a measure of the amount of
land converted to urban uses per person added to the population.
The coefficients indicated that between 2000 and 2010, for every one-person increase in
population about 0.18 hectares of agricultural lands converted to settlements and other
urban infrastructure. Both agriculture and urban development are inevitable, the findings
can be useful looking for ways to balance between urban expansion and preservation of
agricultural land to improve livelihood of the people.
24
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
Maganga, R. M. MSc. (2014) Population structure of pyricularia grisea and
reaction of rice cultivars in the Southern highlands of Tanzania
Abstract
The study was designed to investigate the diversity of Pyricularia grisea (Coke) Sacc,
population structure and reaction of rice cultivars in Southern highlands of Tanzania.
Screen house experiments and a field trapping nursery were used to determine prevalent
pathogenic races, effective host resistant genes and reaction of rice cultivars against
identified pathogenic races. A total of six pathogenic races U11-i2-k141-z13-ta 103, U51i4-k100-z13-ta103, U11-i4-k041-z11-ta103, U11-i5-k000-z030ta000, U11 –i0-k101-z13ta100 and U11-i1-k120-z11-ta102 were identified on the basis of the infection type of
LIJIANGXINTUAN HEIGU (LTH) monogenic lines.
Pathogenic race U11-i2-k141-z13-ta103 was the most virulent strain infecting 44.4% of
the tested varieties, followed by U51-i4k100-z13-ta103; U11-i4-k041-z11-ta103; U11-i1k120-z11-ta102;U11-I0-K101-Z13-ta100 and U 11-i5-k000-z03-ta000 infecting 40.7, 37,
37, 33.3 and 14.8%of the tested varieties, respectively.
Host resistance genes Pi12, Piz-t, Pi11, Pik-m, Pi12, Pia and pik-p were found effective
against the available pathogen races. All local varieties tested were susceptible to all
races identified differing only on the levels of susceptibility. Uyole inbred lines (UR 319
and UR 400) were susceptible to all races except race U11-i5-k000-z03-ta000 and race
U11-i4-k041-z11-ta103.
The races identified provide an insight of blast population diversity prevalent in Southern
highlands that should be considered when breeding for blast resistance. Effective
resistant genes identified can be pyramided to Uyole inbred lines and commonly grown
local susceptible rice varieties to improve blast resistant against prevalent races in
Southern highlands.
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
25
Rwehumbiza, J. M. MSc. (2014) Evaluation of raw cow milk quality Tanzania
production in Bagamoyo and Kisarawe districtris, Tanzania
Abstract
A cross sectional study was conducted to evaluate milk quality supplied to collection
centres between January and June 2012 in Bagamoyo and Kisarawe districts, Pwani
region. A total of 186 samples were collected and tested for organoleptic properties,
alcohol, clot on boiling (COB), milk density (lactometer) and butterfat (BF); total bacteria
count (TBC) and Coliform counts.
The presence of antibiotic residues was also assessed. Questionnaires were
administered to 93 farmers to identify management factors which may affect milk
quality. Milk collection centers (MCC) were visted twice; at the start and end of rainy
season. All samples had normal organoleptic properties and negative to alcohol and
COB tests. Results on milk density indicated similar (P>0.05) distribution of milk grades
between districts and seasons with lactometer reading means of oL26.55≠1.34≠1.46 for
Bagamoyo and Kisarawe districts, respectively.
Lactometer reading means for season were oL26.71≠1.17 and oL26.50≠1.59 at the start
and end of rainy season, respectively. BF distribution was similar (P>0.01) between
districts but significantly different (P<0.01) between seasons. Overall percentage means
were 3.97≠0.84 and 4.14≠0.88 for Bagamoyo and Kisarawe districts respectively; and
4.31≠0.85 and 3.77≠0.78 at the start and end of rainy season respectively.
LogTBC and Log Coliform counts were significantly different between districts and
seasons (P<0.01). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that source of water, means
of transport and animal feeding methods contributed significantly to milk bacteria load
whereas t-test indicated that housing system also had significant effect on TBC and
Coliforms (P<0.01).
Positive samples to antibiotic residues were 21% although there was no significant
difference between locations and seasons. It is concluded that milk produced in Bagamoyo
and Kisarawe districts was of poor quality which is of public health significance.
26
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
Chasama, G. L. MSc. (2013) phenotypic characterisation of Ukerewe and Bunda
Tanganyika shorthorn zebu cattle in the Lake Victoria basin
Abstract
A study was carried out to characterise phenotypically the Ukerewe TSZ strain in order
to know if it differs from the Bunda TSZ strain. Respondents from 46 households were
interviewed on sources of income and food, number and species of livestock kept,
ranking of livestock, usage of cattle, age at first calving, calving interval and lifetime
number of calving.
A total of 169 adult TSZ cattle were examined for coat colour pattern, and colours of coat,
skin, muzzle, eyelid and hoof. Other traits that were examined are horn shape and sizes
of udder, dewlap, testicle, navel-flap and prepuce. Physical body measurements namely
body weight, heart girth, body length, withers height, horn length, ear length, muzzle
circumference, hock circumference and tail length were taken for each cattle. The SPSS
and SAS computer packages were used to analyse qualitative and quantitative data,
respectively.
Ukerewe TSZ cattle were observed to be significantly (p<0.05) heavier and calving
earlier than Bunda TSZ cattle, whereas calving interval and lifetime number of calving
revealed insignificant (p>0.05) differences between the two strains.
Black colour occurred at significantly (p<0.05) higher frequency for the Ukerewe TSZ
strain than for the Bunda TSZ strain. The Ukerewe TSZ strain was also found to have
significantly (p<0.05) bigger heart girth and shorter horn length than the Bunda TSZ
strain.
The rest of the physical measurements and all external body appendages showed
insignificant (p>0.05) differences between the two strains. With the exception of ear
length and muzzle circumference, all measurements were positively and highly
significantly (P<0.01) correlated with the body weight estimated from heart girth. Thus,
the strains under the study differed remarkably in phenotype.
Advanced characterisation of the strains using microsatellite DNA markers is
recommended in order to establish if they could have a common origin.
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
27
Mohamed, A. MSc. (2013) Developmental biology of fruit fly (diptera: tephritidae)
species attacking cucurbits
Abstract
Fruit flies are among the major pests of cucurbits in many parts of Tanzania. Studies on
fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) attacking cucurbit in Morogoro were conducted at Sokoine
University of Agriculture (SUA). Objectives of the studies were: to compare incidences
and infestation rates of selected fruit fly species in different stages of cucumber fruit, to
establish duration and determine survival of immature stages of Bactrocera cucurbitae in
selected cucurbitaceous hosts. Cucurbit fruit fly species incidences and infestation rates
were determined from fruit flies emerging from fruits harvested in crop museum using
standard procedures.
Duration and survival of B. cucurbitae immature stages were established and determined
respectively by observing B. cucurbitae immature stages development in watermelon,
cucumber and pumpkin at 20, 25 and 30oC using environmental chamber. High incidence
(0.75) was observed in immature cucumber fruits with B. cucurbitae while low (0.16) was
in mature cucumber with Dacus frontalis.
High infestation rate (120 flies/kg fruits) was observed in immature fruits by B. cucurbitae
and low (5 flies/kg fruits) was in mature fruits by D. frontalis. Long duration (16.23 days)
of B. cucurbitae was recorded in pupal stage at 20oC while short duration (0.99 days)
was in egg stage at 30oC. High (97.72%) and low (76.03%) survivals of B. cucurbitae
was recorded in egg stage at 30oC and 20oC respectively. Among targeted fruit flies B.
cucurbitae had high incidences and infestation rates in cucumber fruit stages.
Duration and survival of B. cucurbitae immature stages decreased and increased
respectively with increase in temperature. Further studies on incidence and infestation
of fruit flies in different cucurbitaceous hosts, agro ecological zones and seasons should
be conducted. Relationships on biology of D. bivittatus and D. frontalis with temperature
need to be studied. The studies will add information on rearing, forecasting and ecological
management of fruit flies.
28
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
Kalloka, M. S. MSc. (2013) Phenotypic characterization of indigenous chicken
ecotypes in southern Tanzania
Abstract
Indigenous chickens are of great economic and social importance in Tanzania, however
little information is available on their phenotypes, productivity and genetic potentials.
In this study, 125 adults indigenous chickens were obtained from three agro-ecological
zones of Southern Tanzania, namely coastal, lowland and Makonde Plateau represented
by Kilwa district, Nachingwea district and Tandahimba district respectively.
Egg physical characteristics like (egg weight, egg color) were collected from 100
indigenous chickens at Livestock Research Centre-Naliendele. Quantitative traits like
adult body size, qualitative traits like plumage color and other physical characters were
used to divide the chickens into five convenient ecotypes namely, Kuza, Kishingo (bared
neck), Njachama (frizzled), Sukuma, and Vibete (dwarf).
Differences in adult body weight, wing span, body length, shank length, leg length,
plumage colour, comb shape, shank feather, shank colour, earlobe colour and skin colour
were assessed. Njachama and Sukuma cocks were significantly heavier compared to
other ecotypes (p<0.05) while the Sukuma and Kuza hens were heavier than other hens
(p<0.05). On average the Njachama and Sukuma cocks weighed 2039.16g and 2004.16g
while the Sukuma and Kuza hens weighed 1661.53g and 1556.92g respectively.
Eggs from Sukuma and Kishingo had average weight of 44g each and, were significantly
heavier (p<0.05) than those from the other ecotypes which weighed on average less
than 40g in weight. Comb type varied from single to rose, while earlobe colour varied
from red white to pink.
Variations in shank colour were from grey, yellow to black and skin colour was either
yellow or white. This study has demonstrated that the indigenous chickens in Southern
Tanzania have variations in phenotypic and production characteristics (e.g growth
rates) that can be used as tools for selective breeding programmes aimed at boosting
productivity of indigenous chickens in Tanzania.
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
29
Kadege, E.L. MSc. (2013) Prevalence and control of seedborne fungal pathogens
of wheat in farmers saved seeds of selected locations in northern Tanzania
Abstract
Seed health testing to detect seed-borne pathogens is an important step in the
management of crop diseases. Laboratory and screen house experiments were carried
out at Selian Agriculture Research Institute Arusha, to investigate the extent of seedborne fungal pathogen problems from farmers saved seeds in Northern wheat growing
Zone. A total of 45 untreated seed samples of wheat were collected from farmers saved
seeds in Karatu, Hanang and Siha Districts. Each sample was physically inspected and
pure seeds were separated from abnormal seeds and inert matter.
Seed samples collected at Siha were of high quality compared to seed samples collected
at Hanang and Karatu. Pure seeds ranged from 98.2–99.2%, abnormal seeds 0.49–
1.4% and inert mater 0.15–0.80%. Alternaria alternata, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Dresclera
tritici, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium moniliforme, Aspergillus flavus, Cladosporium
sphaerormum, Epicoccum purpurascers, Pyricularia oryzae and Penicilium Corylophilum
were isolated and identified using blotter, potato dextrose agar (PDA) and agar plate
methods. The most predominant seed-borne fungi were Cladosporium sphaerormum
(9.8%), Alternaria alternata (9.2%) and Aspergillus flavus (8.7%).
The lowest percent seed infection (10.5%) was recorded in samples collected at Siha
District, (17.5%) at Hanang District and (20.4%) at Karatu District. The percentage fungal
seed infection was higher in seed samples collected at Karatu with infection rate of
32.8% and lowest for seeds sample collected at Siha with infection of 25.4%. The overall
seed infection in the region was 29.1% causing yield losses of 1.2 t/ha on average. Seed
treatment with Metalaxy plus, Mancozeb and Baytan was found to increase percent
seed germination by 17.2, 14.3, and 12% respectively and yield by 27.8, 20.4 and
17.8% respectively.
Farmers saved seeds in Hanang, Karatu and Siha districts are heavily infected with
fungi and it is recommended that they should be treated with appropriate fungicides
prior planting.
30
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
Vicent, E. MSc. (2013) Evaluation of genotype x environment interaction on
yield components of tomato (solanum lycopersicum l.) breeding lines and
participatory selection
Abstract
Genotypes x environment interaction (G x E) studies were conducted on fruit yield and
yield components while considering farmers preferences in identification of superior
genotypes. Site used were Madiira, Kilema pofu and Msitu wa tembo.
Thirteen (13) tomato genotypes were assigned in a randomized complete block design
with three replications under split plot design. Study results reveals that, genotypes TeTo
11 14-1, TeTo 11 13-1 and TeTo 11 03-1 had high mean yields of 15.21, 15.30 and 13.85
tone/ha respectively across all locations. They showed best performance on number of
fruits per plot and fruit weight per plot in combined analysis.
In participatory analysis, disease resistance, drought tolerance and number of pickings
were the best selection criteria at Kilema pofu. Genotypes TeTo 11 14-1, TeTo 11 02-1
and TeTo 11 03-1 were selected as the preferred genotypes at this location. The best
selection criteria for farmers at Madiira were drought tolerant, fruit size and disease
resistance, the most preferred genotypes at this location was TeTo 11 13-1 and TeTo
11 06-1 At Msitu wa tembo, the best farmer’s selection criteria were drought tolerant,
Skin hardness and fruit shape while preferred genotypes were TeTo 11 14-1and TeTo
11 13-1.
Disease resistance and drought tolerant were the best selection criteria across all three
locations. Genotype and genotype x environment interaction (GGE) biplot stability
analysis revealed that genotype TeTo 11 03-1 and TeTo 11 14-1 were more stable than
others. Path coefficient analysis showed that, plant height and number of fruits per plant
were the yield components that can be used to improve tomato yield both at genotypic
and phenotypic levels.
Fruit number and fruit size interacted negatively in the relationship between these
variables and yield. The analysis revealed the importance of compensation effects of
yield components in a system of variable interactions.
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31
Furahisha, E. H. MSc. (2013) Farmers adoption of selected recommended rice
production practices: A case of Kilombero District of Morogoro Region, Tanzania
Abstract
None or low adoption of recommended rice production practices like recommended
fertilizer and recommended rice varieties have influenced to conduct this study. The study
investigated the adoption level and factors that influence the adoption of recommended
fertilizer package and recommended rice varieties in Kilombero District.
Primary data were collected by the use of pretested interview questionnaire from
120 respondents selected at random to represent farmers of Kilombero District. Data
were analyzed by using statistical package for social science (SPSS 16.0) computer
program, where frequency and percentage were used to determine distribution of the
study variables. Correlation was used to determine relationship between independent
and dependent variables while Chi – square tested the significance difference between
variables.
Findings reveal that the level of adoption of recommended fertilizer package and
recommended rice varieties in the study area is low. Respondents who applied fertilizers
(68.4%) applied at different levels, that is (21.7%) fall under low adoption level, (20.0%)
fall under medium adoption and (6.7%) of the respondents fall under high adoption level.
Only (43.3%) of the respondents planted recommended rice variety that is TXD 306,
the rest of respondents planted other rice varieties which are local and improved but not
recommended. Several factors influenced the adoption and these are the independent
factors like area under rice and the intervening factors namely the Efficiency Misperception
(EM), Need tension (NT), Awareness and Prominence.
Other factors that hinder adoption of recommended fertilizers includes, destroys soil,
high cost and affect flowering and for recommended rice variety includes, susceptibility
to diseases, needs great care, poor market and much water is needed. In general, the
adoption of recommended fertilizer package and recommended rice variety in the study
area is strongly influenced by the intervening variables.
Therefore the intervening variables which need to be focused in enhancing the adoption
of recommended fertilizer package and recommended rice variety in the study area are
need, perception and knowledge.
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Kindimba, G. V. MSc. (2013) Effect of benzlyaminopurine on in vivo multiplication
and genetic stability of plantain (musa spp. AAB) cv. ‘itoke sege’
Abstract
In vivo macropropagation either alone or in combination with benzlyamimopurine (BAP)
is an alternative simple technique for banana multiplication but has not been applied to
recalcitrant plantain such as cv. “Itoke Sege”. This study was conducted to determine the
effect of BAP concentration on in vivo multiplication and genetic stability among in vivo
derived regenerants of plantain cv. ‘Itoke sege’.
An experiment was laid out in RCBD with four treatments each replicated three times.
The treatments consisted of four BAP concentrations (1.5, 3.0, 6.0 mg/l and untreated
control). Data were collected on number of days to first shoot emergence, number of
shoots per corm, shoot size and morphological and genetic stability of in vivo derived
shoots.
Morphological stability was assessed using banana morphotaxonomic descriptors while
genetic instability was assessed based on analysis of 2C nuclear DNA content of in vivo
derived suckers.
Results showed that BAP concentration at 1.5 mg/l significantly (P ≤ 0.05) enhanced
first the shoot emergence at 15.78 days followed by BAP at 3.0, 6.0 mg/l and untreated
control with 25.18, 28.39 and 36.43 days, respectively. Moreover, BAP concentration at
1.5 mg/l significantly (P < 0.05) produced the largest number of suckers of 17.11 suckers
per corm followed by untreated control and BAP concentration at 3.0 and 6.0 mg/l and
with 15.23, 13.08 and 12.96 suckers per corm, respectively.
Similarly, BAP at 1.5 mg /l and untreated control significantly (P ≤ 0.05) showed the
lowest frequencies of off-types with 10.89 and 10.23 % compared to BAP at 3.0 and
6.0 mg/l with 12.08 and 12.86 % of off-types, respectively. However, ploidy analysis
revealed that the off-type and normal banana suckers had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) equal
2C nuclear content and ploidy level. The findings of this research provide evidence for
the use of in vivo macropropagation coupled with BAP at 1.5 mg L-1 as an alternative
technology for rapid production of planting materials of recalcitrant plantain varieties.
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
33
Makuru. H. D. MSc. (2013) Heritability, stability parameters and paths of influence
on yield components of sesame (sesamum indicum l.) Breeding lines
Abstract
Field trials were conducted during the rainy season of 2012 to study the heritability,
stability and contributions of some yield attributes to the seed yield of 9 sesame
genotypes grown in two spacings at Naliendele, Nachingwea and Tunduru.
The experiments were arranged in a split-split plot design in three replications at three
sites. Observations were recorded on days to 50% flowering, total plant height, height
to first branch, height to first capsule, number of primary branches, capsule on the main
stem, number of capsules per plant, leaf spot score, date of harvesting, seed yield and
1000 seed weight. The genotypes varied considerably in the two spacings and GEI was
highly significant. The traits, number of first branch, number of capsules per plant and
seed yield showed high PCV and GCV estimates.
There is scope for selection based on these characters, and the diverse genotypes
can provide materials for a sound breeding programme. Most of the characters had
low heritability along with low genetic advance; such situation may arise due to nonadditive gene action indicating greater influence of environment in the expression of
these characters.
Seed yield per plant showed positive correlation with days to 50% flowering, total plant
height, height to first branch, height to first capsules and capsule per plant. 1000 seed
weight showed negative association with seed yield per plant.
Genotype Nal. 06. Sc 31 was high yielding and found to suit in more favourable
environmental conditions while Mtwara 09 showed to have good adaptability under more
unfavourable conditions. According to this experiment, it was concluded that specific
genotypes for specific environments are needed in order to maximize grain yield in
sesame.
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A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
Hashim, I. MSc. (2013) Banana xanthomonas wilt: incidence, transmission,
pathogen characterization and management options in Kagera, Mwanza and
Mara Regions
Abstract
Field surveys were conducted from December, 2011 to January, 2012 in Kagera,
Mwanza and Mara regions to assess the current status of banana Xanthomonas wilt
(BXW) disease. Twenty eighty banana samples with BXW disease symptoms were
randomly collected from a total of 147 surveyed fields. Farmers’ knowledge of BXW
disease was assessed using a checklist, discussions and direct field observations.
Isolation of bacteria was done on Yeast Peptone Glucose Agar and identification was
done based on morphological, biochemical, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and
pathogenicity tests. Results indicated that the incidence of BXW disease was highest
(56.7 %) at Ihangiro and the lowest (10 %) at Ruhija and Mulela, in Muleba District;
Nakamwa and Busagami, in Ukerewe District. Such results implied that, BXW disease
is a constraint to banana production in the surveyed districts. The results also indicated
that BXW pathogen transmission was through infected farming tools (65.4 %) in Muleba
District and infected planting materials in Tarime (50.5 %) and Ukerewe (45.8 %)
Districts, implying that these were the major means by which BXW disease was spread
in the study area.
About 58.33 % and 41.67 % of farmers at Ibare and Kishanda villages, respectively, in
Muleba District farmers associated pied crow (Corvus albus L.) with the transmission of
BXW causing pathogen. Results based on morphological, biochemical and PCR test
indicated that, four out of 16 bacteria isolated from infected banana samples were most
likely Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum (Xcm). This study recommends farmers
training through seminars on BXW disease identification and proper management.
Further studies on the relationship between the pied crow and Xcm transmission in
Kagera, Mara and Mwanza regions, are also recommended.
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35
Ismail, M. MSc. (2013) Morphological and molecular characterization of finger
millet genotypes collection in Tanzania
Abstract
The availability of diverse genetic resources is very essential for genetic improvement
of any crop including finger millet (Eleusine coracana L). This study was carried out to
assess the morphological and genetic diversity of Tanzanian finger millet germplasm.
A balanced lattice field experiment accommodating 196 accessions was laid in three
replications at Makutupora Agricultural Research Institute, Dodoma Tanzania. Morphoagronomic traits were evaluated and scored based on International Board of Plant
genetic Resources (IBPR) descriptors.
Data obtained on morphological traits were used to calculate for principal component
analysis, similarity matrix and cluster analysis using Genstat 14 edition computer
software. In morphological characterization total number of tillers, number of productive
tillers and number of days to heading showed high discriminatory ability, these traits
contributed highly (24%) of the total variation among individuals. While molecular
characterization was carried at ICRISAT Molecular laboratory, Nairobi – Kenya.
A total of 20 SSR markers were used in determination of genetic diversity of these 196
finger millet accessions where 19 SSR markers were polymorphic and could amplify
corresponding polymorphic alleles among genotypes with the average number of alleles
amplified by each marker being 22 within accessions. These 19 SSR markers were
highly polymorphic with their polymorphic information content (PIC) ranging from 0.55 to
0.93 with an average of 0.82.
Both dendrogram and cluster analysis generated from these allelic and morphological
data clearly discriminated these finger millet genotypes into five groups. Data generated
from these studies suggests that Tanzanian finger millet genotypes are rich in both
morphological and genetic diversity.
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A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
Joachim, J. S. MSc. (2013) Genotype x environment interaction in cowpea (Vigna
unguiculata-l. Walp.) for yield performance in the Lake Zone of Tanzania
Abstract
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.Walp.) (2n=2x=22) is a member of the Phaseoleae tribe
of the Leguminosae family. Cowpea is an important grain legume as well as fodder
crop, especially in the dry regions of Africa. The production of this crop has been below
average because of low genetic variation and cultivation of poor-yielding varieties which
have not been improved.
Genotype by environment interaction studies were conducted in Misungwi, Bariadi and
Maswa locations on ten cowpea genotypes in a randomized complete block design
under split plot experiment for grain yield and other growth characters.
Significant mean values under combined analysis were observed with their mean
range; germination percentage (83.61 to 99.44%), initial plant stand (34 to 40), days to
50% flowering (43 to 62 days) and final plant stand (34 to 40) in which the outstanding
performance for the preceding characters was observed on IT99K-1122.
Mean number of pods per plant ranged from 6 to 10 pods, whereby, VULI-1, VULI-2,
TUMAINI, FAHARI, and IT99K-573-1 had better performance for this character, for the
mean number of seeds per pod which ranged from 10 to 16 seeds, the outstanding
performance was recorded on VULI-2, Mean weight of 100 seeds ranged from 10.68 to
20.22 g, IT99K-7-21-2-2 had the highest performance for this character.
