Shude Mao TMT-China Office/NAOC

Shude Mao
TMT-China Office/NAOC
Outline
•  Introduction
– why, who, what, when, where?
•  Science with TMT
•  Chinese roles in TMT
•  Frequently Asked Questions
(FAQs)
•  Summary
Frontiers in astrophysics
Idea
Expansion history
Black hole
Extrasolar planets
New Physics
Extreme physics
dark matter, dark energy
accelerator ~7x103GeV,
astronomy 1012GeV
Relation
with cosmos
Mega facilities SKA (radio)
ALMA (submm)
JWST (IR space)
TMT (optical/IR)
•  Multi-wavelength
•  All multi-billion dollar and
International collaborations
LAMOST
FAST
Within China:
LAMOST, FAST
…
WHY: Chinese & Int. facilities
• 国外望远镜 • 国内望远镜 • 国外望远镜发展趋势 • 国内望远镜发展趋势
• Keck 10mx2
• Subaru 8.2m
• VLT8mx4
• Gemini 8.1m
LAMOST (2009)
Hale 5m (1948)
• Hale 1.5m
• NAOC 2.16m
YNAO 2.4m
Hooke 2.5m (1917)
• NAOC 0.6m
Why TMT?
•  China lags severely behind in general-purpose
telescope
–  2.4m vs. 10m –  No site as good as Hawaii/Chile so far
(Dome-A/TMT)
•  China made rapid progress in S&T (LAMOST)
•  Why TMT out of GMT/TMT/EELT: –  low risk with in-kind contributions, better synergy
in relevant technology
–  Hawaii site offers synergies with current and
future northern facilities in China
–  Better political connections at the top and at the
scientist level
Where & when: Mauna Kea
cost～$1.4 billion (2012)
TMT
SUBARU
KECK
Gemini
• Route through SMA area
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
Canada（20%）
Japan（20%）
China（10%）
India（10%）
US（UC/Caltech 25%)
Other 15%?
CFHT
Construction will
start in July 2014,
finish in 2022
• Sh
TMT international partnership
•  US：UC/Caltech, other
•  Canada：ACURA
•  Japan: NAOC
•  India: DST
• Canada
• China
• Japan
• Beij
i ng 8
470 k
m
• Tok
yo 6
• India
470
km
• New Delhi 12
250 km
• United
States
0 km
, DC
gton
n
i
h
s
• Wa
• Mauna Kea
8
767
What is TMT?
•  D=30m, 492
segments
•  3-mirror RC
system
•  Primary mirror f/1
•  FOV: 20 minutes
•  λ: 0.31- 28 µm
(twilight observing)
•  ~56m high
TMT: 3-mirror system
M2: 3.1m
Flat M3：
2.5 x3.5m
instrument
Primary M1: 30m
Key features of TMT
•  Large aperture
–  Observe more distant, fainter objects
•  Multi-conjugate adaptive optics –  Resolution higher than HST by a factor ~10
–  For point sources, t ~ 1/D4 for same S/N
•  IR optimized：
–  High-redshift universe
–  Extrasolar planets
•  These features enable TMT to perform
unprecedented science when constructed First light instruments
/IRMS
Second-generation instruments are
still being discussed!
InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer: IRIS
Optical
path
!  Diffraction
limited
!  wavelength: ～0.8-2.5micron
!  Imager/IFU !  Large physical dimension
!  Price: ~$30m
IRIS capabilities
Instrument
Near-IR DL
Spectrometer
& Imager
(IRIS)
Resolution
Science Case
"   Assembly of galaxies at large redshift
"   Black holes/AGN/Galactic Center
"   Resolved stellar populations in crowded
fields
"   Astrometry
"   Extrasolar planets
Instruments and Science
~4000
capabilities
Wide-field
Optical
Spectrometer (WFOS)
Multi-slit nearDL near-IR
Spectrometer
(IRMS)
"   IGM structure and composition 2<z<6
"   High-quality spectra of z>1.5 galaxies
1000-5000 suitable for measuring stellar pops,
chemistry, energetics
"   Near-field cosmology "   Near-IR spectroscopic diagnostics of the
2000 - 5000
faintest objects
"   JWST follow-up
Mid-IR Echelle
Spectrometer &
Imager (MIRES)
5000 - 100000
ExAO I
(PFI)
50 - 300
High Resolution
Optical Spectrograph
30000 - 50000
"   Physical structure and kinematics of protostellar
envelopes
"   Physical diagnostics of circumstellar/protoplanetary disks:
where and when planets form during the accretion phase
"   Direct detection and spectroscopic characterization of
extra-solar planets
"   Stellar abundance studies throughout the Local Group
"   ISM abundances/kinematics, IGM characterization to z~6
Science case for TMT
Completed in Dec. 2009, involving 54 scientists in 8 areas
• 系外⾏行星系统
• 
• 基础宇宙学
• 
• ⿊黑洞的形成与增⻓长 • 
近距和⾼高红移宇宙中的恒星形成
星系形成与演化
近场宇宙学与恒星物理 • 
• 
第⼀一代天体与宇宙
再电离
致密天体
Superseded by Ho et al. (2014), 973 funding application
Thirty Meter Telescope
Credit NAOJ/TMT-Japan
High-redshift universe and IGM
WFOS
•  TMT can study the physical properties of first light
sources in the universe, in synergy with JWST.
•  Higher source density will provide multiple lines of
sight to do IGM 3D tomography; combination with
weak lensing?
Galactic Center with IRIS Imager
17ʹ′ʹ′
" 
" 
" 
" 
K-band
t= 30s
Klim = 25.5
Over
100,000
stars
Courtesy: L. Meyer (UCLA)
•  TMT will enable astrometric accuracy to ~50
microarcseconds for many stars
•  Shortens the time required to measure proper motions
•  Resolved stellar populations in nearby galaxies
Black Hole Physics
•  Can observe more faint stars, potentially test GR
more accurately
•  Determine BH mass dynamically to much larger
distances and smaller masses, and study their
evolution
How to find extrasolar planets?
视向速度法 (radial velocity)
凌星法
(transit) 308
512
天体测量法
直接成像法
(Astrometry)
(Direct imaging)
0
30
微引⼒力透镜
(Microlensing)
40
Extrasolar planet: HR8799
•  Discovered by direct imaging (KECK/Gemini)
•  Age 30 million years, 39pc away, 1.5 Msun
•  MH=5.3, MH=14.9, 13.9, 13.9 at 68, 38, 24AU
Extrasolar planet detection
HR8799c
R ~4000
KECK, OSIRIS
(Konopacky et al,
2013 Science)
•  GPI & SPHERE may discover and characterize
a large sample of extrasolar planets with R~40 •  IRIS will be able to study planets with higher
resolution (>4000)
–  H2O and CO detection and exclusion of CH4 # high
resolution important!
Searching for origins of life
•  TMT will detect the
absorption signatures of
gases in the atmosphere
in transiting planets.
•  TMT should be able to
detect O2 in the
atmosphere of an Earthlike planet orbiting in the
habitable zone of an M
star.
•  R e q u i r e s e x t r e m e
adaptive optics,
unfortunately in 2030!
Team TMT-China
6 CAS institutes + many
universities (PKU, USTC,
Tsinghua, Nanjing
University, etc.)
Chinese in-kind contributions
NIAOT
M1
polishing
NIAOT
USTC
WFOS
CIOMP
M3
IOE LGSF
SITP/
SHAO
IRMS
TIPC
LASERS
Cryogenics
Work packages signed: $9m
Primary mirror Polishing
(NIAOT; 南京天光所)
天光所非球面镜预应力批环抛关键技术
• 27
Giant Science Steering Mirror: M3
(CIOMP，长春光机所）
• 28
Adaptive optics
adaptive
optics
with
lasers
•  Seeing due to
atmospheric turbulence
•  adaptive optics –  Measure and correct
wave front distortions
–  Correction in realtime, 500 times/s
Lasers
• 
TIPC (理化所) leads in laser technology in some areas
• 
Laser power (20W) tested on the 1.8m telescope,
producing an m~8 star
• 
Issues: photon return efficiency too low, spot size too
big (needs D2b re-pumping)
Vancouver
(August 2013)
Laser
Star
facility
中科院光Guide
所承担TMT激光引
电
导星星座系统
初步方案设计
(IOE 成都光电所）
KECK II Next-Gen Laser Project
(IOE 成都光电所）
Roles in First-light instruments
NIAOT
USTC
WFOS
IRMS
SITP/
SHAO
"  China is playing active roles in WFOS; roles in IRMS
are being defined.
