saqarTvelos istoriis instituti leri TavaZe bizantiuri saimperio titulatura

saqarTvelos istoriis instituti leri TavaZe bizantiuri saimperio titulatura

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
saqarTvelos istoriis instituti
leri TavaZe
bizantiuri saimperio titulatura saqarTveloSi
istoriis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili
d i s e r t a c i a
xelmZRvaneli: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
Tedo dundua
Tbilisi
2012
Sinaarsi
Sesavali--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2
Tavi I. bizantiuri saimpero titulatura da Tanamegobrobis qveynebi--
32
Tavi II. kurapalatis tituli qarTul politikur realobaSi---------------
51
Tavi III. novelisimosis tituli qarTul politikur realobaSi----------
109
Tavi IV. sevastosis tituli qarTul politikur realobaSi----------------
132
Tavi V. keisris tituli qarTul politikur realobaSi-----------------------
156
Tavi VI. saqarTvelos mefeTa saimperatoro titulatura----------------------
182
daskvna----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
218
SemoklebaTa ganmarteba------------------------------------------------------------------------------
225
bibliografia-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
226
1
Sesavali
saqarTvelos
Sua
saukuneebis
istoriis
Seswavlas
qarTul
istoriografiaSi didi yuradReba eTmoboda. iqmneboda da iqmneba araerTi
naSromi da statia, romelSic ganxilulia Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos
istoriis
mravali
aspeqti.
wyaroTmcodneobis,
Tematika
farToa:
socialur-ekonomikuri
ikvleven
Sua
urTierTobebis,
saukuneebis
politikis,
kulturis, samarTlis istoriis sakiTxebsa da mraval sxva sferos.
xazgasmiT
unda
aRiniSnos
is
faqti,
rom
qarTulma
istoriografiulma skolam didi samuSao Caatara saqarTvelos istoriis
mravali problemis damuSavebaSi. saqarTvelos istoriis Sua saukuneebis
epoqis kvlevaSi mniSvnelovani roli akademikos ivane javaxiSvils (1876-1940
ww.) miuZRvis. ivane javaxiSvilma Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mis mierve
daarsebul
universitetSi
safuZveli
Cauyara
qarTuli
medievistikis
yvelaze Zlier skolas. swored am skolis miRwevebi gaxda is safuZveli,
ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada Cveni naSromis im saxiT Sesruleba, rogorc is
aris warmodgenili dRes.
Cveni
mizania
kompleqsurad
iqnas
Seswavlili
saqarTveloSi
gavrcelebuli bizantiuri sakariskaco da saimperatoro titulebi. aseve,
yvela ZiriTadi titulis funqcia, raoba, saqarTveloSi maTi gavrcelebis
qronologia da mniSvneloba. mniSvnelovania agreTve, sxvadasxva qarTuli
samefo-samTavroebisa
Tu
erTiani
saqarTvelos
samefos
politikuri
statusis sakiTxic Sua saukuneebSi.
bizantiuri saimperio titulebis saqarTveloSi gavrcelebis Sesaxeb
vrceli masalebi arsebobs, rogorc saistorio wyaroebSi, aseve specialur
literaturaSi.
miuxedavad
didi
interesisa,
romelsac
specialistebi
iCendnen da iCenen aRniSnuli problemis mimarT, sakiTxis kompleqsuri
Seswavla aravis ucdia. samecniero kvlevis pirobebSi movipoveT garkveuli
masala,
romelic
axalia
da
interpretirebas
moiTxovs.
am
kuTxiT
2
bizantiuri
titulaturis
Seswavla
saqarTvelosTan
mimarTebaSi
sainteresod gveCveneba.
bizantiuri
damkvidrebuli
eZleodaT,
warCinebul
saimperio
qarTul
rogorc
titulatura
politikur
qarTuli
qarTvel
wlebis
realobaSi.
aRniSnuli
samefo-samTavroebis
didebulebs.
misi
manZilze
titulebi
mmarTvelebs,
mflobelebi
iyo
iyvnen
aseve
qarTuli
aristokratiis gamorCeuli wevrebi, rogorc sakuTriv saqarTveloSi, aseve
mis
farglebs
gareT.
aucilebelia
imis
aRniSvnac,
rom
saqarTvelos
teritoriaze XII saukunis dasawyisamde yvela bizantiur tituls qarTuli
aristokratiis wverebze bizantiis imperatori gascemda. daviT aRmaSeneblis
mefobis
dros
situacia
Seicvala.
amieridan
bizantiuri
sakariskaco
titulebi qreba, xolo qarTveli mefeebi bizantiis imeratorebis msgavsad
saimperatoro titulebiT iwodebian. aRniSnuli saimperatoro titulebi
memkvidreobiTi iyo da mas qarTveli monarqi bizantiis mmarTvelis sanqciis
gareSe iRebda. amrigad, bizantiuri titulaturis Seswavla iZleva imis
saSualebas,
rom
vimsjeloT
aramxolod
saqarTvelo
bizantiis
urTierTobis cvalebad xasiaTze, aramed mniSvnelovan wilad warmodgena
viqonioT qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis mmarTvelebis politikur statusze,
rogorc bizantiis TanamegobrobaSi, aseve mTels Sua saukuneebis samyaroSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom titulatura aris, mxolod erTi mxare, romelic
saSualebas iZleva SeviswavloT Sua saukuneebis qarTuli politikuri da
imperiuli azrovnebis aspeqtebi, misi kompleqsuri damuSaveba da qarTuli
samecniero sivrceSi farTod gatana am kuTxiTac sakmaod mniSvnelovnad
gveCveneba. gamomdinare iqidan, rom bizantiuri saimperio titulaturis
kompleqsuri Seswavla jer aravis ucdia qarTul istorriografiaSi. es
momenti aRniSnuli kvlevis aqtualobas zrdis.
arseobobda ori saxis bizantiuri saimperio titulatura, romelic
saqarTveloSi gavrcelda: 1. sakariskaco – senatoruli. 2. saimperatoro.
amaTgan, es ukanaskneli TiTqmis Seuswavlelia qarTul istoriografiaSi,
xolo
pirveli
sxvadasxva
naSromebSi
damuSavebulia,
magram
ara
kompleqsulad.
3
amrigad, Cveni mcdelobaa monografiulad SeviswavloT aRniSnuli
problema. saistorio kvleviTi meTodebidan viyenebT kompleqsuri kvlevis,
SedarebiTi
analizisa
da
teqstologiuri
kvlevis
meTodebs.
yvela
aRniSnuli meTodiT moxdeba naSromSi dasmuli sxvadasxva problemebis
Seswavla.
bunebrivia,
viTvaliswinebT
konkretuli
sakiTxis
specifikas,
romelsac Sesabamis meTods mivusadagebT.
saistorio wyaroebi da istoriografia
a) qarTuli wyaroebi – mravalferovania qarTuli wyaroebis cnobebi
saqarTveloSi bizantiuri titulaturis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad
imisa, rom isini pirdapir ar mianiSneben ama Tu im titulis funqciaze,
maTSi daculi cnobebi bizantiuri
titulebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelosTan
mimarTebaSi pirvelxarisxovani cnobebs Semcvelia. amasTan erTad, qarTul
saistorio
wyaroebis
cnobebi
saqarTveloSi
bizantiuri
saimperio
titulebis Sesaxeb, sxva saistorio narativebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT
ufro uxvi, mravalferovani da mdidaria.
pirvelrigSi unda gamovyoT Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriis
SeswavlisTvis
mniSvnelovani
ori
krebuli
_
`qarTlis
cxovreba~
da
`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~. orive maTgani warmoadgens saistorio TxzulebaTa
krebuls,
sadac
warmodgenilia
sxvadasxva
periodSi
Sesrulebuli
ramdenime naSromi. orive krebulis, rogorc Sedgenilobis, aseve maTSi
Semavali
naSromebis avtorebisa Tu Sedgenis periodi did kamaTs iwvevs
istoriografiaSi.
`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ Sesulia ramdenime saistorio Txzuleba, maT
Soris pirvelia `cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa da pirvelTaganTa mamaTa da
naTesavTa~.
moicavs
periods
uZvelesi
droidan
V
saukunis
dasawyisis
CaTvliT. miiCneven, XI saukunis Sua wlebis naSromad, romelic leonti
mrovels, ruisis episkoposs unda Seeqmna. arsebobs sxva Tvalsazrisic misi
daTariRebisa
da
avtoris
vinaobis
Sesaxeb.
nawarmoebi
gansakuTrebiT
saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis saqarTvelos antikuri periodis titulebis
Sesaxeb.
4
juanSer
juanSerianis
`cxovreba
da
moqalaqeoba
vaxtang
gorgaslisa~ `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ Semavali meore Txzulebaa. aRwerilia
V-VIII saukuneebis ambebi. ivane javaxiSvili da sxva istorikosebi Tvlian,
rom is XI saukuneSi unda iyos Sedgenili. aris mosazreba, rom vaxtang I
gorgaslis
cxovreba
Tavad
juanSer
juanSerianis,
xolo
misi
gardacvalebis Semdegi ambebi misi ucnobi gamgrZeleblis mier unda iyos
aRwerili.
Tumca,
qarTlis
cxovrebaSi
daculi
erT-erTi
minaweris
mixedviT, romelic momdevni Txzulebas `wamebaÁ wmindasa arCilisas~ aqvs
darTuli orive Txzulebis avtorad juanSeria dasaxelebuli, igive saxis
minaweri aqvs `qarTlis cxovrebis~ XII saukunis somxur Targmans, rac imas
miuTiTebs, rom cnoba juanSeris avtorobis Sesaxeb XI-XII saukuneebSi
cnobili iyo (abulaZe 1953:L207-208; metreveli 2008: 250; yauxCiSvili 1955: 248).
swored
am
nawarmoebSi
fiqsirdeba
pirvelad
CvenTvis
saintereso
bizantiuri titulebi, romelTa gadacema qarTvel mmarTvelebze teqstis
mixedviT
VI
saukunidan
aris
savaraudebeli
(magaliTad
kurapalatis
tituli).
momdevno Txzuleba: `cxovrebaÁ wmindisa da didebulisa mowamisa
arCilisi
romeli-ese
iyo
mefe
qarTlisaÁ~
(Semok.:
`wamebaÁ
wmindasa
arCilisa~) avtorad, kvlav leonti mrovels miiCneven, magram minaweris
mixedviT,
avtorad
juanSer
juanSeriania
dasaxelebuli.
aRniSnuli
nawarmoebi aris hagiografiuli tipis mcire zomis teqsti. igi naklebad
mniSvnelovani cnobebis Semcvelia (yauxCiSvili 1955: 245-248; metreveli 2008:
247-250).
samagierod
qarTlisaÁs~.
aRwerilia
is
VIII-XI
didi
mniSvneloba
Sedgenilia
saukunebis
XI
aqvs
saukunis
ambebi.
masSi
anonimi
70-iani
mravlad
avtoris,
wlebis
`matiane
bolos
moipoveba
da
cnobebi,
rogorc bizantiis saimperio titulebis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi,
aseve bizantiis da qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis urTierTobis amsaxveli
mravali mnviSvnelovani aspeqti. aRniSnuli nawarmoebis saTauri pirobiTia
da is ivane javaxiSvilma SemoiRo. konstantine grigolia axal versias
5
gvTavazobs nawarmoebis saTaurad: `wigni mefeTa divanis~, rac ufro axlos
unda iyos teqstis realur saTaurTan.
ucnobi
avtoris
`cxovreba
mefeT-mefisa
daviTisi~
aRwers
saqarTvelos istorias daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqaSi. Txzuleba dawerilia
1123-1126 wlebSi (javaxiSvili 1977: 210-220; bogveraZe 1971: 70-83) da Seicavs
aRweras daviTis dabadebidan (1073 weli), vidre mis gardacvalebamde (1125
weli). teqstis dasawyisi savaraudod naklulia, Txroba grZeldeba 1074
wlidan,
rodesac
Semdgomad
sulTani
movida
maliq-Sahi
sultani
maliq-Sa,
Semovida
moadga
saqarTveloSi
samSÂldes
–
da
`amisa
wariRo~
(metreveli 2008: 301). es raRac ambis gagrZelebaa, rac teqstSi ar Cans.
daviTis mematianis TxzulebaSi mravlad vxvdebiT bizantiuri saimperatoro
epiTetebis xsenebas, adresati, rogorc wesi daviT IV aRmaSenebelia.
daviTis matianes mosdevs misi erTgvari gagrZeleba e.w. giorgi laSas
mematianes Txzulebis saxiT. teqsti mcire zomisaa, xolo Txrobis stili
mokle da lakonuri. masSi aRwerilia oTxi mefis (demetre I, giorgi III,
Tamari da giorgi IV laSa) istoria. teqsti dawerilia rusudan dedoflis
(1222-1245 ww.) mefobis dasawyisSi da warmoadgens bagrationTa samefo karis
oficialur matianes.
sumbat
daviTis
Ze
(XI
saukune)
`qarTlis
cxovrebaSi~
Semavali
originaluri Txzulebis avtoria – `cxovreba da uwyeba bagratonianTa~. is
aRwers,
mmarTveli
dinastiis
–
bagrationTa
cxovrebas
XI
saukunemde.
Cvenamde moRweuli redaqciebi Seicavs 1030 wlamde ambebis aRwerilobas,
ris Semdegac Txroba wydeba. unda vivaraudoT, rom teqstis sul mcire
samocwliani
droindeli
monakveTi
moRvawe
pirvelwyaroa
dakargulia.
unda
bagrationTa
iyos
Tavad
sumbati
bagrationTa
dinastiis
daviT
gvaridan.
wevrebis
aRmaSeneblis
misi
saimperio
nawarmoebi
titulebis
Seswavlis saqmeSi.
ucnobi avtoris `istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~ aRwers Tamar
mefis da misi mamis giorgis istorias. Txzuleba panegirikuli xasiaTisaa
da mraval xotbis Semsxmeli epiTetebiT gamoirCeva, amasTan `qarTlis
6
cxovrebis~ Semaval TxzulebebSi erT-erTi yvelaze vrcelia. dawerilia
XIII saukuneSi (javaxiSvili 1977: 221-241).
imave, XIII saukuneSia Sedgenili Tamaris meore mematianis nawarmoebi
`cxovrebaÁ
mefeT-mefisa
Tamarisi~.
ivane
javaxiSvilma
hipoTeturad
aRniSnuli nawarmoebis avtorad basil ezosmoZRvari gamoacxada, romelic
TiTqos
sakuTari
Tavis
moxseniebas
axdens
teqstis
Sua
monakveTSi
(metreveli 2008: 501), rac ar aris sakmarisi argumenti basilis avtorobis
samtkiceblad.
moRvaweobas,
Txzuleba
msgavsad
ZiriTadad
Tamaris
aRwers
pirveli
Tamaris
istorikosis
mefobas
da
naSromisa,
mis
matiane
mdidaria motivebiT, romlebic kargad axasiaTebs saqarTvelo-bizantiis
urTierTobas da mis saxecvlil xasiaTs, amjerad ukve XII-XIII saukuneebis
mijnaze.
JamTaaRmwerelis – XIV saukunis ucnobi avtoris Txzuleba pirobiTi
saTauriT `aswlovani matiane~, aRwers saqarTvelos istoriis daaxloebiT
aswliani
istoriis
monakveTs
–
1205/7
wlidan
1317
wlis
CaTvliT.
JamTaaRmwerelis teqsti, rusudanis gamefebidan (1222/3 weli) moyolebuli,
vidre giorgi brwyinvalis gamefebamde, unikaluri informaciis Semcvelia,
vinaidan
sxva,
vrclad
moTxrobili
matiane,
am
periodis
saqarTvelos
istoriis Sesaxeb SemorCenili ar aris (javaxiSvili 1977: 246-262; kiknaZe
1987; kiknaZe 1989: 156-175).
`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ ori damoukidebeli naSromisgan Sedgeba. maT
Soris pirvelis pirobiTi saxelwodebaa qarTlis moqcevis qronika, sadac
aRwerilia
saqarTvelos
istoria
aleqsandre
makedonelis
(Zv.w.
IV
s.)
qarTlSi `Semosvlidan~, vidre arabebis Semosevebamde (VII saukunis 30-iani
wlebi), masve darTuli aqvs erisTavTa da kaTalikosTa sia X saukunis
CaTvliT, romelic gviandeli danarTi unda iyos. `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~
meore nawilia `wminda ninos cxovreba~, rogorc zaza aleqsiZe varaudobs
termini
`moqcevaÁ
qarTlisaÁ~
Tavdapirvelad
unda
yofiliyo
saerTo
saTauri im Txzulebebisa, romlebic aRwerdnen qarTlis gaqristianebas
dasabamidan VI saukunis CaTvliT (aleqsiZe 2007: 5). qarTlis gaqristianebis
amsaxveli es orive nawarmoebi mniSvnelovani wyaroa, rogorc CvenTvis
7
saintereso
problemis
Sesaswavlad,
aseve
saqarTvelos
istoriis
rigi
movlenebis dasadgenad.
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ da `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ Txzulebebis garda
V-XV saukuneebis CvenTvis saintereso qarTuli wyroebidan gamovarCevdiT
Semdeg hagiografiul Tu sxva saxis nawarmoebebs: iakob xucesis `SuSanikis
wameba~ (V s.), ioane sabanis Zis `habos wameba~ (VIII s.), anonimis `daviT da
konstantines wameba~ (X s.), giorgi merCules `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~
(X s.), giorgi mTawmidelis `ioanesa da eqvTimes cxovreba~ (XI s.), giorgi
mcires `giorgi mTawmidelis cxovreba~ (XI s.), aseve `Zegli erisTavTa~ qsnis
erisTavTa sagvareulo matiane da sxva.
gviandeli wyaroebidan, romlebic erTgari Semavsebeli masalebis
rols
asruleben,
eniWebaT
(magaliTad
Sesaswavlad)
`aRwera
xolo
rig
XIV-XV
gamovyofdiT
samefosa
SemTxvevebSi
pirveladi
saukuneebis
Semdeg
saqarTvelosa~
wyaros
saqarTvelos
nawarmoebebs:
(yauxCiSvili
vaxuSti
1973),
funqcia
istoriis
bagrationis
ucnobi
avtoris
`cxovreba saqarTvelosa~ igive e.w. `parizis qronika~ (alasania 1980), beri
egnataSvilis
`axali
qarTlis
cxovreba~
(e.w.
pirveli
teqsti),
beri
egnataSvilis teqstis ori gadamuSavebuli Txzuleba e.w. `axali qarTlis
cxovrebis~ meore da mesame teqstebi. maTi avtorebi ucnobia. yvela maTgani
dawerilia XVIII saukuneSi (yauxCiSvili 1959).
es rac Seexeboda CvenTvis saintereso saistorio da Zveli qarTuli
literaturuli
istoriuli
Janris
wyaroebi,
Txzulebebs,
romelTa
saqarTveloSi
gavrcelebis
gamovyofdi
qarTuli
sigilografiis
aranakleb
garda
Seswavlac
kuTxiT
friad
diplomatikis,
(sfragistika)
mniSvnelovan
maT
mraval
materialebs
arsebebs
bizantiuri
mniSvnelovania.
epigrafikis,
sxva
mravali
Zeglebs,
gvaZvevs
sxva
titulaturis
maT
Soris
numizmatikis,
romelTa
sakiTxis
kvleva,
kompleqsuri
analizis kuTxiT.
diplomatikis
nimuSebidan
unda
gamovarCioT
is
mravalricxovani
sigel-gujarebi, romlebic mravladaa gacemuli qarTveli mefeebis mier.
gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania
XI-XV
saukuneebis
samefo
sigelebi.
XI
8
saukuneze adreuli, sruli saxiT Semonaxuli qarTvel mefeTa sigeli ar
gagvaCnia. sigel-gujarebSi saucxood aris asaxuli mefeTa titulatura
misi cvalebadoba, Sedgeniloba, rigiToba, xasiaTi da a.S. XIII saukunis Cvens
xelT
arsebuli
sigel-gujrebi
TiTqmis
sruli
saxiT
aris
Sesuli
`qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusSi~ (wigni pirveli). amdenad, XIV-XV
saukuneebis
diplomatikis
numuSebi
gabneulia
sxvadasxva
mkvlevarTa
SromebSi. am kuTxiT Seqmnili sicariele garkveulwilad Seavso `pirTa
anotirebuli leqsikonis~ gamocemam, sadac XI-XVII saukuneebis qarTuli
istoriuli
sabuTebis
mixedviT
am
periodSi
mcxovrebi
TiToeuli
istoriuli piris Sesaxeb mokle informacia aris Sekrebili. amJamad (2011
wlisTvis), gamocemulia `pirTa anotirebuli leqsikonis~ oTxi tomi, sadac
gaerTianebulia monacemebi istoriuli pirebis Sesaxeb anidan (a) Ranis (R)
CaTvliT.
CvenTvis
gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania
aRniSnuli
leqsikonis
pirveli tomi, sadac Sesulia bagrationTa dinastiis wevrebis anotirebuli
leqsikoni (surgulaZe, odiSeli 1991: 212-371).
qarTuli
miuZRvis
diplomatikuri
isidore
doliZes,
masalebis
romelmac
gamocemaSi
gamosca
didi
`qarTuli
wvlili
samarTlis
Zeglebi~ Svid tomad. amaTgan, CvenTvis sainteresoa meore da mesame tomebi
(doliZe 1965; doliZe 1970).
samefo sigelebi gamoqveynebulia, aseve sxva mravali avtoris mier.
Tavis droze maT moZiebaSi da SeswavlaSi didi wvlili mouZRviT iseT
mkvlevarebs,
rogorebic
iyvnen:
sargis
kakabaZe,
dimitri
baqraZe,
Tedo
Jordania, eqvTime TayaiSvili da sxvebi (baqraZe 1987; kakabaZe 1912; Jordania
1897; Jordania 2004; TayaiSvili 1920). qarTuli epistolaruli wyaroebi
Seiswavla da gamosca mamisa berZniSvilma (berZniSvili 1989).
epigrafikuli
wyaroebi
mniSvnalovanwilad
avsebs,
zemoxsenebul
wyaroebs qarTveli mefeebis titulaturis Sesaxeb. Tavis droze daigegma
regionul-qronologiuri principiT Sejerebuli epigrafikuli wyaroebis
korpusis
gamocema.
samxreT
da
aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos
epigrafikuli
masalebis met-nalebad sruli suraTi asaxulia nodar (nukri) SoSiaSvilis
mier
Sedgenil
`qarTuli
warwerebis
korpusSi~,
romelic
faravs
9
aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos V-X saukuneebis lapidarul Zeglebs
(SoSiaSvili 1980). IX-XIII saukuneebis dasavleT saqarTvelos epigrafika,
amave seriis meore wignSi gamosca valeri silogavam (silogava 1980). am
wignSi Sesuli da mogviano periodis aRmnusxveli `samegrelo-afxazeTis
qarTuli epigrafika~, imave avtorma ukve mogvianebiT gamosca (silogava
2004). XII da XIII saukunis dasawyisis warwerebs Tavi mouyara giorgi
oTxmezurma (oTxmezuri 1981). zemoT xsenebuli da sxva mkvlevarebis mier
gamoqveynebulia, kidev araerTi warwera, rac sazogadod mdidar masalas
iZleva samefo titulaturis Sesaxeb V-XV saukuneebSi.
numizmatikuri masalebidan sainteresod gveCveneba X_XVI saukuneebis
monetebi. isini iZlevian saintereso informacias, rogorc narativis saxiT
saxiT,
aseve
atributikis
da
regaliebis
Seswavlis
mxrivac.
amaTgan,
CvenTvis saintereso X-XIII saukuneebSi moWrili monetebis didi nawili
Sesulia
giorgi
dunduas
da
Tedo
dunduas
`qarTuli
numizmatikis~
ortomeulSi (dundua, dundua 2006; 2011), xolo mogviano periodis qarTuli
numizmatikuri
Zeglebis
aRwerilobebi
mocemulia
maTive
avtorobiT
Sesrulebul sxva monografiebsa Tu statiebSi. amave dargSi saintereso
kvlevebi
SemogvTavazes
evgeni
paxomovma,
devid
marSal
langma,
daviT
kapanaZem, Tamar abramiSvilma, ciala RvaberiZem da sxvebma (Пахомов 1970; Lang
1957; kapanaZe 1969; RvaberiZe 1986).
qarTuli
sainteresod
beWdebis
gveCveneba.
Seswavla
sakvlevis
gansakuTrebiT
Temis
bizantiuri
kuTxiT,
da
aseve
qarTuli
sfragistikis namuSevrebis Sedareba. qarTuli sfragistikis nimuSebis didi
nawili Seiswavla da gamoaqveyna ana baqraZem (baqraZe 1978).
sxva
masalebidan,
albaT
yvelaze
faseuli
infromacia
daculia
qarTul anderZ-monawerebSi (kolofonebi), romlebsac xSirad kinklosebad
anu mcire qronikebad moixsenieben. miuxedavad imisa, rom anderZ-minawerebis
mniSvneloba didia Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriis araerTi movlnis
agdgena-daTariRebis kuTxiT, maTi kompleqsurad Sekreba da erTad Tavmoyra
jer aravis ucdia. yvelaze mniSvnelovani am kuTxiT, rac gakeTda iyo Tedo
10
Jordanias
`qronikebi
samtomeulis
da
gamocema
sxva
masala
(Jordania
saqarTvelos
1897;
1967;
istoriisa~
2004).
es
_
naSromi
misi
XIX-XX
saukuneebis mijnaze gamoica da dRemde ar daukargavs Tavisi mniSvneloba.
mas Semdeg calke, kompleqsurad anderZ-minawerebis gamocema aravis ucdia,
Tu ar CavTvliT im Sromebis mcire nawils, sadac rogorc wesi, mokle
qronologiuri CarCoa gaTvaliswinebuli. maTi didi nawili Tavmoyrilia
elene
metrevelis
aRwerilobaSi.
saerTo
xelnawerTa
fondebis
mixedviT
ramdenime
tomad
redaqciiT
gamocemul
erovnul
iqna
aRwerili
gamoica,
sadac
centrSi
da
qarTul
daculi
TiToeuli
mravlad
Sevida
fondis
xelnawerTa
xelnawerebi
aRweriloba
TiToeuli
aRwerili
xelnaweris kolofonebi (SaraSiZe 1948; metreveli 1976). miuxedavad im didi
Sromisa,
rac
institutis
TanamSromlebma
Caatares
elene
metrevelis
xelmZRvanelobiT, saqarTvelos Sua saukuneebis anderZ-minawerebis korpusis
momzadebaze muSaobis dawyeba aucileblad migvaCnia.
kolofonebis
sinodikonebic,
msgavsad,
igive
sagulisxmo
sulTa
informaciis
mosaxseniebeli
Semcvelia
matianeebi.
sulTa
mosaxseniebeli matianeebsa da saaRape wignebSi mravali cnobaa daculi
saqarTvelos monarqebis, maTi ojaxis wevrebisa da im sapatio titulebis
Sesaxeb, romelsac isini atarebdnen cxovrebaSi (metreveli 1998).
b) berZnuli, laTinuri, siriuli da somxuri wyaroebi – qarTulisgan
gansxvavebiT
wyaroebi
berZnul
gacilebiT
da
laTinur
enebze
mravalricxovania.
Sesrulebuli
saqarTvelos
bizantiuri
Sesaxeb
daculi
cnobebi, umTavresad aRwers qarTveli mefeebis cxovrebasa da zogadad
qveynis
istoriis
sxvadasxva
aspeqtebs.
isini
Tavmoyrilia
simon
yauxCiSvilis redaqciiT gamosul rvatomeulSi – `georgika. bizantieli
mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb~ (yauxCiSvili 1941; 1952; 1961; 1963;
1965; 1966; 1967; 1970). im bizantiuri wyaroebis cnobebidan saqarTveloze,
romlebic
kvlevisTvis,
ar
aris
SegviZlia
Sesuli
`georgikaSi~
gamovyoT
Semdegi
da
mniSvnelovania
masalebi:
cnoba
Cveni
abazgiis
kaTalokosis Sesaxeb konstantinopolis sinodis aqtebidan; pavle tagaris 11
paleologosis cnoba XIV saukunis meore naxevarSi saqarTvelos samefo
saxlSi mimdinare dapirispirebis Sesaxeb (F. Miklosich, J. Muller 1862: 224-230);
giorgi paximeres cnobebi (Failler 19991; 19992) da sxva.
bizantiuri istoriuli Txzulebebi SeiZleba, imdenad mdidari ar
iyos
saqarTvelos
mefeebis
bizantiuri
titulaturis
Sesaxeb
daculi
informaciiT, samagierod cnobebi bizantiis imperatorebisa da misi ojaxis
wevrebis,
aseve
raodenobiTaa
senatorebis
Semonaxuli.
titulebsa
yvelaferi
es
da
epiTetebze
kompleqsuri
maTSi
didi
da
SedarebiTi
kompleqsur
Seswavlas
kvlevis pirobebisTvis karg niadags gvimzadebs.
bizantiis
istoriis
wyaroTmcodneobis
safuZveli jer kidev, XVI saukuneSi cnobilma germanelma filologma
ieronimus volfma (1516-1580 ww.) Cauyara. manve daamkvidra samecniero wreebSi
termini `bizantia~ _ aRmosavleT romis imperiis sayovelTaod gaziarebuli
saxelwodeba (ODB 1 1991: 344). ieronimusis Sromebma didi gavlena moaxdina
bizantinologiuri kvlevebis gaRrmavebis kuTxiT. bizantieli mwerlebis
korpusi - Corpus Historiae Byzantinae Seikriba da gamoica safraneTis mefe lui
XIV (1638-1715 ww.) da misi ministris Jan-batist kolberis (1619-1683 ww.)
patronaJis
qveS.
aRniSnuli
seriis
SeqmnaSi
safrangeTis
da
evropis
mravalma mecnierma miiRo monawileoba. is `parzis korpusis~ saxeliT aris
cnobili.
mogvianebiT
misi
xelaxali
gamocema
ganxorcielda
veneciaSi
(Ostrogorsky 1957: 4).
calke
aRniSvnis
Rirsia
Jan
pol
mines
redaqtorobiT
misive
gamomcemlobaSi Sesrulebuli Patrologia Graeca – qristianuli epoqis berZnul
enaze Sesrulebuli Txzulebebis krebuli, sadac didi nawili Sromebisa
swored
bizantiis
epoqaze
modis.
Seicavs
161
toms,
amaTgan
ramdenime
Sesrulebulia or an sam nawilad.
bizantiuri istoriuli Txzulebebis Sesaxeb saubrisas ar SeiZleba
gverdi auaroT bizantiuri wyaroebis kidev or korpuss – 1. Corpus Scriptorum
Historiae Byzantinae; 2. Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae.
12
amaTgan
pirvelis
gamocema
jer
kidev
XIX
saukuneSi
daiwyo
germanelma klasikosma imanuel bekerma, rac mogvianebiT sxva mkvlevarebma
gaagrZeles.
aTeuli
es
aris
ormocdaaTtomeuli,
sadac
Tavmoyrilia
ramdenime
bizantieli avtoris saistorio naSromi berZnul originaliTa da
laTinuri
TargmaniT.
misi
didi
nawili
`parizis
korpusis~
xelaxali
gamocemaa, rac Sevsebulia damatebiT sxva masalebiT (Ostrogorsky 1957: 4).
Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae
warmoadgens
bizantiuri
teqstebis
kritikulad dadgenil gamocemas, romelsac safuZveli Caeyara 1967 wels,
bizantiis kvlevebis dambarton-oqsis centrSi. gamodis ramdenime seriad,
isini iyofian gamocemebis adgilis mixedviT. esenia: vaSingtonis (dambartonoqsi), berlinis, venis, parizis, bruselis, italiis, aTenis da salonikis
seriebi.
sul
gamocemulia
ormocdaaTamde
tomi
da
aqedan
naxevari
vaSingtonis seriaze modis.
bizantieli avtorebis monacemebi, romlebic aRwerdnen aRmosavleT
romis imperiis da gare samyaros cxovrebas qristianobis damkvidrebidan
konstantinopolis dacemamde (1453 weli), Tavisi informaciulobiT erT-erTi
umdidresia Sua saukuneebSi.
evsevi kesarielis (263-339 ww.) Sromebi IV saukunis pirveli naxevris
Sesaxeb gansakuTrebiT gamorCeulia da mravalferovani. misi mravlferovani
bibliografiidan gamorCeuli adgili ukavia sam naSroms, esenia: 1) `qronika~
- aRwers 303 wlamdel movlenebs da maT Soris diokletianes moRvaweobas,
romelmac pirvelad gayo imperia aRmosavleT da dasavleT imperiebad. 2)
`saeklesio
istoria~
mogviTxrobs
imperiis
istorias
325
wlamde.
3)
`kurTxeuli imperatori konstantines cxovreba~, sadac konstantine I didis
cxovreba aris aRwerili mis gardacvalebamde (337 weli) (yauxCiSvili 1961:
21-23; Cameron, Hall 1999; Oulton 1932; Redrosian 2008).
IV
saukunis
meore
naxevaris
bizantiis
istoriis
aRweriloba
dagvitova amiane marcelinem (330-390-anis bolo). amiane agrZelebs tacitusis
istorias nervas mmarTvelobidan, vidre imperator valensis daRupvamde
adrianopolis brZolaSi (378 weli). SemorCenlia amianes istoriis mxolod
13
bolo nawili. aRsaniSnavia, rom misi Txzuleba gamoirCeva movlenebis
zusti aRweriT da obieqturobiT (yauxCiSvili 1961: 78-9; Rolfe 1935; 1940; 1952).
evsevi ierome (331-420 ww.) cnobili swavluli da mTargmneli. Targmna
biblia laTinurad (vulgata). masve ekuTvnis mravali werili Tavisi epoqis
amsaxveli sxvadasxva Temebis Sesaxeb. dawera aseve nawarmoebi `De viris
illustribus~
(cnobil
pirTa
Sesaxeb).
mniSvnelovania
misi
ganvrcobili
perefrazireba evsevi kesarielis `qronikisa~ abraamidan 325 wlis CaTvliT
(ODB 2 1991: 1033).
mniSvnelovani aseve Teodorite kvirelis (393-457 ww.) `saeklesio
istoria~, romelic moicavs eklesiis istoriis ambebs, vidre 429 wlamde.
SemorCenilia misi apologetikuri, egzegetikuri da dogmatikuri naSromebis
didi memkvidreoba, romelTa nawili Tavis droze iTargmna qarTul eneze
(ix.:
juReli
2008).
`eklesiis
istoriis~
is
nawili,
romelic
exeboda
qarTlis gaqristianebas XI saukuneSi Targmna efrem mcirem (yauxCiSvili
1961: 208-209).
mexuTe
mniSvnelovania
saukunis
zosimes
bizantiuri
`istoria~.
saistorio
zosimes
mwerlobidan
nawarmoebi
yvelaze
moicavs
romis
istoriis ambebis aRweras 410 wlis CaTvliT. is eyrdnoba sam ZiriTad
avtors: deqsipuss (III saukune), evnapiuss (IV-V ss.) da olimpiodoruss
Tebedan (daax. 380-425 ww.) (yauxCiSvili 1961: 264-266; Ridley 1982).
salamane ermia sozomenes (daax. 400-450 ww.) `saeklesio istoria~
moicavs 324-439 wlebis ambebis aRweras, rac formalurad evsevi kesarielis
naSromis gagrZelebas warmoadgens (ODB 3: 1932). Txzulebis bolo nawili
dakargulad iTvleba, sadac 425-439 wlebis ambebia aRwerili (yauxCiSvili
1961: 236).
priske panioneli nawarmoebi, imave saukunis mniSvnelovani wyaroa.
misi
naSromi
dakargulad
iTvleba
da
SemorCenilia
sxva
avtorebis
SromebSi da isic fragmentebis saxiT (yauxCiSvili 1961: 249, ODB 3 1991: 1721;
Дестунис
1860).
priske
panionelis
istoria
imdenad
mniSvnelovania,
ramdenadac is aRwerilia uSualo TviTmxilvelis mier, romelsac Tavad
14
hqonda
Sexeba
im
qveyanaSi
mimdinare
saSinao
Tu
sagareo
politikur
procesebTan, romelsac is aRwers Tavis naSromSi. amdenad, is naklebad
eyrdnoba sxva avtorebs (Rohrbacher 2002: 92).
marselinus
komesi
(VI
saukune),
warmoSobiT
ilirieli.
Tavis
laTinur `qronikaSi~ (analebi) aRwers 379-518 wlebis bizantiis istorias.
Tavadve agrZelebs, vidre 534 wlamde. mogvianebiT teqsts daemata meore
CanarTi
ekuTvnis.
