Floriade 2022 - WATERgraafsmeer

Floriade 2022 - Sustainability in Zuidoost
Utrecht University
Faculty of Geosciences
Department of Innovation and Environmental Sciences
Master: Sustainable Development
Course: Transdiciplinary Case Study
GEO4-2302
Report
2 November 2012
Supervisors: Mendel Giezen, Aat Barendregt and Boudewijn Elsinga
Client: Waternet, Rob Ververs
Stadsdeel Zuidoost, Gerard Lont
Corina van der Hulst, 0451525, Energy & Resources
Esther van der Lugt, 3840417, Environmental Governance
Linette Viertelhauzen, 3223647, Global Change & Ecosystems
Loris Manni, 3777111, Environmental Governance
Madeleine den Hartog, 3286320, Global Change & Ecosystems
Marjolein van Eerd, 3416194, Environmental Governance
Panagiotis Moraitis, 3717208, Energy & Resources
Contact: [email protected]
Summary
The Floriade 2022 bidbook contained visionary ideas for making Amsterdam Zuidoost more
sustainable, and after the loss of the bid an assessment of the challenges and opportunities by means
of a transdisciplinary research became even more relevant. This research aims to answer the
question: “What are the opportunities and challenges to make Amsterdam Zuidoost more sustainable
based on the concept of the Floriade 2022 Bidbook?”
The research entailed extensive interviewing of stakeholders in order to gather information
on goals, interests, opportunities and challenges for the development of a more sustainable
Zuidoost. Furthermore, an assessment of the technical and economic viability of existing plans is
provided. The governance findings illustrate the necessary focus of stakeholders on quick wins and
the need for added value of sustainability plans (area development, product or pr advantage, or cost
reductions). Nevertheless the majority of stakeholders expressed strong willingness to contribute to
the sustainability plans, and the socio-economic, business and environmental potential of the plans.
The challenges that need to be overcome concern the lack of leadership, coordinating cooperation
and existing legal and market barriers. The energy research shows that quick wins can be established
by focusing on energy efficiency (monitoring and smart meters. Carbon emission savings can also be
established by developing wind and solar coalitions in which risks are shared, and a heat and cold
storage network that can achieve savings up to 10% in buildings. Placing solar panels on the AMC
rooftop can also lead to substantial emission savings. The ecohydrological investigation reveals
potential of the A9 tunneldeck for maintaining the ecological structure, decreasing air and noise
pollution, incorporate community and vegetable gardens and improve the green image and spatial
integration of Zuidoost. Furthermore, vegetation can play a-+ key role in diminishing the effects of
climate change in the city, such as heat islands. Urban farming can decrease local unemployment and
can be used for education about food production. This also provides opportunities for creating a
niche market for special crops, although research about commercialization is still required. These
insights are translated into three policy scenarios for establishing a more sustainable Zuidoost.
The first scenario, “Business as Usual” fits the current approach of actors in Zuidoost
concerning sustainability and does not require the establishment of an extensive vision or strategy.
Unconnected individual small scale projects are achievable with limited investment (risks) and do not
require a lot of cooperation or a large network. A focus on energy efficiency, increasing green roofs
on a moderate scale and implementing postzegelparken are examples of approaches within this
scenario. Advantages are a high level of freedom and low investment for stakeholders, yet
sustainability targets are not met and business opportunities will be missed as innovation and risk
sharing is very limited.
The second scenario: “Image Improvement with Quick Wins” aims at image improvement of
Zuidoost, a key concern for many stakeholders, by means of short term measures and pilot projects.
Yet, this requires more involvement of key stakeholders and more investments than scenario one.
Examples of quick wins are domestic heat recovery systems and energy monitoring in buildings and
pilot projects on indoor farming in empty buildings increase technology knowledge necessary for
implementing vertical farming on a large scale and solves vacancy problems. Benefits are the quick
return on investment, increase of knowledge and trust between stakeholders. Nevertheless the
sustainability targets of Amsterdam are not fully realized.
The third and most integrated scenario, “Sustainable Zuidoost”, focuses on a sustainable area within
the next decades. This requires large scale projects, cooperation and a more leading role for the
government (municipality and district), the development of an environmental organization
(environmental fund) for the area in order to expand existing networks, increase the ability to invest
and share risks and capacity by all relevant stakeholders. Examples of projects for this scenario are an
energy production network, large scale heat and cold networks and storage, urban greenhouses, a
multifunctional A8 park, etcetera. There are still legal barriers to overcome and substantial
investment and cooperation is required, but sustainability targets are reached and the innovation
potential is high.
These three scenarios aim at clarifying the impacts of different paths, and where
opportunities and challenges lie for each plan, so stakeholders can use them in thinking about their
own goals and ambitions concerning Zuidoost and finding the right partners for cooperation. As will
be shown, the bidbook plans still have great potential to make Zuidoost more sustainable.
Samenvatting
Het Floriade 2022 bidbook bevatte visionaire ideeën over hoe Amsterdam Zuidoost duurzamer
gemaakt kan worden, en na toekenning van de Floriade aan Almere is een inventarisatie van de
kansen en uitdagingen van deze plannen des te relevanter geworden. Dit onderzoek beoogt de
volgende vraag te beantwoorden: “Wat zijn de kansen en uitdagingen voor het duurzamer maken
van Amsterdam Zuidoost, gebaseerd op de concepten van het Floriade 2022 bidbook?”
Het onderzoeken van deze vraag vereiste veelvuldige interviews met stakeholders voor de
verheldering van hun belangen, ambities en percepties aangaande kansen en uitdagingen
betreffende de ontwikkeling van een duurzamer Zuidoost. Tevens zijn de technische en economische
haalbaarheid van de plannen beoordeeld, ook door middel van literatuuronderzoek. De governance
bevindingen illustreren de preferentie van stakeholders voor duurzaamheid van toegevoegde
waarde (gebiedsontwikkeling, product- of PR voordelen of kostenbesparing) en quick-wins. De
meerderheid van de stakeholders is erg enthousiast over deelname aan de duurzaamheidsplannen
en ziet het potentieel hiervan om de leefkwaliteit, duurzaamheid en economische mogelijkheden van
Zuidoost te verbeteren. Uitdagingen zijn het gebrek aan leiderschap, coördinatie van samenwerking
en bestaande juridische en markt barrières. Het energie onderzoek laat zien dat quick-wins liggen in
energie efficiëntie (monitoren and slimme energie meters). CO2 emissiereducties kunnen behaald
worden door de ontwikkeling van zon- en wind coalities waarbij risico gedeeld kan worden, en een
warmte en koude opslag netwerk dat een reductie van 10% in nieuwe en bestaande gebouwen kan
realiseren. Het plaatsen van zonnepanelen op het dak van het AMC kan ook leiden tot substantiële
emissie reducties. Het ecohydrologisch onderzoek laat het potentieel van het A9 dak zien, voor het
handhaven van de ecologische structuur, verminderen van de lucht- en geluidsvervuiling, herbergen
van volks- en groentetuintjes, en verbetering van het imago van Zuidoost. Vegetatie kan een cruciale
rol spelen in het verminderen van de effecten van klimaatverandering (bijvoorbeeld hitte-eilanden)
in de stad. Stadstuinbouw kan de lokale werkgelegenheid een boost geven en bijdragen aan milieueducatie over voedselproductie. Daarnaast liggen hier kansen voor niche markten (bijzondere
gewassen) al vereist commercialisatie nog onderzoek. Deze disciplinaire inzichten zijn gecombineerd
tot beleidsscenario’s die gebruikt kunnen worden voor de ontwikkeling van een duurzamer Zuidoost.
Het eerste scenario, “Business as Usual” is in overeenstemming met de huidige aanpak van
actoren in Zuidoost betreffende duurzaamheids-initiatieven en vereist geen verregaande visie of
strategie ontwikkeling. Ongekoppelde, individuele, kleinschalige projecten vereisen slechts kleine
investeringen met weinig risico, noch uitbreiding van het bestaande netwerk of samenwerking. Een
focus op energie efficiëntie, bescheiden toename van groene daken en ontwikkeling van
postzegelparken zijn voorbeelden van projecten binnen dit scenario. Voordelen voor stakeholders
zijn het behoud van onafhankelijkheid en beperkte investering. Aan de andere kant worden de
duurzaamheidsdoelen niet behaald en zakelijke kansen gemist omdat er maar zeer beperkt kennis,
innovatie en risico gedeeeld worden.
Het tweede scenario “Improve Image with Quick Wins” zet in op imago verbetering, wat een
gedeelde zorg is voor veel stakeholders, door middel van korte termijn- en test projecten die meer
betrokkenheid en investeringen van belangrijke stakeholders vereisen dan scenario één.
Voorbeelden
van
quick-wins
zijn
de
implementatie
van
huishoudelijke
warmteterugwinningssystemen en energie monitoring in gebouwen. Test projecten van
stadstuinbouw in leegstaande panden zullen bijdragen aan technologie en kennis ontwikkeling
benodigd voor de implementatie van stadstuinbouw op grote schaal en het tegengaan van leegstand
wat het imago verbeterd. Voordelen voor stakeholders zijn de snelle terugverdientijd van
investeringen en de ontwikkeling van kennis en vertrouwen tussen stakeholders, al zullen met dit
scenario de duurzaamheids-doelstellingen van Amsterdam niet volledig behaald worden.
Scenario drie: “Sustainable Zuidoost” is het meest geïntegreerde scenario en beoogt duurzaamheid
in het komende decennium te realiseren. Dit vereist samenwerking op grote schaal en een leidende
rol van de overheid (Stadsdeel Zuidoost en Gemeente Amsterdam) en de ontwikkeling van een
Duurzaamheids Fonds voor Zuidoost om het netwerk en investeringsmogelijkheden uit te breiden en
om risico en capaciteit te delen tussen stakeholders. Voorbeelden zijn een energie productie
netwerk, grote schaal hitte en koude (opslag) netwerken, stadskassen en een multifunctioneel A9
park. Ook hier zullen er nog juridische barrières te beslechten zijn en substantiële investeringen en
samenwerking van stakeholders nodig zijn, de voordelen zijn dat de duurzaamheids-doelen bereikt
worden en het innovatie potentieel groot is, en Zuidoost een vernieuwend imago neer kan zetten.
Deze drie scenario’s dragen bij aan maken van strategische keuzes door kansen en
uitdagingen te verduidelijken, en belanghebbenden te laten reflecteren over eigen ambities
aangaande Zuidoost en assisteert bij het vinden van geschikte samenwerkingspartners. Zoals
geïllustreerd zal worden hebben de bidbook plannen een groot potentieel om Zuidoost duurzamer te
maken.
Table of contents
I. Introduction and general problem description ...................................................................................1
1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................................1
2. Problem definition .....................................................................................................................1
3. Research question .....................................................................................................................2
II.Stakeholders, Ambitions and Innovation ..........................................................................................3
1. Environmental Governance: The importance of stakeholders and cooperation for making
Amsterdam Zuidoost more sustainable ............................................................................................3
1.1 Introduction, specific problem description and research questions ..........................................3
1.2 Methodology .........................................................................................................................4
1.3 Results of analysis .................................................................................................................8
1.4 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 40
1.5 Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 40
2. Energy ...................................................................................................................................... 42
2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 42
2.2 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 42
2.3 Energy Efficiency ................................................................................................................ 43
2.4 Energy Production ............................................................................................................... 55
2.5 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 58
3. Ecohydrology: Green City and Urban Farming .......................................................................... 61
3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 61
3.2 Current ambitions of relevant stakeholders towards the themes green, water and urban
farming in Amsterdam Zuidoost ................................................................................................ 61
3.3 Opportunities to increase the quality of the green space in Zuidoost ..................................... 63
3.4 Urban Farming .................................................................................................................... 67
3.5 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 73
III.Integration: Policy Scenarios ........................................................................................................ 75
1. Introduction and justification ................................................................................................. 75
2.
Scenarios ............................................................................................................................... 77
2.1 Scenario one: Business as usual ........................................................................................... 77
2.2 Scenario two: Quick wins and image improvement .............................................................. 77
2.3 Scenario three: Sustainable Zuidoost ................................................................................... 78
IV.Conclusion................................................................................................................................... 82
V.References .................................................................................................................................... 83
Annex I............................................................................................................................................. 93
Annex II ........................................................................................................................................... 94
Annex III .......................................................................................................................................... 94
Annex IV .......................................................................................................................................... 95
Annex V ........................................................................................................................................... 99
Annex VI ........................................................................................................................................ 100
I.
Introduction and general problem description
1. Introduction
The Floriade is a world horticultural exposition that takes place in the Netherlands every ten years.
The event aims to inform and show the latest technologies and knowledge concerning the
horticultural sector.
This Floriade 2022 case study is coordinated by Rob Ververs from Waternet; the water
management organization of the city of Amsterdam and was supported by Gerard Lont from
Stadsdeel Zuidoost. Plans and ideas for the development of the Zuidoost region of Amsterdam are
presented in the Floriade bidbook. Amsterdam Zuidoost consists of four areas: Bijlmermeer,
Venserpolder, Gaasperdam and Driemond. Zuidoost houses 82000 inhabitants from 140 different
nationalities. Most inhabitants have low to middle incomes and the unemployment rate is relatively
high. The Bijlmer area is a very economically active area, especially due to the presence of the
Amsterdam ArenA, Heineken Music hall, Pathé, Ikea, housing corporations, a lot of offices and
headquarters of many companies from various economic sectors. Therefore 62000 jobs are located
in Amsterdam Zuidoost. Other areas, such as Gaasperdam, are dedicated to residential purposes.
Zuidoost is claimed to be a green, sustainable and multicultural area (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2012;
Burck & Ploegmakers, 2012).
Besides this extensive report that provides both arguments and outcomes of the research,
two summaries (English and Dutch), a factsheet and a poster have been produced. The factsheet
contains a general overview of the research’s results. The poster presents the three visions
elaborated in a graphical and schematic manner. The purpose of these two documents is to present
in a clear and quick way the baseline and main results of the case-study to the client, stakeholders
and other collaborators.
2. Problem definition
The first meetings with Waternet and the area inspection made clear that the problem we need to
face is highly multidisciplinary and broad. In general terms the main problem is how to develop the
area of Zuidoost in a sustainable manner now the Floriade is not coming? How to cope with new
techniques and innovations, plans, ideas, changing modes of governance and uncertainty? (Floriade
2022, 2012). New ideas and modes of approaching a problem, in a more open source way, have been
recently developed. This is necessary for several reasons, including the lack of financial resources
available at central level. For instance, governmental actors need to collaborate with other
stakeholders in order to have shared costs and benefits to realize plans. Moreover, although the
stakeholders are enthusiastic and willing to continue with the plans, also now the Floriade will not
take place in Amsterdam, there is scarce knowledge and experience about what the opportunities
and/or threats are for the realization of these sustainable plans.
In this research the concept of sustainable development is used as described by the
Brundtland commission: “Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (WCED,
1987, p.43).
The common underlying idea of sustainable development in Amsterdam Zuidoost, on which
all plans were initially based, has been borrowed from the Floriade concept: the (re)connection
between humans and food. In metropolis cities, such as Amsterdam, people have lost the
relationship and contact with food production and nature. For this reason, the region of Zuidoost
1
needs to work on reconnecting citizens and food by promoting urban horticulture (Gemeente
Amsterdam, 2012). Since Floriade is not coming, the focus on urban horticulture may decrease
leaving space for other sustainable plans.
In order to make Amsterdam Zuidoost more sustainable a series of plans has already been developed
and sustained by different actors in an open source manner. However, each of those plans presents a
problem.
The first and biggest plan is the deck on the A9: The idea is to rebuild a piece of the A9
highway (Gaasperdammerweg) underground. In this way it is possible to reduce air and noise
pollution and to reconnect two parts of the city. Moreover, due to the creation of a new space above
the A9, a green park will be created. The drawback of this plan is the disturbance caused by the
construction work of eight years. In fact citizens are against the process because of the disturbance,
noise and loss of real estate value in the short term.
Another issue is related to empty buildings: the recent crisis left its scars on the Zuidoost area
in the form of big office buildings that lay empty on one of the busiest areas of Amsterdam. In
modern cities the lack of space is one of the most important issues and Floriade appeared as a great
opportunity for the redevelopment of the former working areas. The challenge of the plan is to
assign a new role and new function to buildings in total cohesion with sustainability. An example is
local, vertical food production.
Waternet recently started looking into the potential of the watercycle from an energy
perspective. For example waste heat could be recovered from the sewer by using heat exchangers
and cold from drinking water can be used for cooling in datacenters.
Amsterdam has great potential for heat and cold storage in underground aquifer systems,
this is already installed in some locations, but the potential can be further explored in combination
with for example seasonal waste heat.
Since the Floriade is not coming to Amsterdam, it will be more difficult to realize these plans.
In fact without this event, stakeholders’ interest, investments and a strict deadline are decreased or
missing. Since a broad overview of the sustainability plans is required to understand the general
situation, the focus of the research it is not limited only to the Floriade bidbook plans but all
sustainable initiatives and ideas involved in Zuidoost are considered to enrich the research and thus
the possible outcomes. Therefore the outcomes of this research can contribute to a new integrated
vision in reaching sustainability in Amsterdam Zuidoost.
3. Research question
As described above we are facing a multidisciplinary and broad problem, which calls for a research
question with the same characteristics. The main research question that will to be answered in this
research is: What are the opportunities and challenges to make Amsterdam Zuidoost more
sustainable based on the concept of Floriade 2022 Bidbook and how can those be combined in viable
policy scenarios?
To answer this main question, section II is divided into three chapters: environmental
governance, ecohydrology and energy and resources. Each of these chapters will cover a different
part of the multidisciplinary problem. Chapter 1 will present the opportunities and challenges related
to the most important stakeholders. Chapter 2 will show an overview of the opportunities for energy
efficiency and local energy production in Amsterdam Zuidoost. Chapter 3 will give an overview of the
opportunities related to green in the city and urban farming. Finally, in section III, these results will
be integrated into recommendations for three scenarios leading to a more sustainable Zuidoost.
2
II.
Stakeholders, Ambitions and Innovation
1. Environmental Governance: The importance of stakeholders and
cooperation for making Amsterdam Zuidoost more sustainable
Marjolein van Eerd, 3416194
Esther van der Lugt, 3840417
Loris Manni, 3777111
1.1 Introduction, specific problem description and research questions
In this track specific chapter the main focus will be on the involved stakeholders for making
Amsterdam Zuidoost more sustainable via the Floriade plans. As described in the general
introduction, there are specific problems and reasons why this area should be developed in a
sustainable manner. The Floriade would have been a great medium to realize these aims and bring
horticulture to the city. Now the Floriade is not coming to Amsterdam Zuidoost, it is even more
significant to study relevant stakeholders, general opinions and opportunities for the redeveloping
the area sustainably.
From a governance perspective, it is clear that there is an asymmetry between the
municipalities’ goals and ambitions and the lack of means and a shrinking civil service. This problem
shapes the modus operandi of the municipal government. In the past, the municipality of Amsterdam
fulfilled a more centralized and dominant role, especially in the region of Zuidoost. Nowadays, the
government is shifting to an “open source” approach, whereby stakeholders can play an increasingly
pronounced role in the policy process. Therefore, the municipality of Amsterdam acts more as a
facilitator of cooperation and a connector between the various parties (Burck and Ploegmakers,
2012; Lont, 2012; Jaensch, 2012). This issue is also found in scientific literature, where this change
from a centralized governance mode to one including more stakeholders, is called the shift from
government to governance (Driessen et al, not yet published). Governance is here defined as “the
sum of the many ways individuals and institutions, public and private, manage their common affairs.
It is a continuing process through which conflicting or diverse interests may be accommodated and
cooperative action may be taken” (Kahler & Lake, 2012). Recently, governance is conceptualized as a
continuum of governance modes. This means that a less centralized mode of governance can be
accompanied by more influence of private parties (public-private governance), equal participation
among parties in the policy process (interactive governance) or even self-governance (Driessen et al,
not yet published). These modes are comparable to open source governance mentioned by the
stakeholders, and this term will be used from now on. With this shift in governance, other issues and
aspects should be taken into account. For example, participation of non-governmental groups should
be understood and stimulated.
The central issue in this research is related to this shift, namely that a successful cooperation
between various stakeholder groups and governmental organisations is essential for an open source
governance approach in Amsterdam (Driessen et al, not yet published). This is especially important in
executing the Floriade concept, since multiple parties are involved in the process. Close cooperation
between parties is even more important now that the event of the Floriade is not assigned to
Amsterdam Zuidoost. Therefore, the positive opportunities of the event, like resources, a deadline
and economic possibilities, are missing. However, there are also problems concerned with an open
source approach. For example stakeholders with more resources and capacities might have a
3
disproportionate share of influence compared to underprivileged groups, which could make the
policy process less democratic (Swyngedouw, 2005). This might also be the case in Amsterdam
Zuidoost, since there are stakeholders involved on multiple levels and scales. There are powerful
players, such as big companies and the government. However, the majority of inhabitants have a
socio-economic disadvantage compared to average Dutch citizens. Therefore, in this research the
concerns of specific stakeholder groups are equally recognized.
The main problem from a governance perspective is that knowledge regarding the position
of stakeholders concerning the sustainability plans are missing (shared goals and ambitions,
perceived opportunities, challenges, and possible contributions). This research can contribute to
solve this knowledge gap and by providing useful information for dealing with relevant stakeholders
and for exploiting opportunities and dealing with challenges concerning the execution the Floriade
plans.
To find a solution the following sub-research questions will be answered:

Who are the main stakeholders for the concept of the Floriade 2022 plans?