Moreover, the mean grain yield ranged from 1648 to 2379 kg/ha, TUMAINI revealed
outstanding performance for this character and the LOCAL VARIETY was the lower
performing genotype. Participatory variety selection was done at each location during
flowering and at harvest.
Farmers identified IT99K-1122 as the best genotype during flowering at Misungwi and
Bariadi, while at Maswa IT99K-7-21-2-2 was recorded as the best. PVS at harvest
recorded IT99K-1122, (LOCAL VARIETY and IT00K-1263), and LOCAL VARIETY for
Misungwi, Bariadi, and Maswa respectively. The partial (farm) budget revealed the net
income of Tsh 2 537 200/= per hectare of land grown cowpea as the profit made.
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
37
Kalimba, H. F. MSc. (2013) Effect of herbicides and soil moisture on weed control,
yield and quality of sugar cane (Saccharum officinarumL) at Kilombero, Tanzania
Abstract
Field experiments were conducted at Kilombero Sugar Company estate one under
rainfed and another under rainfed plus supplemental irrigation condition to evaluate
the effects of herbicides on weeds and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L) yield and
quality. Experiments were laid out in a randomized complete block design with four
replications.
Plot sizes of 5.8 m x 4 m were used. Treatments were Volmazone (2-(2-chlorobenzyl)4,4-dimethyl-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one) at 2.9 and 3.8 kg a.i ha-1; Acetochlor 2-chloroN-ethoxymethyl-6-ethylaceto –o-toluidide at 4.5 and 6.0 kg a.i ha-1 and Metribuzin
4-amino-6(1,1-dimethyl)-3-Methilthio-1,2,4 triazin-5(4H) 6.0 and 7.5 kg a.i.ha-1. Which
were applied as early post emergence.
These were compared with weed free check which was hand weeded every two weeks
and untreated check. Results revealed that there was significant difference between
herbicides treated plots as compared to unweeded check plots (p < 0.05). There was
no significant difference between herbicide treated plots and weed free check. All
herbicides were effective in controlling grasses and broadleaf weeds to an acceptable
level above (90%) up to 8 WAT for both irrigated and rainfed crop, a period which is quite
satisfactory for sugarcane.
There were variable herbicide treatment effects on individual grass weed species.
Itchgrass was best controlled by Volmazone, while Leptochloa and Echnochloa spp
were best controlled by acetochlor and metribuzin. Almost all herbicide treatments were
ineffective incontrolling nut sedges the control was bellow an acceptable level 90%,
although were significant (p < 0.05) as compared to unweeded check.
There was a significant difference in sugarcane yield tons ha-1 between herbicides
treated plots as compared to unweeded check plots (p < 0.05) for both irrigated and
rainfed experiments,but no significant difference in sugarcane yield was observed
between herbicide treated plots and weed free check (p < 0.05).
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A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
For the irrigated experiment, the treatment with acetochlor 4.5 kg a.i ha-1increased yield
by 74.7 % which was higher than all other treatments. Other treatments, volmazone 3.8
kg a.i ha-1; metribuzin 6.0 kg a.i ha-1;volmazone2.9 kg a.i ha-1; metribuzin 7.5 kg a.i
ha-1; weed free check and acetochlor 6.0 kg a.i ha-1 increased yield between 37.8 and
57.3 % compared to unweeded check.
For the rainfed experiment, treatment with acetochlor 4.5 kg a.i ha-1increased yield
by 50.0 % and other treatments that is acetochlor 6.0 kg a.i ha-1; metribuzin 6.0 kg
a.i ha-1; weed free check; metribuzin 7.5 kg a.i ha-1; volmazone 3.8 kg a.i ha-1 and
volmazone 2.9 kg a.i ha-1 increased the yield of sugarcane between 40.3 and 48.8 %
over unweeded check.
Both irrigated and rainfed experiments sugarcane yields tons ha-1 positively correlated
with number of millable stalks population (r = 0.834 and 0.942) respectively. Different
treatments of herbicides had no effect on sugarcane quality parameters (P < 0.05).
Economic analysis showed that the highest net benefit and marginal rate of return
of 1124.2% was achieved by treatment with volmazone at 2.9 kg ai ha-1for irrigated
experiment and for the rainfed experiment the highest net benefit and marginal rate of
return of 412.3 % was achieved by treatment with acetochlor at a rate of 4.5 kg a.i ha-1.
Kapeleka, J. A. MSc. (2013) Effectiveness of guidelines on pesticide labels as a
communication tool for smallholder farmers on pesticides handling in Northern
Tanzania
Abstract
Intensified agricultural production means increased pest problems necessitating
pesticides use, hence the need for effective use of pesticide labels in communicating
pesticides use information. This study assessed the effectiveness of pesticides label
use in communicating useful information to horticultural farmers from Mang’ola and
Ngarenanyuki, Karatu and Arumeru districts respectively. A total of 200 respondents
were obtained through simple random selection.
Data were collected through personal and face-to-face interview using structured
interview schedule, observation and focus group discussion. Simple descriptive statistics
and cross tabulation were used in the analysis. The results show that pesticides labels
do not communicate fully the intended information on pesticide use. Majority (79.6%) of
farmers interviewed had not learned anything from the labels.
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
39
The main source of information on pesticides use was pesticides retailers. Even when
farmers read instructions, most farmers do not understand the instructions provided on
pesticides labels as most of the guidelines and instructions are given in highly technical
nature, foreign languages, incomplete statements, and/or uncommon colour codes,
symbols and pictograms.
Factors influencing the use of information on pesticide labels were found to be farmer’s
belief that following instructions leads to low pest mortality, lacking emphasise and
sensitization on label use and reading habit.
It is recommended that training on pesticides safety and pesticides label use be
implemented to farmers. Rules and regulations governing pesticides registration and
business should be enforced. Pesticide labels need to be simplified and capacity building
on symbols, colour codes, and pictograms safety precautions, pesticides costs, health
and environmental impacts of pesticides use is highly required to pesticide users.
Kilambo, D. L. PhD (2013) Responses of compact coffee (Coffea arabica) clones
to coffee berry disease and leaf rust under varied environmental conditions in
Tanzania
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Several introductions of Arabica coffee into Tanzania have been made
since 1880’s, but it was until 1935 when serious selection of improved cultivars started,
that is, shortly after the establishment of the Coffee Research Station at Lyamungu.
This eventually resulted in several cultivars, of which N39 (Bourbon) and KP423 (Kent)
became the most widely planted. These cultivars have not only been well adapted across
coffee growing regions in Tanzania but they also produce fine quality coffees, which are
in high demand by buyers and roasters.
However, they are highly susceptible to coffee berry disease (CBD), caused by
Colletotrichum kahawae Waller and Bridge Sp. Nov., and coffee leaf rust disease (CLRD)
caused by Hemileia vastatrix Berk et Br. Coffee berry disease can destroy 30 to 90% of
the crop, while CLRD infection can cause severe leaf defoliation leading to die-back of
primary branches and lowering of yields followed by death of the coffee tree.
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A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
The two diseases have also a profound effect on the coffee quality. When CBD attacks
berries at ripening stage it causes brown lesions which stain the parchment and the
green beans. Defoliation by CLRD infection could negatively affect berry development
resulting into small and poorly filled beans, which produce an inferior beverage.
Breeding of coffee varieties with resistance to CBD and CLRD is one of the strategies
for effective management of the diseases. In recent years, TaCRI has developed a
series of compact coffee breeding lines in which some of them were tested under varied
environmental conditions.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of compact coffee hybrid
clones of Arabica coffees for resistance to CBD and CLRD, yield and quality in different
ecosystems in Tanzania, with the aim of recommending compact coffee clones which
are suitable in specific or across ecosystems.
INNOVATIVE FINDINGS: Compact coffee genotypes tested in areas prone to CBD and
CLRD under varied environmental and controlled conditions showed resistance to the
two diseases. Outstanding performance was shown by compact coffee genotype CVT14
which showed CBD and CLRD resistance under natural and controlled condition.
In this study, compacts were shown to have yield potentials of as high as 7000 Kg/ha.
Almost all the 16 compact coffee genotypes tested for beverage quality, qualified for
export value, with CVT6 scoring class 4 described as of specialty coffee. In this study,
seven (7) new races of Hemileia vastatrix a causative agent for CLRD were identified.
Also aggressive strain of Colletotrichum kahawae was confirmed; strain 2006/14.
USEFULNESS OF THE FINDINGS:
i. Compact coffee genotype CVT14 has shown the highest resistance degree to
CBD and CLRD, yields of more than 2000 Kg/ha of green beans, and beverage
characteristics for export value. This can be recommended for commercial use by
the coffee growers.
ii. Compact coffee genotype CVT6 has shown to inherit fine flavour quality, but
lacks some disease resistance ability. It is recommended to backcross with coffee
genotypes of attributes to disease resistance to add its strength
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
41
IMMEDIATE APPLICATION OF THE FINDINGS:
i. Recommendation of compact coffee genotype CVT14 for its official release,
multiplication and distribution of the variety to coffee growers.
ii.
Continue to update information on existing races of H. vastatrix and strains of C.
kahawae in coffee growing areas.
iii. Use of C. kahawae strains 2006/14 in screening for CBD resistance because of its
aggressiveness.
Kissimbo, M. M. MSc. (2013) An assessment of public-private-partinerships in
provision of agricultural extension services in Mtwara
Abstract
Over the years the provision of extension services in Tanzania was dominated by
the public sector. However, effectiveness of the public sector extension has declined
greatly during the past decade. In recent years several private extension providers have
emerged to fill the gap created by reduced presence of public sector extension.
Thus, this study was conducted to assess Public-Private-Partnerships (PPPs) in provision
of agricultural extension services in Mtwara District, Tanzania. Specific objectives were
to: identify types of parties involved in PPPs in the study area; determine different roles
the identified parties play; and examine forms of PPPs partnerships.
Data were collected from 154 respondents, including 120 household heads, four extension
agents, 30 key informants and various documentary sources using questionnaires,
researcher’s diary and checklist. Quantitative data were analysed by using Statistical
Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer programme and qualitative data were
analysed using “content analysis” technique. The study identified types of PPPs involved
in the provision of agricultural extension services, different roles played by identified
PPPs parties and forms of PPPs partnerships.
It was concluded that the role of government in PPPs is to build an environment in which
plurality of extension providers can thrive. Special attention should be given to those
service providers who have vested interest in long-term success of services they are
providing.
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A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
It was therefore recommended that a loose network of formal association of private
service providers is deemed necessary for any interaction with the government. The
study also suggested undertaking studies on forms of PPPs in provision of extension
services in other parts of the country in order to enable generalisation of observations.
Ndomba, M. D. MSc. (2013) Evaluation of soil fertility status and response of
maize to different nutrients in selected soils of Tabora District
Abstract
A study was undertaken to assess the soil nutrients status on selected maize growing
areas and determine combinations of nutrients to optimize yield. Soil samples were
collected from10 villages where maize is the main food and cash crop. These areas
were; Kipera, Lolanguru, Itema, Nyangahe, Farmnyamwezi, Malolo, Mpenge, Mawiti,
Lyaudusi and Msange. Two composite samples were made from each village resulting
to 20 samples.
Field experiment was conducted at two villages (Kipera and Nyangahe) to determine
combinations of nutrients for optimal maize yield. Factor (a) – main plot was three maize
varieties (Staha, TMV1 and Situka M1) and factor (b) – subplots comprised six nutrients
treatments namely; an absolute control (T1), nitrogen alone at 100 kg N ha-1 (T2),
nitrogen at 100 kg N ha-1 and phosphorus at 40 kg P ha-1 (T3), nitrogen at 100 kg N
ha-1, phosphorus at 40 kg P ha-1 and 100 kg K ha-1 (T4), nitrogen at 100 kg N ha-1,
phosphorus at 40 kg P ha-1, 100 kg K ha-1 and 20 kg S ha-1 (T5) and nitrogen at 100
kg N ha-1, phosphorus at 40 kg P ha-1, 100 kg K ha-1 and 20 kg S ha-1 and 10 kg Zn
ha-1(T6), were tested in split plot design in randomized complete block arrangement,
replicated three times.
Results obtained from Kipera and Nyangahe villages, showed that fertilizer types applied
and their combination (T6) produced significantly (P<0.05) higher maize grain yield over
T1, T2 and T3. Also Staha and TMVI showed better results than Situka M1 at both sites.
Overall the study results indicated that the fertilizer combination in (T6) at 100 kg N ha1, at 40 kg P ha-1, 100 kg K ha-1 and 20 kg S ha-1 and 10 kg Zn ha-1 could be the best
strategy in improving maize grain yield.
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43
Mbegu, S. J. MSc. (2014) Developing top cross maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids
tolerant against maize streak virus (msv) disease for the Eastern Zone Ecologies
Abstract
Maize production in smallholder farming community has remained low due to a number
of constraints which include biotic and abiotic. Among biotic constraints, Maize streak
virus (MSV) disease is one of the major causes of low yield if not controlled. Genetic
resistance appears to be the best economical option to control MSV and it is readily
adopted as method for smallholder farmers, because of less cost and environmentally
friendly.
The main objective of this study was to produce high yielding top cross maize hybrids
which are tolerant to MSV disease for growing in the Eastern ecologies of Tanzania.
Staha (female) and fourteen inbred lines (male) were used to produce top cross hybrid
genotypes.
Evaluation for MSV resistance was done under natural infection. RCBD replicated three
times was used in three selected MSV hot spots of Eastern areas of Tanzania. Fourteen
top cross hybrid genotypes and two checks were used. Highly significant variation (P
0.001) was found among the genotypes for MSV and grain yield. Dak0127, Dak0122,
Dak0125 and Dak0124 genotypes were identified as the best materials for yield and
tolerant to MSV disease while Dak0123, Dak01211 and Dak01210 genotypes were not
good for locations having high MSV disease pressure.
Significant and positive correlations between yield and plant height, ear length, hundred
seed weight and ears/plant were observed. Path coefficient analysis indicated importance
of the same variables through their direct contribution on grain yield. High heritability was
observed for grain yield, ear length, number of rows/ear, grains/ear and grains/row, MSV
disease incidence and severity, ear height, ears/plant, ear circumference, plant height.
Based on correlation analysis earlier silking should be used for increased yield at these
locations. High yielding MSV disease tolerant top cross genotypes which were identified
are recommended for more seasons’ evaluation for identifying genotypes to replace
existing inferior cultivars.
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A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
Shemahonge, M. I. MSc. (2013) Improving upland rice (Oryza sativa L.)
PERFOMANCE through enhanced soil fertility and water conservation methods
at Ukiriguru Mwanza, Tanzania
Abstract
The experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Institute (ARI)–Ukiriguru
Mwanza, Tanzania from November 2011 to May 2012, aiming at improving upland rice
performance through enhanced soil fertility and water conservation methods. A split–
split plot experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications and
three factors that were (a) upland rice cultivars (WAB 450, NERICA1 and NERICA4) (b)
fertilizer types, (urea 80kg N/ha, farm yard manure 5 t/ha and control) (c) three water
conservation methods (flat cultivation, open ridge and tie ridge were applied).
Rice was sown in seven rows at 30cm inter–and intra–row spacing. Data on soil, weather,
crop growth, yield components and grain yield were collected. Rainfall was 651.2mm
during the cropping season which was poorly distributed. Average temperature was
24oC with mean relative humidity of 75%.
Soil analysis results showed that total nitrogen was 0.08%, phosphorus 2.09 mgP/kg and
organic carbon 0.58%. The soil calcium was 3.38cmolc/kg; potassium was 0.36cmolc/
kg, while zinc was 0.39 mg/kg. Cultivars had significant effect on yields which were 2
856, 2 507 and 2 140kg/ha for WAB 450, NERICA4 and NERICA1 respectively.
Fertilizer types also significantly affected grain yield in the order of urea (3 368kg/ha) >
FYM (2 723kg/ha) and > control (1 421kg/ha). Further, moisture conservation methods
significantly affected yield in the order of tie ridges (2 710kg/ha), open ridge (2 398kg/
ha) and flat cultivation (2 394kg/ha).
Overall the study results indicated low soil fertility, although it was found to be suitable for
upland rice production with further improvement. It is concluded that rice cultivar, WAB
450 had the highest yield potential, while application of urea at 80kg N/ha gave high
grain yield, and tie ridges were the best in soil moisture conservation.
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45
Ndee, A. K. MSc. (2013) Introgression of bean anthracnose resistance genes in
common bean (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.) lines with ALS, CBB and BCMV/
BCMNV diseases resistances
Abstract
The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) is the most important food legume consumed
worldwide. Sustainable production of the common bean in Tanzania is hampered by
number of constrains including angular leaf spot (ALS), common bacterial blight (CBB),
bean common mosaic virus/bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMV/BCMNV) and
anthracnose (ANTH) diseases.
The objective of this study was to develop common bean lines which will have
resistances to ALS, CBB, BCMV/BCMNV and ANTH diseases by incorporating Co42 and Co-6 resistance gene for anthracnose in bean line that has angular leaf spot,
common bacterial blight, bean common mosaic virus/bean common mosaic necrotic
virus and anthracnose disease resistance. Two donor parents of common bean cultivar
C4-1308B-3E-8-B and AB 136 were used as a source of anthracnose resistance and
one recipient parent line Vax3 x Mex54 x Mshindi.
Crosses for creating generation of segregating population and evaluation for anthracnose
disease was done under screen house and field conditions. Significant genetic variation
(≤ 0.05) for anthracnose disease was noted. Moreover F1 and F2 plants in all crosses
showed significant (≤ 0.05) level of resistance to anthracnose.
Thus research work was successful in incorporating anthracnose resistance genes
in adapted bean lines and recommended that hybridization by pyramiding genes for
disease resistances may therefore be used to improve bean genotype by incorporating
the disease traits from donors to a single genotype comprising many diseases in it. It
is recommended that the F2 populations created in this study be advanced for further
evaluation to ascertain anthracnose, CBB, ALS, BCMV/BCMNV disease resistance, and
agronomic data.
46
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Mohammed, R. A. MSc. (2013); Agroforestry adoption and its socio-economic
contribution to livelihoods in Magu District, Mwanza, Tanzania
Abstract
Environmental degradation is an issue of concern in Mwanza Region, Tanzania.
Deforestation and improper soil management have led to soil erosion results into
worsening poverty, food insecurity and low income. Agroforestry practices, soil
conservation measure could reduce environmental degradation while increasing
farm productivity and income. Promotion and sustainable uses of this option require
understanding of the extent of adoption of various agroforestry technologies.
This research investigated the socio economic factors that influence the adoption
of agroforestry practices and its socio-economic contribution to livelihood in Magu
District Mwanza Region. The research design deployed purposive sampling focusing
on divisions and wards that have been involved in V-i agroforestry project. Random
sampling was used to select 30 household making a total of 117 respondents.
Data was analyzed using cross tabulation, Logistics regression model and structural
functional analysis techniques. Based on the results 83% of the respondents were
engaged in agroforestry practices. Age, gender, marital status, education level and farm
size were not found statistically significant to influence adoption. Awareness and land
ownership were found positively and statistically significant observed factors influencing
the adoption.
It was also learnt that agroforestry being the main contributor (31.13%) to household
food supply and income compared to business, employment, agriculture and livestock
keeping.
Adoption of agroforestry practices resulted in better livelihoods for farmers; it is therefore
recommended that farmers should continue practicing and adopting agroforestry
technologies for better livelihoods, through creation of more awareness among farmers
and other stakeholders on environmental degradation problems and strengthening
extension services.
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
47
Titi, U. F. MSc. (2013) Analysis of demand for private fodder delivery services for
enhancing feed resource availability in Meru and Moshi rural Districts
Abstract
The study on Analysisof demand for private fodder delivery services was carried out in
Moshi Rural and Meru Districts in the Northern zone of Tanzania. The purpose of the
study was to assess farmers’ demand for private fodder delivery services for enhancing
feed resource availability in the study area. Data from 140 households were collected
in four villages of Tsuduny and Rau in Moshi rural district and Amburenimwaivaro and
Sing’si in Meru district. Purposive and simple random sampling was used to select
villages and livestock keepers respectively.
Both primary and secondary data were collected. Primary data for this study was
collected through informal and formal survey to get in–depth understanding of issue
related to fodder availability. Both descriptive and quantitative analytical tools were
used to analyze the data. Logit regression model was used to determine the factors
influencing the demand for private fodder delivery services.
The findings from the model showed that, the demand for private fodder delivery services
were influenced by fodder price, farm size and number of cattle kept. It was also found
that, 94% of respondents needed the private fodder delivery services. Fodder scarcity
was the major challenge faced by farmers in Moshi rural and Meru districts.
Fifty four percent of the respondents claimed to face fodder shortage particularly during
dry season. This study concludes that the existing actors for fodder delivery do not
meet the market demand for the fodder. Thus the study recommends growing different
drought tolerant fodder varieties with high nutritive value. However, formulated policies
on livestock sector development should be in line with fodder improvement including
reserving land for commercial fodder planting.
48
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
Raphael, T. M. MSc. (2014) Effects of spacing regimes on growth, yield and wood
properties of tectona grandis at Longuza Forest Plantation, Tanzania
Abstract
This study examined the effects of planting spacing on the growth, yield and wood
properties of teak planted at square spacings of 2 m, 3 m and 4 m at Longuza Forest
Plantation (LFP), Tanzania. The variables determined were diameter at breast height
(Dbh), height (Ht), basal area (BA), survival/stocking, mean annual increment (MAI),
total volume production at 1, 2 and 14 years of age. Basic density (BD), heartwood
proportion, modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), compression
strength tangential to grain (CS), shear tangential to the grain, and cleavage tangential
and radial to the grain were studied in trees aged 14 years only.
Growth, yield and wood properties data were collected through tree measurements and
destructive sampling. After measuring Ht and Dbh for all trees in each spacing, three
trees for each spacing were felled and one-metre long central board was cut at Dbh
upward on each tree sample for determination of wood properties.
In addition, four disks measuring 5 cm thick were cut at Dbh, 30%, 60% and 90% of total
tree Ht for BD and heartwood proportion determination. Dbh and Ht increased while
stocking decreased significantly with increasing spacing at older age. MAI increased
with spacing although not significantly. At 14 years, spacing did not have significant
effect on total volume production and BA while at younger age both decreased with
increasing spacing.
All studied wood property variables except cleavage tangential to grain were not
significantly affected by increasing spacing. It is recommended that if thinning can be
conducted earlier before onset of competition at 5 years, the current spacing of 2.5 x
2.5 m be continued as it provides better opportunity of obtaining superior final stand and
higher stand volume than other spacings, but if done after five years, then spacing of 3
x 3 m have to be used.
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
49
Omar, M. M. MSc. (2013) Developing rainfall erosivity equations for use in
Tanzania with limited rainfall intensity data
Abstract
Soil erosion by water is a growing problem in Tanzania particularly in semi-arid areas
and on the mountain steep slopes. The potential for soil erosion is based on many
factors. One of the factors limiting erosion control in the country is the availability of
rainfall erosivity information.
The study focused on developing rainfall erosivity equations for use in Tanzania using
limited available rainfall intensity data. The rainfall intensity charts from 13 selected rain
gauge stations were used to calculate the daily, monthly and annual rainfall erosivity
(El30) values. The calculated annual El30 ranged from 570 (MJ-mm/ha-h-y) to 10 568
(MJ-mm/ha-h-y) which are typical rainfall erosivity values in the tropivcs. The linear,
logarithmic and power equations relating the calculated annual rainfall erosivity to
annual rainfall volume and Fournier index were developed for each of the 13 selected
rain gauge stations.
