TALLINN UNIVERSITY OF TEHCNOLOGY

Transcription

DE
P
ENT OF M
IN
Annual Report of TUT Department of
Mining
Annual report of TUT Department of Mining reflects staff and student’s activities: conferences,
seminars, research, R&D, publications, student works and interesting publications about mining and
geology. Annual report is located at: http://mi.ttu.ee/report
G
IN
TM
R
A
Annual Report of TUT Department of Mining
mi.ttu.ee
7.09.2009
Annual report of TUT Department of Mining
Annual report of TUT Department of Mining no. 7
Composed by Karin Robam
Qv. TUTDepartment_of_Mining_Annual_Report.pdf
Annotation
Annual report of TUT Department of Mining reflects staff and student’s activities: conferences, seminars,
researches, R&D, publications, student works and interesting articles about mining.
Refer to the Annual report of TUT Department of Mining:
Annual report of TUT Department of Mining no. 7 (August 2009) / K. Robam, Tallinn: TUT Department of
Mining, 74 pp.
Refer to the article:
Sabanov S. Reinsalu E. Valgma I. (2009). Oil shale production quality control in Estonian mines. – Annual
report of TUT Department of Mining no. 7. Tallinn: TUT Department of Mining.
ETIS category 6.7, qv. www.etis.ee
Kirjastuse andmed
Name of the publisher: TUT Department of Mining
Address: Ehitajate road 5
City: Tallinn
Post index: 19086
Postbox: AK
Phone: /372/ 620 3850
Faks: /372/ 620 3696
Mailbox: [email protected]
Webpage: http://mi.ttu.ee/mining
The data on data media
Type: Network edition, CD-ROM
Address of the network edition: http://mi.ttu.ee/report
ISSN: 1406-586X
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Table of contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................. 3
1
RESEARCH PROJECTS IN MINING DEPARTMENT ................................................. 5
2
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FIELDS ................................................................. 6
3
IMPORTANT LINKS........................................................................................................... 6
4
STUDY PROGRAMME ....................................................................................................... 8
5
LIST OF MAIN TEXTBOOKS, VOCATIONAL MAGAZINES AND TEACHING
MATERIALS ................................................................................................................................. 9
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
6
6.1
7
7.1
TEXTBOOKS OF MINING ENGINEERING ................................................................................................................ 9
VOCATIONAL MAGAZINES IN ENGLISH ............................................................................................................... 11
DIGITAL TEACHING MATERIALS IN ESTONIAN ....................................................................................................... 11
SUBJECT-RELATED, VIDEOS IN ENGLISH .............................................................................................................. 12
SUBJECT-RELATED VIDEOS IN ESTONIAN ............................................................................................................. 13
TEXTBOOKS OF APPLIED GEOLOGY.................................................................................................................... 14
STUDENTS .......................................................................................................................... 18
VOCATIONAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES FOR GRADUATES ................................................................................ 18
LEARNING ENVIRONMENT ......................................................................................... 18
LABORATORIES IN THE DEPARTMENT................................................................................................................. 19
8
CO-OPERATION AND TIES WITH OTHER INSTITUTIONS, TRADE
ASSOCIATIONS AND REPRESENTATIVES OF EMPLOYER ........................................ 21
8.1
8.2
8.3
CO-OPERATION WITH OTHER INSTITUTIONS, TRADE ASSOCIATIONS AND REPRESENTATIVES OF EMPLOYERS ...................... 21
CONTINUING EDUCATION ............................................................................................................................... 22
TRADITIONAL EVENTS ..................................................................................................................................... 22
9
TIES WITH INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS AND HIGHER EDUCATION
INSTITUTIONS, PARTICIPATION IN CO-OPERATION PROGRAMMES AND
STUDENT EXCHANGE PROGRAMMES ............................................................................. 22
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
CONTACTS WITH INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS AND HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS .......................................... 22
FIELD STUDY EXCURSIONS ............................................................................................................................... 23
EXCHANGING LECTURERS ................................................................................................................................ 23
ORGANIZING INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES BY MEMBERS OF TUT DEPARTMENT OF MINING ..................................... 24
COMMON RESEARCH ..................................................................................................................................... 24
PARTICIPATION IN STUDENTS EXCHANGE PROGRAMS (ERASMUS AND FEMP): ....................................................... 24
INTERNATIONAL EVENTS FOR STUDENTS ............................................................................................................. 25
10
LIST OF VOCATIONAL AND OTHER RELEVANT ORGANIZATIONS ........... 25
11
SELECTED LIST OF INTERNATIONAL CONTACTS (DEPARTMENT OF
MINING) ...................................................................................................................................... 26
12
INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION OF THE PROGRAMMES ................................. 27
13
MÄERING – MINING STUDENTS GROUPS............................................................ 27
14
SCIENCE CLUB OF MINING AND GEOLOGY ...................................................... 27
15
IFMMS ............................................................................................................................. 28
16
ISW (INTERNATIONAL STUDENT WEEK) ............................................................ 28
17
WINTERACADEMY ..................................................................................................... 28
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DOCTORAL STUDIES AND INTERNATIONALISATION PROGRAMME
“DORA” ....................................................................................................................................... 29
19
ERASMUS ....................................................................................................................... 29
20
SOUVENIRS.................................................................................................................... 29
21
PAST AND FUTURE EVENTS IN 2009/2010 ............................................................. 30
21.1
21.2
21.3
21.4
21.5
2009
21.6
21.7
21.8
21.9
21.10
21.11
21.12
21.13
22
21TH ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING OF SOMP .................................................................................................... 30
8TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE, SEPTEMBER 14-18, TALLINN 2009, ESTONIA .................................................... 31
ESTONIAN MINING CONFERENCE 2009 "MINING IMAGE".................................................................................... 32
LAPBIAT2009 FIELDWORKS IN LAPLAND............................................................................................................ 33
XV MEETING OF THE EUROPEAN HEADS OF STATE MINING AUTHORITIES IS HELD IN TALLINN, ESTONIA 30. JUNE – 02. JULY
33
INTERNATIONAL OIL SHALE SYMPOSIUM TALLINN, 8-11 JUNE 2009 ...................................................................... 34
STAFF EXCHANGE IN GERMANY........................................................................................................................ 35
CZECH MINING PROFESSIONALS IN ESTONIA....................................................................................................... 35
COOPERATION MEETING IN FINLAND ................................................................................................................. 36
FEMP MEETING 2008 .................................................................................................................................. 36
EMC TALLINN 2008 ..................................................................................................................................... 36
BEST SUMMER COURSE ................................................................................................................................. 38
LECTURES ABOUT MINING ............................................................................................................................... 38
PUBLICATIONS ABOUT MINING AND GEOLOGY ............................................. 39
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1 Research projects in Mining Department
Most of our mining research projects are related to oil shale mining in Estonia. Additionally we have
experiences on hard limestone mining and rehabilitation of mined out areas. We are open for cooperation in all mining related topics. See more at http://mi.ttu.ee/research.
Project no.
Year
The title of project
G.I.B, H.Torn
2015
Closing down of industrial waste and semi-coke landfill in
Kohtla-Järve
Project 2280, G.I.B,
H.Torn
2013
Closing down of industrial waste and semi-coke landfills in
Kohtla-Järve and Kiviõli. Project Implementation Unit.
VA419
2012
Correlation of Late Precambrian and Phanerozoic tectonic and
hydrothermal events of south-eastern Fennoscandian shield
(southern Finland and southern Karelia, Russia) and Paleozoic
sedimentary cover in Estonia by geological,structural and
paleomagnetic methods
ETF7499
2011
Conditions of sustainable mining
Lep9050
2010
Regulation of the geological terms
VFP411
2010
Geological diversity as reason for unique biodiversity of the
Kilpisjärvi region and Oulanka NP
Lep9090
2009
LKM9074
2009
Backfilling in mining
Geotechnical evaluation of undermined area in the building
district
Lep9075
2009
Cost evaluation of separation plants
Lep9080
2009
The influence of the closed underground mines
Lep9052
2009
Geological and mining evaluation of Johvi Viru Infantry
Battalion
BF97
2009
Applied solutions for modelling system with mining software
BF98
2009
Preparing application for Astangu Science and Test Mine
Museum
ETF6558
2009
Concept and methods of risk management in mining
Lep8057
2009
Evaluation of Kunda mining region 2008
Lep8109
2009
Visualization landscape design and reclaiming limestone
quarry
Lep8110
2009
Design and planning for limestone quarry
Lep9005
2009
Engineering evaluation of the design and planning of the
granite mine
Lep9013
2009
Digital plans of mining technology
Lep9014
2009
Evaluation of the stability of undermined area for road
contraction
Lep9025
2009
Developments of sustainable mining technologies
Lep9027
2009
Designing of limestone mining technology
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University of
Cambridge, Heidi
Soosalu
2009
Tracking down seismically melt injections beneath the Askja
volcano, Iceland
EGK, Heidi Soosalu
2009
Seismic monitoring within the territory of Estonia
EGK, Heidi Soosalu
2009
Development of the detection and location system of local
seismic events in Estonia, phase I
Lep9018
2009
Mining technology of Raudoja sand pit
2 Research and development fields
We are open for co-operation in following areas of mining.
Mineral resource analyses;
Composing development plans for mineral resource usage;
Development of sustainable mining technology,
Monitoring of geotechnical processes and designing of possible solutions;
Development of mining modelling systems (digital modelling of mineral deposits, mining conditions
and mining technologies);
Evaluation of land usage and construction conditions in mined out areas,
Evaluation of mining economical-, environmental and social impact,
Usage of mined out areas and workings;
Utilisation of mining and processing waste.
Services:
Consulting;
Research;
Expertises;
Development of new equipment and systems;
Mine design.
3 Important links
Most of the pages are in Estonian. For getting information: please use translator or relevant links if
needed.
Link
Explanation
http://mi.ttu.ee/
TUT Department of Mining
http://mi.ttu.ee/labor
Mining Laboratories
http://mi.ttu.ee/koolitus
Training Information
http://mi.ttu.ee/teadusklubi
http://www.maeselts.ee
Mining and Geology Science Club
Estonian Mining Society
http://mi.ttu.ee/publications
Publications
http://mi.ttu.ee/emk
Estonian Mining Conference
http://mi.ttu.ee/erasmus
ERASMUS Information
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http://mi.ttu.ee/ettekanded
Reports
http://mi.ttu.ee/geodisain
Geodesign Course
http://mi.ttu.ee/geotehnoloogia
Information about Geotehnology
http://mi.ttu.ee/konverentsid
Information about Mining Conferences
http://mi.ttu.ee/lingid
Mining links
http://mi.ttu.ee/maering
Information about Mining Student Group
http://mi.ttu.ee/maetudengid
Students in Mining Department
http://mi.ttu.ee/mining
Department of Mining
http://mi.ttu.ee/mkt
Information about mining conferences
http://mi.ttu.ee/naitused
Exhibitions
http://mi.ttu.ee/opik
Mining web tutorial
http://mi.ttu.ee/plakatid
Staff and students' bench reports
http://mi.ttu.ee/praktika
Information about Practice
http://mi.ttu.ee/projektid
Research projects in Mining Department
http://mi.ttu.ee/seminar
Information about Seminars
http://mi.ttu.ee/stipendiumid
Information on mining scholarships
http://mi.ttu.ee/research
Research activities in Mining Department
http://mi.ttu.ee/toopakkumised
Job offers
http://mi.ttu.ee/tudengid
Students in Mining Department
http://mi.ttu.ee/report
Newsletter of TUT Department of Mining
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4 STUDY PROGRAMME
Quantitative indicators of the study programme.
Table 1 General data
Registration
number
1965
2052
2101
Registration code of
TUT
AAGB02
AAGM02
AAED02
Standard period of
study, years
3
2
4
Table 2 Number of compulsory courses
Registration
Registration code of TUT
number
1965
2052
Speciality
AAGB02
AAGM02
Mining Engineering
Applied Geology
Table 3 Share of elective course
Registration
number
1965
AAGB02
2052
AAGM02
Speciality
Mining Engineering
Applied Geology
Number
compulsory
subjects
38
22
22
22
Total capacity, CP
120
80
160
of
Average
capacity, CP
2.4
2.6
2.6
2.6
Share of elective courses, %
29
35
35
35
Table 4 The extent of practical work (both the practical training at the institution and outside it and
practical educational activities are given)
Registration
The extent of practical work, %
number
1965
AAGB02
27.2
2052
AAGM02
18.5
Speciality
Mining Engineering
18.5
Applied Geology
18.5
Table 5 Total amount of examinations in the programme
Registration
Total amount of examinations
number
1965
AAGB02
29
2052
AAGM02
16
Speciality
Mining Engineering
11
Applied Geology
10
Table 6 Ratios of the forms of examination oral or written
Registration
Registration code of Oral, %
number
TUT
1965
AAGB02
22
2052
AAGM02
20
Speciality
Mining Engineering
20
Applied Geology
20
TTÜ MÄEINSTITUUT
Written, %
78
80
80
80
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5 List of main textbooks, vocational magazines and teaching
materials
List of main textbooks, vocational magazines and teaching materials being used in TUT Department of
Mining. Library search and information is available at TUT Library.
5.1
Textbooks of Mining Engineering
In English:
1. Hartman, L. H.; associate editors : Britton, G. S. SME mining engineering handbook. Vol.1.
Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, 1992
2. Hartman, L. H.; associate editors : Britton, G. S. SME mining engineering handbook. Vol. 2.
Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, 1992, 1273-2260pp
3. Raymond L. Lowrie. Littleton (Colo.). SME mining reference handbook. Society for Mining,
Metallurgy, and Exploration, 2002, 448pp
4. Hustrulid, W. Kuchta, M. Open pit mine planning & design Vol. 1, Fundamentals. Rotterdam ;
Brookfield : Balkema, 1995, 636pp
5. Hustrulid, W. Kuchta, M. Open pit mine planning & design Vol. 2, Fundamentals. Rotterdam ;
Brookfield : Balkema, 1995, 637-836pp
6. Bell & Donnelly. Mining and Its Impact on the Environment, Routledge, 2006, 547pp
7. Cavender, B. Mineral Production Costs: Analysis and Management. Society for Mining Metallurgy
& Exploration, 1999, 179pp
8. Ripley, A. E. Redmann, E. R. Environmental Effects of Mining. CRC, 1995, 356pp
9. Singhal. Mine Planning & Equipment Selection 1998. Taylor & Francis, 1998, 813pp
10. Hardygora, M. Paszkowska, G. Sikora, M. Mine Planning and Equipment Selection: 2004. Taylor
& Francis, 2004, 889pp
11. Larose, T. D. Data Mining Methods and Models. Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006, 322pp
12. Hustrulid, A. W. Bullock, L. R. Underground Mining Methods: Engineering Fundamentals and
International Case Studies. Society for Mining Metallurgy & Exploration, 2001, 718pp
13. Haddock, K. Extreme Mining Machines: Stripping Shovels and Walking Draglines. MBI Publishing
Company, 2001, 128pp
14. Orlemann, C. E. Power Shovels. MBI Publishing, 2003, 160pp
15. Lottermoser, G. B. Mine wastes : characterization, treatment, environmental impacts. Springer,
2007, 304pp
16. Burley J.B. Environmental design for reclaiming surface mines. Edwin Mellen Press, 2001, 480pp
17. Brown, E. H. Edwin, T. Underground Excavations in Rock. E & F Spon, 1980, 527pp
18. Bise, J. C. Mining engineering analysis. Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, 2003,
313pp
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19. Mular, A. L. Mineral processing plant design, practice, and control : proceedings . Society for
Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, 2002
20. Committee on Technologies for the Mining Industries, National Materials Advisory Board, Board
on Earth Sciences and Resources, Committee on Earth Resources, National Research Council.
Evolutionary and revolutionary technologies for mining. National Academy Press, 2002, 85pp
21. Gupta, A. Yan, D.S. Mineral processing design and operation. Elsevier, 2006, 693pp
22. Gertsch, E. R. Bullock, R. L. Techniques in underground mining : selections from Underground
mining methods handbook. Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, 1998, 823pp
23. Hustrulid, W. Blasting principles for open pit mining Vol1. Vol2. Rotterdam ;Brookfield: Balkema,
1999, 1013pp.
24. Cavender, B. Mineral production costs : analysis and management. Society for Mining, Metallurgy
and Exploration, 1999, 179pp
25. Hustrulid, A. W. McCarter, M. K. Dirk J.A. Van Zyl. Slopestability in surface mining. Society for
Mining, Metallurgy and exploration, 2000, 442pp
26. Brady, B.H.G. Brown, E.T. Rock mechanics for underground mining. Kluwer, 1993, 571pp
27. Haddock, K. Colossal earthmovers. MBI Pub, 2000, 96pp
28. Rudenno, V. The mining valuation handbook, Wrightbooks, 2004, 430pp
In Russian:
29. Определение свойств горных пород. Л.И.Барона.Б.М.Логунцов, Е.З.Позин. Москва, 1962.
[Determination of rock properties]
In Estonian:
1. Reinsalu, E. Kaevandatud maa. Tallinna Tehnikaülikool, 2002, 97lk. [Mined land]
2. Reinsalu, E. Infotöötlus mäenduses. Tallinna Tehnikaülikooli Kirjastus, 1999, 30lk. [Information
processing in Mining]
3. Joosep, E. Kaevanduse elektrik. Tallinn : Valgus, 1974, lkpp. [Mining Electrician]
4. Reinsalu, E. Põlevkivi talutav kaevandamine. 26. mai 2000, Jõhvi, Tallinna Tehnikaülikool,
Mäeinstituut, 2000, 46lk. [Oil Shale tolerable mining]
5. Reinsalu, E. Valgma, I. Eesti maapõuekasutuse päevaprobleemid. Eesti mäekonverents :9.
november 2001, Jäneda, Järvamaa, Eesti Mäeselts, 2001, 62lk. [Estonian land interior usage
problems]
6. Valgma, I. Mäemasinad ja mäetehnika. Eesti mäekonverents: 14.märts 2003, Kunda, Eesti Mäeselts,
2003, 55lk. [Mining equipment and technology]
7. Valgma, I. Mäeinseneride ettevalmistus ja kvalifikatsioon. Eesti mäekonverents: 19.märts 2004,
Tallinn, Eesti Mäeselts, 2004, 99lk. [Preparation and qualification of mining engineers]
8. Valgma, I. Ehitusmaterjalide kaevandamine ja varud. Eesti mäekonverents 2005, 15. aprill, Eesti
Mäeselts, 2005, 123lk. [Mining for construction materials and reserves]
9. Valgma, I. 90 aastat põlevkivi kaevandamist Eestis: Eesti mäekonverents: 5. mai 2006, Jõhvi, Eesti
Mäeselts, 2006, 169lk. [90 years of oil shale mining in Estonia]
10. Reinsalu, E. Kaevandamine parandab maad, Eesti mäekonverents, Eesti Mäeselts, TTÜ
mäeinstituut, Tallinna Tehnikaülikooli Kirjastus, 2007, 54lk. [Mining repair land]
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11. Valgma, I. Killustiku kaevandamine ja kasutamine: Eesti Mäeselts, TTÜ mäeinstituut, 2008, 103lk.