What are the goals and ambitions of the various stakeholders?

What are the resources and capacities of the various stakeholders for contributing to developing
these plans?

How should the relation between governmental organizations, businesses and citizens be in
order to realize the plans?

What are the arguments related to the stakeholders (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and
Threats) that will permit (or not) to continue with the plans without the Floriade?

Which similarities and differences can be distinguished among stakeholders that are useful for
further cooperation?
Firstly, the applied methodology is explained. Secondly, the results of the analysis are presented,
distinguished in a stakeholder and a network analysis, an economic overview and finally a SWOT
analysis. Thirdly, conclusions and recommendations are given. Lastly, a short discussion is provided.
1.2 Methodology
In this section the applied methodology is described. The research is an intensive case-study of a
single unit. The unit-of-analysis is the Floriade plans as a single system and the aim is to generalize
the findings to a larger unit: sustainability in Amsterdam Zuidoost (Gerring, 2004).
1.2.1 Selection and justification of research methods
Stakeholder analysis
To answer the research questions a triangulation of methods is applied. A stakeholder analysis is
executed to frame ambitions, goals and issues among stakeholders (Bryson, 2004), which is
important for understanding the system and changes within it (Grimble & Wellard, 1997). This
understanding can be used to convince stakeholders to continue with the plans of the Floriade. A
basic stakeholder analysis is used to provide an overview about eleven stakeholder aspects (figure 1)
and to provide information on how to convince stakeholders to participate (Bryson, 2004). A
4
stakeholder is in this research defined as: ‘an actor who has an interest or stake in the Floriade
plans’. Via this analysis predictions can be made on future developments (Rowley, 1997). In the
stakeholder analysis a comparison of similarities and differences for each aspect is given. Those
aspects are related to questions asked during the interviews (figure 1).
Figure 1: Analysis of similarities and differences of important aspects, based on the interview questions
Processing of interview data
A specific methodology is used for dealing with subjectivity of the interview results. Firstly,
comprehensive notes are made during the interview by two persons, for reducing personal bias.
Second, those notes are elaborated in a transcript. The most important aspects from those
transcripts are placed in a scheme (annex II). These schemes limited the difference in working
methods of the group members. These qualitative results are translated in quantitative in an excel
document (annex III). Labels for each aspect are selected by looking at the answers that were most
often given by stakeholders. In case there are various answers, the label ‘others’ is used. Since many
of the questions are broad it is possible that interviewees provide more than one answer. Therefore,
the total amount of observations presented in the graphs does not correspond and represent a single
stakeholder, but the number of times that a label is mentioned1. By using Microsoft excel program,
the data is analyzed in graphs and pie charts, which gives a clear overview. First the data has been
analyzed for the totality of stakeholders, secondly, it is divided for the three groups: governmental,
1
An example is that for this reason the role graph (figure 4) shows 38 observation while the stakeholder
interviewed are only 18.
5
social and businesses. In this way it is possible to compare stakeholders and stakeholder groups.
Moreover, specific qualitative outcomes, such as similarities and differences are mentioned in the
text.
Network analysis
A network analysis is executed with the use of the computer program Pajek (Van Laerhoven, 2012b).
Social network data are gathered by stakeholder interviews and from internet information. The links
between actors are based on the actors contacts in previous collaboration. Analyzing the network is
important to understand the relations between stakeholders relevant for the execution of the
Floriade plans (Wasserman & Faust, 1994). This analysis provides an overview of the network, its
most important stakeholders, relations and challenges and opportunities are distinguished. Due to
the low response on specific questions it is not possible to execute network calculations.
SWOT, legislation and economic analysis
Lastly, a short qualitative economic analysis will be conducted. This analysis provides a general
overview of the economic mechanisms and possible multiplier effect of the realization of the Floriade
plans. Economic data are essential for convincing stakeholders to cooperate. The analysis will be
carried out in two phases. Firstly, a general overview of the economic situation is provided. After, a
SWOT analysis (figure 2) is used to identify strengths and weaknesses for the participants in those
plans, and opportunities and threats as external influences (Dyson, 2004). The SWOT analysis focuses
on a macro perspective of making the area more sustainable.
Figure 2: example of SWOT analysis
1.2.2 Selection and justification of data selection methods
For answering the research questions in an appropriate and reliable way a triangulation of data
collection methods is applied. Firstly, data is collected by interviewing relevant stakeholders (annex
IV), which secures the depth of the results (Verschuren & Doorewaard, 2010). Those stakeholders are
selected based on the input of the client and the Floriade bidbook. Moreover, the snowballing
technique is used to select stakeholders (Rowley, 1997), since interviewees mentioned the most
6
important actors in their networks. During the selection a balance of business, governmental
organizations and citizens is taken into account. In the analysis colors are used to distinguish those
groups2. Due to time constraints it was not possible to incorporate the citizens of Zuidoost directly.
Nevertheless, their interests and visions are incorporated by interviewing organizations that are
aware of citizen concerns (AGG and Kansrijk Zuidoost). Secondly, websites, newspapers, CBS, various
material provided by the stakeholders and other media sources are used to obtain general
knowledge concerning Amsterdam Zuidoost. Moreover, additional scientific literature is derived from
a desk research.
2
The business group is colored yellow/orange, citizen groups are colored green and governmental
organizations have a blue color
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1.3 Results of analysis
1.3.1 Stakeholder Analysis
Roles of the stakeholders
Stakeholders perform distinct roles and it is assumed that these roles contribute to a better output of
the process. It is possible to distinguish, from the interview output, different types of roles that
stakeholders can perform (figure 3).
Figure 3: Method applied for assessing the roles of stakeholders
Figure 4 provides an overview of the current roles of stakeholders, whereby stakeholders can
perform multiple roles. Therefore the total number of roles is higher than the total number of
stakeholders interviewed. This observation is valid for all the data presented later in this chapter.
Role
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Figure 4: Current roles of the stakeholders
8
Facilitation: technology, knowledge, vision and financial resources
Figure 4 reveals that facilitation in general is executed by many stakeholders (16 times). This role is
divided in three groups, the provision of techniques and knowledge, facilitating through financial
resources and facilitating a common vision.
In general, in the first class of facilitators mainly business are found (figure 5c). An obvious
provider of technology and knowledge concerning sustainable energy is Liander. They are eager to
put into practice on a larger scale the gathered smart grid and energy transportation knowledge and
techniques (de Rijke, 2012). The Amsterdam Innovation Monitor (AIM) can also facilitate knowledge
as they have a good overview of market developments and business needs (Hilgersom, 2012).
Furthermore MTD combines spatial, financial and technical design knowledge, from the beginning to
end of the project (Mulder, 2012). In general stakeholders are willing to share their knowledge and
techniques, although businesses might not always be willing to share innovative ideas (Hilgersom,
2012).
The facilitating role of providing a vision is mainly executed by governmental organizations
(figure 5b), each on their own area of expertise. For instance, Zuidoost Partners is improving the
image of Amsterdam Zuidoost (Gorissen, 2012).
The aspect of facilitating by means of investments is a crucial aspect for the realization of the
plans and few stakeholders stated that investment was an option (mainly private parties).
Governmental agencies, only provide financial resources indirectly, e.g. via European subsidies
(Mantel, 2012; Burck & Ploegmakers, 2012). Pronam, Ikea and Ymere stated the option of investing
directly in the sustainability plans; however a solid business case should be provided (Van der Horst,
2012; Hilgersom, 2012; Dorsman & Gehrels, 2012, Hanssen, 2012).
Connecting role
Governmental organizations are the main actors in bridging or connecting (7 out of 11, figure 5b).
Stadsdeel Zuidoost, Zuidoost Partners and DRO each have their own way of connecting parties in
developing and implementing plans (Burck & Ploegmakers, 2012; Gorissen, 2012; Hilgersom, 2012;
Mantel, 2012).
The role of executing plans
Another role that was mentioned is related to executing of plans, such as MTD, Liander, Waternet
and Stadsdeel Zuidoost, since they already have experience with sustainability projects (Burck &
Ploegmakers, 2012; Ververs, 2012; Mulder, 2012; de Rijke, 2012). This role is shared by both
governmental and private parties. Citizens are largely absent (figure 5b,c), but can work on image
improvement by creating flower facades and other small scale activities (Hogenelst, 2012; Wesseling,
2012). Private parties can contribute knowledge and investments to execute the plans and
governmental parties have the legal power and are often owner of the land (Dorsman and Gehrels,
2012).The fact that both private and public parties are able to execute plans is a very important
outcome, since it can provide a positive impetus for the implementation of the Floriade plans.
The role of attention raising and lobbying
As can be derived from the figure 4 a minority of parties fulfil attention raising and lobbying roles.
Figure 5a and 5b illustrate that especially citizens and governmental organizations are active in this
regard. For example, AIM lobbies in politics for the interests of companies and try to make
entrepreneurs aware of usable political options (Hilgersom, 2012). Furthermore, AGG has a lot of
experience in lobbying for the interests of citizens on various levels (Wesseling, 2012) and Kansrijk
Zuidoost has experience in lobbying for the interests of Bijlmer residents at governmental
9
organizations (Hogenelst, 2012). Moreover, Zuidoost Partners can be an important actor concerning
lobbying for sustainable initiatives among companies in the area (Gorissen, 2012).
Role (Social)
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Facilitating
(techniques
&
knowledge)
Facilitating
(financial
resources)
Facilitating
(other
resources:
e.g. vision)
Lobbying
Attention Project/plans Connecting
Raising
execution
Initiator
Role (Government)
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Facilitating Facilitating Facilitating
(providing with financial
(other
techniques
resources
resources:
and
e.g. vision)
knowledge)
Lobbying
Attention
Raising
Project/plans Connecting
execution
Initiator
Project/plans Connecting
execution
Initiator
Role (Businesses)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Facilitating Facilitating
(techniques & (financial
knowledge) resources)
Facilitating
(other
resources:
e.g. vision)
Lobbying
Attention
Raising
Figure 5a,b,c: Role within the three groups (Social, Government and Businesses)
10
Potential roles
The last paragraph analyzed the current role division between stakeholders. Additionally, this
paragraph focuses on how stakeholders perceive future roles of the government and companies for a
successful implementation of the Floriade plans.
The vision of most stakeholders is that the government should bring parties together,
stimulate and facilitate cooperation possibilities (Burck & Ploegmakers, 2012; Hanssen, 2012; Van
der Horst, 2012; Kirby-Petruccio, 2012; Maris, 2012; de Rijke, 2012), they should support the plans
(Hogenelst, 2012; Van Voorn, 2012), should use and exploit public areas (Jaensch, 2012; Maris, 2012)
and they should adjust legislations and taxation systems (Maris, 2012; de Rijke, 2012). Literature
states that governments have an important stake in stimulating and supporting innovations for
sustainability projects (Ulhoi, 2008). There is a gap between those potential roles and the possible
roles of governmental organizations, since the government is shifting to a less central role and has to
cut budgets (Buijs, 2012). However, according to Emile Jaensch (2012) the government might fulfil a
managing role even if they are executing a less centralized mode of governance (Driessen et al, 2012,
not yet published). In conclusion, the government should have an active, supporting and stimulating
role to keep stakeholders interested in the sustainability plans.
Moreover, there should be a clear division of tasks between governmental organizations on
different levels to prevent overlapping actions that might waste money, time and credibility. Each
governmental level must act according to the unique strengths that each possesses (Emison, 1996). It
is not feasible to draw conclusions on the task division between governmental levels, since this was
not researched. However, it seems that there are already several collaborations between
governmental organizations, such as Energiek Zuidoost (Energiek Zuidoost, 2012). Although, a good
division of tasks between governmental organizations should be taken into account.
It is clear that co-creation with the business sector is of significant importance (Landy et al,
1990; Mantel, 2012), since without support and investments of companies the plans will probably fail
(Gorissen, 2012; Van Voorn, 2012). Besides, companies can drive innovation (Van Kooy, 2012).
Successful inclusion of companies can only be reached if beneficial opportunities are clearly stated
(Van der Horst, 2012; de Rijke, 2012; Shrivastava, 1995). Literature review shows that the role of
corporations in achieving local sustainability is increasing, since corporations have the knowledge,
resources and power to bring about enormous positive changes for the (Shrivastava, 1995).
In conclusion, close collaboration between governmental organizations and businesses is
necessary for successful sustainable outcomes in Amsterdam Zuidoost (Van Kooy, 2012).
Interests
The interests that various stakeholders have concerning sustainability3 in Zuidoost are displayed in
figure 6. Various similarities can be distinguished. To quote Susanne van Kooy, project leader of the
Floriade 2022: “Sustainability is a way to approach existing problems from a different angle, allowing
for out of the box solutions” and “sustainability is therefore not the end goal but the means to
achieve things”. Many other stakeholders expressed this in a similar vein (Van Kooy, 2012; Jaensch,
2012; Burck & Ploegmakers, 2012). Moreover, this is also an interest of the majority of businesses,
explaining that 11 stakeholders mentioned improving the image, exploiting economic opportunities
3
Sustainability is here defined as a balance between people, planet and profit (Elkington, 1994). Most
organizations focus on one or two of the SD aspects.
11
and renewal of the area as an important interests (figure 6). For businesses, sustainability should
have an added value, such as satisfying consumer needs, cost reduction and PR opportunities
(Hanssen, 2012; Dorsman & Gehrels, 2012). Those interests are a similarity of most stakeholders.
Therefore, a goal oriented and pragmatic approach should be made.
A proportion of stakeholders mentioned specifically the interest in sustainability as a vehicle
for innovation: the AMC and Liander are interested in innovations concerning energy issues (Maris,
2012; de Rijke, 2012), Waternet concerning water neutrality (Ververs, 2012), MTD related to the
development of visionary concepts (Mulders, 2012) and AIM for stimulating SD-innovation in general
(Hilgersom, 2012). Gaining real-world experience is often mentioned and in this respect the strategy
to do so involves short and long term aspects. For instance, the AMC wants to start with small
projects such as sharing energy and benefit from quick wins on the short term4, allowing for later
large scale development (Maris, 2012). Waternet wants to develop small test projects in Zuidoost,
that can be implemented large scale on long term (Ververs, 2012). Liander on the other hand, is not
looking for pilot projects- they want to start working on large scale implementation (de Rijke, 2012).
Therefore, Liander can fulfill a leading role in helping other companies and organizations with pilot
projects. Nooteboom et al. (2007) and sustainability frontrunner InterfaceFlor 5 confirm that working
with external partners with different cognitive frameworks6 increase the innovativeness of
organizations (Gudz & Vernon, 2012).
Interests
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Exploit economic
opportunities
Solve Image
Gain experince on
problem/renewal of new sustainable
the area
plans
Others
Figure 6: Division of interests
The specific interests of stakeholders are presented in figure 7.Working together enables cost
reduction, as knowledge and resources and risks can be shared, compared to developing
sustainability initiatives on one’s own (Van der Horst, 2012). Figure 7 shows that altering the negative
image of Zuidoost is key for all stakeholders (Hansen, 2012; Dorsman & Gehrels, 2012, Jaensch, 2012;
Burck & Ploegmakers, 2012; Wesseling, 2012; Hogenelst, 2012; Gorissen, 2012).
5
InterfaceFlor has more than 30 years of experience in sustainable business and very successful, hence
mentioned as example
6
Concering different areas of expertise and organizational cultures.
12
Figure 7: Specific interests of stakeholders
Goals and ambitions
The stakeholders’ goals and ambitions of participating in sustainability plans of Amsterdam Zuidoost
are presented in figure 8. This figure illustrates that most stakeholders have ambitions in one or
more pillars of sustainability; namely economic, environmental or social improvements. It is
interesting that the stakeholders from government and business equally have goals and ambitions in
improving economic conditions and the environment (figure 9b,c).
Goals an ambitions
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Improve Image
Improve
environmental
quality
Improve
economic/specific
market situation
Improve social
conditions
Others (e.g.
spatial
development)
13
Figure 8: Overview of the goals and ambitions of stakeholders
Goal and ambitions (Social)
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Improve Image
Improve
environmental
quality
Improve
economic/specific
market situation
Improve social
conditions
Others (e.g.
spatial
development)
Goals and ambitions (Government)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Improve Image
Improve
environmental
quality
Improve
economic/specific
market situation
Improve social
conditions
Others (e.g.
spatial
development)
Goals and ambitions (Businesses)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Improve Image
Improve
Improve
Improve social
environmental economic/specific
conditions
quality
market situation
Others (e.g.
spatial
development)
Figure 9a,b,c: Goals and ambitions within groups
14
In figure 10 an overview of actors and their specific goals and ambitions is provided. From the
interviews it becomes manifest that economic and environmental improvements are main focal
points. However, the most concrete goals and ambitions lie in the environmental field. Many
organizations already have their own sustainability goals, but would like to learn more, increase their
sustainable performance and become exemplary for sustainable business (Dorsman & Gehrels, 2012;
Hanssen, 2012). Within the environmental improvement goals, the energy related goals are
mentioned most often and are also more specific than those mentioned concerning urban
horticulture. A plausible explanation can be that the latter is still quite a novel concept. Moreover,
Greenport Aalsmeer was very clear about the ambitions they have with regards to promoting the
horticultural sector in Amsterdam and developing sustainable innovations, as these are crucial for
strengthening their competitive position and allow cost reductions (Van Voorn, 2012). These cost
reductions were connected to energy consumption (Van Voorn, 2012) and this can be relevant for
Liander, whose long term goal is to facilitate the energy transition (de Rijke, 2012).
Economic and social improvements are especially important for governmental organizations
(Burck & Ploegmakers, 2012; Jaensch, 2012) (figure 9).
Although Kansrijk Zuidoost and Ymere are mainly aimed at social sustainability and not
necessarily environmental sustainability, both are interested in food production and consumption,
from the perspective of healthy living, and use of educational activities to help their residents
(Hogenelst, 2012; Koers, 2012). From this perspective it would be sensible for them to work together
to develop food and health related sustainable projects, as these fit their missions. Overall, it can be
argued that win-win situations among stakeholders can be created and shaped around the three p’s
of sustainability: people, planet and profit.
15
Figure 10: Overview of specific goals and ambitions
16
Opportunities
Certain similarities are striking concerning the opportunities related to the sustainability plans (figure
11). Common denominators are: cooperation, improving economic and environmental quality as well
as the liveliness in/ image of Zuidoost.
Opportunities
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Figure 11: Opportunities in participating in sustainable plans
Figure 12a represents the perceived opportunities of citizens. For AGG, middle and upper class
citizens, environmental quality (air, noise and maintenance of the Gaasper and Bijlmer parcs is a
concern and the sustainability plans are an opportunity to solve these nuisances7 (Wesseling, 2012).
Residents of the Bijlmer have other priorities: they are more preoccupied with employment,
subsistence and cutting costs than with the environment. However, the sustainability plans provide
also opportunities for to utilize the cost awareness of lower incomes by educating them how they
can reduce costs by reducing energy use. Moreover, opportunities to let people grow their own
vegetables can reduce living costs (Van Hogenelst, 2012). Both interest groups expressed the need
for improving liveliness8 and image of the area (Van Hogenelst, 2012; Wesseling, 2012).
Perceived opportunities by businesses (figure 12c) are related to cooperation, improving
image, liveliness and environmental quality, followed by energy related projects. Most businesses
stressed the importance of developing cooperation9 and the desire for action (Hanssen, 2012;
Ververs,2012; de Rijke, 2012; Dorsman and Gehrels, 2012; Van der Horst, 2012; Van Voorn, 2012).
Governmental organization also state that ccooperation provides possibilities for the development of
7
For instance via the A9 tunnel deck, better maintained and more green areas
By means of restaurants and bars
9
For instance, Waternet and Liander clearly stressed the need for cooperation, which might increase the
success of sustainability projects and might create more sustainable innovation (de Rijke, 2012; Ververs, 2012).
8
17
sustainability plans, next to the primary opportunity of economic development of Zuidoost (figure
12b).
An overview of stakeholders specific opportunities is presented in figure 13. For instance, the
production of rare species and medicinal herbs may be a way of creating a niche market and making
urban farming more profitable (Gorissen, 2012; Hilgersom, 2012).
It can be concluded that cooperation is crucial and feasible and the economic mindset of all
actors can be used as a strength for developing sustainability plans. So the focus should be on cost
reductions and the adding of value to living in Zuidoost.
Opportunities (Social)
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
18
Opportunities (Government)
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Opportunities (Businesses)
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Figure 12a,b,c: Opportunities within groups
19
Figure 13: specific opportunities for stakeholders
Challenges
In general, challenges for executing the Floriade plans are more pressing now the Floriade is not
coming to Amsterdam, since specific investments, involvement of the Tuinbouwraad and a strict
deadline are missing (Buijs, 2012). In figure 14 an overview of those challenges is given and the
specific challenges are summarized in figure 15.
Both figures reveal that most stakeholders are concerned about the possible lack of
investments, due to missing incomes of the Floriade, economic crisis and governments’ inability to
invest on a large scale (Buijs, 2012; Burck & Ploegmakers, 2012; Gorissen, 2012; Hilgersom, 2012;
Hogenelst, 2012; Van der Horst, 2012; Mantel, 2012; Van Voorn, 2012; Wesseling, 2012).
Nevertheless, due to the early process stage and the plans’ uncertainty, it is possible that
stakeholders did not yet express their investment possibilities in the interviews (Ververs, 2012).
Therefore, it is probable that the challenge of investments is not as high as is initially assumed and
can be overcome by the enthusiasm of stakeholders, willingness to take action, developing a good
20
long-term vision and a business plan with spreading investment risks (Dorsman and Gehrels, 2012;
Buijs, 2012).
The secondly most often mentioned challenge relates to the organization, coordination and
execution of plans. Examples are finding common goals, make and start implementing the plans
(Burck & Ploegmakers, 2012; Maris, 2012; Ververs, 2012; Van Voorn, 2012). This is especially difficult
for sustainable development plans, since there are multiple conceptualizations on sustainability
(Blewitt, 2008). Moreover, planning of the projects is also seen as relevant challenge (Swanson et al,
2004). Those problems can be solved by leadership. Not only internal coordination is a challenge, but
there are also difficulties concerned with external coordination to regional, national and supranational programs (Swanson et al, 2004)
Broad participation is a precondition for success (Jansen, 2002), but as becomes clear from
the figures, the issue of cooperation, namely keeping parties interested and bringing them together
in a structured organizational plan is perceived as a challenge (Dorsman & Gehrels, 2012; Gorissen,
2012; Hogenelst, 2012; Van der Horst, 2012; Maris, 2012; Mulder, 2012; Ververs, 2012). Leadership
might be a solution and all parties should be able to recognize the benefits of participating (Jansen,
2002).
Challenges
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Figure 14: overview of challenges
Another challenge concerns the lack of interest in sustainability. Many residents can barely
meet the subsistence level and have more urgent concerns, such as poverty and unemployment
(Burck & Ploegmakers, 2012; Hogenelst, 2012). Furthermore, sustainability is still a relatively
Western concept that requires more education (Hogenelst, 2012). It is a challenge to overcome
cultural barriers (Jansen, 2002). Moreover, sustainability is not always high on the political agenda
(Burck & Ploegmakers, 2012; Jaensch, 2012), so political will can be a challenge. It is interesting that
the business sector is more preoccupied with the challenge of political will. A related challenge are
legislation barriers experienced by stakeholders, such as taxes for producing sustainable energy with
private solar panels or wind turbines (Burck & Ploegmakers, 2012; de Rijke, 2012). To accomplish the
transition to sustainable energy resources in Amsterdam Zuidoost, laws need to be changed first (de
21
Rijke, 2012). Moreover, regulations are often too complex and it is often not clear who is responsible
for which task (Hanssen, 2012). A legal expert could be hired to simplify regulations regarding taxes
and clarifying the responsibilities of the involved parties (Hanssen, 2012), for instance via a workshop
with all involved stakeholders. In this way stakeholders can make a better risk assessment before
investing.
Moreover, there are some very specific challenges mentioned by only a few actors. For
instance, Liander experiences that the current energy market situation and price level of nonrenewable energy sources is a problem, since both are barriers for the energy transition (de Rijke,
2012).
According to literature, a significant challenge for sustainability plans is the need for
innovations and knowledge (Jansen, 2002). However, this is not an outcome of the interviews, only
the AMC sees sharing of knowledge by other parties as a challenge (Maris, 2012). This can be
explained by the presence of many actors with expert knowledge and specific techniques in the
network.
In conclusion, stakeholders experience challenges that possibly influence the sustainability plans.
However, in general the feeling reveals that it is possible to overcome those challenges (Buijs, 2012).
22
Figure 15: overview of specific challenges
23
Contribution
In this paragraph the contributions that stakeholders might provide related to the Floriade plans are
described and an overview is shown in figure 16 and 17. Since a large part of the stakeholders play a
connecting role, it is no surprise that the majority of stakeholders has the ability to support
cooperation. This can be done by means of linking actors and making use of their network.
Figure 16: Overview of specific contribution
Almost all interviewees expressed the eagerness to contribute to the sustainability plans.
Cooperation and knowledge provision are the most common means of contribution (figure 16).
Willingness to support cooperation is stated equally by all stakeholder groups, while technical
knowledge is originated mainly by companies and to a lesser extent by governmental agencies (figure
18a,b,c). For example Liander and Waternet have specific technical knowledge and techniques in
water management and sustainable energy, (de Rijke, 2012; Ververs, 2012). Ikea is strong in
developing green marketing (Hanssen, 2012).
Providing manpower is also mentioned as a contribution, however financial compensation is
often needed. For instance, Kansrijk Zuidoost would be willing to contribute to awareness raising
campaigns or sustainability initiatives and they could train local people for sustainability projects
(Hogenelst, 2012). MTD was very enthusiastic about options to stay active in the development of the
Floriade 2022 bidbook plans, especially concerning the A9 deck (Mulder, 2012). Moreover Stadsdeel
Zuidoost is active in environmental education of young people of the area both to decrease
unemployment and spread awareness to have more people involved in sustainable plans in the
region (Burck & Ploegmakers, 2012).
24
Contribution
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Knowledge
Cooperation
Manpower
Money
Others
Figure 17: Overview of contributions
Not many parties are found to be willing and enthusiastic to invest in the sustainability plans on a
large scale. The government is able to provide subsidies for specific projects, however only to a
limited extent (Jaensch, 2012; Burck & Ploegmakers, 2012; Van Kooy, 2012). Businesses (figure 18b)
are the main potential investors, although businesses have not expressed immediate willingness to
invest, which is related to the stage of the plans’ development.
The category “Other” includes sustainable entrepreneurs, creation of employment in the
region, increase awareness and attention or specific project such as electric charge points (Jaensch,
2012; Burck & Ploegmakers, 2012; Gorissen, 2012; Kirby-Petruccio, 2012; Wesseling, 2012).
25
Contribution (Social)
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Knowledge
Cooperation
Manpower
Money
Others
Contribution (Businesses)
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Knowledge
Cooperation
Manpower
Money
Others
Contribution (Government)
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Knowledge
Cooperation
Manpower
Money
Others
Figure 18a,b,c: Contributions within groups
Conflicts
Conflict is inherent to policy and decision making; with a rising number of participants in decision
making the number of opinions, interests, and values increase, making conflict more likely (Reed,
2008). Thus, to make the development of sustainability plans in Amsterdam Zuidoost a success, this
analysis of conflicting interests of stakeholders contributes to preventing and resolving possible
conflicts.
26
Although stakeholders mentioned having conflicts, only a few stakeholders were willing to elaborate
on this. For instance, AGG had conflicts with environmental organizations and governmental parties
about the A9, but nowadays these are mainly resolved (Wesseling, 2012). Similarly, Kansrijk Zuidoost
had conflicts with other governmental organizations in defending the rights and needs of their
clients, nevertheless have good working relations with those organizations (Hogenelst, 2012). These
examples show that conflicts need not be detrimental to project output. Due to a lack of input from
the interviews, recommendations on how to deal with possible future conflicts can only be made