An equation relating rainfall erosivity to annual rainfall volume for all the 13 rainfall gauge
stations showed to be the most accurate based on coefficient of determination (R2 ) and
the standard error of estimate. The linear equation which had an R2 value of 0.95 and
standard error of estimate equal to 505.85, resulting from combined data sets for all
stations showed to be the best and was thus recommended to be used for calculating
rainfall erosivity in Tanzania.
The recommended equationwas used to calculate R-values of 278 rain gauge stations
and for developing rainfall erosivity map for Tanzania. The ARC VIEW GIS using Inverse
Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation method was used to develop the Iso- erodent
map of Tanzania. The predicted average long term annual rainfall erosivity ranged from
about 1 140 MJ-mm/ha-hy to 12 118 MJ-mm/ha-h-y.
The highest rainfall erosivity values were for areas receiving highest amount of rainfall
volumes including some parts of the Lake Victoria. Uluguru Mountain, part of Northern
and Southern Highlands and Zanzibar Islands. The Central semi-arid areas and part of
the northern highlands of the country having low annual rainfall volumes have low rainfall
erosivity.
50
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Mrema, E.J. MSc. (2012) Evaluation of the growth and yield performance of
Watermelon varieties during the dry and wet seasons in Morogoro
Abstract
High yield is a major ambition to watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) plant bleeders and
farmers. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of environmental
conditions in Morogoro on the growth and yield of locally available watermelon varieties.
A field trial involving six varieties namely Sugarbaby South Africa, Sugarbaby East
Africa, crimson Sweet, Patanegra F1, Zuri F1 and Sukari F1, were conducted at the
Department of Crop Science and production Crop Museum, Sokoine University of
Agriculture between October 2011- February 2012 (dry season) and March 2012 – May
2012 (wet season). The experiment was raid out in a Randomized Complete Block
Design with three replications.
Data were collected on yield, vegetative and reproductive performance, diseases
and pest incidences. They were then subjected to analysis of variance using the
GENSTAT13th Edition at a different declared significance of 5% level. Results show
significant differences between varieties in yielding components and incidences of pests.
Sukari F1 was observed to be the best performing cultivar with good vegetative growth
traits which led to high yields. Patanegra F1 was observed to be better in reproductive
performance while being low in most of important vegetative growth characters. It was
the most infected by the melon fly. Other varieties portrayed average performance in all
aspects. However they had various desirable agronomic traits which can be selected in
breeding programmes.
These include the vegetative and reproductive growth traits and resistance to pest
infestation which were found to be highly correlated to yield. It was also observed that
cool environmental condition promoted female than male flowers’ formation and thus
larger number of fruits were harvested during the wet season.
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
51
Joseph, M.C. MSc. (2013) Influence of climate variability on wetland cultivation: A
case of Lake Victoria shoreline wetlands in Misungwi District
Abstract
This study assessed the influence of climate variability on wetland cultivation using a
case of Lake Victoria shoreline wetlands in Misungwi District. Specifically the study
assessed farmer’s awareness of climate variability taking place in the study area,
rainfall and temperature variability and their influence on wetland farming, and lastly
assessed wetland cover changes in relation to increased agricultural activities and
climate variability.
The study used information and data collected from four villages selected from three
wards bordering the lake. Primary data were collected by using a semi-structured
questionnaire, key informant interviews checklist and observations. Also secondary data
were collected from different sources. A total of 147 farmers cultivating in wetlands along
Lake Victoria shoreline were interviewed. Furthermore, remotely sensed imageries were
used for land use and land cover mapping within the study area.
Quantitative socio-economic information wasa analyzed using statistical Package for
Social Scientists (SPSS) while satellite images were analyzed using ERDAS Imagine
and Arc View GIS software. Mann-Kendal test was used to analyse the trends in rainfall
and temperature for different years. Results indicate that rainfall was declining with
varying distribution over time. The intermediate rainfall mainly January and February
increased slightly while long rains decreased over the whole periods.
Maximum and minmum Tem-perature reveal.ed mixed treads (increasing and
decreasing) over the different periods under considerations. The land cover/use change
analysis revealed that for the period 1975-2011, the cultivated land increased by 15%
and open water bodies by 2% while grassland decreased by 11% and closed forest by
9%. The changes were attributable to overgrazing, agricultural expansion, availability of
market for horticultural crops and settlements due to population increase as revealed
from interviews.
Result revealed that 95.9% of respondents interviewed were aware on climate
variability. The study concludes that climate variability have had influence on wetland
cultivation.
52
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
Mlay, J. D. M. MSc. (2013) The potential of immunohistochemistry in diagnosis of
contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in apparently health animals
Abstract
Diagnosis of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in asymptomatic animals is
a big challenge towards control of the disease. This is because most, if not all, of the
available diagnostic methods are incapable of detecting the disease in such animals.
In this study, an immunohistochemistry protocol was developed and employed to detect
Mycoplasma mycoides subspcieces mycoides small Colony (MmmSc) type, the casual
agent of CBPP< in apparently healthy animals slaughtered at Morogoro urban abbatoir.
Lungs (n=13) with CBPP-like lesions were collected from the abbatoir, kept in cool
boxes, and transported to the veterinary pathology laboratory for investigation.
After thorough gross examination, the lung samples were prepared fo bacteriology,
histology and immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies 3H12 and 6E3.
Grossly, the the lung were non-collapsing, marbed with widened interlobular septa,
oedematous and fibrinous.
They were also consoridated and had ares of sequestration. Cultures from two
samples showed growth of small colonies with “fried egg” appearance on Mycoplasma
Experiencemedium. Histological examination revealed expanded alveoli containing
fibrin, oedema and inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages
and alveolar epithelial cells in all samples. In more severe cases the inflammatory
cellsoccupied the lost architecture of the alveoli. There was also fibrinous vasculitis and
bronchiolitis with peripheral leukocytic infiltration.
In immunohistochemistry, MmmSc antigens were detected from the sections prepared
from all collected lung samples in the alveolar lumen and wall, bronchial and bronchiolar
lumina, epithelium as well as bronchial glands and cartilage.
It is concluded that immunohistochemistry is efficient in detecting MmmSC antigens
in apparently healthy slaughtered animals. Its employment could be a sound option in
diagnosis of CBPP in carrier asymptomatic animals and could thus aid in a long run, the
control of the disease.
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
53
Mohammed, S. O. MSc. (2013) Estimates of stability parameters and
interrelationship among yield components of orange-fleshed sweetpotato
(ipomoea batatas) clones in Zanzibar
Abstract
Seven sweetpotato genotypes were evaluated in different sweetpotato ecologies
of Zanzibar during rainy season ‘Masika’ of 2010. The aim of the experiment was to
determine genotypic adaptability, stability and paths of influence exisiting among yield
components and the effect of plant spacing of orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP)
clones. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) laid in a split-plot design with three
replications at three locations was used.
The ANOVA revealed that there were insignificant differences between spacing in
sweetpotato root yield observed in all three spacings. However significant differences
were observed between spacings on vine weight and number of roots where as 20 x
100 cm plant spacing had more number of roots (59) compared to plant spacing of 40
x 100 cm (50).
Furthermore there was wide variation across three sites in all traits. With regard to tuber
yield, Mayai, SPZ07/188 and SPZ07/951 obtained higher yield at Bambi and Donge
sites respectively, whereas SPZ07/188 obtained highest yield across all three sites
(13.34 t/ha). In additional to that, average root yield was greater at Bambi (11.8 t ha-1)
than at Donge (11.3 t ha-1) or Kizimbani (9.3 t h-1).
High heritabilities were recoded for SPW incidence and severity, SPW weighted mean
and vine fresh weight viz. 84.4%, 74.8%, 67.8% and 53.5% respectively. Path coefficient
analysis showed that vine fresh weight, number of roots per plant and harvest index
interacted positively wellin their contribution to the total correlation r = 0.3481**, r =
0347888 and r = 07303** this due to direct influences (0.8037), (0.2043) and (0.6880)
respectively on sweetpotato yield while dry matter content showed negative direct effect
on the sweetpotato root yield (-0. 4096).
Stability analysis revealed that SPZ07/188 was stable on tuber yield performance and
therefor recommended for production across all sites.
54
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Mbapila, S. J. MSc. (2013) Assessment of pigeon pea export oriented market in
Babati and Karatu districts
Abstract
The object of this study was to carry out an assessment of pigeon pea export market.
Specifically to: (i) identify profitability or gross margins of investing inpigeon pea
production for export (ii) evaluating the price structure, costs and margins along the
pigeon pea value chain (iii) identify constraints facing different actors within the value
chain and (iv) identify the key actors in the pigeon pea export value chain.
The average gross margin for pigeon pea was 210 860 Tshs for Babati and 484 630
Tshs for Karatu. Costs, prices and margins received by actors in pigeon pea value chain
increased downstream. Traders were incurring high cost as moving downstream. This
cost resulted into high pricesreceived by consumers and increased in marketing margins
downstream.
Collectors had the marketing margin of 1.94% for Babati and 4.04% for Karatu. Retailers
had the marketing margin of 12.14% for Babati and 28.74% for Karatu. Wholesalers had
the marketing marginof 11.21% for Babati and 29.04% for Karatu. Exporters had the
marketing margin of 16.70% for Babati and 41.36% for Karatu. Some costs were not
trevealed by exporters like Tax/Tanzania Revenue Authority for fear of disclosing their
business information.
Collectors faced a lot of marketing constraints like price fluctuation, competition with
bid companies, low price, and poor quality of pigeon pea, lack of market and lack of
marketing information, followed by retailers wholesalers and least marketing constraints
tp exporters.
Key actors identified in pigeon pea export oriented value chain includes, input suppliers,
farmers brokers, collectors, wholesalers, retailers, consumers, exporters and processing
industries. Input suppliers for pigeon pea in Babati and Karatu were research institution
for experimental purposes, Exporting companies who interred contracts with farmers
and stockist. These stockists were also exporting companies like Dodoma transport an
exporting company fouind in Arusha and Babati.
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
55
Shaali, M. S. MSc (2013) Genetic variability, heritability and interrelationships
among yield components of rice (Oryza sativa L.) exotic genotypes in Zanzibar.
Abstract
The experiments were conducted using 13 rice genotypes from international Rice
Research Institute (IRRI) and commonly grown variety (SARO 5) as a check during
April-June 2012 growing season at three rice irrigation schemes of Zanzibar.
The aim was to estimate genetic variability, heritability and interrelationships among
yield components of genotypes so as to identify potential lines for improvement and
production. RCBD with three replications at each site was used. ANOVA showed
significant differences for all studied characters indicating that genotype constitutes a
lot of genetic variability. GCV were lower than PCV in all studied characters indicating
considerable influence of environment on expression of the traits.
Broad sense heritability was higher for panicle length, number of tillers per plant, plant
height, 1000 grains weight, panicle weight and yield per hectare indicating heritable
portion of variation; this suggesting that selection can be carried out on the basis of their
genotype expression.
The correlations that were consistently significant at all locations and in addition to the
combined analysis were days to 50% flowering with days to maturity, number of primary
branches per panicle with days to 50% flowering, and grain yield per plant with yield /
ha suggesting that grain yield per plant should be considered during selection for yield.
Path analysis revealed that number of tillers per plant showed positive direct effect on
grain yield also had indirect effect via 1000 graoins weight and panicle length .
Number of grains per panicle had positive direct effect on grain yield also had indirect
effect on yield via number of primary branches per panicle. Panicle length showed
positive direct effect on grain yield also had indirect effect through number of primary
branches. With respect to yield genotype IRO7M101 was stable and could select for
production and further improvement.
56
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Mzula, A. MSc. (2013) Molecular epidemiology of Fowlpox virus in Tanzania
Abstract
The aim of this study was to generate molecular epidemiological information of the
Fowlpox virus (FPV) for possible information that may contribute to the development
of local vaccine against Fowlpox (FP) in Tanzania. FPV isolation, virulence study,
identification, and assessement of REV intergration into FPV genome were conducted
using embrynated chicken eggs and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), respectively.
A total of 85 fresh scabs from clinically FP infected chickens were collected fro 7 regions
in the Country.Fifty percent of the collected samples were identified to be FPV by
PCR. Phylogenetic studies showed a close relationshipof the Tanzanian field isolates.
Moreever all isolates were calso shown to be clustetred in Clade A and not in Clade B.
A minor variation existed in the Tanzanian isolates, where isolates from Dodoma
formed independent subclades (A2 an A3) which were attributed to a single nucleotide
substitution observed on the aligned sequences. The study revealed high percentage
of virulence shown by FPV field isolatescollected from selected regions of the country
which may be due to REV integration in the FPV genome. For the first time in Tanzania,
detection of REV in FPV genome revealed near full-REV integration in most of field
isolates although partial integration was also observed.
It is noteworthy that REV free FPV were also identified in the present study. These findings
provide a sound basis for further molecular epidemiological and evolutionary studies on
FPV in the country. The use of the identification REV free FPV isolates from this study to
develop and obtain the best vaccine candidates virus is highly recommended.
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
57
Kihwele, L. M. MSc. (2013) The feasibility of scaling up rural institutions for
sustainable land management: A case of Pemba Island
Abstract
This study was conducted in order to find the feasibility of scaling up rural local
institutions responsible for sustainable land management in Pemba Island. Specifically
the study aimed to identify and characterize the selected local land management
organizations, assesss their potentials and constraints in livelihood improvements and
land management goals, assess their impacts on sustainable land management and
livelihoods, and identify approaches suoitable for up-scaling them. Both primary and
secondary data were collected.
In collection of primary data, structured questionnaires were administered to 80 farmers
drawn randomly from 40 project imp-lementation groups. Also to supplement the
responses from structured questionnaire, checklists were used to 40 groups and 40 key
informants. Data collected were analyzed quantitatively as well as qualitatively.
The results on the characteristics of the local institutions were based on the institutional
set up, their strength, type of enterprise, and on the social-economic characteristicsof
group members. Farmers’ potentials include knowledge they received during their
training, strong institutional capacity, awareness on land degradation problems which
occur in their areas and high level of technology adoption (about 83%). Results showed
that factors which influenced technology adoption were educational level, type of
enterprise, income level of respondents and proximity from village centre.
These variables were significant at p<0.01, p<0.05, and p<0.001 respectively.
Furthermore, farmers also reported that they are faced with some constraints such as
lack of capital, poor market infrastructure and inadequate extension services. The impact
of these institutions in sustainable land management and livelihood include; increase in
household income, increase in soil fertility and household food security as a result of
effective utilization of agricultural technologies and practices.
The study concludes that, rural local institutionsfound in Pemba have potential in
sustainable land management andneed to be scaled up. The study recommends the
scaling up approaches as building capacity on different types of enterprises, financial
support, improvement in extension services and networking.
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Lukendakenda, P. P. MSc. (2013) Factors influencing sustainability of diary farmer
groups in the Muheza District of Tanga Region, Tanzania
Abstract
The need to archive sustainable dairy groups I an ideal in the process of raising
farmers’ income in the diary industry. Based on this ground, the study was conducted
in two divisions of Muheza West and Amani East in Muheza District to assess factors
influencing susytainability of diary farmer groups.
The study objective were (i) to identifify the nature of available dairy farmer groups, (ii) to
assess perceptionof group and ex- group members towards dairy farmr groups, and (iii)
to identify factors influencing the sustainability of dairy farmer groups.
A total of 120 respondents of 60 group and 60 ex-group members were randomly
selected and interviewed. Descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentages
were calculated to determine distribution of the study variables, while the Chi- square
tested the significance different between the independent and dependent variables.
The results showed that the un-sustainability of the dairy farmer group is caused by
various factors including poor group leadership; low frequency of group meetings, poor
record keeping; lack of work plan; low milk price; poor internal resource mobilization
and high maintemance cost. This implies that dairy farmer groups will continue to be
un- sustainable unless these factors are well addressed.
Furthermore the study reveal that both group and ex-group members had negative
perceptions toward dairy farmers groups due to inadequate fundamental components
of sustainable group such as group stability, group success, group performance, and
members‘ benefits, and this contribute to their withdrawal.
From the findings of this study, recommendations are made to the change agents and
group leaders to facilitate and provide supportive supervision of the groups so as to
ensure stability in groups, group success, good performance, svailability of stable
governing policies and accruing benefits in sustainable manner through strong, active,
and committed leaders who are capable of leading the groups to meet the set objectives.
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
59
Nzilano, B. L. MSc. (2013) Contribution of Agroforestry homegardens to household
food security and income generation among communities in Mbeya Rural District,
Tanzania
Abstract
The percent study was conducted in Mbeya Rural District during December 2011 to April
2012 with the main objective of assessing the contribution of Agroforestry homegardens
to household food security and income generation among communities.
The study involvedfour randomly selected wards, one village per selected ward and
thirty households from each village, all selected randomly. Data collection was done
through field surveys using relevant social survey methods. The findings indicated that
9% of the communities in Mbeya Rural District practice Agroforestry Homegardes as one
of their main sources of household food security and income generation. Six sources of
household food security and income generation were identified in the study area with
Agroforestry homegardens and agriculture being the main source of life sustenance.
Of the Agroforestry Homegardens contributions, seventeen percent (17%) is towards
household food security and twenty five percent (25%) towards income generation.
Accorging to the communities studied, food security and income generation over the
year from 78% of the motivating factors to adopt the Agroforestry homegardens. Crop
competition, low capital and unreliable markets, were together the main factors (by 77%)
which negatively affected the contribution of Agroforestry homegardens to household
food security and income generation in the area.
Sixty seven percent (67%) of the communities indicated that credit facilities, knowledge
on components arrangements and market availability for homegardens products,
were the main interventions required in improving the contribution of Agroforestry
homegardensadoption. Based on these findings, Agroforestry homegardens is a major
source of food and income generation in Mbeya Rurakl District.
Therefore, there is a need for enhancing and reviving further the Agroforestry
homegardens technologies for the benefits of the wider communities beyond the District.
This should go hand in hand with the provision of sufficient credit facilities, extension
services together with marketing arrangements.
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A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
Saidia, P. S. MSc. (2013) Response of upland rice to activated Effective
Microorganisms (EMA), farmyard manure and nitrogen at Ukiriguru Mwanza,
Tanzania
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted too investigate the response of upland rice to nitrogen
as urea, farmyard manure and activated effective microorganisms (EMA). Low yields of
rice due to low soil fertility status and soil moisture stress are prevalent in all rice growing
area of Tanzania thus causing food insecurity and low income generation. The overall
objective was to increase rice yields through the adoption of integrated soily fertility
management.
Characterization of soils for fertility status, farmyard manure and effective microorganisms
was undertaken. A three factor factorial experiment in a randomized complete block
design was used in the field, treatments were urea split applied at 0, 50 and 1000 kg
N ha-1 at emergency, tillering and panicle formation stages, farmyard manure at rates
0, 5 and 10 10 t ha-1 applied two weeks before sowing by broadcasting method and
incorporated into soil and EMA at rates 0, 20 and 40 L ha-1 at dilution rate 1:500 in water
applied once per week throughout the vegetative growth stage.
Application of N as urea increased rice yields by as much as 2.48 t ha-1; farmyard
manure 1.97 tha-1 and EMA 1.34 tha-1. High yields were obtained for the urea–farmyard
manure-EMA treatment combinations ranging between 4 and 5 t ha-1. It was concluded
that the soil fertility status at the study area was low and the major soil fertility limitations
included low moisture and nutrient retention capacity, low nitrogen, low exchangeable
cations, and low plant available copper and zinc.
Organic materials used were of medium quality and EMA solution contains a variety of
the essential plant nutrients. It is recommended to adopt integrated approaches in soil
fertility and nutrient management for sustainable rice production. Also more research
should be done on EM solutions as source of plant nutrients.
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61
Kachiwile, A. Z. MSC. (2014) Drought tolerance assessment of cassava genotypes
in a semi-arid environment in Central Tanzania
Abstract
Dorought tolerance is an increasingly important trait in cassava due to globally dwindling
water resources, a shift in production area and increasing input costs. This study was
conducted to evaluate eighteen cassava genotypes for drought tolerance to counteract
frequenct shortage of rainfall.
An experiment was set in Dodoma, Tanzania which is a drought –stricken environment
where cassava genotypes were grown under watered and water stressed conditions.
Identification of drought toleranct genotypes that also had good yield potential was
facilitated by the stress treatments used on farm.
Morphological (leaf length, leaf width, plant height), physiological (leaf retention,
chlorophyll content), biochemical (Catalase and Peroxidase enzymes activities) and yield
(number of roots per plant, yield in tons per hectare, above ground biomass, percentage
dry matter content and harvest index) attributes were used to assesss tolerance of the
tested genotypes to drought stress.
During harvesting, on farm farmers participatory evaluation and organoleptic test were
also conducted to enable farmers select best genotypes based on consumers criteria.
It was found during the study that water stress had profound effect on growth, physiochemical and yield performanceof cassava genotypes. Allattributes measured were
significantly influenced by drought except leaf length at 180 DAP, plant height at 120 and
150 DAP, number of roots per plant, weight of above ground biomass and harvest index
(P≤0.05). Generally water stress suppressed both growth and yield of the crop. Through
the study, superior drought promising cassava genotypes identified were 92B/00073,
KBH 2006/363, KBH 2006/12 and KBH 2006/18.
Tthese genotypes performed well under stress and well watered conditions and thus
may serve as parents for drought stress improvement and genetic analysis.
62
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Tewele, C. P. MSc. (2012) Susceptibility to Sitophilus zeamains and nutrient
content of traditionally stored maize: a case study of Mikese (Morogoro Rural
District)
Abstract
Maize (Zea may) is the most important cereal crop grown and consumed in Tanzania.
It is a staple food in many countries in Africa. However, it is susceptible to pests while
in storage. The study aimed at evaluating susceptiblility to storage pests and nutrient
content of common maize varieties stored using traditional methods.
Household survey on cultivated maize varieties and traditional, methods used to store
maize was conducted in Mikese. Laboratory experiment was set up for six months to
determine extent of damage by insects and proximate composition of tested maize
varieties. Comparison of the parameters in extent of damage and proximate composition
were done using ANOVA.
Control samples were observed to have significantly (p<0.05) higher number of damaged
grain than other treatments. The highest (19.5%) grain damage occurred in control
and the lowest in wood ash (6.4%). Grain damage was dignificantly (p<0.05) higher in
TAN250 followed by Staha and stuka M1 nbeing the least. After the second and fourth
months of storage, the composition of the grains differed significantly (p<0.05) in ash,
CP, EE, CF and CHO except for the grains that were protected by actellic super dust,.
Stuka M1 was more resistant than Staha and TAN 250 for all treatments and wood
observed to be more effectivethan rice husksand unminnowed storage. Stuka M1 maize
variety could be utilized as an environmentally friendly way to reduce damage by S.
zeamais under traditional storage conditions. It is recommended that wood ash, rice
husks and unminnowed storage are disseminated to areas with pest restant maize
varieties.
This will assist small scale farmers whose majority cannot afford synthetic pesticides to
store their produce thereby improving food security and ensuring food safety.
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Ngalla, R. J. MSc. (2013) Factors contributing to food insecurity during crop
growing season in Handeni District, Tanga Region
Abstract
Food insecurity is widespread and chronic that there is always a certain degree of
household food deficit at a given part in a year. This study therefore aimed to assess
factors contributing to food insecurityduring crop growing season in Handeni district,
Tanga Region.