–
548
wlamdeli
aRniSnuli
ambebis
Sroma
aRwera,
warmoadgens
romelic
evsevi
marselinuss
ieromes
aRar
Txzulebis
formalur gagrZelebas (ODB 2 1991: 1296; Croke 1995: XIX).
prokopi kesarieli (VI saukune) iyo gamoCenili bizantieli mwerali
palestinidan.
misi
originaluri
naSromebidan,
romelebic
Seexeba
iustiniane I didi (527-565 ww.) epoqas gamorCeulad mniSvnelovania `omebi~
(Sedgeba
rva
wignisgan),
`SenobaTa
Sesaxeb~
da
`saidumlo
istoria~
(yauxCiSvili 1965: 38-9; ODB 3 1991: 1732).
ioane lide anu lidieli (490 - daax. 565 ww.) daibada lidiis
filadelfiaSi.
mis
kalams
ekuTvnis
iseTi
mniSvnelovani
naSromi,
rogoricaa `Zalauflebis Sesaxeb~, sadac aRwers gvainantikur romaul
biurokratias. is, avtoria, sxva mniSvnelovani Txzulebebisa, maT Soris
iseTebis, rogoricaa `Tveebis Sesaxeb~, `ciur niSTa Sesaxeb~. (ODB 2 1991:
1061; yauxCiSvili 1965: 235).
agaTias mirineli (daax. 532-582 ww.), igive sqolastikosi. misi mTavari
naSromia `iustinianes imperatorobis Sesaxeb~, sadac aRwerilia iustiniane
I didis xanis bizantiis imperia. naSromi warmoadgens prokopi kesarielis
`omebis~ gagrZelebas da moicavs mcire periods, 552-559 wlebi (ODB 1 1991:
35-6; J. D. Frendo 1975, gv. IX-X).
evagre sqolastikosi (daax. 535-600 ww.) daibada epifaniaSi mdinare
orontis
xeoba,
siria.
misi
`saeklesio
istoria~
moicavs
farTo
qronologiur periods efesos pirveli saeklesio krebidan (431 weli), vidre
imperator mavrikes (582-602 ww.) moRvaweobis xanamde. (Whitby 2000: XIII-XV;
yauxCiSvili 1936: 290).
15
ioane epifaneli (VI-VII ss.) iyo evagre sqolastikosis naTesavi, misi
istorias grZeldeba agaTia mirinelis Tzxulebis dasasrulidan, vidre
imperatori mavrikes mmarTvelobis CaTvliT. misi Tzxuleba SemorCenilia
fragmentebis saxiT (ODB 2 1991: 1064-1065).
ioane malalas (daax. 490-570/580 ww.) `xronografiaSi~ moTxrobilia
msoflios istoria dasabamidan 574 wlamde. avtori bibliuri adamidan
moyolebuli aRwers universalur istorias religiur-filosofiur WrilSi.
naSromi
Sedgeba
gaTvaliswinebiT
(siria),
mxolod
Tvrameti
wignisgan
aRwerilobaSi
bolo
da
avtoris
centraluri
wignis
Sua
warmoSobis
adgili
nawilidan
ukavia
–
adgilis
antioqias
konstantinopoli.
(yauxCiSvili 1936: 260; Thurn 2000).
menandre protiqtori (VI saukune), ekava sasaxlis zedamxedvelis
Tanamdeboba.
msgavsad,
ioane
epifanelisa
agrZelebs
agaTia
mirenelis
istorias, vidre imperator mavrikes (582-602 ww.) mmarTvelobamde. (ODB 2 1991:
1338; Blockley 1985).
Teofilakte
simokata
(VI-VII
ss.)
iyo
gamgrZelebeli
menandre
proteqtoris `istoriis~, romelic mTavrdeba imperatori tiberiusis (578-582
ww.) gardacvalebiT. misi istoria daiwera imperator herakles (610-641 ww.)
zeobis dros. is aris erT-erTi ukanaskneli klasikuri stilis mimdevari
istorikosi, romelmac Tavis istoriaSi mniSvnelovani yuradReba dauTmo
iseT tradiciul Temebs, rogorebicaa politika, diplomatia, samxedro
saqme da ara iseTs, rogorc aris religia. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom misi
istoria aRar gaugrZelebiaT, vidre VIII-IX saukuneebis mijnamde, rodesac
konstantinopolis patriarqma nikiforem warmogvidgina VII-VIII saukuneebis
bizantiis istoriis mokle eqskursi, rac Cafiqrebuli iyo Teofilaqte
simokatas naSromis gagrZelebad (Whitby, Whitby 1986: XIII).
konstantinopolis
daibada
bizantiis
patriarqi
imperiis
nikifore
dedaqalaqSi
Tevdores
Ze
xatmebrZoli
(758-828
ww.)
imperatori
konstantine V koprunimusis (741-775 ww.) dros. patriarqad akurTxes 806
wels, xolo gadaayenes 815 wels. gardaicvala 828 wels. is aris avtori
16
mravali
Teologiuri
xatmebrZolobis
Txzulebisa,
romelic
(O’Connel 1972).
Tematikas
ZiriTadad
Cvenamde
moaRwia
eZRvneba
misma
orma
istoriulma naSromma, esenia: `mokle istoria~ da `mokle xronografiuli
gadmocema~. amaTgan pirveli simokatas `istoriis~ gagrZelebas warmoadgens,
xolo meore moicavs msoflio istoriis mokle xronografiul aRweras,
vidre IX saukunis dasawyisamde (Mango 1990: 1-4). `mokle istoria~ iwyeba
fokas mmarTvelobiT da grZeldeba 769 wlis ambebis aRweris CaTvliT, ris
Semdegac Txroba wydeba. fiqroben, rom naSromi daumTavrebelia (Mango 1990:
6-7).
giorgi
patriarq
svingelozi
tarasis
dros
(VIII-IX
(786-806
ss.)
ww.).
moRvaweobda
misi
konstantinopolis
`xronografia~
warmoadgens
msoflio istorias adamidan imperator diokletianemde (284-305 ww.). avtors
gamizmuli
gamoeyo
hqonda
romis
gaegrZelebina
istoris
misi
istoria
da
faqtobrivad
qristianuli
periodi,
misive
calke
Tanamedroveobis
CaTvliT, magram ar dascalda. samagierod misi naSromis gagrZeleba iTava
Tefane aRmsarebelma. (Adler, Tuffin 2002: XXIX).
Teofane aRmsarebeli (759/60-818 ww.), igive JamTaaRmwereli agrZelebs
giorgi
singelosis
`xronografias~.
Teofanes
qronika
bizantiuri
saistorio mwerlobis udides miRwevadac aris Sefasebuli (Mango and Scott
1997: L-LI; yauxCiSvili 1941: 70; Adler, Tuffin 2002: XIX, XXIX; Mango 1978; 17).
giorgi
hamartolosi
(IX
saukune)
`xronografia~
dawerilia
bizantiis imperator mixael III loTis (842-867 ww.) mmarTvelobis dros.
masSi
moTxrobilia
bizantiis
istoria
uZvelesi
droidan
imperator
Teofiles gardacvalebamde (842 weli). Txzuleba Sedgeba oTxi wignisgan da
masSi bizantiis ambebTan erTad moTxrobilia sxva qveynebis istoriac, ris
gamoc naSromi imperiis sazRvrebs gareT didi popularobiT sargeblobda,
iTargmna
mraval
enaze,
maT
Soris
qarTulzec,
gamoCenili
qarTveli
mTargmnelisa da Teologis arsen iyalToelis mier XII saukunis dasawyisSi
(yauxCiSvili 1952: 309).
17
nikoloz mistikosi (852-925 ww.) iyo konstantinopolis patriarqi da
imperator leon VI brZenis erT-erTi yvelaze daaxloebuli piri. misi
memkvidreobidan istoriuli TvalsazrisiT yvelaze mniSvnelovania, misi
werilebi.
vatikanis
mniSvnelovani
erT-erTi
werilobiTi
xelnaweri
wyaroa
im
Seicavs
mis
droindeli
163
werils,
rac
bizantiis
imperiis
Txzulebisa,
romelis
Sesaswavlad. (yauxCiSvili 1952: 209).
ioseb
genesiosi
(X
saukune)
aris
avtori
saTauria `basileiai~ (xelmwifebani). naSromi faravs 813-886 wlebis periods
da Sedgeba oTxi wignisgan. genesiosma misi matiane Seasrula imperator
konstantine VII porfirogenetis dakveTiT. (Kaldellis 1998: XI-XV).
konstantine VII porfirogeneti (905-959 ww.) iyo bizantiis imperatori
913-959 wlebSi. miuxedavad misi mdgomareobisa gansakuTrebul dainteresebas
iCenda
mecnierebisken.
`Temebis
Sesaxeb~
`mmarTvelobis
aris
avtori
(De thematibus),
Sesaxeb~
ramdenme
`cereminiebis
administrando).
(De
Txzulebisa,
Soris:
(De caeremoniis),
Sesaxeb~
yvela
maT
maTgani
mniSvnelovan
informacias Seicavs bizantiis imperiis cxovrebis mravali aspeqtis Sesaxeb.
misive
dakveTiT
daiwyo
sxvadasxva
nawarmoebebis
Sesruleba,
riTic
mecnierebis araerTi dargis ganviTarebas Seewyo xeli X saukunis bizantiis
imperiaSi (yauxCiSvili 1952: 219; ODB 1991: 502-3).
sudas
enciklopediuri
leqsikoni
Sedgenilia
daaxloebiT
X
saukuneSi. masSi ganmartebulia 30 000-ze meti sxvadasxva saxis termini da
saxelwodeba.
aRniSnavs
leqsikonis
`zRudes~,
saTauri
`suda~
`gamagrebul
Zveli
adgils~.
berZnuli
sudas
sityvaa
da
`kompilaciebis
kompilaciadac~ moixsenieben, radgan Sedgenilia sxvadasxva kompilaciuri
tipis
naSromebisgan
amokrefili
masalebis
safuZvelze.
savaraudod,
dawerilia avtorTa jgufis mier da ara vinme svidas mier, rogorc es adre
iTvleboda (ODB. 3 1991: 1930-1931; yauxCiSvili 1952: 313-314).
Teofanes gamgrZelebeli, rogorc is sakuTar Tavs moixseniebs aris
anonimi avtori vrceli Txzulebisa, romelic Sedgeba eqvsi wignisgan.
aRwerilia
813-961
wlebis
bizantiis
istoria.
naSromi
SemorCenilia
18
erTaderTi xelnaweris saxiT, romelic ganekuTvneba XI saukunes. avtori
iyenebs mraval Txzulebas, xolo Tavad nawarmoebi kompilaciuri saxisaa
(ODB 3 1991: 2061-2062; yauxCiSvili 1952: 325-326).
simon logoTeti, magistrosi (X saukune) aris avtori nawarmoebisa
`xronografia~, romelic aRwers istorias qveynis dasabamidan, 948 wlis
CaTvliT, aqedan 842-948 wlebis ambebi misi originaluri naSromia, danarCeni
ki
kompilaciuri
gadakeTebuli
saxisaa.
variantebic.
arsebobs
adre
misi
naSromis
daudgeneli
iyo
gagrZeleba
aRniSnuli
da
naSromis
avtoris zusti vinaoba, ris gamoc mis avtorad xan Teodosi meliteneli da
xan leon gramatikosi miiCneoda. ar mtkicdeba misi identifiacia simon
metafrastTan
xelnaweris
(ix.:
ODB
gadamweria
3
1991:
1982-1983).
leon
gramatikosi
da
ara
avtori,
rogorc
es
aris
1013
wlis
miTiTebuli
georgikaSi (yauxCiSvili 1963: 1-2). miuxedavad amisa, mkvlevari SeniSnavs, rom
leoni SeiZleba iyos mxolod redaqtori (aRniSnuli wyaros erT-erTi
ukanaskneli gamocema ix.: Wahlgren 2006).
giorgi kedrene (XI-XII ss.) aris avtori Sromisa, romelsac ewodeba
`istoriuli mimoxilva~, oficialuri saTauri SedarebiT vrcelia da ukve
iqidan Cans, rom naSromi kompilaciuri xasiaTisaa _ `istoriuli mimoxilva,
dawyebuli
Sedgenili
qveynis
ufal
gaCeniT,
giorgi
vidre
kedrenes
isak
mier
komnenosis
sxvadasxva
imperatorobamde,
wignebis
mixedviT~.
amdenad, kedrenes istoria isak I-is mmarTvelobis dasasruliT mTavrdeba
(1059 weli) (ODB 2 1991: 1118; yauxCiSvili 1963: 7-9).
ioane
skilice
(XI
saukunis
II
nax.)
kurapalati
da
viglas
drungariosi, gaigivebulia ioane TrakesiosTan. aris avtori naSromisa,
romelsac ewodeba `istoria~, romelic Teofane aRmsareblis gagrZelebas
warmoadgens. matiane faravs 811-1057 wlebis bizantiis istorias (ODB 3 1991:
1914). 1057-1079 wlebis ambebi ekuTvnis ioane skilices ucnob gamgrZelebels,
romlis matianec mixael ataliates TviTnebur gadakeTebas warmoadgens
(ODB 3 1991: 1914).
19
kekavmenosi (XI saukune) bizantieli warCinebuli da samxedro moRvawe
aris
avtori
`strategikons~
aRwera,
sabrZolo
saxelmZRvanelosi,
romelsac
vuwodebT.
es
imperiis
sadac
samxedro
aris
bizantiis
xelovnebis
garda
Semoklebulad
samxedro
gadmocemulia
saqmis
bizantiis
istoriis mravali movlena basil II didis (976-1025 ww.) imperatorobidan,
vidre romanoz IV diogenes (1068-1071 ww.) mmarTvelobamde (ODB 2 1991: 1118;
yauxCiSvili 1963: 314; Литаврина 1972).
mixael
fselosi
(1018-1081
w.
Semdeg)
eriskacobaSi
konstantine.
bizantiis erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli swavluli da saxelmwifo moRvawe.
aris avtori araerTi werilisa da naSromis. maT Soris istoriuli kuTxiT
yvelaze Rirebulia misi `xronografia~, romelic moicavs 976-1077 wlebis
istorias. fselosi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda bunebas, romelic
misi
azriT
bunebrivi
marTalia
kanonebiT,
RmerTis
riTic
is
mier
iyo
Seqmnili,
provindencialur
magram
imarTeboda
Sexedulebebs
ganze
ayenebs. misi naSromebi savsea, rogorc panegirikuli xasiaTis pasaJebiT,
aseve movlenebis kritikuri analiziT. mixael pselosis ramdenime naSromi,
ukve XII saukuneSi iTargmna qarTul enaze (ODB 3 1991: 1754-1755; yauxCiSvili
1966: 1-8).
mixeil
senatori
da
gamoirCeoda
romelTa
ataliate
mosamarTle,
bizantiis
Soris
(1020/1030-1085
ataliates
imperiaSi.
aris
is
iuridiuli
w.
Semdeg)
kariera
aris
SesaSuri
avtori
saxis
proedrosi.
rogorc
brwyinvalebiT
ramdenime
Txzulebebic.
naSromisa,
yvelaze
mniSvnelovania misi `istoria~, sadac aRwerilia 1034-1079/80 wlebis ambebi.
naSromis Sesabamisi nawili imperator nikifore III botaniates (1078-1081 ww.)
xotbis Sesxmas waroadgens. naSromis bolo nawili nikifores gadayenebis
Semdeg iqna dawerili, sadac ukve avtori faqtebis obieqturi SefasebiT da
racionaluri analiziT gamoirCeva (ODB I 1991: 229; yauxCiSvili 1966: 20-21).
nikifore
vrienios
umcrosi
(1064/1080-1136/7
ww.)
iyo
cnobili
bizantieli sardali da istorikosi. aris avtori Sromisa `saistorio
masalebi~,
sadac
aRwerilia
XI
saukunis
70-iani
wlebis
ambebi.
misi
20
Txzuleba daumTavrebelia, samagierod mas xSirad imowmebs misi meuRle ana
komnena. anam dagvitova nikifore umcrosis detaluri daxasiaTeba (ODB 1
1991: 330-331; yauxCiSvili 1966: 302).
ana komnena
(1083-1153/4 ww.) iyo cnobili bizantieli istorikosi,
nikifore vrienos umcrosis meuRle. Tavis droze daniSnuli iyo marTa
bagrationis vaJze konstantine porfirogenetze, Tumca am ukanasknelis
politikuri statusis damcrobis gamo qorwili ar Sedga. ana komnena aris
avtori mamamisis – imperator aleqsi I komnenosis biografiulis xasiaTis
naSromisa, romelsac man uwoda `aleqsiada~. wigni Sedgeba 15 wignisgan da
aRwers
aleqsis
gansakuTrebul
droindeli
yuradRebas
bizantiis
uTmobs
politikur
Tavad
viTarebas,
mamamisis
sadac
cxovrebasa
da
moRvaweobas (ODB 2 1991: 1142; yauxCiSvili 1966: 33-37).
ioane
romelic
zonara
mogvianebiT
(XII
saukunis
berad
meore
aRikveca
da
nax.)
bizantieli
dagvitova
didmoxele,
ramdenime
naSromi
rogorc istoriuli, aseve Teologiuri xasiaTis. istoriuli TvalsazrisiT
yvelaze mniSvnelovania `msoflio istoria~, sadac aRwerilia bizantia da
gare samyaro dasabamidan 1118 wlis CaTvliT. zonara gansxvavebiT ana
komnenasgan kritikulad afasebs aleqsi I-is dros ganviTarebul movlenebs
da xandaxan akritikebs kidec imperators (ODB 3 1991: 2229; yauxCiSvili 1966:
177-181).
ioane kinamosi (daax. 1143 – 1185 w. Semdeg) iyo imperator manuel I
didis piradi istorikosi. misi naSromi panegirikuli xasiaTisaa da aRwers
ori imperatoris: ioane II kaloioanes (1118-1143 ww.) da manuel I didis (11431180 ww.) mmarTvelobis epoqas (ODB 2 1991: 1130; yauxCiSvili 1966: 140-141).
niketa xoniate (1155/7-1217 ww.) gamoCenili bizantieli istorikosi,
Teologi da saxelmwifo moRvawe. aris ramdenime naSromis avtori, maT
Soris mTavaria `istoria~, romelic aRwers 1118-1206 wlebis ambebs. niketas
`istoria~ Sedgeba 21 wignisgan da gamoirCeva faqtebisa da movlenebis uxvi
aRweriT. (ODB I 1991: 428; yauxCiSvili 1966: 122-123).
21
giorgi
akropolite
(1217-1282
ww.)
iyo
bizantieli
moxele
da
istorikosi. rogorc imperator mixael VIII paleologosis (1261-1282 ww.)
axlo naTesavi, iTvleboda mis erT-erT yvelaze erTgul msaxurad. misi
`qronika~ faqtiurad niketa xoniates naSromis gagrZelebas warmoadgens da
aRwers
1203-1261
dabrunebamde.
wlebis
misi
ambebs
naSromi
–
konstantinopolis
panegirikuli
xasiaTisaa,
dacemidan
sadac
mis
avtori
ganadidebs mixael VIII paleologoss (ODB 1 1991: 49; yauxCiSvili 1967: 40).
giorgi paximere (1242-1310 ww.) agrZelebs akropolites istorias da
agviRwers ori imperatoris moRvaweobis periods: mixael VIII paleologosis
(1261-1282 ww.) da andronike II paleologosis mmarTvelobis xanas (1282-1328
ww.). giorgi paximere aris sxva mravali, ritorikuli Tu filosofiuri
saxis naSromebis avtori (ODB 3 1991: 1550; yauxCiSvili 1966: 48-49).
nikifore grigorasi (1290/4-1358/60 ww.) XIV saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze
gamoCenili bizantieli istorikosi da swavluli. misi mravali Sromebidan
yvelaze
gamorCeulia
`romauli
istoria~,
romelic
giorgi
paximeres
istoriis erTgvari gagrZelebaa, masSi aRwerilia ambebi 1204 wlidan 1359
wlis CaTvliT. misi istoria Sedgeba 37 wignisgan da masSi aRwerilia
mravali mniSvnelovani politikuri, Tu religiuri saxis movlena (ODB 2
1991: 874-875; yauxCiSvili 1967: 119-123).
ioane VI kantakuzene (1295-1383 ww.) iyo bizantiis imperatori da XIV
saukunis
erT-erTi
yvelaze
gamoCenili
saxelmwifo
moRvawe.
taxtidan
gadadgomis Semdeg (1354 w.) aRikveca berad iosebis saxeliT, ris Semdegac
cxovrebis mniSvnelovani dro mwerlobas dauTmo. aris avtori sakuTari
avtobiografiuli saxis nawarmoebisa, romelsac `istoriani~ ewodeba. masSi
aRwerilia 1320-1356 wlebis bizantiis istoria, sadac ioane kantakuzene
gadmogvcems sakuTar Tvalsazris da Sexedulebebs yvela im politikur
procesis Sesaxeb, romelSic Tavad iRebda monawileobas. Txzuleba Sedgena
oTxi
nawilisgan
da
mniSvnelovani
wyaroa
bizantiis
istoriis
am
saintereso periodis Sesaswavlad (ODB 2 1991: 1050-1051).
22
miqel
panaretosi
protosevastosi
da
(daax.
1320-1387
protonotariosi.
ww.)
iyo
msaxurobda
trapizonis
imperator
imperiis
aleqsi
III
komnenosis (1349-1390 ww.) sasaxlis karze. aris avtori nawarmoebisa, romelic
SemoklebiT `trapizonis qronikis~ saxeliT aris cnobili. TxzulebaSi
mokled aris gadmocemuli trapizonis istoria 1204 wlidan 1386 wlis
CaTvliT. gagrZeleba, sadac damatebulia 1390-1426 wlebis ambebis aRwera
ekuTnis mis ucnob gamgrZelebels (ODB 3 1991: 1569-1570; yauxCiSvili 1967: 161165 ; TavaZe 2008: 108).
duka
(daax.
1400-1462
ww.)
mis
Sesaxeb
cota
ram
aris
cnobili,
samagierod SemorCenilia misi `istoria~, sadac aRwerilia 1341-1462 wlebis
bizantiis
istoria.
1341
wlamdeli movlenebi
ki
Zalzed
mokled
aris
aRwerili, rac ZiriTadad qronologiis saxiT aris warmodgenili. 1421
wlamde
movlenebis
aRwerisas
misi
wyaroa
niketa
xoniates,
nikifore
grigorasis da ioane anagnostes naSromebi. dukas `istoria~ uecrad wydeba
1462
wels,
rac
imas
miuTiTebs,
rom
avtorma
is
ver
daasrula
da
savaraudod amave wels gardaicvala (Magoulias 1975: 57-60; ODB 1 1991: 656-657;
georgika VIII, gv. 21-24).
giorgi
sfranZesi
paleologosebis
(1401-1477/8
saimperio
ww.)
karze,
bizantiis
flobda
imperiis
didmoxele
protovestiaris
saxelos.
mniSvnelovania misi `qronika minusi~, romelic eyrdnoba misi dRiuris
Canawerebs, sadac 1413-1478 wlebis bizantiis istoriis movlenebia aRwerili.
rac Seexeba amave nawarmoebis ufro vrcel versias – `qronika maiuss~ is,
rogorc es dRes aRiarebulia, iTvleba monemnasiis metropoliti makarios
melisenosis Sedgenilad XVI saukuneSi (ODB. III, gv. 1937; yauxCiSvili 1970:
36-37, 41).
laonike xalkokondiles (1423/30-1490 ww.) `istoria~ moicavs 1298-1463
wlebis movlenebis aRweras da Sedgeba aTi wignisgan. daiwera XV saukunis
80-ian
wlebSi.
laonikes
ganzraxuli
hqonda
eCvenebina
`didi
elinuri
imperiis dacema~, rasac TavisTavad osmanTa Turquli imperiis aRorZineba
mohyva (ODB 1 1991: 407 ; yauxCiSvili 1970: 89-91).
23
kardinali besarioni (1400-1472 ww.) gamoCenili bizantieli swavluli
daibada trapizonSi, xolo ganaTleba miiRo konstantinopolSi. 1437 wels
daamtkices
nikeis
bizantiaSi,
mitropolitad.
xolo
garkveuli
iyo
uniaturi
moZraobis
warumateblobis
lideri
Semdeg,
datova
konstantinopolis sapatriarqo da gadavida italiaSi, sadac kaTolicizmi
miiRebis Semdeg kardinalad airCies. orjer (1455, 1471 ww.) iyo papobis
kandidati.
aris
avtori
sxvadasxva
panegirikuli
saxis
teqstebisa
da
enkomiis, maT Soris erT-erTi eZRvneba mis mSobliur qalaq trapizons (ODB
1 1991: 285).
giorgi
trapizoneli
(1395-1472/3
ww.)
warmoSobiT
iyo
qalaqi
trapizonidan, xolo daibada kunZul kretaze. 1416 wels datova mSobliuri
mxare da gaemgzavra italiaSi, sadac miiRo kaTolikuri mrwamsi da Cadga
romis papis samsaxurSi. aris avtori uamravi sxvadasxva saxis nawarmoebisa,
maT
Soris
ritorikuli,
filosofiuri,
Teologiuri,
astonomiuri,
astrologiuri da a.S. werda ZiriTadad laTinur enaze. mniSvnelovania mis
Txzuleba `WeSmariteba qristianuli mrwamsis Sesaxeb~, sadac igi wers, rom
Tu
osmanTa
sulTani
qristianobas
miiRebs
is
gaxdeba
msoflios
mbrZanebelio (ODB 2 1991: 839-840).
Teodor spandunesi (1460 w. Semdeg – 1560 wlamde), maTe spandunesisa
da
evdokia
laTinur
kantakuzenes
samyaroSi
vaJiSvili,
gaqceul
bizantiis
bizantiel
imperiis
aristokratTa
dacemis
Semdeg
meore
Taobis
warmomadgeneli iyo. mis kalams ekuTvnis laTinur enaze dawerili XVI
saukunis
evropaSi
sakmaod
popularuli
Txzuleba
`osman
imperatorTa
warmoSobis Sesaxeb~, romelic amave saukunis pirvel naxevarSi Seiqmna da
xelnaweris saxiT 1538 wels safrangeTis momaval mefes, anri II valuas
(1547-1559 ww.) gadaeca, xolo nabeWdi saxiT pirvelad 1550 wels gamoqveynda
(Nicol 1997: XVIII). misi naSromi gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa post-bizantiuri
epoqis Sesaswavlad.. aRniSnuli naSromi imiTac aris sayuradRebo, rom misi
Sesabamisi
asaxva
damuSavebula
ar
zogadad
momxdara
qarTul
saqarTvelos
istoriografiaSi
istoriis
Seswavlis
da
kuTxiT.
ar
am
24
avtoris mixedviT, trapizonis imperatoris gadarCenilma memkvidrem colad
moiyvana saqarTvelos mefis asuli da ara guriis mTavris, rogorc es
xSirad
iyo
aRniSnuli
qarTul
istoriografiaSi
da
daefuZna
saqarTveloSi. misi memkvidreebi Teodor spandunesis cnobiT XVI saukunis
Sua wlebisTvis saqarTveloSi cxovrobdnen (Nicol 1997: 41).
XVI
saukunis
avtorebidan
mniSvnelovania,
aseve
anonimi
avtoris
berZnuli enaze Sesrulebuli qronika, romelic aRwers bizantiisa da
osmaleTis
istorias
konstantinopolis
1373-1513
sapatriarqos
wlebSi.
qronikebis
es
naSromi
kategorias,
miukuTvneba
sadac
Txroba
iwyeba 1391 wlidan da grZeldeba konstantinopolis dacemis Semdeg (1453
weli). msgavsad manuel malaxosisa da damaskenosis nawarmoebebisa anonimi
avtoris qronika ZiriTadad 1391 wlis movlenebis moTxrobiT iwyeba, Tumca
garkveuli pasaJebi exeba 1373 wlis Semdgom perodsac. sabolood, ucnobi
avtoris qronika misma gamomcemelma, marios filipidesma Semdegi saTauriT
gamosca: `konstantinopolis imperatorebi, patriarqebi da sulTnebi, 13731513~ (Philippides 1990: 16-20). aq daculi cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb mwiria,
Tumca
ixsenieba
konstantinopolis
patriarqis
ioakimes
saqarTveloSi
viziti da sxva (Philippides 1990: 119-120).
yvela
zemoxsenebuli
avtoris
garda
arsebobs
sxva,
bizantieli
mwerlebis nawarmoebebi, romelTa naSromebic garkveulwilad avseben Cvens
codnas bizantiuri saimperio titulaturis Sesaxeb da im samoxeleo wyobis
Sesaxeb, romelic Sua saukuneebis aRmosavleT romis imperiaSi arsebobda.
bizantiis saimperio titulaturis Seswavlis kuTxiT, gamorCeuli
adgili ukavia im mravalferovan `noticiebsa~ Tu `taktikebs~, romlebic
mravlad iwereboda saxelmwifo aparatis efeqturi marTvis kuTxiT. qarTul
politikur realobaSi am terminebis aRsaniSnavad: `garigeba~, `ganweseba~,
`wesi~,
gamoiyeneboda.
mixedviT:
(abulaZe
`wesi
1993:
sulxan-saba
uwodian
374).
`wesis~
orbelianis
Cveulebasa,
sinonimad
`leqsikoni
ganmtkicebulsa
iqve
da
miTiTebulia
–
qarTulis~
mdgomaresa~
`ganweseba~,
25
romelic imave leqsikonis mixedviT `garigebas~ Seesabameba (abulaZe 1991:
145).
gvian romauli saimperio aparatis Seswavlis kuTxiT mniSvnelovani
wyaroa Notitia Dignitatum, romelic warmoadgens oficialuri samxedro da
samoqalaqo
sapatio
gaukeTda
Tanamdebobebis
titulebi.
da
yauxCiSvili,
amave
teqsts
saxiT
gamyreliZe
Constantinopolitanae,
sadac
nusxas.
masSi
bolo
redaqtireba
aris
1961:
Cvenamde
168-170).
aRwerilia
naklebad
V
aris
saukunis
moRweuli
sagulisxmoa,
qalaqi
warmodgenili
dasawyisSi
(ODB 3 1991:
1496;
Notitia
Urbis
aseve
konstantinopoli
da
misi
moxeleebi. es dokumentic Sedgenilia imave – V saukunis dasawyisSi (ODB 3
1991: 1496).
didi raodenobiT aris Semonaxuli saeklesio noticiebi. amaTgan, or
aTeulze meti gamoqveynebulia Jan daruzos mier (Darrouzés 1981).
`taktikebi~
mniSvnelovan
zemoT
wyaros
ganxilul
warmoadgenen
`noticiebTan~
bizantiuri
erTad
yvelaze
administraciuli
da
biurokratiuli aparatis Sesaswavlad. am kuTxiT, Notitia Dignitatum-is garda
mniSvnelovania IX-X saukuneebis taktikebi, romlebic Sekriba da gamoaqveyna
n. oikonomidisma. gvianbizantiuri samoxeleo wyobis Sesaswavlad Zvirfasi
wyaroa – fsevdo-kodines `traqtati Tanamdebobebisa da titulebis Sesaxeb~
(XIV s. Sua wlebi) (ODB 3 1991: 2007; Verpeaux 1966). calke aRniSvnis Rirsia
starategikonebi
–
samxedro
saqmis
saxelmZRvaneloebi,
maTi
cnobebi
administraciuli sistemis Sesaxeb ufro mokrZalebulia, vinaidan maTSi
aqcenti
samxedro
saqmis
swavlebazea
gakeTebuli.
yvela
am
masalas
bizantiuri ierarqiisa da administraciis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovnad avsebs
bizantiuri beWdebi (sfragistikis nimuSebi) da numizmatikuri masalebi.
bizantiuri numizmatikisa da sfragistikis nimuSebi didi raodenobiT
aris daculi sxvadasxva muzeumebsa, Tu kerZo koleqciebSi. numizmatikis
nimuSebze
ZiriTadad
imperatorebis
da
bizantiis
iSviaT
imperatorebis,
SemTxvevaSi
dedoflebis,
mTavrebis
Tana-
portretuli
gamosaxulebebi da titulebia aRniSnuli. sfragistikis nimuSebze imperiis
26
TiTqmis
yvela
fiqsirdeba.
kategoriis
bizantiuri
didmoxelis
numizmatikis
Tanamdeboba
uamravi
da
nimuSebi
titulebi
Seswavlili
da
gamoqveynebuli aqvT iseT specialistebs, rogorebic arian: f. grirsoni, d.
seari,
v.
roTi,
bizantiuri
m.
hendi
beWdebis
da
sxva
(Grierson 1973; Sear 1996).
mkvlevarebi
gamoqveynebaSi
didi
wvlili
Seitanes
iseTma
mecnierebma rogorebic arian: g. SlumberJe (Shclumberger 1884), v. loreni
(Lorent... 1-3: 1963-72), j. nesbiTi, n. oikonomidisi (Oikonomides 1985; Catalogue I-VI), v.
zaifti, g. zakosi (Zacos 1972), i. iordanovi (Jordanov I-III), Jan-klod Sene
(Cheynet 2001), d. metkalfi (Metcalf 2004) da sxvebi.
laTinuri wyaroebidan gamorCeuli adgili ukavia langobardiel
istorikosisa
kremonis
da
saxelmwifo
episkoposis
skuatritis
berZnuli
mier.
ena
samsaxurSi
naSromebs.
aRsaniSnavia
da
saRvTo
myofi
ramdenimejer
moRvawe
isic,
romis
(manamde
gaemgzavra
misi
ludprandis
Sromebi
rom
liudprandma
mefe
oton
berengar
konstantinopolSi.
920-970
gamoqveynebulia
imperatoris
italiis
(daax.
kargad
I-is
II-is
yvelaferi
ww.),
paolo
icoda
(962-973
ww.)
davalebiT)
amis
fonze
mSvenivrad aRwers bizantias da iqaur politikur viTarebas (ODB 2 1991:
1241-1242; Squatriti 2007).
siriuli
wyaroebidan
bevri
mniSvnelovani
mematianes
dasaxeleba
SeiZleba. maT Soris arian: ieso stilite (VI saukune), zaqaria retori (VI
saukune), ioane efeseli (VI saukune), meSvide da merve saukunis siruli
qronikebi, iakob edeseli (640-708 ww.), mixael sirieli (1126-1199 ww.), 1234
wlis siriuli qronikis anonimi, grigol bar-ebrausi (1226-1286 ww.) da sxva
(Joshua the Stylite 1882; Zachariah of Mitylene 1889; Smith 1999; Harrak 1999; Chabot 1899-1910;
Chabot 1920; Budge 1932).
somxuri
wyaroebSi
aseve
gvxvdeba
mravali
cnobebi
bizantiuri
titulaturis Sesaxeb, isini mdidaria politikuri movlenebis aRweriTac.
maT Soris mniSvnelovania Semdegi avtorebi: lazar farfeci (V saukune),
sebeosi
(VII
saukune),
SirakacisTan
aigiveben
anonimi
(VII
somexi
saukune),
geografi,
Revondi
(VIII
romelsac
anania
saukune),
movses
27
kalankatuaci (X saukune), ioane drasxanakertci (X saukune), stefanoz
taroneci (XI saukune), aristakes lastiverci (XI saukune), maTe urhaeci (XII
saukune), mxiTar airivaneci (XII saukune), mxiTar goSi (XII-XIII saukuneebis
mijna),
grigol
akaneci
(XIII
saukune),
vardan
arevelci
(XIII
saukune),
kirakoz ganZakeci (XIII saukune), stefanoz orbeliani (XIII-XIV saukuneebis
mijna), sebastaci (XIV saukune), heTumi (XIV saukune), Tovma mewofeci (XV
saukune) da aS. XIV-XV saukuneebis politikuri istoriis Sesaswavlad
mniSvnelovania somxuri anderZ-minawerebi, igive hiSatakaranebi (ix.: janaSia
1962; Себеос 1862; Гевонд 1862; davlianiZe-tatiSvili 1985; Дарбинян-Меликян 1984;
Bedrosian 1985; Matthew of Edessa 1993; davlianiZe-tatiSvili 1985; Патканов 1871;
kvaWantiraZe, SoSiaSvili 2003; Киракос Гандзакеци 1976; cagareiSvili 1978;
Себастаци 1962; Bedrosian 2004; Тер-Григорян, Баграмян 1957; Bedrosian 1987; kucia 1987;
abdalaZe 1978).
g) istoriografia – saqarTvelo-bizantiis urTierTobebi didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi,
araerTi
qarTveli
da
ucxoeli
mkvlevaris
yuradRebis
centrSi moeqca. mimoxilulia mravali sakiTxi, maT Soris: politikuri
urTierToba,
diplomatia,
wyaroTmcodneobiTi
kvlevebi,
ekonomikuri
urTierTobebi, samxedro istoriis sakiTxebi da mravali sxva. bizantiuri
saimperio
titulaturis
eTmoboda.
miuxedavad
saqarTveloSi
imisa,
rom
gavrcelebas
dRemde
ar
didi
arsebobs
yuradReba
damoukidebeli
naSromi aRniSnuli Temis irgvliv, bizantiuri titulebis saqarTveloSi
gavrcelebas
yuradReba
miaqcies
da
Seiswavles
iseTma
mkvlevarebma
rogorebic arian: ivane javaxiSvili, simon yauxCiSvili, SoTa mesxia, SoTa
badriZe,
mariam
anTelava,
stepanenko,
Tedo
lorTqifaniZe,
dundua,
stiven
rapi.
jaba
roin
metreveli,
samuSia,
XI-XII
aseve
saukuneebis
zurab
kiril
papasqiri,
Tumanovi,
bizantiuri
ilia
valeri
titulebi
safuZvlianad Seiswavla gamoCenilma bizantinologma aleqsandre kaJdanma.
mTeli aRniSnuli Sroma aleqsandre kaJdanma mis originalur monografiaSi
`bizantiis mmarTveli klasis socialuri Semadgenloba XI-XII ss-Si~ moaqcia
28
(Каждан 1974). gamovlinda araerTi qarTuli aristokratuli gvari, romelic
am epoqaSi flobda bizantiur titulebs.