based on literature research.
Conflicts
2
No
16
Yes
Figure 19: Conflicts among stakeholders
Collective action literature provides examples of successful conflict management. Van Laerhoven &
Andersson’s case study (2006) reveals that, contrary to the assumption, conflicts do not prevent the
successful production of public goods. Conflicts may even be necessary in decentralized governance
to deal with conflicting interests, that are abound in this type of governance. Developing institutional
mechanisms for conflict resolving, namely rules and procedures for solving disputes is key, since it
makes the consequences of actions clearer (Van Laerhoven & Andersson, 2006). Governance
literature suggests as a possible solution for dealing with conflicts: arbitration by independent parties
(mediation) or facilitation, where an independent party leads negotiations between multiple
stakeholders (Bingham et al, 2005). Leach and Pelkey (2001) investigated 37 studies of watershed
partnerships and found that clear membership rules, transparent stakeholder rights and
responsibilities in combination with Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) are paramount to develop
successful partnerships. ADR includes mediation, arbitration, negotiation, negotiated rulemaking,
neutral fact-finding, and ombuds. ADR is widely applied by governmental organizations in different
countries, and often with success (O’Leary & Raines, 2001). The five elementary steps of ADR are
placed in table 1, for a more elaborate description of ADR see the factsheet ADR in annex V.
27
Table 1: Steps of ADR (O’Leary & Raines, 2001)
In conclusion, in developing the sustainability plans together with stakeholders it is essential to
consider mechanisms for conflict resolution, where clarity in terms of roles, duties and participation
rules should be formalized. Leach and Pelkey (2001) also stress the need for a flexible and informal
organizational structure, thus rigid institutionalization is not advised. The advised independent
mediator ought to be a person with leadership skills (O’Leary & Raines, 2001), who has the
willingness to investigate the needs, values and interests of stakeholders in-depth rather than
seeking for quick consensus development10 (Gregory et al, 2001).
Threats
In figure 20, a visual presentation is given of threats for the execution of sustainability plans. In this
research a threat is stated by the researchers as a probable reason for the failure of the plans, while
a challenge is seen as a barrier that should be taken into account to assure the success of the plans.
Stakeholders perceive a lack of funding as the major concern for execution of the Floriade
plans, as can be seen figure 20 (Burck & Ploegmakers, 2012; Dorsman & Gehrels, 2012; Gorissen,
2012; Hilgersom, 2012; Hogenelst, 2012; Van der Horst, 2012; Mantel, 2012; Mulder, 2012; Ververs,
2012; Wesseling, 2012). This threat might be overestimated since actors might be able to invest
more but are not yet willing to make this clear during the interviews.
It is clear that the involvement and coordination of parties is often seen as a threat (Buijs,
2012; Dorsman & Gehrels, 2012; Hogenelst, 2012; Van Kooy, 2012; Maris, 2012; Van Voorn, 2012).
This threat might be solved by finding a managing person or organization that is responsible for the
network and coordination issues.
Uncertainty about the plans, regulation barriers, market conditions and the focus on
sustainable development are considered less urgent. There are also threats that are only mentioned
one time, but who are important for the analysis. For instance Emile Jaensch stated that it is a threat
for the area that the perspective for the A9 deck is missing, since the Floriade is not coming to
Amsterdam. Therefore, it is important to find as soon as possible a new perspective for this area
(Buijs, 2012; Jaensch, 2012). Another example is that MTD and Stadsdeel Zuidoost state that political
will is the most important threat for the execution of the plans (Burck & Ploegmakers, 2012; Mulder,
2012).
10
Quick consensus development carries the danger of merely addressing superficial problems that are easy to
negotiate, rather than tackling more profound and urgent problems (Gregory et al, 2001)
28
Threats
Lack of investments
1
2
Insicurity about the plans
3
12
3
Difficulty of coordinating and
involving all parties
Regulations
6
4
Market conditions
Focus on SD
Others
Figure 20: Overview of threats
Cooperation
This section focuses on future cooperation possibilities identified by stakeholders and suggestions
from literature.
Certain stakeholders refer to the strengths of Amsterdam Zuidoost in current collaboration
initiatives and how those can be extended for future sustainability plans. Examples of those
collaborations are: Energiek Zuidoost, Zuidoost Partners and VAVO (Van Kooy, 2012; Jaensch 2012;
Mantel, 2012; Ververs, 2012). Especially, Zuidoost has been successful in getting a wide variety of
actors together (Van Kooy, 2012). Furthermore, the biggest cluster of entertainment in the
Netherlands is situated in Amsterdam Zuidoost (e.g. Pathé, Heineken Music Hall, Ziggodome and the
Arena), which offers a strong cooperation potential (Gorissen, 2012). Figure 21 presents an overview
of possible cooperation11 .
11
Possible cooperation is based on the fact that interviewees often expressed eagerness to work with anyone who
is willing to work on these plans, or provided some examples. The overview is not complete as some
stakeholders remained very general in their answers or elaborated on other aspects of cooperation.
29
Figure 21: Examples of options for future cooperation
A difference between level of experience related to cooperation can be distinguished, actors with
connecting roles have more extensive experience (Burck & Ploegmakers, 2012; Dorsman & Gehrels,
2012; Gorissen, 2012; Hanssen, 2012; Hilgersom, 2012; Van Voorn, 2012). Hence, connecting
stakeholders should take a leading role by helping the less experienced stakeholders with
cooperation.
Khare et al. (2011) argue for a tripartite model (figure 22) to make stakeholder cooperation
more successful.
Figure 22: Three partite model for sustainability. Source: Khare et al. (2011)
30
All three stakeholder groups should benefit from participating in the plans. To accomplish this,
guidelines are presented in table 2. Providing short term support (e.g. funding and accommodating
legislation) are necessary in the beginning of the projects (Khare et al, 2011).
Table 2: Guidelines for win-win development for all parties. Source: Khare et al, 2011
Overall, willingness to cooperate is apparent in Amsterdam Zuidoost, which is crucial in developing
sustainability plans. Cooperation is also seen as an effective way to reduce costs (Ververs, 2012; Van
der Voort, 2012). However, to keep people involved, results of projects should be communicated
clearly (Gorissen, 2012).
1.2.1 Network Overview
In this section the network analysis is presented. Relations between actors are representing specific
substantive connections (Wasserman & Faust, 1994), namely they are based on the actors contacts in
previous collaborations.
Cooperation between various stakeholders is seen as one of the preconditions for successful
implementation of sustainability plans (Van Asperen, 2012; Gorissen, 2012; Hogenelst, 2012). Firstly,
a network overview and information regarding connections between the interviewed stakeholders
are provided. Secondly, from this overview lessons can and will be extrapolated from the current
situation to the future, and from literature. One such lesson is that cooperation can increase the level
of resources and capacities available and spreading risks, both perceived as significant challenges for
the plans’ implementation (Burck & Ploegmakers, 2012; Gorissen, 2012; Hilgersom, 2012; Hogenelst,
2012; Mantel, 2012; Mulder, 2012; Ververs, 2012; Wesseling, 2012).
Results
Figure 23 presents the network overview. Interviewed stakeholders have a coloured dot12 and
indirectly incorporated stakeholders are displayed with a black dot.
Firstly, this overview shows that all interviewed stakeholders are connected to other actors
relevant for the Floriade plans. There are no stakeholders excluded from the network, that are of
significant importance.
A conclusion from interviews was the shared perception of the key actors for executing the
sustainability plans, which is confirmed by the network analysis. Those key actors are the Gemeente
12
blue color are governmental organizations, yellow are the business sector, green are citizen groups
and pink is a bridging company
31
Amsterdam, Stadsdeel Zuidoost, big companies, banks, housing cooperation’s and knowledge
institutions (Burck & Ploegmakers, 2012; Gorissen, 2012; Hilgersom, 2012; Hogenelst, 2012; Koers,
2012; Mantel, 2012; de Rijke, 2012; Ververs, 2012; Wesseling, 2012). The Gemeente Amsterdam,
DRO and Stadsdeel Zuidoost are the three actors having most contacts. Therefore, it can be
concluded that those are key actors and can secure the involvement of other.
Moreover, the role of connecting different stakeholders is also clear in the overview, like AIM
and Zuidoost Partners. (Gorissen, 2012; Hilgersom, 2012).The connectors link different coloured
dots, representing different types of groups.
Furthermore, a few stakeholders have critical connections, that other actors don’t have. For
example Greenport Aalsmeer is the only interviewed actor with direct connections to horticultural
actors, such as LTO Noord and Flora Holland. Therefore, this actor is the only link with specific
horticultural knowledge and techniques (Van Voorn, 2012). Another example is Kansrijk Zuidoost,
which has a direct link to the inhabitants of Amsterdam Zuidoost, specifically residents in the Bijlmer
(Hogenelst, 2012). It is important to secure that those unique types of actors stay connected in the
network, since they have distinct contacts.
Another interesting outcome is that some companies are mentioned as relevant
stakeholders by other actors, yet those companies currently don’t have a high level of inclusion in the
network. Examples are Pronam and Ikea. These findings are in accordance with other interview
output, for instance Pronam stated that they would like to gain more experience in developing
collaboration with other companies, and Ikea is in the process of developing its network in Zuidoost
(Dorsman & Gehrels, 2012; Hanssen, 2012).
Moreover, some possibly relevant actors (not involved in the bidbook process) for the
execution of the plans can be added to the network. Examples are universities, supermarkets,
schools, churches, banks and the media (Hilgersom, 2012; Hogenelst, 2012; Mulder, 2012; Wesseling,
2012).
Lessons learned
According to this network overview some general lessons can be learned to secure the successful
development and implementation of the Floriade plans.
To continue with the plans, the network should have the ability to deal with this disturbance
and new opportunities. Therefore, the network needs to be adaptive (Bodin et al, 2006; Folke et al,
2005; Sandström & Rova, 2010; Van Laerhoven, 2012a,b). The adaptive capacity of a network can be
measured regarding characteristics of the network, roles and flows (Van Laerhoven, 2012a).
Firstly, empirical research shows that a network is more adaptive when there are
collaborative arrangements between a multitude of actors from various sectors (Sandström & Rova,
2010). Several collaborations between stakeholder groups are visible in the Zuidoost network. For
instance via Energiek Zuidoost, whereby businesses and governmental organizations work closely
together (Mantel, 2012). A point for improvement is the inclusion of more citizen groups.
Networks are formed by actors that are in need of resources, both material and immaterial.
Links and interactions are made with other actors that can provide relevant resources (Sandström &
Rova, 2010). This is also visible in the network overview, e.g. governmental organizations are working
with knowledge institutions to gain very specific information (Burck & Ploegmakers, 2012) and
companies are working with governmental organizations (Van der Horst, 2012; Ververs, 2012). These
types of interactions are crucial now the Floriade is not coming to Amsterdam. Sharing resources can
32
spread the risk over the network (Burck & Ploegmakers, 2012; Gorissen, 2012; Hilgersom, 2012;
Hogenelst, 2012; Van der Horst, 2012; Mantel, 2012; Mulder, 2012; Ververs, 2012; Wesseling, 2012).
Another lesson is related to the size of the network. The larger the size, the higher the
political and societal support for plans (Van Laerhoven, 2012a). Due to the enthusiasm created by the
bidbook development, there are already a lot of actors involved in the network and the interviews
showed that many stakeholders still support the ideas (Buijs, 2012). The network size is already
relatively high. Though, it can be improved by including more actors, such as small sustainability
initiatives like the New Motion, Metfarm and Statiq Cooling (Kirby-Petruccio, 2012; Metfarm, 2012;
Statiq Cooling, 2012).
Furthermore, the number of connections within the network is important for the
implementation of the plans. A highly connected network improves flows of communication and
therefore information sharing between actors is higher. This will lead to improvements of learning
possibilities (Bodin et al, 2006,; Holling, 1978). Learning can be important in this case, since there are
a lot of actors with specific knowledge and techniques that can be used by other actors. Examples are
Liander and Waternet who can provide techniques and knowledge in the energy and water field to
users such as housing corporations, businesses and governmental organizations (de Rijke, 2012;
Ververs, 2012). In general the level of communication will be crucial for the plans’ execution, since
there are many stakeholders involved. So existing links should be strengthened and more links
should be made. This might be done by organizing workshops, brainstorm sessions and pilot projects.
Moreover, trust within the network is an important determinant of successful sustainability
outcomes, since trust influences strategic interaction between actors whose individual incentives can
conflict with one another and the sustainability plans. Cooperation in the form of collective action in
large projects, such as the Floriade plans, will always carry the risk that others don’t cooperate.
Therefore, actors must assume that the degree of trust within the network towards other actors is
high enough to cooperate (Henry & Dietz, 2011). This network analysis is not complete enough to
make calculations concerning the level of trust. However, according to Charlotte Buijs (2012), there is
still a lot of perspective amongst the stakeholders and there is enough trust for future cooperation.
Possibilities to increase the level of trust among actors can be reached through collaboration in
successful pilot projects.
Another lesson pertains to the fact that one leading person or organization will probably be
crucial for the execution of the plans and creation of cooperation networks (Van Asperen, 2012;
Burck & Ploegmakers, 2012; Mantel, 2012; Ververs, 2012). Key figures, with good communicative and
organizing skills should be able to steer towards one common vision to accomplish the plans (Van
Asperen, 2012). According to scientific literature sustainability is not often realized spontaneously
and should be purposefully managed. Efficient leadership is necessary to suppose that actors in the
network internalize sustainability in their daily business (Lay, 2007). Nevertheless, the network
overview shows that one leader, frontrunner or umbrella organization is lacking. This may be an
important point for improvement to increase the stability of the network. This can be solved by
establishing an organization that is involved with connecting actors, organizing meetings and
stimulating or executing projects. An example of a partly similar, existing organization is the Green
Business Club (Van der Horst, 2012). A person that can be steering in this process is Charlotte Buijs,
who already has a lot of experience with the network of the Floriade plans since she was one of the
initiators of the bidbook (Buijs, 2012). In addition Suzanne van Kooy could be involved, since she was
likewise involved in the bidbook plans and both are involved in two of the key actors of the network
(Van Kooy, 2012).
33
Figure 23: Network overview of the stakeholders from the plans of the Floriade 2022
35
1.2.2 Economic Context
Since its creation in 1960s Amsterdam Zuidoost has always been subjected to renewals. The renewals
concern not only the famous high-rise buildings that were blamed to be responsible for the
concentration of low incomes and criminality and therefore for the bad image, but also economic,
social and environmental aspects of urban planning of this area. The economic situation in Zuidoost
is improved, however some problems still persist. In the 90s important private actors placed
themselves in Zuidoost and nowadays a strong cluster of economic activity is found (e.g. Bijlmer
Boulevard and Amsterdamse Poort) with 4927 companies and 62.573 jobs (Gemeente Amsterdam,
2012; Bureau Onderzoek and Statistiek, 2012). Consequently, the unemployment rate and criminality
decreased, and the average income is increased. Nevertheless, these tangible improvements still
have not changed the negative image as perceived by many (Gorissen, 2012). While looking at the
subjective and objective safety index of Amsterdam Zuidoost an important gap becomes clear. As it is
possible to see in figure 24 the objective safety index is one of the lowest, while the subjective safety
index is one of the highest.
Figure 24: Objective and subjective safety index of Amsterdam. Source: Gemeente Amsterdam O+S
36
Nowadays several problems should be faced in Amsterdam Zuidoost, such as improving the
image and decrease early school leaving (Burck & Ploegmakers, 2012; Gorissen, 2012). The past years
the interest on sustainability grew in Zuidoost. Sustainability is not only perceived as a way to
improve the image of Zuidoost, but also to attract new influential businesses. In fact there is a high
demand for sustainable building from leading national and international businesses, such as ING,
Adidas and Reebok. Furthermore empty buildings currently are not rented because do not meet the
new standard of sustainability (Gorissen, 2012). For dealing with problems, the amount of
investments needed in the area is substantial. These extra costs come in a moment of an economic
crisis and governments and companies react by adopting restrictive monetary policies. The financial
problem is therefore strongly accentuated.
Last and more recent problem is the loss of the Floriade bid. This can jeopardize the
realization of plans, for instance the budget reserved by the municipality for investment is now
annulled (Jaensch, 2012). Furthermore, Zuidoost cannot benefit from direct profits, e.g. for the
tourism sector and other businesses. Moreover, the interest and investments of private parties might
decrease.
The fact that the Floriade will not come to Amsterdam Zuidoost clearly cuts a big slice of the
profits and benefits that the area could have gained although it was planned as an open event.
Despite this, important economic benefits of the plans can be recognized. Cooperation with the
Floriade in Almere creates opportunities in terms of experience and knowledge sharing (Hilgerson,
2012). Moreover, it is an opportunity to advertise Zuidoost as an appropriate region for sustainable
companies or initiatives. For example companies participating in the Floriade Almere could decide to
be situated in Zuidoost (Hilgersom 2012), because of better infrastructural system and clustered
economy compared to Almere (Dorsman and Gehrels, 2012). Moreover, the Floriade in Almere will
provide a general boost concerning technical knowledge about similar plans. On the other hand,
Emile Jaensch (2012) doubts that there are many companies willing to base themselves in
Amsterdam because of Floriade in Almere, however the benefits for the tourism sector are clear.
General benefits of the plans can also be distinguished. The effect of an exogenous
investment on an economy is described by Keynes as the multiplier effect (Keynes, 1936). A small
investment (usually from government) can generate a flow of new income in the entire economy.
Take for example the realization of the A9 deck. In this case Rijkswaterstaat invests in the realization
of the A9 deck and hires a construction company to realize the plans; the company has a direct
economic benefit that is distributed among its employees. Employees partly spend part of this
money to purchase products and services. In turn, companies selling these products and services
have indirect economic benefit from the initial investment and reinvest the extra money earned.
Despite the direct economic effect being small the total effect of new incomes created for the entire
economy is much higher and present in different sectors.
The same multiplier effect can be found for smaller projects such as urban horticulture in
empty buildings. To keep the economic benefits of such plans in the area it is important that
companies and employees involved are mainly from the region and that people who will benefit from
this initial investment spend their money in Zuidoost. Moreover specifically for urban horticulture,
exploiting niche markets can be a good strategy, since it is more profitable to grow rare species or
medicinal plants (Gorissen, 2012; Hilgersom, 2012; Van Voorn 2012).
To face financial problems, a solution that takes into account the increased openness of the
government regarding sustainability plans and the involvement of multiple actors is required. In an
37
open source project ideas, effort and resources are shared and the solution to overcome lack of
financial resources is in sharing risks and costs as well. For example through a Public-Private
Partnership (PPP) a project can be realized due to the cooperation between public and private actors.
As stated by Yescombe (2007. p.17) a PPP programme “…enables the public sector to make (or
accelerate) investments in infrastructure which would not otherwise have been possible (or would
have been delayed until later)”.
Weak points of PPPs should also be considered. For instance, PPPs are an undemocratic way
of decision making. In order to enhance the democratic level it is essential to involve a variety of
interest groups that is representative for the involved stakeholders. Furthermore, striving for
transparency will make the PPP decision-making more open (Stoker, 1998). Moreover, in a PPP there
are several actors involved and the life span of the project is very long, which increases the
transaction costs (Katz, 2006). Another weak point is that combined financial investments are clearly
more expensive (higher interest rate) than public-sector borrowing, because lenders to governments
assume minor risks compared to lenders in the private sector (Yescombe 2007).
Usually PPPs are seen as a tool to realize long term and big scale projects, such as the deck of
the A9. Here we see PPPs as a broader concept that can be used to stimulate stakeholders in
realizing short term, small scale and regional plans. If a PPP is used to realize the short term and
small scale sustainability plans, the weak points mentioned above can be partially overcome. This
short term and small scale projects can be seen in the form of pilot projects and quick wins. In this
way less money is required and useful experience is gained. The knowledge accumulated can reduce
uncertainty and stimulate new investments on a larger scale.
1.3.4 SWOT Analysis
Figure 25 presents the main Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats for a sustainable
Zuidoost system. This table is based on interview’s transcripts and impressions, websites, reports and
other material provided by stakeholders. The four parameters (SWOT) are divided into internal and
external dimensions. In this analysis the group of stakeholders is considered as a single entity.
Therefore to measure strengths and weaknesses only the characteristics of the group of stakeholders
selected are taken into account, while for threats and opportunities all external actors are taken into
account. In the internal squares, possible combinations of internal and external characteristics are
presented. For each of these combinations a question is asked:
- Upper left corner: How can we use our Strengths to overcome the Threats?
- Lower left corner: How can we use our Strengths to exploit the Opportunities?
- Lower right corner: How can we overcome our Weaknesses to exploit the Opportunities?
- Upper right corner: How can we overcome our Weaknesses to prevent Threats?
(Erik Larsen, 2010)
The four elements are combined in this way to find solutions and ideas for stimulating the
development in Zuidoost. Solutions and ideas presented are stated by stakeholders or are the results
of own reflections and experiences.
38
Figure 25:SWOT Analysis of Sustainable Zuidoost System
39
1.4 Conclusion
In conclusion, stakeholder, network, economic context, and SWOT analysis provide an
overview of challenges and opportunities for the implementation of the Floriade plans. There are
several strengths and opportunities that became clear during the analysis, such as the enthusiasm of
stakeholders to participate and cooperate in the plans, improving the image and livability of Zuidoost
and various economic opportunities. Moreover, there is already a strong network base due to the
forming of the bidbook and existing networks. However, potential weaknesses and threats can also
be distinguished, for instance the lack of leadership and investments.
Both weaknesses and threats mentioned are related to the current shift from government to
governance. Therefore, inclusion of multiple stakeholder groups is gaining more importance. On the
other hand this evolvement brings difficulties like coordination problems and possible conflicts of
interest.
During the analysis several solutions were found. An example is a short term focus on quick
wins for stakeholders, which will allow learning, sustainable innovation and a shift to more extensive
projects.13 Moreover, sustainability plans need to contain clear arguments for participating, since
stakeholders should see the advantages of cooperating. In addition a long term steering vision must
be developed in collaboration with stakeholders and leadership should be established. Both
overcome organizational problems related to the development and implementation of the plans. In
those plans attention should be paid also to legal and market barriers.
According to the analysis, continuing with the Floriade plans is possible and will be beneficial
for all stakeholders, if several aspects mentioned are taken into account. However, to convince
stakeholders, the technical and financial feasibility of the plans should also be clear and those will be
researched in the next two chapters.
1.5 Discussion
Due to constrains in time and resources it is unrealistic to claim that the stakeholder analysis
is exhaustive and complete, as other relevant actors might be included. There are stakeholders that
were not possible to get in contact or that were not willing to cooperate. This can limit the
representativeness of the stakeholder sample, since more social groups might have partially changed
the research results. However, due to a careful stakeholder selection, the level of representativeness
of the research population is relatively high.
A limitation concerning the method of interviewing is that it became clear that the Floriade
was not honored to Amsterdam during the research execution. This decision might have influenced
the research outcomes, since some interviews were executed before the decision-making and others
were held after. Consequently, there might be differences in the stakeholders’ answers. Moreover, it
should be stated that most interviews were held in English, which might have been a barrier since all
stakeholders were Dutch. Another possible bias is that some questions are hard to answer or that
socially desirable answers are given. For example most respondents said that they never had any
conflicts with other actors. Besides, interviews were held by different members of the research
group, which could have influenced the reactions of respondents and more experience with
interviewing was gained during the process. Yet, those influencing factors are reduced by the
application of similar basic interview questionnaires. Furthermore, the interpretation of interviews
should be considered, which could contain some subjectivity (e.g. translation of qualitative into
quantitative data).
13
Since a long term strategy concerning quick wins will not work.
40
Another consideration is that a complete network analysis was not feasible due to the
research scope and time given. Therefore, not all possible actors are included. Moreover, many
respondents had difficulty answering the network related questions (e.g. frequency of contacts).
Consequently, it is not possible to make network calculations, which is an interesting option for
further research (Bodin et al, 2006; Sandström & Rova, 2010). Lastly, it should be mentioned that the
interpretation of the interview outcomes by the researchers might contain elements of subjectivity.
Another difficult aspect of this research is finding the balance between an academic output and a
professional output for the client.
Overall, the research outcomes form an appropriate basis to answer the research questions. Further
research on this topic might contain more interviews, surveys among inhabitants or workshop
sessions with a mix of attendees.
41
2. Energy
Panagiotis Moraitis, 3717208
Corina van der Hulst, 0451525
2.1 Introduction
One of the main themes from the plans for the Floriade is related to energy. In Amsterdam Zuidoost
there are many opportunities for the development of initiatives concerning sustainable energy, due
to multifunctional role, as it includes for instance working areas, housing, free spaces and sport
facilities. Consequently, streams of energy, resources and waste are created. In order to make the
area more sustainable and energy neutral, it is important to seek for opportunities to utilize these
streams to reduce energy consumption, improve local production of energy and to match supply and
demand better (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2012). Therefore, to guide through this study the following
research questions were formulated.
 What are the current initiatives and further options for energy savings and sustainable
energy production in Amsterdam Zuidoost?
 What is the potential of each of those options in terms of energy and emission savings and
costs and benefits?
 What are opportunities and challenges for relevant stakeholders for each plan and how does
each plan relate to other plans (either related to energy, ecology or hydrology)?
This energy track section of the research focuses on exploring current initiatives and new plans
and technologies that could be implemented related to energy production and consumption, and
their potential in Amsterdam Zuidoost.
The next chapter describes the steps that were followed in this research, and then a detailed
description of the initiatives and plans and their potential energy and emission savings, associated
cost, strengths and weaknesses for stakeholders and the relationship with other plans is given,
followed by a summarizing overview of the opportunities and their potential.
2.2 Methodology
In order to answer the research questions and get a clear overview of the opportunities to make
Amsterdam Zuidoost more sustainable in terms of energy and emission saving measures and
improved local energy production, it is the first step to create an inventory of the local initiatives,
relevant stakeholders, and available technologies for the future. Information on the specific plans
and collaborations that are in place in Zuidoost was gathered from interviews with the stakeholders
and from literature. These plans and initiatives were assessed and described in three main topics:
energy efficiency measures, energy production technologies and energy from water, in order to give
a clear overview of all the related, existing projects and opportunities in Zuidoost.
One of the relevant initiatives that has to be mentioned here because it is not related to a
specific project is Energiek Zuidoost, which aims at connecting stakeholders in order to reduce
carbon emissions of Amsterdam Zuidoost by means of projects such as solar coalitions, utilizing
waste water and energy exchange on a district level (Amsterdam Smart City, 2012). Energiek
Zuidoost can act as an important connector and stimulator of the plans that are discussed in this
chapter.
Together with a description, the potential of each technology or plan will be described in
terms of energy and emission savings and associated cost. This will be done at the level of specificity
that is achievable for that plan, depending on the specific data available (e.g. for the area of Zuidoost
or per building). In case of insufficient data, assumptions and simplifications will be made.
42
The third step is to describe the opportunities and challenges related to each technique or
plan for the stakeholders that are involved, and the relationship of this plan to other (energy, ecology
or hydrology related) plans.
As a conclusion the potential and cost for all suitable technologies for Zuidoost are provided
together with an indication of the preferred implementation timeframe, in order to be able to make
integrated recommendations for a sustainable vision for Zuidoost in the integration chapter.
2.3 Energy Efficiency
2.3.1 Efficiency in Electricity
Introduction
According to ‘Trias Energetica14’ the first principle is to reduce the demand for energy by avoiding
waste and implementing energy-saving measures. The area of Zuidoost has a large number of