Specific objective were to determine food insecure households, to ascertain the socioeconomic aspects perpetuating food insecurity, to describe the exisiting institutional
arramngement on alleviating food insecurity and to identify the coping strategies
employed at household level to lessen food insecurity.
Data was collected from four villages of Muungano B, Kwaluala, Tuliani and Kwankonje.
Sample of 132 respondents was used, that include head of households, village
Agricultural Extension Officers and village leaders. Frequencies, percentages, Chisquare and multiple linear regressions were employed to analyse data.
The result indicates that majority of the respondents in the study area were food
insecure. Very few were food secure. Results revealed further that socio-economic
factors influencing household food security were numbers of people working, farm size,
land used for farming activities, and annual income.Major coping strategies adopted
by respondents in the study area to lessen food insecurity were skipping meals, selling
labour, and get support from the government and NGOs.
It was found that world vision and the government was major institutions participating on
alleviating food insecurity in Handeni District. In conclusion despite the food insecurity
coping strategies, a serious food insecurity problem still persist.
The study recommends that the government should strive to protect local market to
increase household annual income, farmers should organize themselves to form groups
or SACCOS which will enable them to access credit from lending institutions and also
groups may arganize training programmes on entrepreneurship skills and invite trainers
or facilitators to train the members on entrepreneurship to raise their income.
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Mpore, F.J.MSc. (2013) Nutrient content, Microbiological quality and sensory
acceptability of sun and solar dried raisins from Dodoma Region
Abstract
Grape (Vitis venifera) is a horticultural crop which covers more than16% of the fruit
production in the world. However, are highly perishable. The study aimed at assessing
nutritional quality, microbiological quality and sensory acceptability of raisins produced
using open sun drying, cabinet solar drying and tunnel solar drying from four varieties of
grapes ruby seedless, beauty seedless, chenin blanc and Makutupora white. Nutritional
quality which included proximate analysis, vitamin C and mineral content was determined
using AOAC methods.
Sensort attributes such as colour, taste, aroma, texture, moth feel, consistency and
overall acceptability of raisins was assessed Microbial numbers were determine by
planting using nutrient agar for total aerobic mesophilic bacteria count, most probable
number (MPN) using lawry sulphate tryptone broth for coliforms and Rose Bengal
chloromophonical agar for yeasts and moulds.
Comparisons of parameters in nutrient composition and microbial count were done
using ANOVA. Vitamin C was higher in Makutupora white raisins variety dried using
tunnel solar drier (8.89mg/100g) than those dried in open sun drier (1.8mg/100g) and
cabinet solar drier (6.05mg/100g).
Proximate composition showed a significant differences (p<0.05) between varieties and
within drying methods. The three drying methods showed no effect in raisins mineral
content. Mineral content was significantly different (p<0.05) among the four raisins
varieties. Iron, calcium and Sodium were in highest concentration in beauty seedless
variety.
Microbial analysis revealed no growth of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, coliforms and fecal
coliforms in solar dried raisins. The open sun dried sample showed yeasts and moulds
growth. Sensory evaluation showed significant difference (p<0.05 in preference among
the four raisin varieties.
The study recommended tunnel solar drier for raisin production as is the fastest and
maintains most of the nutrients. This will assist small scale farmers to add valu and
increase shelf life of their grapes.
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Salehe, F. S. PhD. (2014) Irrigated Agriculture and Schistosomiasis in Tanzania: A
case of Morogoro and Kilimanjaro Regions
Abstract
Although there is significant information on schistosomiasis in Tanzania, most of studies
considered a single irrigation scheme in a particular geographical location and also
available information on schostosomiasis prevalence and knowledge is based towards
school children.
Therefore this research was done to determine the linkage between irrigated agriculture
and schistosomiasis in modern, improved traditional and traditional schemes in Morogoro
and Kilimanjaro Regions, Tanzania. Specifically the research itended to: determine
socio-economic effects of schistosomiasis among paddy irrigators in the two Regions;
assess farmers’ knowledge on schistosomiasis cause, effects, symptoms, transmission
and control; and assess schistosomiasis occurance and identify risk factors existing in
the stiuy areas.
About 858 farmers were chosen for the study and data were collected using a structured
questionnaire guided with closed and open-ended questions, focus group discussions,
key informants interviews and field observations.
T-test was used to determine variation in rice production, amount of money and time
spent on schistosomiasis treatment and care and net working hours per month for
infected farmers only between schemes, and between infected and non-infected farmers
between schemes with the similar infrastructure between the two Regions.
One way ANOVA was used to test between sheme defferences for infected farmers and
chi-square test was also used to compare proportions of schistosomiasis knowledge of
irrigators between shemes with similar infrastructures between the two Regions.
Chabi and lower Moshi schemes had larger number of infections compared to other
schemes. Moreover, there were no significant differences on income between infected
versus non infected formers within schemes in the Region. Schistosomiasis occurrence
was high in MKindo while Njoro had the least. High schistosomiasis coccurence in
Mkindo may be associated with poor management of drainage systems.
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Farmers’ knowledge on schistosomiasis was higher in Kilimanjaro schemes than in
Morogoro schemes. The study supported resilience theory since income balance
between schistosomiasis infected farmers versus those not infected remained stable
within schemes in spite of schistosomiasis burden. Improving farmers’ knowledge on
schistosomiasis in all schemes through awareness creation would reduce the risk
of infection. A combination of schistosomiasis control measures should be used in
minimizing schistosomiasis transmission.
Jeckoniah, J.N. PhD. (2013) Value chain development and women empowerment
in Tanzania: a case of onion value chain in Northern Tanzania
Abstract
Women play critical roles in agricultural value chains in developing countries. However,
their participation in value chain development activities does not always result into their
empowerment. The main objective of this study was to examine the impacts of women
participation in onion value chain development activities on their empowerment.
The study was conducted in Simanjiro District and adopted a cross-sectional research
design. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected using focus group discussions,
key informant interviews and household surveys whereby 402 women of whom 207
(51.2%) were participants in the onion value chain development activities and 195
(48.5%) were non-participants. Moreover, eight focus group discussions were conducted.
Qualitative data were analyzed using ethnographic content analysis technique with
constant comparison; quantitative data were analyzed using the Statistical Package
for Social Sciences. Descriptive statistics were computed to establish the profiles
of research participants; gross margin were calculated to establish profit margins of
different chain actors; Cumulative Empowerment Index was constructed to gauge the
overall women empowerment.
Principle Component Analysis was used to compute wealth quintiles as proxy for
household socio-economic status. F-test was used to compare the levels of empowerment
by socio-economic status. Ordinal logistic regression model was used to establish the
determinants of women empowerment in onion value chain.
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Changes in gender roles, especially in production, were found. Women’s perception
on their empowerment was linked to different achievements in their lives in their social
and economic contexts and was categorized into medium level of empowerment (CEI
= 0.6033).
Women participation in decision making was higher and farmer groups were an important
source of knowledge for change. The relationship between socio-economic status and
women empowerment was statistically significant (P < 0.05).
Ordinal logistic regression analysis revealed the predictors of women empowerment in
the chain to be: marital status, education level, age at first marriage, land ownership,
access to credit and participation in onion value chain (P < 0.05).
It is recommended to the government and non-governmental organisations to promote
men’s involvement in women empowerment efforts, to improve women access to
resources and strengthen farmer’s organisations to competitively participate and get
benefits from onion value chain.
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MUHIMBILI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH
AND ALLIED SCIENCE (MUHAS)
Rweyemamu, I. K. MSc. (2013) Knowledge, Sexual behaviors, Pregnancy
experiences and HIV prevention among adolescents living with HIV from early
childhood in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Abstract
Due to the widespread use of antiretroviral therapy, most children who have been living
with HIV/AIDS from a young age are healthy and reach their adolescence and early
adulthood. While most of these adolescents have started exploring their sexuality, their
preventive practices are reported to be inadequate thus increasing the risk for onwards
transmission of the infection.
This study aimed at assessing knowledge, sexual behaviours, pregnancy experiences
and HIV preventive practices of adolescents who have been living with HIV from early
childhood. The results that have been obtained will be channeled to programmes
providing care to these adolescents in order to institute appropriate interventions.
A cross sectional study was carried out at five Care and Treatment Centers (CTC)
led by the Management and Development for Health (MDH) programme for a period
of 9 months. The study population included adolescents of 10-19 years of age who
have been living with HIV from early childhood. The study used both quantitative and
qualitative methods.
Quantitative data was collected using structured questionnaires while qualitative data
was gathered through in-depth interviews. Analysis of quantitative data was done using
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SPSS while that for qualitative data was done through content analysis.
The study enrolled 300 adolescents. Over 80% of them could correctly identify the
means through which HIV can be transmitted and prevented. Thirty nine percent of
these adolescents had penetrative sex and 22% reported to have had unprotected sex
at least once.
The only significant risk factor for unprotected sex was having a lost mother. About 10%
of the female adolescents reported to have ever been pregnant with about a third of
these having living children. The main findings from the qualitative data were that the
poor preventive practices were a consequence of fear of disclosure of HIV status to
sexual partners, fear of rejection by the partners and sense of powerless shown by the
women in negotiating safer sex.
It is concluded that adolescents who have been living with HIV from early childhood have
good knowledge on HIV transmission and prevention. Penetrative sex among them is
common however their preventive practices are poor thus posing a risk for secondary
transmission of HIV.
There is therefore, a need for programmes dealing with HIV infected adolescents to
concentrate their care on the issues regarding sexual and reproductive health especially
on promotion of safer sex, disclosure of HIV status to sexual partners and women
empowerment in order to prevent secondary transmission of HIV/AIDS.
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Lusekelo, M. MSc. (2013) Assessment of cardiovascular risk factors and level of
malnutrition among the elderly of rural and urban areas in Morogoro, Tanzania
Abstract
Background:
The rise in elderly population globally, is apparently accompanied by the increase in
prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors (CRF) and nutritional challenges.
Methodology:
A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the levels of commonCRF
and nutritional status among the elderly of urban and rural areas in Morogoro region.
A sample of 300 elderly participants was studied and the Body Mass Index (BMI) (kg/
m2), lipids profile (mg/dL), Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) (Mmo1/L), Blood pressure (BP)
(mmHg) and mini nutritio score points were determined.
Results:
Of the 300 participants, (73.4%) had dyslipidemia and prevalence was higher in female
sex (P<0.001).The prevalence of hypertension was 46.3% and was higher in female
sex (P<0.05). Dyslipidemia and hypertension were the most prevalent and were more
revealed among the urban residents. Obesity, more diagnosed in females sex was
revealed in (27.3%) of 300 participants and cases were highly found among the urban
occupants.
Hyperglycemia marginally higher in female’s sex was found in 19% of 300 participants and
the number was marginally higher in the urban compared to rural dwellers. Association
of hypertension with obesity (P<0.01, RR=1.5), hyperglycemia (P<0.05, RR=1.5) and
dyslipidemia (P<0.05, RR =1.7) was revealed statistically and may elderly with obesity
were also diagnosed with dyslipidemia (P<0.05, RR=2) and hyperglycaemia (P<0.05,
RR= 1.8) respectively. Association of smoking with lowered High Density Lipoprotein
(HDL) was also revealed in the stiudy (P0.05, RR =1.6).
In this study were also revealed some cases of nutritional problems as it was observed
that 24.6%, (n=300) of the studied elderly, were either malnourished or at risk of
malnutrition was more revealed among the rural residents when compared to the urban
living elderly people.
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Conclusion:
The results revealed a burden of CRF and nutrition challenges among the ≥60 aged
elderly people of Morogoro in Tanzania. Creating awareness on healthy life styles may
help to ameliorate the modifiable CRF and nutrition challenges hence perpetuate the
healthy elderly population.
Keywords: Prevalence, cardiovascular risk factors, Malnutrition, Elderly
Philiph, J. MSc. (2012) Bullying and associated psychosocial factors among
secondary school adolescents in Dodoma municipality
Abstact
Background: Bullying is a global problem and it is an area that is widely researched
today, primarily because of its potential impact in a variety of areas like, ongoing antisocial, criminal behaviours, substance abuse, and poor academic achievement.. Bullying
negatively impact the health and development of both victims and bullies. This study
aimed to begin to address this problem.
Objective: To determine the prevalence of bullying behaviors and associated
psychosocial and demographic factors among secondary school adolescent in Dodoma
Municipality.
Design: The study was descriptive cross-sectional study design; community based
used quantitative data collection method.
Setting: Nine secondary schools in Dodoma municipality where adolescents in form
one to form three had participated in the study. The school type was day coeducation,
boarding coeducation, boys and girls only boarding secondary school. This study took
place between October 2011 and April 2012.
Participants: A total of 350 participants responded in this study (men age, 16.5 years).
Methods: A self administered PRQ Tool modified by a researcher was distributed to
350 eligible adolescents in nine secondary schools. Data analysis was done by SPSS
version 16 using bi-variate and multivariate statistical analysis with significant level set
at p<0.005.
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Results: This study found a prevalence rate of 36%. Male adolescents were more likely
than girls to be bullies and victims of bullying OR 0.23, p-value 0.001. Schools types
were also more likely to influence bullying OR 1.5, p-value 0.04. Psychosocial factors
and being a bully or victim was significantly statistically associated with bullying OR 3.21,
p-value o.003.
Conclusions: Gender, school type and parenting style seem to be associated with
bullying behaviours among adolescents in secondary schools. Therefore, as adolescents
with bullying behaviours are increasing, schools should be encouraged to undertake
preventive measures to avoid bullying behaviours. Parenting programs should be
initiated in order to create awareness and preventive strategies.
Kenyunko, K. M. MSc. (2013) Profile of trochanteric fractures at MOI: treatment
and short-term outcome 2012
Abstract
Tronchanteric fractures are one of the hip fractures, common in old age. However, they
are not uncommon in younger age group. They commonly occurs in elderly following low
energy trauma. In young people, these fractures result from high energy trauma.
Despite different treatment modalities of these fractures, complications do occur.
Study objective: This study aimed to determine the cause of injury, treatment modalities
used and short-term outcome of trochanteric fractures at Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institutes
(MOI) from January 2012 – December 2012.
Methods: A cohort study was done on adult patients with tronchanteric fractures
admitted and treated at Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institutes (MOI). Ninety one patients
met the study inclusion criteria, four were lost follow-up, and hence 87 patients were
reviewed and completed the 16 weeks of follow ups. The structured questionnaires were
used to interview the participants.
These patients were treated either surgically or non surgical. Those who were surgically
treated, immediate post-operative radiographs were taken, length of the lower limb and
coxa vara deformity were assessed. Patients who were treated none surgically were put
on skin traction for four weeks, then control radiographs were taken, lower limb length
and coxa vara deformity were again assessed.
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There after each patient was followed up for a period of 16 weeks post treatment. In the
follow-up visits, state of the wound, limb length discrepancy, coxa vara deformity and
function of the hip joint were assessed. The obtained data were then analyzed by using
SPSS version 16.0
Results: In this study 49% of cases occurred after simple fall, 43.7% of cases occurred
after Road Traffic Crash (TRC). Average age of occurrence was 62.26 ± 19.19 years
with male to female ratio of 2.1. Most cases were Evan’s type II classification. 60 patients
were surgically treated and 27 patients were treated conservatively. Of the participants,
37.9% had coxa vara, 40.2% had limb shortening 85.1% had score of above 20 by
Salvati – Wilson hip score
Conclusion: Trochanteric fractures occur due to simple fall and road traffic crash. Most
of these fractures have better outcome when surgically treated.
Lucas, H. MSc. (2013) Prevalence and pattern of cardiac disorders among pregnant
women attending antenatal clinic at their first clinic visit at Muhimbili National
Hospital
Abstract
Background: Increased cardiac demands during the course of pregnancy potentially
increased morbidity and mortality in women with underlying heart diseases. In our
setting, most women in child bearing age become pregnant without appraising their
health particularly cardiac status and no effort are made at antenatal clinic to screen for
cardiac diseases.
Improved quality of health care at delivery facilities in some countries (including Tanzania
) has lead to improved survival rates for those with congenital and valvular heart disease
leading to an increasing number of heart disease patients who are reaching child bearing
age, problems in most young women remain un detected especially in those with minor
cardiac disorders. It is consequently essential to thoroughly evaluate expectant women
for underlying cardiovascular disease in order to provide optimal care during pregnancy.
Objective: To determine the prevalence and pattern of cardiac disorders among
pregnant women attending Antenatal clinic at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH) – Dar
es Salaam.
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Methods: a hospital based descriptive cross-sectional study done from june to
December 2012. A total of 310 pregnant women attending their first antenatal clinic
at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH) were recruited using a systematic sampling
technique. A standard structured questionnaire was used to collect demographic data
and other cardiac related symptoms. Each participant also had a thorough cardiovascular
examination; Electrocardiogram and Echocardiogram were performed to identify types
of cardiac disorders.
Results: The overall prevalence of cardiac disorders among pregnant women attending
antenantal clinic was found to be 29.7%. The prevalence of cardiac disorder (detected
by ECHO) was found to be 20.6%. Of these pregnant women 30 (9.7%) had LVH likely
due to chronic hypertension, followed by Mitral valve prolapsed in 25(8.1%) pregnant
women.
The most frequent presenting symptoms and signs were easy fatigability in 221 (71.3%)
followed by edema of the lower limbs in 190(63.1%) and palpitations 169 (54.9%).
Majority of clinical findings were not significantly associated with the presence of ECHO
abnormality.
Conclusion: The prevalence of cardiac disorders among pregnant women attending
their first ANC at Muhimbili National Hospital was to found to be high at 29.7%.
hypertension was found to be the most prevalent cardiac related disorder followed Mitral
valve prolapsed however the prevalence of congenital heart disease was found to be
low and majority of pregnant women have not been screened before regarding their
cardiac status.
Recommendations: Screening for cardiac disease as part of ANC should be done and
preferably women should be screened for cardiac disorders before pregnancy.
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George, U. MSc. (2013) Components of systemic inflammatory response as
predictors of mortality in children presenting with fever at the emergency
medical department, Muhimbili National Hospital
Abstract
Introduction: Sepsis is defined as a known or suspected infection in a patient with
elements of the systematic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Septic patients
present with a variety of clinical manifestations, but temperature dysregulation,
tachycardia, tachypnea, and abnormal white blood cell (WBC) count are considered
cardinal components of SIRS.
We investigated the predictive value of SIRS criteria for in-hospital mortality among
febrile children under 5 years old presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) at
Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Methods: This was a descriptive cohort study of febrile children under 5 years,
presenting to our ED. Providers prospectively completed a standardized data sheet.
Outcome data was obtained from hospital records and telephone follow-up. Study data
were entered into Excel (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA) and analyzed in SAS 9.3 (Cary,
North Carolina, USA0.
Results: We enrolled 105 patients between August and November 2012. The median
age was 14 months, with 80% over 6 months old, and 63.8% were male. 57 (54.3%)
children were referred from outside facilities. The overall mortality rate was 19%, and
90% of children who died had ≥2 SIRS criteria.
Mortality in children with ≥2 SIRS criteria (in addition to fever) was significantly higher
(27.7% versus 5% than in those with 0-1 SIRS criteria, and children with fever and > 2
SIRS criteria were seven times more likely to die (OR 7.05, p=0.01). 85 children were
discharged from the hospital, and of the 64 (75.3%) children we were able to reach after
discharge, all were alive 14 day telephone follow-up. 19/85 children who survived to
hospital discharge were lost to follow up.
Conclusion: SIRS criteria may be helpful to predict febrile children at high risk of mortality.
Further studies are needed to validate these findings in larger cohorts.
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Charles, L. L.MSc. (2013) Factors influencing sustained transmission of lymphatic
filariasis in school children after eight rounds of mass drug administration: A
case of mafuriko village in north-eastern Tanzania
Abstract
Background: The program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in Tanzania in Tanzania
is based on Mass Drug Administration (MDA) with ivermectin and albendazole once
per year for 4-6 years in order to interrupt transmission. One of the indicators used to
measure the impact of MDA is the prevalence of circulating filarial antigen in children
born within the intervention period.
It is thought that at a good coverage of ≥ 80% and more than 4 rounds of MDA these
children are not expected to have infection (WHO, 2005). High prevalence of circulating
filarial antigen of 6.4% has been reported in Tanga despite 8 rounds of MDA in the region
(Simonsen et al 2011). This suggests that there is an ongoing transmission of lymphatic
filariasis in Tanga.
Objective: This study was designed to determine factors influencing sustained
transmission of lymphatic filariasis in Tanga based on the findings of high prevalence of
circulating filarial antigen in children born within the elimination program.
Methodology: a descriptive cross-sectional study involving individuals aged 6 years
and above was conducted at Mafuriko village along the coast of Tanga. The study had
three parts, an entomological component that include collection and determination
of infection and infectivity rates in vectors, parasitological component that involved
night blood examination for microfilaria detection and quantitative studies to assess
community knowledge and awareness of the LF elimination program, to determine the
proportion of individuals who took drugs during the last round of MDA and to assess the
rate of insecticide treated bed net utilization. The study recruited 317 study participants.
Results: The microfilaria prevalence among the study participants was 6%. The
prevalence was high among males (4.7%) than females (1.3%). The most affected age
group was the youth below 26 years of age with the prevalence of 19.2% p=0.09. History
of ever participated in MDA was found to be protective [AOR=4.6, 95%CI (1.6-13.9)],
only two mosquitoes out of 555 were found to harbour LI and L2 and all collected vectors
were Culex quinquefasciatus.
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Ninety one percent (91%) of study participants were aware of lymphatic filariasis (LF)
and 79% were aware of the LF elimination program, 99.3% had good knowledge about
LF elimination program and 54% swallowed the drug in the last cycle of treatment.
76.7% participants reported to possess an ITN, among these 93.4% used the ITN the
night before the interview.
Conclusion: Presence of infected individuals, infected mosquitoes, poor compliance
to treatment, low levels of knowledge on LF elimination program, transmission and
prevention are the main factors that may influence high prevalence of CFA in school
children at Mafuriko village.
Longopa, G. MSc. (2013) Pattern of headache among patients attending at
Muhimbili National Hospital neurology clinic-2012
Abstract
Introduction: Headache or cephalalgia is pain anywhere in the region of the head or
neck. It can be a symptom of a number of different conditions of the head or neck.
Headache disorders are among the most common disorders of the nervous system
which is associated with personal and societal burdens of pain, disability, damaged
quality of life and financial cost. It is one of the most common types of recurrent pain as
well as one of the most frequent symptoms in neurology.
Similar study was done in the same clinic more than twenty years ago, however a
previous study described the pattern of headache using HIS criteria and there is no new
study that is known to use the new diagnostic criteria since then.
Also with recent advancements in technology together with the development of disease
like HIV/AIDS lead to the development of new etiology of headache and epidemiological
transition of diseases.
Objective: To establish the pattern of headache among patients in Neurology clinic at
Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH).
This was a Hospital based descriptive cross sectional study among outpatients at
neurology clinic at MHN. A total of 278 patients with headache were consecutively
recruited from May to December 2012. A structured questionnaire was used to collect
data on demographics and symptoms of headache. International classification for
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headache disorder volume 11 (ICHD)-11) was used to categorize different types of
headaches.
Data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 10. Chi-square test was used
to determine the association between the different predisposing factors and different
types of headache. Student test was used to compare means of two variables. P-value
of <0.05 or less was taken as significant.
Results: During the 8 months period, a total of 1440 patients attended the MNH
Neurology clinic. Of these 278/1440 (19.31%) had recurrent Headache. Females were
179/278 (64.38%). Primary headache was seen in 151/278 (54%) patients, of these
103/151 (37%) suffered migraine. No significant difference in gender among migraine,
Cluster headache (CH) and Tensional type headache (TTH) patients. Patient aged 60
years and above who were attended suffered from Migraine were 7/11 (63.3%).
