Caspar David Friedrich (1774

‫קריאה מלווה ‪:‬‬
‫קלרק‪ ,‬קנט‪,‬ציביליזציה‪.‬‬
‫פרק ‪ :11‬פולחן הטבע‪.‬‬
‫‪ 5‬הזרמים האומנותיים העיקריים‬
‫‪1780-1900‬‬
‫‪ 1‬ניאוקלסיציזם‬
‫‪Neoclassicism‬‬
‫‪ 2‬רומנטיציזם‬
‫‪Romanticism‬‬
‫‪ 3‬ריאליזם‬
‫‪ 4‬אימפרסיוניזם‬
‫‪Realism‬‬
‫‪Impressionism‬‬
‫‪ 5‬פוסט‪-‬אימפרסיוניזם ‪Post-Impressionism‬‬
Around 1800,
Romanticism emerged as a reaction against Neoclassicism.
It did not really replace the Neoclassical style so much as act as
a counterbalancing influence, and many artists were influenced
by both styles.
ROCOCO
1715-1780
NEOCLASSICISM
1780s-1840
ROMANTICISM
1800s-1850s
Caspar David
William
John
Friedrich (1774-1840)
Turner (1775-1851)
Constable (1776-1837)
Francisco
Theodore
GOYA (1746-1828)
Gericault (1791-1824)
Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863)
‫מי אמר שאומנות המאה התשע‪-‬עשרה‬
‫זה נושא פשוט??‬
‫רומנטיקה זה נושא די מורכב ומסובך‪ ...‬הנה זה בא‪...‬‬
‫רומנטיקה גרמנית‬
‫רומנטיקה אנגלית‬
‫רומנטיקה ספרדית‬
‫רומנטיקה צרפתית‬
‫רומנטיקה נטורליסטית‬
‫רומנטיקה פולקלוריסטית‬
‫רומנטיקה נאוקלאסית‬
‫רומנטיקה ריאליסטית‬
‫רומנטיקה שחורה‬
‫לפי המקום‬
‫לפי התוכן‬
Johan Christian Claussen DAHL Outbreak of the Vesuvius 1826 128 × 172 cm
Jacques-Louis DAVID
The Oath of Horatii 1784
330x425 cm
Johan Christian Claussen DAHL
Outbreak of the Vesuvius 1826
‫רומנטיקה גרמנית‬
Romanticism
can be seen as a rejection of the precepts of order,
calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality
that typified late 18th-century Neoclassicism.
Romanticism was also to some extent a reaction
against the Enlightenment.
Romanticism emphasized the individual, the
subjective, the irrational, the imaginative,
the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the
visionary, and the transcendental.
Caspar David FRIEDRICH Wanderer above a Sea of Mists 1818
oil on canvas 74.8 x 94.8 cm. Hamburger Kunsthalle, Hamburg
Georg Friedrich Kersting Caspar David Friedrich in his Studio
1812 oil on canvas, 51 x 40 cm Nationalgalerie, Berlin
‫צריך‬
‫!‪chiaroscuro‬‬
‫מהר‪ ,‬ילדיי‪ ,‬דפדפו‬
‫בפלוטרכוס!‬
Georg Friedrich Kersting Caspar David Friedrich in his Studio
1812 oil on canvas, 51 x 40 cm Nationalgalerie, Berlin
Caspar David FRIEDRICH Bord de mer au clair de lune 1818
oil on canvas 22 x 30 cm. Louvre, Paris
‫שפת הים בליל ירח‬
DAVID Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon I and Coronation of the Empress
Josephine in the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris on 2 December 1804 1808
oil on canvas 621 x 979 cm
]‫[הכתרת ג'וזפין‬
385 cm
621 cm
Caspar David FRIEDRICH Bord de mer au clair de lune 1818
oil on canvas 22 x 30 cm. Louvre, Paris
‫שפת הים בליל ירח‬
Caspar David FRIEDRICH The Tree of Crows 1822
oil on canvas 54 x 71 cm. Louvre, Paris
Caspar David FRIEDRICH Winter Landscape with Church 1811
oil on canvas 33× 45 cm. Museum of Art and Culture History, Dortmund
Caspar David FRIEDRICH The Cross in the Mountains
1811-12
oil on canvas 44.5×37.4 cm.