inhabitants (37000 houses, which is 9,4% of the total residential stock of Amsterdam)(Gemeente
Amsterdam O+S, 2011) and has also a high concentration of companies such as the Amsterdam
ArenA, IKEA, Endemol studio’s, Pathé, Amsterdamse Poort, and also a large number of office
buildings in the areas Amstel III and Bullewijk. The majority of the stakeholders have also as a
primary target to reduce the energy consumption and therefore, it is necessary to examine the
potential to apply energy saving techniques in both the residential and the private sector.
Energy savings in electrical devices is a direct way to reduce consumption and CO 2 emissions.
In addition to saving in thermal energy the solutions are easier and cheaper to apply and they are
targeting mainly on the behavioural change of the consumers. The energy waste of electrical devices
can be split up in to 2 categories. The first one is the standby power which is defined as a product’s
minimum power consumption while it is plugged in (IEC, 2012). Without unplugging the power cord
of your equipment, standby power is continuously used for your TV screen, mobile charger, PCs and
peripherals. The amount of electricity wasted while the equipment is turned off but still plugged-in
accounts for 10% of the total electricity consumption in domestic use (ADEME, 2000).
Average Residential Annual Electricity
Fraction over Total
Standby Power
Use
Residential Electricity
(W)
kWh/yr Use
Netherlands
37
330
10%
Table 3: Standby power consumption in the Netherlands per household (ADEME, 2000)
A number of devices that are commonly used both in households and in the office sector are
presented on the table 4 below
14
The 3 elements of Trias Energetica are:
1. Reduce the demand for energy by avoiding waste and implementing energy-saving measures;
2. Use sustainable sources of energy like wind, the sun, water and the ground;
3. Use fossil fuel energy as efficiently as possible and only if sustainable sources of energy are unavailable (E.H. Lysen,
1996).
43
Equipment
PC without monitor
Monitor
Copier
Laser Printer
Inject Printer
Active
(W)
36
66
0.86 Wh/page
0.88 Wh/page
26
Stand by
(W)
27
15
206
64
13
Table 4:Standby power consumption of electronic equipment (ADEME, 2000)
On average the average Standby Power use of the office equipment was found to be 32W per device
(Roberson, 2004).
The second category is the “Wasted of Power in Use” of electrical devices and it represents
the amount of energy that is misused by the consumer and therefore wasted. For example, lights,
PCs, monitors that are always turned on. Furthermore, office buildings use a considerable amount of
energy outside office hours, due to lights that remain on and servers consuming energy throughout a
day, but also according to studies a large number of PC’s (58%) and monitors (20%) are not turned
off when the service is closed (Roberson, 2004).
Electricity monitoring in Buildings
The fundamental principle of the energy saving techniques is that “you cannot manage what you
cannot measure”. Monitoring systems give control over the energy consumed in a working area or in
a house and consequently it could reduce the variations in consumption between similar households
to a minimum level. Studies in the Netherlands have shown that variations resulted on micro level
activities could be up to 36% (Sonderegger, 1978) and therefore there is much room for
improvement on residents behaviour.
Applicable techniques are already commercial and very simple. They involve only a number
of meters to collect data and suitable software to process them. The frequency at which data is
compiled varies according to the desired report but it could be from seconds to hours. The target of
those techniques is to create a regular collection of information on energy use, in order to establish a
basis for energy management and explain deviations from an established pattern. With the current
technology, monitoring systems have become widely available for all the consumption levels, from
small houses to a business level and it is easy to use and install by anyone without the need for any
specific technical knowledge.
A number of companies like Groene Checktap, Plugwise and Switch my Light have already
expressed strong interest through Amsterdam Innovation Motor (AIM) to explore the market
potential of Amsterdam Zuidoost (Hilgersom, 2012). Their business activities are concentrated in
monitoring devices and software, smart switches and efficient lighting.
Cost and Benefits of energy monitoring
The most important benefit of energy monitoring is the behavioural impact that it might have on
daily habits of consumers. Campaigns may have a strong impact as well but their effect is temporary
as the results tend to faint quite rapidly (Wilhite, 1995). Nowadays, with the current technology
energy savings could be visually presented on a screen and mobile devices resulting to fundamental
change in consumption behaviour (Wood, 2002).
Studies on consumption behaviour with monitoring systems and PC software have shown a
12,9% reduction in electricity consumption (Wood, 2002). A complete monitoring system with
44
suitable software and smart switches to reduce the stand by loss of power has a market value of 300
euro’s (Plugwise, 2012), the average Dutch house consumes 2,900 kWh of electricity (EEA, 2008) per
year, they are responsible for 374 gr CO2/kWh that are emitted during the electricity production (IEA,
2009) and the current price is 0,22 euros/kWh (EL&I, 2011) leading to a payback period of 3.7 years
which is considerably low for an average household. The results are summarized on the table 5
below.
Annual Domestic
Potential
Emissions Savings Annual Savings
PBP
Consumption
savings kWh/yr kg CO2
Euro
years
kWh/yr
2900
377
140
82
3.7
Table 5:Average expected savings per household
The technical potential of the residential sector in Zuidoost is on the following table (6).
Number of
Energy savings
Emission Savings
houses
MWh
tones of CO2
37000
13949
5180
Table 6: Average annual savings for residential sector
On the business sector is much harder to calculate the potential savings as the activities vary
significantly between companies. However, considering the number of the total office square meters
(1,710,000 m2, Gemeente Amsterdam O+S, 2011) and the large number of electrical appliances
create a large potential.
2.3.2 Green walls and roofs
Introduction
Green walls and roofs are often proposed as a solution to introduce more green in urban areas and
decrease urban heat island effects (Wong et al, 2010). These aspects of green roofs are discussed in
the eco hydrology chapter. From an energy perspective, covering the building envelope with
vegetation has also additional benefits. Jaffal et al. (2011) lists a number of these effects, namely
green roofs improve the building’s energy efficiency by enhancing the heat transfer through roofs,
the reduction of the summer temperature around green roofs improves the efficiency of air
conditioning systems by providing a local free cooling effect to the fluid before it returns to the
chiller. This reduced temperature also improves the efficiency of surrounding photovoltaic panels
and reduce a city’s carbon footprint by converting carbon dioxide to oxygen through photosynthesis
(Jaffal et al, 2011).
Therefore, installing green roofs and walls can realize the sustainability goals of stakeholders
at different levels such as housing corporations, businesses, the municipality, and the AMC hospital.
There are several green roof and wall installers active in Amsterdam, an overview can be found at the
website of Amsterdam Green Roof Initiative (AGRI, 2012).
To stimulate the installation of green roofs, the municipality of Amsterdam has started a
subsidy scheme: residents of Amsterdam can apply for a subsidy of 50 euros per square meter up to
a maximum of 50% of the total installation costs. A maximum of 20,000 euros subsidy will be
awarded for each individual project (I Amsterdam, 2012). This subsidy is available to house owners,
but the majority of the houses in Amsterdam Zuidoost are apartment buildings. This implies that the
housing corporations need to install the green roofs, but the insulation benefits are on the side of the
45
residents. Therefore, adapted regulation is needed that allows for sharing the cost and benefits
between the housing corporation and tenants.
Theoretical savings
Benefits of green walls or living walls and green roofs are multiple: the most important being
insulation provided by vegetation and substrate by means of absorption of solar radiation by plants,
transpiration and shading. Plant surfaces, in contrast to concrete walls and roofs, do not rise more
than 4–5 °C above the ambient temperature (Pérez et al, 2011).
Amsterdam already has goals on the implementation of green roofs, and they are available
on the commercial market, therefore the analysis of the potential and cost and benefits will be on
green roofs. Generally, two types of green roofs are generally identified: extensive (with soil
thickness less than 10-15 cm) and intensive (with soil thickness more than 15-20 cm) (Jaffal et al,
2011). Because of their low additional loads, extensive green roofs are suitable for building
retrofitting, i.e. they do not require any additional strengthening (Jaffal et al, 2011).
Energy savings are depending on the level of insulation the building already has. The
reduction of the total annual energy savings varies from 2-44% for well insulated to poorly insulated
buildings (Castleton et al, 2010). Naturally, the magnitude of temperature decreases because this
transformation depends on climatic characteristics, the amount of vegetation and the behaviour of
different plant species in local weather conditions (Alexandri & Jones, 2008; Pérez et al, 2011).
For temperate climates, the potential of reducing heating energy demand is more important,
since that represents a larger share of the energy consumption in buildings. Following the method
used by Castleton et al. (2010), a rough estimation can be made of potential energy savings in an
area.
Potential energy savings of green roofs in Amsterdam Zuidoost
Since the building stock in Amsterdam Zuidoost consists largely of existing office buildings and
apartment blocks, retrofitting these with extensive green roofs would be a realistic option to
consider. According to Castleton, it was estimated that 15% of these buildings would be suitable for
implementing a green roof (retrofitting), comparing to similar situations in Australia and Germany
(Castleton et al, 2010). Annual energy savings for heating based on improved isolation values (a
lower u-value means better insulation capacity) are shown in table 7.
Amsterdam Zuidoost was developed in the 1960’s and the business areas Amstel III and
Bullewijk in the 1980’s (Stadsdeel Zuidoost, 2005). This means that the apartment building blocks are
on average moderately insulated since using cavity walls was already required at that time in the
Netherlands, but insulation of floors, roofs and windows, might be outdated (Thijssen, 1990).
Therefore, Zuidoost might have a potential to save energy by implementing measures that improve
insulation such as green roofs.
Table 7: Energy savings for various roof constructions. Source: Nichaou et al, 2001 in Castleton et al, 2010
Roof construction
Well insulated
Moderately
insulated
Non insulated
U-Value
without
green
roof (W/m2 K)
0.26–0.4
0.74–0.80
U-Value
with
green roof
(W/m2 K)
0.24–0.34
0.55–0.59
Annual
energy
saving % for
heating
8–9%
13%
Annual
energy
saving % for
cooling
0
0–4%
Total annual
energy
saving
7.76–18.18
1.73–1.99
45–46%
22–45%
31–44%
2%
3–7%
46
Office buildings
Gas consumption for office buildings built in 1980 is 17 m3 per m2 floor space (Van Arkel, 1998).
Amsterdam Zuidoost has 1,710,000 m2 offices and business (Gemeente Amsterdam O+S, 2011).
Assumed is that 95% of the natural gas consumption is used for heating. This leads to an annual
consumption of natural gas for heating of office buildings of 27.6 million m 3 equaling 1.08 PJ per
year. When accounted for the savings for moderately insulated buildings (13%) and the percentage
that is suitable for retrofitting (15%) the potential savings are 21 TJ per year which is 1.85% of the
total natural gas consumption of office buildings.
Table 8: overview of residential stock and energy use for Amsterdam Zuidoost (Gemeente Amsterdam
O+S, 2011; DRO, 2011)
Residential stock Zuidoost
Percentage
Percentage using district heating
Natural gas consumption per
household (m3/year)
TOTAL annual natural gas consumption
(m3/year)
Privately
owned
9893
27%
Social rental
sector
23719
64%
Private
rental
3288
9%
1300
1000
1300
1.29E+07
2.37E+07
4.27E+06
Total
36900
100%
49.9%
2.04E+07
Residential buildings
Total annual consumption of natural gas by households in Amsterdam Zuidoost is 20.4 million m 3
DRO, 2011). Assumed is that 75% of the natural gas consumption is used for heating, resulting in an
annual consumption of natural gas for heating of 15.3 million m 3. It is also assumed that the share of
the households that uses district heating has no primary energy use for heating, since the district
heating system utilizes excess heat from energy production plants.
Energy content of natural gas is 39 MJ/m3; this means a consumption of 596 TJ per year.
When accounted for the savings for moderately insulated buildings (13%) and the percentage that is
suitable for retrofitting (15%) the potential savings are 11.6 TJ per year which is 1.46% of the total
natural gas consumption of all residential buildings in Zuidoost.
Cost and benefits
In terms of financial benefits, considering the energy savings of green roofs for Zuidoost, office
buildings can save €0.52 on the annual gas expenses of €4.25 per square meter by implementing the
savings whereas households are able to save €26.99 on €276.79 annually, assuming a price of €0.25
per m3 natural gas. Another benefit comes from the longer life time of green roofs; the life span of
green roofs is claimed to be double compared to the material of normal roofs, this is caused by the
effect of protection from UV light and frosts. The costs of installing green roofs are affected by a
number of factors: the size (there is an economy of scale: larger roofs become less expensive), the
type of roof (e.g. sedum mats are more expensive than hydro seeding), installation and maintenance
cost related to the type of roof, and the type of waterproofing and insulation (Livingroofs, 2004).
Livingroofs lists very divergent installation costs for green roofs, ranging from 150 €/m2 in the USA to
20-40 €/m2 in Germany depending on the size of the roof. The Dutch market has already matured
more than the American market, according to Dutch installers cost will be around 70-90 €/m2.
(Groendak, 2011; Enerbouw, 2012).
47
2.3.3 Urban farming
Introduction
One of the plans for the Floriade: introducing urban farming into Amsterdam Zuidoost is still in place
at this moment and will be assessed here from an energy perspective, since it might be a concept
that can realize multiple ambitions that various stakeholders have (e.g. making Amsterdam more
self-sufficient (Hogenelst, 2012), bridge gap between eating and producing: connect food to the city
and educate citizens (Buijs, 2012; Van Voorn, 2012). All the effects of the various forms of urban
farming with respect to green, food production, closing water cycles and other ecohydrology related
topics are discussed in the ecohydrology chapter.
Three types of urban farming can be distinguished: small scale such as rooftop gardens,
private and public vegetable gardens or horticulture on balconies; and large scale, that can be
divided into utilizing existing buildings and new (horizontal) greenhouses (e.g. on the deck on the
Gaasperdammerweg). From an energy perspective the large scale solutions are the most interesting
since smaller vegetable gardens are usually not very energy intensive, they use waste streams and
they are not intended to operate at a commercial level.
Urban greenhouses
There are many ambitious plans for vertical greenhouses and skyscrapers in cities all over the world
(Despommier, 2009; Jacobs, 2010; Bright Farms, 2012), but none of these plans has been executed in
reality. In Rotterdam an initiative of Stichting Innovatie Glastuinbouw (SIGN) will be executed in
2013. It is called the ‘Stadskas’, and is designed to produce food locally and set a positive example to
citizens (Van der Veen et al, 2012).
Some advantages of urban greenhouses include reduction of fossil fuel emissions and
recycling of waste water, high areal productivity since a vertical greenhouse can be up to thirty
stories tall, as well as the ability to use hydroponics technology that allows for better control and less
waste from cultivation (Despommier, 2011). Further advantages from an energy perspective are
related to excess heat that is produced during the day by this kind of vertical greenhouse. To fully
utilize this potential, heat can be stored for night times or exchanged with for example residential
blocks using an ‘Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage’ (ATES) system. This technology of underground
thermal energy storage is explained later in this chapter.
Urban farming in existing buildings
Currently, Metfarm is already operating pilot vertical farm for in an empty office building in IJburg.
There are almost no changes made to the building and plants are grown using LED lights. Normal soil
can be used, but hydroponics and aeroponics technology as well. In order to close loops, water from
the cultivation of fish, containing nutrients could be used. Growing food in the city can save on
transportation and storage and Metfarm claims to use no preservatives and pesticides (Hussain,
2012).
In 2011 Zuidoost had the highest number of empty office buildings in the whole of
Amsterdam; 23.3% of the available office space (1.71 million square meters) is empty and this
48
Figure 26: Aeroponics system in Metfarm (TEDxAmsterdam, 2012)
number has been increasing in the last few years all over Amsterdam (Gemeente Amsterdam O+S,
2011). That problem could mean a great potential for urban horticulture, since this does not require
any large construction changes to the buildings. However, the larger share of energy consumption
would be from the (LED) lighting. The advantage of using LED lighting is that only the specific
wavelengths (usually a combination of blue (450–470 nm) and red (650–665 nm) LED’s is used) that
match the absorption peaks for chlorophyll and carotenoids can be used, and thereby a lot of energy
is saved (Yeh & Chung, 2009). Besides the energy savings due to the low power consumption of LED
lights, photosynthesis does not need to take place in continuous light. Light reactions can be
separated from the dark reactions and therefore a pulsating light source at the right frequency does
not affect the growth rates and can save energy (Yeh & Chung, 2009).
Cost and benefits
Since there are no large scale examples available, it is extremely difficult to make a realistic
estimation of the energy consumption and savings of indoor urban horticulture. Positive factors on
the energy balance include: proximity to consumption, e.g. consumers, a restaurant or a
supermarket in the same building; combination with energy storage in ‘Aquifer Thermal Energy
Storage’ (ATES) systems, utilizing waste streams, such as nutrient rich waste water and appropriate
lighting regime (adjusted wavelength and frequency).
On the realization of goals from stakeholders urban farming can contribute significantly. It
integrates energy efficient food production and closed production cycles, with ecological benefits as
described in the eco hydrology chapter and enables horticultural companies such as farmers or
Greenport Aalsmeer provide education on food production and to connect to consumers, potential
employees and other businesses (Van Voorn, 2012)
2.3.4 Optimization of water thermal energy use
Introduction
The water cycle in Amsterdam Zuidoost contains a lot of energy in the form of heat and cold that can
be recovered on a district level as well as on the level of individual homes. The two main things to
consider are heat from waste water and cold from drinking water or nearby lakes. A related topic is
the storage of heat and cold water in aquifer systems.
Waste water contains two types of energy; thermal and chemical energy. Thermal energy
can be recovered at different levels to increase energy efficiency. This is addressed in the next
section. The chemical energy is mainly used to produce biogas by anaerobic digestion at the
Amsterdam waste treatment plant. This biogas is used to produce electricity and heat in combined
heat and power systems or to produce green gas used by the public transport in Amsterdam (Waste
and Energy Company, 2011).
Heat recovery
About 54% of drinking water used in a household is heated and leaves the house at an average
temperature of 27oC (Hofman et al, 2009). The embedded heat depends on the use and it can vary
significantly, water from bathing and shower has a temperature of approximately 38oC to 40oC, tap
water could leave the house at a temperature of 10oC to 55oC, and water from the dishwasher and a
washing machine has a temperature of approximately 40oC (Hofman et al, 2009). In the domestic
sector the wastewater contributes up to 40% of the heat loss from a house and it accounts to 8 GJ
annually, which equals 450 kg CO2 (Nauffal Monsalve, 2011).
49
The thermal energy in waste water holds a large potential. Temperatures in the sewer
system usually vary between 12°C and 20°C during the year and hardly ever drop below 10°C in the
winter. Directly after the discharge from households the average temperature is 27°C. According to
the Leidraad Energetische Stedenbouw, a research conducted by the spatial planning department of
Amsterdam and Delft University, the potential for heat pumps and heat exchangers on a household
level (e.g. for the shower or directly after the waste water leaves a house) is maximum 35 GJ per
household. The efficiency depends on the application of the heat exchanger and can vary from 60%
to 90-95% for air heating and ventilation installations, and from 30% to 50-60% for heat recovery
from waste and sewer water (DRO, 2011).
Figure 27: Water temperature in the sewage system (Schmid, 2008).
From figure 27 displayed above, it is clear that the wastewater temperature is highest in the initial
part of the sewer system and therefore heat recovery in a building is higher than other possibilities,
because the heat is still not dissipated. In that case wastewater is used for pre-heating domestic
water, reducing gas consumption substantially. In this category systems that don’t use heat pump
can also be implemented due to the high temperatures, such as shower heat exchangers (Wong et al,
2010). However, extensive work that is needed for this solution makes it only suitable during
construction of new houses or renovation. Another feasible solution would be to be applied on the
main sewage system on a district level close to housing areas.
Figure 28: Domestic Heat Recovery methods (Schmid, 2008)
50
It is a fact that, drinking water has an average temperature of 12.5°C in the tap throughout the year,
in winter times this temperature is about 8°C, while in summer it can reach 25°C (Nauffal Monsalve,
2011) and this energy can be used to balance an ‘Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage’ (ATES) system.
Also, another important benefit of this approach is that the drinking water is cooled in the summer
and can be delivered to the customers at a lower temperature, improving the comfort level and the
hygienic quality with lowering the risk of microbiological growth (Kooij et al, 1995).
Cost and Benefits
The cost of energy production in wastewater heating installations has a range of 0.05-0.17 euros per
kWh. In comparison with a condensing gas heater, a wastewater heat pump (with peak load boiler)
uses 10% less primary energy, and 23% less compared with an oil-fired heater. From an
environmental point of view a bivalent wastewater heat pump that is powered mainly with electricity
causes only 22% CO2 emissions compared to an oil-fired heating system. If the power for the drive of
the wastewater heat pump is provided by a gas-fuelled combined heat and power unit, emissions are
reduced down to 41% (Schmid, 2008).
Cooling systems
In collaboration with Waternet, Nuon operates a cooling system in Amsterdam Zuidoost that utilizes
cold water from the former sand mine Ouderkerkerplas. Eight buildings are currently connected to
the cooling network in Zuidoost, namely the offices of ING and Atlas ArenA Amsterdam as well as the
new Endemol studios (Nuon, 2010). By using a central cooling machine fed with cold water from the
lake, a reduction in greenhouse gas emission is reached of almost 20,000 ton CO2-eq/year as
compared with separate cooling machines in every office building. Table 9 shows the energy and
emissions that are saved by utilizing cold water from the Ouderkerkerplas (Nauffal Monsalve, 2011).
Technique
Electricity Consumption
(MWh/yr)
CO2 emission
(ktons/year)
Own cooling machines
Central cooling machine
Central cooling machines with cold
water from the Ouderkerkerplas
29.2
12.2
4.9
23.9
10
4
Table 9: Savings of energy and emissions of central cooling with water from the Oudekerkerplas
The future potential of central cooling technologies depends on the available cold water from the
nearby lakes (Ouderkerkerplas and Gaasperplas) that cannot be overexploited, the cost of installing
the pipelines which can increase rapidly with longer or more complicated pipe construction works
(Liandon, 2012), and the willingness of the stakeholders that are involved to cooperate.
51
Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage
In case of a doublet system as shown in figure 29, in wintertime ground water is extracted from a
warm well at a temperature of around 15°C. The heat is transferred via a heat exchanger to a heat
Figure 29: Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage, doublet system (Nauffal Monsalve, 2011
pump. The cooled water is put back into the cold well at a temperature of 7°C. The heat pump
transfers the low temperature heat to a temperature of 40-55°C, while additional equipment can
increase the temperature further for heated tap water purposes. In summertime, the flow of the
ground water circuit is the other way around, so water from the cold well can be used for cooling
purposes (Nauffal Monsalve, 2011).
52
An ATES system can also be used to store thermal energy from sun collectors, surface water,
sewer systems or waste heat from for example data centers. This can be used in wintertime and
Figure 30: ATES systems in Amsterdam Area (Van den Hoek, 2011), the area of Zuidoost is highlighted with the
square.
directly by nearby consumers. With an ATES system, a CO2-reduction up to 50-70% can be obtained
in comparison with a traditionally heated and cooled building (Nauffal Monsalve, 2011). In
Amsterdam, 80 projects are already installed or under construction, realizing an emission reduction
of more than 23,000 ton CO2-eq/year (Nauffal Monsalve, 2011). In the area of Amsterdam Zuidoost
already 7 ATES system are operational.
As it is shown in the maps below the potential in Amsterdam for ATES systems is quite large,
and the cost of installing such a system will pay back in 4-8 years, depending on what type of building
is going to use the system. According to a research conducted by the spatial planning department of
Amsterdam and Delft University, the potential for the whole of Amsterdam is 3900 GJ per doublet
installed (DRO, 2011). The potential of Amsterdam Zuidoost is poor for low depth exploitation as we
can see from the map below, but on the other hand the potential in average depth (50-300m) is
much higher.
53
Figure 31: Underground thermal potential of Amsterdam, 0-50m (left) 50-300m (right) (DRO, 2011).
Zuidoost is highlighted with a square.
The national government developed a web tool (wkotool.nl) that helps in assessing the feasibility of
such a system on a specific location by combining the potential of that location with the cost for a
certain case. The standard case of this tool is 250 houses, 10 apartments and 10000 m2 utilities that
are going to use the well. This results are comparable for the whole area of Zuidoost: investment to
be made will be approximately 1,140,000 euro, and the annual benefits: 194,000 euro. This will then
result in 59% energy and 54% emission savings (WKOtool, 2012).
Description
Nr of houses/ Investment Annual operation PBP
Energy Emission
apartments/
cost (€)
and maintenance (years) savings savings
2
m of utilities
cost (€/year)
(%)
(%)
Base case of
250/10/10000 1.256000
140.000
7-11
50
43
WKOtool
Small apartment
building (200
0/200/0
377.00
38.000
5-9
47
42
apartements)
Large apartment
building (1000
0/1000/0
929.000
213.000
2-6
47
42
apartments)
Office building
(e.g. for urban
0/0/40000
483.000
62.000
6-10
46
40
farming)
Table 10: Characteristics, cost and benefits of different ATES systems. Payback period, energy and
emission savings are calculated in comparison with a conventional system for heating and cooling.
Opportunities for optimization of thermal energy from water utilization
Installing Heat and Cooling systems and combining it with ATES is a direct way to lower the
consumption of natural gas for heating and therefore achieving the sustainable goals of the various
stakeholders. A new market will develop as the large potential of the area makes it appealing for
future investments. A large number of various stakholders will be involved on different levels, such
as housing corporations and local buisnesses could implement heat recovery systems on a small scale
while Nuon or other big companies could create their ATES system and their own network to
distribute heat and cold. Moreover, a balanced heat and cold storage system could be ideal for the
implementation of urban agriculture activities by lowering the production cost. On the legislative
side, ATES system owners are supposed to keep the average underground temperature at 12°C. This
54
sometimes leads to farmers running cooling installations to secure this ‘balance’ and thereby wasting
energy. Regulation demanding owners to put as much energy in as what is taken out and allowing
them to put in heat from datacentres at higher temperature would make ATES systems more energy
efficient (Goudswaard et al, 2010).
2.4 Energy Production
2.4.1 Introduction
In Amsterdam is a strong interest on local energy production. Business and consumers work together
in finding new solutions for the production of sustainable energy and these initiatives are a good
example of what can also be done in the district Zuidoost. The large investment cost and the
unwillingness of the individual local stakeholders to undertake large scale projects by themselves
creates suitable conditions for the formation of solar coalitions. The potential for solar energy in
Zuidoost lays on the large amount of unused space on rooftops where, according to the Leidraad
Energetische Stedenbouw an annual production of 126 GJ per square meter could be realized (DRO,
2011). However, one of the largest barriers here is that for public buildings or apartments the
rooftop is not the property of single consumers and therefore they cannot be exploited.
Furthermore, when the electricity is sold to the grid the individual producer is obliged to taxation as
an energy company.
2.4.2 Solar-Wind Coalitions
At this moment, multiple solar and one wind coalition exists in the city of Amsterdam and collaborate
with the AIM (Hilgersom, 2012). Those existing coalitions can be a great opportunity for attracting
these initiatives to the district of Zuidoost and start similar projects. Examples of these projects are:
- Energieker, a privately held company that supplies, installs and monitors solar energy
systems and solar boilers for consumers, businesses, schools and housing companies. They
offer support for collectively purchasing solar panels by for example a building or a street by
means of ‘My Sun Plan’ (Energieker, 2012).
- Solar Green Point is a national initiative for the cooperative building of a solar park. Single
consumers, business, governments and associations of house owners can participate.
Currently two solar parks are planned: in The Hague (1000 panels currently being installed,
operational in January 2013) and in Rotterdam (500 panels being installed beginning 2013).
The initiative is not exclusively operating in Amsterdam, but it does collaborate with AIM
(Solar Green Point, 2012).
The actual potential for wind energy in Amsterdam is the largest in Amsterdam Noord and in the
surroundings of the harbour and only a moderate potential lies along the A2 highway. However, the
concept of coalitions with the turbine being places in another area with larger potential and less
resistance from inhabitants (as will possibly the case at the A2 location) can offer considerable
potential for wind energy in Amsterdam Zuidoost.
- The Windvogel is also a national cooperation for sustainable energy with a main focus on
wind energy. They have 2500 members, who can use energy from their own six wind
turbines with a total capacity of 4.605 MW. The latest initiative is a plan for a thousand
turbines (Duizend Palen Plan), 2.4 per municipality that can produce 23% of the Dutch
electricity consumption (7000 households per turbine). The project is supposed to cost 800
euro per household every year, and can thereby be financed without subsidies. This will
55
-
create a support basis for sustainable energy and an acceleration of sustainable development
(De Windvogel, 2012).
Onze Energie is a local energy cooperation in Amsterdam Noord with 190 members. People
that not live in this area can become a member as well. They are planning to build a number
of wind turbines that can supply for 8000 households, 41 million kWh per year. Until that is
realized they supply electricity and gas via Green Choice (Onze Energie, 2012).