`qarTvelTa
sakurapalatos~
Sesaxeb
disertacia
daicva
SoTa
badriZem, romelic mogvianebiT Tsu-s SromebSi gamoica (badriZe 1965) jemal
stefnaZem dabeWda saintereso statia bizantiuri titulebis gavrcelebaze
saqarTveloSi (stefnaZe 1976; anTelava 1988).
miuxedavad
bizantiuri
didi
interesisa
titulaturis
yvela
saqarTveloSi
sakiTxebis
SeswavliT
Semoifargla.
titulebis
genezisis,
funqciis,
zemoT
xsenebuli
damkvidrebis
isini
raobis
nakleb
da
da
qronologiis
yuradRebas
ierarqiuli
avtori
uTmoben
mdgomareobis
sakiTxebs bizantiis imperiaSi. naklebad aris gamaxvilebuli yuradReba,
titulebis
mniSvnelobaze,
privilegiebze
da
finansur
dotaciebze,
romelsac maTi mflobelebi iRebdnen bizantiis imperatorisgan. kvleva
ZiriTadad
saqarTvelos
Seexeboda,
Sesabamisad
bizantiuri
titulebi
mxolod am kuTxiT iqna Seswavlili. amdenad, sakiTxi ar aris damuSavebuli
kompleqsurad da am kuTxiT muSaobis gaRrmavebisken gvibiZgebs.
qarTuli
istoriografiisgan
gansxvavebiT,
bizantiis
kvlevebSi
titulaturisa da sapatio epiTetebis an zogadad instituciuri sistemis
Sesaxeb vrceli literatura arsebobs. maTi gacnoba qarTuli instituciuri
sakiTxebis kvlevis TvalsazrisiT aucilebelia.
am
kuTxiT
kvleva
jer
kidev
XIX
saukuneSi
daiwyo.
erT-erTi
pirvelia rusi mecnieris nikolai skabalanoviCis monografia: `bizantiis
saxelmwifo da eklesia XI saukuneSi~ (Скабаланович 1884).
yuradRebas imsaxurebs, aseve cnobili frangi istorikosis Sarl
dilis Sromebi bizantiis administraciuli Tu instituciuri mowyobis
Sesaxeb.
misi
problemis
disertacia,
Seswavlas
romelic
daeTmo,
ufro
1888
wels
gamoqveynda
konkretulad
ravenis
swored
am
egzarxatis
adrebizantiis epoqaSi. naSromis sruli saTauria: `narkvevebi bizantiis
administraciis Sesaxeb: ravenis egzarxati (568-751)~ (Diehl 1888). bizantiis
imperiis ZiriTadi istoriis Sesaxeb dawerili naSromebis (Diehl 19191; Diehl
29
19192)
garda
aRsaniSnavia
xelisufleba
da
misi
statia
administracia~,
saTauriT:
romelic
`bizantiis
Sesulia
imperiis
kembrijis
Sua
saukuneebis meoTxe tomSi (Cambridge Medieval History IV 1923: 726-744).
mniSvnelovania aseve cnobili ingliseli istorikosis jon bagnel
biuris
naSromebi
bizantiis
administraciisa
da
biurokratiis
Sesaxeb.
maTgan, albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovania `imperiuli administraciis sistema
mecxre saukuneSi~ (Bury 1911).
mniSvnelevania lui breies sami tomisgan Semdgari fundamenturi
naSromi `bizantiuri samyaro~. amaTgan, CvenTvis yvelaze sainteresoa meore
tomi `bizantiis imperiis instituciebi~ (Bréhier 1949).
mniSvnelovania
saxelmwifo
sistemis
X-XI
garda,
genadi
ss-Si~
`bizantiis
sazogadoeba
1977).
bizantiuri
administraciuli
(Литаврин
aRniSnul
Semadgenlobebsac
litavrinis
monografiaSi
eTmoba.
yuradReba
gansxvavebiT
imperiis
skabalanoviCis
da
socialur
naSromisgan
ignorirebulia sasuliero fenis roli, samagierod warmoCenilia saero
pirebis moRvaweoba X-XI saukuneebis bizantiis yofa-cxovrebaSi.
gvianromauli
da
adrebizantiuri
xanis
instituciebisa
da
administraciuli sistemis Sesaxeb safuZvliani samecniero kvleva Caatares
iseTma mecnierebma, rogorebic iyvnen m. T. v. arnhaimi (Arnheim 1972), jon
haldoni (Haldon 1984), h. m. jonsi (Jones I-IV 1964), am ukanasknels ganxiluli
aqvs aRniSnuli epoqis yvela ZiriTadi problematika dawyebuli politikuri
istoriis sakiTxebiT damTavrebuli socialuriT da institucionaluriT.
mniSvnelovania,
Sromebi
aseve
(Cameron
everil
1993;
Slootjes
kameronis,
2006).
daniel
bizantiis
slutesisa
imperiis
da
Sua
sxvaTa
xanebis
instituciuri istoriisa Tu politikuri azrovnebis Sesaswavlad mravali
Sroma aris dawerili. maTi nawili ukve davaxiasiaTeT, rodesac CvenTvis
saintereso ZiriTad Sromebs vixilavdiT, xolo sxva avtorebidan SeiZleba
gamovarCioT, Semdegi mkvlevarebi:
rodolf giiani (Guilland I-II 1967), n.
oikonomidekisi (Oikonomides 2005), J-k. Sene, speros vrionis umcrosi (Vrionis
1997) da sxva. gvianbizantiuri instituciebis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovania: l.
30
maqsimoviCi (Maksimovic 1988), i. a. biliarski (Biljarski 1998). g. x. sulisi (Soulis
1984), d. angelovi (Angelov 2007) da sxva avtorTa Sromebi.
31
Tavi I
bizantiuri saimpero titulatura da Tanamegobrobis qveynebi
bizantiis imperia romis imperiis samarTal memkvidre iyo. swored
romis
imperiis
aRmosavleT
nawils
daumkvidrda
farTod danergili saxelwodeba – bizantia.
romaelebad
miiCnevda.
misi
samecniero
sivrceSi
bizantiis mosaxleobas Tavs
eTnikuri
Semadgenloba
adgilobrivi,
elinizirebul mosaxleobizgan iyo warmodgenili. moiuxedavad berZnuli
enisa da kulturis Zlieri gavlenisa bizantiis imperia rCeboda romauli
tradiciebis
Rirseul
gamgrZeleblad.
amdenad,
iqamde
sanam
usualob
bizantiis imperiis saimperio titulaturis gavrcelebas mivadevnebT Tvals
Tanamegobrobis qveynebSi mniSvnelovania SevexoT im tendenciasac, rac win
uZRoda
bizantiuri
saimperio
titulebis
gavrcelebas
saqarvelosa
da
Tanamegobrobis sxva saxelmwifoebSi.
romis imperiis politika rogorc wesi agresiuli iyp, Tumca imperiis
xanaSi
farTod
iyenebda
`megobari
mokavSire~
qveynebis
daxmarebasac.
`megobari mokavSire~ qveynebSi Sedioda yvela is saxelmwifo ganurCevlad
religiisa
da
eTnikuri
Semadgenlobisa,
romlebic
romis
xalxisa
da
senatis interesebis sasargeblod moqmedebda. am qveynebSi farTod iyo
danergili
romis
imperiis
moqalaqeobis
gacemis
praqtikac,
rac
uzrunvelyofda mmarTveli elitis romis imperiis mmartvel klasebTan
integracias. am kuTxiT mniSvnelovania qarTuli politikuri erTeulebis
ganxilva, rogorc romis imperiis saintegracio zonis wevrebisa, romlebsac
hqondaT miswrafeba aqtiuri monawileoba mieRoT romis imperiis TavdacviTi
sistemis
efeqtur
garantori
xdeboda.
warmarTvaSi.
am
kuTxiT
romi
samagierod,
mniSvnelovania,
maTi
uSiSroebis
aramxolod
`megobari
mokavSire~ qveynebis – qarTlis/iberia, egrisis/lazika da sxva politikur
erTeulTa koordinaciis Seswavla romis mmarTvel wevrebTan, romelic
efeqturad xorcieldeboda Zv.w. I – ax.w. II saukunis CaTvliT, aramed ukve III
farTod
danergili
limesuri
sistemis
Camoyalibebac,
sadac
sakuTari
32
adgili ekava kolxeTsac, romelic pontos limesis aRmosavleT nawilad
ganixileboda.
dasavleT
saqarTvelos
teritoriis
integracia
pontos
limesSi Cven ukve ganvixileT Sesabamis statiebSi da mas ufro vrclad
aRar
SevexebiT,
vinaidan
maTi
gacnoba
ukve
SesaZlebelia
or
enaze
qarTulad da inglisurad (ix.: Dundua, Tavadze 2009; dundua, TavaZe 2011). rac
Seexeba aRmosavleT saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeTi sazRvrebis problematikas
antikur epoqaSi, igi garkveulwilad SeviswavleT, ukve Cvens damoukidebel
naSromSi, romelic daeTmo saqarTvelos CrdiloeTi sazRvris problemebs
ganxilvas da im politikur Tu socialur realobas, romelic iq iyo
gabatonebuli. saerTo daskvnis mixedviT gamodis, rom regionis sazRvrebis
kontrols
saerTaSoriso
mniSvneloba
hqonda
(ix.:
TavaZe
2010).
Tumca
aRmosaveT saqarTveloSi limesis sistemas adgili ar hqonia. amdenad, es
sivrce
SedarebiT
naklebad
iyo
integrirebuli
romaul
politikuri
sistemaSi.
miuxedavad
samxedro
efeqturi
tyveobaSi
barbaroebis
myofi,
SeCerebas
muSaobisa,
limesebis
gadasaxlebuli
isaxavda
miznad
ar
sistemam,
barbarosebis
gaamarTla.
romelic
xeliT
romis
sxva
imperia
politikurma qaosma da ekonomikurma krizisma moicva. amis gamo iyo, rom
hunebis mier ganxorcielebuli mZime dartymebis Semdeg dasavleT romis
imperia barbarosebis msxverpli gaxda. romis memkvidris tvirTi aRmosavleT
romis imperiam ikisra.
bizantia pirveli qristianuli imperia iyo, romelic qristianobis
oficialur
religiad
masStabiT
cdilobs.
gamocxadebis
Semdeg
qristianobisa
da
mis
gavrcelebas
qristianuli
msoflios
faseulobebis
damkvidrebiT bizantiis imperiis mesveurebi sakuTari politikuri gavlenis
gavrcelebas cdilobdnen.
bizantiis politikuri azrovnebis erT-erTi amosavali koncefcia,
qristesmoyvare
bizantiis
imperatoris
ieso
qristes
monacvleoba
iyo
dedamiwaze. qristesmoyvare imperatori uflis moadgiled, rCeulad da
qristianobis
damcvelad
ganixileboda
xilul
samyaroSi.
bizantiis
imperatori kosmokratorad, anu amqveyniuli samyaros mbrZaneblad iqca,
33
xolo qriste – pantokratorad, anu sruliad xiluli da uxilavi samyaros
meufed. imperatori, qristes vasalad ganixileboda, xolo mosaxleoba mis
monebad.
imperatoris privilegia iyo wodebuliyo `yovlisa drois meufed~
anu
xronokratorad.
imperatori
amqveyniuri
drois
meufea,
romelsac
bizantielTa SegnebiT yoveli sulieris gansja SeeZlo, maTi cxovrebis
yoveli wuTi da saaTi misi keTili nebis gamoxatulebad iTvleboda. amgvari
iyo bizantiuri imperiuli ideologiis erT-erTi amosavali koncefcia,
bizantiis imperatoris adgilis Sesaxeb qristianul samyaroSi.
amgvarad, bizantiis imperatori yoveli marTlmorwmune qristianis
imperatorad iqca, romlis movaleoba qristianebze zrunva, sarwmunoebis
dacva
da
urwmunoTa
WeSmarit
mrwamsze
moqceva
iyo.
am
kuTxiT
mniSvnelovania imperatoris gaazreba, rogorc qristes saflavis mcvelisa,
im saflavisa, sadac mogvianebiT aRdgomis taZari aigo. iTvleboda, rom
imperatoris meufeba dedamiwaze SeuzRudavi iyo. aqedan gamomdinare, nelnela damkvidrda bizantiis imperatoris saimperatoro titulebs Soris
erT-erTi
yvelaze
gavrcelebuli
–
avtokratoris
(qarTulad
TviTmpyrobeli) tituli.
imperatoris oficialuri tituli iyo avgustusi anu `RmerTTagan
aRzevebuli~,
ZeglebSi
romelic
imperiis
avtokratoris
gamoiyeneboda.
berZnulad
oficialur
farTod
regaliebsa
gavrcelebamde
imperators
basilevss
Tu
samarTlis
sakmaod
uwodebdnen.
xSirad
swored
titulebi avgustusi, avtokratori da basilevsi iyo bizantiis imperatoris
umTavresi oficialuri saimperatoro titulebi. arsebobda imperatoris
sxva,
oficialuri
ceremoniebis
dros
Tu
sapatio
iwodeboda.
titulebi
Tumca,
am
da
epiTetebi,
etapze
romliTac
umjobesia,
is
mxolod
ZiriTadi titulebis aRniSvniT SemovifargloT.
sakariskaco da senatioruli titulebi
saimperatoro sapatio titulebisa da epiTetebis garda, bizantiis
TanamegobrobaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ekava senatorul, igive sakariskaco
34
titulebs.
saimpero
administraciul
sakariskaco
mowyobasTan
titulebi
erTad
aRmosavleT
Seiqmna.
amas
ki
romis
imperiis
safuZveli
romis
imperiis xelisuflebis organos, senatis, konstantinopolSi Seqmnam Cauyara.
romSi
mmarTveli
arsebuli
organo
senati,
iyo,
romelic
princepsebis
Tavis
epoqaSi
droze
nelnela
respublikis
dakninda,
Tumca
garkveuli inerciiT mainc SeinarCuna garkveuli ufleba-mosileba.
konstantinopolis, axali qalaqis daarsebas axali senatis Seqmna
mohyva Sedegad. amieridan romis imperiaSi ori politikuri centri, romi da
konstantinopoli,
Tanaarsebobda
konstantinopolis senatma,
ori
damoukidebeli
senatiT.
iseve aRmosavleT romis imperiam, bizantiis
senatis saxeli daimkvidra Tanamedrove istoriografiaSi.
senati
laTinuri
sityvaa
da
amave
enaSi
damkvidrebul
sityva
seneqsidan momdinareobs, rac niSnavs uxucess. senati romis respublikis
epoqaSi
ganusazRvrel
oficialur
mmarTvel
warmomadgenlobiT,
imperiis
epoqaSi
uflebebs
organos.
aseve
flobda
senati
roli
warmoadgenda
warmoadgenda
aRmasrulebel
senatis
da
da
romis,
sakanonmdeblo
mniSvnelovnad
daqveiTda
qveynis
rogorc
struqturas.
da
erTgvad
mrCevelTa sabWod gadaiqca, uxeSad gansazRvruli ufleba-movaleobebiTa da
privilegiiT (ODB III 1991: 1868). senats bizantiis imperiaSi berZnulad
`sinkletos~ (σύγκλητος) uwodebdnen.
bizantiis senatSi Tavs iyrida imperiis mmarTveli elita. maT Soris
iyvnen
imperiis
administraciuli
provinciis
moxeleebi.
mmarTvelebi
provinciis
da
sxvadasxva
ganmgeblebi,
saxis
rogorc
wesi,
mmarTveli fenis zeda eSelonebs warmoadgendnen.
romis
imperiis
arsebobis
dros
senatSi,
umaRlesi
romauli
aristokratiis wevrebi iyvnen warmodgenili. senatoroba ar iyo mxolod
Tanamdeboba, is konkretuli piris socialur statuss gansazRvravda. Zveli
romauli
aristokratia
erTiandeboda
an
senatorul
wodebaSi,
anda
ekvestrul rangSi. ekvestruli (laTinurad niSnavs cxenosanTas) wodeba
samxedro samsaxurSi dawinaurebuli fena iyo. maTi warmoSoba, gansxvavebiT
35
senatorisgan,
dabali
iyo.
romaeli
senatorebi
patriciebis
socialur
jgufs warmoadgendnen, xolo ekvestruli wodebis mflobelebi plebeebis
masidan
gamosuli
xalxi
iyo,
romelic
samxedro
samsaxuris
dros
dawinaurda da aRzevda. romaeli senatorebi klarisimusad (laT. clarissimus;
berZ. λαμπρότατος) iwodebodnen, xolo ekvestrebi – perfektisimusad (laT.
perfectissimus; berZ. διασημότατος) da egregiusis (laT. egreius; berZ. κρτιστος) an
eminentisimusis (laT. eminentissimus;
berZ. έξοχώτατος)
tituls
atarebdnen.
ukanaskneliT mxolod pretorianelTa prefeqti iwodeboda (Slootjes 2006: 21-22;
Cambridge Ancient History..., 2000: 262).
mesame
saukuneSi
imperatorebi
samoxeleo
Tanamdebobebze
damtkicebisas privilegiebs ekvestrebs ufro aniWebdnen, vidre senatorebs,
rac maT mier saTanado samxedro gamocdilebis qoniT SeiZleba aixsnas.
amdenad, senatorebma dakarges araerTi Tanamdeboba, romelic manamde maTi
privilegia iyo. konstantine I didis (306-337 ww.) Semdeg viTareba Seicvala –
ekvestriuli
wodeba
nel-nela
gaqra,
xolo
misi
adgili
senatorebma
daikaves.
konstantinopolSi
senatorebi
daniSna
ekvestrebs
eZleodaT.
daarsebul
TiTqmis
maT
yvela
Soris,
axal
im
senatSi
konstantine
Tanamdebobaze,
presesis,
vikaris,
didma
romlebic
adre
pretorianelTa
prefeqtis da a.S. ekvestruli klasis damcrobam aRzevebuli senatorebi
imperiis erTaderT elitad aqcia. (Slooters 2006: 22; Jones ..., 1964: 528). meoTxe
saukunis
bolosTvis
provinciis
yvela
mmarTveli
senatorTa
wodebis
warmomadgeneli iyo (Slootjes 2006: 22).
romis
imperiaSi
ierarqias
didi
adgili
ekava,
amdenad
yvela
senatori ar iyo Tanabari pativis mqone. isini Sesabamisi Tanamdebobebis
mixedviT gansxvavebul rangebad iyofodnen. imperatorebis valentian I (364375 ww.) da misi Svilis, gracianes (375-383 ww.), dros senatorebis sam rangi
Camoyalibda: umaRlesi rangis mflobelebi ilustirsebad (laT. illustris; berZ.
ιλλούστρις)
iwodebodnen, Semdeg modioda spektabilisi (laT. spectabilis; berZ.
36
πείβλεπτος), xolo yvelaze dabali iyo klarisimusis (laT. clarissimus; berZ.
λαμπρότατος) rangi (Slootjes 2006: 23; Jones ..., 1964: 529; Kuhoff 1982: 271).
senatoroba tradiciulad memkvidreobiTi iyo, Tumca rogorc ki
mamakaci misi wevri gaxdeboda, iRebda yvelaze dabal, klarisimis, rangs.
senatis wodebaSi miReba imperatoris specialuri dadgenilebiTac xdeboda,
rac rangis Sesabamisi Tanamdebobis miRebiT iyo SesaZlebeli (ix.: Slootjes
2006: 23 sq. 35; Jones ..., 1964: 529).
presidis,
korektoris,
konsularis
Tanamdebobis
mflobelebi
erTiandebodnen klarisimis senatorul rangSi. prokonsulisa da vikaris
Tanamdebobebis mqoneblebi spektabilisis rangis mflobelebi iyvnen. yvela
pretorianelTa prefeqti ilustrisad iwodeboda (Slootjes 2006: 23; Jones ..., 1964:
529; Ausbuttel 1988: 115; Talbert 1984: 488-91).
ilustrebis gavlena imperiaSi ufro metad gaizarda. 440 wlisaTvis
maT mieniWaT fiskaluri da sasamarTlo uflebebi, riTic mniSvnelovnad
dawinaurdnen
dabali
rangis
senatorebze.
amis
Semdeg
senatis
wamyvan
jgufad swored ilustrisis rangis mqone senatorebi iqcnen (ix.: Slootjes 2006:
23; Jones ..., 1964: 529; Ausbuttel 1988: 115; Talbert 1984: 488-91; ODB II 1991: 986-987).
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom senatoruli titulebis miReba SesaZlebeli
iyo, aramxolod garkveuli Tanamdebobis miRebasTan erTad, rogorc es
xdeboda
tradiciulad,
aramed
sapatio
titulis
saxiTac,
yvelanairi
Tanamdebobis gareSe, imperatoris specialuri gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze.
yvela Tanamdebobis gacema SesaZlebeli iyo sapatio titulis saxiT, maT
Soris, pretorianelTa prefeqtisac. (Slootjes 2006: 23).
senatoruli Rirsebis miniWebasTan erTad imperatoris privilegia
iyo, CamoerTva misive gacemuli sapatio tituli an Tanamdeboba. daniel
sluters mohyavs ebraeli patriarqis, gamalielis, magaliTi, romelsac
imperatorma pretorianelTa prefeqtis sapatio tituli uboZa. Tumca mas
mere, rac patriarqma gamalielma borotad daiwyo miRebuli wyalobiT
sargebloba,
patriarqma
imperatorma
gamaliels
xelSeuxebloba,
tituli
finansuri
CamoarTva.
SeRavaTebi,
amiT
axali
ebraelma
sinagogebis
37
mSeneblobis
ufleba
da
qristianTa
da
ebraelTa
Soris
samarTlis
warmoebis ufleba dakarga. gamalielis magaliTi marTlac TvalsaCinoa. is
aCvenebs,
rom
qristianuli
romis
imperiis
umaRles
saero
ierarqiaSi,
miuxedavad gansxvavebuli rwmena-warmodgenebisa, nebismieri aRmsareblobis
pirebi daiSvebodnen.
amdenad,
senatoruli
titulebis
miRebiT
senatorebi
mraval
privilegias euflebian, maT Soris, albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani finansuri
SeRavaTebi
iyo,
Sesrulebisgan,
senatoruli
brZaneba
aseve
romelic
titulebis
gamoecaT
da
gaTavisufleba
evalebodaT
momravlebam
im
samoqalaqo
imperiis
aiZula
senatorebisTvis
samsaxuris
administraciis
imperatorebi
kvlav
winaSe.
specialuri
daevaldebulebinaT
saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis gadaxda, aseve SeesrulebinaT administraciuli
samsaxuri,
romlic
senators
evaleboda
konkretuli
administraciuli
erTeuli winaSe (Slootjes 2006: 24).
ilustrebis senatoruli Rirseba sabolood gavrcelda umaRlesi
Tanamdebobis iseT pirebze, romlebic flobdnen pretorianelTa prefeqtis,
qalaqis prefeqtis, samxedro magistris, konsulis, patrikiosisa da sxva
saxeloebsa Tu sapatio titulebs (ODB II 1991: 986-987).
V
saukunis
Sua
wlebidan
ilustrisis
titulis
mflobelebi
magnifikebad (laT. magnifici), xolo odnav mogvianebiT eqselsebad (laT.
excelsi) iwodebian. 450-530 wlebs Soris senatorul pativs kargaven Zveli –
spektabilisis
da
klarisimusis
titulis
mflobelebi.
amieridan
senatorebad mxolod ilustrisebi iwodebian (ODB I 1991: 468; ODB II 1991:
855).
ilustrisis titulis mflobelebi imdenad gamravldnen, rom ukve VI
saukuneSi
maT
Soris
yvelaze
dawinaurebulebi
gloriosebad,
anu
gloriosisimusad (laT. gloriosissimus; berZ. ἐνδοξότατος) iwodenen. msgavsad
ilustrisisa V saukunis CaTvliT gloriosis tituli imperiis umaRles
moxeleebs eZleodaT. amave tituls gascemdnen aseve barbaros mefeebze,
38
maTgan am rangs flobda italiis ostgoTi mefe Teodorix didi. (ODB II
1991: 855).
romis
imperiis
epoqaSi
imperatorebma
mniSvnelovnad
SezRudes
senatisa da senatorebis Zalaufleba. am procesma erTgvar kulminacias
imperator
diokletianes
(284-305
ww.)
mmarTvelobis
dros
miaRwia
(diokletianes dros senatorebis damcrobis Sesaxeb ix.: Arnheim 1972: 39-48).
diokletianes dros TiTqmis yvela wamyvan Tanamdebobaze romis dabali
warmoSobis
moqalaqeebi
iniSnebodnen.
magaliTisTvis
gamodgeba
romis
imperiis iseTi mniSvnelovani Tanamdebobebi, rogoric aris pretorianelTa
prefeqti,
vikari,
prezidi.
diokletianes
dros
CvenTvis
cnobili
pretorianelTa xuTi prefeqtidan sami ubralo warmoSobis iyo, xolo oris
warmomavloba
gaurkvevelia.
SemTxvevaSic,
eqvsidan
gaurkveveli.
prezidebis
prezididan
27
oTxi
daaxloebiT
dabali
SemTxvevaSi
arasenatoruli
igive
warmoSobis
saqme
warmoSobisaa,
kidev
xolo
suraTia
iyo,
xolo
ufro
10
vikarebis
ori
rTulia,
–
–
37
gaurkveveli.
(Arnheim 1972: 43, 46) diokletiane Tavadac dabali warmoSobis iliriaSi
dabadebuli berZeni iyo, romelic imperiaSi samxedro samsaxuris wyalobiT
dawinaurda.
amdenad,
mis
mier
aristokratiis
Zalauflebis
SezRudva
naklebad gasakviria.
konstantine I didis (306-337 ww.) dros situacia Seicvala. Tavad
aristokratuli
warmoSobis
konstantinem
didi
yuradReba
miaqcia
tradiciuli romauli titulebis aRdgenas. swored mis dros iqmneba Zveli
patriciebis wodebaze dayrdnobiT axali patrikiosos (laT. patrikius)
sapatio tituli, aseve konsulis sapatio tituli, romelic garkveuli
provinciebis
konstantines
mmarTvelebs
mier
daurigdaT
senatis
(Arnheim 1972: 51).
daarseba
mniSvnelovania
konstantinopolSi.
romis
senatorebisgan gansxvavebiT, imisTvis, rom konstantinopoleli senatorebi
maTgan gamoerCiaT – konstantinopolis senatorebi klarebad (laT. clari)
iwodnen, xolo romaelebi – klarisimebad (clarissimi) (ODB I 1991: 468).
39
meeqvse saukunidan bizantiis senatSi garkveuli cvlilebebi xdeba.
maTi didi nawili jer kidev imperator konstantine I didis mier iyo
inicirebuli, Tumca axali wesebis damkvidrebas garkeuli dro dasWirda.
keisris titulis garda, romelic imperatorma diokletianem SemoiRo da
uboZa
mis
TanammarTvels
imperatorma
(manamde
konstantinem
nobelisimusis
titulis
nobelisimusebi
mxolod
imperatoris
Camoayaliba
mqone
tituli
nobilisimati,
pirebi
imperatoris
sapatio
gaerTiandnen.
ojaxidan
iyo),
romelSic
keisrebi
irCeodnen,
maT
da
Soris
SeiZleboda yofiliyo rogorc naSvilebi, aseve imperatoris RviZli Svili,
Zma
da
axlo
naTesavi.
aRniSnuli
titulis
mqone
pirebis
pozicia
pretorianelTa prefeqtze aRmatebuli iyo.
konstantines dros ganaxlda Zveli patriciebis (berZ. patrikiosi)
wodebac, romelic sapatio titulad iqca. imperatorma zenonma (474-491 ww.)
patriciis tituli yvela konsulsa da prefeqts uboZa, xolo iustiniane I
didma (527-565 ww.) ki – yvelas, vinc ilustrisis rangSi iyo ayvanili (Bury
1911: 20).
moqmedi administraciuli Tanamdebobis pirebi, jon bagnel biuris
mixedviT, orad iyofodnen: moqmedi oficiozi (ἔμπρακτοι) da sapatio titulis
mqone
pirebi
(ἄπρακτοι).
es
ukanasknelebi
aseve
or
jgufad
iyofodnen:
ilustris vakantes (illustres vacantes) da ilustris honorari (illustres honorarii).
amaTgan pirveli sapatio tituls flobda administraciuli Tanamdebobis
gareSe,
xolo
insigniis
saxiT
iRebda
sartyels
(cingulum).
meore,
anu
ilustris honorari gadamdgar senators ewodeboda. (Bury 1911: 143).
VII-VIII saukuneebSi imperiuli sakariskaco da samoxeleo titulebis
odenoba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. maTi gacema ukve Sesabamis investiturasa
da insigniasTan erTad xdeboda. imperatoris sasaxlesTan arsebobda, iseTi
samoxeleo Tanamdebobebi, rogoric iyo: silentiari, vistitori, mandatori,
kandidati, stratori, spaTari. yvela es Tanamdebobis mqone pirs garkveuli
ufleba-movaleobebi
mniSvnelovan
hqonda
samxedro
da
dakisrebuli.
samoqalaqo
es
titulebi
Tanamdebobis
eZleodaT
mflobel
pirebs.
40
arsebobda
Soris
am
Tanamdebobebis
upirvelesi
uxucesis
titulic,
protospaTariosad
magaliTad,
iwodeboda.
spaTarTa
protospaTariosi
spaTarze upiratesi tituli iyo da ierarqiaSi patrikiosis Semdeg ikavebda
adgils. protospaTari da spaTars Soris moqceuli iyo spaTarokandidati.
spaTariosis garda, iyo sxva titulebi, magaliTad, ipatosis, romelic
romauli xanis konsulis Semcvleli iyo da am periodisTvis sapatio
titulad iqca. ipatosze upiratesi iyo disipatosi (laT. bis consule) (Bury 1911:
21).
patrikiosi da ipatosi VII saukunis wamyvan senatorul titulebs
Soris yvelazePmravalricxovani da gavleniani senatoruli titulebi iyo.
maRal wodebebs warmoadgendnen, aseve apoeparxisa (laT. ex praefecti) da
stratilatis titulebi.
momdevno
gaizarda
da
saukuneebSi
zemoxsenebuli
gamravalferovnda.
privilegirebul
da
naklebad
maTi
titulebis
didi
ricxvi
nawili
privilegirebul
ufro
SedarebiT
titulebad
daiyo.
patrikiosi or jgufad gaiyo: 1) patrikiosebi, romelTa insignias spilos
Zvlis
medalioni
warmoadgenda
2)
ufro
dawinaurebuli
patrikiosebi,
romelTa tituls anTipatosis (romauli xanis prokonsuli) Rirseba daemata
da iqca anTipatos patrikiosad. Seiqmna ufro maRali magistrosis titulic
am titulis SemoReba magister-officiorum-is gauqmebas ukavSirdeba. Tavidan
magistrosi
mxolod
erTi
iyo,
xolo
mogvianebiT
Cndeba
ramdenime
magistrosi, Tumca igi iSviaT SemTxvevebSi gaicemoda imperatoris mier (Bury
1911: 21).
senatoruli da samoxeleo titulebis vrcel siebs warmogvidgenen
bizantiuri saimperio ganawesis dokumentebi – taqtikonebi (taqtika). IX-X
saukuneebis
oTxi
bizantiuri
taqtikonis
mixedviT,
samoxeleo
da
sakariskaco titulebis ierarqia garkveul cvlilebebs ganicdis, Tumca es
ar exeba umaRles sakariskaco titulebs. mniSvnelovani titulebis mqone
pirebis ierarqia, am epoqaSi, rogorc wesi, ar icvleba. gvaqvs gamonaklisi
SemTxvevebic. arsebul taqtikonebs Soris yvelaze vrceli filoTeosis
41
`kletorologionia~, romelic 899 wels Seadgines, xolo uZvelesi e.w.
uspenskis taqtikoni, romelic 842-843 wlebSia Sedgenili. gvaqvs aseve e.w.
beneSeviCis
taqtikoni
934-944
wlebisa
da
eskorealis
taqtikoni
971-975
wlebis.
filoteosis `kletorologioni~ Tavisi mniSvnelobiTa da teqstis
moculobiT, albaT, yvelaze ufro Zvirfasia aRniSnul taqtikonebs Soris.
Tavad
teqsti
oTx
seqciad
(Oikonomidès. 1972: 66).
aris
vinaidan
dayofil,
filoTeosis
rasac
teqstSi
mosdevs
damateba.
dawvrilebiT
aris
mocemuli, aramxolod saTanado sakariskaco titulebis sia, aramed maTi
investitura, insignia, Cvenc saorientaciod swored misi teqsti aviReT.
`kletorologionis~
teqstze
dayrdnobiT
tabulis
saxiT
warmovadgenT
narativSi mocemuli titulebis rigiTobas, insignias, investiturasa da
wliur
sargos
rigiTobis
TiToeul
dacvisas
titulze.
yvelaze
originali
mniSvnelovan
teqstisgan
titulebs
gansxvavebiT
siis
saTaveSi
movaqcevT, xolo nakleb mniSvnelovani titulebi, Sesabamisad, siis bolos
moeqceva.
filoTeosis
teqstis
mixedviT,
senatoruli
titulebis
ierarqia
Semdegi saxiT aris warmodgenili:
tituli. insignia. investitura.
1. keisari. gvirgvini jvris gareSe, igive stefanisi. igive samosi rac
novelisimoss.
2. novelisimosi. sartyeli. Zowisferi qitoni oqros ornamentebiT
Semkuli da xlamida.
3. kurapalati. sartyeli. wiTeli qitoni oqros ornamentiT Semkuli
da xlamida.
4. zoste
patrikiosi.
spilosZvlis
medalioni,
patrikiosebis
msgavsad.
5. magistrosi
-
glorisimusi.
tyavis
wiTeli
sartyeli
Zvirfasi
qvebiT Semkuli. TeTri xitoni oqrosqsoviliTa Semkuli.
42
6. anTipatosi. Zowisfrad dawerili kodikelosi (laT. codicillus; berZ.
κωδίκελλος).
7. patriciusi – spektabilisi. firfita spilos Zvlis ornamentiT
kodikelosTan erTad dawerili kanonis saxiT.
8. protospaTariosi. yelsabami Zvirfasi qvebiT Semkuli.
9. disipatoni. diplomi.
10. spaTarokandidati. oqros yelsakidi.
11. spaTarios. oqrostariani maxvili.
12. ipatosi. diplomi.
13. stratori. oqros maTraxi margalitiT Semkuli.
14. kandidati. oqros yelsakidi.
15. mandatori. wiTeli arRani
16. vestetori. fiblatorioni.
17. silentiariosi. oqros arRani.
18. apoeparxi. diplomi.
19. stratelati. diplomi.
amaTgan eqvsi tituli senatorulia, xolo nawili ki, rogorc amas
filoTeosis traqtatSi vkiTxulobT, προελευσιμαῖοι an βασιλικοί. (Bury 1911: 2223) amdenad, rogorc j. b. biuri aRniSnavs, gamoiyofa ori saxis pativs
(cursus dignitatum), erTi senatoruli da meore samxedro. patrikiosebi da sxva
masze
maRali
saxis
titulebi
SeiZleba
orive
jgufs
warmomadgenels
gadascemoda. senatorebad filoTeosTan iwodebian: stratilati, apoeparxi,
silentiariosi, vestitori, ipatosi, disipatosi. samxedro jgufis wodebebs,
anu
saimperio
karis
(βασιλικοί)
miakuTvneboda:
mandatori,
kandidati,
stratori, spaTariosi da spaTarokandidatosi. aseTi dayofa TiTqos Zveli
senatoruli
da
ekvestruli
wodebebis
reminisensias
gvafiqrebinebs.
gvianromauli epoqisgan gansxvavebiT IX-X saukuneebSi ukve didi xania, rac
aRar
arsebobs
ekvestruli
wodeba.