Museum of Art, Düsserldorf
Caspar David FRIEDRICH The Abbey in the Oak Wood c. 1809
oil on canvas 110.4×171 cm. National Gallery Berlin
Caspar David FRIEDRICH Woman at the Window c. 1822
oil on canvas 44×37 cm. National Gallery Berlin
Caspar David FRIEDRICH Man and Woman Contemplating the Moon late
1820s oil on canvas 34 x 44 cm National Gallery Berlin
Caspar David FRIEDRICH Evening Landscape with Two Men 1830 1835 oil on canvas 25 x 31 cm Hermitage Museum, San Petersburg
Caspar David FRIEDRICH The Sea of Ice (The Wreck of the Hope)
1824
oil on canvas 96.7 x 126.9 cm
Kunsthalle, Hamburg
"The painter should paint not only what he has in front of him, but also
what he sees inside himself. If he sees nothing within, then he should
stop painting what is in front of him ".
‫חמשת הג'אנרים באקדמיה‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬הג'אנר ה"גדול"‪ :‬ציור היסטורי‪ ,‬דתי או מיתולוגי‬
‫‪ .2‬הדיוקן‪ :‬תיאור אמין ומדויק ביותר של אדם חי‬
‫‪ .3‬ציורי "ג'אנר"‪ :‬ציור המתאר את חיי היום‪-‬יום‬
‫‪ .4‬ציורי נוף ?!‬
‫(בגלל הספוג של בוטיצ'לי‪)...‬‬
‫‪ .5‬טבע דומם‪ :‬אומנות נשים‪...‬‬
:‫לימוד עצמי‬
‫רומנטיקה אנגלית‬
John
CONSTABLE (1776-1837)
William
TURNER (1775-1851)
John CONSTABLE
Boat Building at Flatford 1815
Oil on canvas
William TURNER
Rain, Steam and Speed 1844
Oil on canvas 90.8 x 121.9 cm National Gallery, London
‫רומנטיקה נטורליסטית‬
‫אנציקלופדיה לאמנות הציור‬
‫והפיסול‪ .‬כתר‪.‬‬
‫כרך ‪ :3‬אופקים חדשים‪.‬‬
‫רומנטיקה אנגלית‪ :‬קונסטבל ו‪-‬טרנר‪.‬‬
‫ציור הנוף בין נטורלזים להפשטה‪.‬‬
Johan Christian Claussen DAHL
Outbreak of the Vesuvius 1826
 Caspar David
• William
•
John
Friedrich (1774-1840)
Turner (1775-1851)
Constable (1776-1837)
 Francisco
GOYA (1746-1828)
Jacques-Louis
David(1748-1825)
Gericault (1791-1824)
Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863)
Theodore
‫רומנטיקה ספרדית‬
‫פרנסיסקו דה גויה‪ ,‬אומן גאוני ורב פעלים‪,‬‬
‫עבד בסגנונות ה‪-‬רוקוקו‪ ,‬נאוקלסיקה‪ ,‬רומנטיקה‪,‬‬
‫וכמו כן היה מבשר ה‪-‬ריאליזם והאקספרסיוניזם‪.‬‬
Francisco de Goya The Marquesa de Pontejos c. 1786.
oil on canvas, 211 x 126 cm. The National Gallery of Art, Washington
Charles III in Hunting Costume c. 1786-88 oil on canvas
206 x 130 cm. Duchess of Arco, Madrid
‫במדריד גויה נחשף לרעיונות‬
‫תנועת ההשכלה‬
ENLIGHTENMENT
Human reason should be used to build a better world.
Principal targets were religion (the Catholic Church)
and the domination of society by a hereditary aristocracy.
RELIGION POLITICS
Francisco de Goya Blind's Man Bluff 1788
oil on canvas 41x44 cm Museo del Prado, Madrid
...‫תנועת ההשכלה התנגדה לחוסר האחריות והילדותיות של מרבית אצולת אירופה‬
‫גויה נחשף לרעיונות‬
‫תנועת ההשכלה‬
ENLIGHTENMENT
POLITICS
Human reason should be used to build a better world.
The Count of Floridablanca and Goya 1783
oil on canvas 262 x 166 cm. Banco Urquijo, Madrid
DAVID Napoleon in His Study 1812 oil on canvas
204 x 125 cm The National Gallery of Art, Washington.
Francisco de Goya Duke of Alba 1793
oil on canvas 195 x 126 cm. Museo del Prado, Madrid
Around 1800,
Romanticism emerged as a reaction against Neoclassicism.
It did not really replace the Neoclassical style so much as act as
a counterbalancing influence, and many artists were influenced
by both styles.