Cost and Benefits of solar power in Zuidoost
The average nominal power of solar panels in Dutch market is 140 W p/m2 (Stichting monitoring
zonnestroom, 2012) and the associated investment cost is 1.53 €/Wp for average PV systems and
0.25 €/Wp for installation (Stichting monitoring zonnestroom, 2012). The solar irradiation is 850
kWh/m2/year for the area of Zuidoost (IEA, 2009). The consumer’s price is 0.22 €/kWh for electricity
bought and sold to the grid but for large producers drops to 0.06 €/kWh.(Stichting monitoring
zonnestroom, 2012).
The average Dutch house has a floor area of 100m2 (Eurostat, 2012), taking in to account that
only half would have the right orientation and the large number of block of flats, then only 20m 2 are
available per household. The results are presented on the following table.
Rooftop Surface
m2
20
Investment
cost euro/m2
249
Total Investment
4.985
Total Production
MWh/yr
2.38
PBP
years
9.51
Table 11: Investments and electricity production for domestic PV
The average production of 2,380 MWh per year is close to the average electricity consumption of a
household (2,9 MWh). However, the initial cost is relatively high and the stochastic nature of solar
power makes it unsuitable for a complete self-sustain household.
The stakeholders of Energiek Zuidoost occupy a large number of buildings in the area for
commercial and social activities. However, all of them stated that any investment with more than 5
years of PBP is not suitable for them and they highlighted the absence of tariff policies to stimulate
the solar electricity production (Maris, 2012). One of the largest stakeholders of the area, the AMC
hospital has facilities with a total amount of 15000m2 of rooftops that are willing to lease to investors
(Maris, 2012). The high investment costs of solar panels could lead to cooperative initiatives between
consumers and companies. The exploitation of only AMC potential will have a huge impact on
emission savings, see table 12 below.
Surface
Total investment Total production Emission Savings
2
m
Euros
MWh
tones of CO2
Hospital AMC
15.000
3.738.000
1.785
714
Table 12: Investment cost and Annual production for AMC case study
The environmental benefits and the enthusiasm of the stakeholders dictate the necessity of the
project to be realized in the near future. In this way there will be more opportunities as a new
sustainable market can be developed in the area of Zuidoost that could be a nationwide example and
the idea of solar coalitions will be promoted. However, there must be a cooperative action between
companies to put pressure on the government for changes in policies and legislation.
56
2.4.3 Data Centers
In a data center energy goes in to the system and data along with heat is going out of the system. For
a typical 2.5 MW data center, like the one that exists in CISCO building, 35% of the total energy
consumption is for cooling (Darrow & Hedman, 2009). The heat that is produced in those centers
could be used to increase the temperature of the water in a heat recovery system. The excess of
thermal energy could then be used to cover the heat demand of the building itself. For instance, Intel
IT center is already planning to exploit 1.6 MW of data center heat energy that can be recovered and
reused by connecting the heat recovery chillers to the low-temperature loop that supplies most of
the facility (Intel Information Technologies, 2011). Other applications could involve the distribution
of heat towards nearby buildings or even to support urban agriculture sites and vertical farms. Even
during the summer when heat demand is low, heat could be stored in a nearby ‘Aquifer Thermal
Energy Storage’ (ATES) system. The advantage that makes heat produced form data centers in
Amsterdam Zuidoost appealing is the proximity to consumption points.
57
2.5 Conclusion
Energiek Zuidoost is the largest energy initiative of the area and it is dedicated to the transition from
fossil fuels to local renewable energy production and storage in Amsterdam Zuidoost. The vision of
Energiek Zuidoost is to develop a collaboration network among significant stakeholders in order to
create and promote innovative ideas, research for opportunities and develop a new sustainable
market related to the energy field. The business orientation and activities of the included
stakeholders vary significantly but all of them are focused to link energy with the spatial
development and transform the opportunities in to concrete plans.
Drinkingwater, wastewater cleaning & surface water.
Exploring and exploiting potential for recovering thermal and chemical energy from
wastewater
Promotion of sustainable products
Energy efficiency improvements, promote LED lights
Closer cooperation with neighboring companies
Grid operator
Introducing smart grid/smart metering
A fully operational ATES system, Solar panels, plans for windmills
Promotion of public and electric transport
Promotion and Implementation of various sustainable ideas
Electricity and heat producer by 2013
Large of rooftop area, willingness to cooperate with investor for solar energy
Create close cycles of energy and resources within Zuidoost area
Operator of the cooling station
Experience with heat and cold systems
Exploring the potential to develop a smart grid
Exploring the potential to develop cooperation between companies.
Seeking for market opportunities
.
Municipality
legislation, subsidies
Housing corporations
Energy efficiency measures
Figure 32: overview of the stakeholders and their activities in Amsterdam Zuidoost related to energy.
58
Undoubtedly Amsterdam Arena, AMC hospital and IKEA are the most recognizable stakeholders of
the area. All of them have a different role on the energy map but they all share a common will to
develop a more efficient and sustainable network of energy and resources . Of course the rest of the
stakeholders may not share the same popularity but they have substantial role in other sectors. From
big housing corporations to small urban agricultural companies they all can contribute and promote
development through collaboration. The table below summarizes the most important stakeholders
and their plans.
The number of the available solutions in the energy field is wide and the innovative spirit of
the stakeholders can lead to new collaborative measures. On the first level there is a large potential
for improvements in the energy efficiency sector. Simple solutions like monitoring and smart meters
are easy to implement directly and they are relatively cheap, they have a large impact on the average
consumer and the cost savings are immediately visible on the energy bill.
Urban agriculture and green roofs can also be beneficial for business such as farmers or restaurants,
for private consumers, house owners and residents of the area in general, by improving energy
efficiency, biodiversity and quality of life. The investment cost is on reasonable levels and the effects
can be direct on the local economy but also indirect on the improvement of social life and
collaboration among citizens. Legal barriers may arise as a large number of roofs are common
especially on big buildings.
Large scale urban farming is also an option to solve the problem of empty buildings. It is a
great opportunity for cooperation between stakeholders and citizens in order to create a niche
market. Most of the ideas are still on theoretical level but it is an appealing solution that combines
energy storage and food production. The cost effectiveness depends on the crop selection and it can
be commercial within a few years.
On the energy production side, the cooperative initiatives among the stakeholders can lead
to wind and solar coalitions in order to share the large investment cost. The technology is already
available and it is a direct way to save carbon emissions with a relatively low pay back time period.
The need for renewable friendly policies is necessary and there are legislative gaps that need to be
filled by the municipality or the district such as solar panels on common rooftops.
A promising solution for Waternet to participate in is to create a heat and cold storage
network, the large availability of aquifers on the underground and the nearby data centers can create
the suitable conditions. Partners can be found on the large scale among the large consumers and
producers but the initiative must be from energy companies with the right experience. On a small
scale can be applied on housing level both in new but also in old households and achieve savings up
to 10%.
The table below summarizes all the available energy options and proposes a time framework
for each initiative from now till 2020. As not all of the plans are in a commercial stage of
development and as there are still legislation barriers there won’t be any quantitative comparison.
Instead the rating is with simple or double plus and minus signs that indicate the potential of
energy/cost savings or low barriers.
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Table 13: Summarized Cost-Benefits table +/- indicating the potential of energy/cost savings or low
barriers
60
3. Ecohydrology: Green City and Urban Farming
Linette Viertelhauzen, 3223647
Madeleine den Hartog, 3286320
3.1 Introduction
The plans and ambitions of Amsterdam Zuidoost for the Floriade 2022 are a great basis for creating a
sustainable Zuidoost area. In this chapter these plans for increasing the quality of green and water in
Zuidoost are used as a starting point to search for opportunities making Zuidoost more sustainable
without the Floriade. In the Floriade bidbook the focus was on green in the city and horticulture,
based on the ambitions of Zuidoost to become more sustainable. Since the Floriade is not allocated
in Amsterdam Zuidoost a new long term strategy should be created. A strategy that improves the
image of Zuidoost and highlights the importance and opportunities of increasing the quality of green
and watercapacity. The themes ‘Green in the City’ and ‘Urban Farming’ are the underlying thoughts
of this strategy. Walking through a new flowerpark in Bijlmer, with social community gardens, small
gardens on the many balconies, passing new green avenues with fruit trees.
In order to make this strategy become a reality, an overview of all the ambitions of relevant
stakeholders towards water and green in Zuidoost is necessary. Furthermore, investigation of the
opportunities for Green in the City and Urban Farming is needed. Only then an answer can be given
to the central research question concerning this chapter:
How can Zuidoost be more sustainable with regards to green, water and urban farming based on the
Floriade bidbook?
This question will be answered on the basis of the following sub questions which are answered in the
separate paragraphs.
- 3.2 - Which of the current ambitions of relevant stakeholders towards the themes green,
water and urban farming in Amsterdam Zuidoost are represented by the Floriade
bidbook?
- 3.3 - What are the opportunities to increase the quality of the green space in Zuidoost?
- 3.4 - What are the opportunities for urban farming in the city?
3.2 Current ambitions of relevant stakeholders towards the themes green, water and
urban farming in Amsterdam Zuidoost
Stakeholders are involved when it comes to projects in the area, in the sense that they are
responsible for the investment and execution of the plans made. There are two important
relationships which can be mentioned when it comes to city development in Amsterdam: investor–
investor and investor–government. For instance, different investors can work together on the same
project, but in addition they need to work with the government to stay within the boundaries of
legislation. A long term vision and integrated cooperation network of stakeholders is crucial for the
projects to be successful (Jaensch, 2012). Moreover, flexibility is important, plans change or have to
be adapted during the journey. Besides, wishes of citizens change and previous destinations of areas
must change with them. In table 14 an overview is shown of the most important and interviewed
stakeholders in Zuidoost. Their ambitions and goals are given specific towards green and horticulture
in the city. These ambitions are coupled to possible projects and solution to realize those goals and
ambitions, by means of stakeholder cooperation.
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Table 14: Overview of stakeholders and their ambitions related to ecohydrology in Amsterdam Zuidoost.
62
3.3 Opportunities to increase the quality of the green space in Zuidoost
The area of Amsterdam Zuidoost contains many green areas in comparison with the rest of
Amsterdam. There are three parks in this area, the first one is the recently renovated Bijlmerpark,
which is sport oriented. The second park is the Gaasperpark, which focus is on nature. And the last
park is the Bijlmerweide, which is also nature oriented and has a children’s farm. Furthermore there
are small green areas situated between the many flats with mostly trees and grass spaces. The
Stichting Aktie Gezondheid Gaasperdammerweg (AGG) however, mentioned that some green is
seriously neglected and there is still room for improvement (Wesseling, 2012).
The city of Amsterdam is very sensitive to climate change because the city is situated in a
delta and has a high concentration of people and buildings. The city has to change from the old
situation of building to a new climate adapted city. With the climate change the average temperature
will increase. With all the concrete houses, stones and asphalt the heat of the sun is captured. This
will lead to a modified thermal climate which is generally warmer than the non-urbanized areas. This
translates on the one hand into higher summer temperatures in the city, but on the other hand to a
comfortable thermal winter temperature. This phenomenon is called ‘urban heat island’ (UHI)
(Giannaros, 2012; Heijns, 2010). This urban heat island effect involves social, economic and
environmental related problems. Half of the world’s population nowadays is affected by urban heat
islands, this will only increase by population growth and with fast growing cities. The cooling of urban
buildings during heat waves increases the energy demand, simple heat island mitigation strategies
could save already money (Giannaros, 2012). Moreover, the effects of UHI worsen the air quality by
increasing the formation of secondary pollutant, for instance ozone (Buscail et al, 2012). However,
one must keep in mind that the study of Giannaros (2012) is a case study in Thessaloniki, Greece. The
results are unique for these Mediterranean cities and cannot be generalized to the Netherlands but
similar effects can be a threat to Amsterdam, to a lesser extent. The urban heat island effect can be
reduced by imcorporatin of more vegetation in the city. For example trees provide shade on the
concrete which lowers the assimilation of sun heat by concrete. Moreover, vegetation transpires
water when it is warm, cooling the air immediately, providing comfort against the heat (Heijns, 2010;
Nowak, 2006).
Another effect of climate change is the more intense rain showers, this can cause more
problems with local flooding. The water transport system within the city is not equipped to deal with
high amounts of water within a short time being disposed from impervious surfaces (Heijns, 2010).
More vegetation could lower the pressure on the water transport system. The roots of plants
unfasten the ground so the water will infiltrate faster and plants and trees intercept water from rain
showers. In addition trees store rainwater temporarily and avoid that the ground receives the
rainwater all at once, allowing a high amount of the intercepted rain to evaporate (Metselaar, 2012).
One of the goals of Stadsdeel Zuidoost is the storage of water in Zuidoost (DRO, 2012; Waternet &
Stadsdeel Zuidoost, 2012). Investment in green can be an element of the measures to reach this goal.
Besides minimizing the effects of climate change, having access to green areas in the city are
beneficial for one’s health and wellbeing. It provides to the citizens a nice view, reducing of stress,
opportunity to have contact with nature, quicker recovery from illness (Dempsey, 2012). Biodiversity
has benefits for human-wellbeing, it is mainly linked to the diversity of habitats and species in and
around urban areas (Tzoulas et al, 2007).
Management of urban tree canopy cover could also be a viable strategy to improve air
quality and help to meet clean air standards. Trees remove gaseous air pollution (NOx) by uptake via
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leaf stomata and by incepting particulate matter on their leafs (Peeters et al, 2006; Nowak, 2006).
Forest canopies can limit the mixing of upper air with ground level air, leading to significant belowcanopy air quality improvements. However, where there are numerous pollutant sources below the
canopy (e.g., automobiles), the forest canopy could have the inverse effect by minimizing the
dispersion of the pollutants at ground level (Nowak, 2006). The total pollution removed from the air
by trees depends on the amount of tree and shrub cover, concentration of pollution, length of in-leaf
season, amount of precipitation, and other meteorological variables that affect tree transpiration
and deposition. These effects of urban trees are in total significant enough to be able to improve the
urban air quality and reduce climate change effects (Peeters et al, 2006).
To conclude, the preservation and increase of green infrastructure within the city is
important. It decreases the effects of climate change and increases the health and wellbeing of the
citizens by improving the air quality. A green infrastructure in itself is not only practical, but
contributes to the wellbeing of citizens by simply being and making the city more attractive. Several
ambitions of the stakeholders are met when the urban green area will be increased. The ambitions of
Stadsdeel Zuidoost, increase air quality and water storage, are partly met with increasing green in the
city. Besides AGG and Pronam want to see more green implemented to strengthen Zuidoost’s look
and attractiveness (Wesseling, 2012; Dorsman & Gehrels, 2012). It is possible to cooperate, share
plans and ideas and possibilities and maybe investments can be made. It is a step towards a climate
change adapted city and lowering Amsterdam ecological footprint.
3.3.1 Implementing new green areas in Zuidoost - Tunnel deck A9
The A9 highway from Schiphol via Amsterdam to Almere is situated on the edge of the area
Bijlmermeer in Zuidoost. The highway is now a huge barrier between the areas Bijlmermeer and
Gaasperdam. Rijkswaterstaat will soon start with broadening of the A9 and the part which goes
through Zuidoost will be transformed into a tunnel. The tunnel is supposed to neutralize the barrier
between the two areas, although it will still be above the ground to be able to function as a dike
(Mulder, 2012). The citizens are pleased with the new tunnel when it is finished, as it lowers the
noise and air pollution (Wesseling, 2012). The tunnel is planned to be finished in 2020, this means a
lot of inconvenience for the citizens: Eight years with vibrations, dirt, trucks, noise and a worse air
quality. It will be a challenge for Stadsdeel Zuidoost to limit or compensate the nuisance for the
citizens, for example creating a lookout in the future to overcome this building process (Jaensch,
2012). The Floriade was an ultimate outlook for them. The plan for the deck was a park, containing a
big boulevard, urban farming, restaurants and cafes, a vertical greenhouse and a special horizontal
greenhouse which also should function as a bridge (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2012).
Now, the deck can still be an opportunity to achieve several goals and it can serve as an pilot
project in Zuidoost. The park can become a place where education, horticulture and technology
come together. This integration can be realized by the plan of the special horizontal greenhouse. In
the greenhouse the newest technology can be implemented, employment created and at the same
time education about horticulture and energy savings can be shown for children and grownups
(Buijs, 2012). The park itself will be the extension of the greenhouse providing some restaurants and
cafes and possibly different small vegetable gardens. Zuidoost doesn’t have many of these open
residence areas (Jaensch, 2012). With this plan the image of Zuidoost will be improved, a goal of
district Zuidoost. They can have a facilitating role in the design of the park and assist MTD with the
design of the park with a deeper meaning focused on urban farming. District Zuidoost can also make
a connection with AGG and Kansrijk Zuidoost since they have a link to the citizens, so that their
64
wishes can be incorporated. The city district can also make a plan for education about horticulture at
this place. Cooperation of Greenport Aalsmeer provides an opportunity to transform this goal into a
reality since Greenport Aalsmeer is interested in educating people where their food comes from, and
also creating all kind of projects to increase social cohesion, participation and educational curricula
(Van Voorn, 2012). With the possible horizontal greenhouse the educated people can work or do
research in the greenhouse. In this way the area becomes more lively, pilot projects with farming in
the city are starting and it creates more opportunities for comfortable leisure activities as well as
modern working space in this area.
This tunnel deck park would provide a connection between the Bijlmerpark and the
Gaasperpark, in total this will create a big green area and so a more credible environment and
consistent spatial organization of the area. Furthermore, when it is finished the noise and air
pollution of the road are captured by the tunnel and will increase the wellbeing of the inhabitants of
the area residing near the tunnel. The structure vision ‘Amsterdam 2040: economisch sterk en
duurzaam’ contains a map of the ecological structure in Amsterdam (DRO, 2012). A more specific
explanation of this last structure is called the ‘Ecologische Visie’ and describes Amsterdam’s
ecological structure, how nature areas are connected in a network throughout the city. For instance
in Zuidoost the Bijlmerweide is an important green connection for the rabbit, fox, weasel, ring-snake
and different species of butterflies (Ecologische Visie, 2012). The map (figure 33a) of the ‘Ecologische
Visie’ 2012 shows that next to the highway A9 a green structure is proposed, now containing trees,
grass and water. When the road is broadened and a tunnel(deck) constructed this could be a threat
for this (now dark green) area. The new park should replace these areas to keep the integrity of the
‘Ecologische Visie 2012’. However, it is important to maintain this structure because it explains
where the possible green structure is in the city, and to stay in connection with the Ecologische
Hoofd Structuur (Ecologische Visie, 2012).
In figure 33b the Floriade is situated on the map with the new tunnel deck pointed out by the
sign. In figure 33a the Zuidoost area is situated which represents a part of the Ecologische Visie 2012.
The map shows that the Gaasperdammerweg is a big barrier in the ecological structure. The
numbers, 79, 78, 80, 170 and 81 represent bottlenecks which have to be overcome. For instance if an
animal cannot cross a certain waterway or a road, changes has to be made, to overcome these
barriers. The A9 barrier will be overcome with the park above, connecting the green areas on both
sides of the road. In order to diminish all barriers, the park should have a certain design with several
vegetation types to attract animals and the sides should be a slope. Nevertheless, since the tunnel
will be above the ground it can be a barrier for animals to overcome, and this has to be kept in mind
during the design. Moreover the building period will be a temporary threat to the ecological
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Figure 33a,b: (a)Ecologischie Visie. (b): Map of Floriade 2022.
structure, within this period mowing regime of grass and avoid cutting trees in the breeding season
can be taken into account.
3.3.2 Innovative green
Innovative green in the city is upcoming. Innovative green means the implementation of green in the
city in any creative way, and concerns a combination of green and red (buildings). Green in a city is
getting more important these days, since it does not only have a recreational and decor function, it
also refreshes the air, increases biodiversity and has a water retention capacity (Peeters et al, 2006).
There are many possible ways to implement innovative green in the city. Many small and large green
initiatives have been developed and pertain many forms. For instance, the organisation
‘Stichting Postzegelparken’ that can guide citizens who want to make their neighbourhood greener
and livelier. They guide citizens in creating a ‘Postzegelpark’: a small public area designed with the
participation from the neighbourhood to create a new meeting place. A Postzegelpark could have
any design, it is possible to turn the area into a flower park, maybe in combination with a playground
for the children, a fountain or even for electricity generation. How much effort the participants want
to invest in the area determines the scope and content of the project. Stichting Postzegelparken
guides the participants by performing research on the feasibility of the park and helps with the
design, planning, financing and managing of the area (Postzegelparken, 2012). This is one of many
opportunities. Another effective opportunity to increase green areas is by means of green roofs. This
will be discussed in the next paragraph.
3.3.3 Green roofs
In the city-district Zuidoost many flat roofs are present. On most of them green roofs can and should
be implemented, since they have many advantages compared to normal roofs. Firstly, green roofs
are beneficial for indoor thermal conditions because they add an extra isolation layer to the
building’s fabric and they can decrease heating and cooling load demands inside the building due to
microclimate changes (Alexandri & Jones, 2008). The energy perspective on green roofs is discussed
in the Energy and Resource chapter.
Secondly, they are a potential solution for cooling outdoor urban areas (Rosenzweig et al,
2009). In different case studies on town scale from Alexandri & Jones (2008) the conclusion was that
green roofs would lead to a temperature reduction, by a decreased warming up of the surface and by
evapotranspiration. In a hot climate like in Athens the improvements of outdoors thermal comfort
are significant. The level ‘very hot’ (above 40 oC) was reached in the afternoon for concrete roofs
whereas the roofs covered with vegetation only reached the level of ‘warm’ (between 30-35 oC). Also
for the daytime and the inside thermal sensation the temperatures dropped. These dramatic
decreases are less for the city of Moscow in the summertime. Here the temperature dropped from
‘slightly warm’ (between 25-30 oC) to ‘comfortable’ (between 20-25 oC). Although not that
spectacular, for the population, who are used to a very cool climate, it means more thermal comfort,
increasing their wellbeing (Alexandri & Jones, 2008).
Thirdly, green roofs will preserve and enhance the biodiversity in a city in terms of habitat
and species. Biodiversity is one of the most important indicators of ecosystem health. The
‘Ecologische Visie’ points to the importance of including bee friendly plants by the management of
green areas. Bee colonies are decreasing in the Netherlands but are very important to maintain
biodiversity. The main management is concerned by choosing the right plants, the ones which attract
bees and can feed them properly (Ecologische Visie, 2012). For projects with urban farming bees are
66
also important for the pollination of many food crops such as almonds, apples and blueberries.
Lastly, green roofs have water retention capacity and so can play an important role in urban
hydrology. The retention capacity is a function of time and of substrate depth. The vegetation and
soil on the roofs assimilate the water like a sponge, when the full capacity is reached the water flows
out. This assimilation is showed in figure 34a, the retention capacity as a function of time is showed
in figure 34b. Here it is made clear that in the summertime the retention capacity is the highest. The
substrate thickness, and in addition soil physical properties, is also important for the species which
can grow on the roof (Metselaar, 2012).
Figure 34a,b: (a): Median fraction rainfall retained (not running off) as a function of the substrate depth. (b) Median fraction rainfall
retained as a function of time for two substrates (fine sand – O1, 5 and 80 cm, and peat moss PM, 5 and 100 cm). Source: Metselaar, 2012
There are several opportunities for Amsterdam Zuidoost to increase the quality and amount of green
space. The park on the tunnel deck of the A9 could make a great contribution to a more sustainable
area when the right design is found. The best integration of this large green area in the existing
environment can be reached with an accurate plan, incorporated new ideas and shared investments
of stakeholders. In this way it can be part of a long term sustainable Zuidoost strategy. Besides the
opportunities for the park, innovative green can be implemented to fill the empty spaces within the
city buildings. Providing subsidies for green roofs, as is already the case in Amsterdam, is an option.
However, integration of innovative green and several projects on green requires cooperation
between stakeholders and specifically cooperation of citizens. For instance, AGG, Kansrijk Zuidoost,
Ymere, Pronam, citizens and art students can set up projects that turns buildings into green facades.
With the guidance of Stadsdeel Zuidoost for permissions and possibly subsidies, many ideas can be
implemented.
3.4 Urban Farming
Within the Floriade bidbook, horticulture in the city plays an important role and is presented as an
option to combine the several ambitions of the stakeholders in Zuidoost. Horticulture strengthens
the relationship between city and country side as it brings the production of food to the city. Food
can be produced on a large or a small scale. The largest difference between small and large scale
farming concerns the use for the produced crops. Small scale farming typically is for own
consumption, while for large scale the produced food will be sold and requires a profitable
organization. Examples of urban farming from the Floriade bidbook are vegetable patches and the
large vertical greenhouse in the park above the tunneldeck A9. But there are more opportunities for
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urban farming in Zuidoost, and together they could make Zuidoost more sustainable. In the following
paragraphs it will be explained why urban farming is sustainable and in what ways urban farming, on
a small and large scale, could be implemented in Amsterdam Zuidoost. In the end this will give an
answer to the subquestion: What are the opportunities for urban farming in Amsterdam Zuidoost?
3.4.1 Urban farming – towards a sustainable city
There are several arguments why urban farming can make Zuidoost more sustainable. Firstly, urban
farming will lead to a more efficient use of space. For the increasing demand of food, more space is
required to enlarge the total food production. In the same time, many office buildings are empty. In
2011, 23% of the office buildings in Amsterdam Zuidoost was empty (Dienst Onderzoek en Statistiek,
2011). Other fallow areas have arisen in the city due to a delay in construction of residential
buildings. Both empty offices and fallow areas can potentially be used for urban farming.
Secondly, education, promotion and providing information about urban farming could
increase the connection between citizens and food production (Van Voorn, 2012). Children can learn
about food by adding water to a seed and watch the plant grow, while adults could gain knowledge
about healthy food and forgotten vegetables, as most citizens see their supermarket as their only
food source (Hussain, 2012).
Thirdly, by bringing the food production in the city it will create employment in the area. In
Zuidoost many inhabitants from several cultures are struggling to get a job and to create a stable
living condition. In 2012, 8.6% of the inhabitants in Zuidoost is unemployed (Dienst Onderzoek en
Statistiek, 2011). According to Carmen Hogenelst from Kansrijk Zuidoost there is a large language
barrier as well (Hogenelst, 2012). Ymere is already providing language courses (Koers, 2012) and an
opportunity would be to combine working in the horticulture and learning the Dutch language. These
people could be educated as well, showing that they can lower their expenses with producing their
own food.
Fourthly, urban farming lowers the ecological footprint of Zuidoost by (1) reduce the import
of food and therefore lowers the use of energy and CO2 emissions from transport, and (2) decrease
synthetic fertilizers in food production, further explained in the following paragraph. In addition,
several sustainable technologies can be implemented in vertical farming which involves sustainable
water use and uptake of CO2 emissions from power plants by the crops. These technologies will be
further discussed in the paragraph ‘Urban farming – large scale’.
3.4.2 Implementing urban farming – small scale
There are several possibilities for urban farming on a small scale where citizens could produce food
for their own consumption. Vegetable gardens are the most common and already exists in Zuidoost.
De Vijf Slagen, located in the south of Zuidoost is a
park that contains 154 vegetable patches with an
average size of 150 m2. At the moment it is fully
occupied and has a waiting list. Inhabitants of
Zuidoost have interest in more vegetable gardens in