Sesabamisad,
senatorTa
wodebas
samxedro samsaxuris mqone Cinosnebs bunebrivia, ver gamovaklebT. senatori
43
Tavisuflad iTavsebs samxedro Tanamdebobas da, Sesabamisad, iRebs kidec
samxedro samsaxurSi monawileobas.
jon bagnel biuris mixedviT, senatorebic iRebdnen monawileobas
ceremoniebSi,
magram
msvlelobaSi.
ar
προελεύσεις-Si,
monawileobdnen
aRniSnuli
msvlelobis
dros
anu
saimperio
imperatoris
amalas
saimperatoro karis moxeleebi (βασιλικοί) Seadgendnen (Bury 1911: 23). aseTi
dayofa vfiqrobT, rom pirobiTia, radgan samxedro titulis mflobelebi
Tavadac iwodebian senatoruli titulebiT (Catalogue ...2001: 13; Bury 1911: 23),
rac, erTis mxriv, imis maCvenebelia, rom bizantiaSi didi xania, waiSala
gansxvaveba
senatorsa
da
samxedro
samsaxurSi
myof
pirebs
Soris.
mogvianebiT es formaluri gansxvavebac waiSala.
mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvnac, rom Zveli senatoruli gvarebi am
droisTvis TiTqmis ar arsebobda. amdenad, samoxeleo aparatsa da senatSi
met-naklebad
yvelas
hqonda
moxvedris
Sansi.
es
procesi
kidev
ufro
gaRrmavda XI saukuneSi, rodesac, mixael ataliates SefasebiT, imperiaSi
senatorebis
raodenoba
`miliardobiT~
iyo,
rac,
bunebrivia,
maTi
raodenobis sagulisxmo gazrdaze miuTiTebs da ara obieqtur realobaze.
aqve mniSvnelovania βασιλικοί-is analogia qarTul realobasTan. IX-X
saukuneebis instituciuri dayofidan gamomdinare SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maTi
Sesatyvisi
Sua
saukuneebis
qarTul
socialur
sistemaSi
`taZreulia~.
swored taZreulebi Seadgendnen mefis msaxureul fenas da samoxeleo
Tanamdebobebis
Sesabamisad
meWurWleni,
msaxurebi,
bizantiaSic.
iq
iyofodnen
mwignobrebi
arsebobs
iseTi
ramdenime
da
jgufebi,
sxva.
jgufad:
mandaturebi,
analogiuri
rogoric
ari:
suraTia
mandatori,
kandidati, spaTari, stratori da a.S. am kuTxiT kvleva Zalian sainteresoa,
Tumca amaze sityvas mets aRar SevaCerebT, radgan igi scildeba Cveni
kvlevis ZiriTad obieqts.
bizantiuri
socialur
samoxeleo
realobaSi
wyobis
bizantiur
TandaTanobiTi
sakariskaco
Semosvla
titulebis
qarTul
gamoCenasTan
erTad aris savaraudebeli. manamde qarTuli samoxeleo wyoba iranulis
44
analogia ufro iyo, vidre berZnul-romaulis. am yvelafers aqemenidebisparTiis-sasanuri iranis mZlavri gavlena emateboda. romaul/bizantiuri
gavlena
ufro
qristianobis
gavrcelebam
moitana.
samoxeleo
sistemaSi
bizantiis administraciuli aparatis damkvidreba erismTavrobis damyarebis
Tanamdevi procesi unda yofiliyo.
qarTlsa da mis mezobel qveynebSi (somxeTi, albaneTi) bizantiuri
sakariskaco
saistorio
titulebi
wyaroebi
mZlavrad
gviCvenebs,
ikidebs
didi
fexs.
maTi
raodenobiT
gacema,
xdeboda
rogorc
(davlianiZe-
tatiSvili 1985: 93-94), rac bunebrivia, gamoiwvevda bizantiuri samoxeleosakariskaco titulebis SeTvisebas da maTi analogiiT axlis damkvidrebas.
XI-XII
saukuneebSi
bizantiis
umaRles
samoxeleo
Tu
senatorul
Tanamdebobebze gaZlierda bizantiis sagvareulo aristokratiis gavlena.
samarTliani
iqneba
aRiniSnos,
rom
es
tendencia
jer
kidev
IX-X
saukuneebidan unda dawyebuliyo (Каждан 1974: 131, tab. 1). aleqsandre kaJdanis
SefasebiT, aristokratuli ojaxebi ufro myarad damkvidrdnen bizantiis
politikur elitaSi (Каждан 1974: 123), rac ganpirobebuli iyo maT mier
Tanamdebobebisa da titulebis flobis sixSiriT. Tu adre bizantiis elita
garkveul cvlilebebs ganicdida, xolo wamyvani aristokratuli gvaris
wevrebi xSirad kargavdnen adgils umaRles elitaSi XI-XII saukuneebSi maTi
pozicia gamyarda (Каждан 1974: 130-132).
bizantiaSi SenarCunda senatoruli titulebis didi nawili, Tumca
gaCnda
ramdenime
axali
tituli,
romelic
popularuli
iyo
XI-XII
saukuneebSi. ufro metic, XI saukuneSi sevastosis titulis gamoCenasTan
erTad saimperio wodebebis garkveuli saxis reformaciac ki ganxorcielda.
amas
win
saimperio
logikuri
uZRvoda
imperator
wodebebis
masiuri
gagrZeleba
konstantine
gacema.
aleqsi
I
XI
X
dukas
saukunis
komnenosma
(1059-1067
bolos
senatoruli
ww.)
am
mier
procesis
titulebis
reformaciaSi dainaxa. imperiis umaRlesi sakariskaco pativi sevastosisa da
avtorkratoris Serwymis Sedegad Seqmnili sevastokratoris tituli gaxda.
mas
mosdevda
keisris,
panipersevastosis,
protosevastosis,
sevastosis,
45
protonovelisimosis, novelisimosisa da sxva titulebi. am dros xmarebidan
amoiRes
mravali
disipatosis,
Zveli
ipatosis,
tituli,
maT
anTipatosis,
Soris,
magistrosis,
protoanTipatosis,
patrikiosis,
disanTipatosis.
(ODB I 1991: 111; ODB II 1991: 964, 1267; ODB III 1991: 1600). am da sxva titulebis
xmarebidan
amoReba
erTbaSad
ar
momxdara.
maTma
mflobelebma
garkveulwilad, SeinarCunes titulebi cxovrebis bolomde da iRebdnen
kidec Sesabamis sargos wodebis Sesabamisad. bolos ki, vinaidan imperatori
maT arsebobas saWirod aRar Tvlida, am titulebis gacema Sewyda, rasac
Zveli mflobelebis gardacvalebis Semdeg bevri maTganis gadaSeneba mohyva.
magaliTad,
tituli
magistrosi
fsevdo-kidonisis
nawarmoebSi
pirdapir
aris dasaxelebuli xmarebidan gasul titulad (ODB II 1991: 1267; Verpeaux
1966: 338).
aleqsi
I
komnenosis
(1081-1118
ww.)
reformas
did
mniSvnelobas
aniWeben. misi ganxorcieleba imperatorma mmarTvelobis pirvelive wlebidan
daiwyo. reformas ar hqonia erTjeredi sakanonmdeblo iniciativis saxe da
imperatoris sococxlis bolomde etapobrivad xorcieldeboda raime saxis
radikaluri RonisZiebebis gareSe. reformaciis mTavari mizani komnenosebis
dinastiasTan
aRzeveba
daaxloebuli
iyo.
aman
yvela
safuZveli
ZiriTadi
daudo
aristokratiuli
komnenosTa
dinastiis
ojaxis
klanur
mmarTvelobas, rac saukuneze meti gagrZelda. XII saukune Tamamad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos komnenosTa epoqad bizantiis istoriaSi. angelozTa dinastia,
romelic
mxolod
Tavs
1185
principis
komnenosadac
wels
movida.
gaTvaliswinebiT
moixseniebda
komnenosebis
didi
bizantiis
xanaSi
adgili
ekava
xelisuflebaSi
klanuri
mmarTvelobis
naTesaobis
faqtors.
sevastosis titulze dayrdnobiT Seqmnili sxvadasxva saimperio titulebis
gacema
ZiriTadad
komnenosebisa
da
dukebis
gvaris
warmomadgenlebze
xdeboda, aseve maTTan danaTesavebul, sxva, aristokratebze. sevastosis
rangis
titulebi
samsaxurSi
myof
gaicemoda
aseve
moqiravneebze,
ucxoel
romelTac
mefe-mTavrebze
mWidro
da
imperiis
kavSiri
hqondaT
imperatoris klanTan (Stiernon 1965: 229).
46
zemoxsenebuli
titulebia,
amaT
wodebebi
garda,
komnenosTa
arsebobda
sxva,
epoqaSi
wamyvani
SedarebiT
sapatio
dabali
rangis
sakariskaco pativi, romelTa raodenoba arc Tu ise mcire iyo. sevastosis
rangis
titulebis
garda,
protonovelisimosis,
da
proedrosis,
sxva
gvxvdeba
novelisimosis,
protonovelisimoipertatis,
protokurapalatis,
rektoris
xSirad
mravali
kurapalatis,
protoproedrosis,
tituli.
XII
saukuneSi,
sevastoforis,
Tu
ar
CavTvliT
CamoTvlili titulebis damcrobasa Tu aRzevebas, mniSvnelovani cvlileba
saimperio titulaturis ierarqiaSi ar momxdara. erTaderTi, rasac adgili
hqonda, iyo despotis titulis SemoReba. imperatorma manuel I didma (11431180 ww.), es wodeba Tavis memkvidresa da siZes – ungreTis momaval mefes,
bela
arpads,
yvelaze
uboZa
maRal
1163
wels.
safexurs
aqedan
ikavebs
moyolebuli
bizantiis
despotis
senatoruli
tituli
titulebis
ierarqiaSi. igi Tavidan taxtis memkvidreebs, xolo Semdeg imperatoris
umcros
Svilebs
an
imperiis
yvelaze
dawinaurebul
aristokratebs
eZleodaT, mogvianebiT vrceldeba ucxoel mefe-mTavrebzec.
konstantinopolis dacemisa da laTinTa imperiis daarsebis Semdeg
(1204
weli)
bizantiuri
titulatura
laTinuri
romaniis
imperiaSic
gavrcelda. bizantiaSi mniSvnelovnad daqveiTda sevastosis tituli, xolo
misi Serwymis Sedegad Seqmnili zogierTi tituli (mag. sevastokratori)
jer kidev inarCunebda Tavis prestiJsa da maRal pozicias.
paleologosTa
epoqis
mniSvnelovani
naSromi,
Tanamdebobebisa
da
kantakuzenesa
da
bizantiis
rogoricaa
titulebis
ioane
imperiaSi
fsevdo-kodines
Sesaxeb~,
paleologosis
daiwera,
romelic
`traqtati
imperator
mmarTvelobis
iseTi
perodSi
ioane
aris
Sedgenili (Verpeaux 1966: 25-31). aRniSnul traqtatSi bizantiis imperiis
ukanaskneli epoqis ierarqia aris asaxuli.
fsevdo-kodines
imperatoris
Svilebi,
traqtatis
Zmebi
da
mixedviT
gambrosebi
imperiis
saTaveSi
(imperatoris
ojaxis
mdgomi
wevri
qalebis mamakaci meuRleebi, igive imperatoris siZeebi) iRebdnen despotis
da sevastokratoris titulebs. es ori wodeba kvlav ierarqiis saTaveSi
47
moCans
(Verpeaux
daaxloebuli
1966:
pirebi
133).
imperatoris
iRebdnen
iseT
ojaxis
titulebs,
wevrebi
rogoric
da
iyo,
masTan
keisari,
protovestiariosi, didi duqsi, didi domestikosi, panipersevastosi. sxva
mniSvnelovani titulebi Tu Tanamdebobebi, romelic eZleodaT sxvadasxva
didebulebs met-naklebi ierarqiis principis dacviT, motanili aqvs psevdokodines. igi asaxelebs iseT titulebsa da Tanamdebobebs, rogorebicaa:
protostratori, didi stratopedarxi, didi primikeriosi, didi kontabli,
didi
logoTeti,
parakimomenosi,
protosevastosi,
sawolis
pinkernisi,
parakimomenosi,
kurapalati,
genikonisis
beWdis
logoTeti,
protovestiariosi, sufris logoTeti, epi tes trapezisi (sufris meTauri
anu sufraji), didi papiasi, eparxosi, viglTa didi drungariosi, didi
heteriarxi, didi xartulariosi, dromis logoTeti, protasekretisi, epi tu
stratusi
(samxedro
domestikosi,
banakis
flotis
mowyobis
didi
meTauri) 1 ,
drungariosi,
mistikosi,
sasaxlis
sxolaTa
primikeriosi,
protospaTariosi, didi arxoni, sasaxlis tatasi, didi causiosi, saxalxo
pretori,
oikeiakonis
logoTeti,
didi
logariastesi,
protokinegosi,
skuteriosi, amiraliosi, epi ton deeseoni (saCivrebis saqmeTa ganxilvis
meTauri),
kvestori,
didi
adnumiastesi,
stratiotikonis
logoTeti,
protoierakariosi, mrevlis logoTeti, didi interpretori, akoluTosi,
armiis mosamarTle, alagionis arxoni, protalagatori, didi dioiketesi,
orfanotrofosi,
protonotariosi
da
sxva.
(Verpeaux
1966:
137-139).
am
titulebisa Tu saxeloebis garda, iyo mravali sxva Rirsebac, romelic
ierarqiul sistemSi SedarebiT dabal safuxurs ikavebda.
marTalia,
paleologosebis
mmarTvelobis
dros
garkveul
cvlilebebs adgili hqonda, rac xSirad sxvadasxva saimperio titulis
aRmavlobiT
an
damcrobiT
iyo
gamoxatuli,
Tumca
kardinaluri
gadanacvlebebi am epoqaSi ar SeiniSneba.
1
Mark C. Bartusis. The late Byzantine army: arms and society, 1204‐1453. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992. gv. 253 48
paleologosebis epoqaSi grZeldeboda bizantiuri titulebis gacema,
balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis qveynebis aristokratebze. ufro metic, mravali
bizantiuri
tituli
amave
regionis
iseTma
mmarTvelebma
aiTvises,
rogorebic iyvnen bulgareTis da serbeTis imperatorebi. gansakuTrebuli
gavrceleba
hpova
despotis
titulma,
romelic
am
qveynebis
mraval
ufliswulsa Tu rigiT feodals mieniWa (Ферјанчић 1960; Failler 1982: 171–186).
bizantiuri titulebis gacema saqarTvelosa da saerTod aRmosavleT
qristianul
qveynebSi
ukve
daviT
IV
aRmaSeneblis
mmarTvelobis
dros
Sewyda, rasac Tavisi mizezebi hqonda. aRniSnul sakiTxze vrclad qvemoT
visaubrebT,
xolo
manamde
ki
mimovixilavT
bizantiuri
sakariskaco
titulebis gavrcelebas saqarTveloSi. ganxiluli iqneba mxolod ZiriTadi
senatoruli
eSelonis
titulebi,
wevrebi
romliTac
iwodebodnen
qarTuli
aristokratiis
mefe-mTavrebisa
da
wamyvani
umaRlesi
feodalebis
CaTvliT.
zemoT
aRniSnuli
sakariskaco-senatoruli
titulebis
gacema
bizantiis imperatoris mier xdeboda. am process VI saukunidan XI saukunis
CaTvliT. sakariskaco-senatoruli titulebis gacema bizantiis imperatoris
mier xdeboda. am process VI saukunidan XI saukunis CaTvliT hqonda
adgili,
mxolod
XII
saukuneSi
Sewyda
bizantiis
imperatoris
mier
sakariskaco titulebis gacema. amis Semdeg saqarTveloSi, ukve oficialuri
saimperatoro
titulatura
mkvidrdeba,
rasac
damoukidebel
TavSi
SeviswavliT. xolo manamde gavecnoT sakariskaco-senatoruli titulebis
gavrcelebas
yvelaze
saqarTveloSi.
gamorCeuli,
am
sakiTxis
kurapalatis
kvlevas,
titulis
maT
gacemiT
Soris
erT-erTi
daviwyebT.
sxva
sakiTxia, iyo Tu ara kurapalatis tituli, pirveli bizantiur sakariskaco
titulebs
Tumca,
Soris,
vinaidan
titulebs
igi
Soris,
imperatorisgan,
romelic
iyo
qarTvel
pirveli,
romelsac
marTebulad
feodalebs
yvelaze
gadaecaT?
mniSvnelovan
qarTveli
feodalebi
migvaCnia
swored
albaT
ara!
sakariskaco
iRebdnen
bizantiis
kurapalatis
titulis
SeswavliT gavxsnaT Cveni kvlevis ZiriTadi nawili.
49
50
Tavi II
kurapalatis tituli qarTul politikur realobaSi
bizantiuri
gansakuTrebuli
saimperatoro
mniSvnelobisaa.
titulebs
Soris
kurapalatis
kurapalatis
tituli
iyo
pativi
pirveli
umaRlesi rangis senatoruli titulebidan, romelic ukve VI saukunidan
Cndeba qarTul politikur samyaroSi. saqarTveloSi kurapalatis titulis
ukanaskneli mflobeli XI saukunis meore naxevarSi fiqsirdeba (ix.: badriZe
1965: 217-265; lorTqifaniZe 1963).
kurapalati
romaul/bizantiur
samyaroSi
Cndeba
da
gvianantikur
periodSi dabali rangis moxeles warmoadgenda. Cura palatii (laT. sasaxlis
mzrunveli)
mSeneblobis
xelmZRvanelsa
da
imperatoris
sasaxlis
meTvalyuris Tanamdeboba iyo. V saukunis bizantiis senatSi am Tanamdebobis
mflobeli spektabilisis (vir spectabilis) rangSi iyo ayvanili, iSviaTad ki _
ilustrisis (vir illustris). situacia kardinalurad Seicvala iustiniane I
didis (527-565 ww.) imperatorobis dros, rodesac man sakuTar diswuls da
momaval memkvidres, iustines, uboZa kurapalatoba (552 weli). amis Semdeg
kurapalatis tituli xdeba rigiT mesame pativi bizantiis imperiaSi (ODB 1
1991: 1157). vinaidan Tavad
fiqsirdeba
arc
iustiniane I didis mmarTvelobis dros ar
kesarosisa
da
arc
novelisimosis
titulebi,
unda
vifiqroT, rom is umaRlesi senatoruli pativi iyo mTeli Tanamegobrobis
masStabiT. iustine II (565-578 ww.) imperatorad kurTxevamde 552-565 wlebSi
swored am titulis mflobelia.
mogvianebiT,
rogorc
istoriografiaSi
aris
SeniSnuli,
kurapalatoba gadaecemoda an imperatoris ojaxis wevrebs an kidev ucxo
qveynis
mmarTvelebs
inarCunebs
Tavis
(mag.
qarTlis
gansakuTrebul
da
somxeTis).
mniSvnelobas
X
aRniSnuli
tituli
saukuneSic,
rodesac
imperatori nikifore II foka (963-969 ww.) mas gadascems Tavis Zmas, leon
fokas. XI saukuneSi kurapalatebi xdebian, imperatoris ojaxis wevrebis
garda, sxva bizantieli didebulebic, magaliTad, katakalon kekavmeni. (ODB
51
1 1991: 1157). aRniSnuli titulis daknineba XI saukuneSive unda dawyebuliyo,
rodesac mas ufro intensiurad gascemen, vidre manamde. xolo XII saukuneSi
ukve Cndeba protokurapalati, anu kurapalatTa Soris upirvelesi. es faqti
am
titulis
farTo
gavrcelebaze
mianiSnebs,
ris
gamoc
maT
Soris
konkretuli pirebis gamosarCevad axali titulis Seqmna gaxda saWiro.
miuxedavad dakninebisa, kurapalatis Rirseba bizantiis imperiis dacemamde
SemorCa bizantiuri titulaturis ierarqias.
saqarTveloSi
kurapalatis
tituli
VI
saukuneSi
Cndeba.
Tumca
gansakuTrebuli gavrceleba IX-X saukuneebSi hpova, rodesac am epoqaSi
arsebul
qarTvelTa
samefoSi
(istoriografiaSi
cnobilia,
aseve
tao-
klarjeTis saxelwodebiT) erT-erTi yvelaze wamyvani tituli gaxda. ufro
metic, es tituli imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo, rom am samefos `qarTvelTa
sakurapalatod~ moixsenieben. Tu ramdenad sworia aRniSnuli definicia
qarTvelTa samefos misamarTiT, calke sakiTxia. damoukidebel ganxilvas
moiTxovs isic, Tu ramdenad didi mniSvneloba hqonda kurapalatis tituls
qarTvelTa samefos arsebobis periodSi, aseve erTiani saqarTvelos dros.
guaram-gurgen kurapalati da qarTlis erismTavari
qarTlis
pirveli
kurapalati,
qarTuli
wyaroebis
(`moqcevaÁ
qarTlisaÁ~, juanSer juanSeriani, sumbat daviTis Ze) mixedviT, iyo guaram
(gurgen) erisTavi, romelic qarTlis erismTavrad, anu erisTavTa Soris
upirvelesad ganaCines da qveynis gamgebloba Caabares.
yvelaze
Zveli
aRniSnuli
qarTuli
wyaroebidan
aris
`moqcevaÁ
qarTlisaÁs~ qronika, romlis mixedviTac sparselTa batonobis damxobis
Semdeg qarTlis mmarTvel wreebs Semdegi gadawyvetineba miuRiaT:
`da nelad-re Sekrba qarTli. da ganaCines erisTavad guaram da mermekurapalatadca~ (abulaZe 1963: 95).
miuxedavad imisa, rom avtori ar asaxelebs wamowyebis iniciatorebs
qarTlis `nelad-re~ SemokrebaSi, misi politikuri elitis konsolidacia
unda
vigulisxmoT,
romelic
imave
qveyanaSi
marzpanis
gadagdebis,
da
sasanidebis batonobis damxobis paraleluri procesi iyo. am SemTxvevaSi
52
`erisTavad~
ganCineba
kurapalatoba,
mieRo.
Tu
faqtia,
aRniSnuli
adgilobrivi
guaram
erisTavs
dasturdeba
didebulebis
bizantiis
juanSer
iniciativa
iyo,
imperatorisgan
unda
juanSerianis
TxzulebaSic,
romelSic pirdapir aris moTxrobili, rogor sTxoves bizantiis keisars
qarTvelebma sparseTis winaaRmdeg dasmareba da qveynis meTauris SerCeva,
romelsac
unda
emarTa
qarTli
erisTavebis
Seucvlelobis
pirobiT.
juanSerTan vkiTxulobT:
`esreT
raÁ
ucalo
iqmnnes
sparsni,
maSin
SeiTqunes
yovelni
erisTavni qarTlisani, zemoni da quemoni, da wargzavnes mociquli winaSe
berZenTa
mefisa
qarTlisaTa
da
da,
iTxoves,
raÁTa
raÁTa
iyvnen
uCinos
erisTavni
mefe
igi
naTesavTagan
TÂs-TÂssa
mefeTa
saerisTvosa
Seucvalebelad.
maSin keisarman aRasrula TxovaÁ maTi da mosca mefed diswuli
mirdatisi, vaxtangis Zisa, berZnisa colisaÁ, romelsa erqua guaram, romeli
mTavrobda klarjeTs.
amas guarams misca keisarman kurapalatobaÁ da warmogzavna mcxeTas~
(metreveli 2008: 226).
rogorc
mmarTvelis
bizantiis
juanSerTan
varkvevT,
dadgineba
bizantiis
imperators
SeurCevia
ajanyebis
imperatorTan
guaram
mowyoba
iyo
da
qarTlis
SeTanxmebuli.
klarjeTis
mTavari
imave
qarTlis
xelisuflad. unda vifiqroT, rom arsebobda sxva kandidaturac, magram
guaramis
gamorCeva
imperatoris
erTgulebis,
sandoobisa
da
misTvis
gaweuli samsaxuris sanacvlod unda momxdariyo. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic,
rom guarami iyo klarjeTis mTavari, anu didebuli, amasTan erisTavi,
regionisa, romelic zemo qarTlis saerisTavoTa ricxvs ganekuTvneboda
sparselTa
batonobis
miRma
iyo
da
emorCileboda
bizantias.
guaramis
mdgomareobam ganapiroba kidec misi erismTavrad dadgineba, masve uboZes
kurapalatoba
da
swored
amis
Semdeg
gamogzavnes
mcxeTaSi
qveynis
mmarTvelad. juanSeris mixedviT ise Cans, rom keisarma guarami mefed
daamtkica, magram sxva wyaroebis mixedviT (`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ da sumbat
daviTis Ze) is erisTavad ganuwesebia. sumbatis Txzulebis `cxovrebaÁ da
53
uwyebaÁ bagrationTaÁ~ mixedviT, is swored erisTavad iqna dayenebuli da
ara mefed:
`da guaram ganaCines erisTavad. da mosca amas mefeman berZenTaman
pativad kurapalatobaÁ da warmogzavna mcxeTas. da aman dadva safuZveli
juarisa eklesiaÁsaÁ, romel ars mcxeTas~ (metreveli 2008: 361).
guarams
saukunis
aigiveben.
bolos
istoriografiaSi
moWril
guaram-gurgeni
dasawyisSive
wyaroebSi
qarTul
unda
qarTul
monetebze
qarTlis
win
uZRoda
rasac,
antiiranuli
rogorc
bizantiis
samarTlianad
dafiqsirebul
erismTavrad
daemtkicebinaT,
davinaxeT,
sruliad
zemoT
imperatoris
VI
gurgenTan
ajanyebis
moxmobil
mier
misi
kurapalatis xarisxSi ayvana da erisTavad gamorCeva. ajanyebis dawyebac da
misi meTauris arCeva bizantiis mmarTvelTan iyo SeTanxmebuli, rac kidev
ufro amyarebs mosazrebas imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom kurapalatis tituli
swored am dros iqna gacemuli.
antiiranuli
ajanyeba,
guaramis
kurapalatad
daniSvna
da
misi
mcxeTas gagzavnis faqti istorikosTa SefasebiT 571 wels unda momxdariyo
(saqarTvelos I 1973: 276). vaxuSti bagrationi imave movlenas 575 wliT
aTariRebda (yauxCiSvili 1973: 118-119). vinaidan vaxuSti batoniSvilis TariRi
ar
aris
gaziarebuli,
logikuria,
guaram-gurgenis
mier
kurapalatis
titulis miReba 571 wliT ganisazRvros.
juanSeris
damorCildnen.
bizantiis
am
mixedviT,
qarTlis
ukanasknelis
imperator
mavrikes
mefeTa
gavlena
(582-602
memkvidreebi
imdenad
ww.)
didi
politikuri
guarams
yofila,
da
rom
finansuri
daxmarebiT guarami axerxebs da iranis samflobeloebis dasalaSqrad did
jars gzavnis. juanSeri gadmogvcems:
`maSin keisarman warmosca ganZi didZali guaram kurapalatisa Tana
da
ubrZana,
raÁTa
miT
ganZiTa
gamoiyvannes
CrdiloÁs
laSqarni
da
Segzavnnes sparseTs, xolo guaram yo egre, gamoiyvanna ovsni, durZukni da
didoni da waruZRuanna wina erisTavni qarTlisani, Sevides adarbadagans da
uwyes tyuenvad. da eseviTarni Wirni da ucaloebani moiwines sparsTa zeda~
(metreveli 2008: 226-227).
54
bizantiasa da irans Soris urTierTobis mogvareba mxolod xosro II
farvizis
(591-628
ww.)
gamefebis
pirvelive
wels
moxerxda,
rodesac
imperator mavrikes (582-602 ww.) daxmarebiT is iranSi gaamefes da winaswari
SeTanxmebis safuZvelze qarTlze da somxeTze xeli aaRebines (Cambridge
Medieval History II 1913: 280).
`maSin erCda sparsTa mefe keisarsa da ganTavisufldes qarTvelni. da
ese guaram kurapalati dadga morCilebasa zeda berZenTasa~ (metreveli 2008:
228).
amis Semdeg mematiane guaram-gurgenis moRvaweobisa da aRmSeneblobis
Sesaxeb gadmogvcems. masve miawers mcxeTis jvris monastrisa da Tbilisis
sionis
mSeneblobas.
imave
juanSeris
gadmocemiT,
guaramis
Semdeg
erismTavrad misi Ze, stefanozi, dajda.
`amanve guaram kurapalatman ganaaxla safuZveli tfilisisa sionisaÁ,
rameTu naTesavni mirian mefisa morwmunisani yovelni eklesiaTa maSenebelni
iyvnes. da mokuda guaram kurapalati. da dajda Ze misi stefanoz, mefobisa
saxeli ver ikadra sparsTa da berZenTa SiSisagan,
aramed erisTavTa
mTavrad xadodes~ (metreveli 2008: 208).
sainteresoa istorikosis gancxadeba imis Taobaze, rom stefanozma
Tavis
mefed
gamocxadeba
ver
ikadrao,
rac
uCvenebs
stefanozisa
da
zogadad erismTavrebis miswrafebas, aemaRlebinaT sakuTari politikuri
statusi. stefanozis erismTavrad Sedgoma 589/91 wliT TariRdeba. amdenad,
guaram-gurgen erismTavari kurapalatis pativs 571-589/91 wlebSi flobda.
stefanoz I didi patrikiosi da qarTlis erismTavari
guaram-gurgenis Semdeg erismTavari stefanoz I didi xdeba. `didis~
epiTetiT
igi,
rogorc
aRmSeneblobiTi
(saqarTvelos...
da
II
gaviTvaliswinebT
es
istoriografiaSi
politikuri
1973:
273-275;
imasac,
rom
aris
moRvaweobisTvis
dundua,
amgvarad
dundua
SeniSnuli,
unda
2006:
moixseniebdnen
misi
SeemkoT
143-148).
maTac,
Tu
visi
gamorCevac surdaT im epoqaSi moRvawe sexnia-Tanamedrovesgan, ar aris
gamoricxuli, rom stefanozi I misive SviliSvilis, qobul-stefanozisgan
55
gamosarCevad didad iwoda. stefanozis bizantiuri titulaturis Sesaxeb
qarTul saistorio narativSi araferia gadmocemuli, samagierod, misive
mmarTvelobis dros agebul mcxeTis jvris taZris saqtitoro warweraSi es
ukanaskneli
patrikiosis
tituliT
aris
moxseniebuli.
bizantiuri
titulebiT ixseniebian misi ojaxis sxva wevrebic: Zma _ demetre ipatosi, Ze
_ adarnerse ipatosi da SviliSvili _ qobul-stefanozi (saqarTvelos II
1973: 274). ukanaskneli TiTqos stratilatis tituliT aris moxseniebuli,
rac ar mtkicdeba warweris axali wakiTxvis Sedegad (SoSiaSvili 1980: 165).
iqvea
Sesrulebuli
qtitorTa
portretuli
gamosaxulebebi.
warwerebi
mogvyavs nodar SoSiaSvilis mier Sedgenili `lapidaruli warwerebis~
pirveli tomis mixedviT:
`[j](uar)o macxovrisa[o stefano]s qarTlisa patrikiosi S(eiwyal)e
…w(mida)o g(ab)r(ie)l mTavarangelo[z]o adar[ne]rses Âpatossa meox eyav …
qobul stefanosi adarnerses Ze … w(mida)o m(i)q(ae)l mTavarangelozo
demetres Âpatossa meox xeyav … w(mida)o s(te)f(an)e qobul-st(efanos)i
S(eiwyal)e~ (SoSiaSvili 1980: 157-165).
yvela
zemoxsenebuli
warweris
mixedviT
dgindeba,
rom
qarTlis
erismTavris ojaxis sami wevri mcxeTis jvris eklesiis agebis periodSi
patrikiosisa da ipatosis titulebs atarebda. rogorc nodar SoSiaSvili
Tvlida,
ixsenieba,
adarnerse,
jer
ar
romelic
iyo
warwerebis
erismTavari.
mixedviT
am
ipatosis
moxeleobis
tituliT
winapirobad
mas
patrikiosoba miaCnia (SoSiaSvili 1980: 158).
aRniSnul periods ganekuTneba mcxeTis stela-jvris kvarcxlbekis
warwera, romelic imave saxis informaciis Semcvelia, rogoric daculia
zemoganxilul
mcxeTis
jvris
saqtitoro
warwerebSi.
svetze
samive
didebuli, stefanoz erismTavari, adarnerse da demetre, ixsenieba zustad
imave
titulebiT,
romliTac
mcxeTis
jvris
aRmosavleT
fasadze
Sesrulebul warweraSi gansxvaveba teqstis SinaarsSia. stelas ara aqvs
darTuli
erismTavarTa
saxlis
portretuli
gamosaxulebebi.
warweris
Sinaarsi Semdegia:
56
`ese j(uar)i q(rist)À(s)I aR][xemarTa s(a)l(o)c][vel[ad] stef[a][no]s
patriki[osi]sa,
demetr[e
Âp]atosisa,
a[drn]erse
Âpa[tosi]sa.
sul[Ta]
da
ÃorcT[a m]aTTa meo[xad] da y(ov)lisa [m(o)m(a)v]lisa mcv[ela]d~ (SoSiaSvili
1980: 96).
stefanozis
mmarTvelobis
dros
bizantiuri
titulebi
farTod
gavrcelebula qarTlis saerismTavroSi, rasac adasturebs demetresa da
adarnerses mier ipatosis titulis miReba, rac, bunebrivia, dasaSvebs xdis
bizantiuri titulebis kidev ufro farTo gavrcelebas qarTlis masStabiT.
analogiad
albaneTi
davinaxavT,
SeiZleba
bizantiis
davasaxeloT,
imperators
sadac,
guluxvad
rogorc
daurigebia
qvemoT
saimperio-
sakariskaco titulatura.
adarnerse I qarTlis erismTavari
adarnerse, albaneli istorikosis, movses kalankatuacis, mixedviT,
bizantiis imperatorisgan sammagi pativiT iyo dajildovebuli. (davlianiZetatiSvili 1985: 91-92). igi sam samoxeleo da sakariskaco tituls atarebda.
am
raodenobis
titulebis
miReba,
erTi
mxriv,
adarnerses
politikuri
mxardaWeriT unda aixsnas, xolo, sxva mxriv imperatoris yovelwliuri
wyalobis,
anu
rogis
gazrdiT,
rac
TiToeul
titulze
damatebiT
Semosavals iZleoda misi mflobelisTvis (davlianiZe-tatiSvili 1985: 181).
Tu romeli sami saimperatoro pativis mflobeli iyo adarnerse, CvenTvis
ucnobia.
maTgan
erTi
aRniSnuli
pativi
Sedgeboda,
xolo
periods
Seexeba.
ipatosis
adarnerses
movses
tituli
manamde
miuRia,
kalankatuacis
sainteresoa,
aseve
SeiZleba
vidre
cnoba
movsesis
yofiliyo,
ki
is
misi
cnoba
Tumca
erismTavrad
erismTavrobis
imis
Sesaxeb,
rom
rodesac bizantiis imperatorma konstans II-m (641-668 ww.), albaneTis mTavars,
juanSers,
protopatrikiosoba
uboZa,
masTan
erTad
gasca
1200
sxva
saimperio pativi albaneTis didebulebze.