[Mining and usage of broken stone]
12. Tomberg, T. Lõhketööd. Tallinna Tehnikaülikool, mäeinstituut, 1998, 112lk. [Blasting work]
13. Reinsalu, E. Mäemajandus. Tallinn: Tallinna Tehnikaülikooli Kirjastus, 1998, 159lk. [Mining Economy]
14. Kattai, V. Põlevkivi – õlikivi. Tallinn: Eesti Geoloogiakeskus, 2003, 162lk. [Oil shale- shale oil]
15. Kattai, V. Saarde, T. Savitski, L. Eesti põlevkivi: geoloogia, ressurss, kaevandamistingimused. Tallinn
: Eesti Geoloogiakeskus, 2000, 226lk. [Estonina oil shale: geology, resources, mining conditions]
16. Reinsalu, E. Mäeohutus ja mäeõigus. Tallinn: Tallinna Tehnikaülikool, [Tallinn: Energia Trükikoda,
1999, 47lk. [Mining safety and mining low]
17. Reinsalu, E. Eesti-Inglise, Inglise-Eesti maapõuesõnaraamat. Tallinn: Tallinna Tehnikaülikool,
[Tallinn: Energia Trükikoda], 1999, 230lk. [English-Estonian geology and mining dictionary; EnglishEstonian geology and mining dictionary]
18. Reinsalu, E. Mida tähendab kaevanduste sulgemine keskkonnale? Tallinn: Tallinna Tehnikaülikool
[Saku : Soha], 2001, 22lk. [What does mean mine closure for environment?]
5.2
Vocational magazines in English
30. Engineering and mining journal: E&Mj. New York: McGraw-Hill, 192631. Mining magazine. London: Mining Journal, 190932. Coal age. Chicago (Ill.): MacLean Hunter Publication, 199633. Coal international. Redhill : FMJ International Publications, 199434. International journal of rock mechanics and mining sciences & geomechanics abstracts. Oxford :
Pergamon Press, 197435. Mine and quarry : official journal of the Minerals Engineering Society. London: Ashire Publishing,
1972-1999
36. Mining environmental management. London : Mining Journal, 199337. Rock products. Chicago (Ill.) : Maclean-Hunter, 190238. World tunnelling. London : Mining Journal, 198839. Energy & fuels : an American Chemical Society journal / American Chemical Society.
Washington, 198740. Energy world : bulletin of the Institute of Energy / Institute of Energy. London : Institute of Energy,
197341. Ground engineering. Brentwood : Foundation Publications, 196842. Natural stone specialist. Worthing: Herald House, 199443. Stone review. Washington : National Stone Association, 1985
5.3
Digital teaching materials in Estonian
44. Reinsalu, E. Eesti mäendus. II, Geoanalüüs. Maavara uuring. Mäendusanalüüs. TTÜ
Mäeinstituut, 2007. [ Estonian Mining II, Geoanalysis. Reserves investigation. Mining analysis]
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45. Reinsalu, E. Mäemajandus. Tallinna Tehnikaülikool, Mäeinstituut. 1998. [Mining Economy]
46. Reinsalu, E. Infotöötlus mäenduses. Tallinna Tehnikaülikool, Mäeinstituut, 1999. [Information
processing in Mining]
47. Valgma, I, Reinsalu, E, jt. Mäendusõpik – Veebiõpik kaevandamisest, rakendusgeoloogiast ja
geotehnoloogiast. 2009, [Mining handbook – online illustrated handbook of mining, applied
geology and geotechnology]
5.4
Subject-related, videos in English
48. Common Ground: Modern Mining And You, 26:30 min, 1992 USA, Caterpillar
49. The Human Element: Mine Safety And You, 18 min, 1996 USA, Caterpillar
50. Fatal Mistakes, 9:30 min, Caterpillar
51. Water for Al Khadra Construction of an irrigation system at Benghazi, 18 min, Germany, Wirtgen
GmbH
52. 4200 SM surface mine rin Australia, 5 min, Germany, Wirtgen GmbH
53. Excavating hard rock with the 1900 SM and 2600 SM, 8 min, Germany, Wirtgen GmbH
54. Limestone mining in India, 14 min, Germany, Wirtgen GmbH
55. Surface Miner 4200 SM in Texas, 12 min, Germany, Wirtgen GmbH
56. Cutting coal in the Gacko- mine the 3500 SM, 15 min, Germany, Wirtgen GmbH
57. Tunnelling, roadheading and shaft sinking equipment, 2001 media-Videoproduktion, Schaeff
58. National Geographic video: Elu vesuuvi varjus, 1987, OÜ Sonatiin
59. National Geographic video: Maa-aluse maailma saladused, 1992, OÜ Sonatiin
60. National Geographic video: Imepärased kivid, 1999, OÜ Sonatiin
61. National Geographic video: Tulemäed, 1999, OÜ Sonatiin
62. Kalkstein aus Estland, 11 min, 1999 Eine studio Frei Produktion, Väo Paas
63. Diabas und Granite aus Finnland, 14 min, 1999 Eine studio Frei Produktion, Interrock
64. Matthäi- Steinhartes Können: Unsere Steinbrüche in Deutschland, Estland, Finnland und Polen, 9
min, 1999 Eine studio Frei Produktion, Matthäi
65. Vulkanism (52min)
66. Lignite mining and reclamation (19min) Fuji film
67. Turning goal into natural gas (8min) Fujifilm
68. Worldwide natural recourses (13min)
69. Tei rock drills (9min) Fujifilm
70. Interrock (7min)
71. Suncor (29min)
72. Cave art in brown gold mine, 28 min, Eesti Loodus Ltd.
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Subject-related videos in Estonian
73. Eesti kivistisi, 16 min, 2006, MTÜ Geoguide Baltoscandia, MTÜ Reval Photo and Video, Haridusja Teadusministeerium. [Estonian petrifaction]
74. Põhja-Eesti klint, 2006, MTÜ Geoguide Baltoscandia, MTÜ Reval Photo and Video, Haridus- ja
Teadusministeerium. [North-Estonia Inclination]
75. Rändrahnud- jääaja tummad tunnistajad, 2007, MTÜ Reval Photo and Video, Haridus- ja
Teadusministeerium. [Boulder period - dumb deponent]
76. Kristalsed kivimid Edela- Soomes, 2007, MTÜ Reval Photo and Video, Haridus- ja
Teadusministeerium [Crystalline rocks in South-West Finland]
77. Saaremaa pangad, 2007, MTÜ Reval Photo and Video, Haridus- ja Teadusministeerium.
[Saaremaa banks]
78. Meteoriidikraatrid Eestis, 2006, MTÜ Reval Photo and Video, Haridus- ja Teadusministeerium.
[Meteor craters in Estonia]
79. Sood Eestis ja Lõuna-Soomes, 2007, MTÜ Reval Photo
Teadusministeerium [Swamps in Estonia and South-Finland]
and
Video,
Haridus-
ja
80. Eesti põlevkivi, 2007, MTÜ Reval Photo and Video, Haridus- ja Teadusministeerium. [Estonian oil
shale]
81. Karst Eestis, 2007, MTÜ Reval Photo and Video, Haridus- ja Teadusministeerium. [Karst in
Estonia]
82. Liustike pärandus Eestis ja Lõuna-Soomes, 2007, MTÜ Reval Photo and Video, Haridus- ja
Teadusministeerium. [Glacier heritage in Estonia and South-Finland]
83. Paekivi- Eesti rahvuskivi, 2007, MTÜ Reval Photo and Video, Haridus- ja Teadusministeerium.
[Limestone - national stone of Estonia]
84. Sirgala karjäär 04.04.97 (31min), Mäeinstituut [Open cast Sirgala]
85. Viivikonna karjäär (16min), Mäeinstituut [Open cast Viivikonna]
86. Estonia kaevandus (10min), Mäeinstituut [Estonia underground mine]
87. Lõhkeainetehas (12min), Mäeinstituut [Explosives storage]
88. Vasalemma dolomiidikarjäär 16.06.98 (23min), Mäeinstituut [Vasalemma dolomite open pit]
89. Väo Paas OÜ- lubjakivi kaevandamine (40min), Mäeinstituut [Väo Paas LLC- limestone mining]
90. Aru-Lõuna lubjakivikarjäär (7min), Mäeinstituut [Aru-Lõuna limestone open pit]
91. Kunda Nordic Cement (KNC) tööstusjäätmete prügila (42min), Mäeinstituut [Industrial waste
landfill of KNC]
92. Männiku liivakarjäär (21min), Mäeinstituut [Männiku sand open pit]
93. Aseri savikarjäär (31min), Mäeinstituut [Aseri clay open pit]
94. Küttejõu põlevkivikarjäär (12min), Mäeinstituut [Open cast Küttejõu]
95. Kohtla põlevkivikaevandus (31min), Mäeinstituut [Kohtla underground mine]
96. Pääsküla koopad(21min), Mäeinstituut [Pääsküla caves]
97. Harku paekivikarjäär(28min), Mäeinstituut [Harku limestone open pit]
98. Turbaraba Keilas (21min), Mäeinstituut [Peat deposit in Keila]
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99. Kaevandus number 2 (67min), Mäeinstituut [Mine no. 2]
100. Tondi Väo lubjakivikarjäär 2002 (131min), Mäeinstituut [Tondi Väo limestone open pit]
101. Aru-Lõuna lubjakivikarjäär, lõhkeaineladu, sadam (20min), Mäeinstituut [Aru-Lõuna limestone
open pit, explosives storage, harbor ]
102. Arbavere puursüdamike hoidla (18min ), Mäeinstituut [Core storage in Arbavere]
103. Kvaliteedi kontroll Narva karjääris (112min), Mäeinstituut [Quality control in Narva open pit]
104. Estonia kaevandus 30.11.2007 (74min), Mäeinstituut [Estonia underground mine]
5.6
Textbooks of Applied Geology
In Estonian:
105.
Arold, J., Raukas, A., Viiding, H. Geoloogia alused. Tallinn, “Valgus”, 1987. 200lk.
[Fundamentals of Geology]
106.
Eesti põhjavee kasutamine ja kaitse. 2005. Tallinn: Põhjaveekomsjon. 80lk.[Estonian
Groundwater using and Protection].
107. Kalm, V., Kirs, J., Kirsimäe, K., Kurvits, T. Mineraalid ja kivimid. Tartu, TÜ. 1999. 112lk.
[Minerals and rocks].
108. Ojaste, K., Reier, A., Mens, K. 1964. Kristallograafia, mineraloogia, petrograafia. Tallinn. 463lk.
[Crystallography, mineralogy, petrography].
109. Pirrus, E. Eesti geoloogia. Tallinn, TTÜ. 2001. 72lk. [Geology of Estonia].
110. Pirrus, E. Maavarade geoloogia. Tallinn, TTÜ, 2000. 84pp. [Geology of mineral deposits].
111. Raukas, A. (koost.). 1995. Eesti Loodus. Tallinn, Valgus. 606lk. [Nature of Estonia].
112. Raukas, A. 2003. Geoloogia ja geofüüsika alused. Tallinn. 168lk. [Fundamentals of Geology
and Geophysics].
In English:
113. Ahmed, S. et al. (Eds.). 2008. Groundwater dynamics in hard rock aquifers: sustainable
management and optimal monitoring network design. Springer. 251pp.
114. Azapagic, A., Perdan, S., Clift, R. 2004 Sustainable Development in Practice: Case Studies for
Engineers and Scientists. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. 446pp.
115. Baba, A.et al. (Eds.). 2006. Groundwater and Ecosystems. Springer. NATO Science Series. IV.
Earth and Environmental Series – Vol.70. 310pp.
116. Banks, D. 2008. An introduction to Thermogeology: Ground Source Heating and Cooling.
Blackwell Publishing. 339pp.
117. Barnes, J.W. with Lisle,R.J. 2004. Basic geological mapping. 4th Edition. Wiley&Sons.184pp.
118. Blatt, H., Tracy, R. J., Owens B.E. 2006. Petrology : Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic.
3rd Edition. W.H.Freeman and Company, New York. 530pp.
119. Brantley, S.L.et al.(Eds.) 2008. Kinetics of water-rock interaction. Springer. 833pp.
120. Bristow, C.S., Jol, H.M. (eds.) 2003. Ground Penetrating Radar in Sediments. Geological
Society Special Publication No 211. London. 330pp.
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121.
Burroughs W. J. 2006. Climate Change in Prehistory: The End of the Reign of Chaos.
Cambridge University Press. 356pp.
122. Busch, R.M. (ed.). 2009. Laboratory manual in physical geology. 8th Edition. Pearson Prentice
Hill. 308pp.
123. Coe, A.L. (ed.). 2003. The Sedimentary Record of Sea-Level Change. Cambridge University
Press: The Open University. 288pp.
124. Campus, S. et al. (Eds.). 2007. Evaluation and prevention of natural risks. Taylor&Fr. 454pp.
125. Das, B.M. 2008. Fundamentals of Geotechnical Engineering. 3rd Edition. 682pp.
126. Dickins, A.P. 2005. Radiogenic Isotope Geology. 2nd Ed. Cambridge University Press. 492pp.
127. Doyle, P., Bennett, M.R., Baxter, A.N. 2001. The Key to Earth History: An Introduction to
nd
Stratigraphy. 2 Edition. John Wiley and Sons, LTD. 293pp.
128. Duncan, J. M., Wright, S. G. 2005. Soil Strength and Slope Stability. John Wiley. 297pp.
129. Eby, G. N. 2004. Principles of Environmental Geochemistry. Thomson: Brooks/Cole. 514pp.
130. Farndon, J. 2007. The Illustrated Guide to Minerals of the World: The Ultimate Field Guide and
Visual Aid to 220 Species and Varieties. Southwater. 160pp.
131. Fitts, C.R. 2002. Groundwater Science. Academic Press. 450pp.
132. Fry, N. 1984. The field description of metamorphic rocks. John Wiley and Sons. 112pp.
133. Gieré, R., Stille, P. 2004. Energy, Waste and the Environment : a Geochemical Perspective.
Geol. Soc. Special Publication No 236, London. 670pp.
134. Gradstein, F. M.et al.( eds.) 2004. A geologic time scale 2004. Cambr. Univ. Press. 589pp.
135. Gray, M. 2004. Geodiversity: valuing and conserving abiotic nature. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
434pp.
136.
Groshong, R.H. Jr. 1999. 3-D Structural Geology : A Practical Guide to Surface and
Subsurface Map Interpretation. Springer. 324pp.
137. Groshong, R.H. Jr. 2006. 3-D Structural Geology : A Practical Guide to Quantitative Surface
and Subsurface Map Interpretation. Springer. 400pp.
138. Hiscock, K.M. 2007. Hydrogeology : principles and practice. Blackwell Publishing. 389pp.
139. Honachefsky, W.B. 2000. Ecologically based municipal land use planning. CRC Press. 256pp.
140. Ingebritsen, S.E., Sanford, W.E., Neuzil, C.E. 2006. Groundwater in geologic processes. 2nd
Edition.Cambridge University Press. 536pp.
140. Jones, R. W. 2006. Applied Palaeontology. Cambridge University Press. 434pp.
141, Kabata-Pendias, A., Pendias, H. 2001. Trace elements in soils and plants. 3rd Ed. CRC Press.
413pp.
142. Kehew, A.E. 2006. Geology for Engineers and Environmental Scientists. 3rd Ed. Pearson.
696pp.
143. Keller, E. A. 2008. Introduction to Environmental Geology. 4th Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall:
Pearson Education International. 661pp.
144. Knödel, K. Lange, G., Voigt, H.-J. 2007. Environmental Geology: Handbook of Field Methods
and Case Studies. Springer. 1357pp.
145.
Lehtinen, M., Nurmi, P., Rämö, T. (toim.). 1998. 3000 vuosimiljonaa Suomen Kallioperä.
Suomen Geologinen Seura. 371s.
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146. Lehtinen, M. et al. (eds.). 2005. Precambrian Geology of Finland : Key to the Evolution of the
Fennoscandian Shield. Developments in Precambrian Geology, 14. Elsevier. 736pp.
147. Levin, H. L., Smith, M. S. 2008. Laboratory Studies in Earth History. McGraw+Hill: Higher
Education. 277pp.
148. Lisle, R. J., Leyshon, P. R. 2004. Stereographic projection techniques for geologists and civil
engineers. 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press. 112pp.
149. Lowrie, W. 1997. Fundamentals of Geophysics. Cambridge University Press. 354pp.
150. Lutgens F. K., Tarbuck, E. J. 2009. Essentials of Geology: Student lecture notebook. 3rd
Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall. 140pp.
151. McCall, G.J.H et al, (Eds.). 2006. The History of Meteoritics and Key Meteorite Collections:
Fireballs, Falls and Finds. Geological Society Special Publication No 256. London. 513pp.
152. McClay, K. R. 2003. The Mapping of Geological Structures. John Wiley and Sons. 161pp.
153. McConnell, D., Steer, D., Knight, C. 2008. The Good Earth : Introduction to Earth Science.
McGraw-Hill: International Edition. 536pp.
154. McGrowran, B. 2005. Biostratigraphy: Microfossils and Geological Time. Cambr. Univ. Press.
459pp.
155. Merian, E. et al. 2004. Elements and their compounds in the environment: occurence, analysis
nd
and biological relevance. 2 Edit. V.1-3. Wiley-VCH. 1773pp.
rd
156. Milsom, J. 2003. Field geophysics. 3 Edition, Wiley. 232pp.
157.
Mussett, A.E., Khan, M.A. illustrations by Button, S. 2000. Looking into the Earth: An
Introduction to Geological Geophysics. Cambridge University Press. 470pp.
158. O'Riordan, T. 2000. Environmental Science for Environmental Management. Pearson Prin.
Hall. 520pp.
159. Owen, C., Pirie, D., Draper, G. 2006. Earth Lab : Exploring the Earth Sciences. 2nd Edition.
Thomson: Brooks/Cole. 564pp.
160. Peng, S., Zhang, J. 2007. Engineering Geology for Underground Rocks. Springer. 319pp.
161. Perkins, D., Henke, K. R. 2000. Minerals in Thin Section. Prentice Hall. 125pp.
162. Pipkin, B.W., Trent, D.D., Hazlett, R. 2005. Geology and the environment. 4th Ed. Thomson.
473pp.
163.
Pollard, D.D., Fletcher, R.G. 2006. Fundamentals of Structural Geology. Cambridge Univ
Press. 500pp.
164. Raukas, A., Teedumäe, A. 1997. Geology and Mineral Resources of Estonia. Tallinn: Estonian
Academy Publishers. 436pp.