ROCOCO
1715-1780
NEOCLASSICISM
1780s-1840
ROMANTICISM
1800s-1850s
Charles IV and His Family c. 1800 oil on canvas Museo del Prado, Madrid
Goya and the future Fernando VII
Manuel Godoy, Duke of Alcudia, "Prince of the Peace" 1801
oil on canvas
Royal Academy of San Fernando, Madrid
The Death of Socrates
Detail
The Straw Manikin (El Pelele) 1791-92
oil on canvas Museo del Prado, Madrid
Francisco de Goya Duke of Alba 1793
oil on canvas 195 x 126 cm. Museo del Prado, Madrid
Portrait of the Duchess of Alba 1795
oil on canvas 194 x 130 cm. Duke of Alba, Madrid
Portrait of the Duchess of Alba 1797 oil on canvas
The Hispanic Society of America, New York
Portrait of the Duchess of Alba 1797 oil on canvas
The Hispanic Society of America, New York
GOYA The Clothed Maja (La Maja Vestida) 1800-03
Oil on canvas Museo del Prado, Madrid
The Clothed Maja Detail
The Nude Maja (La Maja Desnuda). c. 1799-1800. Oil on canvas. Museo del
Prado, Madrid, Spain
The Nude Maja Detail
The Bookseller's Wife c. 1805-08 oil on canvas,109.9 x 78.2 cm.
The National Gallery of Art, Washington
Girl with a Jug (Aguadora) oil on canvas
68 x 50.5 cm. Szepmuveseti Muzeum, Budapest
Desastre de la Guerra, 28; Populacho (Mob) c.1810-1811. Etching and aquatint
Desastre de la Guerra, 39; Grande Bazana! Con Muertos! c.1810-1811.
Etching and aquatint
The Colossus c. 1810-12 oil on canvas, 116 x 105 cm. Museo del Prado, Madrid
The Second of May 1808 at the Puerta del Sol 1814
oil on canvas 266 x 345 cm. Museo del Prado, Madrid
The Intervention of the Sabine Women 1799
oil on canvas
385 x 522 cm. Louvre, Paris
The 3rd of May 1808 in Madrid: The Executions on Principe Pio Hill, 1814
oil on canvas 268 x 347 cm , Museo del Prado, Madrid
Goya’s etchings
a total of 211 prints
Los Caprichos
1796-97
(80)
La Tauromaquia
1815-16
(33)
Los Disparates
1815-1824 (22)
Los Desastres de la Guerra 1810-1820 (82)
‫תנועת ההשכלה‬
ENLIGHTENMENT
RELIGION or
SUPERSTITION?
Human reason should be used to build a better world.
St. Francis Borgia Exorcizing 1788 oil on canvas Private collection
Don Manuel Osorio Manrique de Zunica c. 1792.
oil on canvas Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters 1799
(El sueño de la razón produce monstruos)
From the series Los Caprichos, plate 43. Etching and aquatint. 21.6 x 15.2 cm.
Henry FUSELI The Nightmare 1781 75.5 x 64 cm Goethe Museum Frankfurt
Disparate Desordenado or Disparate Matrimonial.
c.1815-1824. Etching and aqatint, 24.5 x 35 cm
Disparate 10: Disparate Desenfrenado (Unbridled Foolishness)
c.1815-1824. Etching and aquatint, 24.5 x 35 cm
Francisco Goya The Pilgrimage of San Isidro 1820-1821
(one of the "black paintings" from the Quinta del Sordo)
La Quinta del Sordo
Saturn Devouring One of His Chidren c. 1820-23
oil on canvas, 146 x 83 cm. Museo del Prado, Madrid
this is one of 14 paintings in a series known as the Black Paintings
http://www.artchive.com/galleries/goya/notes.html
‫רומנטיקה צרפתית‬
Caspar David
William
John
Friedrich (1774-1840)
Turner (1775-1851)*
Constable (1776-1837)*
Francisco
Theodore
GOYA (1746-1828)
Gericault (1791-1824)
Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863)*
[Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825)]
‫צריכים‬
‫!‪chiaroscuro‬‬
‫מהר‪ ,‬ילדיי‪ ,‬דפדפו‬
‫בפלוטרכוס!‬
Around 1800,
Romanticism emerged as a reaction against Neoclassicism.
It did not really replace the Neoclassical style so much as act
as a counterbalancing influence, and many artists were
influenced by both styles.