`ZRvenad
gaugzavna
didebuli
saCuqari:
vercxlis
savarZlebi,
mooqrovili zurgebiT, oqrosqsovilis tansacmeli, margalitebiT mooWvili
xmali, Tavisi sartyeliT. uboZa aseve protonpatrikoba, xolo aTas orasi
57
kacisaTvis gagzavna [sxvadasxva] pativi; patrikobisa da ipatosobisa, aseve
eparqosobisa da stratilatobisa, raTa mas (juanSers – l. T.) visTvisac
undoda, imaTTvis eboZebina~ (davlianiZe-tatiSvili 1985: 93-94).
amdenad, imperators albaneTis mTavari juanSeri protopatrikiosis
rangSi auyvania, xolo sxva saimperio titulebi rogoricaa patrikiosi,
ipatosi,
eparxosi
da
stratilati,
miuxedavad
imperatoris
mier
am
titulebis gacemisa, konkretul pirebze maTi darigeba Tavad juanSers
daevala. mematianes cnobiT, 1200 msgavsi pativi iqna gacemuli albanel
didebulebze, rac gazviadebuli gveCveneba.
somexi istorikosis, sebeosis, cnobiT, erT-erTi somexi mTavari, atat
xorxoruni,
bizantiis
imperatoris
mier
patrikiosis
pativSi
yofila
ayvanili, rac misTvis garkveuli valdebulebebis dasaxvis winapiroba iyo.
atatis valdebulebis Sesaxeb sebeosi gadmogvcems:
`is (atate) iyo didi patrikiosi, risTvisac ubrZana mas imperatorma,
gamocxadebuliyo
masTan
sasaxleSi,
sadac
igi
wavida
Cvidmeti
kacis
TanxlebiT. [imperatorma] is da masTan erTad myofi didebulebi pativis, da
wyalobis
Rirsi
gaxada,
rogorc
wesi
moiTxovda.
mefem
uboZa
maT
vercxlisa da oqros saWurWle da mravali Zvirfaseuloba. [imperatorma]
ubrZana mas wasuliyo mis (imperatoris – l. T.) jarTan TrakiaSi~ (Патканьян
1862: Tavi. XX).
amdenad, somxeTis erT-erT mTavars, rogorc patrikioss, evaleboda
imperatoris
winaSe
audienciiT
warmdgariyo,
rodesac
amas
bizantiis
imperatori moiTxovda. ufro metic, patrikiosis movaleoba iyo, ebrZola
imperiis interesebis gamo, rogorc amas moiTxovda RvTaebrivi imperatori.
imperatoris samsaxuri imdenad mZime iyo, rom Trakiisken mimaval atat
xorxoruns gzaSi gadauwyvetia, imperators ajanyeboda da sparseTis Sahis
mxareze
gadasuliyo,
rac
mogvianebiT
ganaxorciela
kidec
(601
weli)
(Патканьян 1862. Tavi. XX).
patrikiosebs, ipatosebsa da sxva bizantiuri saimperio titulis
mqone
Tundac
moeTxovebodaT.
ucxo
es
qveynis
Seexeboda
mmarTvelebs
rogorc
imperatoris
imperatorTan
morCileba
audiencias,
aseve
58
samxedro da sxva saxis samsaxurs. am yvelafris sanacvlod imperatori
titulebsa
da
masTan
dakavSirebul
rogas,
saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi
ki
Sesabamis ZRvens gascemda. amgvari kavSirebi politikur mokavSireobasac
gulisxmobda,
sadac
imperatori
yovelTvis
upiratesi
statusiT
sargeblobda, samagierod, mis mier qveSevrdomad aRqmuli qveynis mmarTveli
garkveuli
politikuri
saxis
sargebels
naxulobda
xolme.
xSiri
iyo
SemTxvevebi, rodesac ori Zlieri imperiis (bizantia da irani) arsebobis
pirobebSi
qarTlis,
somxeTis,
albaneTisa
Tu
sxva
qveynebis
liderebi
icvlidnen `patrons~ maTive interesebis Sesabamisad. kurapalatis pativis
mqone pirTaTvis imperatorTan damokidebuleba analogiuri xasiaTis unda
yofiliyo, metnaklebi kompromisiT orive mxridan.
adarnerse erismTavaris sammagi tituli, erTi mxriv, misTvis mamis
(stefanozi) msgavsad an patrikiosis titulis tarebas, anda babuis (guaramgurgeni) analogiiT kurapalatis titulis flobas unda gulisxmobdes. es
titulebi ierarqiuli, saimperio titulaturis nawilebia, romelTa miRebis
SemTxvevaSi konkretuli piri sakuTar adgils ikavebda bizantiis senatSi.
calke aRebuli patrikiosoba warCinebulTa fenis wevrobas gulisxmobda.
Sesabamisad, adarnerses erT-erTi bizantiuri tituli swored patrikiosis
tituli unda yofiliyo. amrigad, es tituli sxva saimperio titulTan
erTadac
gaicemoda
Tanamdeboba
analogad
unda
xolme.
yofiliyo,
SegviZlia
sxva
tituli,
romelsac
davasaxeloT
savaraudod,
konkretuli
varaz-bakur
samoxeleo
funqcia
gaaCnda.
antipatos-patrikiosi,
romelic aRniSnuli saimperio titulis garda, flobda protospaTariosisa
da ofsikionis komesis Tanamdebobebs (goilaZe 2007: 299-309; Toumanoff 1971;
metreveli 2008: 362).
stefanoz II patrikiosi da qarTlis erismTavari
adarnerses Semdeg erismTavari xdeba misi Ze, stefanoz II, yrmobaSi
qobul-stefanozad
wodebuli.
informacia
stefanoz
II
erismTavrobis
Sesaxeb ar aris vrceli. mcxeTis jvris zemoT motanili warweris, aseve,
`moqcevaÁ
qarTlisaÁs~
qronikis,
sumbat
daviTis
Zisa
da
juanSer
59
juanSerianis mixedviT, is adarnerses Zed iwodeba (SoSiaSvili 1980: 162;
abulaZe 1963: 96-97; metreveli 2008: 232, 362). aqedan pirveli saistorio
wyaros mixedvT, misi mama adarnerse, stefanos I didis ojaxis wevrad
mosCans (SoSiaSvili 1980: 35, 157-162, 164-165). `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ mixedviT
ki, adarnerses warmomavloba Riad aris datovebuli (abulaZe 1963: 96).
sumbat daviTis Ze adarnerses mamad pirdapir stefanoz dids asaxelebs
(metreveli 2008: 362).
stefanoz II-is erismTavrobis wlebi ar aris dadgenili. arc is aris
cnobili,
Tu
mmarTvelobis
ra
urTierToba
dros.
ucnobia
arsebobda
misi
erisTavebs
moRvaweobis
Soris
sxva
misi
mniSvnelovani
detalebic. qarTuli wyaroebidan arc bizantiuri titulaturis Sesaxeb
viciT rame. am kuTxiT vakuums arabuli wyaroebi avseben, habib ibn maslamas
sigelSi, romelic stefanozis dros unda yofiliyo Sedgenili, qarTlis
mTavari bizantiuri tituliT, patrikiosad, iwodeba (wyaroSi batrik – l.
T) (silagaZe 1991: 56-62; cqitiSvili 1976: 108-195).
ramdenime
juanSer
met-naklebad
juanSerianTan.
moRvaweoba.
misi
mniSvnelovani
masSi
TaosnobiT
informacia
xasgasmulia
mcxeTis
stefanozis
jvris
monastris
aris
daculia
aRmSeneblobiTi
zRude
da
iqve
arsebuli darbazi augiaT, sadac, istorikosis TqmiT, kaTalikosisa da
episkoposebis
monawileobiT
paraskeobiT
krebebi
imarTeboda
xolme.
aRniSnuli krebebis iniciatorad mematianes stefanozi miaCnia:
`ese stefanoz iyo umetes yovelTa qarTlisa mefeTa da mTavarTa
morwmune, ganmwmedeli sjulisaÁ da maSenebeli eklesiaTaÁ. da man moadgna
zRudeni eklesiasa juarisa patiosnisasa da aRaSenna darbazni da dauwesa
yovelTa
paraskevTa
krebaÁ.
da
mun
Sekrbian
yovelni
episkoposni
da
mRdelni mis arisani kaTalikozsa Tana, winaSe patiosnisa juarisa adidian
paraskevi, viTarca didi paraskevi, xolo sakaTalikozosa arian yovelTa
xuTSabaTTa
da
saidumlosa
Tana
adidian
ÃorciTa
wmidaÁ
sioni,
da
sisxliTa
viTarca
didsa
qristesiTa.
xuTSabaTsa
xolo
mcxeTas
saebiskopososa arn krebaÁ yovelTa samSabaTTa da ÃsenebaÁ pirvelmowamisa
stefanesi da yovelTa mowameTaÁ, da didisa misgan Zlierebisa sparsTaÁsa
60
romel wamebul iyvnes, abibos nekresel episkoposisaÁ, romelman moaqcina
umravlesni mTeulni aragusa aRmosavliTni, xolo patiosani guami misi
dadves mcxeTas, saepiskopososa, samarxavsa episkoposTasa. da dResaswaulsa
ufroÁs
yovelTa
dResaswaulTasa
Sekrbian
da
adidebdian
RmerTsa~
(metreveli 2008: 232).
rogorc
aRniSnuli
monakveTidan
Cans,
cnobebi
stefanozis
moRvaweobis Sesaxeb mcirea, Tumca garkveuli koniuqturis danaxva mainc
SeiZleba. mis mier mcxeTis jvris taZris Semkoba da misi gafarToeba misive
winamorbedebis
informacia,
saqmianobis
romelic
gagrZelebaa.
juanSerTan
aris
erTaderTi
daculi,
aris
mniSvnelovani
cnoba
arabebis
Semosevis Sesaxeb, romelsac istorikosi stefanoz II-is mmarTvelobis xaniT
gansazRvravs
(metreveli
2008:
233-234).
arabebis
laSqrobebs
stefanozis
mmarTvelobis periodiT aTariRebs `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ ucnobi avtoric.
Satberdis versiaSi vkiTxulobT:
`da misa (adarnerses – l. T.) Semdgomad erisTvobda stefanoz, ZÀ
misi, da aman ganiSora juarisa eklesiaÁ da dadva krebaÁ juars juarobasa
erT TTue, da tfiliss dajda stefanoz da kaTalikozi iyo samovel da mis
zeve evnon. da hambavi moÃda, viTarmed baRdadi agareanTa daipyreso da
amisTÂs berZenTa qveyanaÁ jorsa ahkides da wariRes saberZneTa~ (abulaZe
1963: 97).
stefanozis
mmarTvelobis
periods
ukavSirdeba
qarTlis
mosaxleobis aRwera da iq daculi simdidris bizantiaSi waReba. rogorc
daculi cnobebidan irkveva, sparseTidan ganZi wamouRiaT da qarTlSi
daumaliaT
sparsel
didebulebsac.
juanSeris
mixedviT,
bizantielebs
sparselebis simdidre sagangebod aRuweriaT da sigel-gujarebis ZaliT
maTi mflobelebisTvis daumtkicebiaT im pirobiT, rom rodesac imperatori
maT sparseTSi daabrunebda, kuTvnil mxareebTan erTad am simdidresac
daubrunebda ukan (metreveli 2008: 233-234). `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ cnoba
ufro mSralia, teqstis mixedviT bizantielebma mas Semdeg, rac didi
zarali
ganicades
muslimebTan
brZolaSi
qarTlis
simdidre
`jorsa
ahkides~ da bizantiaSi gaitanes (moq. qarT. 97). sumbatis cnobiT ki, am
61
yvelafers mosaxleobis aRwera uZRoda win (metreveli 2008: 362). yvela am
cnobas Tu SevajerebT, gamova, rom gaWirvebaSi myof bizantiis imperiis
mesveurebs
ukiduresi
zomebisTvis
miumarTavT.
arabebis
Semotevebis
SeCerebis mizniT sparseTis didebulebis gadamaluli qoneba wamouRiaT da,
rogorc Cans, qarTlis didebulebTan SeTanxmebiT qarTlis mosaxleobis
aRweris Sedegad qveyanaSi arsebuli qoneba `jorsa ahkides~ da bizantiaSi
waiRes. juanSeris mixedviT ise Cans, rom am process Tavad imperatori
herakle
edga
saTaveSi,
romelic
am
dros
meored
Semosula
qarTlSi
(metreveli 2008: 234).
qarTli
imyofeboda.
bizantiis
bizantiis
imperiasTan
gavlena
vasalur
gansakuTrebiT
damokidebulebaSi
herakles
627-628
wlebis
laSqrobebis Semdeg gaizarda. qarTli bizantiis mmarTvelobis qveS moeqca,
xolo mis mmarTvel erismTavars, msgavsad egrisis mmarTvelisa patrikiosis
tituli
daumkvidrda.
swored
am
tituliT
da
ara
sakuTari
saxeliT
icnobda stefanoz II-s arabuli wyaroebi (silagaZe 1991: 56-62), rac, erTis
mxriv, aRniSnuli titulis mniSvnelobaze, xolo, meore mxirv, ki qarTlis
erismTavris damokidebulebis xarisxze mianiSnebs bizantiis mimarT.
stefanoz
II-is
erismTavrobis
momdevno
periodi
vidre
Zmebis
–
arCilis da mihris _ mmarTvelobamde qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT Zalian
bundovania. amrigad, qarTulma wyaroebma ar Semogvinaxa gabmuli saxis
narativi VII saukunis meore naxevridan VIII saukunis dasawyisis CaTvliT.
guaram II kurapalati da qarTlis erismTavari
guaram II kurapalatis Sesaxeb cnobebi daculia rogorc `moqcevaÁ
qarTlisaÁs~ qronikaSi, aseve sumbat daviTis Zis TxzulebaSi `cxovreba da
uwyeba
bagratonianTa~
(abulaZe
1963:
97;
metreveli
2008:
362).
orive
saistorio teqstis mixedviT, guarami qarTlis erismTavaria, xolo sumbatis
cnobiT,
misi
mama
stefanoz
II
adarnerses
Zea.
`moqcevaÁ
qarTlisaÁs~
qronikis mixedviT, stefanoz II adarnerses Zea, xolo guarami, romelic
stefanozis
Semdeg
mTavrobs,
warmomavlobis
miTiTebis
gareSea
dasaxelebuli (abulaZe 1963: 97).
62
sumbat daviTis Zis cnobiT, guarami kurapalatis titulis mflobeli
yofila. misi mmarTvelobis periods arabebis Semosevebi uZRoda win. sxva
detalebi bagrationTa gvaris istorikoss miTiTebuli ara aqvs. sumbati
wers:
`da ambavi moiwia, viTarmed baRdadi daipyres agaris naTesavTao. da
amis
stefanozisa
Semdgomad
erisTavobda
Ze
misi
guaram
kurapalati~
(metreveli 2008: 362).
guaram II-is bizantiuri saimperio titulis miRebis Sesaxeb Txrobis
gadmocemis
dros
msgavs
informacias
gvawvdis
`moqcevaÁ
qarTlisaÁs~
qronikac, masSi vkiTxulobT:
`da misa (stefanozis Semdeg – l. T.) Semdgomad erisTvobda guaram
kurapalati~ (abulaZe 1963: 97).
rogorc orive teqstis Sejerebidan vigebT guarami kurapalatis
saimperio titulis mflobelia, Tumca informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rodis
miiRo man aRniSnuli pativi an ra damsaxurebis gamo maSin, rodesac misi
uSualo winamorbedebi mxolod patrikiosebad iwodebodnen, wyaroebSi ar
Cans. guarams gakvriT axsenebs juanSer juanSerianic, am avtoris mixedviT,
guarami kurapalatis titulis mflobelia da misi asuli colad arCil
mefes mouyvania. juanSerTan vkiTxulobT:
`amisa Semdgomad movida arCil kaxeTad, da yovelTa taZreulTa
misTa miuboZa kaxeTi, da aznaur yvna igini, aRaSena eklesia saZmors, SeirTo
coli, asuli guaram kurapalatisa, romeli iyo SvilTagan vaxtang mefisaTa,
berZnisa colisa naSobTa~ 2 (yauxCiSvili 1955: 243; metreveli 2008: 243).
`moqcevaÁ
qarTlisaÁs~
qronikisa
da
sumbat
daviTis
Zis
Txzulebisgan gansxvavebiT juanSeri guaram II kurapalats erismTavrad
2
ix.: yauxCiSvili 1955: 243; metreveli 2008: 243. am SemTxvevaSi, saxeli `guaram~ amoRebulia
mecnierebaTa akademiis mier gamocemuli `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sejerebuli teqstidan. maT
upiratesoba mariamiseul nusxas mianiWes. samagierod simon yauxCiSvilis teqstSi arCilis
coli `asuli guaram kurapalatisa~-d aris dasaxelebuli. aq ufro WalaSviliseuli da
anaseuli nusxebi aris gaTvaliswinebuli. Cvenis mxriv davZenT, rom `qarTlis cxovrebis~
uZveles (XII s.) somxur TargmanSi arCilis colad `asuli goram kurapalatisa, romelic
vaxtang mefis Camomavali iyo~ aris dasaxelebuli, rac damatebiTi safuZvelia imisa, rom
yauxCiSvilis teqsts mieniWos upiratesoba. ix.: abulaZe 1953: 199. 63
saerTod ar asaxelebs, xolo stefanoz II-is memkvidreebad mihri da arCili
gamohyavs. guaram kurapalatis Sesaxeb ki mxolod imis Tqma SegviZlia, rom
is qarTlSi VIII saukunis meore naxevarSi mTavrobda da kurapalatis
tituli
imperatorisgan
arabebis
winaaRmdeg
aqtiuri
mxardaWeris
sanacvlod unda mieRo.
guaram III yrmaÁ qarTlis erismTavari
guaram
yrmaÁs
erismTavroba
misive
sexniis,
guaram
kurapalatis
mmarTvelobas mosdevs. misi arsebobis Sesaxeb mxolod erTi saistorio
wyarodan
vgebulobT.
kurapalatis
Semdeg
`moqcevaÁ
qarTlis
qarTlisaÁs~
rigiT
qronikis
meSvide
mixedviT,
erismTavari
guaram
guaram
yrmaÁ
yofila.
`da Semdgomad misa erisTvobda guaram kurapalati :e: da guaram
yrmaÁ :z:~ (abulaZe 1963: 97).
`moqcevaÁ
qarTlisaÁs~
qronikis
cnoba
guaram
yrmaÁs
am
mokle
pasaJiT Semoifargleba. misi zedsaxelis, `yrmaÁ~ mixedviT varkvevT, rom
erismTavrobis
periodSi
guarami
mcirewlovani
unda
yofiliyo.
aqedan
warmodgeba misi Serqmeuli saxeli. guaram yrmaÁs amgvari moxsenieba, guaram
II
kurapalatisgan
magaliTi
imave
gamorCevis
wyaroSi
mizniTac
mefe
unda
farsmanis
momxdariyo.
momdevno
analogiuri
mmarTvelis,
misi
ZmiSvilis, farsman sxuaÁs, saxiT (abulaZe 1963: 94). mas biZis, farsman
mefisgan,
gasarCevad,
avtori
farsman
`sxuaÁd~
moixseniebs.
guaramis
SemTxvevaSi termini `yrmaÁs~ xmareba misi mcirewlovanebiT unda aixsnas.
guaram yrmaÁsgan gansxvavebiT farsman sxuaÁ zdasruli unda yofiliyo,
Sesabamisad,
winamorbedisgan
gamosarCevad
mas
gansxvavebuli
epiTeti
mougones.
saistorio
wyaroSi
ar
Cans
erismTavar
guaram
yrmaÁs
arc
warmomavloba da arc is, hqonda Tu ara mas bizantiuri sakariskaco
tituli. misi mmarTveloba daaxloebiT VIII saukunis meore naxevriT unda
ganisazRvros.
savaraudod,
misi
mmarTveloba
xanmokle
iyo,
amdenad,
istoriam meti detali ar Semogvinaxa misi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb.
64
nerse I didi qarTlis erismTavari
nerses Sesaxeb informacia deficituria. qarTul wyaroebSi masze
araferia naTqvami. Sesabamisad, gviwevs ucxoenovani literaturis gacnoba,
romelic aseve mokled gadmogvcems nerses moRvaweobas. somexi istorikosis
hovanes drasxanakertelis, `somxeTis istoriaSi~ saubaria qarTlis iSxanis
(qarT. mTavari) nerses warmatebul brZolaze arabebis winaaRmdeg. nerses
gaerTianebul qarTul-somxur jars arabi sardali baraba daumarcxebia da
somxeTidan gauZevebia (Дарбинян-Меликян 1984: 94). is ixsenieba aseve `wminda
silvestr
romis
episkoposis
cxovrebis~
somxuri
Targmanis
anderZSi.
rogorc irkveva, is somxeTis wamyvani feodaluri ojaxis kamsarakanebis
siZe iyo da saTaveSi edga qarTul-somxur ajanyebas arabeTis saxalifos
winaaRmdeg
(Дарбинян-Меликян
1984:
94).
nerses
bizantiuri
titulaturis
Sesaxeb monacemebi ar gagvaCnia, Tumca miviCnevT, rom isic msgavsad misi
winamorbedebisa
atarebda
bizantiur
sakariskaco
tituls.
Tu
zustad
romels, amis garkveva Znelia.
arSuSa kurapalati, qarTlis erismTavari
arSuSa kurapalati, imave `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ qronikis mixedviT,
erismTavrad
guaram
yrmaÁs
Semdeg
gamxdara.
arSuSas
ar
icnobs
arc
juanSer juanSeriani da arc sumbat daviTis Ze. juanSeris motivi, rogorc
zemoT davinaxeT, arCilis legitimurobis mtkicebaa. amdenad, stefanoz II-is
Semdegi yvela erismTavari qarTlis xelmwifeTa siidan amoRebulia, xolo
sumbati sakuTar matianeSi aSot I kurapalatis da zogadad bagrationebis
uSualo winaprebis fiqsacias axdens. amdenad, arSuSa kurapalati (aseve
guaram yrmaÁ, mefe arCili da sxva), romelic, rogorc Cans, ar iyo aSot
bagrationis
uSualo
winapari,
ver
moxvda
qarTlis
mmarTvelTa
arSuSa
kurapalatis
CamonaTvalSi.
`moqcevaÁ
Sesaxeb
moklea
qarTlisaÁs~
da
ori
qronikis
guaramis
informacia
mmarTvelobas
mosdevs.
cnobaSi
vkiTxulobT:
65
`da Semdgomad misa erisTvobda guaram kurapalati :e: da guaram
yrmaÁ :z: da merme arSuSa kurapalati :À: da varaz bakur apaÁ patrikiozi~
(abulaZe 1963: 97).
amdenad,
guaram
yrmaÁs
arSuSas
da
varaz-bakuris
istoriuli
Janris
samagierod,
arsebobs
mdebare
eklesiis
(erismTavari)
erismTavroba
Txzuleba
mmarTvelobis
arSuSas
epigrafikuli
jvris
arSuSa
`moqcevaÁ
SuaSia
Sesaxeb
warwera,
kvarcxlbekze,
aris
qarTlisaÁs~
moxseniebuli.
moqceuli.
arafers
abasTumanSi
qarTlis
fragmenti
sxva
gadmogvcems.
Sesrulebuli
sadac
mixedviT
erisTavi
daTariRebulia
bizantiis imperator iustiniane II rinotmetosis (685-695, 705-711 ww.) zeobiT.
misi Sinaarsi aseTia:
`† [S(e)w(Àvni)Ta q(rist)ÀsiTa], Áv(s)t(i)n(i)ane m(e)f(i)sa [ze, me] [--------------------------- v(i)q(me)n R(mr)T(isaga)n g(a)n]did(ebu)li n(a)T(esa)vT[a y(ovel)Ta
C(emT)a:
bZ(a)n(e)b(i)Ta
R(mr)T(i)v
d(a)c(u)l(is)a
m(am)fl(is)a
ar(Su)Sa
p(a)t(ri)k(iosi)sa da n(e)b(i)Ta R(mr)T(isaÁ)Ta q(arT)v(el)Ta er(is)T(avis)a,
qr(ise)p(u)l(i)s c(i)x(e)s(a)Ta bo(Ze)b(i)T(a), m(o)w(ue)ul viyav da a(Rv)m(a)rTe
p(a)t(io)s(a)ni
j(uar)i,
w(midis)a
R(mr)T(i)smS(o)b(eli)sa
s(a)x(e)l(s)a,
s(a)l(o)c(ve)l(a)d C(e)mda da Zm(a)Ta C(e)mTa, meox(e)b(i)saT(Â)s y(ove)[l](s)a
W(i)rsa, am(a)s s(a)w(u)Tr(o)s [d]a s(au)k(u)n(e)s. da v(i)n aR(moi)k(iT)x(o)s
l(o)cv(as)a m(omi)Ãs(e)n(e)[T]~ (SoSiaSvili 1980: 103).
amgvarad,
rogorc
aRniSnuli
warweridan
irkveva,
imperator
iustiniane II rinotmetosis (685-695, 705-711 ww.) dros qarTlis erismTavari
arSuSa
patrikiosi
yofila,
romelic
imavdroulad
mamfalis
titulis
matarebelia. sainteresoa, aris Tu ara es arSuSa, `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~
arSuSa kurapalati da Tu aris, saidan varkvevT amas?! daviwyoT iqidan, rom
`moqcevaÁ
qarTlisaÁs~
erismTavari
qronikis
varaz-bakuria,
xolo
mixedviT,
rogorc
arSuSa
vaxtang
kurapalatis
goilaZem
Semdeg
gaarkvia,
warweris dazianebul adgilze moxseniebuli pirovneba, romelic flobda
qalaq qrisepuls da gvevlineba warweris SemkveTad, swored varaz-bakur
anTipatos-patrikiosia (goilaZe 2007). varaz-bakuri bizantiuri saistorio
wyaroebis mixedviT, iustiniane II rinotmetosis marjena xeli da misi
66
aqtiuri
mxardamWeria
(Mango,
Scott
1997:
102-103,
112-113),
Sesabamisad,
epigrafikul warweraSi imperator iustinianes moxsenieba SemTxveviTi ar
aris.
qrisepulis mflobel varaz-bakurs qarTlSi Camosvlis mowveva Tavad
erismTavar arSuSa patrikiosisgan miuRia da abasTumanTan axlos jvari
aRumarTavs. rogorc lapidaruli warweridan Cans, arSuSa patrikiosis
sapatio
titulis
mflobelia
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
qarTlSi
arSuSa
mTavrobs. unda vivaraudoT, rom varaz-bakuri am droisTvis ukve antipatospatrikiosia, rac arSuSaze maRali pativis flobas gulisxmobs bizantiis
senatis
wevris
rangSi.
amas,
erTi
mxriv,
varaz-bakuris
mdgomareoba
gvafiqrebinebs bizantiis imperiaSi, xolo, meore mxriv, warweris Sinaarsi,
romelSic varaz-bakuri Tavs qarTvelTa Soris (`naTesavTa yovelTa CemTa~)
yvelaze gandidebulad moixseniebs: `v(i)q(me)n R(mr)T(isaga)n g(a)ndid(ebu)li
n(a)T(esa)vTa y(ovel)Ta C(emT)a~ (SoSiaSvili 1980: 103).
arSuSas
kurapalatis
tituliT
moxsenieba
ukve
`moqcevaÁ
qarTlisaÁs~ qronikaSi gvxvdeba, rac ar unda iyos gazviadebuli. unda
vifiqroT,
upiratesi
rom
arSuSam,
uflebiT
romelic
sargeblobda
Tavisive
(amas
qveyanaSi
gvimtkicebs
varaz-bakurze
Tavad
qrisepulis
mflobelis varaz-bakuris warwera), mogvianebiT mis qveSevrdomze (Zmaze)
maRali –
kurapalatis _ tituli miiRo, romelic sicocxlis bolomde
SeinarCuna.
miRebuli
aqedan
bolo
gamomdinare,
tituliT
saistorio
ixsenieba
da
ara
wyaroSi
im
arSuSa
tituliT
mis
mier
(patrikiosi),
romelic mas mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi hqonda miRebuli. analogia SegviZlia
gavavloT
daviT
III
kurapalatTan,
imiertaos
mflobelTan,
romelmac
kurapalatoba 990 wels miiRo da cxovrebis bolomde SeinarCuna, Tumca
saistorio
wyaroebis
umravlesoba
mas
kurapalatad
moixseniebs
misi
moRvaweobis dasawyisidanve. aq damkvidrebuli tendenciis adreul periodze
gadatanasTan
gvaqvs
saqme.
arSuSas
SemTxvevaSi
igi,
mis
mier
bolos
miRebuli tituliT iqna moxseniebul qarTul saistorio qronikaSi.
67
varaz-bakur anTipatos-patrikiosi, ofsikionis komesi,
protospaTariosi, qarTlis erismTavari
varaz-bakur
politikuri
mxolod
antipatos-patrikiosi
moRvawea.
misi
saqarTvelos
Tavisi
politikuri
masStabiT,
man
drois
asparezi
didi
ar
gamorCeuli
Semoifargleboda
gavlena
moipova
VII-VIII
saukuneebis mijnis bizantiis imperiaSic. bizantiis imperator iustiniane II
rinotmetosis
(685-695,
mniSvnelovani
705-711
provinciis
–
ww.)
karze
vazar-bakurs
ofsikionis
Temis
_
imperiis
yvelaze
komesis
(meTauri)
Tanamdeboba ekava. atarebda aseve protospaTariosis saimperio sakariskaco
tituls, xolo qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, iyo anTipatos-patrikiosis
titulis mflobeli. imave saistorio narativis mixedviT, `gardabanelni
moaqcivna~ marTlmadidebel mrwamsze (Toumanoff 1971: 149; metreveli 2008: 362363; goilaZe 2007: 299-300).
qarTuli
moklea.
saistorio
werilobiTi
wyaroebis
wyaroebidan
qarTlisaÁs~
qronikaSi
da
TxzulebaSi
varaz-bakuri
sumbat
saerTod
informacia
mis
varaz-bakuris
moxseniebas
daviTis
ar
Zis
aris
vxvdebiT
nawarmoebSi.
naxsenebi
Sesaxeb
`moqcevaÁ
juanSeris
miuxedavad
im
mniSvnelovani rolisa, romelsac is asrulebda Tavisi epoqis politikur
cxovrebSi.
Sesaxeb
`moqcevaÁ
qarTlisaÁsa~
daaxloebiT
identuria.
da
sumbatis
teqstebis
cnobebi
aseTi
varaz-bakuris
siaxlove
imasac
gvafiqrebinebs, am konkretuli pasaJis gadmocemisas xom ar momdinareobs
sumbatis teqsti `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ qronikidan?! Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
imas, rom sumbati icnobda Tavisi winamorbedis teqsts, ar gamovricxavT,
rom
es
asec
iyos.
miuxedavad
msgavsebisa,
vxvdebiT
garkveul
gansxvavebebsac, kerZod, `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ qronikaSi vkiTxulobT:
`da Semdgomad misa erisTvobda … varaz bakur apaÁ patrikiozi,
romelmac garbanelni moaqcina [da qristeanobaÁ aswava unebliaÁT] :T:~
(abulaZe 1963: 97; aleqsiZe 2007: 20).
`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ qronikaSi varaz-bakuri, rogorc davinaxeT,
apaÁ patrikiosad aris moxseniebuli. samagierod, sumbat daviTis Ze mas
68
anTipatos-patrikioss
uwodebs,
rac
ufro
realuria,
vinaidan
apaÁ
patrikiosis bizantiuri tituli CvenTvis ucnobia. sumbatTan vkiTxulobT:
`stefanozisa Semdgomad erisTavobda Ze misi guaram kurapalati. da
Semdgomad
missa
varaz-bakur,
Ze
misi
anTipatos-patrikiosi,
romelman
gardabanelni moaqcivna~ (metreveli 2008: 362-363).
titulebis gansxvavebuli Cveneba imaze metyvelebs, rom erT-erTi
teqsti,
savaraudod,
cdeba.
kerZod,
`moqcevaÁ
qarTlisaÁs~
qronika
gansxvavebuli formiT gadmogvcems varaz-bakuris bizantiur tituls da
anTipatos-patrikiosis
nacvlad
iyenebs
apaÁ
patrikiozs.
SeiZleboda
gvefiqra, rom `apaÁ~ `anTipatosis~ Seryvnili forma unda iyoso, Tumca
Znelia
imis
qarTlisaÁs~
bunebrivia,
dajereba,
rom
qronikis
samive
garkveuli
teqsti
ase
redaqcia
cvlilebebi
Zlier
daaamaxinjes.
mogviano
qronikis
periods
teqstSi
`moqcevaÁ
ganekuTvneba,
gadamwerTa
mier
iqneboda Setanili. qronikis originali daaxloebiT VII-VIII saukuneebs unda
ganekuTvnebodes, xolo xelnaweTagan uadresi IX-X saukuneebis mijnazea
Sesrulebuli. amaTgan termini `apaÁ~ ixmareba N/Sin-50-sa (X ss. I nax.) da
Satberdis (X s. 70-iani) redaqciebSi, xolo `apa~ WeliSurSi (XIV-XV ss.)
(abulaZe 1963: 97; aleqsiZe 2007: 20). amdenad, apaÁ/apa SesaZloa kninobiTi da
Seryvnili forma iyos anTipatosisa, romelsac zustad gadmogvcems sumbat
daviTis Zis Cvenamde moRweuli redaqciebi. es msjeloba marTebuli Cans, Tu
gaviTvaliswineT
imas,
rom
`apai/apa
patrikiosis”
tituli
bizantiaSi
saerTod ar arsebobda, Tumca ar aris gamoricxuli, rom `apaÁ/apa~ teqstSi
aRniSnavdes
`apo~-s
(ἀπο)
anu,
titul
`apo
patrikioss~,
rac
yofil
patrikioss niSnavs. bizantiaSi arsebobda apo ipatosisa da apo eparxosis
titulebi, rac TavisTavad ar gamoricxavs im faqts, rom arsebuliyo `apo
patrikiosis~ titulic. jon haldonis mixedviT, `apaÁ patrikiosis~ msgavsi
forma dasturdeba VII-VIII saukuneebSi `apo ipaton patrikiosis~ saxiT,
romelic amave periodis bizantiis saimperio titulebis ierarqiul kibeze
erT-erT umaRles safexurs ikavebs (Haldon 1990: 393).
69
bizantiuri
titulaturis
gadmocemis
garda,
Tu
kargad
davakvirdebiT, orive saistorio teqsti odnav gansxvavebuli informaciebis
Semcvelia.
arafers
`moqcevaÁ
gvamcnobs,
qarTlisaÁ~
mis
varaz-bakuris
winamorbedad
_
warmomavlobis
arSuSa
Sesaxeb
kurapalats,
xolo
memkvidred nerses asaxelebs; xolo sumbat daviTis Zis `cxovrebaÁ da
uwyebaÁ bagrationTaÁs~ teqstis mixedviT, varaz-bakuri guaram kurapalatis
Zea, xolo mis memkvidred nerse aris dasaxelebuli. nerse orive saistorio
wyaroSi mamis miTiTebis gareSea moxseniebuli. amdenad, Tu ra naTesauri
kavSiri arsebobda varaz-bakursa da nerses Soris, arcerT zemoxsenebul
teqstSi ar Cans.
bizantiuri
saistorio
wyaroebi
varaz-bakuris
Sesaxeb
friad
saintereso masalebs gvawvdian. Teofane aRmsareblis cnobiT, varaz-bakuri
bizantiis
imperatoris,
iustiniane
II-is,
moxele
da
Tanamzraxvelia,
romelic devnilobis drosac masTan aris xersonsa da xazareTSi (Mango and
Scott 1997: 521).
varaz-bakurs
sikvdiliT
wels
711
protopatrikiossa
imperator
iustinianesTan
erTad
(Mango and Scott 1997: 529).
Teofane
ofsokionis
anu
da
Temis
komess,
dasjian
varaz-bakurs
meTaurs
uwodebs
(laTinurad niSnavs TanaSemwes) (Mango and Scott 1997: 529; Migne 1861: 769).
varaz-bakuris
bizantiuri
damatebiT
informacias
romlebic
moipova
gvaZlevs
cnobilma
titulaturisa
bizantiuri
da
saxelos
sfragistikis
koleqcionerma
da
Sesaxeb
is
numuSebi,
antikvaruli
nivTebiT
movaWre giorgi zakosma (1911-1989 ww.). xelT gvaqvs ori aseTi egzemplaris
aRweriloba.
pirveli
nimuSis
aRweriloba
mogvyavs
nikolas
oikonomidisis
naSromis mixedviT. beWdis diametri 33 mm., xolo 1986 wlisTvis zakosis
koleqciaSia
daculi,
qalaqi
bazeli.
liTonis
beWdis
ZiriTadi
maxasiaTeblebi n. ikonomidisis mixedviT Semdegia:
Subli: jvarisebri monograma – Θεοτόκε βοήθει (loreni, V tipi). oTxive
kuTxeSi or xazad Sesrulebuli warwera. monetis kide dagrexilia.
Τω-ΔȣˡΛω-COU-ˡBAΡA-CBAˡΚȣ-ΡΙω
70
zurgi: warwera eqvs xazad. monetis kide dagrexilia.
ϯΠΑΤΡΙˡḲΙωSKOMˡ...ΙΤȣΘεOˡ.VΛΑKΤȣΒ.CΙΛΙΚȣOˡΨΙΚΙȣ
warwera amgvarad aris aRdgenili:
`Θεοτόκε βοήθει τῷ δούλῳ σου βαρασβακουρίῳ πατρικίῳ (καὶ) κομ[ετ]ί τοῦ
θεο[φ]υλάκτου β[α]σιλικοῦ Ὀψσικίου~ (Oikonomidès 1986: 40-41).