the neighborhood, especially elderly people
(Hogenelst 2012; Wesseling 2012). Several areas are
suitable for vegetable gardens, for example in the
park areas in between high buildings in Zuidoost.
Although these park areas have an English design,
mostly they are only covered with grass and look Figure 35: Mobile vegetable gardens in
Amsterdam West. Source: Stadsboeren, 2012
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monotonous as stakeholders stated (Wesseling, 2012; Van Kooy, 2012, Mulder, 2012).
As space is limited in the city, the fallow areas alongside Bijlmerpark are an opportunity for
creating more vegetable gardens. The areas are designated for residential houses, but the
construction is postponed (Mulder, 2012; Jaensch, 2012). The area can be filled temporarily with
transportable vegetable patches, see figure 35. Stichting Stadsboeren has started a similar project in
Amsterdam-West (Stadsboeren, 2012).
Developing more community gardens, where residents working together in a large vegetable
garden, is another opportunity for urban farming and at the same time connect different residential
groups, which is now a challenge for Zuidoost (Koers, 2012; Hogenelst, 2012). In Denver, Colorado,
research showed that community gardens can affect the behavior and social involvement of the
participants. However, strong neighborhood leadership, outreach and volunteerism determine the
success of the community garden and thus the social involvement (Litt et al, 2011). The city district
can assign more areas where a community garden could be allocated, but the initiative should come
from the citizens. Alone-standing projects or organizations can initiate and guide the citizens in
developing a community garden. The project Social Garden 2.0, started in September 2012 in
Utrecht, is an example where shared balconies of a flat are turned into small vegetable gardens. The
residents of the flat share the responsibility as well as the produced fruits and vegetables (Social
Garden 2.0, 2012). Another example is the organisation Stichting Postzegelparken. As mentioned in
the paragraph ‘innovative green’, a postzegelpark is a small public area designed with the
participation from the neighborhood to create a new meeting place. With the participation of the
neighbors, this patch could turn into a community garden (Postzegelparken, 2012).
A community garden can also be dedicated to produce biological vegetables for the clients of
the food bank. Examples are the foundation Voedseltuin Rotterdam, started in September 2011, and
Voedseltuinen in Amsterdam Noord, active since September the 13th in 2012. In Rotterdam the fallow
area Keilehaven is used as an effective way to use the space (Voedseltuin, 2012). In Amsterdam
Noord the main goal of the project is to meet and connect different groups of local residents, and
involve them in the neighborhood, while the second goal is to produce food for the food bank
(Voedseltuinen Amsterdam Noord, 2012). A similar project can be started in Zuidoost since it wants
to increase involvement of the residents and want to use available space more efficient.
3.4.3 Implementing urban farming – large scale
Within the city boundaries food production on a larger scale is limited to indoor farming in existing
buildings or vertical greenhouses. In Amsterdam Zuidoost there is an additional option to use the
space on top of the tunneldeck A9 for a horizontal greenhouse. Producing food on a larger scale
increases the in- and outflows of water, energy and resources. Efficient in- and outflows and low
investments or high benefits can make urban farming profitable, which is crucial for implementation
on a large scale. The energy perspective on urban farming is discussed in the Energy and Resource
chapter. Here the water, resources and finance aspects of urban farming are described.
Water
Food production requires a high amount of water and should be used as efficient as possible.
Growing crops indoor has already the advantage to produce year-round where droughts and floods
are avoided while ideal growing and ripening conditions maximize yields. More benefits can be
obtained by using an efficient irrigation system. Three kinds of techniques can be used in urban
farming: hydroponic, aeroponic and aquaponic systems. Hydroponic systems have plants which are
held in place so their roots lie in soilless troughs, and water with dissolved nutrients is circulated over
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them. As the roots grow in a restricted volume of water, the supply of nutrients should be accurate
to avoid an unbalanced nutrient composition in the root environment with harmful effects on yield
and quality due to nutrient deficiency, toxicity or salinity. Closed hydroponic systems recycle the
fertilization effluents, thereby minimizing the irrigation water needed and using nutrients more
efficient (Savvas et al, 2005). This will lower the pressure on the environment but it will also
complicate the control of nutrient solution which is applied to the crops. The composition of the
drainage solution depends, among others, on the kind of crop and its growth stage, and the climatic
conditions (Savvas, 2002). Automatic systems are necessary to measure and control the supplied
nutrient solution to stay below a specified threshold. Discharge of the recycled water lowers the
efficiency of the closed hydroponic system and further research is necessary to optimize this system
(Savvas et al, 2005).
While hydroponics increases the productivity in comparison with systems using soils,
aeroponics increases the productivity even more but the investment is higher (Retter et al, 2001).
With the aeroponic system the growing medium is primarily air. The roots of the plants are hanging
in air which is misted with a nutrient solution. Similar to hydroponic systems, research is needed to
optimize the concentration of nutrients and the frequency of moisturizing the air (Retter et al, 2001).
Hydroponic systems can be combined with aquaculture into aquaponic systems, see figure
36. The wastewater from the fish, in the aquarium underneath the plants, is used for irrigating the
crops and the waste from the plants is food for the fish. Nitrifying bacteria are needed to oxidize the
fish by-product ammonia into nitrite and finally in nitrate. The nitrate is then taken up by the crops.
Since the nitrification activity responses to pH, constant or automatic measuring of pH is necessary
(Tyson et al, 2004). According to Tyson et al. (2004) recommended pH values for aquaponics is
between 6.5 and 7 to optimize the production of fish and crops. As already mentioned in the chapter
Energy and Resources, Metfarm is operating a pilot for vertical farming in an existing building in
IJburg. They are experimenting with different technologies. At the moment they are using
hydroponics and aquaponics, and combining them with efficient LED lightning and use of compost in
order to grow new species and to find the technology with the highest productivity (Hussain, 2012).
Figure 36: From left to right a hydroponic [1], aquaponic [2] and aeoroponic [3] system
70
Although the availability of fresh water in the Netherlands is not a large problem compared to other
(semi) arid regions in the world, high quality drinking water is getting scarce. An important threat is
the salinization of our fresh water resources. A related threat is the seeping of brackish water to the
deep-seated polders where the high groundwater levels are a nuisance to the residents of the polder
in Zuidoost (Wesseling, 2012; Ververs, 2012). An opportunity for lowering groundwater levels and
increasing the drinking water availability is the desalinization of brackish water. PURO is a project
from Waternet and other parties which experiment in retrieving drinking water out of brackish
water. This brackish water, with high concentrations of chlorine and nutrients, reaches the ditches
and cause a flow of chlorine and nutrients towards areas with relatively fresh water. This forms a risk
for the water quality and ecology in these areas (Waternet, 2012). Figure 37 shows the abstraction of
brackish water and the resulting limited seepage of the brackish groundwater towards the ditches.
Figure 37: Reduction of the brackish groundwater seepage (red) due to the extraction for gaining
drinking water. Source: Waternet, 2012
With or without efficient irrigation methods, a vertical farm still requires a large amount of drinking
water. Waternet, and the other partners involved in the project PURO, can play an important role in
making the water use sustainable in large scale urban farming.
Municipal waste water can also be used as an additional source of irrigation water for crops.
However, there are many risks for contamination of the plants. Studies emphases that there is a
potential uptake of active pharmaceutical compounds (PCs) by crops irrigated with reclaimed
wastewater and highlights the potential risks (Shenker et al, 2010; Herklotz et al, 2010). Crops grown
in organic matter, poor soils and in hydroponic conditions show concentration of pharmaceuticals in
leafs and roots. However, the study from Shenker et al. (2010) also reports that introduction of PCs
through the food-chain pathway is within the same magnitude or even higher than through drinking
water. Therefore the combined effects should be investigated and a human-health-related risk
report is necessary.
71
Resources
With the recycling of irrigation water and waste water, and the use of an aquaponic system, the need
for synthetic fertilizers can be reduced or omitted. Furthermore, the plant waste from indoor farming
can be used for compost and organic fertilizer. There are several technologies for creating compost
out of dead plant material. Metfarm uses a worminator, where the worms eat dead plant material
and the waste of the worms is given to the plants (Hussain, 2012). Since Metfarm use compost and
recycled nutrients from the hydroponic and aquaponic system, they do not use synthetic fertilizers
(Hussain, 2012). Closed loop systems and recycling the resources can thus make urban farming more
sustainable.
Finance
Vertical farming in existing buildings in the city is expensive due to high rent or purchase value. But
an empty office would not bring any profit to the owner. Vertical farms could be a temporarily
solution, as reconstruction of the building is not required since the crops can grow in transportable
installations (Hussain, 2012).
From a large perspective vertical farming could be a possible threat to the image of a
business area. It should be avoided that the vertical farm is an outsider in the area and excluded from
other buildings. The Blue Lab, could be an opportunity to grow hemp, produce jeans, and set up a
research center in an office building. This concept will be attractive to the younger people in
Amsterdam and could improve the image to the rest of the business area (Jaensch, 2012).
For a new greenhouse making an efficient design is easier but high investments are needed.
The horizontal greenhouse, placed on the tunneldeck of A9, is the most attractive plan. As
mentioned earlier, it can combine education, horticulture and technology. The park could turn into
an attractive meeting place with lunchroom or restaurant, playing yard for children, etcetera. This
was perceived as very desirable by the citizen stakeholders for making the area livelier and improving
Zuidoost’s image (Wesseling, 2012; Van Hogenelst, 2012). By involving more possible actors, the
investment costs can be shared and an multifunctional area can increase in value for businesses,
citizens and the government.
The higher costs for urban farming can be compensated with higher benefits. Niche markets
with rare species or plants can be profitable as many crops are forgotten by consumers because of
the limited supply of the supermarkets (Hussain, 2012; Gorissen, 2012; Hilgersom, 2012). Other niche
markets could be plants used for medicine. Furthermore the technology can be exported to
developing countries where they don’t have the knowledge and a high demand since effective use of
space and food production in megacities are becoming big problems (Hussain, 2012).
The subquestion of this sub-chapter was: What are the opportunities for urban farming, to get a
more sustainable Zuidoost? Looking back at the different ambitions of stakeholders, many
opportunities for urban farming are possible. Stadsdeel Zuidoost wants to decrease the
unemployment rate and Ymere and Kansrijk Zuidoost want to improve the integration of the
residents of Zuidoost (Koers, 2012; Van Hogenelst; Ploeg, 2012; Burck, 2012). By providing language
programs in combination with education and working in an urban farm, a win-win situation can be
created. Furthermore, a vertical farm or horizontal greenhouse could lower the ecological footprint
and decrease the unemployment rate of Zuidoost. Along with more vegetable gardens it can improve
the image of Zuidoost, educate children about food production and answer the demand of the
inhabitants of more vegetable gardens (Wesseling, 2012). Cooperation between stakeholders is
necessary to create win-win situations for both short-term and long-term visions.
72
3.5 Conclusion
The main question for this part was: ‘How can Zuidoost be more sustainable with regards to green,
water and urban farming based on the Floriade bidbook?’. The ambitions created with the Floriade
bidbook come along with several opportunities for a sustainable Zuidoost in the near future. In this
chapter the two main themes ‘Green in the city’ and ‘Urban farming’ give a focus and possibilities to
start working with the ambitions for Zuidoost. An overview of the plans related to the two themes
and the contribution and benefits for the involved stakeholders is given in table 15. This overview
represents the possibilities for cooperation between stakeholders.
In relation to the first theme, vegetation can play a key role in diminishing the effects of
climate change in the city. Trees give shade on warm days, they intercept water at heavy rain
showers, increases the infiltration rate in the soil and cools the city through evapotranspiration. A
great opportunity for green in the city is the deck of the new tunnel above the A9 which can be of
great importance in the ‘Ecologische Visie’. It connects the two areas Bijlmermeer and Gaasperdam
and with this tunnel a big bottleneck (the road) is solved for the ecological structure. Moreover, the
deck realizes a pleasurable new environment without noise and air pollution of the road anymore.
This will be a contribution to the wellbeing of the inhabitants of Zuidoost. The deck is also suited for
community and vegetable gardens. It will not only increase the diversity of the park, it can represent
the new green image of Zuidoost. Furthermore it lowers the barrier between the districts if there is a
community garden where inhabitants from Gaasperpark and Bijlmer are coming together for
gardening. While the new park can show the urban farming, the large scale urban farming in empty
buildings would decrease unemployment and educate the inhabitants for producing their own food.
In- and outflows of water, resources and energy are connected, making the area more selfsustaining. For implementing more green and urban farming in the city, all parties have to invest
together for the long term: otherwise projects will not be successful. Stadsdeel Zuidoost and
Waternet should bring the other stakeholders together: farms, research institutes, Ymere, but also
the inhabitants themselves or represented through AGG and Kansrijk Zuidoost are important
stakeholders. Together they can work towards a sustainable Zuidoost.
73
Table 15: Overview of opportunities for Zuidoost and the contribution and benefits of the involved stakeholders
.
74
III.
Integration: Policy Scenarios
1. Introduction and justification
Due to the high level of uncertainty and (political) stakes (Functowitz & Ravetz, 2008) surrounding
the issue of sustainability in Zuidoost, the applied transdisciplinary approach was suitable to resolve
the research question. This high degree of uncertainty on stakeholder positions required extensive
consultation of stakeholders to seek opportunities, challenges and sustainability gains of the
bidbook plans, and how these could be transformed into feasible policy options, thereby answering
the following research question:
What are the opportunities and challenges to make Amsterdam Zuidoost more sustainable based on
the concept of Floriade 2022 Bidbook and how can those be combined in viable policy scenarios?
Figure 38 illustrates how the disciplinary tracks have been combined to answer the research
question. The stakeholder, SWOT and economic context analyses investigated the challenges,
opportunities, threats and weaknesses for stakeholders concerning the sustainability plans and form
the input for the energy and ecohydrology chapters, which assess technical and innovative
opportunities. Furthermore, those tracks assess how the energy and green plans can benefit
stakeholders and possibilities for stakeholder contributions. Urban farming is linked to both energy
consumption and ecohydrological aspects. Having clarified the opportunities, challenges and
interests of stakeholders, advice can be provided how Zuidoost can become more sustainable, by
means of three policy scenarios described in this integration chapter. In these scenarios the plans
are not explained into detail, as specific information has already been provided in the disciplinary
chapters.
Policy scenarios according to Schwartz (1991. p19) “form a method for articulating the
different pathways that might exist for you tomorrow, and finding your appropriate movements
down each of those possible paths.” These policy scenarios have been based on interviews with 26
key stakeholders and vary on the degree of commitment, effort and investment for stakeholders, a
common choice for scenario building (Scenarios for Sustainability, 2012). The scenarios were
constructed based on five recommended steps by the Schwartz (1991).
Table 16: Steps taken in scenarios construction
75
The chosen plans within the scenarios are related to key elements in the research findings, such as
emission reduction targets, level of cooperation, degree of leadership, risk sharing etcetera (table
18). The time span for a long term vision is 30 years, and short term 5 years15.
Figure 38: Integration of disciplinary topics
15
Examined short term policy scenarios generally concern 5-10 years, and long term scenarios 30-50 years, or
even 100 years (Scenarios for Sustainability, 2012)
76
2. Scenarios
2.1 Scenario one: Business as usual
This scenario describes the current situation of Zuidoost with minimum improvements, whereby
stakeholders are internally focused without the presence of a common vision. The introversion of
their actions leads to limited investments and the implementation of individual small scale projects
with a minimum risk and payback period.
The focus will be on energy efficiency with short term low cost solutions. Examples are
improvements of lighting and thermal efficiency, a small number of monitoring devices mainly for
big companies and improved insulation in new buildings. Therefore, the emission savings are ranging
between 5% and 15%, a percentage that is considerably lower than the official target of Amsterdam.
The deck of the A9 will transform into a basic park and the quality of some green areas will improve.
There will be no further development of urban green and large scale horticulture through the city.
Finally, only a small number of green roofs are implemented due to existing subsidies.
In this scenario the government has a basic role, taking only necessary actions. Businesses
will only realize internal, profitable projects based on their own interests, while citizens stay isolated
on small, individual projects. There is a fragile network, due to a lack of cooperation and role
division. Risks are not shared among stakeholders, which leads to missed opportunities. Another
challenge is the absence of cooperative effort which results in a lack of pressing power.
Furthermore, the unemployment rate will remain high and no common sustainability targets will be
reached.
Advantages are that only minimal investments are required and that stakeholders have a
high level of freedom.
2.2 Scenario two: Quick wins and image improvement
Improving the image of Zuidoost is a commonly shared interest among stakeholders. Scenario two
provides an approach to improve the image of Zuidoost. To apply scenario two, it is necessary to
create a short term vision, whereby quick wins and short term pilot projects with key stakeholders
are established to improve the image.
For this scenario, the government gives small stimulations to sustainable projects, while
businesses should realize individual or small cooperative projects and citizen groups have a limited
action capacity. The problem of empty offices could be solved by temporary use of the buildings for
vertical farming. Other examples of quick win projects are implementation of solar panels and
domestic heat recovery systems on small scale, and the establishment of ATES systems and
monitoring systems for the complete area. These projects on large scale energy efficiency and small
scale energy production, will reduce CO2 emissions with 20-30%. Moreover, this scenario increases
the green image of the area due to the extension of visible green through the city, increasing and
upgrading green roofs and the extension of vegetable gardens on the park A9. Citizens can be
involved through gardening projects and by providing educational trainings in the form of a language
and horticulture program, which will be beneficial for the social image.
A disadvantage is that focusing on the short term will not reach the Amsterdam CO2
reduction targets. Furthermore, individual pilot projects will lead to a weak cooperation, because
only key actors are incorporated, with a limited sharing of risks and possibly conflicting interests.
77
Those actors will mainly have a facilitating and executing role. Finally, not all aspects of
sustainability16 are integrated.
Benefits are improving the image of Zuidoost, improving the living quality and increase the
employment rate. Moreover, pilot projects will increase the level of trust between stakeholders,
increase learning, provide cooperation experience and gaining of knowledge. Those outcomes can
be beneficial for the future. Furthermore, only small investments are needed with quite high
economical, social and ecological returns.
2.3 Scenario three: Sustainable Zuidoost
Creating a sustainable Zuidoost is the common goal of all stakeholders and will generate benefits for
everyone. A long term, common vision is necessary to reach a sustainable Zuidoost and therefore,
this will be the main aspect of scenario three. Moreover, it includes integration of stakeholders with
an external focus and integrated large scale projects with common and individual benefits.
For a sustainable Zuidoost it is necessary to combine and expand existing networks into a
new organization, with a leader and the ability to invest in integrated large scale projects. In this
way, involved stakeholders share investment risks and capacity can be increased by developing an
environmental fund. The environmental fund can be sustained by public and private stakeholders
and different margins on products can directly go to the fund. The fund will be used to realize
projects in the area from whom everybody can benefit (table 17). An example of an existing
environmental fund in Switzerland is Fondo Clima Lugano Sud (Climate Fund South Lugano). Other
existing organizations in Amsterdam that focus on sustainability are Watergraafsmeer and Energiek
Zuidoost. These types of organizations can be seen as an example for a new umbrella organization
that cover all sustainable projects in Zuidoost, including more themes and stakeholders. Small scale
projects of earlier scenarios are integrated and expanded. A network of energy production can be
developed with large scale implementation of solar panels and connecting heat and cold storage in
one network where demand meets supply. Urban farms can take up extra CO2 from a power plant to
further reduce CO2 emissions. In addition the park A9 will be multifunctional, combining a horizontal
greenhouse with energy production, education trails, lunchrooms, etcetera. In the whole area,
innovative, high quality green projects will be established, such as living walls and green facades.
Sustainable offices decorated with innovative green and implemented energy savings are occupied
again with flourishing companies.
16
Sustainability consists of an environmental (energy and ecology), economical and social pillar.
78
Table 17: Examples of objectives, members and benefits of an environmental fund
Challenges for this scenario are connecting all stakeholders in a new organization, dividing
several roles and establish clear leadership. Furthermore, legal barriers should be lowered to
implement large scale projects. Besides, contribution and effort of each stakeholder should be high
and will not be totally in balance with the returns, especially on the short term not all benefits are
visible. This scenario, with in the end benefits and opportunities for all stakeholders, will be out of
reach without strong cooperation and new resources gained from the umbrella organization.
An important benefit is the development of a sustainable Zuidoost, which integrates all
sustainability aspects1. Moreover, Zuidoost will become more attractive to live in as the area is
green, close to businesses and provided with urban farming. With the increase of energy savings and
production, targets in reducing CO2 emissions are met. Businesses would get a boost due to the
greener image. New niche markets are created in vertical farms, both for new plant species and
technologies in research centers. Furthermore, the employment level will increase. All these benefits
could be reached if the organization will regulate possible conflicts, shares risks among stakeholders,
improves synergies of projects and lowers legal barriers.
79
General
Business as usual
Quick win image improvement
Sustainable Zuidoost
No vision
Short term vision
long term, common vision
Internal focus
Governance
Energy &
Resources
External focus
Individual small scale projects
Short term (pilot) projects with the key
stakeholders
Integrated large scale projects
Current situation with minimal
improvements
Improve image Zuidoost with quick wins
Create new leading organisation
Government: Basic/necessary
actions
Businesses: Own interest, internal
projects
Citizens: small individual
projects
Government: small stimulation (e.g.
subsidies, information providing
campaigns)
Businesses: realization of individual and
regional projects
Citizens: Educational programs
(Stadsdeel Zuidoost, Kansrijk Zuidoost),
limited capacity of action
Combine and expand current
networks into a new organisation
with direct investment and the
creation of an environmental
found.
Weak cooperation
Cooperation between governance and big
stakeholders
Strong cooperation among all
stakeholders (different groups and
size)
Leadership is unnecessary
Facilitating role (knowledge, techniques
and financial)
Leading, connecting and
facilitating (vision) role
No conflicts
Conflicting visions and interests
Regulated conflicts
No confrontation between
government and business to
reduce legal barriers
-
Lower legal barriers -> more
stakeholders have the possibility
and motivation to cooperate
No network structure
Weak separate networks
Strong network with external
partners
Minimal investment start the
process
Small investment, building trust and
cooperation experience
Synergies among projects,
techniques, innovation are shared
Employment stays the same
Employment increases
High increase of the employment
level
No shared risk
Limited shared risk
Much shared risk
Small scale energy efficiency
Large scale energy efficiency, small scale
energy production
Network of energy production
Short term low cost solutions
Efficient lighting
Improved insulation
Efficient heating
Monitoring
Green roofs
Quick win projects
Implement solar panels on
small scale
ATES storage
Complete monitoring in
residential and commercial
buildings
Domestic heat recovery
systems
20-30% emission reduction Insufficient
to reach 40% in 2025
Demand meets supply (through
production and storage)
Large scale solar
production
Complete heat and cold
storage network
Heat recovery from
datacenters and urban
farms
Targets for 2025 and 2040 (75%
reduction) will be reached
5-15% emission reduction
80
Ecohydrology
Improve quality of existing green
(flower parks)
Additional visible green through the city
Full implementation and improve
of green
Park A9: basic
Park A9 with vegetable gardens
Multifunctional park A9 with
horizontal greenhouse as a bridge
between two residential areas
20% green roofs
Increase percentage and upgrade green
roofs
Innovative green, living walls,
green facade
Small vegetable gardens
Extension vegetable gardens
Voedseltuinen Amsterdam
Zuidoost
Postzegelparken
Language & horticulture program
Long term vertical farming,
include research & create niche
market
Table 18: Visual overview of the three scenarios in general and for each track
Overall, these scenarios provide possible choices for making Amsterdam Zuidoost more sustainable
and can be used as a tool in strategic decision making.
81
IV.
Conclusion
This research provides a clear overview of various track specific opportunities and challenges for the
development, implementation and execution of the concept of the Floriade plans. Therefore, this
report, the poster and the factsheets largely answer the main research question: What are the
opportunities and challenges to make Amsterdam Zuidoost more sustainable based on the concept of
Floriade 2022 Bidbook and how can those be combined in viable policy scenarios? Furthermore, the
integrated policy scenarios can aid the decision-making process. The overview of challenges and
opportunities is not complete, due to time and word constraints and the low availability of local data
for ecohydrology and energy specific subjects. Those constraints could be improved by further
research including more stakeholder interviews, more empirical data and research on urban farming,
water and ecology.
In conclusion, there are various opportunities and challenges distinguished in this report. Currently,
the sustainability plans of Zuidoost fit mainly in scenario one, with some exceptions in scenario two
for e.g. existing cooperation networks such as Energiek Zuidoost. There is still a lot of enthusiasm
among stakeholders to participate in sustainability plans. With current low investment capacities,
the short term, quick win and pilot projects from scenario two are most suitable for making a start
with the execution of sustainability plans. Those projects build trust between stakeholders, show
benefits of plans, increase cooperation experiences, increase sustainability knowledge and raise
attention among stakeholders. This can contribute to reaching scenario three. It is also possible to
reach scenario three without fully following scenario two, for example by utilizing existing networks.
This is probably more difficult than starting with scenario two. Eventually, reaching scenario three
will lead to a green, trendy and sustainable Zuidoost. This research clearly revealed the dynamic
potential of Zuidoost and stakeholders' eagerness to participate in sustainability plans, in order to
make Zuidoost more sustainable and attractive.
82
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92
Annex I
Table 1: General Information
Case title
Floriade 2022
Problem description
(See chapter 1.2)
Central
research
question
(overall
multidisciplinary question)
What are the opportunities and challenges to make Amsterdam Zuidoost more
sustainable based on the concept of Floriade 2022 Bidbook and how can those be
combined in viable policy scenarios?
Disciplinary research questions
A. Energy & Resources
1.
2.
3.
B. Echohydrology
1.
2.
3.
C. Environmental Governance
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
What are the current initiatives and further
options for energy savings and sustainable
energy production in Amsterdam Zuidoost?
What is the potential of each of those options in
terms of energy and emission savings and costs
and benefits?
What are opportunities and challenges for
relevant stakeholders for each plan and how
does each plan relate to other plans (either
related to energy, ecology or hydrology)?
Which of the current ambitions of relevant
stakeholders towards the themes green, water
and urban farming in Amsterdam Zuidoost are
represented by the Floriade bidbook?
What are the opportunities to increase the
quality of the green space in Zuidoost?
What are the opportunities for urban farming in
the city?
Who are the main stakeholders for the concept of the
Floriade 2022 plans?
What are the goals and ambitions of the various
stakeholders?
What are the resources and capacities of the various
stakeholders for contributing to developing these
plans?
How should the relation between governmental
organizations, businesses and citizens be in order to
realize the plans?
What are the arguments related to the stakeholders
(Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats)
that will permit (or not) to continue with the plans
without the Floriade?
Which similarities and differences can be distinguished
among stakeholders that are useful for further
cooperation?
Suggestions on State-of-the-Art literature reviews
and possible research methods
 Mapping of the local initiatives
 Interviews with experts from the various initiatives
 Calculation of renewable energy, energy
production, energy efficency and energy storage
potential and the associated costs.
 Mapping of the ambitions for Zuidoost by
interviewing various stakeholders
 Analysis of the current plans for Floriade 2022
 Searching for opportunities for a sustainable
Zuidooost without the Floriade