ROCOCO
1715-1780
NEOCLASSICISM
1780s-1840
ROMANTICISM
1800s-1850s
Caspar David
William
John
Friedrich (1774-1840)
Turner (1775-1851)*
Constable (1776-1837)
Francisco
Theodore
Eugene
GOYA (1746-1828)
Gericault (1791-1824)
Delacroix (1798-1863)*
[Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825)]
‫ אסכולת דוד‬
:‫ התלמידים העיקריים‬- ‫אסכולת דוד‬
Gros
Gerard
Broc
Girodet-Trioson
Ingres
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (1780-1867)
Self-Portrait at the Age of 24 1804 oil on canvas Musée Condé, Chantilly
J.A.D. INGRES Portrait of Napoléon on the Imperial Throne 1806
oil on canvas Musée de l'Armée, Paris
J.A.D. INGRES The Bather of Valpinçon 1808 oil on canvas Louvre, Paris
J.A.D. INGRES
Le Grande Odalisque
1814 oil on canvas Louvre, Paris
Le Grande Odalisque
detail
Le Grande Odalisque
detail
J.A.D. INGRES The Turkish Bath 1862 oil on wood Louvre, Paris
The Turkish Bath
detail
1821-24
oil on canvas Museum Van Schoone, Kunsten, Gent
Theodore Gericault Insane
Theodore Gericault Portrait of a Woman Suffering from Obsessive Envy
c. 1822 oil on canvas 72 x 58 cm Musee des Beaux-Arts, Lyons, France
‫קלע רכוב של חיל המשמר ‪Charging Chasseur 1812‬‬
Theodore Gericault The Raft of the Medusa1819
oil on canvas 491x 716 cm
Louvre, Paris
Eugène Delacroix Dante and Virgil in Hell (Barque of Dante)
1822 oil on canvas 246 x 189 cm
Johan Christian Claussen DAHL
Outbreak of the Vesuvius 1826
Eugène Delacroix The Massacre of Chios 1824 oil on canvas. Louvre, Paris
Eugène Delacroix
Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi 1826
Eugene Delacroix Women of Algiers 1834 oil on canvas 180 x 229 cm Louvre
INGRES The Turkish Bath 1862 oil on wood Louvre, Paris.
Bourbon Dynasty – Kings of France 18th and 19th c:
Louis XIV the Sun King 1643-1715
Louis XV the Well-Beloved 1715-1774
Louis XVI the Beloved 1774-1792
(French Revolution
1789 – 1804)
Bonaparte Dynasty - First Empire
Napoleon I, Emperor 1804- 1814
‫רוקוקו‬
‫נאוקלסיקה‬
(Bourbon Dynasty, restored 1814-1830)
Louis XVIII (1814-1824)
Charles X (1824-1830)
Louis-Philippe the Citizen King (1830-1848)
‫רומנטיקה‬
Eugene Delacroix Liberty Leading the People 1830
oil on canvas 260x 325 cm Louvre
GOYA The Second of May 1808 at the Puerta del Sol 1814
oil on canvas 266 x 345 cm. Museo del Prado, Madrid
INGRES The Bather of Valpinçon 1808 oil on canvas Louvre, Paris.
Eugène Delacroix (1798-1863)
At the sale of his work in 1864, 9,140 works were found: 853 paintings, 1,525
pastels and watercolors, 6,629 drawings, 109 lithographs, and over 60 sketchbooks.
"Colour always occupies me, but drawing preoccupies me."
THE BATTLE OF THE STYLES
Romanticism
versus
Neo-Classicism
...‫בקרוב‬
REALISM
‫‪ ‬שם הזרם ומהותו‬
‫‪ ‬זמן ומקום‬
‫תוך ציון הזרם שקדם לו‬
‫וזה שיבוא אחריו‬
‫"זרם באומנות המערב‪...‬‬
‫‪ ‬מאפיינים עיקריים‬
‫תיאורטיים‪ :‬הרעיונות המנחים‬
‫אשר החל להתפתח במאה ה‪...18-‬‬
‫בין השנים‪...‬‬
‫חזותיים‪ :‬מאפייני העיצוב‬
‫‪ ‬אמנים בולטים‬
‫‪ ‬יצירות מייצגות‬
‫ס''ה – כ‪ 100-‬מילים (‪ 1/3‬דף)‬
:‫לעיון נוסף‬
Toman, Wolf, (2000)
Neoclassicism and Romanticism.
Cologne: Koneman.
Walther, Ingo F., ed., (1999)
Masterpieces of Western Art: A History
of 900 Individual Studies.
Köln: Benedict Taschen.
Part 1: “Rococo and Neoclassicism:
The painting in the 18th century from
Watteau to Goya”.
Raquel Rapaport
© 2010