`RvTismSobelo
Seewie
Sens
monas
varaz-bakurs
patrikiossa
(da)
RmrTivdaculi saimperio ofsikionis komets.~
varaz-bakuri ixsenieba aseve konstantinopolis patriarq nikefores
`mokle istoriaSi~, romlis mixedviT igi imperator iustiniane II-s erTerTi
yvelaze
aqtiuri
mxardamWeria.
is
iustinianes
aqtiurad
exmareba
taxtis dauflebaSi ZmasTan erTad, romelsac saliva rqmevia - Βαρασβακούριον
καὶ τον τούτου ἀδελφὸν τόν τε Σαλιβᾶν `varaz-bakuris da misi Zmis salivas~ (Mango
1990: 102-103). berZnuli Σαλιβᾶ/saliva am SemTxvevaSi qarTul `Salvas~ unda
Seesatyvisebodes. amdenad, varaz-bakuris Zmas Salva erqva. Salva Zmebs
Soris umcrosi unda yofiliyo. ufross, rogorc zemoT vixileT, arSuSa
erqva.
imave
istorikosis
mixedviT,
iustinianes
damxobisa
da
yelis
gamoWris Semdeg imperatoris momxre sxva arxontebTan erTad Seipyres da
sikvdiliT dasajes varaz-bakuric. niSandoblivia isic, rom sikvdiliT
dasjil arxontens Soris patriarqi nikefore saxeliT mxolod varazbakurs
isxeniebs
(Mango 1990: 102-103).
es
misi
upiratesi
mdgomareobis
xazgasmaa. ucnobia Salvas bedi. is ZmasTan monawileobs iustiniane II-is
gamefebaSi 705 wels, xolo Semdeg qreba bizantiuri saistorio wyaroebidan.
Salva an bizantiaSi darCa da Zmis xvedri gaiziara, anda samSobloSi
gaagrZela moRvaweoba, yovel SemTxvevaSi misi Semdgomi bedi masalebSi ar
Cans. safiqrebelia, rom is 711 wels ZmasTan erTad unda daRupuliyo,
radgan qarTlis erismTavrad varaz-bakuris Semdeg nerses Ze stefanozi
xdeba da ara sxva vinme.
Temis
amdenad,
rogorc
wyaroebidan
komesis
saxelos
garda,
varkvevT,
flobda
varaz-bakuri
protospaTariosis
ofsikoinis
tituls
da
71
iwodeboda
patrikiosad.
Tumca
mogvianebiT
xdeba
misi
mniSvnelovani
dawinaureba da iustiniane II-is mmarTvelobis meore periodSi (705-711 ww.),
rodesac varaz-bakuri eufleba iseT sapatio titulebs, rogoric aris
protopatrikiosi
patrikiosebad
da
anTipatosi.
iwodebodnen.
sxvadasxva
ofsikionis
Temis
Temebis
meTauri
meTaurebi
maT
Soris
upirvelesad, anu protopatrikiosad iwodeboda, aRniSnuli senatoruli
tituli varaz-bakurs 711 wlisTvis ukve miRebuli hqonda (Mango, Scott 1997:
529). amas Tu SevujerebT qarTul wyaroebs, mivalT im daskvnamde, rom
varaz-bakurs sapatio titulad anTipatosis titulic miuRia da wodebula
rogorc
`varaz-bakur
anTipatos-patrikiosi~.
rogorc
bizantinologiaSi
iTvleba, anTipatosi sapatio titulad mxolod IX saukunidan iqca (ODB 1
1991: 111). Tumca varaz-bakuris magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom aRniSnuli pativi
sapatio titulad jer kidev VII saukunis dasawyisSi qceula. mxolod
amgvari koniuqturiT SeiZleba aixsnas bizantiur taqtikebSi moxseniebuli
anTipatosis tituli, romelic X saukunemde magistrosis Semdeg yvelaze
sapatio tituli iyo bizantiur saimperio titulaturaSi (Oikonomides 1972:
94-95). paralelurad, imave X saukuneSi, bizantiis yvela Temis strategosi
sapatio titulad anTipatosis tituls atarebda (Oikonomides 1972: 136-141)
maSin, rodesac SedarebiT Zveli koniuqturiT isini mxolod patrikiosebad
iwodebodnen (Oikonomides 1972: 46-49). es yvelaferi imis maniSnebelia, rom
anTipatos-patrikiosamde
Temis
meTaurebi
mxolod
patrikiosebad
iwodebodnen. xolo mogvianebiT, garkveuli precedentis Seqmnis Semdeg,
maTi pativi amaRlda anTipatos-patrikiosis titulamde. aseTi precedenti
unda
yofiliyo
ofsikionis
anTipatos-patrikiosad,
ramac
Temis
komesis,
ganapiroba
varaz-bakuris,
misi
dawinaureba
protopatrikiosoba,
anu
patrikiosTa Soris upirvelesis titulis miReba. Cven ar gamovricxavT
imasac, rom TeofanesTan moxseniebuli protopatrikiosoba gulisxmobdes
anTipatos-patrikiosis tituls; vgulisxmobT imas, rom protopatrikiosad
varaz-bakuris dasaxelebiT istorikosi xazs usvams mis dawinaurebas sxva
patrikiosebs
Soris.
xolo
qarTuli
wyaro
gviCvenebs
mis
oficialur
72
tituls
–
anTipatos-patrikioss.
amis
naTeli
ilustraciaa
is,
rom
protopatrikiosis tituli ar gvxvdeba sxva bizantiur wyaroebSi, xolo
anTipatos-patrikiosi ki mravaljer dasturdeba imave periodis masalebSi.
es yvelaferi TavisTavad ar gamoricxavs imis SesaZleblobas, rom
protopatrikiosobas realuri Sinaarsi hqonoda. aRniSnuli miuTiTebs ara
imdenad realur titulze, aramed mdgomareobaze, romelic varaz-bakurs
ekava bizantiaSi. swored amis gamo iyo, rom Teofane aRmsareblis inglisur
enaze
mTargmnelma,
protopatrikiosi,
hari
aramed
TarTledoum,
rogorc
tituli
Targmna
patrikiosTa
ara
Soris
rogorc
upirvelesi
–
Βασβακούριος δ πρωτοπατρίκιος καὶ κόμης τού Όψικίου (Mango and Scott 1997: 529; Migne 1861:
769). amiT xazi gausva imas, rom protopatrikiosisMmsgavsi sapatio tituli
ar arsebobda. Tumca, amasTan, amave pasaJis mixedviT, varaz-bakuri yvelaze
dawinaurebuli
iyo
sxva
patrikiosebs
Soris.
mis
realur
titulze
informacias sumbat daviTis Ze gvawvdis, rodesac mas anTipatos-patrikioss
uwodebs (metreveli 2008: 362-363). ra
saukunis
tituli
mdgomareoba
unda
dasawyisisTvis?
anTipatosi
hqonda
aRniSnul
filoTeosis
spektabilisze
da
tituls
bizantiaSi
`kletorologionis~
protospaTariosze
VII
mixedviT,
maRalia
da
adgils magistrosis Semdeg ikavebs. aseTi mdgomareoba gvaqvs 899 wlisTvis.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom iseTi titulebi, rogoric aris magistrosi da zoste
patrikia,
iSviaTad
gaicemoda.
zoste
patrikiad
iwodebodnen
mxolod
saimperatoro ojaxis wevri qalebi da imperatoris ojaxTan daaxloebuli
qalebi. magistrosis tituli, rogorc filoTeosis taqtikonSia aRniSnuli,
899 wlisTvis sapatio titulia (Oikonomides 1972: 94-95). mogviano periodis
taqtikonebSi igi SedarebiT damcrobilia da meore rigis titulebSi aris
gaerTianebuli (Oikonomides 1972: 244-245, 262-263). SedarebiT Zvel e.w. uspenskis
taqtikonSi, rogorc j. b. biuri aRniSnavs, magistrosis sapatio tituls ver
vxvdebiT, xolo n. oikonomidisi am faqts gadamweris Secdomas miawers da
aRadgens mas Sesabamis adgilas (Bury 1911: 46-47; ODB II 1991: 1267). VII
saukunidan ramdenime magistrosi gamodis politikur asparezze (Oikonomides
73
1972: 294). maT Soris erT-erTi pirvelia nikita qsilinitesi, romelic
magistrosobas
eufleba.
imperator
xolo
leon
III
anastasius
II
artemiosis
isavrielis
(717-741
ww.)
(713-715
dros
ww.)
nikita
dros
yofil
imperators exmareba taxtisTvis brZolaSi, Tumca warumateblobas ganicdis
da anastasius-artemiosTan erTad sikvdiliT dasjian 719 wels. xolo im
didZal qonenas, rac Tanamdebobze yofnis dros daagrova, konfiskacias
gaukeTeben
gansazRvra,
(Bury 1911: 29; Mango and Scott 1997: 92).
iyo
Tu
ara
magistrosis,
Znelia
titulis
zustad
mflobeli
imis
romelime
konkretuli aristokrati iustiniane II-is (685-695, 705-711 ww.) mmarTvelobis
dros, an Tu iyo, ramdenad maRalia misi mdgomareoba bizantiis imperatoris
sakariskaco
ierarqiaSi.
unda
gaviTvaliswinoT
is,
rom
kesarosisa
da
novelisimosis titulebis mflobelebs am dros ver vxvdebiT sakuTriv
bizantiis
imperiis
farglebSi,
xolo
kurapalati,
savaraudod,
aseve
imperiis farglebs gareT aris saZiebeli.
amdenad,
maRali,
varaz-bakuris
erT-erTi
mdgomareoba
umniSvnelovanesi
mainc
bizantiaSi
unda
Tu
ara
yofiliyo.
yvelaze
xolo
misi
moxsenieba imperator iustinianes mxardamWerTa Soris, rodesac imperatori
devnilobaSi imyofeboda, da maSinac, rodesac mis meore mmarTvelobas
safrTxe Seeqmna, miuTiTebs mis gansakuTrebul mdgomareobaze imperator
iustiniane
II-s
Sesrulebuli
saimperatoro
varaz-bakuris
karze.
warwera,
swored,
sadac
iustinianes
misi
saxeli
dros
iqna
samarTlianad
aRadgina vaxtang goilaZem. warweris mixedviT, varaz-bakuri qarTvelTa
Soris
yvelaze
ufro
gandidebulad
moixseniebs
sakuTar
Tavs:
`†
[S(e)w(Àvni)Ta q(rist)ÀsiTa], Áv(s)t(i)n(i)ane m(e)f(i)sa [ze, me]----(varaz-bakuri –
l.
T.)----v(i)q(me)n
R(mr)T(isaga)n
g(a)n]did(ebu)li
n(a)T(esa)vT[a
y(ovel)Ta
C(emT)a~. (SoSiaSvili 1980: 103)
stefanoz III (IV) qarTlis erismTavari
varaz-bakuris tragikuli sikvdilis Semdeg, rasac adgili 711 wlis
11 dekembris axlo xanebSi hqonda, qarTlis erismTavari stefanoz III (IV)
74
nerses Ze xdeba. stefanozi Tavisi freskuli warweris mixedviT 739 wels, 14
oqtombers, oTxSabaT dRes gardaicvala (abramiSvili, aleqsiZe 1989: 34-35,
89-90). amave warweris mixedviT, stefanozi Tavisi mTavrobis 29-e wels
gardacvlila, rac misi erismTavrobis dasawyisad 711 wels miuTiTebs
(abramiSvili, aleqsiZe 1989: 34-35, 89-90).
guram abramiSvilma gaarkvia, rom stefanozi erismTavr nerses Zea
(abramiSvili, aleqsiZe 1989: 37; abramiSvili 1977: 64; abramiSvili 1984: 165-166).
nerse
erismTavari,
rogor
asoRikis
cnobiT
zemoT
vixileT,
qarTlis
erismTavari yofila.
stefanozis Sesaxeb informacias atenis sionis taZarSi aRmoCenili
grafitebi gvawvdian. atenis sionis aRniSnuli epigrafikuli warwerebis
mixedviT,
stefanozs
filipikosisgan
(711-713
erismTavroba
ww.)
miuRia
bizantiis
(abramiSvili
imperator
1984:
162-164).
vardan
erT-erT
grafitSi stefanozi nerses Zed aris dasaxelebuli, rac imis maniSnebelia,
rom is nerse I didis vaJiSvili yofila (abramiSvili 1984: 163; giolaZe 2008:
52).
stefanozis
Sesaxeb
yvelaze
ufro
mniSvnelovani
informaciis
Semcvelia atenis sionis dasavleT fasadis freskuli warwera, romelic
misive Sinaarsis mixedviT stefanoz mamfals ekuTvnis. stefanoz mamafali
qarTvelTa da megrelTa erisTavT-erisTavTa uflad aris dasaxelebuli.
warweris abramiSviliseuli varianti Semdegia:
`[q: zeobas]a ka (= 21) R(mr)T(i)gÂirgÂn[osanisa]
[arCilisi 3 , ke]T(i)Tladmsaxu[rebasa S(in)a]
m[e]f[isa] Cuenisasa, Ãelmwifobasa
[sa]rkinozTasa r k a (= 121), aResrula
ku[r]Txeuli m(am)f(a)li stefanoz,
R(mr)T(i)sa m[ier] q(ar)T(ue)lTa da m(e)gr(e)lTa
erisTave[risTa]vsTa uf(a)li T(ues)a okdombersa
3
sxva gavrcelebuli mosazrebiT aq unda vigulixmoT bizantiis imperatori leon III
sirieli/isavrieli (717-741 ww.), romlis imperatorobis 21-e weli swored 738/739 welze
modis, iseve rogorc hijriT 121-e weli. 75
[id] (= 14), dResa oTxSabaTsa, Jamsa
a (= 1) Ra[misas]a a, amas z(ed)a welsa dRisa
mT[avrobisa mo]xrdili kT (= 29)~ (abramiSvili, aleqsiZe 1989: 89-90;
abramiSvili 1977: 35-36).
warweras guram abramiSvili 739 wliT aTariRebs (abramiSvili 1977:
14-15; abramiSvili, aleqsiZe 1989: 89-90). miRebuli TariRi Seesabameba rogorc
varaz-bakuris gardacvalebidan (711 weli) ocdamecxre wels, aseve hijriT
121
welsac,
romelic
Tanamedrove
kalendarze
daangariSebiT 738
wlis
dekembers iwyeba da 739 wlis dekemberSi mTavrdeba. aRniSnuli warweridan
ar Cans, rom stefanozi flobda raime bizantiur saimperio tituls, Tumca
imperatori
vardanis
damtkiceba
mis
mier
axlo
stefanozisTvis
urTierTobaze
qarTlis
unda
mmarTvelobis
miuTiTebdes
bizantiis
imperiasTan, misi mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi mainc. atenis sionis erT-erT
grafitSi aRniSnulia:
`q. ese me d(a)vwere ioaneman. vardan kaisar misca [gvirgvini ? da
stefanoz] ne(r)sesa Ze, dari R(mr)TisaÁ Ser(ac)xes da varaz m------[stefan]oz
mamfalsa da waRmarT(ca) cnes d(a)m[yareba misi. vinc waikiTxos] locvas(a)
momi[Ã]s[ene], amen~ (abramiSvili 1984: 164).
am warweris Sinaarsi, guram abramiSvilis mixedviT, is aris, rom
bizantiis
keisari,
vardan
filipikosi,
erT-erT
qarTvel
didebuls
gvirgvins gadascems. gvirgvinis gadacemis motivi Tavad avtoris mier aris
aRdgenili, rac. bunebrivia, ver iqneba dazRveuli garkveuli koreqturisgan.
warweris
mixedviT,
stefanozi,
rogorc
`dari
RmrTisaÁ
Ser(ac)xes~
erismTavrad. is, rom warweraSi moxseniebuli pirovneba romlis saxelis
bolo ori asobgera `oz” `stefan-oz~-is aRmniSvnelia, mtkicdeba atenis
sionis zemoxsenebuli freskuli warweriT.
stefanozis gardacvalebis dros gakeTebul warweraSi
(739 weli)
misi bizantiuri titulaturis gareSe moxsenieba miuTiTebs, rom stefanozi
mmarTvelobis bolos arcerT maTgans ar flobda.
76
adarnerse II qarTlis erismTavari
adarnerse qarTlis erismTavris Sesaxeb cnobebi uaRresad mwiria,
viciT mxolod is, rom is atarebda kurapalatis tituls da iyo nerse II-is
mama. am informacias vigebT ioane sabanis Zis `abo tfilelis wamebis~
teqstidan, sadac naTqvamia:
`nerseÁ Ze adarnerse kurapalatisa da eris mTavrisaÁ~. (qarTuli
proza..., I 1982 :125; javaxiSvili 1965: 81)
informacia moklea da misi mixedviT imis garkveva, Tu rodis da ra
viTarebaSi miiRo man kurapalatoba, advili ar aris. erTi ram faqtia, rom
qarTlis
saerismTavroSi
periodSi
Tavad
erTaderTi
adarnerse
unda
kurapalati
yofiliyo.
sxva
misive
erismTavrobis
qarTuli
saistorio
teqstebi mis Sesaxeb informacias ar iZlevian. `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ da
sumbat
daviTis
Zis
teqstebSi
adarnerse
kurapalatis
Sesaxeb
cnobebi
daculi ar aris. isini asaxeleben mis Zes nerses, magram ar weren arafers
misi mamis Sesaxeb.
`varaz-bakur apaÁ patrikiozi, romelman garbanelni moaqcina T, da
merme nerse [i], da Zeni misni: filipe ia, stefanoz ib, adrnese ig, guaram id,
da bakureani ZeEbaldadisi ie; da Zeni adrnesesni: stefanoz iv, da aSot
kurapalati iz, da guaram [iÀ]. didni erisTavni esTen iyvnes~ abulaZe 1963:
97).
nerse II qarTlis erismTavari
adarnase kurapalatis Semdeg qarTlis erismTavari nerse II xdeba.
nerse
VIII
saukunis
60-70-ian
wlebSi
erismTavrobda.
is
iyo
grigol
xanZTelis aRmzdeli da misi axlo naTesavi. ioane sabanis Zis gadmocemiT
nerses meuRle grigolis mamidaa. grigolis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT:
`ese iyo Svili warCinebulTa didebulTa da marTlmorwmuneTa mamadedaTaÁ da saxlsa Sina sameufosa didisa nerse erisTavisasa aRzrdil iyo
xeliTa keTilad msaxurisa dedoflisa _ nerses colisaÁTa, romelsaca
eSvila, rameTu iyoca Zmiswuli misi~ (abulaZe 1963: 249).
77
nerses Sesaxeb cnobebi daculia, aseve moqcevai qarTlisaiSi da
sumbat daviTis ZesTanac, Tumca arcerTi maTgani ar gvawvdis cnobebs misi
bizantiuri titulaturis Sesaxeb (aleqsiZe 2007: 20; metreveli 2008: 362).
nerses
Semdeg
mTavrobdnen
adarnarse,
filipe
da
stefanozi
(aleqsiZe 2001: 311-315), Tumca arcerTi maTganis bizantiuri titulaturis
Sesaxeb ar vxvdebiT raime xelSesaxeb informacias. ar aris gamoricxuli,
rom arabebis gavlenis Sedegad qarTlis erismTavarTa saxls Seewyvita
bizantiuri sakariskaco titulebis miReba.
kurapalatis tituli qarTvelTa samefoSi
qarTvelTa samefos Camoyalibeba bagrationTa gvaris saxelmwifo
moRvawis, aSot I didi kurapalatis (786-826 ww.), saxels ukavSirdeba. aSoti
jer
qarTlis
erismTavari
yofila.
mas
Tbilisi
da
bardavi
hqonda
Cabarebuli (yauxCiSvili 1955: 376; metreveli 2008: 363). bunebrivia, aSoti
qarTlisa da aranis teritoriis did nawils marTavda, rac arabebis mier
unda yofiliyo sanqcirebuli. mogvianebiT arabebis damarcxebasTan erTad
bizantiasTan omSi da saxalifos dasustebis pirobebSi aSoti arabebs
aujanyda. arabebis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba bizantiis mokavSireobis gareSe
warmoudgeneli
iyo.
ukve
aSotis
mamas,
adarnases
bagrations,
samflobeloebi bizantiis imperiis Crdolo-aRmosavleT sazRvarTan hqonda.
es ki, bunebrivia, bizantiis mesveurTa Tanxmobasac gulisxmobda aRniSnuli
teritoriis
kontrolis
saqmeSi.
aSots
mamis
mier
konsolidirebulma
saerisTavom mniSvnelovani safuZveli Seuqmna damoukidebeli saxelmwifos
Camoyalibebas.
saerTod
VII-VIII
saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi
ramdenime
saerisTavo iyo Seqmnili, romlebic, faqtobrivad, damoukidebel politikas
awarmoebdnen. saqarTveloSi ki am dros sami superZala ibrZoda gavlenis
mopovebisTvis,
xazarTa
maT
xakanati.
Soris
yvela
iyvnen:
am
bizantiis
zesaxelmwifos
imperia,
arabTa
politika
saxalifo,
eqspansionistur
xasiaTs atarebda da regionis masStabiT hegemonobis damyarebas isaxavda
miznad. aRniSnuli imperiebis interesebi, yvelaze mZafrad saqarTvelos
teritoriaze ikveTeboda.
78
sam zesaxelmwifos Soris yvelaze gavleniani arabTa saxalifo iyo.
Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi arsebuli politikuri erTeulebis didi nawili
xalifas
uzenaesobas
cnobda.
aSotis
da
sxva
adgilobrivi
kavkasieli
mmarTvelebis mizani arabeTis batonobis damxoba iyo. arabeTSi mimdinare
socialurma
ajanyebis
dapirispirebam
dasawyebad.
da
babeqis
wamowyebaSi
ajanyebam
mniSvnelovani
politikur
da
moralur
mxardaWeras
warmatebisa
da
bizantiis
mxardaWerisa,
aRmoCnda.
Tumca,
is
bolomde
aSots
ibrZvis
hqonda.
xeli
gauxsna
adgili
bizantiis
miuxedavad
garkveuli
aSotis
kampania
qarTlisTvis,
warumatebeli
xolo
politikur
centrad gareSe mtrebisgan SedarebiT ufro dacul adarnase bagrationis
samflobeloebs
irCevs.
adarnases
samflobeloebi
`matiane
qarTlisaÁs~
mixedviT Semdegia:
`sicocxlesave juanSerissa icvala adarnase bagratonianman nasamali
klarjeTisa, SavSeTisa, aWarisa, nigalisa, asisforisa, artanisa da quemoÁsa
taoÁsaÁ, da cixeTaganca, romelni hqondes SvilisSvilTa vaxtang mefisaTa.
da warvida adarnase klarjeTad da mun mokuda~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 252;
metreveli 2008: 255).
amdenad,
jer
kidev
aSotis
mamis,
adarnases,
dros
klarjeTi
bagrationebis politikur centrad iqca saqarTveloSi. qarTuli wyaroebis
CvenebiT, swored arabTa batonobis winaaRmdeg gamosvlisTvis iRebs aSoti
bizantiis
imperatorisgan
kurapalatis
tituls.
`matiane
qarTlisaÁSi~
vkiTxulobT:
`xolo eufla qarTls da sazRvarTa misTa. rameTu maTve JamTa
Sesrul
iyo
maslama
saberZneTad,
da
Seiqca
mouZlurebuli
da
ganwbilebuli. maSin berZenTa mefeman mouboZa kurapalatobaÁ aSots. da
mouZlurebul
iyvnes
sarkinozni.
da
gandidna
aSot
kurapalati~
(yauxCiSvili 1955: 252; metreveli 2008: 255).
rogorc
winaaRmdeg
saitorio
brZolis
gamo
wyarodan
miuRia.
Cans,
sxva
aSots
kurapalatoba
qronologiuri
arabebis
miTiTebebi,
ris
danaxvasac cdilobdnen sxva mkvlevarebi, iq ar Cans. kurapalatis tituliT
ixseniebs mas sumbat daviTis Zec, Tumca ar aRwers imas, Tu ra viTarebaSi
79
da
ra
mizeziT
daeufla
aSoti
kurapalatobas.
samagierod,
sumbati
xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom xelmwifeba aSot I kurapalatma swored bizantiis
imperatoris nebiT daimkvidra:
`da ganamravla soflebi aSot kurapalatman queyanaTa maT Sina. da
misca RmerTman da ganamtkica ÃelmwifebaÁ misi nebiTa berZenTa mefisaÁTa~
(yauxCiSvili 1955: 376; metreveli 2008: 363).
amgvarad, qarTuli wyaroebis calsaxa CvenebiT kurapalatoba da
xelmwifeba, anu damoukidebeli mmarTvelobis ufleba aSots bizantiis
imperatorisgan miuRia. aSot I kurapalatis saxels ukavSirdeba qalaqi
artanujis daarseba da misi gadedaqalaqeba. es yvelaferi iZleva imis
safuZvels, rom swored igi miviCnioT axali qveynis – qarTvelTa samefos
damaarseblad.
rogorc
qarTul
istoriografiaSi
aris
garkveuli,
kurapalatis tituli aSotma 813 wels miiRo imperator leon V armenielis
(813-820 ww.) gankargulebiT.
aSotis
mier
kurapalatis
titulis
miReba
rom
vasalur
damokidebulebas gulisxmobda, es mosazreba ar aris axali (badriZe 1965:
221). am mosazrebasTan erTad SoTa badriZe Tvlida, rom kurapalatobis
miRebiT aSoti Tavis Zvel tituls – erisTavs _ axliT anacvlebs, rac
gulisxmobda
ara
erisTavis
an
misi
saxecvlili
formis
erismTavris
gamoyenebas umaRlesi politikuri uflebis aRmniSvnel terminad, aramed
kurapalatis. badriZe wers:
`wyaroebi, romelTa gaazreba sworedaa SesaZlebeli mmarTvelobis
meore
periodidan
amitomac
mxolod
bunebrivia,
kurapalatis
wamoiWras
varaudi,
pativiT
rom
icnoben
aSot
bizantiasTan
dids.
vasalur
pirobaze moqcevis droidan kurapalatobam STanTqa erisTavis saxelo.
pirvelma mTlianad Sescvala meore~ (badriZe 1965: 221).
SoTa badriZe ar jerdeba imis aRniSvnas, rom kurapalatma erisTavis
funqcia gadafara da iqve aRniSnavs, rom kurapalatsac unda Seecvala
Tavisi Sinaarsio (badriZe 1965: 221). amaSi mkvlevari imas gulisxmobs, rom
kurapalatoba ukve, rogorc umaRlesi politikuri uflebis aRmniSvneli
saxeli, memkvidreobiT gadadioda mamidan Svilze. aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisis
80
gasamyareblad
SoTa
badriZes
sumbat
daviTis
Zis
Semdegi
pasaJi
aqvs
moSveliebuli:
`bagrat kurapalati, Ze aSot kurapalatisaÁ, gardaicvala qronikonsa
Jˆv, da dautevna Zeni: daviT, romeli Semdgomad missa kurapalat yves~
(badriZe 1965: 222; yauxCiSvili 1955: 378; metreveli: 366).
motanil wyaroSi arsad Cans, Tu vin daamtkica daviT I (876-881 ww.)
bagratis
Ze
kurapalatad.
xolo
imisTvis,
rom
msgavsi
varaudi
safuZvlianad CaiTvalos, mkvlevars esaWiroeba sul mcire erTi paralelis
moyvana
mainc,
rodesac
kurapalatis
tituls
aniWeben
saqarTveloSi
bizantiis yvelanairi Carevis gareSe. msgavsi paraleli ki, ramdenadac
CvenTvis cnobilia, saerTod ar arsebobs. ufro metic, Tu gadavxedavT
qarTuli wyaroebis monacemebs, magaliTad, daviT III kurapalatis Sesaxeb,
ver SevxvdebiT cnobas, Tu vin da rodis gadasca mas bizantiuri tituli
(kurapalati). maSin, rodesac bizantiur saistorio wyaroSi pirdapir aris
miTiTebuli, rom barda fokas ajanyebis Semdeg bizantiis imperatorma
basil II didma daviTis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra da aiZula, damorCileboda,
xolo misi samflobeloebi samemkvidreod daemtkicebina imperatorisTvis.
imperatorma wyalobis niSnad daviTs kurapalatis tituli uboZa. aRniSnul
movlenas, iahia antioqielis mixedviT, adgili 989 wels hqonda da ara
daviTis
(Степаненко 1982: 72-77),
dabadebisTanave
mkiTxvels
analogiuri
garkveviT
moeCvenos
cnoba
aris
qarTuli
mogvepoveba,
miTiTebuli,
wyaroebidan.
oRond
rom
ukve
man
rogorc
aSotis
qarTul
es
SeiZleba
kurapalatobaze
wyaroSi,
kurapalatoba
sadac
bizantiis
imperatorisgan (berZenTa mefe) miiRo. (yauxCiSvili 1955: 252; metreveli: 255).
aSotis mier (813 weli) da daviTis mier (989 weli) kurapalatis titulis
miReba imperatoris specialuri gankargulebis mixedviT, adasturebs im
faqts,
rom
qarTvelTa
samefoSi
mTeli
IX-X
saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi
kurapalatis titulis gacema mxolod bizantiis imperatoris privilegia
iyo da is memkvidreobiT arasdros gadaicemoda. msgavsi viTarebaa Tundac
manamde
da
mis
Semdegac,
vidre
bizantiuri
sakariskaco
titulatura
arsebobs saqarTveloSi XI saukunis CaTvliT.
81
es
rac
Seexeba
kurapalatis
funqciis
Secvlas,
ris
Sesaxebac
bunebrivia, ar viziarebT SoTa badriZis mosazrebas. ufro metic, ver
gaviziarebT mis mosazrebas, TiTqos aSotis dros kurapalatis titulma
erisTavis saxelo Caanacvla. Cveni azriT, kurapalatma ki ar Caanacvla
erisTavis
saxelo,
aramed
isini
arsebobdnen
erTmaneTis
paralelurad.
erisTavi SesaZloa yofiliyo kurapalati Tu Sesabamis tituls gascemda
imperatori
konkretul
feodalze,
romelsac
erisTavis
saxelo
hqonda
miRebuli.
rac Seexeba didi erisTavobis anu erismTavrobis damcrobas, es
faqti Zveli, umaRlesi politikuri uflebis aRmniSvneli terminis, `mefis~
aRdgenasTan
unda
iyos
kavSirSi.
am
movlenas
aSot
I
kurapalatis
mmarTvelobis dros hqonda adgili. aSoti iyo erT-erTi pirveli, vinc
mefed iwoda erismTavarTa (e.i. erisTavTa) Soris, 4 xolo xelmwifebis, anu
damoukidebeli mmarTvelobis legitimacia, rogorc aRvniSneT, bizantiis
imperatorisgan
miiRo.
sumbatTan
miTiTebuli TariRis gaTvaliswinebiT,
tituli `qarTvelTa mefe~ 888 wels SemoiRes. es, bunebrivia, ar niSnavs imas,
rom
qarTvelTa
mefis
tituli
haeridan
iqna
motanili
an
yvelanairi
winaswari niadagis Seqmnis gareSe moxda am titulis damkvidreba. adarnases
qarTvelTa mefed kurTxevas ukve hqonda Semzadebuli niadagi aSotis mier
mefis titulis miRebiT, ubralod wyaroSi ar Cans, Tu ra konkretuli
teritoriis mefed moiazrebda Tavs aSot I kurapalati, magram is, rom aSot
kurapalati mefed iwodeba amas rigi qarTuli wyaroebi udavod adastureben
(metreveli 2008: 255). realurad aSoti mesxeTsa da Sida qarTlSi mefobs,
xolo oficialurad ki misi `mefoba~ qarTlis mefobas unda gulisxmobdes.
savaraudod, aSoti Tavs juanSeris legitimur memkvidred Tvlida, rasac
miuTiTebs vaxuSti bagrationis mowmoba imis Sesaxeb, rom juanSer arCilis
Zis sikvdilis Semdeg (787 wels) mis adgilze aSoti gaxda erismTavario
(yauxCiSvili 1973: 127-128). es yvelaferi garkveuli saxecvlili formiT
4
sxva im epoqidan unda yofiliyo leon II, romelic quTaisSi mefed kurTxevamde afxazeTis
erisTavia, xolo egrisSi ioane arCilis Zis gardacvalebis Semdeg mefed iqna
gamocxadebuli, rogorc arCilis saxlis erTaderTi legitimuri memkvidre. 82
gaformda 888 wels rodesac adarnase oficialurad iwoda `qarTvelTa
mefed~ (metreveli 2008: 366). nawili istorikosebisa Tvlis, rom am aqts
adgili unda hqonoda 895, 897 an 899 wels (badriZe 1965: 223-224), Tumca amaze
amjerad ar SevCerdebiT.
rogorc istoriografiaSi aris gaziarebuli, kurapalatis titulis
mflobelebi bizantiis imperatoris simpatiiTa da aRiarebiT sargeblobdnen
qarTvelTa samefoSi. swored kurapalatis titulis
bizantiis
imperatori
`qarTvelTa
samefoSi~
mflobels Tvlida
yvelaze
upiratesad
sxva
mmarTvelebisgan gansxvavebiT. iTvleba, rom kurapalatis titulis gacemiT
imperatorebi
upirispirdebian
adgilobriv
ierarqiul
sistemas,
romlis
saTaveSic `qarTvelTa mefe~ moiazreba. am kuTxiT mniSvnelovania bizantiis
imperatoris,
qarTvelebs
konstantine
`kurapalatis
porfirogenetis
iberebad~
cnobebi,
romelSic
igi
(οί Ἴβηρες ἤγουν οί τοῦ κουραπαλάτου)
moixseniebs (yauxCiSvili 1952: 255). aRniSnuli kargad exmaureba bizantiis
politikas qarTvelTa samefos misamarTiT, sadac yvelaze mniSvnelovan
figurad
bizantiis
imperators
misive
xeldasmuli
kurapalati
miaCnia.
tituli `kurapalati~ bizantiis mesveurTaTvis gaxda erTgvari saSualeba,
aramxolod
gamoekveTaT
sakuTari
favoriti
qarTveli
xelmwifeebis
rigidan, aramed xSir SemTxvevaSi gaeZlierebinaT, aRezevebinaT sakuTari
momxreebi da amiT garkveuli dapirispireba SeetanaT qarTvelTa samefos
mmarTvel wreSi. es tendencia SeamCnies qarTuli matianeebis avtorebmac.
maSasadame
bizantiis
saqarTveloSi,
rasac,
es
politikuri
bunebrivia,
xSir
xrikebi
kargad
SemTxvevaSi
Ria
iyo
da
cnobili
SeuniRbavi
xasiaTi hqonda. sumbat daviTis Ze wers:
`da mosca maT basili mefeman pativi – gurgens magistrosobaÁ da
bagrats kurapalatobaÁ, raÁTamca viTar mter yvna erTmanerTisa mimarT mamaZeni ese, da amiT RoniTa iZmacua. xolo gurgen WeSmariti da marTali iyo
da vera aRZra guli misi zakÂTa amiT mizeziTa da vera uZlo RonisZiebiTa~
(yauxCiSvili 1955: 382; metreveli 2008: 370).