Anxiety 40 (37.7%, Smoking cigarette 9 (37.5%) and Depression 25 (30.1%) were the
major precipitants of Migraine type headache, Tensional type headache was associated
with cigarette smoking (33.3%) and Oral contraceptive use 25.0%. Thirty nine patients
came at neurology clinic without the referral diagnosis of headache of which 24 (61.5%)
of the patient were classified as having migraine headache.
Conclusions and Recommendations
The pattern headache was dominated by primary headache, similar to the findings of
the study done 20 years ago at the same clinic. Primary headache especially migraine
was common in patients 60 years of age or older. Primary headache types were highly
associated with anxiety and depression.
The referral bias observed in most of the results findings necessitates the need for
further studies to evaluate similar pattern in a non-specialized hospital.
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Hillary, E. MSc. (2013) Assessment of knowledge and skills of cardiopulmonary
resuscitation among nurses working in critical care units at Muhimbili National
Hospital, Dar es Salaam Tanzania
Abstract
Background: Nurses who work in critical care units are expected to have high knowledge
of current CPR guidelines in order to provide effective Caldiopulmonary Resuscitation
(CPR) to Cardiac arrest victims. With documented deterioration of knowledge and skills
post CPR training among health care providers and the updating of CPR International
guidelines every five years, it is recommended to conduct frequent assessment and
when needed refresher training should be done in order to maintain CPR knowledge and
skills among nurses and ensure provision of effective CPR.
Objective: The objective of this study was to assess knowledge and skills regarding
current 2010 Basic Life Support American Heart Association (AHA) CPR guidelines
among nurses working in critical care units at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es
Salaam, Tanzania.
Materials and Methods: The researcher utilized quantitative, cross-sectional and
observational designs for this study. Seventy three nurses were conveniently sampled out
of 104 who met the inclusion criteria. Data was collected using structured questionnaires
for CPR theoretical knowledge.
For practical skills assessment, the participants were requested to demonstrate their
single rescuer CPR Basic Life Support (BLS) skills on a non electronic manikin while
a checklist developed by the researcher was used to assess the practical skills. The
knowledge and skills of nurses was assessed according to the current 2010 AHA CPR
guidelines. ata was analyzed using SPSS Version 17.0. Results were summarized using
frequencies, mean and percentages. Knowledge and skills levels were established
using percentage scores.
Results: More than half (59%) of participants had received CPR training, of which 76%
received Basic Life Support CPR training. Majority of the participants 86% scored less
than 50% on theoretical knowledge questions with the overall mean score of 32%.
On practical skills 84% of participants scored more than 50% with an overall mean score
of 62%. There was no association between CPR training and level of CPR theoretical
knowledge among participants (p value=0.51). However the high level of CPR practical
skills knowledge among participants was associated with CPR training (p value <
0.0001).
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Approximately 60% of nurses scored less than 50% on knowledge on COPR sequence
of events, rate of chest compression, shockable rhythm recognition and defibrillation
components of CPR in both theoretical and practical skills CPR knowledge.
More than 40% of nurses in critical care units at Muhimbili National Hospital have
not received CPR training. The level of current 2010 AHA CPR guideline theoretical
knowledge was below average in majority of the participants. However they demonstrated
above average CPR practical skills. CPR training could not have an effect on level of
CPR theoretical knowledge but it had a positive effect on CPR practical skills. Majority of
participants demonstrated extreme knowledge deficiencies on key components of CPR
in both theoretical and practical skills knowledge.
Recommendations: Efforts should be made to establish resuscitation councils in
Tanzania. More studies need to be conducted to examine the methodology and contents
used in theoretical CPR trainings at MNH and to assess the effectiveness of high CPR
skills observed in this study. More formal CPR training regarding the new guidelines
should be conducted at MNH and future trainings should address the specific knowledge
deficiencies observed in this study.
Msolla, R. MSc. (2013) Factors associated with late reporting for health care
among patients having oral maxillofacial tumours or tumour-line lesions
attending Muhimbili National Hospital
Abstract
Introduction: Tumours of the maxillofacial region with an orginthat is closely related to
tooth formation are called odontogenic tumours. Both odontogenic and non odontogenic
tumours can have malignant variants. In Tanzania, oral malignant tumours constitute
50.53% of neoplastic oral facial cases. At the inception most of the tumours occurring in
the maxillofacial region are painless.
Aim of the study: To determine the factors associated with late reporting for health
care among patients having oral maxillofacial tumours or tumour-like lesions attending
Muhimbili National Hospital.
Material and Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted, which
involved 151 patients with either tumour like lesions or tumours of the oral and
maxillofacial region. The study was conducted at the oral maxillofacial firm of Muhimbili
National Hospital and oral maxillofacial department of the Muhimbili University of Health
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and Allied Sciences. Information was gathered using structured questionnaire translated
in Swahili language. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Ethical clearance was
obtained from the Ethical committee of Muhimbili University.
Results: Study finding revealed that 55.6% of the patients lived near to health facilities
whoich had no oral health services. Ameloblastma was the tumourthat was seen with the
highest (21.9%) frequency followed by squamous cell carcinoma (14.6%) and ossifying
fibroma (6.6%). Patients with ameloblastpoma showed more delay in reporting to a
health facility as compared to patients with squamous cell carcinoma.
After referral from the primary health facility, (23) patients reported to the referral centre
after one month from the date of reffera;l. Among these 8 (34.9%) reported after one
year or more after referral. Lack of perception of the lesion as being a problem, costs
involved for transportation and treatment, lack of pain, attending to traditional healers
and the use of herbal medicines were found to be the reasons for the delay in reporting
for health care among patients with oral maxillofacial tumours. Vast majority (98%) of the
patients seen have never had any dental check-ups.
Conclusion: The patients with oral and maxillofacial tumours showed a delayed
reporting to primary health facilities and consequently to the referral centre. The average
time for reporting to the referral centre was rather long (69 weeks). The main reasons
cited for the delay in reporting for healthcare by this group of patients is the low level of
awareness (did not perceive the lesion being a problem). Cost involved for transportation,
treatment and purchase of drugs and absence of pain from the lesion.
Recommendations: There is need for education to the communities on the importance
of early reporting whenever they suspect a lesion in the oral and maxillofacial region.
Continuing education should be provided to the practicing oral and general health
personnel who are working in the regions. There is a need for a more extensive study
involving more regions and referral centres in the country.
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Abdala, R. M. MSc. (2013) The experiences of informal care givers in caring for
patients with cancer at Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Abstract
Background: Cancer is a major chronic problem which affects many people directly or
indirectly. It causes much suffering among patients and families. Cancer patients require
long-term treatment and a continuing need for care. Consequently, informal caregivers
in various settings are now taking on the responsibility of caring for patients with cancer.
Such informal caring may involve physical, psychological and economic stresses. In
Tanzania, informal caregivers have become so essential that they provide large part of
the care needed in hospitals and at home.
Aim: The aim of this dissertation is to understand the experiences of informal care givers
in caring for cancer patients at Ocean Road Cancer Institute in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Method: Study design was explorative qualitative study. The sampling technique was
purposeful sampling. Data was collected through face to face interview and focus group
discussions. A sample of seven (7) and ten (10) informal care givers participated in
face to face interview and two focus group discussions respectively. Content analysis
approach was used to analyze the perspectives of the informal caregivers. The study
took place between May and June 2013.
Findings: Caregivers of patients with cancer experienced many problems including
psychological such s stress, and worries. They were disappointed with long waiting time
for radiotherapy services at the hospital. They also experienced social problems such as
inadequate social support during hospitalization such as food and lodging for caregiver
from up country.
The time spent in the hospital resulted into less time devoted for child care back home.
Most participants stated that the task of taking care of the patients interfered with their
daily activities which increased the economic problem they already had. In order to cope
with the caring responsibilities, the participants desired to have professional, social, and
financial support from the Government and Non-Government Organizations.
Conclusions: Caregivers of patients with cancer experience many programme such
as psychological, emotion, economical and social problems. These problems are
influenced interpersonally, interpersonally and communally. Professional assistance,
public awareness social and financial support by the government and NGO’s are
important to enhance coping strategies.
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83
Recommendations: The government should put more effort on buying another
radiotherapy device to reduce the length of hospitalization waiting for therapy and
hospital management should support caregivers by proving food and lodging those
caregivers who are coming from far regions and they lack relatives to support them in
the city.
Keywords: Care giving, Informal caregivers, Experiences, Cancer
Mageta, D. J. MSc. (2013) Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of
healthy timing and spacing of pregnancy among women attending antenatal
clinic at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam
Abstract
Background: Healthy timing and spacing of pregnancy (HTSP) is a concept which was
introduced by WHO in 2006 after a review of literature concerning pregnancy spacing
and outcomes. HTSP sets the optimal timing of conception and spacing of child birth
after a live birth, miscarriages or induced abortion. But is unclear to what extent women
in reproductive health clinics in Dar es Salaam perceive and practice this evidence
based concept.
Objective: Assessment of knowledge, altitude and practice of healthy timing and
spacing of pregnancy among women attending ANC at MNH.
Study Design: Descriptive cross section study. Study area: The study was conducted
at Muhimbili national Hospital in Dar es Salaam. Study duration: Three months from
August 1st to 31st October 2012. Study population: Pregnant women attending ANC
clinics at MNH during study period. Data collection: Structured questionnaire were
used to collect data on knowledge, attitude and practice on HTSP.
Data analysis: All responses were coded, entered into SPSS version 16 computer
program for data analysis in accordance to specific objectives. Data was analyzed and
interpreted in terms of frequency/ proportions determination and cross-tabulations.
Comparison of continuous data was done using student’s t-test and Chi test was used
for proportions. In all statistics a P value of <0.05 was taken as significant statistically.
Results: Majority of women were of age group of 19 to 29 (n=210 49.2%) and the
mean age was 29 years. Proportion of women who got their first pregnancy at age
above 18 years was 90.4%, and who spaced their index pregnancy according to HTSP
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recommendations were 53.4%. Women who had history of using FP methods in their life
time had high knowledge (83.3%) and positive attitude (62.3%) on HTSP.
Conclusion and Recommendations: Practice on timing was good; women had high
knowledge on timing and spacing of pregnancy after live birth. There were positive
attitude on healthy timing and spacing 2 to 5 years while more than half had negative
attitude on the risks which may occur when women space more than 5 years. History of
using modern FP methods was poor; history of FP use had an impact on knowledge and
attitude on HTSP. Therefore messages on HTSP should be disseminated at health care
clinics, mass Medias and on outreach programmes.
Chipeta, P. MSc. (2013) Prevalence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in
diabetic patients attending Muhimbili National Hospital DIABETIC CLINIC
Abstract
Introduction: Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy (CAN) is a common chronic
complication of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is however, one of the most
overlooked of all serious complications of diabetes that is characterized by deterioration
of autonomic fibers innervating the heart; blood vessels and different organs.
The consequence of this enervation is postural hypotension, left ventricular dysfunction,
painless myocardial infarction, ischemia and sudden death. For this reason CAN results
in significant morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients with its prevalence varies
between 1% to 90%. The early detection of CAN is essentially important in-order to
appropriately manage symptoms and prevent disease progression. Its diagnosis can be
quickly and noninvasively made by measuring the standard autonomic function tests as
described by Ewing’s criteria.
Objective: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of CAN in diabetic
patients attending the Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH) diabetic out-patient clinic.
Methodology: It was a descriptive cross sectional hospital based study among diabetic
patients attending the MNH diabetic out-patient clinic. CAN was assessed by using five
autonomic function tests by Ewing’s criteria. These were, resting heart rate, beat-to-beat
heart rate variation, heart rate response to standing, systolic blood pressure response to
standing and diastolic blood pressure in response to isometric exercise.
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85
These autonomic function tests were then scored and assigned to three categories;
early CAN if there was only one autonomic dysfunction, definite CAN if there were two
abnormal tests and severe CAN if three or more tests were abnormal. CAN was described
to be present when there was at least one abnormal result detected. Information was
recorded using a structured questionnaire and data analyzed using SPSS version 20.
Results: The prevalence of CAN was found to be 100% (N=270) within the study group
(based on at least one abnormal function test) using Ewing’s criteria in a population
comprising of 20.4%Type 1dibetic patients and 79.6% Type 2 diabetic patients. The most
predominant type of CAN was Definite CAN seen in 44 (80.0%) Type 1 diabetic patients
and 164 (76.3%) in Type 2 diabetic patients. The severe type of CAN was detected in 2
(3.6%) of Type 1 diabetic patients and 11 (5.1%) of Type 2 diabetic patients.
The patients include in the study had an age between 18-85 years with the mean (SD)
of 53 (12.73) years. There was a positive association between increasing age and CAN
(p = 0.045) with the majority of patients affected 156 (57.8%) being in the 36-60 years
age group. Poor glycaemic control assessed by high fasting blood glucose showed a
positive association (p = 0.013, N = 105) with CAN. There was no significant association
of CAN with other risk factors such as duration of diabetes, hypertension, smoking and
a high Body Mass Index.
Conclusion and Recommendation: All diabetic patients studied at the Muhimbili
National Hospital were found to have at least one form of CAN. This can be attributed
to the study population being much holder (mean age 52.5 ≠12.7 years) and the high
proportion of poor glycaemic control which was evident from the high fasting blood
glucose levels.
Because of this high prevalence and the known high morbidity and mortality associated
with CAN, it is recommended that screening for autonomic dysfunction be tested in all
Type 2 patients at regular intervals say 6 months in-order to detect, risk stratify and treat
the dysfunction early, therefore preventing disease progression.
Kalinga, L. M. MSc. (2012) Distribution of anti malaria medicines in public health
facilities in Iringa Region
Abstract
Background: Malaria is a major threat to public health in Africa that puts approximately
3.3 billion people at risk in 109 countries around the world. Tanzania has the third largest
population at risk of malaria, with the disease causing 60 – 80,000 deaths per year.
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Inadequate supply of anti malarias at the health facilities especially in rural areas is a
major barrier to effective management of the disease.
This can lead to high morbidity and Mortality rate in the country.
Main objective: To assess the distribution of ant malarial medicine in the public health
facilities in Iringa region.
Methodology: A cross sectional descriptive survey was conducted involving 56 health
workers from the selected 4 hospitals, 11 health centers and 12 dispensaries in Iringa
region. Data were collected using questionnaires and by observation. SPSS version 16
was used for data entry, cleaning and subsequent analysis.
Results: Thirty two (32%) of all health facilities visited did not have all types of anti
malarial medicines on the day of visit. The days of anti malarial medicines stock out at
each facility for the last six months (October 2011 to March 2012) was 62 out of 180
days.
The main causes of stock-out were unavailability of Alu at MSD from October 2011
to March 2012, non conformity of quantities delivered to orders from MSD, delays in
delivery and errors in forecasting at the health facilities. Most of health facilities had poor
record keeping with the overall acceptable inventory management of 67.82%.
Generally, the average percentage score of storage conditions of all health facilities
visited was 57.2%. There is no association of quality storage condition with the level of
the health facility. Expiries of different anti malarial medicines were very few, found only
in one hospital and one health center. Only 6.8% pharmaceutical inventory managers
interviewed were pharmaceutical personnel by profession, and the rest are from other
health professionals.
Conclusion: Basing on the elements of effective distribution, it can be concluded that:
There was poor distribution process for anti malarial medicines at the health facilities
visited which lead to un availability of these medicines. These was due to:- Frequency
unavailability of the anti malarial medicines at MSD, lack of pharmaceutical inventory
management knowledge of the health providers and inadequate supervision of health
facilities by council Health management Team (CHMT) lead to poor recording and
unacceptable storage condition.
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87
ARDHI UNIVERSITY (ARU)
Siwa E. N. ( 2013); Assessing impacts of climate changes for improved beef
cattle production using remote sensing and GIS technologies: A case of Ilemela
and Magu Districts in Mwanza Region – Lake Victoria Basin, Tanzania
Abstract
This study focused 0n contributing to the unknown spatial explicit knowledge on the
impacts of climate change to beef cattle production, by assessing impacts of climate
change on rangelands of the Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) using Remote Sensing and
Geographic Information System so as to establish a strategy for adaptation to climate
change for improved beef cattle production in Lake Victoria Basin area.
The study used supervised classification of satellite imageries in ERDAS Imagine
software to analyze land cover changes in the year 1980, 2000 and 2010. It was
revealed that settlements and cultivated areas increased, while riverine vegetations and
woodlands declined. Participatory mapping and Focus Group Discussions were used
to assess spatial changes in stock routes in relation to water availability and pasture.
It was further revealed that there were many changes in stock routes such that some
have became roads, some were lost and other narrowed. These changes were due to
urbanization, and more specifically a general decline of forage land.
Furthermore, the study assessed trend of Beef Cattle Production against rainfall and
pasture. It was observed that in Ilemela District there were an increase in pasture, and
decline in rainfall and beef production over the study period. While in Magu District, there
were an increase in beef cattle production and decline in rainfall and pasture over the
same period. This implies that climatic changes impacts are more severe in Ilemela than
in Magu District.
It is recommended that there should be intensification of beef cattle production, Land
Use Planning, education on the effective cattle farming and intervention by Rainwater
Harvesting as a strategy for adaptation of climate change effects for improved beef cattle
production in Lake Victoria Basin Area.
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Hatibu, H. M. MSc. (2012) Investigation on production of sandcrete blocks in Dar
es Salaam
Abstract
This research study investigates the production of sandcrete blocks in Dar es Salaam.
The study appraised its objectives by using sampling, field study work and laboratory
experimentation.
Twenty one (21) commercial sandcrete blocks factories were randomly selected, six
(6) from Ilala, seven (7) from Kinondoni and eight (8) from Temeke Municipality. Five
samples of sandcrete blocks were randomly taken from each selected factory. Site
observations and interviews conducted to owners, artisans and supervisors, were the
methods used to collect data for his study.
Other methods used for data collection results from laboratory experimental tests
(compressive strength and water absorption tests) which were conducted on randomly
selected blocks. Other laboratory test results used, were sieve analysis test, which was
conducted on the soil samples used for sandctrete blocks production.
The result from this study revealed that when the fine aggregate used for block
production, the water absorption attained by blocks were between 5 and 16.6 with more
than 85% blocks falls below 15% which is maximum limit recommended by the standard.
The compressive strength of the sandcrete blocks were between 0.17 N/mm2 and 2.4
N/mm2 with all blocks falls below standard recommended by British Standard (BS) and
Tanzania Bureau of Standards. Proper curing, suitable mixing ratio and simple tests of
materials on site were suggested to improve the quality of sandcrete blocks.
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89
Twimanye, J. M. MSc. (2013) Assessment of the contribution of housing cooperatives in the provision of affordable housing: The case of Muungano
Housing Co operative Society- Chamazi.
Abstract
House delivery through Housing Co-operatives has been practices in several countries
of the world in solving housing problems. It has so far become a dependable house
delivery strategy due to the fact that house construction is highly capital intensive and
not many people can afford can afford to build from their own individual financial sources.
Housing co-operatives in Tanzania came into operation in the late 1960s and early 1970s
and have been very instrumental in various parts of the country where people from
low and middle income brackets have been housed. Mwenge, Sigara, and Mapinduzi
Housing Co-operative Societies are among the urban neighborhoods popularly referred
to as urban villages.
House delivery through housing co-operatives exhibits affordability through bulky
procurement of construction materials and technical expertise, involvement of members
in the do-it-yourself, and improved efficiency through repetitive works in house
construction.
Despite various obstacles that the co-operatives are facing, this study has found,
through the Muungano Housing Co-operative Society, underlying potentials in delivery
of affordable houses.
The co-operative society, in its three years of existence, has already housed fourteen
households in its target of housing 250 households. Inner motivation of members and
effective member participation has been among its success factors. From this study, it
has been evident that the objective of achieving affordable housing is possible.
However, the Muungano Housing Co-operative Society’s experience indicates that for
housing co-operatives to effectively succeed in their endeavors there is a need for the
government to intervene and assist in easing the threshold on housing finance and land
availability.
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UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM
Saria, Anasia MSc. (2013) Impact of biofuels investment on livelihoods of the rural
community in Kisarawe District.
Abstract
This study assessed the impacts of biofuels investment on livelihoods of the rural
community in Kisarawe District where two villages Muhaga and Mtamba were studied.
Data were collected through the use of combination of the methods: households’
survey questionnaires, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, direct field
observation, and reviews of relevant literatures.
Landsat MSS satellite images of 2000 and 2010 were used to assess land cover changes
around the biofuel investment area. Data were also analysed through theme –content
technique and with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and
findings presented through percentages, tables, graphs and charts.
The findings show that about 8,211 ha (2.3 percent of the total district land area) was
initially granted to Sun Biofuel (SBF) investor for biofuel plantation which was later
acquired by another company, Thirty Degree East (TDE). The study revealed that during
the land acquisition, the investor made several promises to the villagers. However, most
of the promises were not fulfilled.
It was also found that, in compensation for affected individuals, the land valuation
process was not clear and it lacked transparency.
Satellite images analysis revealed that the biofuel investment has caused environmental
destruction in Ruvu Forest Reserve as well the new land has been opened up for
cultivation around the plantation area. This study concluded that, apart from employment,
biofuel investment in Kisarawe District has yet to yield the expected impacts in improving
the livelihoods of local communities.
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91
As such, the study recommends that the government should ensure that land acquisition
for biofuel development would be acquired through open and transparent ways after
thorough sensitization and consent of host communities.
Rwegoshora, S. A. MSc. (2012) Applicability of performance measurement during
product development in manufacturing industries in Tanzania
Abstract
This dissertation presents a study on the applicability of performance measurement during
product development in manufacturing industries in Tanzania. The use of performance
measurement has been increasing and has made revolution in manufacturing industries
worldwide. However, in developing countries like Tanzania, application of performance
measurement is still primitive, compared to what is done elsewhere. This result in
production of inferior products that are usually out - competed by products from other
countries.
This study utilized both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. Data were
collected through questionnaire and interview with total of 30 respondents, and then
was analyzed by using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). The results
show that the level of application of performance measurement of the employees in
manufacturing industries in Tanzania ranges from low to moderate. This implies that no
emphasis is placed on performance measurement.
The type of performance measurement that is done is based on cost and time only.
The main barriers in the implementation and application of performance measurement
are lack of resources, lack of support for their use, lack of company accountability, little
knowledge by the management on how to performance measurement and lack of a
defined system that in place for performance measurement in manufacturing industries.
Moreover, performance measurement guidelines was developed that can be used in
manufacturing industries for better performance and in the improvement of the quality of
products that are manufactured.
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Tunga, M. MSc. (2014) Improvement of information flow in service delivery to
teaching personnel: A case of Teachers Service Department in Tanzania
Abstract
This study was conducted to address challenges in information flow, storage and retrival
within teachers’ management offices which are Teachers Service department (TSD)
and related stakeholders especially the Local Government Authority (LGA). These are
sectors where a lot of complaints have been fired against the bureaucratic delays in
services delivered to the teaching personnel, inconsistency of data found at different
levels, anomalies in updating the information and repeated turnover.
The study also involved designing and developing of an extended system that provides
central access to teaching personnel information in order to address information flow
challenges.
A qualitative research technique was employed through triangulation of interviews,
participants’ observation, document analysis and software prototyping in order to capture
challenges in the information flow in providing services to teaching personnel.
Object oriented analysis and design approaches were also used to add TSD component
in the current Local Government Human Resource Information System (LGHIS). During
this study extended LGHIS was deployed at Ilala District, Dar es Salaam.