165. Schwartz, F. W., Zhang, H. 2003. Fundamentals of Ground-water. Wiley&Sons. 583pp.
166. Schwedt, G. 2001. The Essential Guide to Environmental Chemistry. Wiley&Sons. 256pp.
167. Skinner, B. J., Porter, B. J., Park, J. 2004. Dynamic Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology.
th
5 Edition. Wiley. John Wiley and Sons. 584pp.
168. Smith, G. A., Pun , A. 2006. How does Earth work? : Physical Geology and the Process of
Science. Pearson Prentice Hall. 641pp.
169. Spencer, E. W. 2000. Geologic Maps: A Practical Guide to the Preparation and Interpretation of
nd
Geologic Maps. For Geologists, Geographers, Engineers, and Planners. 2 Edition. Prentice Hall.
148pp + appendixes.
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170. Tarbuck, E. J., Lutgens, T., Bell, M. 2008. Student lecture notebook. Earth: An Introduction to
Physical Geology. 9th Edition. 140pp.
171. Tarbuck, E. J., Lutgens, F. K., Tasa, D. 2008. Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology. 9th
Edit. Pearson Prentice Hall: Pearson Education International. 714pp.
172. Thomas, A. 2008. Gemstones : properties, identification and use. New Holland Publishers.
256pp.
173. Thorpe, R.S., Brown, G.C.1993. The field description of igneous rocks. John Wiley and Sons,
154pp.
rd
174. Tucker, M. E. 2003. Sedimentary rocks in the field. 3 Edition. Wiley. 234pp.
175.
Vernon, R.H. 2004. A practical guide to Rock Microstructure. Cambridge University
Press.594pp.
176. Walker, M. 2005. Quaternary Dating Methods. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. 286pp.
177. Wenk, H.-R., Bulakh, A. 2004. Minerals: their constitution and origin. Cambridge Univ.Press.
646pp.
178. Wicander, R., Monroe, J.S. 2009. Essentials of Physical Geology, 5th Edition. Brooks/Cole.
469pp.
179. Wicander, R., Monroe; J.S. 2004. Historical Geology: Evolution of Earth and Life through Time.
4th Edition. Thomson: Brooks/Cole. 427pp.
180.
Wolkersdorfer, C. 2008. Water Management at Abandoned Flooded Underground Mines:
Fundamentals, Tracer Tests, Modelling, Water Treatment. Springer. 465pp.
181. Wälder, O. 2008. Mathematical methods for engineers and geoscientists. Springer. 176pp
Video:
182. Jankowski, L.J. 2005. Geologic Maps: Portraits of the Earth (Video).
183. Jankowski, L.J. 2004. Metamorphic Rocks (Video).
184. Renton, J. J. 2006. The Nature of Earth: An Introduction to Geology. V.1-3 (Video).
In Russian:
185. Ананьев, В. П., Потапов, А. Д. 2002. Инженерная геология. Москва, Высшая школа. 511с.
[Engineering Geology].
186.
Бетехтин, А.Г. 2008. Курс минералогии. Книжный Дом Университет, Москва. 735с.
[Course of Mineralogy].
187.
Бондарик, Г. К., Ярг. Л. А. 2007. Инженерно-геологические изыскания. Книжный Дом
Университет, Москва. 735с. [Engineering Geology Studies].
188. Вильямс, Х., Тернер, Ф.Дж., Гилберт, Ч. М. 1957. Петрография: Введение в изучение
горных пород в щлифахю Москва. 425с. [Petrography: An Introduction into study of rocks in thin
sections].
189. Короновский, Н.В., Хаин, В.Е., Ясаманов, Н.А. 2006. Историческая геология. Москва:
Academa. 458c.[Historical Geology].
190. Короновский, Н.В. (ред.). 2004. Практическое руководство по общей геологии. Москва:
Academa. 158c. [Practical guide to Fundamentals of Geology].
191.
Соколовский, А.К. 2006. Общая геология. Т.1 – Учебник, 447с., Т.2 – Пособие к
лабораторным
занятиям, 202с. Москва, КДУ. [Fundamentals of Geology: V.1-Textbook, V.2[Notebook of laboratory exercises].
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6 Students
6.1
Vocational employment opportunities for graduates
The studies at the Department of Mining TUT provide to the graduates the ability to be employed by the
state-owned as well as by the private companies. Students graduated at Bachelor, Master and Doctor’s
level can easily find vocational job after finishing their studies. Most of students find vocational job already
during studies. Master of Science and Bachelor of Science level graduates are almost all working during
their studies on vocational job.
Our graduates usually find vocational job as:
specialists (engineers, managers) for design and civil engineering offices;
specialists for Ministry of Environmental and Communication;
specialists for Technical Surveillance Authority;
specialist for Eesti Energia Kaevandused Ltd.;
specialist for self-government, city government and local government;
specialists for consulting companies, acting in Environmental sector;
specialists (environmental protection) for State Land Department;
Mining engineers, who might after years of practice apply for the Chartered Engineer status or for
diploma of European Engineers;
Specialists of management of mining industry;
Specialists of mining environment control and supervision organizations;
Specialists of applied geology and geochemical environmental control;
Specialists for enterprises; responsible of mining questions;
Specialists for consulting companies, acting in mining sector;
Teaching in the university or other educational institutions;
Continue studies on the Doctoral level;
Business institutions.
engineers in mining or applied geology for the bigger industries and business enterprises.
The Department of Mining Engineering foresees next areas and fields of activities for its graduates:
The program of Mining Engineering study provides to students knowledge in accordance with European
standards, laws and regulations, which gives to the graduates good prospective to find a work also
outside of Estonia. All of our students are employed, practically all of them within speciality or in related
fields.
7 Learning environment
Quantitative indicators of learning environment.
1. State-commissioned student places for the program: Geotechnology – 20 Bachelor study student
places; 16 Master study student places.
2. Main Lecture halls in Power Engineering Faculty (also can be used lecture halls of whole university.
Total number of lecture halls used for the program: 30
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3. Most lecture halls are equipped with analogue and digital data-video beamers.
7.1
Laboratories in the Department
The laboratory of Mining Conditions VII-103 – 60.1m²
The laboratory is equipped with modern equipment as following:
1. Press for determining compressive strength
2. Los Angeles Test for aggregate quality
3. Full set of sieves
4. Geotechnical shear strength measurer for soil and loose material
5. Particulate analyse system WipFrag
6. Polarisation Microscope
Preparation equipment:
1. Rock saw
2. Drilling machine
3. Grinding machine
4. Oven
Field laboratory
1. Point load test (PLT)
2. Schmidt hammer
3. GPS systems
4. Water probe pump MP1
5. Noise meter
6. Radioactive radiation meter PAKRI-E
7. Water level measurement devices
8. Water flow measurement propeller
9. Vibration meter
10. Tachymeter Trimble M3Total Station
11. Distance meters
12. Boats
13. Field computers
14. Laboratory of water chemical analysis
15. Dust meter
16. Stratoscope for mine roof analyses
17. Air speed meters
Laboratory of mine design and planning VII-215- 54.8m²
The most used mining modelling software programs in the world have been set up in the laboratory:
1. Gemcom Minex – modelling geology and mining in stratified deposits
2. Gemcom Surpac – modelling mining processing and work procedures
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3. Visual ModFlow; AquaChem- groundwater flow and quality modelling
4. MapInfo Professional, Discovery, MapBasic - GIS
5. Vertical Mapper- spatial modelling
6. Encom Discover- spatial modelling for mining environment
7. AutoCAD Civil 3D- planning
8. FLAC – modelling of rock mechanics, dynamics and properties
9. PLAXIS – geotechnical spatial modelling
10. Mining specific software – parameters of pillars, productivity, mining equipment co-operation
and fleet calculations, (Caterpillar and Mining Department of TUT)
11. Ashtech GPS data management and analysing
12. GeoLab
13. Particulate analyse system WipFrag
Software laboratory
Software laboratory is continuously testing and analysing available software, applying it to local problems
and updating licences of software being tested are:
1. Itasca Software
2. SoilVision Office 2009
3. ArcGIS 9.2
4. Plaxis 3D Foundation
5. Carlson Software 2009 For AutoCAD with built in ICAD
6. TranSim VS
Laboratories in other Departments:
1. Laboratory of Physics
2. Laboratory of Material Engineering
3. Laboratory of Electrical Engineering
4. Laboratory of Research and Testing Laboratory of Building Materials
5. Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry
6. Laboratory of Materials Engineering
7. Computer classroom in Power Engineering Faculty
8. Computer classroom in the Faculty of Information Technology
9. Laboratory of Geodesy
General resources of computer workplaces of open access. Faculty computer class with 20 computers
(VII-223) – 80 m²: 10 hours per week and department computer class with 12 computers VII-215 54.8m²: 25 hours per week. + computers in library and free WIFI in the University
Software used for studies in the field of Geotechnology studies
1. Gemcom Minex – modelling stratified deposits
2. Gemcom Surpac – modelling mining processing and workings
3. Visual ModFlow; AquaChem- groundwater flow and quality modelling
4. MapInfo Professional, Discovery, MapBasic - GIS
5. Vertical Mapper- spatial modelling
6. Encom Discover- spatial modelling for mining environment
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7. AutoCAD Civil 3D- planning
8. FLAC- rock massive modelling
9. PLAXIS- geotechnical spatial modelling
10. Mining specific software (parameters of pillars, productivity, mining equipment cooperation and fleet
calculations, Caterpillar and Mining Department of TUT)
Total area of work rooms for the academic staff: Department of Mining has 11 rooms for academic staff –
430 m²; 23.9 m² per person
Copied/published information materials on teaching and learning process:
Information material published can be divided into three categories:
1 - Drafts, manuscripts, slideshows, texts, tests and drawings are used in e-learning environment, in
presenting, lecturing and distributing the material to the students – ca. 1000 pages per year. WebCT,
Moodle and other environments are used.
2 - Public educational materials, e-books, proceedings and handbooks published ca. 300 pages per year.
ELIB of TUT is used.
3 - Handbooks, Monographs and scientific papers – ca. 30 units per year.
Total amount of literature in the library:
Books, 526 000 copies; different 49 524 magazines;
Books connected with the programme and magazines- All major books and journals needed
for the curricula.
Web pages in the Internet connected with the programme: directly 20 sites. Web pages in the Internet
connected with the programme: over 100 000 pages. The base site for the program is- http://mi.ttu.ee/
Average cost of a credit point in non-state-commissioned study: Faculty of power engineering 525 EEK
per CP.
8 Co-operation and ties with other institutions, trade associations
and representatives of employer
Ties with industry and other professional organisations have been established in following forms:
8.1
Co-operation with other institutions, trade associations and representatives
of employers
Some persons of Department of Mining are founders and leaders of Estonian Mining Society.
Headquarter and management locates in Department of Mining (http://www.maeselts.ee/ems.htm). In
cooperation with Estonian Mining Society following events are organised: Estonian Mining
Conferences; http://mi.ttu.ee/emk ; Seminars of Mining Law, Mining Equipment, Continuing Education
etc.
Department of Mining is member of Estonian Association of Mining Industries. http://mi.ttu.ee/emtel
Mining department is managing and moderating interactive Mining Information website and e-mail
lists for everyday Estonian Mining Information exchange; http://mi.ttu.ee/portaal/
Department of Mining has working contacts with Institute of Geology TUT, in cooperation Estonian
Scientific Foundation grant 5921 “Steps of Caledonian Volcanism in the Estonian and Baltoscandian
sedimentary rocks and their usage for correlation of the geological sequences, in sedimentation study
and paleogeography” 2004-2006 was made. Contacts with Institute of Geology are continuing,
Department of Mining is using chemical laboratories of Institute for determining minerals and at
monitoring level of Toolse River pollution from mine waters from Kunda-Aru and Ubja surface mines.
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Department of Mining TUT has good contacts with Geological Survey of Estonia, some high level
specialist are reading applied geology courses for students in Master level. Geological Survey has
long-time experience in geological mapping territory of Estonia and now is compiling digital maps. All
geological reports are collected into state Estonian Geological Fund, where students and teachers.
The most of wall maps are compiled by Geological Survey of Estonia as well as Explanatory notes to
them. These maps are used for teaching different subjects of applied geology: Fundamentals of
Geology, Geology of Mineral Deposits, Geology of Estonia, Hydrogeology etc.
8.2
Continuing education
Courses of continuing education are organised for specialists regularly. In average 3 courses per year are
given to engineers and officers, http://mi.ttu.ee/koolitus.
Training, which has been organized:
1. Mining survey
2. Exploding
3. Reclamation of mined areas
4. Safety requirements and legislation in small open pits
5. Mining technology
6. Problems about mining mineral resources
8.3
Traditional events
Every autumn and spring 1-3 day excursions to the most interesting Estonian mining enterprises with
visiting interesting geological objects.
Regular visits and field works to Estonian mining enterprises (Väo and Harku quarries near the
Tallinn, Ubja – Kunda limestone, clay and oil shale mines, Oil Shale Narva and Aidu mines, Estonia
and Viru mines etc.) within study courses.
9 Ties with international organisations and higher education
institutions, participation in co-operation programmes and
student exchange programmes
9.1
Contacts with international organisations and higher education institutions
Contacts with higher education institutions:
Six members from TUT Department of Mining are members of the Society of Mining Professors
(http://www.mineprofs.org/ ): I. Valgma, E. Reinsalu, A. Adamson, J.-R. Pastarus, A. Västrik, V. Karu;
Ingo Valgma is member of Membership Development Committee of SOMP, Pastarus is member of
Educational Committee http://mi.ttu.ee/somp.
Valgma
and
Adamson
are
http://wmc_ioc.pkskg.tau8.ceti.pl/news.
members
of
IOC
World
Mining
Congress,
Ylo Systra is since 1995 member of European Association for the Conservation of the Geological
Heritage (ProGeo), http://www.progeo.se.
Tight cooperation in form of research, PhD studies, field trips, exchange of students and professors is
being performed with FEMP. FEMP is the organisation that co-ordinates the 2 year Eramus Mundus
Minerals and Environmental Program (EMMEP) for students in Mining- and Geotechnical
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Engineering, Mineral Processing, Recycling and related academic studies. Participating students
study together at universities in four different European countries for one of the two academic years,
http://www.femp.org/.
Good cooperation has been established with Freiberg Mining Academy, Helsinki University of
technology and other members of SOMP.
ERASMUS students and professors exchange has been established with Helsinki University of
Technology, TU Freiberg Bergacademy, Dicle University, Delft University and Wraclaw University.
Ylo Systra was a leading specialist in Institute of Geology Karelian Research Centre, Russian
Academy of Sciences up to 2000. The more valuable results are published in proceeding of
international conferences in 2001-2008. Institute of Geology KRC RAS in cooperation Petrozavodsk
State University is teaching students of Applied Geology and Mining specialities. It gives possibility to
compare study programs and subjects as well as completely study program.
Department of Mining has good contacts with University of Helsinki, Faculty of Geology. From 2003
every year students from TUT are joined to excursion near Helsinki, where they can see Precambrian
rocks, which under Tallinn lies in the deepness about 125m, but in the northern shore of Finnish Bay
are cropping.
Moscow State University is the leader in geological education in Russia. Ylo Systra has tight
contacts with staff of university, he defended there his candidate thesis in 1975and in 1992 – Doctoral
thesis. Every year during the last 42 years in Moscow University is hold International conference on
tectonics of important for practice tectonic problems. Faculty of Geology, Moscow University is every
year publishing numerous textbooks.
Dicle University in Diyarbakir, Turkey is in the beginning of cooperation. They have some oil shale
resources and they are interested in our knowledge about oli shale mining. TUT Department of
Mining staff visited twice Diyarbakir and we talked about student exchange.
A new form of international contacts was used for publishing materials about Cambrian trace fossils,
collected during the field work at LAPBIAT project 2003 in the Kilpisjärvi area, Lapland, Finland.
World Business University Association (WBUA), member - J.-R. Pastarus
9.2
Field study excursions
Every year two weeks field trip to foreign mining related object is organised. Recent excursion to
Finland, Norway, Sweden, Russia and Germany have been organised;
Every year one day excursion in Helsinki and surroundings with professors M. Lehtinen and Tapani
st
Rämö from University of Helsinki, Faculty of Geology for the 1 course students, 2003 -2008 have
been organised;
9.3
Exchanging lecturers
Visiting Professors to TUT, Department of Mining
Alexander Vorobiev, Murat Mustafin, Gotfrid Noviks in 2008.
Pekkä Särkka, Christian Buhrow in 2007.
Gerd Wehner, Paul Anciaux, Anja Liukko, Fotios Papoulias, Max-Thomas Stöttner, Hans de Ruiter,
Christian Sladek, Ulrich Kullmann, Jan Palarski, Christian Buhrow, Leopold Weber, Horst Hejny,
Michael Bauer, Antonis Angelidis, Joachim Wagner, Ulrich Klieboldt, Robert B. Wermuth, Valentine
Poot Baudier, Jens Hamer, Viliam Bauer in 2006.
Visiting Professors from TTU, Department of Mining
Ingo Valgma in Freiberg Mining Academy, Ylo Systra, Jyri-Rivaldo Pastarus in 2008.
Ingo Valgma in Freiberg Mining Academy, Jyri-Rivaldo Pastarus Sergei Sabanov in 2007.
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Ingo Valgma in Freiberg Mining Academy, Ylo Systra, Jyri-Rivaldo Pastarus in 2006.
Ingo Valgma in Freiberg Mining Academy, Ylo Systra in 2005.
Ingo Valgma in Freiberg Mining Academy in 2004.
9.4
Organizing international conferences by members of TUT Department of
Mining
SOMP2010 in Tallinn, http://mi.ttu.ee/somp2010
International Oil Shale Symposium 2009; http://www.oilshalesymposium.com/
International Conference in Tallinn, 14-18. September 2009: Resources Reproducing, Low-waste and
environmentally Protecting Technologies of Development of the Earth Interior.
SOMP2008 in Aachen; http://www.somp2008.rwth-aachen.de/
TAIEX workshop in Rumenia; 2007; Mining and Environment; http://mi.ttu.ee/taiex/
MAEGS15 in Tallinn, 16-20. September 2007: Georesources and public policy: research,
management, environment. Oil Shale Session
TAIEX
workshop
in
Tallinn,
30.11.-01.12.
2006:
EU
Legislation
as
it
affects
mining.
http://mi.ttu.ee/taiex/
International
Symposia
and
Doctoral
School,
Kuressaaare
2006,
2007,
2008,
2009
http://matrix.ene.ttu.ee/
9.5
Common research
Mine backfilling, oil shale separation, sustainable mining topics are being applied from international
foundations with international partners from Poland, Germany and Finland.
Partnership is held in the way of exchanging students, lecturers, doing common researches and
organising conferences.
Ylo Systra with Alar Läänelaid, Ingo Valgma and Karin Robam took part in the international research
programme LAPBIAT 2 in 19.07-27.07.2009, to continue studies in Kevo surrounding. The aim of
research was to study influence of geological background to biodiversity and try by old tree year-rings
determinate climate changes in the North Europe during the last 500year.
Ylo Systra made bedrock samples collection for Kilpisjärvi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, during
the field works of grants LAPBIAT and LAPBIAT 2 (2002, 2003 and 2008).