Stakeholder analysis
Network analysis
Economic context
SWOT Analysis
Annex II
Example of scheme used for analyzing the interviews:
Stakeholder
Role
Interests
Ambitions and
goals
Opportunities
Contribution
Conflicts
Challenges
Threats
Cooperation
Role Government
and Corporations
Key Actors
Annex III
Example excel used for the translation to quantitative research results:
A
B
C
Stakeholder
Role
3
1
3
4
2
LEGENDA
Role
D
E
2
3
2
6
1= facilitating (providing techniques and knowledge)
2= Facilitating (other resources: financial, vision)
3= lobbying
4= attention raising
5= Project/executing
plans
6= connecting
94
Annex IV
Overview of general information of the interviewees. Source: interviews, home websites and other
material given by the actors.
Interviewees
AGG- Stichting Aktie
Gezondheid
Gaasperdammerweg
Contact person
Lony Wesseling
AIM- Amsterdamse
Innovatie Motor
Selma
Hilgersom
AMC- Academisch
Medisch Centrum
Mattijs Maris
DRO- Dienst
Ruimtelijke Ordening
Bob Mantel
&
Charlotte Buijs
Floriade 2012 Venlo
Hein van
Asperen
Councillor Stadsdeel
Zuidoost
Emile Jeansch
General information
 Constitution 1977
 Umbrella
organization for
several citizen
groups (16)
 25.000 citizens
 Initiative of
Kenniskring
Amsterdam
 Started in 2004 as
project. Since
2006 as an
independent
organisation
 Biggest hospital in
Amsterdam
 Connected with
the university of
Amsterdam
 +/-7000
employees
 Commissioned by
the municipality of
Amsterdam, city
districts and
partners within the
region
 Development of
visions and
strategies
 Giving advice to
the council of the
municipality
 250 employees
 Supervisory Board
Floriade 2012
Venlo
 Concerned with
the elaboration of
the Floriade 2012,
since the start of
the bidbook
writing
 789.846 citizens in
the city (+/- 1.5
million in the
General aim
Be a voice for the interests
of citizens concerned with
the Gaasperdammerweg
Strengthen the innovative
climate for companies,
knowledge institutes and
governmental
organizations in the region
of Amsterdam
Combination of health
care, scientific research and
medical education.
Take care of a coherent
spatial development of the
city and region of
Amsterdam