The main contribution of this research is the streamlining of teachers’ information flow
implemented through extension of the LGHIS system by addition of TSD component.
The extended system provides central access to teachers’ information thus eliminates
anomalies of data found at different echelons of TSD and LDA by enhancing data
integrity, consistence and provides complete view of data.
The extended system also generates TANGE (Seniority List) reports, streamlines
storage, updates, records movements between TSD and LGA and synchronization of
the teachers’ information.
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Mbwilo, B. M. MSc. (2013) Development of online sustainable energy experiments
using emona helex on ilab shared architercture with switching capability
Abstract
Laboratory is important in Engineering and science as students get chances to practice
what they have learned in classes. However there is no laboratory component for
students undertaking courses in sustainable energy at University of Dar es Salaam.
Introduction of these labs is expensive as new apparatus should be bought; building for
lab should as well be available and staff to manage the labs. Another problem is number
of experimental setups that can be available online at a time.
Sustainable energy experiments were developed on EMONA HELEx kit, switching
mechanism was incorporated on the kit since it is designed to do one experiment at a
time. The DIO lines on the Universal base board of the EMONA HELEx kit together with
the digital writer on the ELVIS II +, allowed more than one experiment to be wired at a
time.
The user interface was designed in such a way that experimenter could select an
experiment to perform with the input and output tabs as well.
Results for solar cell experiments showed that maximum power of the cell was at the knee
of the I-V curve. Electrolyzer experiment showed that current increased exponentially
with increase in voltage. Hydrogen fuel cell experiment, three regions on the V-I curve
were observed, the activation region, the Ohmic region and mass transport region. To
conclude the online sustainable energy labs are necessary especially with the current
situation where energy is limited. Recommendation for this research is, other sets of
experiments should be integrated on iLabs in order to be available online.
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Ngajilo, F. MSc. (2013).
Rural-Urban migrants’ contribution to the livelihoods of rural communities in
Makete District, Tanzania
Abstract
The study discusses the influence of rural-urban migrants to the socio-economic
development of rural communities in Makete district, Tanzania. The objectives of the
study were as follows: to determine the extent of rural urban migration in Makete district,
to examine the contribution of individual rural –urban migrants to the wellbeing of the
people in their rural homes, to assess the contribution of rural-urban migrant’ home
associations to the development of their rural communities; and to identify the limitations
that rural-urban migrants encounter in making contributions to their home areas.
Data were collected by the use of interview, direct observation and documentary review.
Both rural and urban respondents provided information. Questionnaires, interviews and
observation check lists guided data collection process. The collected information were
analysed by the use of Microsoft excel and Microsoft Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences (SPSS). Data analysed were presented in statements, frequency distribution
tables, charts and pictures.
Finding from the study revealed that males dominate the migration process. The study
observed that individual migrants send consumer goods like clothes and food stuffs
as well as money to their rural households. Migrants’ groups contribute in improving
buildings and other infrastructures like schools, churches, offices, health centres, bridges
and roads. On the other hand the study indicated that poor infrastructure, individualism
and lack of trust constrain migrants’ process of making contribution to their rural home
areas.
However, the study recommended that the central government should improve rural
infrastructures such as roads. Also, local government leaders should be devoted to the
development of rural communities. Again, rural people, individual migrants and groups
of migrants should be patriotic to the development of their rural homes.
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Jabir, J. A. MSc. (2013) Cooperation between ministrial information offices and
the mass media in disseminating information on public goods
Abstract
This study examines the cooperation between ministerial information offices and the
mass media in dissemination of public goods information. The study was conducted in
Dar es Salaam region where most of the mass media and Ministerial information offices
exist.
It employed qualitative (key information interviews and observations) as well qualitative
(questionnaires) research design to analyze the cooperation between the selected
ministerial information offices and the mass media in the dissemination of information on
public goods. Purposive and random sampling techniques were used to select a sample
of the respondents. Key findings revealed that there is no formal cooperation between
ministries and the mass media in the dissemination of information on public goods.
The Ministries and the mass media do not have research activities on public goods
issues and that is why there is little coverage on such endeavors. The bureaucracy and
culture of secrecy in the Tanzania government system contribute to making it difficult for
ministerial information officers to be accepted as team members in their system. Some
senior officers see them as a threat due to their relationship with the mass media.
This has to change so as to bring the mass media and government together in the
provision of information and knowledge to the public. Sources of information including
experts’ involvement have to be increased and emphasized.
The study recommends that since information and knowledge sharing on public goods
is crucial for national development and socioeconomic status of the public, more
training and awareness programs for the ministries senior officers is needed for them to
understand and value the existence and needs of information officers; expert use and
consultation of specific sources of information is overemphasized.
It is also high time for both the government and the mass media to formulate a policy and
monitoring body to oversee the dissemination of information on public goods as required
unlike what is happening currently whereby very little is covered and no one is directly
responsible.
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Kira, E. S. PhD. (2014) Integrating of meteorology and environmental education in
the certificate of secondary education geography syllabus in Tanzania
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the certificate of secondary education geography
syllabus in order to address the opportunities and challenges regarding the integrated
concepts of meteorology and environmental education. The study employed mixed
methods approach where by both qualitative and quantitative data were collected. The
respondents were 480 students and 24 teachers from 12 schools in Morogoro region
including also an expert of geography curriculum development.
The findings revealed that: The current geography syllabus for secondary schools
introduces the basic concepts of meteorology and environmental education including
the causes and effects of climate change. But issues of climate change are treated in
isolation without linking them with the concepts of human activities.
Problems observed during implementation of the geography syllabus were: teachers’
insufficient content and pedagogical knowledge, lack of textual and non-textual
resources that address the relevant concepts comprehensively, and presence of some
misconceptions in the most utilized school textbooks. Students could relate some aspects
of environmental degradation with climate change by they had some misconceptions
on the causes of climate change and in relating the same concepts with conservation
techniques and power consumption.
It was further observed that students from the urban schools were more knowledgeable
on the surveyed concepts of meteorology and environmental education than rural
students due to limited sources of information in rural areas. Also, boys were more
knowledgeable than girls on the same concepts. This could be associated with girls’
negative attitudes towards science subjects.
Based on these findings the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training should ensure
that, concepts of meteorology and environmental education in both the geography
syllabus and school textbooks focus on raising the students’ awareness on the issues of
environmental management, vulnerability of the country to the effects of climate change,
necessity of utilizing weather and climate information and the relationship between forest
destruction and depletion of water resources under the influence of climate change.
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Also, the ministry should ensure that both in-service and pre-service teachers should
be equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills so that they can effectively teach
the concepts of meteorology and environmental education. However, Tanzania institute
of Education may combine other concepts of environmental management with relevant
social-scientific concepts so that they can be more appropriately dealt with in a separate
subject.
Mahongo, S. B. PhD (2014) Analysis of met-ocean processes in relation to
changes in large scale climatic systems in Tanzania and the Western Indian
Ocean
Abstract
The recent changes in world climate have highlighted the need for a proper understanding
of the factors that influence changes in met-ocean processes in Tanzania and the
western Indian Ocean. The region is unique in that these changes have generally not
been fluctuating in consistence with the global change processes, thus posing a notable
scientific challenge. This thesis addresses how these processes have been changing
overtime in the region, and how they are associated with the large scale climatic
phenomena.
The thesis also discerns the oscillatory patterns of the met-ocean parameters, and
investigates their potential for prediction. The study is implemented through wavelet
and spectral analyses, multivariate linear regressions and other statistical tools, while
prediction is carried out through artificial intelligence and linear time series modeling.
Key findings of this study include the revelation of significant warming trends of surface
air temperature, general strengthening of winds, decline in rainfall, and the presence of
a quasi-22 year cycle on the low frequency timescales of winds and sea level, which
mimic the Hale solar cycle. The influence of the 22-year rhythm is larger in amplitude
than those due to large scale climatic systems.
At the Island of Zanzibar for instance, the short sea level record of 1984-2004 largely
resonated with the 22-year rhythm thus leading to a spurious negative trend. However,
the relationship between solar activity and met-ocean processes is complex and varies
with time and space such that this pattern cannot be generalized for other locations in
the region.
This thesis has also revealed that neural networks and state-of-the-art time series
models are capable of making excellent predictions of sea surface temperature, thus
providing potential for prediction of other met-ocean parameters. Determination of low
frequency oscillations in met-ocean parameters is dependent on the length of the record,
with about 1090 years of data being nweden for any conclusive evidence on trends in
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climate.
Although ocean monitoring is currently possible through satellites, instrumental
monitoring is still needed for calibration of the satellite sensors. Continued in- situ and
satellite monitoring of the met-ocean parameters is therefore essential for a better
understanding of the processes, permitting sound prediction and enabling proper
planning, adaptation and resilience.
Shoko, A. P. PhD. (2013) Aquaculture of Nile Tilapia (oreochromis niloticus
linnaeus, 1758) with an assessment of its economic benefits in the Lake Victoria
basin, Tanzania
Abstract
Fish stocks in Lake Victoria have drastically declined while the demand for fish has
exponentially increased, leading into inadequacy of fish. Aquaculture has the potential
of bridging the widening gap created by the increasing demand. Despite the enormous
potential for aquaculture development in the Basin, this sub-sector is still underdeveloped.
This thesis examines the aquaculture of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and assessed
its economic benefits in the Basin. Assessment on fish pond performance suggests that,
despite low fish yield due to poor pond management, aquaculture offers an opportunity
for increased productivity. Investigations on diurnal dynamics of water quality parameters
showed that dissolved oxygen and un- ionized ammonia were beyond the acceptable
limits for fish growth suggesting a need for frequent water quality monitoring in ponds.
The effects of integrating fish farming with vegetables on fish growth, yields and economic
benefits revealed higher performance from integrating than from non-integrated system,
pointing to the importance of integrating fish farming with other on-farm activities. The
effects of stocking density on production and economic benefits in polyculture and
monoculture systems were assessed. It is suggested that the choice of an optimum
stocking density is an important aspect in attaining higher performance in any culture
system.
Investigation on the reproductive biology of Nile tilapia showed that its early breeding
behavior in captivity is not affected by culture system and thus, its production can be
improved through proper pond management. The practical application of the results is
discussed in detail in each chapter and a synthesis is presented at the end of the thesis.
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THE NELSON MANDELA AFRICAN
INSTITUTION OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY (NMAIST)
Ramadhani, A. MSc. (2013) Mobile SMS based framework toward enhancing
veterinary extension service in rural areas of Tanzania
Abstract
Veterinary Extension service is the part of Agricultural Extension service which deals
with provision of education related to livestock keeping from veterinary officers to
livestock keepers. The education provided includes advices, skills and techniques on
how to increase livestock resources and how to control and prevent livestock diseases.
The existing system for providing veterinary extension service in Tanzania is linear i.e.
information flows from Ministry of livestock and Fisheries Development to veterinary
officers and finally to livestock keepers. Linearity of the existing system, inaccessibility
of rural areas and shortage of veterinary officers contributes to inefficient provision of
extension services in rural areas of Tanzania.
The research investigated how Mobile SMS based Framework can be used to increase
accessibility to veterinary extension services in rural area of Tanzania. Review on
the existing system and views on the proposed system were accomplished through
questionnaires, interviews and by reviewing different published and unpublished
materials.
Mobile SMS based framework was designed based on livestock keepers’ requirements.
Prototype was developed by using Mysql, Ozeki SMS gateway, GSM Modem and SQL
yog to test the proposed framework. The designed system is of great help to livestock
keepers and Ministry since; it save time in providing veterinary services, it minimize
cost since few livestock officers can be employed and livestock officers are able to get
extension service on time. Also publication of this research enables other researcher to
work on the same technology.
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Nyamtiga, B. W. MSc. (2013) Enhanced security controls for mobile banking
systems in Tanzania
Abstract
Mobile banking schemes dealing with provision of banking and financial services using
mobile devices face a number of security threats. Most technologies used in conducting
mobile transactions utilize GSM services, and financial institutions tend to rely on the
security provided by the communication networks for data protection.
The transactions become vulnerable to attacks because of the security flaws that exist
in these networks. Among the most significant vulnerabilities include the authentication
and encryption algorithms used. These algorithms have been breached and if data is
transmitted without adequate protection it becomes susceptible to cryptanalysis attacks.
Thus, service providers should not rely only on communication systems for data security.
Some additional measures are needed to cater for enhanced security when transmitting
sensitive financial details. This study explored the current technological and security
issues in mobile banking systems and ways with which these systems can be made
more secure.
Ultimately, an SMS based model is designed with improved security features
incorporated. Using JAVA programming and MySQL database; a mobile client and its
corresponding server application were developed with enhanced security controls.
Messages exchanged between the two components were then sniffed using wireshark
network analyzer. The implemented prototype demonstrated an increased level of data
confidentiality, improved message integrity and user authentication.
Consequently; user details are securely captured on the phone, messages exchanged
between client and server are encrypted and their integrity checked, and PIN usage is
controlled for effective authentication. This ensures safety of customers’ transactions
and improves customer satisfaction.
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Julius, B. MSc. (2013) Mobile phone based information system for maternal health
care in Tanzania
Abstract
Accurate and timely information is one of the important components of the public health
in order to improve the quality of their services. The rapidly emergent use of mobile
technologies has increased pressure on the demand for mobile phone based information
system solutions to bridge information gaps in the health sector of the developing
countries such as Tanzania.
This study analyzed the existing manual or paper based system for Maternal Health
Care, and found that the kind of information and education given follow the national
guidelines. In this context the greatest challenges were to communicate simply and
clearly this information to clients and to manage the clients information.
Therefore this master thesis presents the mobile phone based information system for
maternal healthcare that will be used to remind clients on their important visits and
provide them with basic information that will help them to take care of themselves; also
the system will help the community health workers at hospitals to manage the patient
information.
It will make use of the Short Message Service (SMS) to provide reminders and educational
information. Waterfall Model was used to implement the system while data were collected
through in-depth interview, observations and document review. Additionally the system
was modeled using the UML.
Mobile phone based information system for maternal healthcare can position itself as a
major breakthrough approach to educate women on pregnancy, monitor their own and
child’s progress, follow up with medical checkups and critical updates through mobile
phone.
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Matumo, M. B. MSc. (2013) Wireless sensor network for electric distribution
system power quality monitoring
Abstract
Power-quality events are of increasing concern for the economy because today’s
equipment, particularly computers and automated manufacturing devices, are
susceptible to these imperceptible voltage changes. A small variation in voltage can
cause an equipment to shut down for long periods, resulting in significant business
losses.
This study describes the design of the complete electrical sensing system, comprising of
an Input-Output (IOIO) Microcontroller Unit which connects to an Android Smartphone
and the GSM network that can be adopted for power quality monitoring at the electric
distribution networks (Tanzania Electric Supply Company, TANESCO, a study case)
in order that the primary power faults parameters can be communicated to respective
control centers and electronically stored for further analysis.
This system is designed to improve the accessibility of power-quality information and
to increase understanding of the growing importance of electricity reliability and power
quality to the economy.
Issues that should be taken into consideration in developing a larger, potentially
nationwide, network of power-quality sensors were identified. The study is centered on
how to detect an event and or a disturbance and communicate an alert of an event that
cause fault in the electric distribution line to a control center and how to electronically
store such information for further analysis.
Currently, TANESCO’s distribution network has no fault parameters being communicated
(relayed) to control center. Control centers rely on the information from customers.
Unless customer informs customer’s service desk, the fault go unreported.
Communication of faults at distribution networks is imperative because its absence
leads to disruption and damage to electrical appliances and equipment coupled to the
power system, and hence, to economic losses and even danger to life and health of
service staff.
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Ngatunga, D. P. MSc. (2013) Diversity of plasmodium malaria and molecular
markers of sulphadoxine resistance in Muheza, Nachingwea and Muleba Districts
Abstract
This was a cross sectional study (CSS) on the diversity of Plasmodium malaria
parasites and molecular markers of Sulphadoxine resistance in selected sentinel
sights with different transmission settings. It included Mkuzi site in Muheza district
(routinely used site by National Malaria Control Programme to monitor the efficacy of
antimalarials) and hyper- endemic and holoendemic sites in Nachingwea and Muleba
districts respectively (based on Tanzania HIV and Malaria information system data).
The aim was to show distribution of the burden and mapping of the risks of malaria in
different epidemiological patterns. Patients were screened using MRDTs to initially
detect infections and positive cases confirmed by microscopic method. Molecular
markers of Sulphadoxine resistance at K540E and A581G codons of parasites’ gene
were detected by genotyping method preceded by SSOP-ELISA. P. falciparum
prevalence was the most predominant at all sites while P.ovale was only detected
at Muleba and Nachingwea.
Gametocytes of P.falciparum were only detected at other sites except in Muheza
while gametocytes of other species were detected in all sites. Sulphadoxine resistance
was significantly higher in Muheza compared to the other sites, which is predicted
by high SP usage. High mutation level involving codon 581G at Muheza suggest
possible future spread to other sites, exacerbate SP resistance and further limit use
of IPTp. Muheza and Muleba sites have high malaria prevalence contrary to previous
reports in earlier studies. More studies covering diverse sites are needed to provide a
reliable picture of malaria burden in the country.
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Mwamilawa, E. MSc. (2013) Reduction of post harvest losses of tomatoes by
developing tomato powder product
Abstract
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is an important vegetable crop because of its
usefulness in everyday life in dishes preparation and its protective and curative function
in human body. It is a highly perishable crop that requires immediate processing
after harvest, and because of that, the losses are high (30 – 50 %) especially in
developing countries including Tanzania.
There have been several interventions attempting to reduce such huge postharvest
losses, but to the moment their impacts have not been realized in Tanzania. This study
aimed at developing a powder product of acceptable quality, by using solar tunnel
and electric cabinet drier; after pre-treatment with Table salt (NaCl) or Slightly Acidic
Electrolysed Water (SAEW). The effects of pre-treatments on Lycopene, Vitamin C and
microbiological quality were assessed. Firstly, the two drying methods were studied and
their performance evaluated.
The electric cabinet drier was the best for tomato drying in and retaining vitamin C,
lycopene and reducing microbial load. Secondly, 2 % salt was the best in retaining
Vitamin C (26.4 %), lycopene (71.95 % increase) as well as in reducing the number of
microbes (57.35 %); followed by 1 % salt and SAEW the least. Hence, 2 % salt was
concluded as the best pre-treatment for tomatoes. Thirdly, the electric cabinet drier was
determined as the best for retention of lycopene (61.32% increases), vitamin C (25.3 %)
and reduction of microbial load (39.7 %). Part four of this study was development
of tomato powder using 2 % salt and the two driers.
Tomato powder pretreated with 2% salt from electric cabinet drier showed highest
scores regarding colour, taste, texture, flavor and general acceptability; followed by
tomato powder pretreated with 2 % salt from solar tunnel drier; none treated samples
from electric cabinet and solar tunnel drier. Therefore, it was concluded that electric
cabinet drier is more effective than solar tunnel for tomato drying, hence contribute
to significant reduction of postharvest losses.
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Tairo, E. V. MSc. (2013) Effects of bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation and
phosphorus supplementation on growth and nutrient uptake by soybean (glycine
max (l.) merril)
Abstract
A glasshouse and field experiments were conducted at Selian Agricultural Research
Institute (SARI) and Tanzania Coffee Research Institute (TaCRI)-Lyamungu, respectively.
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculants
and phosphorus supplementation on growth and chlorophyll accumulation, nutrients
uptake as well as yield components of soybean together with profitability of applying
inoculants and phosphorus in soybean.
The treatments consisted of selected strain of B.japonicum(USDA 110) at two levels
(with & without), and 4 phosphorus levels 0, 20, 40 and 80kg P ha-1. Both treatments
were replicated four times in a split plot design. Results showed that inoculation with
B.japonicum gave a significant increase in leaf chlorophyll content, plant height, number
of leaves per plant, number of podsplant-1, number of branches plant-1, stem girth, Leaf
Area and Leaf Area Index, number of days to 50% flowering and number of days to 50%
pod formation, hundred seed weight and final seed yield as compared with the control.
Rhizobial inoculation also resulted into significant elevated uptake of some mineral
nutrients: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn in plant tissues. P supply significantly
improved the number of nodule plant-1, stem girth, Leaf area, Leaf Area Index and
number of days to 50% pod formation, final seed yield, hundred seed weight, number
of podsplant-1 and number of branches plant-1in both the glasshouse and in the field
compared to the control treatment.
Profitability of soybean was recorded on treatments involving inoculants and phosphorus
at moderate levels (20-40 kg P ha-1).P supply significantly increased the uptake of
some nutrients such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe and Mn in both glasshouse and field
experiment. However, the uptake of Zn was significantly reduced by higher P level of 80
kg P ha-1.
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Mubito, E. P. MSc. (2013) Assessment of antimicrobial usage and sulfonamide
residues in chicken eggs in Dar es Salaam
Abstract
The objective of this study was to survey chicken farming practices and residues of
sulfadiazine and sulfamethazine in commercial chicken eggs from Dar es Salaam.
A structured questionnaire was administered to commercial chicken farmers and
pharmaceutical outlets to obtain information on antibiotic usage, awareness
of withdrawal periods and public health concerns.
The survey found that, most frequently used antibiotics belong to the group of
tetracycline and sulfonamides. Furazolidone was also found in use though it has been
prohibited due to carcinogenic and mutagenic effect. The survey found that, all famers
do not observe drugs withdrawal periods, for fears of capital loss.
Possibly also because 90% of them were not aware of health effect associated with
antibiotic residues. To determine antibiotic residues, 96 eggs were randomly collected
from layers production farms and analyzed for sulfadiazine and sulfamethazine residues.
Extraction of residues was executed using liquid-liquid extraction method in acetonitrile.
Detection of residues was by High performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), with
UV detector and C18 column. The mobile phase was composed by phosphate buffer
and methanol (75:25 v/v). The study found that all eggs contained sulfadiazine at level
ranging from 22 to 230 ng/g and 59.4% of samples contained sulfamethazine residues
ranging from 0.0 to 94 ng/g.
It was concluded that, eggs consumers are at a high risk of exposure to sulfonamide
residues due to farmer’s failure to observe antibiotic withdrawal periods and poor
enforcement of regulations. Consulted efforts are needed to bring awareness on public
health implications associated with drug residues in poultry products.
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Elisante, F. MSc. (2013) Allelopathic effect of datura stramonium on the survival of
grass and legume species in the conservation areas
Abstract
The main rationale of this study was to investigate the allelopathic effect of D.
stramonium on the survival of grass and legume species; Cenchrus ciliaris and
Neonotonia wightii respectively.
Different concentrations; 0% (control= distilled water), 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%
(aqueous seed and leaf extracts of D. stramonium) were used to determine their
effects on seed germination, leaf chlorophyll content, root and shoot length, fresh and
dry weight on the tested plant species. The inhibitory effects were much greater in
higher concentrations (75% and 100%) compared with control (0%).
The results revealed the allelopathic effects of D. stramonium on leaf chlorophyll
content, root and shoot elongation, fresh and dry weight of all tested species. The
total chlorophyll content of N. wightii was significantly reduced (p<0.001) in all plants
treated with both aqueous seed and leaf extracts of D. stramonium. In C. ciliaris, the
total chlorophyll content was significantly reduced (p<0.001) for those plants treated
with aqueous seed extract and (p<0.05) for those treated with aqueous leaf extract
from D. stramonium.
However, this study observed that the allelopathic effects were concentration dependent
because the inhibitory effects on tested species increased as the concentrations. The
results from field survey observed that D. stramonium is highly distributed in Embaruai,
Lerai, Lemara rangers post, Empakai, Ndian, Olbalbal, Oldupai and Malanja.