Ylo Systra with Tarmo Kiipli, Alar Läänelaid and student Tennobert Haabu took part in the international
research programme LAPBIAT 2, to continue studies in Oulanka and Kilpisjärvi surrounding. The aim of
research was to study influence of geological background to biodiversity and try by old tree year-rings
determinate climate changes in the North Europe during the last 500year. Was collected new material
about Cambrian trace fossil and volcanic intercalations in the thrust Ordovician - Silurian rock for
comparing with Estonian volcanic layers. Party materials will be published in Proceeding of the 42,
Tectonic conference, Moscow University, 3-6.02.2009.
9.6
Participation in students exchange programs (ERASMUS and FEMP):
Erasmus is the EU's flagship education and training programme, enabling two hundred thousand students
to study and work abroad each year, as well as supporting co-operation actions between higher
education institutions across Europe. It caters not only for students, but also for professors and business
staff who want to teach abroad and for university staff who want to be trained abroad.
Read more: http://ec.europa.eu/education/lifelong-learning-programme/doc80_en.htm
1. Tennobert Haabu participates in EMC in 2009-2010.
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2. Reili Pärnasalu participates in EMC in 2009-2010.
3. Jekaterina Šestakova participates in EMC in 2009-2010.
4. Vivika Väizene participated in EMC in 2009
5. Sergei Sabanov participated in training in USA, 2008.
6. Reili Päranasalu practiced in Australia in 2007-2008
7. Sergei Sabanov participated in training in Turkey, 2007.
8. Sergei Sabanov participated in training in Finland, 2006.
9. Aire Västrik participated in EMC in 2006-2007.
10. Elo Rannik participated in EGEC in 2005-2006.
11. Sirli Mägi participated in EMEC in 2004-2005.
12. Tauno Tammeoja participated in EMC in 2004-2005.
13. Veiko Karu participated in EMC excursion in Finland, 2004.
9.7
International events for students
Next
International
Student
Week
in
Tallinn
will
be
held
in
April,
2010
http://iswtallinn2010.blogspot.com/
Participants of EMC will visit Estonian mining industries in October, 2009
In May and June 2009 group of our staff participated in exchange program offered by ERASMUS. 5
person and a supervisor visited German mining sites, museums and enterprises during 9 days.
Participants of EMC visited Estonian mining industries in October, 2008
In April 2008 group of our students participated in exchange program offered by DAAD (German
Academic Exchange Service). 15 students and a supervisor visited German mining Universities and
enterprises during 2 weeks. http://studytripgermany2008.blogspot.com/
International Students Week in Tallinn, October, 2007 http://iswtallinn2007.blogspot.com/
Tennobert Haabu and Kerlin Erman participated in ISW in Holland, 2007.
Tennobert Haabu participated in ISW in Finland, 2008.
Ave-Õnne Õnnis ja Martin Kaljuste participated in ISW in Norway, 2006.
Participants of EMC visited Estonian mining industries in October, 2006
Excursion for Estonian students was organised in Germany in September 2005 with Freiberg Mining
Academy
International Students Week in Tallinn in March 2004. http://www.hot.ee/emsmaering/isw/
IFMMS Congress in Tallinn in October 2005 http://maering.tipikas.ee/congress/
10 List of Vocational and Other Relevant Organizations
Main enterprises, professional societies and institutions:
1. Estonian Mining Society, Ingo Valgma, http://www.maeselts.ee/ems.htm
2. EMTEL - Association of Estonian Mining Industries, Rein Voog
3. Mining Enterprises: Eesti Energia Kaevandused Ltd., Kunda Nordic Tsement Ltd., Väo Paas
Ltd, etc
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4. Estonian Geological Society, http://www.egeos.ee/index_en.php?lang=eng
5. Estonian Association of Building Materials Producers, http://www.hot.ee/eetl/eng.htm
6. Geotechnical Association, Hardi Torn, http://mi.ttu.ee/egy/
7. Peat Production Union, Erki Niitlaan, http://www.turbaliit.ee/?go=index&lang=eng
8. Estonian Union of Engineers, Heini Viilup, http://www.insener.ee/
9. Inseneribüroo Steiger Ltd. , Erki Niitlaan, http://www.steiger.ee/
Institutions and research institutions:
1. Geological Survey of Estonia
2. Virumaa College, Tallinn University of Technology, Viktor Andrejev
3. Department of Thermal engineering, Tallinn University of Technology
4. Institute of Geology, Tallinn University of Technology
5. Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, EMÜ
6. Institute of Technology, University of Tartu
7. Estonian Maritime Academy
8. Geotechnical Engineering Bureau (G.I.B.) Ltd., Hardi Torn
11 Selected list of international contacts (Department of Mining)
1. Helsinki University of Technology, Rock Engineering Department (prof. Mikael Rinne, prof. Pekka
Särkkä)
2. Freiberg Mining Academy, prof. Christian Buhrow
3. Aachen University, prof. Christian Niemann-Delius, prof Per Nikolai Martens
4. Delft University of Technology, prof. Hans de Ruiter
5. University of Silesia, prof. Jan Palarski
6. University of New Brunswick, prof. Petr Vanicek
7. Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), prof Lars Sjöberg
8. Gemcom Software International Inc, PhD Damian Baranovski
9. Russian Academy of Science, Institute of Geosphere, prof. V. Koslevski
10. Geological Survey of Finland, PhD Satu Mertanen
11. Colorado School of Mines, prof. Tibor G. Rozgonyi
12. Dicle University, prof. Osman Z. Hekimoglu
13. Moscow Mining University, prof Vjacheslav Popov
14. Moscow University of People Frienship (RUDN), prof Alexander Vorobiev
Mining communities
1. Society of Mining Professors
2. World Mining Congress
3. FEMP – Federation of European Mining Programs
4. International Association of Geodesy
Enterprises
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1. Gemcom International, Mr. Damian Baranovski
2. Caterpillar International, Mr. Erkki Kaisla
3. Wirtgen, Mr. Mati Hertsen
4. Komatsu, Mr. Meelis Mitt
5. Hitachi, Japan, Mr. Harri Mosona
6. SoilVision System Ltd., Mr. Murray D. Fredlund
7. ITASCA, Mr. Edward J. Dzik
12 International dimension of the programmes
Department of Mining has composed its study programmes according to the recommendations of the
Society of Mining Professors and by requirements of the Standard of Mining Engineers by Estonian
Mining Society and experiences from other universities.
Internationalisation is offered by participating FEMP and ERASMUS programs and by described
cooperation.
Exchange programs are coordinated by central International Relations Office at Tallinn Technical
University, (http://www.ttu.ee/external/).
Gaia Grossfeldt from Department of Mining is ERASMUS co-ordinator in Power Engineering Faculty
since 2009.
13 Mäering – Mining Students Groups
Mäering is a organization for geology and mining students in Tallinn University of Technology. Their
purpose is to introduce mining companies to the students and also take care of the entertainment.
Mäering roots go back to the year 1947 then in some time it faded and came back to life in 1998.
All Mäering members are junior members of Estonian Mining Society.
Traditional events are: St. Barbara´s day, winter camp, spring excursion etc. We co-operate with TUT
Department of Mining, Mining and Geology Science Club, Estonian Mining Society and Association of
Estonian Mining Industries. In co-operation with TUT Department of Mining we organize ISW and EMC
excursions in Tallinn.
More information from: http://www.maeselts.ee/maering
14 Science Club of Mining and Geology
The science club of Mining and Geology was started in the spring semester of 2006, where the
excursions to the phosporite grounds in Maardu and to the limestone deposit in Harku took place to
assess the effects of mining. The results of the excursions were presented on the science club’s seminars
and in addition poster reports and reports from the fieldworks were made.
For all the written work and its scientific side are responsible the academicians. Therefore it is possible to
apply the results in all the scientifical actions and they redound in student’s bachelor and Master thesis,
in institute’s scientifical reports, in the scientifical work the institute orders etc. To test the student’s selfexpression ability and to develop it, there are several performances in the science club and on the
institute’s seminar that students have to attend. The result of it is, that student’s are more successful in
presenting their final thesis, because they have several opportunities to improve their ability to talk in front
of a big audience. As a result of the science club’s actions, there is more cooperation with the private
section, different institutions, departments and universities. In the process of the work posters, webpage’s
and reports of all the field work, that the science club has been to, are made. Student’s participation in the
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science club helps them to broaden the mind, they are more successful in their studies and they get an
idea of their future work – they get to know, what kind of assignments they are going to solve.
15 IFMMS
IFMMS is an international organization for mining, metallurgy, petroleum and geology students. Every
year a congress is arranged to discuss the latest issues for the federation. In addition to the congress the
members arrange international students weeks where the visitors get to know the structure of education
and companies in the country visited. The IFMMS counts 20 members as of November 2003 divided in 16
countries.
IFMMS is an independent federation of mining, metallurgy, petroleum and geology students. The
federation pursues its aims without religious, social, national, sexual or other discrimination. Our aims are
to serve mining, metallurgy, petroleum and geology students all over the world through our member
organizations and to promote international cooperation in the fields designated in the political statements.
The functions of the IFMMS are consolidation of the contacts among European mining universities,
discussing of special problems in education and engineering, traditional international student weeks, etc.
the highest authority and jurisdiction of the IFMMS is the annual congress, which is held every year.
Besides the annual congress the regional boards are responsible for arranging international student
weeks. This should introduce the participants to the special subject industry of the host country.
16 ISW (International Student Week)
An ISW is an international student week. This is an opportunity to get to know the curriculum of other
universities and also get to know the industry. The most important thing is the social aspect and lifelong
traditions in each country. The IFMMS congress is arranged every year.
17 WinterAcademy
WinterAcademy is a student science conference held once a year and a network of students connecting
them throughout the year. The overall aim of WinterAcademy is to inspire students to get involved in
making science and innovation projects in the fields of sustainable development.
The three-day conference gives possibility to bachelor and master degree students from all universities in
Estonia to introduce their research projects to wider audience. Every year science article competition is
organised to select the best works to be presented at the conference. Besides that, WinterAcademy
brings discussion about most important problems related to balance between humankind and nature,
allows participants to learn new practical skills in workshops and creates supporting environment for
people to meet, share ideas and develop new projects. As conference takes place in different part of
Estonia every year, away from main city centres it also helps to introduce Estonian countryside.
WinterAcademy was founded by students from three main/biggest Estonian universities in 2003.
While organising team consists of approximately 20 students (incl students of Tartu University) with
different background every year, the Council of WinterAcademy is run by following student organisations:
Environment Protection Students’ Association of Eesti Maaülikool
Estonian Students Society for Environment Protection “Sorex”
Club of Sustainable Development in Tallinn University of Technology
Mäering from Department of Mining in Tallinn University of Technology
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18 Doctoral Studies and Internationalisation Programme “DoRa”
This programme has been created to implement the measure “Facilitating internationalisation and
fostering doctoral studies” of the priority item “Development of human resources in R&D” on the basis of
the Estonian National Strategic Reference Framework for 2007-2013 and the operational programme
“Development of human resources”. The programme has been drawn up pursuant to ss. 12 (4) and 20
(1) of the Republic of Estonia Structural Assistance Act.
http://www.archimedes.ee/amk/File/DoRa_PROGRAMM_eng.doc
19 Erasmus
The studies at the Department of Mining TUT provide to the graduates the ability to be employed by the
state-owned as well as by the private companies. Students graduated at Bachelor, Master and Doctor’s
level can easily find vocational job after finishing their studies. Most of students find vocational job already
during studies. Master of Science and Bachelor of Science level graduates are almost all working during
their studies on vocational job.
20 Souvenirs
TUT Department of Mining laboratory produces souvenirs made of oil shale, for example pencil holders,
visiting-card holder and clocks. It is possible to purchase souvenirs. The price of the souvenirs are: pencil
holders 75 EEK + V.A.T., visiting-card holder 100 EEK + V.A.T. and clock 300 EEK + V.A.T.
Pencil holder
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Clock
Visiting-card holder
21 Past and future events in 2009/2010
21.1 21th Annual General Meeting of SOMP
The Society of Mining Professors/Societät der Bergbaukunde is a vibrant Society representing the
global academic community and committed to make a significant contribution to the future of the minerals
disciplines. The main goal of the Society is to guarantee the scientific, technical, academic and
professional knowledge required to ensure a sustainable supply of minerals for mankind. The Society
facilitates information exchange, research and teaching partnerships and other collaborative activities
among its members.
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The 21th Annual General Meeting will be held in Tallinn, Estonia from June 18 to 22, 2010. Field trips and
mining tours will be scheduled. You may access the official meeting site with program updates at
http://mi.ttu.ee/somp2010.
Contact persons:
Gaia Grossfeldt, [email protected], +372 620 38 53
Ingo Valgma, [email protected] , +372 620 38 51
Society of Mining Professors (SOMP) / Societät der Bergbaukunde (SDB)
Society of Mining Professors organises and supports various activities (Recent events related to SOMP).
Some of them related to the Department of Mining of Tallinn University of Technology in Estonia, are
listed here for easier finding of photos and web pages. Official web page of the society is
www.mineprofs.org.
SOMP web page: www.mineprofs.org
SOMP discussion group: groups.yahoo.com/group/mineprofs
SOMP MD discussion group: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mdc_somp/ ;
groups.yahoo.com/group/mdc_somp
SOMP News: mineprofs.blogspot.com
SOMP MD News: mdc-somp.blogspot.com
Related topic:
Mining Department of Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia
Mining Research in Estonia
21.2 8th International Conference, September 14-18, Tallinn 2009, Estonia
Russian
University
of
People
Friendship
(RUDN),
Russian
Academy
of
Science.
8th International Conference, September 14-18, Tallinn 2009, Estonia. Resource Reproducing, Lowwasted and Environmentally Protecting Technologies of Development of the Earth Interior.
8th International Scientific and Practical Conference.doc
The conference is organized by the Department of Mining, Tallinn University of Technology
http://mi.ttu.ee/rlept8/,
Russian
University
of
People
Friendship
http://www.pfu.edu.ru/:
http://kafgd.narod.ru/page.html and Eesti Energia Kaevandused Ltd. – the biggest Estonian oil shale
mining company http://www.ep.ee/.
Main topics of the conference:
Resources reproducing technologies and formation of man-caused deposits;
Environmentally protected developing of the minerals deposits;
Complex usage of Earths Interior and row minerals;
Geotechnology: burying and transformation of liquid waste in lithosphere;
New technology and equipment and developing mineral resources;
Software programs for modelling of technological processes on developed area of the deposits
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The working languages of the conference: Russian, English
Exhibitions and presentations: During the conference presentations of companies and other organizations
and exhibitions of equipment, books, software and other products are planned.
Information about Tallinn city and Tallinn University of Technology can be found on the internet
(http://www.tallinn.ee/eng, http://www.ttu.ee). Detailed information about travelling to Tallinn and
accommodation will be sent to each participant after the registration.
21.3 Estonian Mining Conference 2009 "Mining Image"
Estonian Mining Conference took place on 8 May 2009 in Põltsamaa. The conference theme this time
was "Mining Image” and it was related with mining-related problems.
Estonian Mining Society Mining Cnference was organized in cooperation with Department of Mining
Tallinn University of Technology and Mining Business Union.
After the conference visited the AS and AS Põltsamaa Granite Rõstla Kaltsiidi Otissaare dolomite
quarries.
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21.4 LapBiat2009 fieldworks in Lapland
Scientists from Department of Mining - Ülo Sõstra, Ingo Valgma, Karin Robam and Alar Läänelaid from
Tartu University are investigating vegetation in northern Lapland in LapBiat program, 19.07-27.07.2009.
21.5 XV Meeting of the European Heads of State Mining Authorities is held in
Tallinn, Estonia 30. June – 02. July 2009
XV Meeting of the European Heads of State Mining Authorities is held in Tallinn, Estonia 30 June – 02
July 2009. Participants are from sevaral European mining countries and from Estonian Mining related
institutions.
The 15th Meeting of the European Heads of State Mining Authorities in Estonia “Management of Waste in
the Mining Industry” from June 30th to July 2nd 2009 in Tallinn, Estonia
The meeting venue was in Tallink Spa & Conference Hotel, Sadama 11 a, Tallinn, 10111, Estonia. The
event was organized to sessions starting at 9.00 on Tuesday, June 30th, and expected to be ending at
14.00 on Thursday, July 2nd.
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st
A social event was arranged in the evening of Wednesday, July 1 . Official working language of the
meeting was english.
Mining Waste Directive
21.6 International Oil Shale Symposium Tallinn, 8-11 June 2009
The Symposium took place in the Main Hall of Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086
Tallinn.
Eesti Energia, along with its partners - the Colorado School of Mines (CSM), Tallinn University of
Technology and the University of Tartu - hosted the International Oil Shale Symposium at Tallinn
University of Technology.
From TUT Department of Mining the participating in the Symposium where Veiko Karu, Ingo Valgma, Aire
Västrik. Symposium took place two parallel sessions and on the hall you could see over 60 posters.
Main categories:
Shale Oil Retorting Research
Remediation and Managing By-Products
Developments in Shale Oil Production Technologies and Upgrading
Exploration and Geology
Hints for Successful Oil Shale Projects
Oil shale as a Power Source
International Oil Shale Developments
Environmental Impacts
Abstracts in other subject areas were also submitted. The program will be adjusted based on
abstracts submitted and indicated interests.
International Oil Shale Symposium Field Trip, 10-11 June 2009
Group picture in Estonia mine
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http://mi.ttu.ee/polevkivisympoosion/
http://mi.ttu.ee/oilshalesymposium/
http://mi.ttu.ee/oilshale/
21.7 Staff Exchange in Germany
Members of Department of Mining visited Germany mining sites from 31.05.2009 to 07.06.09 with
ERASMUS Staff Exchange program.
Below you can find pictures and the description about visited places and the route.
21.8 Czech Mining Professionals in Estonia
nd
On 22 May 2009 - Mining Professionals from Czech Republic visited Department of Mining and oil shale
mining in Aidu surface mine under the guidance of Martin Lohk.
Members of the group came from: Technical University of Ostrova / www.vsb.cz ; Sokolovska Uhelna /
www.suas.cz ; Severoceske doly a.s. www.sdas.cz ; VÚHU a.s. www.vuhu.cz
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21.9 Cooperation meeting in Finland
On 9th. December 2008 took place co-operation meeting of TUT Department of Mining and Helsinki
University of Technology in Finland. Cooperation possibilities were discussed and visits to laboratories,
underground
working,
Tytyri
limestone
mine
and
Voutila
quarry
took
place.
Ingo Valgma, Vivika Väizene, Heidi Soosalu, Veiko Karu, Ain Anepaio, Karin Robam, Gaia Grossfeldt and
Ave-Õnne Õnnis attended from Department of Mining of TUT.
21.10 FEMP meeting 2008
Aire Västrik from TUT Department of Mining participated in a FEMP meeting and reunion 2008, which
was held in Poland, Wroclaw 27.11 -30.11.2008.