"  Opportunities in second generation instruments ! TMT is NOW!
Blessing ceremony
First dirt 27/08/13!
Master
agreement
ceremony
26/07/2013
TMT is ready for construction
in 2014
FAQ 1: What’s the funding situation?
"  Moore Foundation ($200m)
"  Japan (~$250m, secured, to be approved annually)
"  India (~$140m, approved in principle)
"  UC/Caltech (to raise $100m)
"  Canada (~$250m, applied, status soon to be clear)
"  China $  no existing ready channel of funding; No consensus
within the community
$  Preliminary travel/MOF funding from NSFC
$  Full funding yet to be secured, although our roles
are recognized/supported by all funding agencies
and high-level leaders
FAQ 2: Aren’t there already too
many astronomy projects already?
•  TMT is ready for construction, but LAMOSTsouth/CFGT are still at very preliminary stage
•  We are involved in SKA, but it is on a longer
horizon, especially the more expensive second
phase
•  Optical/IR is still the primary wavelength in
astronomy all over the world
•  To reap full benefits of SKA and other
facilities, next-generation extremely large
optical/IR telescopes are crucial!
FAQ 3: can US high-technology be
“exported” to China? !  Participation in some IR
research deemed as
basic research, no
restriction.
!  ~4 person-months
involving high-powered
Washington lawyers !  YES, TMT high-tech: $4
(15/12/11-31/12/2013)
!  We can view all
documents!
!  Renewed for another 4
Years until Oct. 2017
FAQ 4: is our contribution high
technology? Or just 搬砖？
•  The answer is YES!
–  Lasers: Topica (Germany)
–  AO: KECK NGAO (IOE)
–  Mirror polishing: do we have the industry
capability? LAMOST is co-focal but not in
phase!
•  Are we competent enough?
–  Many Chinese technologies are close but not
quite there yet
–  TMT offers a great leap-frog opportunity!
FAQ 5: why not join later?
•  It has been an invaluable experience to
participate and co-lead a large project!
•  Future investment not as valuable!
–  due to inflation and “investment” inflation
–  the later we join, the less valuable our
money is!
–  terms and benefits of later joining will be
determined by existing partners!
FAQ 6: Why not build one with
Chinese leadership or alone?
•  All major astronomical projects are international
–  share expertise and financial resources
–  Japan gave up after considerations (10-20 year
delay)
–  China will have an even longer delay if it goes alone
•  China may have difficulty in convincing international
partners –  Lack of track record in large-scale projects –  Lack of expertise in engineering, management &
lawyers
FAQ 7: are there enough
observers for TMT?
NO
Telescope Access Program (TAP)
CFHT
3.6m
15
nights
Magellan
6.5m
4 nights
• 
• 
Palomar
5m
20
nights
MMT
6.5m
10 nights
Total budget ~ $1m/yr Complements the China-Chile initiative in the South
Term
TAP statistics
Applications # of people # of institutes
Success rate
2011B
30
94
22
43.49%
2012A
22
84
19
44.74%
2012B
39
146
31
42.62%
2013A
45
201
35
36.33%
! Together with domestic facilities, TAP will train the
next-generation astronomers, improve
competitiveness in open-time applications
! Future: increased budget; emphasis on key projects,
in-kind contributions and personnel exchanges
FAQ 8: What can I do for TMT?
•  I am just a powerless/young astronomer!
•  You can do a lot!
–  Be an active user of TAP, improve/provide your
expertise
–  Be a member of Joint International Science
Development Teams (ISDTs): 23 Chinese members
volunteered; nearly all accepted; approved
annually
–  Think and perform feasibility studies, propose
auxiliary observations (e.g. proper motions)
–  Voice your strong support to whoever will listen!
Summary
•  TMT offers a unique chance for China to
participate in a world-leading project •  TMT is for the young generation for
decades to come
We have lost too many international
collaboration opportunities, • Telescope Access Program (TAP)
can we afford to lose yet another golden one? Chinese dream # world dream: 中国梦