83
amrigad, daviT III kurapalatis gardacvalebis (1000 weli) Semdeg
momxdari bizantia-saqarTvelos konfliqtis dros imperatori, basil II
didi, aSkarad cdilobda uTanxmoeba Camoegdo mama-Svils Soris. misma
mcdelobam am konkretul SemTxvevaSi ar gaamarTla. gurgeni, istorikosis
SefasebiT `marTali~, anu samarTliani kaci iyo da usamarTloba Svilis
mimarT ar Caudenia. es faqti gvafiqrebinebs, rom kurapalatis titulis
gamoyeneba
wlamdec
garkveuli
unda
gansxvavebiT
politikuri
momxdariyo,
rasac
bizantiisTvis
gadawyvetileba,
pativiscemiT
ar
iyo
uTanxmoebis
gurgenis
sasurveli
gaesaCivrebina
ganpirobebuli,
da
Sedegi
Camogdebis
bagratis
unda
imperatoris
rasac,
bunebrivia,
mizniT
1000
SemTxvevisgan
moetana.
gurgenis
brZaneba,
Svilis
naklebad
gauwevda
angariSs gurgenis adgilze myofi sxva pirovneba. is, rom istorikosis
aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia basilis gadawyvetilebam, adasturebs im faqts, rom
rangiT ufro maRali bizantiuri sakariskaco tituli eZleoda asakiT
ufrosebs da ara meti gavlenisa Tu titulis mqoneblebs. 1000 wlisTvis
bagrati
`afxazTa
mefis~,
xolo
gurgeni
`qarTvelTa
mefis~
tituls
atarebdnen. amdenad, maTi statusi Tanasworia. magram gurgeni mamaa da
asakiT ufrosi. Sesabamisad, uxucesobis principiT gvarSi is aris meTauri
da iwodeba kidec `mefeT mefed~. swored am faqtis gamo mematiane Tvlis,
rom
basili
imperatorma
`iZmacua~
da
kurapalatoba
uxucesobis
ugulvebelyofiT gadasca bagrats.
imisvis, rom ufro naTeli gaxdes kurapalatis titulis mniSvneloba,
funqcia da politikuri datvirTva, rac mas eZleoda, umjobesia, Tvali
gadavavloT misi gacemis intensivobas saqarTveloSi.
aSot I didis gardacvalebis Semdeg pirveli, vinc es tituli miiRo,
iyo misi SuaTana Ze _ bagrati. is kurapalati mamis gardacvalebisTanave,
826
wels,
gamxdara.
giorgi
merCule
`grigol
xanZTelis
cxovrebaSi~
Semdegnairad aRwers aRniSnul situacias:
`mas Jamsa bagrat kurapalatman, nebiTa RmrTisaÁTa da nebiTa ZmaTa
TÂsTaÁTa da brZanebiTa berZenTa mefisaÁTa moiRo kurapalatobaÁ nacvalad
aSot kurapalatisa, mamisa TÂsisa, rameTu mieca mas flobaÁ ÃelmwifebisaÁ
84
zegardamo. da Zmani misni, yovelni keTilni da didebulni Ãelmwifeni, adarnerse uxucesi, da gvaram mrwemi, - mSuvalesa mas Zmasa morCil eqmnes
saRmrToÁsa Zmobisa siyvaruliTa, rameTu erTzraxva, erTsul da erTneba
iyvnes igini~ (abulaZe 1963: 272).
giorgi merCules mixedviT, bagratis kurapalatad damtkiceba da
misTvis qarTvelTa samefos marTvis Cabareba Zmebis nebasTan da bizantiis
imperatoris
brZanebasTan
aris
dakavSirebuli.
rogorc
wyarodan
Cans,
Zmebis iniciativiT imperators tituli bagratisTvis gadaucia. qarTuli
istoriografia
am
gadawyvetilebas
bizantiis
imperatoris
simpatias
ukavSirebs. Tavad giorgi merCule odnav qvemoT sakuTar axsnas gvTavazobs
bagratis dawinaurebasTan dakavSirebiT. igi wers:
`xolo bagrat umTavres maTsa iyo sibrZniTa, saxiTa, da siqveliTa
da yovliTa RmrTis-msaxurebisa sixaruliTa~ (abulaZe 1963: 272).
amdenad, bagratis gamefeba da kurapalatis titulis gadacema misive
pirovnuli
RirsebebiT
unda
yofiliyo
ganpirobebuli.
am
arCevanSi
bizantiis imperatoris rolis ugulvebelyofac ar iqneba samarTliani,
vinaidan
bagratma
`brZanebiTa
swored
berZenTa
mefisaÁTa
(bizantiis
imperatori – l. T.) moiRo kurapalatobaÁ nacvalad aSot kurapalatisa~.
aRniSnuli
garkveulwilad
demonstrirebad
ugulebelyofiT,
SeiZleba
bizantiis
CaiTvalos,
magram
pirveli
rodesac
adgilobrivi
seriozuli
uxucesobis
feodalebis
Zalis
principis
interesebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, upiratesoba SuaTana Zmas mieniWa da ara ufross. bagrati
kurapalatad bizantiis imperator mixael II amoriels (820-829 ww.) unda
daemtkicebina. Tu miviRebT mxedvelobaSi aSotis mkvlelobis meore TariRs,
romelic
sumbat
daviTis
Zis
daTariRebis
alternativaa,
es
movlena
imperator Teofiles (829-842 ww.) unda davukavSiroT.
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
Tavdapirvelad
Zmebi
iZulebulebi
arian
arabebs xarki uxadon (metreveli 2008: 365), maTi probizantiuri politikuri
kursi eWvs ar iwvevs. qarTvelTa samefo bizantiis mokavSirea, Tumca,
savaraudod, imave bizantiasTan SeTanxmebiT xarks arabebs uxdis, raTa
uzrunvelyos stabiluroba axlad Camoyalibebul politikur erTeulSi.
85
gadasaxadebi, unda vivaraudod, rom Tavad qarTvelebis mier ikrifeboda.
bagratis (826-876 ww.) mmarTvelobis bolos qarTvelebi arabebs arc xarks
uxdian da arc sxva rameSi emorCilebian, rac udavod bagratis politikis
damsaxurebaa.
bizantiasa
igi
da
axladSeqmnili
politikas
naxevari
arabeTis
qveyna
saukunis
ganmavlobaSi
saxalifos
daemkvidrebina
garkveulwilad
Soris.
inarCunebda
man
politikur
damoukideblad
sabolood
arenaze
da
awarmoebda.
balanss
SeZlo
sagareo
bagrati
kurapalatis tituls sikvdlamde inarCunebs (metreveli 2008: 365-6), Tumca
misive mmarTvelobis dros Cndeba axali bizantiuri sakariskaco titulebi,
romliTac iwodebian sxva bagrationi xelmwifeebi. bagratis dros aseTi
tituli
imperatorisgan
miiRo
adarnases
vaJma,
sumbat
artanujelma,
romelic anTipatos-patrikiosad iwoda (metreveli 2008: 365). gamoricxuli
ar aris, rom bizantiis imperatorisgan bagrationTa gvaris sxva wevrebsac
mieRo garkveuli senatoruli pativi, Tumca wyaroebi ar gvawvdian detalur
informacias
maT
Sesaxeb.
bagrat
I
sikvdilamde
(876
weli)
inarCunebs
qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs Soris umaRles kurapalatis tituls.
qarTvelTa samefos Semdegi monarqi daviT I (876-881 ww.), imave sumbat
daviTis Zis cnobiT, mamis gardacvalebisTanave xdeba kurapalati, mematiane
wers:
`bagrat kurapalati, Ze aSot kurapalatisaÁ, gardaicvala qronikonsa
Jˆv, da dautevna Zeni: daviT, romeli Semdgomad missa kurapalat yves~
(metreveli 2008: 366).
marTalia, daviTs sumbat daviTis Ze `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituliT ar
moixseniebs, magram misi mefoba eWvs ar iwvevs iseve, rogorc kurapalatobis
miReba 876 wels, rodesac mamamisi bagrat I gardaicvala. kurapalatis
tituli makedonelTa dinastiis pirvel imperators, basil I-s (867-886 ww.),
unda gadaeca qarTveli mefisTvis. daviTi tituls cxovrebis bolomde
inarCunebs. is 881 wels misma biZaSvilma, nasr guaramis Zem, mokla. nasras
mizans mefobis da kurapalatobis xelSi Cagdeba warmoadgenda, rac man ver
moaxerxa (metreveli 2008: 366).
86
daviTis mkvlelobis (881 weli) Semdeg xdeba kidev erTi saintereso
movlena. kurapalatis tituli miiRo ara daviTis Svilma adarnasem, aramed
daviTis sxva ZmiSvilma gurgen adarnases Zem. gurgens kurapalatoba imave
bizantiis imperatoris basil I-is brZanebiT gadasces. aRsaniSnavia isic,
rom kurapalatobas gurgeni mxolod nasras damarcxebis Semdeg iRebs. es
ukanaskneli devnilis saxiT konstantinopols afarebs Tavs. sumbati wers:
`daviT, romeli Semdgomad missa kurapalat yves; da moikla igi
ÃeliTa mamis Zmiswulisa TÂsisa, nasra guaramis ZisiTa, sicocxlesave Sina
guaramissa, qronikonsa rˆa, sufevasa Sina guaramissa. xolo guaram mamfali,
mamis
ZmaÁ
misi,
mamaÁ
nasresi,
ubralo
iyo
sisxlisagan
daviT
kurapalatisaÁTa; da dauteva aman daviT moklulman Ze mcire adarnase,
mouwifebeli
hasakiTa,
xolo
nasr
mklveli
ivltoda
samefosa
kostantinepoles da iyo mun mraval wel. da amissa Semdgomad dasues
gurgen,
Ze
adarnasesi,
kurapalatad,
didisa
aSot
kurapalatis
ZisaÁ~
(metreveli 2008: 366).
sainteresoa
bizantiis
xelisuflebis
motivi,
Tu
ratom
gadasca
kurapalatoba gurgen adarnases Zes da ara nasr guaramis Zes, an kidev
adarnase daviTis Zes?! adarnase, rogorc mematiane gvamcnobs `moumwifebel
hasakiTa~
iyo
(metreveli
2008:
366),
xolo
nasra,
miuxedavad
daviTis
mkvlelobisa, aSkarad damarcxda da gaiqca. nasras damarcxebasa da mis
winaaRmdeg Seqmnil koalicias, bunebrivia, gurgeni edga saTaveSi, ramac
ganapiroba,
bizantiis
imperatoris
arCevani.
aSkaraa,
rom
gurgeni
im
droisTvis yvelaze gavleniani feodali iyo bagrationTa saxlSi.
nasra,
rogorc
aRvniSneT
bizantiaSi
garbis,
kerZod
dedaqalaq
konstantinopolSi. nasras cxovreba `sameufeo qalaqSi~, rom didi xani
gagrZelda, amas mematiane xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, sumbati wers:
`xolo nasr mklveli ivltoda samefosa kostantinepoles da iyo mun
mraval wel~ (metreveli 2008: 366).
nasras viziti konstantinopolSi bizantiis xelisuflebasTan iyo
SeTanxmebuli. bizantiis imperatori gavleniani qarTveli feodalebisTvis
TavSesafris micemiT cdilobda garkveuli gavlena moexdina qarTvelTa
87
samefoze, xolo misi mesveurebis urCobis SemTxvevaSi axerxebda aseTi
feodalebis Tavis sasargeblod gamoyenebas. ar aris cnobili, miiRo Tu ara
nasrma raime sakariskaco tituli imperatorisgan. nasra, rogorc cnobilia,
wamovida bizantiidan da afxazTa mefis daxmarebiT scada, daufleboda
taxts,
magram
damarcxda
da
mokles.
es
moxda
888
wels
aspinZasTan
brZolaSi. gamarjveba adarnase daviTis Zesa da misi babuis ZmiSvils,
gurgen adarnases Ze kurapalats, darCaT (metreveli 2008: 366).
adarnase
`qarTvelTa
mefed~
ekurTxa.
aRniSuli
swored
nasr
guaramis Zis daRupvisa da 888 wels momxdari aspinZis brZolis Semdeg
xdeba. amas, rogorc marTebuli Sefaseba mieca qarTul istoriografiaSi,
antibizantiuri RonisZiebis saxe unda hqonoda (badriZe 1965). qarTvelebis
gadawyvetilebiT
saxelmwifoSi
gaugebrobis
pirveli
Tavidan
`qarTvelTa
acilebis
mefis~
mizniT
titulis
gvarSi
matarebeli
da
unda
yofiliyo. adarnases mefed xeldasma, erTis mxriv, somxeTSi momxdarma
aSot I-is mefed kurTxevam ganapiroba (885 weli), xolo, meore mxriv, ki ukve
arsebulma tradiciam, rom adarnases mama (daviT I) da babua (bagrat I)
gvaris meTaurebi da titul `mefis~ mflobelebi iyvnen.
nasras samflobeloebis gadanawilebas da gvarSi pirvelobisTvis
brZolas unda gamoewvia axali konfliqti bagrationebs Soris. amjerad
erTmaneTs adarnase qarTvelTa mefe da gurgen kurapalati daupirispirdnen.
brZola 891 wels sofel mglinavTan moxda. adarnasem gaimarjva, xolo
tyved
Cavardnili
gurgeni
brZolaSi
miyenebuli
Wrilobebisgan
gardaicvala (yauxCiSvili 1955: 379; metreveli 2008: 367). rogorc Cans,
gurgeni kurapalati 881-891 wlebSi yofila.
mas Semdeg, rac gurgeni mokles, sumbat daviTis ZesTan TiTqos ar
Cans, vin miiRo kurapalatoba. sumbati saerTod ar saubrobs adarnase
qarTvelTa mefis mier kurapalatobis miRebaze. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom
mas arc miuRia aranairi bizantiuri sakariskaco tituli maSin, rodesac es
tituli regularulad gaicemoda 813 wlidan moyolebuli bagrationTa
gvarSi. Tumca rogorc bizantiur wyaroSi Cans, adarnases hqonda miRebuli
kurapalatoba, romelic misTvis bizantiis imperator leon VI brZens (886 88
912 ww.) gadaucia. konstantine porfirogeneti mamis am gadawyvetilebis
Sesaxeb aRniSnavs:
`xsenebulma daviTma, spandiatis Zmam, Sva bagrati, bagratma Sva Ze
aSoti, aSotma Sva adarnase, romelsac kurapalatoba eboZa romaelTa
qristesmoyvare basilevs leonisgan~ (yauxCiSvili 1952: 259).
zustad
rodis
porfirogenetTan
ar
miiRo
Cans.
adarnasem
samagierod,
kurapalatoba
aRniSnulis
kostantine
ukeTesad
danaxva
SeiZleba adiSis oTxTavis 897 wels Sesrulebuli anderZidan. anderZis
mixedviT,
adarnase
897
wels
ukve
kurapalatad
iwodeba,
anderZSi
vkiTxulobT:
`Rirs viqmen me, glaxaki sofron, aRsrulebad wmidasa amas wignisa
saxrebasa oTxTavsa moRuawebiTa sulierTa ZmaTa CemTaÁTa, salocvelad
yovlisa amas krebulisaTis da yovelTa naTesavTa CuenTa Ãorcielad
salocvelad mefeTa CuenTa: RTivdidebulisa adrnese kurapalatisa da
RmrTiv boZTa (!) naSobTa maTTa daviT erisTavisa da meuRleTa da naSobTa
maTTaTÂs. da salocvelad sulTa gardacvalebulTaTÂs~ (badriZe 1965: 223;
SaniZe 1945: 014-015; sarjvelaZe 2003: 7).
anderZis mixedviT, adarnase 897 wels ukve kurapalatia, rac imas
adasturebs, rom aRniSnuli tituli odnav adre bizantiis imperatorma,
leon VI brZenma, swored mas uboZa,
samefoSi
oficialurad
aRiara.
es
amiT misi uzenaesoba qarTvelTa
faqti
891
wels
unda
momxdariyo.
bizantiis imperia aRniSnuli titulis gacemas, rogorc wesi ar ayovnebda,
Sesabamisad, adarnarse kurapalatad gurgenis sikvdilis wels – 891 wels _
unda gamxdariyo. adarnase gardacvalebamde inarCunebs kurapalatobas. is
Teofane
JamTaaRmwerelis
gamgrZeleblis
qronikaSi
922
wels
konstantinopolSi vizitisas swored am tituliT ixsenieba.
`Tebervlis Tvis ocSi, meaTe indiqtionSi, gardaicvala romanozis
(romanoz I lekapenosi – l. T.) meuRle Teodora da neSTi gadasvenebul
iqna TviT romanoz basilevsis saxlSi, romelic mis mier monastrad iqna
gadakeTebuli. imave TveSi gvirgvini daidga sofiom basilevs qristefores
meuRlem.
im
xanebSi
qalaqSi
(e.i.
konstantinopolSi)
iyo
iberieli
89
kurapalati, da man rom gaiara Sua moedanze, brwyinvaled morTulze, didis
pativiT da didebiT Sexvdnen mas; igi wm. sofias taZarSic Seiyvanes, rom
exila Tavisi TvaliT misi silamaze, sidiade da Zvirfasi morTuloba. es
taZari
brwyinvaled
morTes,
oqrosqsovili
farCebiT
da
yovelgvari
morTulobiT mofines da ise Seiyvanes Sig kurapalati. aman ki, taZris
sakvirveli sanaxaobiT da misi sidiadiT gancvrifebulma da misi Zvirfasi
morTulobiT zomaze metad gakvirvebulma Tqva – WeSmaritad RvTis bina
yofila
es
wminda
adgilio,
da
kvlav
Tavis
qveyanaSi
gaemgzavra~
(yauxCiSvili 1952: 329-333).
adarnase erTi wlis Semdeg, 923 wels, gardaicvala, samSobloSi
dabrunebidan axlo periodSi. man oTxi vaJi datova: daviTi, aSoti, bagrati
da sumbati. istorikosi sumbat daviTis Ze maT saimperio titulaturas
sainteresod gadmogvcems:
`gardaicvala
adarnase,
qarTvelTa
mefe,
Ze
daviT
moklulisaÁ,
qronikonsa rˆmˆg, da dautevna Zeni oTxni: daviT, romeli Semdgomad mamisa
TÂsisa qarTvelTa mefe iqmna, aSot kurapalati, da bagrat magistrosi da
sumbat, romeli ZmaTa Semdgomad kurapalatad dasues~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 380;
metreveli 2008: 368).
sumbat
daviTis
Zis
cnobaSi
is
Cans,
rom
adarnases
Semdeg
kurapalatoba miiRo ara ufrosma Zmam – daviT qarTvelTa mefem, aramed
meorem Zmam – aSotma. faqtia, adarnases gardacvalebis Semdeg situacia
bolomde
stabiliuri
kurapalatobis
ar
aris.
mniSvnelobis
mimdinare
Sesaxeb
procesebis
Zvirfasi
Sesaxeb
cnobebis
da
Semcvelia
konstantine porfirogeneTis nawarmoebi `imperiis mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb~.
masSi
naTlad
isaxeba
bagrationTa
saxlis
wevrebs
Soris
arsebuli
dapirispireba. konstantine wers:
`netarxsenebulma basilevsma, ufalma romanozma gagzavna konstanti,
patrikiosi
da
naosnobis
drungari,
romelic
maSin
protospaTari
da
manklaviti iyo, da misca mas magistrosis samosi, raTa mas gurgen iberi
(saubaria gurgen erisTavT erisTavze – l. T.) magistrosad aRezevebina,
roca
konstantim,
patrikiosma
da
naosnobis
drungarma,
nikomediamde
90
miaRwia, movida monazoni agapi kimeneli, romelic im dros wminda qalaqSi
(ierusalimSi – l. T.) yofila salocavad; mas iberiaze gamouvlia da
adranujis
(artanuji
–
l.
T.)
cixeSi
misula.
aSot
patrikioss
ki
romelsac kiskasic ewodeboda, mtruli urTierToba hqonda Tavis siZesTan,
gurgenTan, da uTqvams agapi monazonisTvis: «gaficeb RmerTsa da patiosani
da cxovlismyofeli jvris Zalas mixvide qalaqSi (konstantinopolSi – l.
T.) da uTxra basilevss (romanoz I lekapenosi – l. T.), gamogzavnos vinme
da Caibaros Cemi cixe da hqondes is Tavis ZalauflebaSi»~ (yauxCiSvili
1952: 280-281).
aSot kiskasis Txovnas bizantiis imperatori maleve gamoexmaura. is
avalebs konstanti patrikiossa da drungarios, wavides da xaldiis Temebis
armiis gamoyenebiT daikavos artanuji. kostantim brZaneba Seasrula, magram
is Tavisive meomrebTan erTad daviT qarTvelTa mefem daatyveva. konstantim
moaxerxa
qarTvelebis
motyueba,
rom
viTom
mxolod
gurgenisTvis
magistrosobis gadasacemad midioda da sxva araferi. sabolood, mivida da
gadasca gurgens magistrosoba. am ukanasknels, rogorc aRmoCnda, didi
saCuqrebi gaugzavnia imperatorisTvis, rom kurapalatis an magistrosis
tituli mieRo. aqve konstantine imasac wers, rom Turme adarnases oTxive
vaJs didi SiSi hqonda, gurgens kurapalatoba ar mieRo, rasac isini didad
ewinaaRmdegebodnen (yauxCiSvili 1952: 281-283). konstantine porfirogeneti
wers:
`gurgenma
pirveli
(karis)
kaci
gagzavna
basilevsTan
didZali
saCuqrebiT da sTxovda mas kurapalatobas an magistrosobas, oTxive Zmam,
ese igi adarnase kurapalatis Svilebma eWvi aiRes, rom konstanti iq
imisTvis midis, rom gurgeni gaakurapalatoso~ (yauxCiSvili 1952: 283).
safiqrebelia, rom gurgeni swored kurapalatobas Txoulobda da
ara magistrosobas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Zmebis SiSi usafuZvlo unda
yofiliyo. imperatorma romanozma gurgens mxolod magistrosoba akmara,
xolo mas Semdeg, rac misma xalxma artanujis cixe miiRo aSot kiskasisgan,
is, rogorc Cans, mzad iyo aSotisTvis mfarveloba gaewia. es ukanaskneli
dapirispirebuli
yofila
ara
mxolod
mis
siZesTan,
gurgen
erisTavT91
erisTavTan da magistrosTan, aramed adarnases SvilebTanac. amdenad, aSot
kiskass, rogorc susti poziciebis mqonebels, bizantiis jari sWirdeboda
Tavisi gavlenis gasamyareblad. sabolood, gurgen magistrosi da daviT
qarTvelTa mefe gaerTiandnen. werilis meSveobiT SeuTvales imperators,
rom
Tu
igi
artanujis
cixes
ar
daTmobda,
isini
arabebis
mxareze
gadavidodnen da am gziT aiZules imperatori, jari gamoeyvana cixidan
(yauxCiSvili 1952: 283-286). amis Semdeg xdeba saintereso faqti. imperatori
gascems
brZanebas,
aramxolod
gamoiyvanon
jarebi
artanujis
cixidan,
aramed wamoiyvanon daviT qarTvelTa mefis Zma, aSoti, konstantinopolSi,
raTa
moxdes
misi
kurapalatis
xarisxSi
aRzeveba.
konstantine
porfirogeneti wers:
`konstanti
protospaTarma
da
manklavitmac
miiRo
brZaneba
(imperator romanozisgan – l. T.), lanZRa-ginebisa da muqaris Semcveli: «vin
gibrZana
Sen
magis
Cadena?
axlave
gamodi
cixidan;
wamoiyvane
aSoti,
gardacvlili adarnase kurapalatis Ze, da moiyvane aq, raTa Cven mas misi
mamis pativi, kurapalatoba vuboZoTo» ... wamoiyvana aSoti, Ze adarnase
kurapalatisa,
da
moiyvana
is
qalaqSi;
da
mas
basilevsisgan
eboZa
kurapalatoba~ (yauxCiSvili 1952: 287).
amdenad,
rogorc
wyaroSi
Cans,
swored
aRniSnuli
konfliqtis
bolos gadawyvita imperatorma kurapalatoba mieca ara daviT qarTvelTa
mefisTvis, romelsac TviT imperatori konstantine did daviTs uwodebs
misi
upiratesobis
aRsaniSnavad,
aramed
aSotisTvis,
romelic
ufrosi
Zmisgan gansxvavebiT naklebad aqtiuria bizantiis winaaRmdeg. aSkaraa, rom
am
RonisZiebiT
ganzraxuli,
imperators
radgan
maT
Zmebs
saerTo
Soris
SuRlis
koordinacias
mTeli
Camodgeba
am
hqonda
daZabulobis
manZilze kargad amCnevda. daviT qarTvelTa mefe, rogorc konstantine
porfirogenetTan
Cans,
magistrosis
tituls
flobs,
romelsac
is
an
adarnases gardacvalebamde flobda da anda imave 923 wlis axlo xanebSi
unda mieRo imperatorisgan. am SemTxvevaSi arsebiTad mniSvnelovani isaa,
rom kurapalatis tituls, romelsac aSkarad mniSvnelovani wona aqvs
qarTvelTa samefos ierarqiaSi da bizantiis favoritis maCvenebelia, iRebs
92
is
pirovneba,
romelzedac
imperatori
yvelaze
met
imeds
amyarebs
samomavlod. Znelia zustad imis Tqma, ramdenad moaxerxa imperatorma Zmebs
Soris undoblobis Camogdeba. wyaroebSi es naTlad ar Cans, unda vifiqroT,
rom es mainc moxerxda, radgan daviTis gardacvalebis Semdeg, romelsac
kurapalatoba ar aRirses, qarTvelTa mefis titulis mflobeli kargavs
gvarSi
meTaurobas.
qarvelTa
samefos
bundovania
meTaurad
am
ki
titulis
swored
mflobelis
aSot
II
dafiqsitebac.
kurapalati
mosCans,
romelic kurapalatis pativs 923-954 wlebSi atarebda.
daviT II qarvelTa mefe da magistrosi (923-937 ww.) miuxedavad imisa,
rom qarTvelTa samefoSi umaRlesi xelisufalia, iZulebulia, Seeguos
asakiT umcrosi Zmis aSotis SedarebiT maRal pativs – kurapalatobas.
daviTi,
923
wlidanve
iyofs
magistrosis
tituls
gurgen
erisTavT-
erisTavTan, romelic, rogorc zemoT mivuTiTeT, aseve iRebs magistrosobas
romanoz imperatorisgan. daviTis Semdeg, ukve misi mesame Zmis, bagrat
magistrosis
moxsenieba
qarvelTa
mefed
iSxanis
erT-erT
freskul
warweraSi, aCens safuZvlian eWvs imis Taobaze, rom daviTma memkvidreoba
dautova, ara mis meore Zmas – aSots, aramed, mesames _ bagrats. Tu Cveni
msjeloba marTebulia, gamodis, rom dapirispirebas daviTsa da aSots
Soris 937 wlamde unda hqonoda adgili.
Zmebis
dapirispirebis
kuTxiT
sainteresod
gveCveneba
934
wliT
daTariRebuli warwera (qoronikoniT r m i d, rac nodar SoSiaSvilis
gamoTvliT udris: r [100], m [40], i [10], d [4] – am ricxvebis jamis, anu
154+780=934). warweris avtori ucnobi `kurapalatis~ uzenaes mefobas usmevs
xazs
da
vinme
bagratis
`uflobaze~
saubrobs.
oqrobageTis
eklesiis
(istoriuli SavSeTi, Tanamdrove TurqeTis respublika) qvajvris warwera
Semdegi Sinaarsisaa:
`q. s(a)x(e)liTa R(mrTisaÁT)a aRv(a)S(e)neT w(mind)a ek(le)s(i)a C(ue)n,
mamal(aÁ)sa Z(e)T q(roni)ko(n)sa /rmid/, m(e)f(o)b(a)sa
ufl(e)b(a)sa
(unda
iyos
`ufl(o)b(a)sa~
–
l.
k(ura)p(ala)t(i)s(a)sa,
T.)
b(a)gr(a)t(i)sa,
m(a)m(a)s(axlis)ob(a)sa mark(o)z(i)saÁ Zm(i)sa mak(a)r(i)sa.
93
mw(era)l(i) da mk(i)T«i»xv(el)i da mw(irve)li R(merTma)n S(e)iwy(ale)n~
(SoSiaSvili 1984: 307-308).
epigrafikuli warweris mixedviT, qveyanaSi umaRlesi xelisufali is
piria,
romelic
kurapalatis
tituls
atarebs,
xolo
konkretuli
samflobelo, sadac warwera Sesrulda _ bagratis. misi mflobelobis
aRmniSvnelad
termini
`ufalia~
naxmari.
bagratis
warmomadgeneli
da
administraciuli moxele, vinme makaris Zma mamasaxlisis saxelos mflobeli
markozia.
Tu
nodar
SoSiaSvilis
mier
SemoTavazebul
TariRs
gaviTvaliswinebT (934 weli), gamodis, rom warwera Sesrulda aSot II
kurapalatobis (923-954 ww.) dros, xolo ufali bagrati am SemTxvevaSi misi
Zma unda iyos, adarnase kurapalatisa da qarTvelTa mefis mesame Svili.
bagrati, rogorc zemoT mivuTiTeT, mxolod 937 wels iRebs magistrosobas
da imave wels qarTvelTa mefobas. amdenad, bagratis 934 wels titulis
gareSe
moxsenieba
sruliad
logikuria.
aqve
davZenT
imasac,
rom
sxva
bagrati 934 wlisTvis tao-klarjeTis bagrationTa gvarSi ar gveguleba.
amgvarad,
umaRles
warweris
mmarTvelad,
mixedviT,
`kurapalats~
misi
avtori
asaxelebs,
`qarTvelTa
romelic
samefos~
miTiTebuli
TariRis gaTvaliswinebiT aSot II kurapalatia. es ki imas miuTiTebs, rom
daviT II qarTvelTa mefe Tavis cxovrebaSi mTeli qveynis masStabiT ar
yofila aRiarebuli uzenaes mmarTvelad. yovel SemTxvevaSi, mas aSoti
ecileboda, savaraudod kurapalatis titulis flobis sababiT.
daviTisa da aSotis magaliTze dayrdnobiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
qarTvelTa mefisa da kurapalatis titulebis sxvadasxva pirovnebis xelSi
gadasvlam garkveuli disonansi gamoiwvia qarTvelTa samefos ierarqiul
wyobaSi. manamde, es ori tituli mxolod erTi pirovnebis xelSi iyo
moqceuli, rac uTanxmoebis albaTobas mniSvnelovnad amcirebda.
daviT qarTvelTa mefe da magistrosi uSvilZirod gardaicvala 937
wels, xolo misi kuTvnili bizantiuri tituli imperatorma romanozma
bagrats gadasca. marTalia, wyaroSi pirdapiri miTiTeba ar gvaqvs imis
Sesaxeb,
Tu
rodis
moxda
bagratisTvis
magistrosis
pativis
miniWeba,
samagierod, kostantine porfirogenetTan Cans, rom mas daviTi flobda,
94
xolo
sumbat
daviTis
ZesTan
ki
ukve
ara
daviTi,
aramed
bagratia
dasaxelebuli magistrosis pativiT (yauxCiSvili 1952: 285-286; metreveli
2008: 368). es yvelaferi ki imas miuTiTebs, rom daviT II-is memkvidreoba misi
gardacvalebis Semdeg bagrats darCa magistrosisa da qarTvelTa mefis
titulebis CaTvliT.
amrigad, daviT II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg mis memkvidreobas mesame
Zma, bagrati eufleba da ara aSoti. bagrati unda gamxdariyo qarTvelTa
mefec.
misi
pretenziebi
gvarSi
pirvelobaze
aSkaraa
da
SesaZloa,
realuradac miviCnioT. Tumca aRniSnuls ewinaaRmdegeba giorgi merCules
cnoba, romlis mixedviT, 951 wels, rodesac man daamTavra Tavisi naSromis –
`grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis~ _ wera, saqarTvelos mefe-mTavrebs Soris
upiratesad aSots ixseniebs. giorgi merCule wers:
`xolo
iyo
gardacvalebaÁ
netarisa
mamisa
Cuenisa
grigolisi
ricxusa weliwadTa misTasa as da meoresa welsa, qronikonsa oTxmeoc da
erTsa. aramed gardacvalebiTgan misiT daiwera cxorebaÁ ese misi Semdgomad
oTxmeoc da aTisa wlisa, dasabamiTgan gardasrulTa welTa equs aTas
xuTas
ormeoc
da
meaToTxmetesa
welsa,
ierusalÀms
patriaqobasa
agaTonissa, mcxeTas kaTalikozobasa miqelissa, qarTvelTa zeda mTavrobasa
aSot kurapalatisasa, Zisa adarnerse qarTvelTa mefisasa, afxazTa zeda
mefobasa
giorgissa,
Zisa
kostanti
mefisasa,
erisTavTa-erisTvobasa
sumbatissa, Zisa adarnerse mefisasa, magistrosobasa adarnersessa, Zisa
bagrat magistrosisasa, erisTvobasa sumbatissa, Zisa daviT mamflisasa.
qristeman didebaÁ uoxWnoÁ maT yovelTa mianiWen!~ (abulaZe 1963: 316).
amgvarad, giorgi merCules mixedviT, qarTvelTa Soris upirvelesi
aSot II kurapalati, adarnase II qarTvelTa mefisa da kurapalatis Zea.
xolo sxva mTavrebi uxucesobis principis mixedviT arian dasaxelebuli.
bagrati am droisTvis gardacvlilia (gard. 945 wels), xolo misi Svili
adarnase magistrosi (Semdgom kurapalati), biZebis aSot kurapalatis da
sumbat
erisTavT
erisTavis
(mogvianebiT
kurapalati)
Semdeg
aris
dasaxelebuli uxucesobis principis gaTvaliswinebiT.
95
bagrat
magistrosi
gansxvavebiT
misi
mamis,
adarnase
qarTvelTa
mefisgan, am ukanasknelis tituliT ar aris moxseniebuli. xom niSnavs es
imas, rom bagrati arasdros yofila qarTvelTa mefe?! am faqts kidev ufro
amyarebs is garemoeba, rom bagratis Ze adarnase arasdros wodebula
qarTvelTa mefed, rasac ver vityviT adarnases umcrosi biZis, sumbatis
Svilze – bagrat II reguenze. rogorc ar unda iyos eWvis Setana imaSi, rom
aSoti
gvarSi
uxucesia,
Tundac
qarTvelTa
mefis
titulis
gareSe
miuTiTebs im garemoebaze, rom es tituli an saerTod ar moqmedebs 937-954
wlebSi,
andac
misi
mflobeli
imdenad
sustia,
rom
aSot
kurapalats
emorCileba.
amdenad, aSot II kurapalati qarTvelTa samefos ganagebs, Tumca es
mxolod formaluri mxarea. realurad samefo kolegiuri marTvis sistemis
safuZvelze ramdenime bagrationis mier imarTeboda, xolo saTaveSi erTi
pirovneba, gvaris meTauri idga. aSot kurapalatis gardacvalebis Semdeg
misi tituli umcrosma Zmam, sumbatma, miiRo 954 wels. sumbati qarTvelTa
samefos meTauri gaxda, magram ar Cans hqonda Tu ara qarTvelTa mefis
tituli. es ukanaskneli misi gardacvalebis Semdeg mis vaJs, bagrat II
reguens mianiWes. sumbat daviTis ZesTan vkiTxulobT:
`da Semdgomad aSot kurapalatisa ZmaÁ misi dasues kurapalatad,
sumbat
da
ese
gardaicvala
sumbat
kurapalati,
qronikonsa
rˆoˆÀ,
Ze
da
adarnase
dautevna
qarTvelTa
Zeni
mefisaÁ,
orni:
bagrat
erisTavTerisTavi, romeli qarTvelTa mefed dasues, regueni, da adarnase
kurapalati~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 381; metreveli 2008: 368-369).
sumbati
porfirogenets
kurapalatad
(913-919,
944-959
bizantiis
ww.)
unda
imperator
daedgina.
konstantine
imperatori
VII
Tavis
naSromSi sumbat kurapalats gakvriT ixseniebs kidec, rodesac daviT II
qarTvelTa
mefis
mier
konstans
patrikiosis
Sepyrobaze
saubrobs.
imperator konstantine porfirogenetTan vkiTxulobT:
`igi (konstansi – l. T.) Seipyro netarxsenebulma daviTma (daviT II
qarTvelTa mefe – l. T.), axlandeli kurapalatis (igulisxmeba sumbat
kurapalati – l. T.) Zmam da aSotis Zmam~ (yauxCiSvili 1952: 282).
96
amdenad, rogorc konstantinesTan Cans, daviTi Zmaa aSotisa da kidev
erTi usaxelo kurapalatis, romelic imperatoris cnobiT kurapalati iyo
im dros, rodesac is sakuTar naSroms werda. bunebrivia, daviTisa da
aSotis kidev erTi Zma da isic kurapalatis titulis mqone, mxolod
sumbati SeiZleba iyos.
sumbati, romelic aSotis gardacvalebis Semdeg, 954 wels iRebs
kurapalatis tituls, amave tituliT iwodeba gardacvalebis drosac – 958
wels.
amdenad,
mas
aRniSnuli
tituli
954-958
wlebSi
utarebia.
amave
periodSi sumbat kurapalati unda yofiliyo bagrationTa saxlis meTauric.