Rio Tinto hosted this year’s reunion of the EMC, EMEC and EGEC programs which coincides with the
annual meeting of the organisation that supports the programs: FEMP (Federation of European Mineral
Programmes) and its IAB (Industrial Advisory Board).
Participants took part of the workshop "Sustainable Development". On Saturday an excursion was
organised to the Zloty Stok- gold mine museum where in the evening St. Barbara celebration was held.
More information.
21.11 EMC Tallinn 2008
Participants of European Mining Course visited Estonian mining industries.
On 2nd and 3rd October participants of EMC (European Mining Course) and professors from Helsinki
University of Technology visited Estonian mining enterprises: Väo Paas, Eesti Põlevkivi Aidu surface
mine, Estonia underground mine and abounded phosphorite mining area at Maardu.
Ingo Valgma, Tennobert Haabu and Aire Västrik were excursion organizers from TUT department of
Mining.
International students came from 9 different countries (Finland, Germany, Netherlands, Great Britain,
Canada, South-African Republic, Sierra Leone and China).
On a first day participants visited AS Väo Paas limestone quarry near Tallinn. Later that day Ingo Valgma,
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director of TUT department of mining, introduced Ülgase abandoned phosphorite mine site history and
technology. Despite the fact that weather was rainy international students were very co-operative and
asked many questions.
On a second day they visited Aidu oil shale open cast mine, where Ants Vannus, mine manager, made
presentation about Aidu and leaded excursion in the mine. Next we visited Estonia mine, where Ago
Bachmann, mining engineer, showed us production process. Visitors of excursion were surprised about
new technology that they saw.
Federation of European Mining Programs (FEMP), organizes study process on EMC, that lasts 8 months
in four countries (Finland, Germany, Great Britain and Netherlands)
TUT department of mining has organized EMC excursion to Estonia before. Previously 5 mining students
from TUT MI have participated on EMC earlier. EMC gives opportunities for students to work and practice
in international companies and makes co-operation between universities and companies.
Pictures: http://picasaweb.google.com/emsmaering/EMCTallinn2008
More information about EMC: http://mi.ttu.ee/emc
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21.12 BEST summer course
th
On 9 of July 2008 Aire Västrik gave a lecture about oil shale mining to BEST students in Department of
Mining. Ain Anepaio, Margit Kolats, Aire Västrik and Ingo Valgma introduced mechanical oil shale
sampling and breaking in the laboratory of mining conditions. Every participant got a sample of world
famous oil shale. Highest compressive strenght of oil shale reached 18 MPa and for limestone 90 MPa.
21.13 Lectures about mining
On Monday morning 9.06.2008 guest lecture were held in auditorium VII-215 in Department of Mining.
Aleksander Vorobjov, prof., Peoples´Friendship University of Russia (RUDN), Moskva. Report, Murat
Mustafin, prof., Saint Petersburg State Mining Institute, Gotfrid Noviks, prof., Rezekne Higher Education
Institution
Public lectures on topic:
Research developments of universities and institutions;
Mining problems - Actual problems of mining mineral resources (in Russian).
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Ehitajate tee 5, VII corpus, 19086 Tallinn
Tel: 620 38 50, Fax: 620 36 96
mi.ttu.ee , [email protected]
Laboratory of Mining Conditions
#
Analysis / service name
1 Service offered by the laboratory
o
2 Drying samples, 105 C
3 Seaving dry material
4 Los Angeles test
5 Schmidt'i hammer test
6 Point Load Test (PLT)
7 Uniaxial compressive test
8 Radiation Measurement
9 Measurement of the noise level
10 Grinding of the specimens
11 Drilling of care samples, diameter 54,4mm, lenght 120mm
12
13
14
15
Sawing of the specimens
Determination of the groundwater level
Determination of flow velocity
Mining survey
Unit
hour
one
sample
one
sample
one
sample
one test
one test
one
sample
hour
hour
one
sample
one
sample
one
sample
one test
hour
hour
Coeficent 1,5 will be added to the laboratory tests outside the laboratory
Approved by the Director of the TUT
Department of Mining
Price
The possibility
EEK
of lending
+V.A.T.
200
63
48
198
26
42
Yes
Yes
84
27
38
Yes
Yes
93
76
51
58
60
100
mi.ttu.ee
7.09.2009
22 Publications about mining and geology
TTÜ MÄEINSTITUUT
39
The structure and metamorphism of the relict of the Kilpisjärvi Archean greenstone
belt, northwestern Finland
Y.J. Systra
Department of Mining, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia, [email protected]
The relict of the 6 km long and up to 3 km wide Kilpisjärvi greenstone belt is located
in the Northwestern corner of Finland, on the eastern shore of the Kilpisjärvi Lake [1, 3].
Coordinates of its center are 69º01’ N and 20°53’ E. The northern end of the relict is covered
by the Caledonian nappes of the Saana Mount with Cambrian sedimentary autochthon as
there basement. The thickness of the autochthon does not exceed 200 m and it is mostly
composed of clayey slates with thin (less than 1m) sandstone layers in the upper part. The
nappes are everywhere lineated showing thrusting from NW to SE at angles 3-10º (Fig.1).
Figure. Geological sketch map of the relict
of the Kilpisjärvi greenstone belt (compiled
with using the map of J.J. Lehtovaara, 1994
[2]).
1 – thrusts with dolomite marble layer in
the basement; 2 – Cambrian autochthon; 3
– dyke of porphyrite; 4 – gabbro-diabase
dykes; 5 – comparatively massive
microcline granite; 6 – granitic gneiss (a)
and granodiorite (b); 7 – comparatively
massive felsic volcanic rock; 8 – rustybrown biotite gneiss with tuff and tuff
conglomerate horizons; 9 – intermediate
and mafic volcanic rock, sometimes with
amygdaloidal or pillow-lava textures; 10 –
ultramafic rocks: horizons of Mg-rich
amphibolites (a) and body of talc-chlorite
rock (b); 11 – gneissosity (a), bedding and
lineation (b).
Originally the edge of the overthrusted cover likely stayed somewhat to SE. Some relics of
resistant quartzite nappes are met on some hilltops to the distance of 2-3 km from the
continuous thrust margin. In the upper part of the thrust cover, on the southern slope of Saana
Mount, there occur possible marks of back thrusting and the thrust angle reaches here 15-16°.
These facts show that the thrust margin was probably initially located not more than 5-10 km
to SE from the position of the contact on the present ground.
J.J. Lehtovaara described the bedrock in Kilpisjärvi and compiled geological map
sheets in scale 1:100 000 [3]. Compilers of the geological map of Finland in scale 1:1 000 000
[1] divided the Archean basement of the studied area into two complexes, basement gneisses
and greenstone belt. In the basement gneisses most common are gray granodiorites, granitic
gneisses and migmatites 3.1-2.6 Ga in age. Same type of granodiorite in Sweden, 100 km to
SE from this area, gave isotopic age 2.735 Ga [2]. Typical granodiorite is weakly gneissose.
Granitic gneisses are often migmatized by pegmatitic, often muscovite containing granites.
Granodiorites and granitic gneisses sometimes occurs weak mineral lineation and small scale
folds, but their orientation change in the studied territory.
Single xenolites of amphibolite may occur in granitic gneisses everywhere in the
studied area, but in this part of Finland is found only one such large relict of greenstone belt
as the Kilpisjärvi belt is. In the geological map [1] the Kilpisjärvi belt is marked as Archean,
3.0-2.7 Ga old greenstone. The Kilpisjärvi belt is unusual in high content of felsic volcanites
and absence of terrigenic sediments in the sequence.
Felsic volcanic rocks are massive lavas, pyroclastic rocks, tuffs and tuff
conglomerates.Tuffs and tuff conglomerates occur together. Tuffs are thin-bedded and form
2-3 m thick layers. All compositions of volcanic rocks, ultramafic, mafic, intermediate and
felsic, are represented. In the intermediate volcanic rock sometimes are met amygdaloidal
textures. Mafic volcanites with occasional pillow structures are most common. They are
mostly plagioclase-hornblende amphibolites. Content of hornblende may exceed 50%. Ore
minerals (about 5%) are mostly magnetite and ilmenite. Apatite and zircon occur as accessory
minerals. Fine grained garnet occurs occasionally. Calcite is common occurring here and
there as up to 10 cm thick deformed lenses. Together with epidote and titanite calcite
characterizes altered rocks. In mafic volcanite occur some 2-3 m thick bright green layers
characteristic for Mg-rich hornblende. Usually such amphibolites are altered ultramafic rocks.
In rusty-brown biotite gneisses on the SW slope of Saana Mount, exactly on the tourist
path occurs a more than 50 m long and up to 15 m thick concordant body of gray talc-chlorite
rock. At places there is a network of hematite rich veins, which are from parts of mm up to 10
mm thick. Within felsic volcanic rocks occurs weak sulphide mineralizations. On the
Salmivaara peninsula the thickness of pyrrhotite mineralized lens is some tenths of
centimeters and length some meters. Small grains of sulphides occur in all gneissose felsic
volcanic rocks.
In the southern part of the area the Kilpisjärvi greenstone belt divides into two
branches. The eastern branch continues in the same direction, SE 155º, but western branch
turns abruptly to SW 215°. This branch continues to SW about 7km into Sweden [4]. In the
NNW branch strike is NW 325-340° and dip is to SW at angles 55-80°. In the western branch
strike NW 340°- NE 40° is dominating and dip is 38-70° to west. Small and middle scale
folds and mineral lineation of quartz, biotite, feldspar and hornblende are common. They
plunge to SW 255°- NW 280° at angles 36-54°. Naturally, this lineation does exist neither in
the Cambrian autochthon nor in the Caledonian thrusts.
The Archean granodiorites, granitic gneisses and greenstones are cut by massive and
comparatively fresh looking gabbro-diabase dikes. Dikes are from one meter up to 40 meters
thick. Their prevailing strike is NW 295-305°, dip is near to vertical or 80-89°to NE. In the
greenstone rocks was observed one dyke of porphyrite with strike NE 53° and dip 78°to SE.
The metamophoses of the greenstone belt was comparatively weak. The first small
garnet grains are seen only in amphibolites. In the felsic rocks they were not seen. In felsic
volcanic rocks first stage of migmatization appears at places as biotite gneisses. Magnesium
rich ultramafic rocks were altered to talc-chlorite rocks and among amphibolites to Mg-rich
amphibolites. These finds enables conclusion that metamorphism in greenstone belt did not
exceed conditions of epidote-amphibolite metamorphic facies.
No granodiorite veins or contact was found within greenstone belt rocks but gabbrodiabase dykes cut both greenstones and granodiorites. They were widely developed in the
Archean rocks of the Fennoscandian Shield. These dyke swarms intruded in the Early
Proterozoic [4]. It is concluded that in the Kilpisjärvi region the Cambrian autochthons and
Caledonian nappes have the basement composed of Archean granite-greenstone complex.
Field work in the Kilpisjärvi area was done with financial support of the LAPBIAT
(grant HPRI–CT–00132) and LAPBIAT 2 (grant RITA–CT–2006–025 969). Data
generalization was done in the frame of the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research
project SF0140093s08.
References:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Korsman, K. et al. Bedrock map of Finland 1:1 000 000. Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo. 1997.
Lehtovaara, J.J. Geological map of Finland. Pre-Quaternary rocks. Sheet 1823 Kilpisjärvi. Espoo: Geological
Survey of Finland. 1994. 1s.
Lehtovaara, J.J. Kilpisjärven ja Haltin kartta-alueiden kallioperä. Summary: Pre-Quaternary rocks of the
Kilpisjärvi and Halti map-sheet areas. Espoo: Geol. Survey of Finland,.1995. 64 pp.
Silvennoinen, A. (ed.). Geological map of Pre-Quaternary rocks of Northern Fennoscandia. 1:1 000 000.
Compiled at Geological Surveys of Finland, Norway and Sweden. 1987.
Geophys. J. Int. (2009)
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.04018.x
Crustal structure beneath the Faroe Islands from teleseismic receiver
functions
K. E. Harland, R. S. White and H. Soosalu∗
Bullard Laboratories, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, CB3 0EZ, UK. E-mail: [email protected]
Accepted 2008 November 3. Received 2008 October 28; in original form 2007 August 17
SUMMARY
We use teleseismic receiver function analysis to constrain the crustal structure beneath the Faroe
Islands on the northwest European volcanic continental margin. A cluster of 45 broad-band
seismometers on the Glyvursnes peninsula, Streymoy Island recorded 10 teleseismic events
ranging in magnitude from 6.1 to −8.0 during July–December 2003. Receiver functions show
a clear Ps peak for the first time in this region. The depth of the converting boundary is
estimated as 29–32 km using forward and inverse modelling and thickness versus V P /V S
ratio stacking techniques. Modelling experiments suggest that this estimate may represent the
conversion from a region of high-velocity lower crust rather than the crust–mantle transition
at the Moho. The best-fit modelling results were achieved with a gradational high-velocity
region at least 6 km thick in the lower crust. This is interpreted as due to the emplacement of
sills into pre-existing continental crust rather than the simple underplating of a block of high
velocity igneous material at its base.
1 I N T RO D U C T I O N
The Faroe Islands are a presumed fragment of continental crust on
the northwest European continental margin, but there is currently no
measurement of the crustal thickness or the lower crustal velocity
directly beneath them. Our first objective was to use receiver functions from a cluster of 45 broad-band seismometers to constrain the
crustal thickness beneath the Faroe Islands. The islands are covered by flood basalts formed at the time of the Tertiary continental
break-up at ca. 55 Ma, which created the North Atlantic (White
& McKenzie 1989). The basalt flows reach at least 7 km thick
(Waagstein 1988; White et al. 2003; Passey & Bell 2007). No outcrops of underlying crust pre-dating the basalts have been found
on the islands, however, plate reconstructions (e.g. Nunns 1983;
Knott et al. 1993) suggest that the region from East Greenland to
the Shetlands was continuous prior to breakup. Basalt sequences
can be correlated from east Greenland to the Faroe Islands (Larsen
et al. 1999). Outcrops of Lewisian basement in East Greenland
and the Shetlands suggest that the same basement is likely to be
found beneath the Faroes if continental lithosphere lies beneath the
basalt. A second objective of our study was to use receiver functions
to investigate whether there is continental crust beneath the Faroe
Islands.
∗ Now at: Geological Survey of Estonia, Kadaka tee 82, 12618 Tallinn,
Estonia.
°
C 2009 The Authors
C 2009 RAS
Journal compilation °
Lewisian basement has a typical P-wave velocity of 6.0–
6.5 km s−1 (Hall & Simmons 1979). When there are large volumes of extruded basalts, it is likely that there is at least as much
magma intruded into the lower crust as extruded (Cox 1980; White
et al. 2008). The intruded, fractionated magma has a much higher
seismic velocity than the country rock, and therefore creates a highvelocity lower crust (HVLC) with velocities typically in excess of
7.0 km s−1 . Our third objective was to seek evidence for an HVLC
indicative of lower crustal intrusion.
Bott et al. (1974) provided an early estimate of the crustal
thickness beneath the Faroe Islands of 27–38 km. Later authors
(Richardson et al. 1998, 1999; Smallwood et al. 1999), using offshore shooting into seismometers on land in the Faroes on the
FLARE, FAST and FIRE profiles (locations marked in Fig. 1),
suggest that the crustal thickness is likely to be towards the upper end of this range. Staples et al. (1997) estimated the crustal
thickness beneath the Faroe Islands as 35–40 km, of which they
interpreted 20–30 km as original continental crust and the remainder as intruded or extruded igneous rock. Slightly thinner, but not
dissimilar crustal thicknesses of 27–32 km are reported from the
nearby submarine areas of Hatton Bank (White et al. 1987; Fowler
et al. 1989), Rockall Bank (Bunch 1979) and the Fugloy Ridge
(White et al. 2008). As the Faroe Islands are subaerial, we would
expect the crustal thickness beneath them to be larger than on the
adjacent, submarine portions of the continental margin if they are
in isostatic equilibrium.
Regions of HVLC are ubiquitous on the North Atlantic continental margins (e.g. Fowler et al. 1989; Morgan et al. 1989; White
1
GJI Seismology
Key words: Continental margin; Crustal structure.
2
K. E. Harland, R. S. White and H. Soosalu
Figure 1. Topographic map of the North Atlantic showing (inset) location of the seismometer cluster on the Faroese Island of Streymoy. Controlled source
wide-angle seismic profiles near the Faroes Islands with whole crustal structure control are FIRE profile from Smallwood et al. (1999), FLARE profile from
Richardson et al. (1998), FAST profile from Richardson et al. (1999) and iSIMM profile from White et al. (2008).
& McKenzie 1989; Kelemen & Holbrook 1995; Barton & White
1997; Larsen & Saunders 1998; Vogt et al. 1998; Holbrook et al.
2001; Korenaga et al. 2002; Hopper et al. 2003; Geoffroy 2005;
Klingelhofer et al. 2005; Voss & Jokat 2007; White et al. 2008).
The HVLC has often been referred to as ‘underplated’ igneous rock,
though as White et al. (2008) discuss, it is more likely to be a region
of heavily intruded continental crust.
Comparisons of receiver function estimates of crustal structure
around the British Isles with wide-angle controlled source seismic
constraints have been published by Tomlinson et al. (2006) and
Shaw Champion et al. (2006). They report similar results from the
two methods when the crustal velocity is known a priori, but also
show that it can be difficult to resolve the presence of an HVLC
unless it is more than 4 km thick. For at least some of the locations,
Tomlinson et al. (2006) suggest that the converting horizon from
which the thickness is calculated in the receiver function analysis
represents the top of the HVLC rather than the Moho. The receiver
function thickness is therefore smaller than the true crustal thickness. Later in this paper we discuss the effect of an HVLC on the
receiver functions from velocity profiles appropriate for the Faroe
Islands. Shaw Champion (2005) attempted to use data from a single
seismometer on the Faroe Islands to calculate receiver functions,
but the data were noisy and they did not find a consistent converted
arrival from the base of the crust. In our study we have used a tight
cluster of 45 broad-band seismometers on Streymoy, Faroe Islands
(Fig. 1), which after stacking produces receiver functions with good
signal-to-noise ratios and a clear converted arrival from the lower
crust.
2 RECEIVER FUNCTIONS
Receiver functions represent the seismic response beneath a seismometer to an incoming teleseismic P-wave. P-to-S conversions
are generated at any interface with a significant velocity contrast
(Fig. 2). The incident P waves have a steep angle of incidence (in
this case 16–29◦ from the vertical for the direct P-wave and 8–16◦
from the vertical for their corresponding Ps conversions), hence the
particle motion is polarized so that P waves dominate the vertical
component and S waves are preferentially recorded on the radial
°
C 2009 The Authors, GJI
C 2009 RAS
Crustal structure beneath the Faroe Islands
3
Figure 2. Schematic ray paths for different labelled phases and multiples
from a simple two-layer model with the resultant radial receiver function.
component. The source time function of the event is removed from
the recorded teleseismic waveform by deconvolution, as described
by Ammon (1991), in an attempt to isolate the conversions due
to local structure from changes to the seismic waveform caused by
structure near the source and during propagation through the Earth’s
mantle between the source and the receiver.