The results obtained demonstrated that in Ngorongoro Conservation Area the species
was more distributed in Lerai 205,244 m2 (69.57%) and Olbalbal 53161 m2 (18.02).
The least infested area was Empakai camp site 1781 m2 (0.60%). Generally, this
study had confirmed that D. stramonium affects the growth and survival of grass and
legume species that has ecological impacts in an ecosystem.
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Namkeleja, H. S. MSc. (2013) Allelopathic effects of invasive plant species;
argemone mexicana to growth of selected native plant species
Abstract
The study investigated allelopathic effect of Argemone mexicana L on germination,
growth and chlorophyll contents of Brachiaria dictyoneura L and Clitoria ternatea L.
The study also determined the spatial distribution of A. mexicana in Ngorongoro
Conservation Area (NCA).
The experiments were set in the NM-AIST laboratory and field environments within
NM-AIST campus. Seeds of B. dictyoneura and C. ternatea were separately sown in
petri dishes and pots, irrigated with different concentrations (0 g.L-1, 25 g.L-1, 50 g.L-1,
75 g.L-1 and 100 g.L-1) of leaf and seed extracts of A. mexicana. The experimental
design was a randomized complete block with four replications for each treatment.
Germination percentages root and shoot length; fresh and dry weight of each seedling
was recorded. Chlorophyll contents of B. dictyoneura and C. ternatea were extracted
by using dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). UV/Visible Spectrophotometer was used to
determine absorbance values at 645 and 663 nm that used to compute chlorophyll
concentrations. Moreover, mapping for spatial distribution of A. mexicana in NCA was
conducted by using Global Positioning System unit.
Results showed that seed germination percentage, root and shoot length, chlorophyll
content, fresh and dry weight, of B. dictyoneura and C. ternatea seedlings were
significantly reduced with increase in leaf and seed extracts of A. mexicana compared
with control treatments. Roots were more affected than shoots; and leaf extracts
was more suppressive than seed extracts. Furthermore, in NCA, A. mexicana were
recorded along the roads, rivers and gravel mining sites. Hence, human activities,
water, livestock and wild animals disperse the seeds of A. mexicana.
In conclusion, leaf and seed extracts have some allelochemicals with inhibitory effect
on germination and growth of the tested plant species. Furthermore, control measures
should be strengthened to avoid further spread of this noxious weed within the park
and other protected areas.
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Laizer, H. MSc. (2013) Demography and ecology of lion population in Tarangire
National Park, Tanzania
Abstract
The study assessed the demography and ecological characteristics of lion population in
Tarangire National Park from March to September 2013. Using the long-term data from
Tarangire Lion Project and data collected during this study population characteristic
including population size, age structure, sex ratio, pride composition and cub survival
were determined.
Radio telemetry and GPS collar were used to obtain data on home ranges and
movement patterns of different prides within the park, these data were compared
between wet and dry seasons. Observation was done on daily basis and data were
analyzed using STATISTICA. The results showed that the population was estimated to
be around 155 individuals as in June 2013 with a density of 7.5 lions per 100 square
kilometers. The sex ratio was more in favor of females (1: 1.2). On the other hand cubs
had a sex ratio 1:1.
The age composition was dominated by pre-reproductive age class (cubs and subadults), which constitutes 63.9% of the whole population.
There was a total of 9 prides residing the park, the number of lions in the pride ranges
from 2-38 individuals with the mean of 17.2 individuals. Cub survival was high with
the average of 70.8% of all cubs born survived to year one. Home ranges were
large ranging from 52 Km2 to 616 Km2 with an average of 209 Km2 and extensively
overlap. Home ranges and movements were large in wet season and the small in the
dry season. Despite these the overall population trend shows a declining curve, which
suggest more conservation efforts are needed to make the population stable.
Raymond, J. MSc. (2013) Development of high quality sesame energy bar (Simbar)
Abstract
Sesame is an important neglected crop with potential to increase nutritional security
among the individuals in developing countries. It is a remarkable source of essential
micronutrients (both iron and zinc) and bioactive compounds (Sesamin and Sesamolin),
which are absent in most staple foods.
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However, its consumption as food is very low in East Africa and the quality of the
available sesame products is not well known. This study was conducted to develop a
high quality sesame energy bar (SimBar) with the aim of increasing options for sesame
consumption.
For a single bar (SimBar-25 g), a devised composition of 21 g sesame seeds pre-roasted
at 200 °C for 5 min, 1.25 g of gelatinized cassava starch, 0.25 g of baobab powder, 1.25
g honey and 1.25 g sugar were used in the development of SimBar. The mixture of all
ingredients was baked at 200 °C for 15 minutes. The sensory evaluation of SimBar was
conducted for general acceptability of SimBar compared to existing sesame snacks.
Additionally, two micronutrients (iron and zinc) contents of SimBar and existing sesame
products were analysed. Sensory evaluation results showed that, the developed
SimBar was generally accepted and ranked higher than t h e existing sesame
snacks. It was also found that, t h e SimBar had the highest content of iron (8.88
mg/100 g) and zinc (5.75 mg/100 g) than the existing sesame snacks, which had an
average of 3.76 mg/100 g and 4.03 mg/ 100 g for iron and zinc, respectively.
Therefore, the value addition of sesame seeds through development of SimBar can be
a promising method for further utilization of sesame crop, improving lives of smallholder
sesame farmers as well as improving food and nutritional security.
Njisya, J. MSc. (2013) Isolation of antibiotic resistant bacteria from the
environment
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in different
environments. The study was conducted in Arusha whereby sampling sites were Murieti
(dumping site) and Momera (clean area) whereby 110 soil and water samples were
collected.
Biochemical test and Disc diffusion were used to identify and test antibiotic susceptibility
respectively. Bacillus spp, Staphylococcus spp and Klebsiella spp were the bacteria
isolated from the clean sites while Klebsiella spp, Bacillus spp, Corynbacterium spp,
Staphylococcus spp, Proteus vulgaris, Shigella dysenteriae, E. coli, Enterobacteria
intermedius and Pseudomonas auriginosa were isolated from the dumpsites.
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Twelve antibiotics were used to test for resistance, Staphylococcus spp and Bacillus
spp isolated from clean site were resistant to Erythromycin, Penicillin-G, Cephalexin,
Amoxycillin and Ciprofloxacin, whereas Klebsiella spp, were resistant to Cefotaxime,
Ceftazidime, Gentamicin, Cefixime, Amikacin and Ciprofloxacin. All bacterial species
isolated from the clean site were susceptible to Ofloxacin.
Bacillus spp, Corynbacterium spp and Staphylococcus spp isolated from the
dumpsites were resistant to Tetracycline, Erythromycin, Penicillin-G, Cephalexin, and
Amoxycillin. Bacillus spp and Staphylococcus spp were resistant to Ciprofloxacin while
Corynbacterium spp and Staphylococcus spp were sensitive to Ofloxacin. Gram negative
isolates from the dumpsites were resistant to Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Cefixime,
Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin and Ofloxacin except for Enterobacteria intermedius, Protus
vulgaris, Shigella dysentriae and Pseudomonas auriginosa which showed varying levels
of sensitivity to Ofloxacin and Gentamicin.
Activity of the antibiotics to the bacterial isolates was statistically different (P<0.05). This
study has shown that bacteria from dump sites and clean site are resistant to multiple
drugs, commonly used by humans.
Lukindo, T. E. MSc. (2013) Cellular IMMUNE responses elicited after VACCINATION
with the HYBRID-1+IC31® tuberculosis vaccine in HIV infected Tanzanian adults
Abstract
A vaccination trial for safety and immunogenicity of a new vaccine against Tuberculosis,
Hybrid -1/IC31®, was conducted in HIV infected adults in Bagamoyo, Tanzania. A
comparison of pre- and post- vaccination responses indicated that higher frequencies
of CD4+ T cells releasing IFNγ were detected on respective days as follows: day 14
(p=0.0215), day 70 (p=0.0342) and day 182 (p=0.0149) following vaccination. CD4+ T
cells releasing IL-2 peaked on day 70 (p=0.0079) and day 182 (p=0.0038) while CD4+
cells releasing TNFα peaked on day 182 (p=0.0107) post vaccination.
In comparison with placebo, the vaccinated subjects showed an increased frequencies
of CD4+T cells releasing IFNγ+ with highest values on day 70 (p=0.0333) and IL-2+ on
day 182 (p=0.0323). The frequencies of TNFα producing CD4+ T cells in vaccinated
subjects were not significantly different from the placebo. However, frequencies of
cytokine producing CD8+ T cells were detected to be relatively low in comparison to
both controls.
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T cells simultaneously expressing multiple cytokines (polyfunctional) were also
generated in post vaccination. CD4+ T cells releasing three cytokines peaked on day
182 (p=0.0448). CD4+T cells expressing two cytokines, IFNγ+ TNFα+ peaked on day
70 (p=0.0413) while IL-2+ TNFα+ peaked on day 70 and day 182 (p=0.0061 and day
p=0.0049 respectively). CD4+ T cells producing IFNγ+IL-2+ did not differ significantly
from baseline in terms of their frequency. Detection of higher frequencies up to day 182
indicated a significant generation of long lived immunological memory.
Although the study subjects were BCG immunised, the immune responses to BCG were
not boosted by H1/IC31® vaccination. Generally it was found that, the H1/IC31®vaccine
elicits significant cellular immune responses in HIV infected adults.
Nyarobi, M. J. MSc. (2013) Prevalence of rift valley fever virus in the serengeti
ecosystem, Tanzania: Evidence for inter-epidemic infections
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a peracute or acute febrile mosquito-borne, zoonotic disease
caused by an RNA virus of the family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus. It usually
presents in epizootic over large areas of a country following heavy rains and flooding
and is characterized by high rates of abortion and neonatal mortality, primarily in sheep,
goats and cattle; and fatal haemorrhagic syndrome in humans.
In southern and eastern Africa, t h e epidemics of RVF have been observed at
irregular intervals of about 5–12 years. Since the previous outbreak of 2006/2007 in
Tanzania, no RVF cases have been reported in the Serengeti ecosystem. An interesting
question to epidemiologists is “where is the RVF virus maintained during inter- epidemic
periods”? To address the question, this study investigated the prevalence of RVF in
wild and domestic ruminants, rodents and arthropod vectors in the Serengeti ecosystem
to obtain information on the virus and the disease after the epidemic.
A cross-sectional serological survey was conducted to detect the specific IgG antibodies
in serum from livestock, wild ruminants and rodents in the Serengeti ecosystem.
Furthermore, a quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR)
was used to detect the RVF virus in pools of mosquitoes collected in the same area.
T h e results revealed that 31.4% of buffaloes (n=102), 23.1% of Grant’s gazelle
(n=13), 14.5% of Thomson’s gazelle (n=69), 19% of impala (n=21), 20% of hartebeest
(n=20), 6.5% of topi (n=31), 2.3% of wildebeest (n=88), 11.6% of cattle (n=593), 4.5%
of goats (n=110) and 3.8% of sheep (n=53) were sero-positive for RVF. It was noted
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that a proportion of sero-positive animals including 21.8% of buffaloes and 29% of cattle
were born after the end of the last epidemic (year 2007) indicating a certain degree of
new infections post epidemic.
Of the 224 pools of mosquitoes, six pools (2.7%) including one from Aedes and five
from Culex species tested positive for RVFV genome, indicating the presence of RVF
virus post-epidemic in the Serengeti ecosystem. The detection of RVFV nucleic acids
in male mosquitoes which normally do not obtain blood meals affirms trans-ovarial or
vertical transmission.
Put together, t h e results from the study suggest that the RVF virus is maintained
either independently within the mosquito populations or in both mosquitoes and the
susceptible livestock and wildlife. None of the 347 rodents tested positive for RVF
antibodies suggests a minimal role of these species in the maintenance of the RVF
virus.
Daudi, M. MSc. (2013) Physiological stress; the impact of vaccine and malignant
catarrhal fever challenge in cattle
Abstract
There is a lot of information in literature on animals succumbing to disease(s) after
exposure to stressors or on the elevated corticosterone hormone levels preceding
the succumbing to disease(s). But little information is available on what happens to
corticosterone hormones when animals are exposed to a pathogen as a stressor.
In this study, the effect of Malignant catarrhal fever viral challenge on the kinetics
of corticosterone hormone in vaccinated and un-vaccinated cattle was investigated.
Animals were randomly allocated into five (5) treatment groups each containing eight
(8) animals.
The animals were vaccinated against Malignant catarrhal fever using the attenuated
Alcelaphine herpes virus AHV1.0 vaccine in combination with either flagellin or emulsigen
adjuvants as follows; Group 1 (vaccine + emulsigen), Group 2 (vaccine + flagellin), Group
3 (vaccine + emulsigen + flagellin), Group 4 (emulsigen only) and Group 5 (flagellin
only). All animals were challenged with Malignant catarrhal fever virus (virulent C-500
strain AHV-1 virus) tcid50 on day 77 after the primary vaccination. Stress response
was determined by measuring fecal corticosterone levels using ELISA.
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Survival from viral challenge was 75% (Group 1), 50% (Group 2), 37.5% (Group 3),
50% (Group 4) and 12.5% (Group 5). The differences between survival curves was
significant (p=0.0182). The 2-way ANOVA was used to determine whether the different
treatment regime (vaccine, adjuvant, viral challenge combinations) resulted in different
corticosterone responses.
Results showed that while there was significant time effect (p <0.001), the group and
group×time interaction did not have significant effect. Initially in all treatment groups, the
mean corticosterone concentrations decreased progressively from baseline to lowest
levels on day 56 and then increased sharply to peak levels on day 77 just before
viral challenge. However, the mean peak levels were significantly higher than baseline
levels only in Group 2 (vaccine + flagellin) and Group5 (flagellin alone).
After challenge with live virus, the mean corticosterone levels decreased progressively
in all groups from peak levels on day 77 to lowest levels on day133 and then stabilized.
The decrease in corticosterone levels after challenge was, however, significant in Group
5 only. Compared to peak levels, corticosterone concentrations in group 5 were
significantly lower on Day 133 (p<0.05), Day 147 (p<0.001) and Day 161 (p<0.001).
To determine whether there was difference in corticisterone levels between animals
that died from the disease and those that survived, the unpaired t-test was used to
determine difference. Mean terminal corticosterone hormone metabolites in dead animals
(43.36 ± 3.80 ng/g wet feces) were significantly higher (p< 0.05) than in survivors
(29.32 ± 4.55 ng/g wet feces) indicating higher stress response in animals with severe
clinical signs. Results from this study demonstrate that malignant catarrhal fever virus
challenge in cattle decreases corticosterone levels but in general corticosterone levels
are higher in animals with severe clinical signs of the disease.
Ally, M. S. MSc. (2013) Mycotoxins and heavy metal contamination in
complementary foods locally processed in Tanzania
Abstract
Complementary foods (CFs) are an important source of nutrients in the diet of infants
and are among the first solid food stuffs consumed by them; however there is high
possibility that these foods can be contaminated by mycotoxins (fumonisins and
aflatoxins) and heavy metals (lead and cadmium). The aim of this study was to assess
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levels of mycotoxins and heavy metals in CFs locally processed in Tanzania. The level
of fumonisins in CFs ranged from undetectable to 830.57ng/g. This indicates there is
high risk of contamination of CFs locally processed in Tanzania.
The fumonisins contamination observed in 14 samples (40%) were above acceptable
level of 200ng/g, 19 samples (54.3%) showed occurrence of fumonisins below acceptable
level and only 2 samples (5.7%) were free from fumonisins contamination. On the other
hand, aflatoxins content in CFs ranged from 0.56 to 27.30ng/g.
This shows that there is high rate of aflatoxins contamination in CFs locally processed
in Tanzania. The concentrations of aflatoxins observed in all samples were above
acceptable level of 0.10 ng/g which is the maximum levels of AFB1 for processed cerealbased foods for infants and young children. Out of 35 samples, only three samples of
locally processed CFs contained lead and one sample contained cadmium. However,
the study found that there is no risk of contamination with lead and cadmium in CFs
locally processed in Tanzania.
Mrutu, B. A. MSc. (2013) Molecular characterization of maize (ZEA MAYS L) inbred
lines and hybrids in southern highlands of Tanzania
Abstract
Maize is the most important food crop in Tanzania. It provides 60% of the dietary
calories and more than 50% of utilizable protein. All the maize varieties in Tanzania
have been characterized morphologically prior to their release and registration and
there is very limited information regarding their molecular characterization. Therefore,
the objective of this study is to characterize the hybrids of maize by using RAPD
markers and use the information to assess the genetic diversity and genetic purity. The
maize genotypes were collected from Southern highlands of Tanzania along the seed
supply chain from the breeder, seed producer and seed distributors.
A total of 12 genotypes were used in investigating the genetic diversity while 47
genotypes were used for evaluating the seed genetic purity. DNA was extracted from
young leaves and PCR was conducted using fourteen and seventeen primers for
evaluating the genetic diversity and genetic purity respectively. A total of 123 bands
were produced from 14 primers of which 98 (80%) were polymorphic with 17 primers
and 134 bands were produced which were 100% polymorphic. The similarity coefficient
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based on Jaccard ranged from 0.32 to 0.95 and 0.27 to 0.99 for genetic diversity
and genetic purity studies respectively.
With genetic diversity, the greater diversity was between the inbred lines than the
hybrids. With genetic purity, the genotypes which clustered with the parents were
regarded as the true hybrids resulting from the cross between those parents.
These results indicate that there is high genetic diversity among the maize genotypes
in Tanzania and the varieties which were considered to be genetically identical were
found to be different.
Key words: Genetic diversity, genetic purity, maize,
RAPD markers.
Ngomuo, M. MSc. (2013) In vitro propagation methods of banana by using shoot
tip cultures
Abstract
The study on in vitro propagation methods of banana by using shoot tip cultures was
conducted at Mikocheni Agricultural research laboratory. The study was conducted to
investigate; i) The control of lethal browning in local banana variety (cv. Mzuzu) by
using ascorbic acid. ii)
The effect of different bud splitting techniques on number of shoots and fresh weight
produced in vitro culture of (Musa sp.) var. ‘Yangambi’. iii) The effects of auxins
and cytokinin on growth and development of (Musa sp.) var. ‘Yangambi’ explants
in tissue culture. One experiment consisted MS media supplemented with different
concentrations of ascorbic acid, which was also used during explant preparation.
Fifteen treatments were used.
In another experiment, MS media supplemented with different concentrations of BAP
with and without IAA was used in efforts to stimulate in vitro buds proliferation. MS
media supplemented with IBA with and without BAP was used for in vitro rooting. Buds
splitting technique was also applied fourteen days after intiation, MS media with 5mg/l
BAP was used to assess the effects of different buds splitting techniques on in vitro
buds proliferation. Ten replicates were used for each experiment.
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The results indicated that the use of 1.2g/l of AA during explants preparation was good
in controlling the incidence of lethal browning of cv Mzuzu compared with the rest of
all other treatments. Also both 100mg/l and 200mg/l of AA applied directly to the media
before autoclaving was effient in controlling lethal browning.
On the other hand, the number and fresh weight of (Musa sp) var. ‘Yangambi’ was
found to increase according to different buds spliting techniques, in which highest
number of shoots and fresh weight was observed on quota splitted buds. BAP at
concentration of 6mg/l was found to be the best treatment in terms of number of buds
produced per explant.
The interaction of BAP and IAA at the concentration of 6mg/l was also found to
have significant effect on the fresh weight of shoots produced per explant. In rooting
experiment, IBA at concentration of 2mg/l promoted highest number of roots produced
per explant as well as the average shoot length compared with the rest of treatments.
This study provides the insights for controling lethal browning and optimal
concentration of auxins and cytokinins for micro propagation of var. ‘Yangambi’. It also
directs the usefulness of bud spliting technique in increasing buds proliferation.
Mlalila, N. MSc. (2013) Synthesis and characterization of methyltestosteroneloaded lipid nanoparticles for production of all-male tilapia cultures
Abstract
In recent years, all-male cultures of Nile tilapia are the most preferred mode of
production, avoiding their early maturation and frequent spawning in mixed sex systems.
All-male individuals achieve higher somatic growth rate and larger final size compared
to females. Their economic advantages have led to the development of hormonal sex
reversing strategies using methyltestosterone (MT).
MT is a lipophilic drug administered to fish through impregnated feed in open
water systems, a method that is complicated by poor uptake and leakages leading to
environmental hazards to ecosystems and health effects to non-targeted animals.
To control the challenges, novel delivery systems “nanotestes” were designed for
oral administration hence expecting direct uptake from gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and
long circulating effects in biological systems. The water-in-oil-in water nanotestes were
formulated by double emulsion technique using 0.075% w/w stearic acid, 3% w/v
PVA, 5% w/v lactose and 0.2% w/v chitosan.
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The nanotestes were immediately spray dried into a top-bench spray dryer.
The final nanotestes had particle size range of 120 and 170 nm and average encapsulation
efficiency (EE) of 90%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that,
the nanotestes were spherical in shape with smooth surfaces, results that were also
confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to be in amorphous state. These
nanotestes provided a promising carrier candidate for delivering MT. However, further
studies are needed in order to establish stability and the cargo release profile under
common conditions of use. The ultimate nanotestes should require modification of
the prototype that allows single administration, slow and targeted delivery of MT to
target tissues.
Rubaka, C. MSc. (2013) Analysis of phytochemical and antibacterial activity of
carissa spinarum and carica papaya crude extracts
Abstract
Carissa spinarum and Carica papaya are tropical medicinal plants containing bioactive
substance essential for treatment of infectious diseases. The crude extracts of different
parts of Carissa spinarum (C. spinarum) and Carica papaya (C. papaya) were
screened for the presence of phytochemicals.
The antibacterial activities of extracts alone and in combination were conducted to
investigate the susceptibility of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S.
aureus) pathogens to plant extracts and improvement of efficacy upon their interaction.
Susceptibility of pathogens to plant extracts was determined by disc diffusion sensitivity
testing.
Broth dilution method was used to determine minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of
individual and combined extracts and values of MICs were used to determine fraction
inhibitory concentration and hence the type of interaction. The zone of inhibition for
the pathogens tested ranged from 0.0 mm to 13.3 ± 1.5 mm.
Carissa spinarum root methanolic extracts demonstrated the highest antibacterial
activity compared to C. papaya leaves petroleum either extract (CPLP), C. papaya
leaves ethanolic extract (CPLE), C. papaya root ethanolic extract (CPRE), C. papaya
leaves methanolic extract (CPLM), C. spinarum leaves petroleum ether extract (CSLP),
C. spinarum root ethanolic extract (CSRE), C. spinarum bark ethanolic extract(CSBE),
C. papaya seed ethanolic extract(CPSE) and C. spinarum leaves methanolic
extract(CSLM).
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The MICs of extracts ranged from312 μg/ml to 5000 μg/ml. The MICs values of CPLP,
CSLP, CPLE, CSRE, CPSE, CSBE, CPRE, CSLM, CPLM and CSRM against S.aureus
were 625, 312, 312, 1250, 2500, 5000, 1250, 1250, 1250, 312μg/ml respectively while the
values of MICs against E.coli were 1250, 2500, 1250, 312, 1250,5000,1250,2500,2500
and 312 μg/ml. Carissa spinarum bark extracts didn’t demonstrate any antibacterial
activity however; it exhibited a synergistic effect with C. spinarum root ethanolic extracts
against S.aureus.
Another combination exhibiting synergy was C. papaya leaves methanolic extracts and
C. spinarum leaves methanolic extracts. No synergy was exhibited by combined plant
extracts against E. coli. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins,
alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and sterols.