Show current
developments in
the horticultural
field
Improve image of
the region of Venlo
Be a dynamic city and
inspiring capital city for the
Netherlands with a rich
95

Gbc: Green Business
Club
Melanie van der
Horst



GAa: Greenport
Aalsmeer
Sander van
Voorn



Ikea Amsterdam
Jill Hanssen




Kz: Kansrijk
Zuidoost
Carmen
Hogenelst


Liander
Frans de Rijke


region of
Amsterdam)
Divided in 7 city
districts
Initiative of ABN
AMRO, Oram and
DMB Amsterdam
Impact
organization
related to projects
in Zuidas
Amsterdam
Projects are
related to mobility,
housing, people,
area development
and CSR
Biggest world
trade and
knowledge centre
in flowers and
plants
50.000 employees
Turnover of 3
billion euro’s a
year
Swedish
multinational
company
Started in 1943
12 branches in the
Netherlands
One is located in
Amsterdam
Zuidoost
Initiative of
stadsdeel
Zuidoost, DRO,
DWI, Ymere, Agis
Rochdale, Tempo
Team and UWV
House visits,
courses, trainings
and various
projects
Since 2008 (first it
was called
Continuon)
Responsible for
the management
of the electricity
historical and cultural
aspect and diverse
population. A city with
good living and working
conditions and an openminded characters
Initiating, stimulating and
realizing sustainable
projects in Zuidas, together
with members
Working at sustainability,
innovations, international
competitiveness and the
improvement of the image
of the whole horticulture
sector
Offer high qualitative
products for a low price,
with social and
environmental
requirements for the
production
Giving advice to citizens of
Zuidoost , giving support
and guiding to several
bodies.
Make citizens socially and
economically self-reliant.
Continuous providing of
energy by maintenance,
improvement and
innovations of the
networks
Stimulating economic,
96

Metfarm
Masud Hussain



Minke Mulder
MTDlandschapsarchitecten




Pronam
Marcel Dorsman


Stadsdeel Amsterdam
Zuidoost
The New Motion
Gerard Lont,
Arjan
Ploegmakers,
Hans Burck
&Suzanne van
Kooy


Francesca
Kirby-Petruccio



and gas network in
the provinces of
Gelderland,
Noord-Holland,
Flevoland and
parts of Friesland
and Zuid-Holland
2.9 million
(electricity) and
2.1 million (gas)
households,
business and
institutions
Start-up company:
9 Month of
activity
Urban horticulture
in empty buildings
Both common and
rare species are
cultivated
Constitution 1954
Since 1998 the
name MTD
Combination of
disciplinary
employees
Designing urban
and rural areas in a
timeless and
sustainable way
Section of Vastint
Holding BV,
which is part of
the IKEA-Group
Since 20 years
active enterprising
property investor
and developer
Since may 1st 1987
Own district
council with
councillors and a
chairman
Governing of local
affairs, managing
public spaces,
waste, sport,
zoning etcetera
Since 2009
Initiative of
Tendris, supported
by stichting
sustainable and social
improvement in the region
Want to produce good,
clean, high quality, fresh
food in metropolitan areas
Sustainable solution is
local food production.
Striving for an optimal
spatial quality of the
environment


Creating value by
improvement of
quality and
selective growth
Listen to wishes
and requirements
of clients
Making local policy on
various items and the set
up of plans based on the
ambitions of the council
Social and economic
renewal for the area
Providing all the citizens of
the Netherlands the
opportunity to choose for
mobility based on
97

Waternet
Rob Ververs,
Stefan Mol




Ymere
Herman Koers



Zp: Zuidoost
Partners
Arno Gorissen


DOEN
Arranging all
aspects of
sustainable
mobility: which
car, charging
points, arranging
grants etcetera
Common
organization of
municipality of
Amsterdam and
water board
Amstel, Gooi en
Vecht
Only
watercompany in
the Netherlands
that is concerned
with the whole
water cycle (e.g.
cleaning waste
water, providing
drinking water,
controlling surface
water)
Workingarea:
municipality of
Amsterdam and a
large part of the
province of
Utrecht and
Noord-Holland
1.2 citizens
working and living
in this area
Housing
cooperation in a.o.
Amsterdam
Zuidoost
85.000 units for
rent (76.000
houses)
Invest in housing,
social projects
1000 employees
Initiative of
business,
Stadsdeel
Zuidoost,
cooperation’s and
governmental
organizations.
renewable energy sources
Several values in managing
water issues: sustainability,
customizable, safety,
innovative and leading
Taking care of safe
(drinking) water and
management of rivers,
pools and lakes.
Value quality of living:
providing a sustainable,
safe and clean living
environment
Improve image of
Amsterdam Zuidoost
98
Annex V
99
Annex VI
100
101
102
103
104