We calculate receiver functions in the frequency domain using
codes by Ammon (1991), which are modified from Langston (1979).
A water-level method developed by Clayton & Wiggins (1976) is
used to fill spectral troughs and thereby produce stable receiver
functions. A Gaussian low-pass filter was used during deconvolution
to remove high-frequency noise. The filter is given by
G(ω) = e(−ω
2 /4a2 )
,
functions are much smaller than the radial receiver functions, giving
us confidence in this assumption.
(1)
where a is a width factor of the filter. After preliminary trials with
different values, a was set to 2.0. This produces a 90 per cent cutoff at 1 Hz on the high frequency side, to match the energy of the
teleseismic arrivals, which is predominantly below this frequency.
The wavelength at 1 Hz is 6–7 km, so we do not expect to be able to
resolve lower crustal layers thinner than about one half-wavelength,
or 3–4 km in vertical thickness.
We assume that the velocity structure is 1-D (i.e. there are no
significant dips or lateral variability in the crustal structure over the
region extending approximately 15 km from the seismometer cluster
that is sampled by the different primary and multiple phases used in
the analysis and shown in Fig. 2.) In the absence of noise or lateral
variability there should be no energy on the tangential component
of the receiver function. As we show later, the tangential receiver
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C 2009 RAS
Figure 3. Changes in the timing and amplitudes of the main receiver function phases shown in Fig. 2 for a simple two-layer model of the crust and
mantle with parameters appropriate for the Faroes region. (a) Effect of
change in crustal thickness h are in kilometres; (b) Effect of change in the
V P /V S ratio of the crust. Multiple peaks, such as the PpPs peak, are delayed
differently for these two cases, and it is therefore possible to discriminate
between them using the multiple phases. Receiver functions forward modelled from these velocity models were generated using a Gaussian filter with
width a = 2 to match the inversions made subsequently on the observed
seismic data.
3 F O RWA R D M O D E L S O F R E C E I V E R
FUNCTIONS
The depth to a converting boundary inferred from a receiver function
depends on the P-wave velocity of the crust above that boundary
and on the V P /V S ratio of the crust. The forward models of receiver
functions shown in Fig. 3 illustrate the changes in the traveltimes
and amplitudes of the main phases derived from a two-layer model
of the crust and mantle with changes in the thickness (Fig. 3a) and
the V P /V S ratio (Fig. 3b) of the crust. As can be seen from Fig. 3 it
is impossible to discriminate between the crustal thickness and the
V P /V S ratio on the basis of the direct P and Ps arrivals alone, but
inclusion of multiple phases such as PpPs may allow their effects to
be separated. We make use of this later in analysis of the observed
data.
4
3.1 Resolution of high-velocity lower crust (HVLC)
In order to test which features of the HVLC can be resolved using
the receiver function method, we generated three types of simple
crustal velocity profiles. They represent a simplified form of the
actual crustal velocity profile under the Faroe Islands, which has
basalts outcropping at the surface and no sedimentary overburden. The type A crustal model contains a discrete layer of HVLC;
type B, a gradational region of HVLC; and type C a high-velocity
layer with a sharp top and a gradational base. These models (Fig. 4)
were then used to generate synthetic radial receiver functions. For
each case the thickness 1z of the HVLC layer was varied from 0
to -9 km in 3-km steps. All results were compared with the receiver
function generated by a control case, a simple two-layer model of
the crust and mantle (1z = 0) with the boundary at 25 km below
the surface (which is also the top of the HVLC in all models).
Figure 4. The model types A, B and C represent three possible crustal velocity models generated to investigate the resolution capabilities of the receiver
function method. Receiver functions forward modelled from these velocity models were generated using a Gaussian filter with width a = 2 to match the
inversions made subsequently on the observed seismic data. The ability to distinguish between a layer and a sharp discontinuity (1z = 0) is tested by varying
1z (0, 3, 6 and 9 km steps are depicted), and between a discrete layer and gradational region by comparing type A with type B and C receiver functions. The
dominant phase conversion horizon in all these models is the top of the HVLC rather than the Moho, so depth estimates from receiver function inversions are
likely to constrain the depth to the top of the HVLC rather than the Moho depth unless the HVLC is sufficiently thick to be recognized as a separate layer.
Values of 1z in figure are in kilometres.
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C 2009 RAS
The discrete HVLC (type A) is representative of a layer often
depicted on crustal profiles, commonly termed ‘underplate’. The
gradational HVLC (type B) may be formed if the lower crust is
intruded by sills with the density and/or thickness of sills decreasing upwards away from the Moho. If only the lowermost crust is
heavily intruded by high-velocity igneous sills, one might expect a
greater contrast between the upper crust and the top of this intruded
HVLC than between the HVLC and the underlying mantle below
(as represented by type C crust).
Experiments using type A crustal models demonstrate that a
high-velocity lower crustal layer less than 6 km thick would be
indistinguishable from the control two-layer case on the basis of
the Ps peak alone, particularly in the presence of noise. Once the
thickness 1z of the HVLC is increased above 6 km, two different
Ps peaks from the bottom and top of a high-velocity layer can be
resolved (Fig. 4a). These peaks have a delay time separation that is
proportional to the thickness of the layer and amplitudes that depend
on the magnitude of the velocity contrast across each boundary. The
HVLC layer can be distinguished from the control case at a much
smaller 1z using the PpPs peak. This has already split into two
peaks on the multiple PpPs arrivals by 1z = 3 km.
Receiver functions resulting from a gradational region at the base
of the crust are also hard to distinguish from the control two-layer
case or from a discrete high-velocity layer using the Ps peak alone
where 1z ≤ 6 km (Fig. 4b). The Ps peak does not split into two for
greater 1z thicknesses, but in this case continues to broaden and
to reduce in amplitude. The Ps peak does exhibit a slight increase
in delay time as 1z increases (by 1z = 9 km the delay time has
increased by ca. 0.6 s). Changing the boundaries in the model from
sharp to gradational results in a more obvious broadening of the
PpPs multiple peak and a decrease in its amplitude. This effect
increases with increasing 1z. As the region thickens the PpPs peak
is therefore more easily hidden by noise.
The receiver functions generated from the type C profiles show a
combination of effects (Fig. 4c). The Ps peak remains similar to the
control case in delay time (i.e. this peak is due to conversion from
the top of the layer), but it decreases in amplitude and broadens
slightly as the thickness 1z of the gradational HVLC increases.
The PpPs multiple develops a distinct shape, a peak (resulting from
a reflection and then conversion from the top of the layer), with
a shoulder (as a result of the gradational region). The shoulder is
again of lower amplitude and would be easily obscured by noise in
real data.
This analysis shows the importance of the PpPs multiple in constraining the crustal structure, but also the difficulty of discriminating between different models of the HVLC for thicknesses less than
ca. 6 km. The receiver functions are governed by the depth of the
main layer at which phase conversion occurs, which in the models
we have used is dominantly at the top of the HVLC rather than at
its base. The inferred crustal thickness from the receiver function
method in the presence of an HVLC is likely therefore to be the
top of the HVLC rather than the Moho, unless the HVLC is thicker
than 3–6 km and can be recognized as a separate layer at the base
of the crust.
4 A N A LY S I S
4.1 Sources of data
Forty-five Guralp 6TD seismometers (bandwidth 0.03–50 Hz) were
deployed during July–December 2003 in a tight cluster mainly
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C 2009 RAS
5
Figure 5. The 10 teleseismic events used in this receiver function study,
plotted on a map centred on the Faroes. Numbers match details of earthquakes listed in Table 1.
within a 400 m by 400 m array on the Glyvursnes peninsula, Streymoy, Faroe Islands (see Fig. 1). Ten teleseismic events selected for
receiver function analysis all had magnitudes ≥6.1, with angular
distances between 30◦ –90◦ (see Fig. 5 for locations and Table 1 for
details). They are clustered in back azimuth with four events near
Japan, two in Siberia, three near the Aleutians and one lone event
on the Carlsberg Ridge. The small spatial extent of the seismometer
cluster meant that it could not be used for array processing, but the
seismic data were stacked to improve the signal-to-noise ratio.
4.2 Receiver functions
Receiver functions were generated for each event, with all stations
in the cluster stacked. The resultant radial receiver functions show
a consistent Ps peak, which is 3.5 ± 0.1 s after the direct P arrival (Fig. 6). In an ideal case, with flat isotropic horizontal layers,
no energy from conversions should be recorded on the tangential
component. Dipping layers, anisotropy and scattered energy can,
however, all introduce energy. The tangential receiver functions
from individual events show a significant amount of energy, but the
uneven distribution of events in back azimuth means that we cannot
constrain whether this is due to anisotropy or dipping layers, or is
simply noise from local heterogeneity.
Receiver functions for individual events were stacked in clusters
of similar back azimuth, resulting in an improvement in the signalto-noise ratio of the radial receiver functions (Fig. 6b). A clear Ps
peak occurs at 3.5 ± 0.1 s, with a broader peak at 10.5 ± 0.4 s
interpreted as the PpPs multiple, which becomes more apparent
after stacking. It is not possible to identify peaks later than this due
to the background noise. The amplitudes of the corresponding tangential receiver functions are greatly reduced by stacking compared
to those for individual events, suggesting that the majority of the
energy in the latter is a result of scattering or background noise
rather than 3-D structure. For this reason a 1-D approximation is
henceforth assumed. The stack of receiver functions from all events
achieved the best signal-to-noise ratio on the radial component with
least energy on the tangential component (Fig. 6c).
6
Table 1. Events used for the receiver function study (data from United States Geological Survey/National Earthquake
Information Center).
Event
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Origin time
Location
MW
Depth
(km)
Ray Parameter
Date
Backazimuth
(◦ )
16/06/2003
29/09/2003
25/09/2003
27/07/2003
25/07/2003
01/10/2003
27/09/2003
15/07/2003
17/11/2003
23/06/2003
22:08:02
02:36:53
19:50:08
06:25:32
22:13:30
01:03:25
11:33:25
20:27:50
06:43:06
12:12:34
Kamchatka, Aleutians
Hokkaido, Japan
Hokkaido, Japan
near SE coast of Russia
E. coast Honshu, Japan
SW Siberia
SW Siberia
Carlsberg Ridge
Andreanof Is., Aleutians
Rat Islands, Aleutians
6.9
6.5
8.0
6.8
6.1
6.7
7.5
7.6
7.8
6.9
175
25
33
470
6
10
17.6
10
33
20
0.0601
0.0534
0.0532
0.0554
0.0512
0.0691
0.0690
0.0449
0.0574
0.0576
8
22
22
24
25
58
58
104
356
358
5 C RU S TA L S T RU C T U R E F R O M
O B S E RV E D R E C E I V E R F U N C T I O N S
We used three different methods to constrain the crustal structure
from the stacked receiver functions. First, we made an inversion
using Ammon’s (1991) method. Second, we made a grid search
using a h − V p /V s stacking method developed by Zhu & Kanamori
(2000). Third, we forward modelled the main phases by hand to fit
the amplitudes and relative arrival times of the main phases. The
difference between these methods is primarily in the way that noise
affects the results: the inversion weights all the parts of the waveform
equally irrespective of their source, whereas forward modelling by
hand enables us to concentrate explicitly just on those phases that
we can identify, while ignoring other parts of the waveform that may
be noise. In the following section we discuss the overall constraints
on crustal structure that can be inferred from the results of applying
these three different methods to the same data.
5.1 Inverse modelling
The programs used for inversion modelling are described by
Ammon (1991). Ammon’s inversions use a Poisson’s ratio of 0.25
throughout. Modified versions of the programs were therefore created to allow the V P /V S ratio to be input into the velocity model
layer -by-layer and hence to allow variation with depth for greater
geological realism. Controlled source wide-angle seismic profiles
were used to generate an approximate starting velocity model, then
this was perturbed randomly multiple times and the inversion was
completed for each perturbed input model. In Fig. 7 we show the
mean velocity-depth profile from these multiple inversions for each
of the regionalized input receiver functions (coloured lines in Fig. 7),
as well as for the stack of all events (thicker black line in Fig. 7).
P-wave velocities of ca. 7.6 km s−1 , which are typical of mantle
rocks are reached at a depth of about 32 km beneath the surface. This
also corresponds to a change to a smaller velocity gradient at the
same depth (broken horizontal black line in Fig. 7), which therefore
makes it a good candidate for the Moho. The precise details of
the variations in velocity structure below 32 km are beyond the
resolution of the inversion, and the smoothing necessary for the
inversion forces boundaries to be gradational in the modelling, so
we conclude that the best estimate for the crustal thickness from
this method is about 32 km.
The overall structure of the 32-km thick crust is marked by a highvelocity gradient in the upper 10 km, beneath which there is either
a decrease in velocity gradient (as shown by inversion of arrivals
from the Carlsberg Ridge), or an actual decrease in velocity causing
a low-velocity zone (remaining inversions). The velocity gradient
increases again in the lowermost quarter of the crust beneath 25 km
depth (all inversions show this).
The velocities of 4.5–6.5 km s−1 and the high-velocity gradient
in the upper 10 km of the crust are consistent with the thick-layered
basalt sequence seen everywhere on the Faroe Islands, which is
known from outcrop and drilling to be at least 7 km thick. The lowvelocity zone beneath this could be real, and would then represent
continental crust. It may also be an artifact of the limited bandwidth
of the seismometers that may cause artificial negative peaks in the
receiver functions which then translate into low-velocity zones in
the inversion. Even if the actual velocities do not decrease, but
rather exhibit a greatly reduced velocity gradient in the mid-crust,
we would still interpret this as due to the presence of continental
crust beneath the Faroes, overlain by extrusive basalts. The structure
of the Fugloy Ridge derived from wide-angle controlled source
seismic profiles (red dotted line in Fig. 7), which lies along strike
from the Faroes shows a similar velocity profile that is interpreted
by White et al. (2008) as representing continental crust overlain by
basalts. Note that the Fugloy Ridge is submarine, and has lost some
of the near-surface basaltic section by erosion, so it is not surprising
that it now has a thinner overall crustal thickness of 27 km than the
subaerial Faroe Islands.
The increase in velocity gradient in the lower 10 km of the crust is
exactly what we would expect to be produced by igneous intrusions
in the lower crust.
5.2 h − V P /V S stacking
This method, after Zhu & Kanamori (2000), stacks receiver functions in the crustal thickness h − V P /V S ratio domain. Arrival
times of the Ps, PpPs and PpSs + PsPs phases are calculated for
each receiver function, using the appropriate ray parameter for that
event, and across a range of values of h and V P /V S ratios. The stack
is produced by summing the amplitudes of each receiver function
at each of these traveltimes. The advantage of this method is that
we only stack signals at the time when we expect arrivals. However,
the disadvantage is that in the presence of noise, the signal at the
expected traveltimes of the PpPs and PpSs + PsPs phases may be
dominated by noise because the arrivals from the teleseismic event
are only small in any case; we would then be stacking noise, not
signal. The variation of ray parameter from the different events is
0.045–0.069 (Table 1). We experimented with a realistic range of
different values of the average crustal P-wave velocity and found
that the stacks are rather insensitive to the precise value adopted,
since they depend mainly on the traveltime difference between the
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7
Figure 6. (a) Radial (left) and tangential (right) receiver functions for each event (see Table 1 for details). (b) Receiver functions, grouped and stacked by back
azimuth as annotated. The Ps peak stands out more clearly, noise is reduced and the amplitudes of the tangential receiver functions are reduced significantly by
the stack. (c) Stack of all events, which markedly reduces energy on the tangential receiver function. Positive amplitudes are shaded. See Fig. 2 for definitions
of P, Ps and PpPs phases.
phases. In the final stack result shown in Fig. 8 we use an average
crustal velocity of 6.5 km s−1 .
The maximum value of the stack using our data is for a crustal
thickness of 26 km, with a V P /V S ratio of 1.88 (Fig. 8), but there
is a trade-off in the highest values of h − V P /V S shown by the
diagonal band across Fig. 8. An average crustal V P /V S ratio of
1.88 is unrealistic for the rock types likely to be present beneath the
Faroe Islands. Basalt has the highest V P /V S ratio of the lithologies
present, measured as typically 1.84 from boreholes in the Faroes
and from wide-angle seismic measurements (Christie et al. 2006;
Eccles et al. 2007, 2008; Bais et al. 2008), while the other extreme is
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the continental basement rock of Lewisian Gneiss, which may have
a V P /V S ratio as low as 1.73 (Christensen 1996). A likely overall
crustal average beneath the Faroes is 1.78 (Christensen 1996; Eccles
et al. 2008). The red line in Fig. 8 shows the range of inferred
crustal thickness of 27–31 km using the two extremes V P /V S
ratios of basalt and Lewisian Gneiss, with the thickness from the
most likely value of V P /V S being about 29 km (red dot in Fig. 8).
As Tomlinson et al. (2006) have shown from synthetic studies of
h − V P /V S stacking, any departure from the assumed 1-D crustal
velocity structure (for example, a dipping Moho), would affect the
delay times and amplitudes of the peaks and lead to an underestimate
8
Figure 7. Mean velocity models generated from multiple inversions with randomized starting velocity models from event stacked receiver functions (solid
coloured lines as annotated in figure). Thicker black line shows mean velocity model from a receiver function stack of all the events. Red dotted line is velocity
structure from the submarine Fugloy Ridge which lies along strike from the Faroe Islands (from White et al. 2008). Dotted line at 32 km depth marks best
estimate of the crustal thickness based on the change in velocity gradient at this depth, and the increase in P-wave velocity above 7.6 km s−1 .
Figure 8. Contour plot of the thickness versus V P /V S ratio from all receiver functions, calculated by summing the amplitudes of Ps, PpPs and
PpSs+PsPs phases. The band of highest amplitudes shows the trade-off
between thickness and V P /V S ratio. Realistic estimates of V P /V S ratio
ranging from 1.73 (Lewisian Gneiss) to 1.84 (basalt) are marked by the red
line, with a most likely whole-crustal value of 1.78 constraining the depth
to the main converting interface as 29 ± 2 km.
of the crustal thickness in this stacking technique. The best crustal
thickness of 29 ± 2 km may therefore be a slight underestimate of
the true thickness, or may represent conversion of the top of the
HVLZ as we showed in the forward modelling (Fig. 4).
of fit of the synthetic seismograms was judged by its agreement with
the relative timing, amplitude and width of each observed peak. The
latter was particularly useful for multiple phases, for example the
width of PpPs arrivals are diagnostic of gradational velocities in
the lower crust (Fig. 4). V P /V S ratios appropriate for the crust
under the Faroe Islands were assumed as described in the previous
section.
A preliminary study was carried out using a two-layer model of
the crust and mantle. For subsequent studies the minimum number
of layers was used that created an adequate fit to the different peaks.
Adding a low velocity top layer to the model generated the trough,
which commonly follows the direct P peak. This layer represents
the basalt flows that outcrop on the island. The P-wave velocity
of this layer was chosen on the basis of borehole data (Petersen
et al. 2006; Bais et al. 2008) and is therefore well constrained.