These studies indicate that antibacterial activity of different extracts of C. spinarum
and C. papaya exhibited antibacterial activity against pathogens and the efficacy was
improved through interaction. Carissa spinarum and C. papaya could be good sources
of chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of infectious diseases.
Kavishe, S. MSc. (2013) Quality, microbial and chemical safety of banana
alcoholic beverages case study: Arusha Tanzania
Abstract
Banana alcoholic beverages (BAB’s) processing is a rapid growing sector dominated
by small and medium scale enterprises. It has played a major role in generating
jobs, income and to some extent revenues to the government. The safety and quality of
these beverages towards the public health are the main concern due to contamination
of microorganisms and other contaminants. The purpose of this study was to analyze
microbial quality and chemical safety of BAB’s produced in Arusha region.
The data were gathered through survey which involved interviewing 12 production
attendants and laboratory analysis. The results from the study showed that 11 (91.7%)
production attendants don’t have any knowledge on good hygienic practices and only 4
(33.3%) producers treat water before processing.
Filling of BAB’s is done manually by 9 (75%) processors and 10 production attendants
(83.3%) use normal soap instead of disinfectant. From laboratory analysis, the results
of total bacteria count were between 1.07 × 104 - 2.53 × 104 cfu/mL and 0.92 ×
104 - 2.54 × 104 cfu/mL for pre-bottled and bottled BAB’s respectively, indicating poor
hygienic practices during processing of BAB’s. Coliforms ranged from 8.0 × 101 to 3.80
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× 103 MPN/mL for pre-bottled BAB’s and 6.0 × 101 to 2.0 × 1 03 MPN/mL for bottled
BAB’s respectively.
Tanzania Bureau of Standards requires no coliforms in BAB’s. Also, presence of
Escherichia coli was confirmed in 5 out of 12 samples indicating the possibility of using
water contaminated with fecal matter during processing. Furthermore, no Salmonella
contamination was detected in the all samples which comply with the standards for
the non-cereal based alcoholic beverages stipulated by Tanzania Bureau of Standards
(TBS). The levels of methanol were within the acceptable limits signifying that no poor
manufacturing practices or adulteration in BAB’s.
Insignificant variation in ethanol level was observed in pre-bottled and bottled BAB’s
respectively which were within acceptable level (10% v/v) for non- cereal based alcoholic
beverages. Understanding microbial contamination and physicochemical changes
which occur during processing of BAB’s is essential in improving the microbial and
chemical, quality and safety of BAB’s.
Masaki, S. S. MSc. (2013) Prevalence of type 2 diabates amongst selected Maasai
ethnic group: the role of rural to urban migration
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether change in lifestyle from rural to
urban environment will change the prevalence Type 2 diabetes (T2D) amongst Maasai.
Method: A cross-sectional investigation of 724 Tanzanian Maasai including 374
rural (male 142, female 232) and 350 urban (male 193, female 157) participants aged
18-75years was conducted. Anthropometric measures (i.e., body mass index (BMI);
waist to hip ratio (WHR), blood glucose, serum lipids, self-reported dietary practice,
lifestyle (i.e., alcohol/tobacco use) and physical activity patterns were assessed.
Results: T2D is defined as occurring when not enough insulin is produced or the
insulin that is made by the body does not exert the usual effects on body cells (WHO,
1999). In this study prevalence of T2D was 22.9% (n=80) in urban and 9.9% (n=37) in
rural areas. The urban T2D was significantly (p<0.05) positively correlated with obesity
markers as denoted by BMI, weight, waist-circumference, hip circumference and WHR.
Urban hypertension was also significantly (p<0.05) correlated with other well established
T2D risk factors such as systolic blood pressure and age.
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Age-dependent change in the prevalence of T2D was typical of what is reported in many
urban centres. Prevalence increased with age and was highest at 60years and above.
Gender differences were only apparent between 40-59 years where the prevalence in
males was significantly higher than females. A significantly higher (p<0.05) proportion
of urban Maasai were overweight, consumed more meals per day, took alcohol, and
participated in less physical activities.
For rural Maasai, the fasting blood sugar (FBS) was significantly (p<0.05) positively
correlated with the obesity markers (BMI, weight, hip circumference and waist
circumference). In contrast to urban FBS, age was significantly negatively correlated
with FBS. Conclusion: This study shows that the rural to urban migration amongst the
Maasai ethic tribe exposes them to higher risk for T2D. Obesity, age, and systolic blood
pressure were found to be the major risk factors in urban Maasai contributing to a shift
towards higher T2D.
Xavery, D. K. MSc. (2013) Developing a tissue culture protocol for regenerating
the threatened African sandalwood (osyris lanceolata)
Abstract
African sandalwood is indigenous to eastern and southern African regions and its
heartwood oil is highly sought leading to over exploitation of the tree, and a threat to
the survival of the species. The plant has poor seed germination and its vegetative
propagation using root suckers is slow and takes time for replacement. I n o r d e r
to overcome challenge of overexploitation there has been introduced a propagation
method namely in vitro. The method is a potential viable means for regeneration of
the plant.
This study was set out to explore the capacity of the plant explants to propagate
on artificial basal medium. Concentrations of sodium hypochlorite at a concentration
of 20%, 30% and 40% were tested and explants were either treated with ascorbic
acid. This study has established a simple sanitation protocol which uses 20% and
40% of sodium hypochloride bleach solution for leaf and nodal segments explants
respectively. The study has demonstrated that for the first time the highest number of
African sandalwood callus from leaf and nodal explants was developed when Murashige
and Skoog basal medium supplemented with 5micromoles of Benzylaminopurine.
The study recommends the protocol developed as a benchmark for obtaining viable
and clean explants material for other woody plants species for use in tissue culture.
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Furthermore, the study recommends the use of both nodal segments and leaf explants
materials of the African sandalwood for establishment of tissue culture.
Ismail, S. MSc. (2013) Students’ conceptual understanding of computational
round-off arithmetic in Tanzanian schools: A case study of high school students
in Hai and Moshi Urban Districts
Abstract
Integration of the calculator in classroom mathematical instructions has brought about
challenges such as students’ misconceptions of mathematical ideas owing to its
computing limitations. This problem has been an opportunity for researchers to assess
students’ awareness of its computing nature. Moreover, many research studies have
been conducted to explore students’ understanding of these calculating machines but
such studies have not been comprehensively done in Tanzania.
The main objective of this dissertation was to examine students’ conceptual understanding
of computational round-off arithmetic in Tanzanian schools. In particular, the study was
aimed at exploring mathematics students’ awareness of calculator computing limitations
when they use it to solve mathematical problems. The research study used a survey
study questionnaire to collect data from 147 students of 4 high schools selected in the
Hai and Moshi Urban Districts in the Kilimanjaro Region.
The data was analyzed using Computer Statistical Package (Excel 2007) and Normal
Distribution Calculator (Casio fx � 991M
S ) . The study reveals that the majority of
mathematics students do know the computing limitations of calculators. It also shows
that there is no association between study year and mathematics students’ awareness
of calculator round-off arithmetic and its impact in computations.
The study discloses that male and female mathematics students do not differ significantly
in the manner they view the impact of calculator arithmetic on computations when
solving mathematical problems. Thus, the study findings disclose the importance of
knowing the calculator computing nature when solving mathematical problems to get rid
of unnecessary students’ misconceptions during mathematics learning.
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123
Kahuru, S. MSc. (2013) Mathematical model for water resource planning in
irrigation: The case of wine grape farming in Dodoma Region
Abstract
Optimal cropping pattern in vineyard irrigated agriculture is one of the essential tasks for
obtaining the optimal irrigation water resources of the command. This can be achieved
by developing a Mathematical optimization model which plays a vital role in planning and
management of irrigation water resource.
An application of linear optimization methodology was used as a solution to a problem in
the study area of Chinangali irrigation farmland with the cultivated command area of 120
hectares located in the Dodoma region of Tanzania. The data on crops weather, soils,
bore holes supply, and cost of cultivation pertaining to the study area were collected from
various Government offices, institutions and personal contact from the grapevine farmers
of the study area. In this study the mathematical optimization model was formulated for
optimal utilization of water and land resources and was solved using MATLAB.
Greater emphasis was being placed on the need to improve the efficiency in use of the
minimum available water resources for grapevine production. The estimation of the crop
water requirement was done with the aid of the FAO Penman-Monteith Equation for the
optimal planning of cropping pattern, to minimize irrigation water resource for the study
area.
The results from the Penman’s Monteith equation FAO paper 56 show that the annual crop
water requirements for grapevine varieties: Cabernet sauvignon, Chardonnay, Chenin
blanc and Riesling were; 520.7 mm, 746.6 mm, 1066.4 mm and 1235.8 mm respectively.
The optimized results from the MATLAB analysis show that when the decision of planting
27.97 hectares of Cabernet sauvignon, 14.18 hectares of Chardonnay, 21.39 hectares
of Chenin blanc and 56.14 hectares of Riesling 16 470.40 m3 per annum of water can
be saved. For that reason it was suggested that 1 173 359.60 m3 per annum should be
released to the vineyards of the study area for optimum irrigation planning against the 1
189 830 m3 per annum supplied presently.
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SCINTIFIC ARTICLES PUBLISHED FROM
COSTECH FUNDED RESEARCH ROJECTS
R. R. Minja1, J. Ngailo2, N. Mwalukasa2 and S. Kyando2 (;2014); Effects of
Phosphate Rock on Phosphorus Availability for Vegetable Crops in Cropping
Sequence
International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 3(5): 434-447, Article no.
IJPSS.2014.001SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.or
1Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute, P. O. Box 6226, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
2Uyole Agricultural Research Institute, P. O. Box Mbeya, Tanzania.
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of cropping sequence and Minjingu
Phosphate Rock (MPR) on soil phosphorus (P) availability and yield of selected vegetable
crops. The study involved a researcher managed on farm field experiment conducted
in Mbeya, Tanzania using a split plot design with three replications. Crop sequence (i)
Cabbage - tomato - maize (ii) Maize - tomato -cabbage (iii) Cabbage - cabbage - maize
(iv) Maize - tomato – maize, constituted the main plots. The P sources (i) control (no
fertilizer), (ii) MPR, (iii) compost + MPR, (iv) crotalaria green manure + MPR (v) NPK
(standard), were sub plots.
The experiment was repeated three times on the same plots. In the fourth season, bean
was planted in all plots without fertilizer to capture residual nutrients. Results indicated
more percent increase in soil available P in plots where cabbage was included in the
sequence (207.9%) as compared to when it was ommited (85.39%). Compost + MPR
treatment significantly increased soil pH from 5.8 to 6.33 while in NPK treated plots it
decreased to 5.49.
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125
After three seasons there was higher residual P in MPR treated plots (33.33 mg/kg)
as compared with NPK (27.65mg/kg). Plots treated with NPK produced the highest
maize yield while plots treated with MPR alone or combined with compost or crotalaria
produced significantly (P ≤ .01) higher cabbage and tomato yield especially during the
first and second seasons.
Bean pod yield was higher in MPR treated plots. Therefore, the use of PR and including
cabbage in crop rotations should be encouraged in organic vegetable farming systems
to restore P on phosphorus deficient soils.
Zacharia Katambara1, Frederick C. Kahimba2, Winfred B. Mbungu2, Paul
Reuben2, Muyenjwa. Maugo3, Fikiri D. Mhenga2, and Henry F. Mahoo2 .
Optimizing System of Rice Intensification Parameters Using Aquacrop Model for
Increasing Water Productivity and Water Use Efficiency on Rice Production in
Tanzania.
Journal of Agriculture and Sustainability Volume 4, Number 2, 2013, 235-244
1. Department of Civil Engineering, Mbeya University of Science and Technology,
P.O. Box 131, Mbeya, Tanzania
2. Department of Agricultural Engineering and Land Planning, Sokoine University of
Agriculture, P.O. Box 3003 Morogoro, Tanzania
3. Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives, P.O. Box 9192, Dar es
Salaam, Tanzania
Abstract
Producing more rice while using less water is among the calls in water scarce regions
so as to feed the growing population and cope with the changing climate. Among the
suitable techniques towards this achievement is the use of system of rice intensification
(SRI), which has been reported as an approach that uses less water and has high water
productivity and water use efficiency.
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Despite its promising results, the use of SRI practice in Tanzania is limited due to
less knowledge with regard to transplanting age, plant spacing, and minimum soil
moisture to be allowed for irrigation, and alternate wetting and drying interval for various
geographical locations. The AquaCrop crop water productivity model, which is capable
of simulating crop water requirements and yield for a given parameter set, was used to
identify suitable SRI parameters for Mkindo area in Morogoro Region, Tanzania.
Using no stress condition on soil fertility, plant spacings ranging from 5 cm to 50 cm
were evaluated. Results suggest that the yield and biomass produced per ha increase
with decreasing spacing from 50 cm to 20 cm. Preliminary field results suggest that
the optimum spacing is round 25 cm. However, the model structure does not take into
consideration number of tillers produced. As such, the study calls for incorporation of the
tillering processes into Aqua Crop model.
Zacharia Katambara1*, Frederick C. Kahimba2, Henry F. Mahoo2, Winfred
B. Mbungu2, Fikiri Mhenga2, Paul Reuben2, Muyenjwa Maugo3, Anthony
Nyarubamba3 . Adopting the system of rice intensification (SRI) in Tanzania:
A review Agricultural Sciences 4 (2013) 369-375
1. Department of Civil Engineering, Mbeya University of Science and Technology,
Mbeya, Tanzania; *Corresponding Author: [email protected],
[email protected]
Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
3. Directorate of Irrigation, Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security, and Cooperatives,
Morogoro, Tanzania
Abstract
The demand of water for irrigation purposes in Tanzania outstrips the amount of water
available for irrigation and other demands. On the other hand, the demand for more food
to feed the growing population is increasing, calling for the need to have technologies
and farming practices that ensure more food production while minimizing water uses.
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127
Rice is among cereal crops grown in Tanzania, and it can assist in meeting the food
demand for the nation. Majority of rice producers in Tanzania and Sub-Saharan Africa
(SSA) are subsistence farmers and they practice continuous flooding, a technique that
requires much water. In addition to using large amounts of water, the conventional
practices of growing paddy using local varieties transplanting process are implemented
when seedlings are more than 21 days old, and 3 - 4 seedlings are transplanted in one
hole.
This practice results in low yields, and low water productivity and water use efficiency.
The system of rice intensification (SRI) on the other hand, is a promising new practice
of growing paddy rice that has proven to be very effective in saving water and increasing
rice yields in many parts of the world. SRI practice is spreading fast and it has been
adopted in many countries. The SRI practice has been introduced in Tanzania during the
last 3 years as such it is not widely practiced.
This paper reviews SRI practice at global, regional and country (Tanzania) level, and
evaluates the challenges, opportunities and implications for its adoption in Tanzania.
Knowledge gaps at each level have been identified and discussed as well as suggestions
for researchable areas.
Kahimba, F.C.1, Kombe, E.E.2, and Mahoo, H.F.1. The Potential of System of Rice
Intensification (SRI) to Increase Rice Productivity: a Case of Mkindo Irrigation
Scheme in Morogoro Region, Tanzania.
Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences (2014) Vol. 12 No. 2, 10-19
Agriculture, P. O. Box 3003, Morogoro, TANZANIA
2. Mwanza Zonal Irrigation and Technical Services Unit, Ministry of Agriculture, Food
Security and Cooperatives (MAFC), Mwanza, TANZANIA
Abstract
Rice plays a critical role in ensuring food security in developing countries. For majority of
the world’s small-scale farmers who live in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, rice is a major
source of calories and the single largest source of income. However, increases in rice
production are now lagging behind population growth, compounded by effects of climate
change and variability.
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A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
The system of rice intensification (SRI) developed in Madagascar, is a system approach
to increase rice productivity through proper management of fewer inputs such as irrigation
water and seeds. This study was therefore designed to evaluate the performance of SRI
in Mvomero district in Morogoro region, Tanzania by implementing farmer field school
(FFS) pilot trials of SRI operated by farmers alongside on-station scientific experiments
in Mkindo Irrigation scheme. The experiments were conducted for two consecutive years
during the wet season (March- July 2011) and dry season (September 2011- January
2012).
One rice variety TXD 306 (SARO) was planted on plots in a randomized complete
block design (RCBD) with five treatments based on two water application regimes of
flooding and alternate wetting and drying (AWD), while the effects of transplanting age
of seedlings and plant spacing (in cm) of 20x20 for T1 and T2, 25x25 for T3, 30x30 for
T4, and 40x40 for T5 were evaluated.
The plant height, root depth, tillerig, biomass and grain yields, irrigation water use, and
wetting and drying intervals were evaluated and results were statistically analyzed using
GENSTAT software. Highest grain yield was achieved in 25x25 (T3) and 30x30 (T4) SRI
spacing.
Under the SRI practice, 62.51%, 63.64%, 64.67%, and 64.07% water savings were
noticed for T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively, compared to the control (T1). SRI practice
for planting space of 25x25 to 30x30 cm, wetting and drying interval of three days, and
younger seedling of 8-12 days are recommended as good combinations for SRI practice
in Mkindo area, Morogoro region.
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
129
P Y Kavana and V A M Kakengi* Availability of pasture for domestic and wild
herbivores in grazing land of Mpanda Tanzania.
Livestock Research for Rural Development 26 (2) 2014
Mahale-Gombe Wildlife Research Centre, P.O. Box 1053, Kigoma, Tanzania
[email protected]
* Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, P.O. Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania
[email protected]
Abstract
A study was conducted to assess feed resource base for domestic and wild herbivores
in grazing lands of Mpanda district. Forage samples were taken from various grazing
lands in wet and dry seasons. Results indicated that feed resources for domestic and
wild herbivores in Mpanda district is based on miombo woodlands vegetations.
Various plant species were identified that indicate plants diversity in grazing lands.
However, plant species edible to domestic and wild herbivores were 42.9% of the
available plant species population in grazing lands. Furthermore, the edible plant species
were confined to 9 plant families out of 39 plant families documented in the study area.
This implies that feed resource base for domestic and wild herbivores in Mpanda district
is narrow. Therefore effort through establishment of proper land use plans in villages
is required to ensure sustainability of domestic and wild herbivores as well as feed
resources in Mpanda district.
130
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
1Christopher L. Materu, 2Seguni Z. Kombo and 3Linus Masumbuko. Ant species
diversity and composition at Mlingano mango orchard in Tanzania.
Research Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Volume-1, Issue-2,
Nov-Dec-2014, Res.J.Agr.Env.Sci. www.rjaes.com.
1,2,3 P O Box 6226, Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute Tanzania
*[email protected]; [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
Ants are major decomposers and they are sensitive to any human influence in our
environment. Presence or absence of ants in cropland habitat is resulted from alteration
of forest habitat into cropland. Ant’s species diversity in mango orchard was considered
as an important biodiversity indicator due to alteration of the primary forest into cropland
habitat. Ants were sampled from mango trees searching species of ants from tree bases
to 2M high.
Dental rolls with 10% sugar as attractant bait were also used to attract ground preference
of ant species. Attractant bait was placed on a tree base for 30 minutes and thereafter
inspected for data collection. This study has revealed that ant species composition in
mango orchard varies according to cropping system.
Dominance of species was Crematogaster followed by Pheidole megacephala and the
least was Oecopyhlla longinoda ants. Comparison of species composition revealed
that there were significant differences. Species with low representative individuals were
considered as extinct or rare species. The intended study was carried out at Mlingano
mango orchard with the aim to determine the ant’s species diversity and composition.
The results from this work will help in developing sustainable biodiversity conservation
programmes as well as for future research.
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
131
Christopher L. Materu1*; Zuberi Seguni2; Evarista, E. Shao, Beatrice M. Mruma,
Andrew J. Ngereza2. Assessing the Impact of Integrated Pest Management
Programme for Management of Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) On Mango
Orchards in Tanzania.
Research Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Volume-1, Issue-2,
Nov-Dec-2014, Res.J.Agr.Env.Sci. www.rjaes.com
1. Christopher L. Materu P. O. Box 6226, Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute
Tanzania
2. Zuberi K. Seguni P, O Box 6226, Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute
Tanzania
3. Andrew J. Ngereza P. O. Box 6226, Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute
Tanzania
4. Evarista E. Shao P. O. Box 6226, Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute
Tanzania
5. Beatrice M. Mruma P. O. Box 6226, Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute
Tanzania
Abstract
Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are a major threat to the vegetables and mango industry
in the world. The female flies prick and lay eggs under the skin of the fruits. The eggs
hatch and release the larvae which present three immature stages before reaching adult
stages. The first two larval stages occur in plant tissues and cause the premature fall
of the fruits. The invasive fruit fly Bactrocera invadens was first detected in Tanzania in
2004. Direct damage due to B. invadens attack in African countries varies between 3080%.
Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the impact different Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) techniques on suppression of mango fruit flies in Muheza district.
Improvised twenty traps baited with methyl eugenol hanged 2m above the soil surface
was used to trap the flies. Traps were inspected every after 7days and were recharged
every after 60 days.
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A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
Traps were left on the same position throughout the entire period of this study.
Furthermore, application of Mazoferm bait spray every after two weeks followed by
regular fruit collection on weekly basis were considered as full IPM African Weaver Ant
(AWA) enhancement was considered as biological control agent.
Fruits from different treatment were collected during development stage, green stage and
at fully ripening stage. Fruits samples were randomly collected within mango orchards
except from weaver ant where by fruits collected were those observed foraged with
weaver ants.
A total of 2,848 fruit flies belonging to the genera Bactrocera were captured during the
study period. B. invadens was the dominant species recorded in all traps during the main
fruiting periods of September to December 2013. The effect of Different IPM showed
significant differences between sampling dates. Similarly comparison of fruits damage
from different treatments showed significant differences (P=0.05).
These findings demonstrate that fruits from weaver ants showed AWA significantly
reduces B.invadens and needs to be conserved. Fruit fly IPM in the study area should
be targeted at different stages of fruit development using singly or combined IPM
technologies.
Samwel Mchele Limbu; Amon Paul Shoko; Hieromin Amon Lamtane; Evantuce
Dominick Shirima; Mary Alphonce Kishe-Machumu; Huruma Fredrick Mgana;
Yunus Daud Mgaya. Effect of initial stocking size of the predatory African
sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) on recruits, growth performance, survival
and yield of mixed-sex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in concrete tank
culture system.
Int Aquat Res DOI 10.1007/s40071-014-0093-3, published online: 21st January
2015
Abstract
Prolific breeding and production of high percentage of recruits are main problems in
mixed-sex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) culture in earthen ponds. The current
study assessed the efficiency of different sizes of African sharptooth catfish (Clarias
gariepinus) in controlling recruitment in mixed-sex Nile tilapia cultured in tanks and its
effect on growth performance, percentage survival and yield.
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
133
Three treatments consisting of triplicate ponds stocked with mixed-sex Nile tilapia in
monoculture and in polyculture with large (62.50 ± 3.26 g) and small (40.00 ± 2.68
g) African sharptooth catfish were fed on a 297.50 g kg-1 crude protein diet for 126
days. Results showed that, the number of recruits was significantly lower in larger
African Sharptooth catfish predator than smaller ones and monoculture of Nile tilapia.
Polyculture with larger African sharptooth catfish resulted in significantly higher growth
performance of Nile tilapia.
Large African sharptooth catfish in polyculture reduced the amount of small, low-value
recruits, while the yield of large and high value Nile tilapia was increased. This study
revealed that fish farmers can reduce prolific breeding, obtain higher growth performance
and produce larger size of marketable Nile tilapia by predominantly stocking ponds with
large African sharptooth catfish predator of at least 60g.
134
A BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

nfast funded research projects 2012-2015

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