However, the negative lobes around the main arrivals may also
be artifacts of the receiver function generation caused by limited
bandwidth of the seismometers (0.03–50 Hz). The width of the
peaks was poorly modelled by a sharp crust–mantle discontinuity.
A gradational velocity increase at the same depth resulted in a
definite broadening of the multiple peak, improving the match to
the data (as expected from Fig. 4).
The best-fit velocity model produced by forward modelling the
stack of all receiver functions is shown in Fig. 9. Similar velocity
models were produced for individual receiver functions and suggest
that the base of the crust is marked by a gradational region of the
order of 4–6 km thick with the Moho at a depth of about 30 km.
6 DISCUSSION
5.3 Forward modelling
Forward modelling using the reflectivity method (Kennett 1983),
was carried out by hand. We aimed to fit the amplitudes and relative
timing of the three main peaks produced by the direct P, Ps and
PpPs phases and where possible to also fit a negative peak that may
represent the PpSs+PsPs conversion. The noise level of the signal
prevented identifying and fitting any further multiples. The quality
We consistently find evidence from the three methods described
above for a crustal thickness of 29–32 km beneath the Faroe Islands. The mid-crustal velocities are consistent with the presence
of continental crust similar to that inferred beneath the along-strike
continental fragments of Fugloy Ridge (White et al. 2008), Hatton Bank (Fowler et al. 1989; Morgan et al. 1989) and Edoras
Bank (Barton & White 1997). This continental crust lies beneath an
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9
Figure 9. The best forward-model fit to the receiver function generated from a stack of all events. The shallowest layer in the velocity model represents a
basalt layer and has considerable impact on the first few seconds of the receiver function. There is a good match to the delay time, the width and the amplitude
of the Ps peak. The broad PpPs multiple is matched by the choice of a gradational HVLC region at the base of the crust.
upper layer about 10 km thick with velocities of 4.5–6.5 km s−1 and
a high-velocity gradient which is interpreted as extrusive basalts.
There is evidence for an HVLC at the base of the crust. Furthermore, it appears to be gradational over a thickness of about
6–10 km. If a discrete layer of high-velocity lower crust with a
strong impedance contrast (an ‘underplated’ region) were present,
it would have to be less than 6 km thick to fit the observed Ps peak
in the receiver functions. The PpPs peak observed is poorly modelled by such a layer, and we conclude from our modelling that a
gradational HVLC is more likely. We interpret this as caused by the
intrusion of igneous sills into the lower crust, with the density of
sills increasing downwards towards the Moho.
The crustal thickness we infer of 29–32 km is within the uncertainty estimates of thicknesses from wide-angle Moho reflections
to the east and west of the Faroe Islands, although it is at the lower
end of those estimates. Our Faroe Island estimates are also similar to crustal thicknesses of 27 km and 35 km calculated from
receiver functions from the conjugate east Greenland coastal area at
Ittoqqortoormiit in Scoresbysund and Sodalen, respectively (DahlJensen et al. 2003; Kumar et al. 2007). The receiver function method
relies on mode conversion to define boundaries, and therefore it is
possible that the crustal thickness we estimate is actually the depth
to a region within the HVLC where there are significant velocity
contrasts rather than to the top of the mantle. This would be consistent with the apparent thinnest crust derived from receiver functions
on the conjugate east Greenland coastal region being for stations lying directly above the track of the Iceland plume, where the thickest
HVLC and concomitantly thicker crust overall would be expected.
In the Ethiopian Rift, which is an analogous region of early continental breakup above a mantle plume, Stuart et al. (2006) report that
receiver function results underestimate the crustal thickness due to
phase conversions from a layer of HVLC. Our inversions shown
in Fig. 7 suggest that there could be several kilometres of highly
intruded rock beneath 32 km depth with velocities in excess of
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7.6 km s−1 , although when there is such a large amount of igneous
intrusion it becomes a moot point whether to interpret this as heavily intruded continental crust or as upper mantle. In any case, we
expect there to be at least as much intruded igneous rock as extruded basalts on this volcanic continental margin, consistent with
our results.
AC K N OW L E D G M E N T S
We thank Sjúrdur Patursson, on whose land we deployed the array,
Mike Worthington, Morten Sparre-Andersen, Nick Mohammed and
the students from the Universities of Cambridge and the Faroe
Islands who helped with fieldwork, and Trine Dahl-Jensen for her
reviews. The SeiFaBa project was funded by the Sindri Group.
Department of Earth Sciences, Cambridge contribution no. ES9305.
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RISK ANALYSIS OF THE PILLAR STRENGTH IN THE ESTONIA
MINE
IN LATVIAN
IN LATVIAN
Jyri-Rivaldo Pastarus, Sergei Sabanov & Jekaterina Shestakova
Department of Mining, Tallinn University of Technology
5 Ehitajate tee Str., Tallinn, 19086, Estonia
[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Oleg Nikitin
Eesti Põlevkivi Ltd., Department of Development
10 Jaama Str., Jõhvi, 41533, Estonia
[email protected]
Abstract. This paper deals with the risk analysis and assessment of the pillars strength problems in the Estonia
oil shale mine. Aim of this investigation was to determine the strength parameters and predict the bearing
capacity of the pillars in Estonia mine, mining block No. 3107
Methods were based on theoretical investigation and experimental data of in-situ conditions. It is given the
geological description of the mining block and determined the strength parameters, moisture content and
volume densityt of the oil shale and limestone layers.
Analysis showed that the used risk analysis method is applicable for Estonian oil shale mines. The results of
the risk analysis are of particular interest for practical purposes.
Keywords: mining block, pillars, event tree, probability, risk analysis.
Introduction
In Estonia the main mineral resource is a highly calorific oil shale. The deposit is located in a
densely populated and rich farming district. The commercially bed typically excavates by
underground and surface mining methods. Underground development of oil shale production
is obtained by room-and-pillar method with blasting. This method is cheap, highly productive
and easily mechanize, but the processes in overburden rocks and pillars have caused
unfavorable environmental side effects accompanied by significant subsidence of the ground
surface. This is causes a large number of technical, economical, ecological and juridical
problems.
The pillars strength is important parameter of mining block stability. For determination pillars
strength the experiments in Estonian oil shale mine was made. The strength parameters of in
situ conditions were done by Point Load test method. The aim of this investigation is to
determine the strength parameters and predict the bearing capacity of the pillars in Estonia
mine and to estimate probability of receiving adequate results by the risk analysis method.
Analysis of the experimental data showed that it is necessary to modifier the calculation
scheme of the pillar parameters.
Geological description and mining system
The commercially important oil shale bed is situated in the north-eastern part of Estonia. It
stretches from west to east for 200km, and from north to south for 30km. The oil shale bed
lays in the form of a flat bed having a small inclination in southern direction. It depth varies
from 5 to 150m.
The characteristics of the certain oil shale and limestone layers are quite different. The oil
shale seams occur among the limestone seams in the Kukruse Regional Stage of the Middle
Ordovician. The commercial oil shale bed and immediate roof consists of six oil shale layers
(A-F) and limestone (B/A, C/B, D/C, E/D). The main roof consists of carbonate rocks of
various thicknesses. The characteristics of various oil shale and limestone seams are quite
different. The strength of the rocks increases in the southward direction. The compressive
strength of oil shale is 20-40 MPa and that of limestone is 40-80 MPa. The volume density is
1.5-1.8 Mg/m3 and 2.2-2.6 Mg/m3, respectively. The calorific value of dry oil shale is about
7.5-18.8 MJ/kg depending on the seam and the location in the deposit
For underground mining the room-and-pillar mining system gives the extraction factor about
80%, and embedded at the depth of 40-70 m. The field of an oil shale mine is divided into
panels, which are subdivided into mining blocks, approximately 300-350 m in width and 600800 m in length each. A mining block usually consists of two semi-blocks. The height of the
room is 2.8 m or 3.8 m. The room is very stable when it is 6-10 m wide. However, in this case
the bolting must still support the immediate roof. The pillars in a mining block are arranged in
a singular grid. Actual mining practice has shown that pillars with a square cross-section (3040 m2) are best. A work cycle lasts for over a week [1].
Methods of the investigations
The experiment was made in southern part of Estonia mine, in mining block No. 3107, where
the geological conditions are not favorable. Investigation area is located near haulage and
collection drifts. Depth of excavation was 59 m from surface and room height is 3.8 m.
The aim of the tests was to determine the strength parameters of the different oil shale and
limestone layers by Point Load test. It is known that the strength parameters of rock depend
on moisture content and volume density. Consequently, it is determined these parameters for
different layers of in situ conditions.
The Point Load (digital rock strength index apparatus 45-D0550/E), also named Franklin
press, is used to obtain quick information concerning rock strength [2]. Point load
measurement represents one of the most widely used classification tests for rocks, both in the
field and in the laboratory. The test consists to compress up to failure a core or irregular block
of rock sample by the application of a point load by a couple of steel conical points of
standard size. The point load strength index is calculated using size and shape correction
factor. To calculating the average point load strength index, at least 10 point load tests are
required. Using the point load strength index it is calculated compressive strength of the
rocks. It was determined compressive strength for different layers of oil shale and limestone.
To calculate the strength of an inhomogeneous pillar there is used the formula (pillar
containing weak layers) based on experience results [3]:
R1
R
1
R1
R2
h
1 2
h
,
(1)
where R - compressive strength of inhomogeneous pillar, MPa; R1 and R2 - strengths of the
strongest and weakest pillar layers, respectively, MPa; h2 - thickness of the weakest pillar
layer, m; h - pillar height, m.
Moisture content and volume density of samples were determined in laboratory of rock
mechanics [3]. For this purpose were extracted the samples from pillar and delivered to
laboratory with special action of protection to save originality of samples. For the data
processing were used specialized Excel files made at Department of Mining, Tallinn
Results of investigation
Results of investigations are presented in Table and Figures 1, 2 and 3.
Oil shale bed layer parameters
Point Load test Moisture
Compressive
content,
Compressive
strength, MPa [4]*
%
strength, MPa
18
19.6
6.6
18
6.7
8.1
67
19.6
29
4.4
82
63.3
4.2
26
9.5
12.7
75
48.8
5.0
40
9.0
8.5
65
27.6
4.9
32
12.0
Index
F
E
D/E
D
C/D
C
B/C
B
A/B
A
Table
Volumetric
weight, Mg/m3
1.87
1.74
1.92
2.66
1.44
2.03
1.39
2.48
1.85
Index
* Compressive strength received by data of earliest experiments in Estonia mine.
19.6
F
E
D/E
D
C/D
C
B/C
B
A/B
6.7
19.6
4.4
63.3
9.5
48.8
9.0
27.6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Compressive strength, MPa
Fig. 1 Compressive strength by Point Load test
Figure 1 showed that limestone has higher compressive strength values (19.6 – 63.3 MPa)
than oil shale one (4.4 – 19.6 MPa). Compressive strength of oil shale and limestone layers,
received by point load test differs from compressive strength received by data of earliest
experiments in Estonia mine [4]. It is caused by difference of excavation depth and geological
conditions.
F
6.6
E
8.1
Index
C/D
4.2
C
12.7
B/C
5.0
B
8.5
A/B
4.9
A
12.0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Moisture, %
Index
Fig. 2 Moisture content of oil shale bed layers
1.87
F
E
D
C/D
C
B/C
B
A/B
A
1.74
1.92
2.66
1.44
2.03
1.39
2.48
1.85
0
1
2
Volumetric weight, Mg/m
3
3
Fig. 3 Volume density of oil shale bed layers
Investigation showed that moisture content and volume density of layers is different. Moisture
content (Figure 2) of oil shale layers varies from 8.1 to 12.7 % and limestone one from 4.2 to
5.0 %. The volume density (Figure 3) is 1.39 - 1.87 Mg/m3 and 2.03 - 2.66 Mg/m3,
respectively. Earlier experiments [4] confirm getting results.
Strength parameters of layers and consequently bearing capacity of the pillars depend on
geological features in this location, which demand supplementary investigations.
Risk analysis
By result of calculation using formula (1) the compressive strength of inhomogeneous pillar
make 11.6 MPa. This value quit differ from compressive strength using in instructions for
calculation the average values of start durability of oil-shale layer in Estonian deposit, which
make 16 MPa [5]. For inspection of test result accuracy the risk analysis method with event
tree calculation is used.
Correct form of sample
P=0.87
P=0.92
Sufficient quantity of tests
P=0.95
P=0.08
P=0.08
P=1
P=0.73
Insufficient quantity of tests
P=0.05
Incorrect form of sample
P=0.04
P=0.01
P=0.27
Fig. 4 Event tree
Presented event tree shows probability of receiving adequate results under sufficient quantity
of tests and correct form of samples, which is 87 % (P = 0.87). In case under insufficient
quantity of tests with correct form of samples the probability makes 4 % (P = 0.04). This
result is based on Point Load test, where calculated compressive strength is different from
typical parameters based on instruction for calculation of pillars dimensions. Using the event
tree, it is possible define probability of receiving adequate results under different quantity of
test and various form of the samples and easy to estimate, how every next branch influences
on the final result, which could be successfully used in a practice.
Conclusions
For determination pillars strength the experiments in Estonian oil shale mine was made. The
strength parameters of in situ conditions were done by Point Load test method. The strength
parameters for the bearing capacity of the pillars in the Estonia mine were determined. By
analysis of experimental data the modification of the calculation scheme of pillar parameters
is suggested. Risk analysis method used to estimate probability of receiving adequate results
under different quantity of test and various forms of the samples.
Acknowledgment
Estonian Science Foundation (Grant No.6558, 2006-2009) supported the research.
Bibliography
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Pastarus, J-R., Sabanov, S. 2005. A method for monitoring mining block stability in Estonian oil shale
mines. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Engineering, 11(1), 59 - 68.
45-D0550/D Digital rock strength index apparatus 2007 (Point Load), Instruction manual.
Brady, B. H. G., Brown, E. T., Rock mechanics for underground mining, Second edition, Kluwer Academic
Publishers 2002, 571
Nikitin, O., Optimization of the Room-and-pillar Mining Technology for Oil-shale Mines, Tallinn 2003, 73
Mining-law and legal regulation acts. Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Economy. Part II. Tallinn, 1998
(in Estonian)
RISK ANALYSIS OF THE PILLAR STRENGTH IN THE ESTONIA
MINE
IN LATVIAN
IN LATVIAN
Jyri-Rivaldo Pastarus, Sergei Sabanov & Jekaterina Shestakova
5 Ehitajate tee Str., Tallinn, 19086, Estonia
[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Oleg Nikitin
Eesti Põlevkivi Ltd., Department of Development
10 Jaama Str., Jõhvi, 41533, Estonia
[email protected]
Abstract. This paper deals with the risk analysis and assessment of the pillars strength problems in the Estonia
oil shale mine. Aim of this investigation was to determine the strength parameters and predict the bearing
capacity of the pillars in Estonia mine, mining block No. 3107
Methods were based on theoretical investigation and experimental data of in-situ conditions. It is given the
geological description of the mining block and determined the strength parameters, moisture content and
volume densityt of the oil shale and limestone layers.
Analysis showed that the used risk analysis method is applicable for Estonian oil shale mines. The results of
the risk analysis are of particular interest for practical purposes.
Keywords: mining block, pillars, event tree, probability, risk analysis.
Introduction
In Estonia the main mineral resource is a highly calorific oil shale. The deposit is located in a
densely populated and rich farming district. The commercially bed typically excavates by
underground and surface mining methods. Underground development of oil shale production
is obtained by room-and-pillar method with blasting. This method is cheap, highly productive
and easily mechanize, but the processes in overburden rocks and pillars have caused
unfavorable environmental side effects accompanied by significant subsidence of the ground
surface. This is causes a large number of technical, economical, ecological and juridical
problems.
The pillars strength is important parameter of mining block stability. For determination pillars
strength the experiments in Estonian oil shale mine was made. The strength parameters of in
situ conditions were done by Point Load test method. The aim of this investigation is to
determine the strength parameters and predict the bearing capacity of the pillars in Estonia
mine and to estimate probability of receiving adequate results by the risk analysis method.
Analysis of the experimental data showed that it is necessary to modifier the calculation
scheme of the pillar parameters.
Geological description and mining system
The commercially important oil shale bed is situated in the north-eastern part of Estonia. It
stretches from west to east for 200km, and from north to south for 30km. The oil shale bed
lays in the form of a flat bed having a small inclination in southern direction. It depth varies
from 5 to 150m.
The characteristics of the certain oil shale and limestone layers are quite different. The oil
shale seams occur among the limestone seams in the Kukruse Regional Stage of the Middle
Ordovician. The commercial oil shale bed and immediate roof consists of six oil shale layers
(A-F) and limestone (B/A, C/B, D/C, E/D). The main roof consists of carbonate rocks of
various thicknesses. The characteristics of various oil shale and limestone seams are quite
different. The strength of the rocks increases in the southward direction. The compressive
strength of oil shale is 20-40 MPa and that of limestone is 40-80 MPa. The volume density is
1.5-1.8 Mg/m3 and 2.2-2.6 Mg/m3, respectively. The calorific value of dry oil shale is about
7.5-18.8 MJ/kg depending on the seam and the location in the deposit
For underground mining the room-and-pillar mining system gives the extraction factor about
80%, and embedded at the depth of 40-70 m. The field of an oil shale mine is divided into
panels, which are subdivided into mining blocks, approximately 300-350 m in width and 600800 m in length each. A mining block usually consists of two semi-blocks. The height of the
room is 2.8 m or 3.8 m. The room is very stable when it is 6-10 m wide. However, in this case
the bolting must still support the immediate roof. The pillars in a mining block are arranged in
a singular grid. Actual mining practice has shown that pillars with a square cross-section (3040 m2) are best. A work cycle lasts for over a week [1].
Methods of the investigations
The experiment was made in southern part of Estonia mine, in mining block No. 3107, where
the geological conditions are not favorable. Investigation area is located near haulage and
collection drifts. Depth of excavation was 59 m from surface and room height is 3.8 m.
The aim of the tests was to determine the strength parameters of the different oil shale and
limestone layers by Point Load test. It is known that the strength parameters of rock depend
on moisture content and volume density. Consequently, it is determined these parameters for
different layers of in situ conditions.
The Point Load (digital rock strength index apparatus 45-D0550/E), also named Franklin
press, is used to obtain quick information concerning rock strength [2]. Point load
measurement represents one of the most widely used classification tests for rocks, both in the
field and in the laboratory. The test consists to compress up to failure a core or irregular block
of rock sample by the application of a point load by a couple of steel conical points of
standard size. The point load strength index is calculated using size and shape correction
factor. To calculating the average point load strength index, at least 10 point load tests are
required. Using the point load strength index it is calculated compressive strength of the
rocks. It was determined compressive strength for different layers of oil shale and limestone.
To calculate the strength of an inhomogeneous pillar there is used the formula (pillar
containing weak layers) based on experience results [3]:
R1
R
1
R1
R2
h
1 2
h
,
(1)
where R - compressive strength of inhomogeneous pillar, MPa; R1 and R2 - strengths of the
strongest and weakest pillar layers, respectively, MPa; h2 - thickness of the weakest pillar
layer, m; h - pillar height, m.
Moisture content and volume density of samples were determined in laboratory of rock
mechanics [3]. For this purpose were extracted the samples from pillar and delivered to
laboratory with special action of protection to save originality of samples. For the data
processing were used specialized Excel files made at Department of Mining, Tallinn
Results of investigation
Results of investigations are presented in Table and Figures 1, 2 and 3.
Oil shale bed layer parameters
Point Load test Moisture
Compressive
content,
Compressive
strength, MPa [4]*
%
strength, MPa
18
19.6
6.6
18
6.7
8.1
67
19.6
29
4.4
82
63.3
4.2
26
9.5
12.7
75
48.8
5.0
40
9.0
8.5
65
27.6
4.9
32
12.0
Index
F
E
D/E
D
C/D
C
B/C
B
A/B
A
Table
Volumetric
weight, Mg/m3
1.87
1.74
1.92
2.66
1.44
2.03
1.39
2.48
1.85
Index
* Compressive strength received by data of earliest experiments in Estonia mine.
19.6
F
E
D/E
D
C/D
C
B/C
B
A/B
6.7
19.6
4.4
63.3
9.5
48.8
9.0
27.6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Compressive strength, MPa
Fig. 1 Compressive strength by Point Load test
Figure 1 showed that limestone has higher compressive strength values (19.6 – 63.3 MPa)
than oil shale one (4.4 – 19.6 MPa). Compressive strength of oil shale and limestone layers,
received by point load test differs from compressive strength received by data of earliest
experiments in Estonia mine [4]. It is caused by difference of excavation depth and geological
conditions.
F
6.6
E
8.1
Index
C/D
4.2
C
12.7
B/C
5.0
B
8.5
A/B
4.9
A
12.0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Moisture, %
Index
Fig. 2 Moisture content of oil shale bed layers
1.87
F
E
D
C/D
C
B/C
B
A/B
A
1.74
1.92
2.66
1.44
2.03
1.39
2.48
1.85
0
1
2
Volumetric weight, Mg/m
3
3
Fig. 3 Volume density of oil shale bed layers
Investigation showed that moisture content and volume density of layers is different. Moisture
content (Figure 2) of oil shale layers varies from 8.1 to 12.7 % and limestone one from 4.2 to
5.0 %. The volume density (Figure 3) is 1.39 - 1.87 Mg/m3 and 2.03 - 2.66 Mg/m3,
respectively. Earlier experiments [4] confirm getting results.
Strength parameters of layers and consequently bearing capacity of the pillars depend on
geological features in this location, which demand supplementary investigations.
Risk analysis
By result of calculation using formula (1) the compressive strength of inhomogeneous pillar
make 11.6 MPa. This value quit differ from compressive strength using in instructions for
calculation the average values of start durability of oil-shale layer in Estonian deposit, which
make 16 MPa [5]. For inspection of test result accuracy the risk analysis method with event
tree calculation is used.
P=0.87
P=0.92
Sufficient quantity of tests
P=0.95
P=0.08
P=0.08
P=1
P=0.73
Insufficient quantity of tests
P=0.05
Incorrect form of sample
P=0.04
P=0.01
P=0.27
Fig. 4 Event tree
Presented event tree shows probability of receiving adequate results under sufficient quantity
of tests and correct form of samples, which is 87 % (P = 0.87). In case under insufficient
quantity of tests with correct form of samples the probability makes 4 % (P = 0.04). This
result is based on Point Load test, where calculated compressive strength is different from
typical parameters based on instruction for calculation of pillars dimensions. Using the event
tree, it is possible define probability of receiving adequate results under different quantity of
test and various form of the samples and easy to estimate, how every next branch influences
on the final result, which could be successfully used in a practice.
Conclusions
For determination pillars strength the experiments in Estonian oil shale mine was made. The
strength parameters of in situ conditions were done by Point Load test method. The strength
parameters for the bearing capacity of the pillars in the Estonia mine were determined. By
analysis of experimental data the modification of the calculation scheme of pillar parameters
is suggested. Risk analysis method used to estimate probability of receiving adequate results
under different quantity of test and various forms of the samples.
Acknowledgment
Estonian Science Foundation (Grant No.6558, 2006-2009) supported the research.
Bibliography
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Pastarus, J-R., Sabanov, S. 2005. A method for monitoring mining block stability in Estonian oil shale
mines. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Engineering, 11(1), 59 - 68.
45-D0550/D Digital rock strength index apparatus 2007 (Point Load), Instruction manual.
Brady, B. H. G., Brown, E. T., Rock mechanics for underground mining, Second edition, Kluwer Academic
Publishers 2002, 571
Nikitin, O., Optimization of the Room-and-pillar Mining Technology for Oil-shale Mines, Tallinn 2003, 73
Mining-law and legal regulation acts. Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Economy. Part II. Tallinn, 1998
(in Estonian)
OIL SHALE PRODUCTION QUALITY CONTROL IN
ESTONIAN MINES
S. SABANOV, E. REINSALU1 , I. VALGMA, V. KARU?
5 Ehitajate Str., 19086 Tallinn Estonia
The basic parameter of oil shale quality is heating value and grain-size structure.
Heating value can vary considerably within location in the deposit and depends of
concretions and limestone content. Distribution of grain-size and heating value directly
depend of mining technology: at breakage, transporting and processing. Parameters of
energy distribution under using different technologies were determined. The main
problems of oil shale enrichment process were discussed.
Introduction
The mineable oil shale bed consists of oil shale layers and limestone interlayers of
various thicknesses. Oil shale layers comprise limestone and heavy mineral (mostly
pyrite) concretions at that. Heating value of oil shale layers can vary considerably within
location in the deposit and depends of concretions and limestone content [1].
The basic quality parameter of oil shale is heating value of its wet substance (Qw) and
grain-size range. Oil shale as fuel for power generation have grain size 0-25 mm or 0300 mm by heating value Qw= 8.4-8.6 MJ/kg. Production of mines for qualitative oil
processing must be in range 25-125 mm and have heating value Qw= 11.3-11.6 MJ/kg.
1
Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]
The natural (geological) energy rate of bed and layers had measured in old system by dry
heating value Q in kcal/kg. The “wet” heating can by calculated
Qw = (0.941 - 0.00941W)Q - 45 - 5.45W, kcal/kg
(1)
where W is moisture, %. Heating value transferred in modern system
Qw (MJ/kg) = 0.004186 Qw (kcal/kg)
(2)
Oil shale production quality control is mostly an economic problem [2]. Requirements to
quality of fuel raw material should be define both technical opportunities of extraction
and consumption, and economic efficiency, that is ratio expenses for quality
improvement of with the effect received at use of high quality raw material [3].
Main factors determination of oil shale quality
Environmental
Oil shale bed has complicated structure. Heating value and layer thickness deviate from
place to place of deposit. Parameters greater changes explained of oil shale declining
from the center to periphery deposit. Intensity of heating value comes to 0.07 MJ/kg per
one km. Oil shale seams quality deterioration stipulate by two factors effect - increasing
share of limestone in layers and decreasing of heating value oil shale per se. This factors
influence on enrichment effectiveness. Firstly, decreasing oil shale share in run-off mine
(ROM, rock mass) reduce yield of production. Secondly, decreasing oil shale heating
value debase fuel and oil raw material.
Technological
Oil shale enrichment process depends of grain-size, heating value, moisture content, size
category distribution and presents of karst clay. Distribution of grain-size and heating
value directly depend of excavation technology.
Characteristic of drilling-and-blasting and mechanical cutting methods showed different
ROM properties. Layers A…F2 (3.2 m) and Layers A…F1 (2.8 m) are extracted by
blasting. Average size distribution by cutting breakage: Layers A, B+C, E+F selective
with Surface Miner Wirtgen SM2500 (Fig. 1).
1.00
Undersize
Undersize
0.9
0.8
0.10
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.01
0.0
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0
50
Size, mm
100
150
200
250
Size, mm
Layers A…F2, blasting
Average by cutting with Surface Miner
Average by cutting with Surface Miner
Fig. 1. Particle distribution in run-of-mine; left – in logarithmic and right – in normal
scale.
A-F1 – mineable bed, A-F2 - ROM diluted with unconditional layer F2
Rock mass grain-size distribution in concentration plant describe formula
y= A x n +
where:
y - screen underflow; x – grain size, mm; A and
dustity, dust range, part of fine grain less 1 mm,
n
n
– parameters of distribution: A -
- granularity range;
- pieces splitting
in way at face to factory.
For drilling-and-blasting method the share of not enriched fine grain 0-25 mm make 3040% (Fig.1) and heating value on 3 - 6 MJ/kg (layers A-F) higher than heating value of
rock mass (Fig. 2, Table 1). Under good quality condition of commercial deposit it gives
possibility to use not enrichment oil shale. But using this method about 5% (Fig.1,
Table 1) of fine grain less 1 mm which include clay material will complicate enrichment
14
Heating value of undesize, MJ/kg
Heating value of untersize, MJ/kg
process.
12
10
8
6
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Grain size, mm
Undersize A…F2
Undersize A…F1
19
17
15
13
11
9
7
5
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Grain size, mm
Bed A…F2
Bed A…F1
A
BCa
BCy
EFa
EFy
Fig. 2. ROM energy distribution: left – blasting, right mechanic breakage (with Surface
Miner).
Energy distribution by blast breakage describe formula
Qx = Q exp(-kx) + QROM
(4)
Where:
Qx – class 0…x (mm) heating value, x – grain size, mm;
distribution:
Q and k - parameters of
Qx – effect of selective crushing, k – distribution parameter, QROM –
heating value of ROM, weighed average of heating values extracted layers and
interlayers.
Table 1. Parameters of grain-size and energy distribution in ROM
Extraction method
Formula
Distribution parameters
Cutting by
Ripping (after
symbol
Blasting
Surface Miner
crushing)
Particle distribution
Dustity, dust range
A
0.03 – 0.06
0.06 – 0.021
0.1 – 0.2
Granularity range
n
0.5 – 0.6
0.3 – 0.5
0.4
Pieces splitting in way
0.05 – 0.15
insignificant
at face to factory
Energy distribution
Effect of selective
3.0 – 5.8
0
No data,
Q
crushing, MJ/kg
clearly 0
Distribution parameter
k
0.006 – 0.05
0
Heating value of ROM
QROM
Geological characteristic, depended at site
Surface Miners (SM) can find their natural applications in projects where drilling and
blasting is prohibited or where selective mining of mineral seams, partings and
overburden is required. Surface Miner can cut limestone and oil-shale seams separately
and more exactly than rippers with deviations about one centimeter [4].
Using selective mining (Surface Miner) in open cast fine grain outlet (0-25 mm) is
approximately 50 % (Fig. 1, line: average by cutting) with the heating value 11.812.5 MJ/kg. The best quality can be achieved in high heating value condition of rock
mass if using selective extraction layer BCa . Heating value can vary considerably within
location in the deposit and depends of concretions and limestone content. With
concretions of pyrite the row oil shale heating value do not increase 10 MJ/kg, if it
moisture. Therefore if separate only layers of limestone the product heating value will
make 10 MJ/kg and selective extraction is technical supported only in open mining using
mechanical cutting method. For receiving high quality oil shale with heating value 11-12
MJ/kg it is necessary realize selective cutting not only limestone and oil shale layers, but
oil shale layer with concretions. To achievement of heating value 11.5 MJ/kg it is
necessary to exclude cutting of layers A/B; B/C; C/D; D/E; F1 and selectively cut upper
part of layer F2, where concretions made 37 % (Fig. 3). Consequently for 10.5 MJ/kg the
layers A/B; C/D; D/E; F1 must be excluded.
Layers
index
Lithology Concretions, %
F2
F1
E
E/D
D
D/C
C
C/B
B
B/A
A'
A'/A
A
37
20
13
15
7
Thickness,
m
0,21
0,38
0,52
0,07
0,07
0,24
0,48
0,18
0,43
0,18
0,1
0,01
0,13
Heating value,
MJ/kg
3,46
8,5
11,32
2,82
7,09
0,36
12,71
4,2
20,23
0,45
10,01
4,6
16,01
Fig. 3. Commercial oil shale bed heating value and amount of concretions.
Perspectives of extraction development in Estonian oil shale basin are connected with the
in a modern-mechanized mining [5].
Main problem of oil shale enrichment process
Thanks to feature of Estonian oil shale structure for which accompanying breed
(limestone) strongly differs on properties from oil shale and it row material is easily
enriched by gravitational methods. Ran-of-mine material preliminary selective crashing,
screening and going to flotation in dense-media suspension. Part of the material after
screening will send for separation of fine grain with high heating value [5]. Investigation
results of oil shale fine grain enrichment on tree-production hydrocyclone, pneumatic
separators and settling centrifuges showed principal possibility increasing heating value
of power oil shale. On the other hand problem of dump oil shale fine grain < 20 mm and
utilization of 4-8 time increased slime is difficult to control. Actual improvement of
enrichment technological schemes and equipment selection can serve investigation of oil
shale overmilling and transportation process made from face to loading ready product.
ROM:
x < 300 mm, y = 1;
QROM = 1778 kcal/kg,
QwROM = 5,85 MJ/kg
Fine grain:
x < 25 mm
y0…25 = A x n +
1. Dry screening, x = 25 mm
25…300 =
Q25…300 =
(QROM - y0…25 Q0…25 )/ 25…300
= (1778-0.37 2274)/0.63
= 1475 kcal/kg = 6.18 MJ/kg
Q0…25 = Q exp(-kx) + QROM =
700 exp (-0.013 25) + 1778 =
= 2274 kcal/kg = 9.52 MJ/kg
Qw 25…300 = 4.98 MJ/kg
Qw0…25 = 7.42 MJ/kg
Coarse concentrate:
c c = 0.19
2. Coarse concentration 25…300 mm
Qwc.c= 11.5 MJ/kg
c w=
3. Wet screening, x = 5 mm
Extra fine:
x < 5 mm
y0…5 = 0.045
0.11
Qw0…5 = 7.94 MJ/kg
Slime
To fine concentration
0.37 – 0.16 = 0.21
0.16
Qw 5…25 = 7.01 MJ/kg
4. Fine concentrating x = 5…25 mm
= 0.03
f w=
Qwf.c= 11.4 MJ/kg
Slime
Coarse waste:
0.63 - 0.19 - 0.03 = 0.41
0.03 - slime
Qwc.w = 2.0 MJ/kg
5…25 =
Fine concentrate:
f c = 0.11
5. Dewatering
x < 5 mm
=
+0.16
+0.03
+0.03 = 0.21
Coarse size
1 – 0.37 = 0.63
Fine waste:
0.21 - 0.11- 0.03 = 0.07
0.03 - slime
Qwf.w = 2.6 MJ/kg
= 0.03
Sand
0.5…5 mm
= 0.13
6. Production trimming
Mud < 0.5 mm
= 0.08
Production
Q = 11.5 MJ/kg, = 0.28
Qw = 8.4 MJ/kg, = 0.24
Waste
Fine, < 25 mm, = 0.07
Coarse, > 25 mm, = 0.41
Total:
Qw = 10.1 MJ/kg,
Total
= 0.48
= 0.52
Fig. 3. Oil shale fine grain enrichment process
The stage in the process of enrichment of fine grain which could allow increasing heating
value and reduce loses are presented on Figure 3. ROM represents of size x
300 mm
and has heating value 5.85 MJ/kg. On the first stage of enrichment process the dry
screening separate material on fine grain 0-25 mm and on coarse size 25-300 mm.
According to formula (3) the fine grain x =25 will make 37 % from total value with
energy distribution 9.52 MJ/kg for dry content and 7.42 MJ/kg for moisture (Fig. 3).
Coarse size x = 300 makes 63 % and has energy distribution equal 6.18 MJ/kg for dry
content and 4.98 MJ/kg for moisture, correspondingly. Further, fine grain 0-5 mm will
separated by wet screening and transport to dewatering for improve heating value and to
fine concentration. 3 % of slime received under process of fine concentration going to
dewatering. Coarse size will separated on productive oil shale 11.5 MJ/kg - 19 %, and 3
% of slime going also to dewatering. Waste from coarse concentrate make 41 % with 2.1
MJ/kg of heating value. 9 % of mud obtained after dewatering has 9.68 MJ/kg can be
added to production in case of highly effective and low costs modern filter press and
settling centrifuge equipment. Such methods of enrichment allow add 6 % of highly
productive oil shale, which heating value will achieve 11.4 MJ/kg. During the process of
experimental test of pilot filter press was determined, that thin fraction of oil shale slime
can be collected by pressure filtration and receiving transportable settling with dampness
30 %. Thus, for receiving transportable technological settling is possible to use settling
centrifuge and filter press which exclude slime emission to slime pond. Investigations
show that dewatering of slime under using centrifuge is possible to exclude about 60 %
of slime having sizes 0.7-1.0 mm. At the same time, slime with dampness 25-30 % will
be transporting together with non enriched riddling. The solids represent 50 % of size
0.01 mm.
On the other hand the possibility to leave mud in the settling pond and extract it in future
is also available. To solving problem were determined environment of enrichment
products, increasing dynamic and slime quality changing in formation process from face
to outdoor slime pond. Recirculated slime water goes to outdoor slime pond. Natural
dewatering of slime in pond ineffective realized that serves reason difficult unloading and
realization of substandard dampness slime.
Conclusion
Quality control allows selecting suitable way for achieving enhancing of quality of oil
shale under using different mining technology in various parts of Estonian deposit and
has ability to solve problems in according with technical opportunities of extraction and
enrichment processes. Quality control help carry out correct selection of technological
aspects for perspective development of mining under various mine-geological conditions.
References
1.
,
..
,
//
.,
,
.
, 1982, 34 .
2. Reinsalu, E (2000). Relationship between crude mineral cost and quality. Mineral
Resources Engineering, 9(2), 205 - 213.
3. Väli, E.; Valgma, I.; Reinsalu, E. Usage of Estonian oil shale// Oil Shale 2008, 25(2S),
101 - 114. http://www.kirj.ee/public/oilshale_pdf/2008/issue_2S/oil-2008-2S-2.pdf
4. Sabanov, S; Pastarus, J-R.; Nikitin, O.; Väli, E. Risk assessment of surface miner for
Estonian oil shale mining industry //12th IACMAG Conference "Geomechanics in the
Emerging Social & Technological Age". India, Goa. International Association for
Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG), 2008, 1836 - 1842.
5. Sabanov, S. (2008). Risk Assessment in the Quality Control of Oil Shale in Estonian
Deposit. In: 28th Oil Shale Symposium, October 13-17, 2008, Colorado School of Mines.
Golden, Colorado. The Colorado School of Mines & The Colorado Energy Research
Institute. 2008, 35.

TALLINN UNIVERSITY OF TEHCNOLOGY

Transcription

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