958 wels qarTvelTa samefos saTaveSi bagrat II regueni Caudga,
romelic
rogorc
gardacvalebis
zemoT
Semdeg
aRvniSneT,
daadgines
mefed,
`bagrat
–
mamis
(sumbat
kurapalati)
erisTavTerisTavi,
romeli
qarTvelTa mefed dasues, regueni~. rogorc saistorio wyaroSi vxedavT,
manamde bagrats erisTavT-erisTavis tituli utarebia, Tumca Tu ra tituli
mianiWa
mas
bizantiis
imperatorma,
ar
Cans.
samagierod,
kurapalatoba,
savaraudod, uxucesobis principis gaTvaliswinebiT mis biZaSvils, adarnase
bagratis Zes, gadaeca. sumbat daviTis Ze gadmogvcems:
`gardaicvala bagrat magistrosi, Ze adarnase qarTvelTa mefisaÁ,
qronikonsa rˆÁˆe, Tuesa martsa, da dauteva Ze TÂsi adarnase, romeli
Semdgomad
mamisa
TÂsisa
magistrosi
iqmna
da
Semdgomad
mamis
ZmaTa
kurapalati iqmna~ (metreveli 2008: 368).
istorikosTan kargad Cans, rom adarnase mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg
(945 weli) magistrosis tituliT, xolo biZebis gardacvalebis mere ki
kurapalatis tituliT iwodeba. adarnases biZa – sumbat kurapalati _ 958
wels mokvda, amdenad adarnase bagratis Zes kurapalatoba amave wels
mieniWa.
orive
SemTxvevaSi
donatori
imperatori
konstantine
VII
porfirogeneti unda yofiliyo. adarnase kurapalati am tituliT iwodeba
oSkis taZris warwerebSic. mematianes, sumbat daviTis Zis, cnobiT, is 961
wels gardaicvala mas mere, rac Svilebis gadawyvetilebiT monazvnad
aRkveces:
97
`gardaicvala
[adarnase
kurapalati],
Ze
bagrat
magistrosisaÁ,
qronikonsa rˆpˆa, romeli-ese ZeTa Seipyres da monazon qmnes. mokuda
uneblieT fiCÂTa~ (metreveli 2008: 369).
aqedan gamomdinare, adarnase am tituliT 958-961 wlebSi iwodeba.
adarnarses kurapalatis pativi konstantine VII porfirogenetma gadasca.
imperatoris motivi, erTi mxriv, rogorc vTqviT, uxucesobis principis
gaTvaliswinebaa: adarnases mama – bagrati, xom bagrat reguenis mama –
sumbatze, ufrosia asakiT; meore mxriv, qarTvelTa samefos bagrationebis
gayofil Stoebis imier da amier taos bagrationebs Soris ganxeTqilebis
Setana unda yofiliyo.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom imiertaos Sto, romlis fuZemdebelic bagrat
adarnase
qarTvelTa
mefis
Zea,
SedarebiT
ufro
koordinirebulad
moqmedebda bizantiis imperiasTan da met samxedro daxmarebas gzavnida
imperatoris
aRmosavlur
kampaniebSi.
adarnase
kurapalatis
dros
rom
politikuri situacia uaRresad daiZaba, amas isic adasturebs, rom misma
Svilebma, bagrat erisTavT-erisTavma da daviTma (SemdegSi kurapalati da
mefeT mefe) mama aiZules berad Semdgariyo, xolo imiertaos mmarTveloba
Zmebis xelSi aRmoCnda. bizantiis xelisuflebam Svilebis am Zaladobriv
aqts imiT upasuxa, rom kurapalatis tituli bagrat II reguenis, qarTvelTa
mefis, umcros Zmas, adarnase sumbat kurapalatis Zes, gadasca.
adarnase kurapalatis tituls
gardacvalebamde, anu 983 wlamde
flobs. kurapalatoba am dros amirtaos bagrationebis xelSia, Tumca mis
mflobeli ara saxlis ufrosi bagrati, aramed misi umcrosi Zma, adarnase
iyo. qarTvelTa mefisa da kurapalatis titulebis erT saxlSi arseboba
bagrationTa amiertaos Stos dawinaurebas gulisxmobda.
imiertaos StoSi bagrat erisTavT erisTavis gardacvalebis Semdeg
(966
weli)
adarnases
(metreveli
Zem
aiRo,
2008:
369)
romelic
Zalaufleba
imperiisgan
xelSi
mTlianad
Tavdapirvelad
daviT
magistrosis
saimperi tituls flobs, xolo mogvianebiT kurapalatobas iRebs. daviTis
aqtiurma
sagareo
politikam
imiertaos
bagrationebi
aramxolod
saqarTvelos, aramed mTeli kavkasiis regionis masStabiT wamyvan Zalad
98
aqcia, romelic yvelaze aqtiurad ibrZoda muslimebis winaaRmdeg qristes
sarwmunoebis dasacavad. rogorc oSkis taZris epigrafikuli warwerebidan
irkveva daviTs magistrosis tituli 966-973 wlebs Soris miuRia (silogava
2006: oSki, gv. 88-99). magistrosobas is nikifore fokas (963-969 ww.) an ioane
cimisxis
(969-976
ww.)
imperatorobis
periodSi
iRebs,
xolo
iahia
antioqielis cnobis mixedviT ki 989 wels mas basil II didi kurapalatis
tituls
gadascems
miuTiTebs,
rom
(Степаненко 1982:
amiertaos
Stom
72-77).
es
movlena
kurapalatoba
bunebrivia,
dakarga
imaze
imiertaos
bagrationTa Stos sasargeblod.
adarnase sumbatis Zis gardacvalebis Semdeg, romelic kurapalatia
961-983 wlebSi, kurapalatis tituli, faqtobrivad, vakanturi Cans. Tu vin
flobda mas 983-989 wlebSi Cven ar viciT. naratiuli wyaroebis pirdapiri
CvenebiT qarTvelTa samefoSi daviTi aRniSnul tituls 989 wels iRebs.
Tumca sxva wyaroebis monacemebiT, ukve X saukunis 70-ian wlebSi is TiTqos
kurapalatis titulis mqonea. varaudoben, rom mas kurapalatoba 979 wels
barda sklerosis winaaRmdeg gaweuli daxmarebisTvis unda mieRo bizantiis
imperatorisgan, xolo Semdeg unda daekarga da xelaxla mieRo 989 wels.
miuxedavad imisa, rom daviTi kurapalatad iwodeba 989 wlamdeli ambebis
msvlelobisas, arsad, arcerT wyaroSi ar aris pirdapiri miTiTeba imis
Sesaxeb, rom man imperatorisgan tituli 989 wlamde miiRo. ar gvaqvs cnoba
titulis CamorTmevis Sesaxebac. daviTis 989 wlamde momxdar movlenebSi
kurapalatad moxsenieba ki ufro imis maniSnebelia, rom gviandeli (989-1000
ww.) viTareba, rodesac daviTi ukve kurapalati iyo, saistorio wyaroebs
avtomaturad gadaaqvT Zvel periodze.
X saukunis 70-ian wlebSi Cndeba kidev erTi mniSvnelovani tituli –
`mefeT mefe~. pirveli qarTul politikur realobaSi am tituliT swored
daviTi iwodeba. mefeT mefis tituli jer kidev somxeTSi gaCnda, rodesac
aSot I-ma 885 wels arabeTis xalifas mxardaWeriT Sahan Sahad gamoacxada
Tavi. somxeTi iswrafoba regionSi pirveloba moepovebina, rac aSkarad
gamoCnda aSotis Zis sumbat tierzikalis, sagareo politikaSi.
99
swored
somxeTis
wamyvani
poziciis
Canacvlebas
isaxavda
miznad
daviTis mier axali titulis miReba. xolo kurapalatad misi aRiareba imis
xazgasma iyo, rom bizantiis aRmosavleTiT mdebare qristianul samyaroSi
swored is unda yofiliyo wamyvani politikuri moTamaSe. amis saukeTeso
dasturia
daviTis
kidev
erTi
axali
tituli
`kurapalati
yovlisa
aRmosavleTisa~.
yvelaferi es kargad udgeba axali titulis `mefeT mefis~ SemoRebas.
bizantiis politikur aRiarebad 979 wels basil II-is mier gadacemuli
`zemoni
qveyanani~
aris
miCneuli.
garkveuli
teritoriebis
sicocxleSi
marTvis uflebiT gadacema daviTs did gasaqans aZlevda, farTod emoqmeda
bizantiis gavlenis sferoSi.
daviT
ukanaskneli
samyaroSi
kurapalati
mmarTveli
moRvaweobas.
pretenzias
III
swored
SeiZleba
iyo,
daviTi
acxadebs
romelic
xdeba
bizantiis
pirvelobaze.
aman
iTqvas,
rom
qarTvelTa
kurapalatis
pirveli,
vinc
aRmosavleTiT
yvelaferma
pativSi
samefos
asrulebs
qarTvelTa
arsebul
gamoxatuleba
Soris
qristianul
mis
titulSi
`yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatSi~ hpova. daviTis es, marTlac rom,
originaluri tituli dafiqsirebulia ioane oqropiris da efrem sirinis
`qadagebanis~ qarTuli Targmanis anderZ-minawerebSi. Tavad Targmani 977
wels aris Sesrulebuli, sadac daviTi mefed da magistrosad ixsenieba:
`ieso
qriste,
yovelTa
sufevaTa
mflobelo,
adide
Sen
mier
didebuli mefe Cveni daviT magistrosi~. (Jordania 2004: 107-8).
imave xelnaweris sxva anderZSi, romelic, bunebrivia, mogvianebiT
aris Sesrulebuli daviTi ukve `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatad~ aris
wodebuli:
`salocvelad da sadideblad pirvelad Zlierisa da RvTis msaxurisa
mefisa da yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatisa daviTisaTvis ... rameTu
marTl-madideblobisa
Tvali
ars
da
msgavsad
Semoqmedisa
Tvisisa
simdablisa wessa Sina daukleblad iqcevis~ (Jordania 2004: 108).
cnobaSi mravali sagulisxmo faqti fiqsirdeba, maT Soris iseTi
epiTetebi, romlebic pirvelad swored daviT kurapalatis dros unda
100
gaCeniliyo qarTul politikur sivrceSi. aseTebia: `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa
kurapalati~, `Zlieri~, `marTlmadideblobisa Tvali~. mogvianebiT yvela es
sapatio epiTeti Tu titulebi, mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs qarTvel mefeTa
sapatio titulaturaSi. daviT III kurapalati iyo ukanaskneli qarTvelTa
samefos mmarTvlebs Soris, romelic kurapalatis tituls daeufla. is
gardaicvala 1000 wels, xolo misi sikvdilis mizezebi dRemde burusiT
aris moculi.
daviTis sikvdilis Semdeg bizantiis imperatorma Tavisi kuTvnili
samflobeloebi
iZulebiT
dadebuli
anderZis
Tanaxmad
Tavad
miitaca,
xolo qarTvelTa mefe gurgensa da mis Svils bagrat afxazTa mefes
magistrosisa da kurapalatis titulebi uboZa.
kurapalatis tituli erTiani saqarTvelos samefoSi
daviT III kurapalatis sikvdilis Semdeg situacia mniSvnelovnad
Seicvala.
bizantiis
xelisuflebam
bagrationTa
kuTvnili
imiertaos
SemoerTebiT saqarTvelos bagration mesveurebTan mravalwlian konfliqts
daudo
safuZveli.
konfliqturi
situacia
TiTqmis
mTeli
XI
saukunis
ganmavlobaSi gagrZelda da mniSvnelovani ziani moutana tao-klarjeTis
mdidar mxares.
bizantiis SemadgenlobaSi Seiqmna iberiis Temi, romlis saTaveSi
bizantieli strategosebi da katepanebi Caayenes. mogvianebiT iberiis Temis
teritoriebi gaizarda da daviT III kurapalatis samflobeloebs gacda. mas
sxva qarTuli teritoriac SemouerTda, Semdeg daemata somxuri samefosamTavroebis SemoerTebuli mxareebi. ukve XI saukunis Sua wlebisTvis
ramdenime Temis erTobiT Seiqmna erTiani TavdacviTi sistema iberiis Temis
irgvliv, romelic bizantiis armias 50 000 meomriT avsebda.
bunebrivia, iberiis didi Temi ar Sedgeboda mxolod qarTvelebisgan.
masSi qarTuli eTnikuri jgufis garda, warmodgenili iyo somxebi, aseve
berZnebi, romlebic stratilatebis saxiT iberiis Temis teritoriaze iyvnen
Casaxlebulni. aRmosavleTis Temebs Soris iberiis Temma adreve daikava
101
wamyvani pozicia, rac, erTi mxriv misi Zlieri samxedro potencialiT,
xolo, meore mxriv ki strategiuli mdebareobiT iyo ganpirobebuli.
iberiis
Temis
damcroba
bizantiis
imperatoris,
konstantine
IX
monomaxis (1042-1055 ww.), saxels ukavSirdeba, romelmac saxlmwifo biujetis
Sevsebis mizniT iberiis Temebis armia daSala da samxedroebis didi nawili
Tavisufali meTemeebidan gadasaxadis gadamxdel moqalaqeebad aqcia. maTve
SeuwydaT
saimperio
dotaciebis
gacemac.
am
RonisZiebam
mniSvnelovnad
Searyia bizantiis imperiis Zlevamosileba aRmosavleTis sazRvarze.
iberiis Temebis SesustebiT gaCnda axali TavdacviTi armiis Seqmnis
aucilebloba,
aseve
axali
aliansebis
saWiroeba.
am
kuTxiT
erTiani
saqarTvelos samefos bizantiasTan daaxloeba imperiis sagareo politikis
prioritetad
iqca.
saqarTvelos
imperatoris
kesarosis
Zveli
mefeTa
ojaxis
kurapalatis
gazrdil
wevrebis
titulebi
tituli
politikur
kuTvnili
urigdebodaT.
ukve
ambiciebs.
novelisimosis,
xolo
aRar
pasuxobda
amdenad,
maT
sevastosisa
da
kurapalatis
tituli
saqarTveloSic da mis farglebs gareTac aRmosavleTis mraval wamyvan
politikur figuras mieniWa.
iberiis Temis daSla da bizantiis samxedro dasusteba erTbaSad ar
momxdara, XI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi imperatorebi qarTvel mefeebs
maqsimum
kurapalatis
tituls
aniWebdnen.
titulaturis
mixedviT
iTvleboda, rom swored isini iyvnen `yoveli aRmosavleTis kurapalatebi~.
amdenad, bizantiis aRmosavleTiT mdebare qristianul samefo-samTavroebis
mmarTvelebs Soris imperatorTan yvelaze axlos mdgomi piri saqarTvelos
monarqi iyo.
bagrat III afxazTa mefisTvis kurapalatis pativis gadacema, erTi
mxriv misi politikuri aRiarebaa, xolo, meore mxriv, misi da mamamisis,
gurgen mefeTa mefis, dapirispirebis mcdeloba iyo. gurgeni, sumbat daviTis
Zis gancxadebiT, ar motyuvda da Svilis mimarT aranairi pretenzia ar
gamoucxadebia.
gurgeni, romelic mefeT mefis titulis miRebiT ierarqiaSi bagratze
maRla idga, ufro gabedul moqmedebas iwyebs da imiertaos SemoerTebis
102
mizniT qmediT nabijebs dgams. aman bizantiis imperatori aiZula, garkveuli
teritoriebi gadaeca misTvis. gurgenis gardacvalebis (1008 weli) Semdeg
bagrati
oficialurad
iwoda
`afxazTa
da
qarTvelTa
mefed
da
kurapalatad~, xolo gurgenis sikvdilamde is Tavs `afzaxTa mefed da
qarTvelTa kurapalatad~ Tvlida. amiT xazi esmeoda imas, rom `qarTvelTa
mefe~ swored gurgeni iyo, rogorc ierarqiaSi maRal safexurze myofi
politikuri figura. miuxedavad imisa, rom bagrati `afxazTa da qarTvelTa~
mefe 1008 wels xdeba SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ukve 1000 wels, rodesac
gardaicvala daviT III kurapalati, xolo gurgeni da bagrati TavianT
kuTvnil titulebs iReben, saqarTvelo de facto gaerTianebulia, xolo de jure
gaerTianeba odnav mogvianebiT xdeba, gurgenis gardacvalebis Semdeg.
ori
politikuri
saqarTvelo)
da
organizmis
qarTvelTa
samefos
–
afxazTa
samefos
(samxreT-aRmosavleT
(dasavleT
saqarTvelo)
erTobam safuZveli Cauyara erTian qarTul samefos, sadac TandaTanobiT
sxva
qarTuli
politikuri
erTeulebic
Sevida.
hereTisa
da
kaxeTis
SemoerTebiT saqarTvelos mefis titulaturas `afxazTa~ da `qarTvelTa~
mefis titulebTan erTad – `ranTa~ da `kaxTa~ daemata.
bagratis gardacvalebis Semdeg (1014 weli) kurapalati misi Svili,
giorgi I, xdeba (berZeniSvili 1964: 28; kopaliani 1972: 171-176). manglisis
eklesiis
warwera,
romelic
dReisTvis
dakargulad
iTvleba
Semdegi
Sinaarsisaa:
`m(e)f(o)b(a)sa
R(mr)T(i)vd(a)my(arebul)isa
g(iorg)i
y(ov)lisa
a/R/mosa/vleTisa kurapalatisa da TÂTmpyroblisa (?)~ (berZeniSvili 1964: 28).
warweraSi
aRwerili
politikuri
koniuqtura
absoluturad
Seesabameba giorgi I-is drois viTarebas, zedmetia mxolod TÂTmpyroblis
titulis dafiqsireba, romlis wakiTxva isedac saTuo iyo da amis gamo niko
berZeniSvils
kiTxvis
niSniT
aRuniSnavs.
vinaidan
warwera
dakargulia
Znelia imis varaudi Tu ra termini fiqsirdeba teqstis boloSi. termini
`TÂTmpyrobli~ vfiqrobT, rom jer ar unda gamoCeniliyo qarTvel mefeTa
politikur terminologiaSi. aRniSnuli tituli qarTuli samefo sigelebis
103
mixedviT ar fiqsirdeba daviT aRmaSeneblamde da rogorc qvemoT vixilavT,
oficialurad pirvelad daviTis dros gamoCnda.
sainteresoa,
rodis
miiRo
giorgi
I-ma
`yoveli
aRmosavleTis
kurapalatoba~. es momenti naratiul wyaroebSi ar Cans. erTi mxriv, rac
udavoa,
aris
is,
rom
ukve
gamefebisas
(1014
weli)
giorgis
daZabuli
urTierToba aqvs basili imperatorTan, romelic mas bagrat III-is mier
miRebul teritoriebs sTxovs daviT III kurapalatis samflobeloebidan.
giorgi uars ambobs da iwyeba samxedro konfliqti, romelic 1014-1016
wlebSi
mimdinareobs.
1014
wels
Tavidan
qarTvelebma
bizantiis
mier
gamogzavnili jari daamarcxes (Bedrosian 1985: 7; C. Holmes: 482); mogvianebiT,
daaxloebiT
1015
wels
ki
bizantiis
kuTvnili
teritoria
daikaves
manaskertis CaTvliT (buaCiZe 1997: 40-44); 1016 wels bizantia saqarTvelos
winaaRmdeg
flots
gzavnis,
romelic,
sabolood,
xersonsSi
momxdari
ajanyebis CasaxCobad gamoiyenes. es yvelaferi xdeba maSin, rodesac basili
bulgarelebTan omiT aris dakavebuli. bulgarelebTan brZolaSi gardatexa
1023 wels xdeba, ris Semdegac imperatorma saqarTvelosTvisac moicala.
1020-1023 wlebSi ganaxlebuli brZola saqarTvelos marcxiT damTavrda.
giorgi iZulebuli gaxda, marcxi eRiarebina da daTmobaze wasuliyo.
am yvelaferis fonze gadaWriT imis Tqma, iyo Tu rodis SeeZlo
giorgis raime bizantiuri titulis miReba SeuZlebelia. akaki SaniZisa da
niko
berZeniSvilis
mier
gamoqveynebuli,
zemoxsenebuli
epigrafikuli
warweris mixedviT is kurapalatad 1023 wels Cans. Tumca dRes es warwera
warxocilia
da
misi
gadamowmeba
ar
xerxdeba,
magram
Tu
1023
wels
vivaraudebT warweris Seqmnis TariRad gamodis, rom giorgi am wlisTvis
kurapalatia da Tu man es pativi ar miiRo 1023 wlis zaviT Tanaxmad gvrCeba
is, rom gamovTqvaT varaudi kurapalatis titulis gamefebis dros miRebis
Sesaxeb. amdenad, zavis pirobebis Tanaxmad giorgi iZulebulia cnos Tavi
damarcxebulad, daubrunos bizantiis dakavebuli teritoriebi da mZevlad
gaugzavnos mcorewlovani Svili bagrati, romelsac magistrosis tituli
uboZes (yauxCiSvili 1963: 48). Tavad giorgi, rogorc vxedavT, kurapalatobas
iRebs gamefebis dros, 1014 wels.
104
bagrat
IV-is
(1027-1072
ww.)
SemTxvevaSi
ki
is
1029/30
wlamde
magistrosis tituls atarebs, xolo bizantiasTan dadebuli zavis Semdeg
1029/30 wels ki _ kurapalatis xarisxs. beneficiari bizantiis imperatori
romanoz III argirosia (1028-1034 ww.).
bagratis
kurapalatis
xarisxSi
aRzeveba,
misi
dedis
–
mariam
arwrunis _ diplomatiurma voiaJma ganapiroba konstantinopolSi. Sedegad
daido zavi, xolo zavis erT-erT pirobad kurapalatis titulis gadacema
da mefe bagratisa da imperatoris ZmiSvilis, elene argirosis, qorwilis
pirobebis SeTanxmeba iyo. kurapalatis tituli rCeba warmyvan titulad,
romelsac bizantiis imperatorebi imetebdnen saqarTvelos mbrZanebelTa
sasargeblod.
situacia
maleve
Seicvala,
rac
aRmosavleTSi
Turq-
selCukebis momZlavrebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
Turqebis safrTxem aiZula bizantiis imperatori, konstantine IX
monomaxi (1042-1055 ww.), ufro mowyale TvaliT Seexeda saqarTvelos mefis
statusisaTvis da ukve 1048 wels, rodesac liparit baRvaSi daatyveves
Turq-selCukebma, bagrats novlisimosoba gadaeca. amas sul male mohyva
sevastosobac.
es
orive
tituli
imperatoris
ojaxis
wevrebis
sapatio
titulebs warmoadgenda, rac qarTvelTa mefis mniSvnelovani dafaseba iyo
bizantiis
mbrZaneblisgan.
novelisimosis
titulis
paralelurad
daaxloebiT 1048 wels kurapalatoba uboZes bagrat IV-is vaJsa da taxtis
memkvidres
–
giorgis.
aRniSnuli
faqti
cnobili
avlaris
eklesiis
warweridan xdeba, romelic 1050 wliT TariRdeba. es faqti imaze miuTiTebs,
rom tituli giorgis manamde unda mieRo. liparitis datyvevebis Semdeg,
rodesac bizantiis imperatorma misi saxiT Zlieri mokavSire dakarga, igi
urTierTobis urTierTobis gadasinjva moaxdinos saqarTvelos mefesTan,
warwera ase ikiTxeba:
`sa[dideb]l(a)d m(e)f(e)T(a) C(ue)nTa b(a)gr(a)t n(oveli)sim(osi)sa da
Zisa m(a)Tisa g(iorg)i k(u)r(apalati)sa~ (gagoSiZe 2004: 50).
giorgi kurapalatad mamis, bagratis, gardacvalebamde iwodeboda.
1052
wels
romelic
giorgis
manamde
mefed
akurTxeben
magistrosis
tituls
liparit
baRvaSis
atarebda,
`qarTlis
iniciativiT,
cxovrebis~
105
somxuri Targmanis mixedviT (XII s. Sua ww.) ki, kurapalatis tituliT aris
moxseniebuli.
liparitis
aRniSnuli
statusi
imas
moqmedi
niSnavs,
mefis
rom
bizantiis
politikur
statuss
imperatorma
gauTanabra.
es
uprecedento movlena iyo bizantia-saqarTvelos urTierTobebSi. `qarTlis
cxovrebis~ somxur TargmanSi moxseniebuli liparit baRvaSis kurapalatoba
sruliad realurad gveCveneba. aq gasaTvaliswinebelia, bagratis 1051/2 wels
konstantinopolSi
saqarTvelos
dadgenil
gaqceva
ris
baton-patroni
giorgis,
Semdegac
gaxda.
bagratis
Zes,
igive
rac
lipariti,
lipariti
mas
faqtobrivad,
meurveobs
saSualebas
aZlevs
mefed
qveyana
sakuTari neba-surviliT marTos.
aqedan
gamomdinare,
gaiTvaliswinebdnen
logikuria,
Seqmnil
rom
politikur
bizantiis
situacias
mmarTvelebi
da
liparits
kurapalatobas gadascemdnen. safiqrebelia, rom es imave 1051/2 wels unda
momxdariyo.
figurebs
amiT,
Soris
novelisimosi
mflobeli
am
da
mzrunveloba
imperatorma,
yvelaze
dros
aRzevebul
saqarTveloSi
adamianad
konstantinopolSi
saqarTvelos
liparits
is
da
formaluri
mis
mamidas,
moqmed
gamoacxada
imyofeboda).
mefe
(bagrat
IV
igive
titulis
iyo,
romelze
hqondaT
aRebuli.
giorgi
guranduxts,
politikur
situacia Seicvala mxolod mas Semdeg, rac liparitis batonoba 1055 wels
daamxes mefe bagratis saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg mesxma feodalebma
sula kalmaxelis meTaurobiT (metreveli 2008: 287).
liparitis titulebidan mniSvnelovania misi `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa
winamZRvrad~
moxsenieba,
iqve
aris
damowmebuli
kidev
erTi
tituli
`protatosi~ (silogava 2000: 243). aRniSnuli warwera TariRdeba 1052 wliT.
misi `yovlisa aRmosavleTis winamZRvrad~ moxsenieba ar aris uCveuli,
vinaidan
bizantiis
aRmosavleT
provinciebSi
moRvawe
mravali
moxele
iwodeboda amave tituliT. sxva saqmea Tu ra mimarTebaSia saqarTvelosa da
bizantiaSi gavrcelebuli `yovlisa AaRmosavleTis~ titulis mflobelis
politikuri statusi. amjerad am sakiTxs ar SevexebiT.
rac Seexeba `protatis~ tituls, vfiqrob, rom garkveul koreqturas
saWiroebs misi wakiTxva. unda iyos prot(ostr)atis tituli daqaragmebuli
106
da
ara
`protati~.
vinaidan
tituli
`protati~,
rogorc
oficialuri
tituli an Tanamdeboba bizantiis imperiaSi ramdenadac CvenTvis cnobilia
ar fiqsirdeba. wyaroSi ki aSkarad bizantiuri tituli Cans. analogiad
gamodgeba sxva qarTveli didebulis moxsenieba protostraporad – es iyo
erisTavi ivane vardanis Ze, saqarTvelos meWurTleTuxucesi (axalaSvili
1987: 32), romelic XII saukunis epigrafikul ZeglSi ixsenieba aRniSnuli
tituliT. vinaidan es orive sakiTxi scildeba mocemul TavSi dasmul
problematikas maT meti dawvrilebiT aRar ganvixilavT.
lipariti baRvaSi kurapalatis tituls mcire xnis ganmavlobaSi
atarebda.
xolo
giorgi,
mxolod
mogvianebiT,
imave
rodesac
titulis
giorgi
erTpirovnuli mmarTveli gaxda Tavisi
mflobelia,
II
1048-1072
bagrationi
wlebSi.
saqarTvelos
siZisgan, imperator mixael VII
dukasgan (1071-1078 ww.) iRebs SedarebiT maRal sakariskaco pativis.
kurapalatis tituli dabadebisTanave mianiWes mefe giorgi II-is vaJs,
daviTs, romelic am tituliT 1073 wels iwodeba mamis erT-erT sigelSi.
sigelis CvenTvis saintereso monakveTi teqsti Semdegia:
`q.
me,
giorgi
bagratunianman,
nebiTa
RmrTisaiTa
afxazTa
da
qarTvelTa mefeman, Zeman sulkurTxeulisa mefisa bagratisman ... gulsguidgina RmerTman, samlocvelod mefobisa Cemisa da Zisa Cemisa daviT
kurapalatisa da mosaxsenieblad sulTa pirvelTa mefeTa mamaTa CemTasa,
gaguiaxlebian
sigelni
mamisa
da
papTa
CemTani~
(enuqiZe,
silogava,
SoSiaSvili 1984: 46).
giorgi II-is gacemul samefo sigelSi daviTi kurapalatad ixsenieba.
igi mamasTan erTad sabuTis ganaxlebis Tanamonawilea. sigeli 1073 wels
aris Sedgenili, anu im wels rodesac daviTi daibada (enuqiZe, silogava,
SoSiaSvili 1984: 46; javaxiSvili 1965: 193). taxtis memkvidris dabadebis
aRsaniSnavad, mcirewlovani ufliswuli kurapalatis titulSi aRazeves.
iniciativa, rogorc Cans imperator mixael VII dukasa da misi meuRlis
marTa-mariam bagrationisgan modioda, romelic Cvili ufliswulis mamida
iyo. mogvianebiT daviTi sevastosi xdeba, rasac adgili hqonda 1083 wels
misi Tanamosaydred kurTxevis Semdeg.
107
amgvarad,
daviTi
iyo
saqarTvelos
samefo
ojaxis
bolo
wevri,
romelic am tituls daeufla. es iyo tituli, romelic qarTul politikur
realobaSi umniSvnelovanes rols asrulebda VI saukunis meore naxevridan
XI saukunis bolomde.
XI
saukuneSi
erTiani
saqarTvelos
samefos
garda,
kurapalatis
tituls atarebdnen kaxeT-hereTis mefeebic. aseTebi iyvnen, XI saukunis
pirvel naxevarSi kvirike III didi (1014-1037 ww.) da odnav mogvianebiT
aRsarTan
I
(1058-1084
ww.).
kurapalatad
iwodeba
taSir-Zorakertis
mefe
kvirike II (1048-1089 ww.), romeluc am tituls XI saukunis meore naxevarSi
atarebs (vrcalad ix.: quTaTelaZe 2001: 127-128).
108
Tavi III
novelisimosis tituli qarTul politikur realobaSi
bizantiuri saimperio titulebidan erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli
novelisimosis titulia. kurapalatis titulis Semdeg saqarTveloSi, an mis
farglebs gareT, moRvawe qarTvel aristokratebs Soris yvelaze sapatio
adgili swored novelisimosis Rirsebas ukavia. novelisimosis titulis
boZeba,
mxolod
periodulad
bizantiis
gascemda
IV
imperatoris
saukunidan
privilegia
moyolebuli.
iyo,
romelsac
aRniSnuli
igi
pativi
kurapalatis msgavsad Tavdapirvelad swored imperatoris ojaxis wevrebze
gaicemoda,
xolo
mogvianebiT
ki
sxva
mniSvnelovan
didebulebsac
eniWebodaT. saqarTvelos teritoriaze novelisimosis titulis gavrceleba
kurapalatis Semdeg iwyeba da Sesabemisad qrinologiurad mas mosdevs.
novelisimosis genezisi da oficialur titulad Camoyalibeba
berZnuli
novelisimosis
(Νωβελίσσιμος)
laTinuri
eqvivalentia
`Nobilissimus“. is ukve mesame saukunidan Cans, rogorc saimperatoro tituli
(ODB 3 1991: 1489). aRniSnuli laTinuri termini (Nobilissimus) ki, romelmac
berZnul
novelisimoss
daudo
safuZveli,
niSnavs
udidebuless
da
ixmareboda rogorc romis imperatorisa da misi oficialuri memkvidris,
keisris, oficialur titulad.
Nobilissimus Caesar‐is tituliT, pirvelad Seimko romis imperatoris, septimus severusis (193-211 ww.), umcrosi vaJi publius septimus geta 198
wels. mogvianebiT geta Tanaimperatoris rangSi aRzevda da oficialurad
iwodeba imperator-avgustusad (Imperator-Augustus) (Mitthof 1993: 98).
berZnulenovan teqstebSi, sanam laTinuri `Nobilissimus“-is transliteracia moxdeboda, novelisimosis aRsaniSnavad sxvadasxva berZnuli Sesatyvisi gamoiyeneboda. imperatoris memkvidreebi mTel rig laTinur warwerebSi
Nobilissimus Caesar‐is epiTetiT moixsenebian, xolo berZnul teqstebSi ἱερώτατος Καῖσαρ an ἐπιφανέστατος Καῖσαρ aris naxmari (Mitthof 1993: 98-102).
109
bizantieli mematiane zosimes mixedviT, imperatorma konstantine I
didma (306-337 ww.) novelisimosis epiTeti oficialuri titulis rangSi aiyvana da Tavisi ojaxis wevrebs uboZa (ODB 3 1991: 1489-1490). meti sicxadisTvis
movixmoT nawyveti zosimes teqstidan:
`iyvnen sxvebic maT msgavsad, romlebmac miiRes wili xelisuflebaSi;
[maT Soris] dalmatiusi, vinc konstantinem (romis imperatori – l. T.) gaxada keisari, konstanciusi, misi Zma da hanibalianusi. yvela maTgani
atarebda
oqroTi
morTul
Zowisfer
mosasxams
da
iyvnen
ayvanilni
nobelisimatis rangSi konstantines mier imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom iyvnen
misi ojaxis wevrebi... konstantinem marTlac pirvelad SemoiRo es wesi da
gamosca
kanoni,
rom
yvela
nobelisimats
unda
hqonoda
upiratesoba
saxelmwifos prefeqtebze“ (Ridley 1982: II, 39, 2).
amdenad, novelisimosi imperator konstantine dididan moyolebuli
sapatio epiTetidan oficialur titulad gadaiqca. igi keisris Semdeg yvelaze sapatio titulad iTvleboda mTel imperiaSi. amave tituls atarebda
momavali imperatori, iustiniane didi misi biZis, iustine I-is (518-527 ww.)
mmarTvelobis dros. iustiniane I didis (527-565 ww.) xanaSi is aRar iyo
xmarebaSi, Tumca ar gauqmebula da mogvianebiT imperator herakles (610-641
ww.) vaJi, martinosi da konstantine V-is (741-775 ww.) Ze, nikita, euflebian
aRniSnul pativs (ODB 3 1991: 1490).
IX-X saukuneebis ramdenime bizantiur taqtikonSi daculia cnobebi
bizantiuri senatoruli Tu administraciuli titulebis da saxeloebis
Sesaxeb. maT Soris novelisimoss, rogorc wesi, wamyvani adgili ukavia.
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi dokumenti _ filoTeosis `kletorologionia~ (darbazoba an darbazobis wesi) _ Sedgenilia 899 wels imperator leon VI brZenis (886-912 ww.) mmarTvelobis dros. aRniSnuli dokumentis
mixedviT, noveslisimosis titulis mqone piri darbazobis dros konstantinopolis patriarqisa da keisris Semdeg yvelaze axlos ikavebs adgils imperatorTan (Oikonomides 1972: 134-137).
110
filoTeosis naSromis garda, analogiuri viTareba aris aRwerili
sxva taqtikonebSic. saerTo jamSi, am epoqis oTxi taqtikonis mixedviT
(filoTeosis `kletorologionis~ CaTvliT), romlebic gamoqveynebuli aqvs
nikolas
oikonomidiss.
novelisimosis
mdgomareoba
842/3-971/975
wlebSi
ucvlelia (Oikonomides 1972: 46-47, 134-137, 244-245, 262-263).
imave
epoqis
teqstebi
aRweren,
Tu
rogor
xdeboda
konkretuli
saimperatoro ojaxis wevris novelisimosis xarisxSi ayvana. Teofane JamTaaRmwerelis Tanaxmad, novelisimosad kurTxevis ceremoniali keisrebis msgavsi iyo. jon bagnel biuris azriT, mematiane arasworia, rodesac msgavsebas
xedavs aRniSnuli titulebis gadacemis ceremonialSi. Teofanes mixedviT
novelisimosad
adgamdnen
kurTxevisas
Tavze,
xolo
titulis
tanze
mflobels
xlamidas
(χλαμύς)
stefanoss
acvamdnen.
(στέφανος)
konstantine
porfirogenetis `De Ceremoniis Aulae Byzantinae“‐Si ki Zowisferi xlamidis
nacvlad, rac keisris atributi iyo, novelisimoss mosavdnen alisferi
(κόκκινος) mosasxamiT. filoTeosis `kletorologionis~ mixedviT novelisimosis
insignias
Seadgenda:
qitoni,
romelsac
uwodebdnen
xrisoTetoss
(χρυσόθετος) da xlamida (χλαμύς), aseve sartyeli (ζώνη) (Bury 1911: 35). yvela am
Zalauflebis niSans novelisimosi Tavad imperatorisgan iRebda.
novelisimosis
imperatoris
tituli
ojaxis
wevrebs
XI
saukunis
eniWebodaT
Sua
wlebamde
mxolod
(ODB 3 1991: 1490).
erT-erTi
ukanaskneli, romelmac es tituli miiRo, iyo mixael V kalafatis (1041-1042
ww.)
biZa
konstantine.
is
aRniSnul
tituls,
ZmiSvilis
imperatorad
SedgomisTanave, 1041 wels daeufla (Sewter 1966: V, 8-10). 5
ukve XI saukunis bolosTvis novelisimosis tituli eZleodaT bizantiis imperiis mTavarsardlebs. imperatoris ojaxis wevrebis gamoklebiT,
erT-erTi
pirveli,
visac
novelisimosis
tituli
uboZes
iyo
aleqsi
komnenosi (momavali imperatori). 1074 wels novelisimosoba mianiWes robert
giskards. xolo XII saukunisTvis mis safuZvelze Seiqmna iseTi titulebi,
5
Michael Psellus. Chronographia. Trans E.R.A Sewter. Yale University Press. 1953, V, 8‐10 (mixael fselosis teqstis SemTxvevaSi vuTiTebT Tavsa da paragrafs). 111
rogoricaa protonovelisimosi da protonovelisimosipertatosi (ODB 3
1991: 1490).
1118
wlis
Semdeg
novelisimosis
tituli
imdenad
daemcro,
rom
umaRlesi kategoriis titulebSi ukve aRar erTiandeba. (Каждан 1974: 109).
franc dolgeris varaudiT, novelisimosis tituli arsebobda paleologosebis epoqamde, ris merec gaqra bizantiis politikuri realobidan (ODB 3
1991: 1490).
bagrat IV
qarTul
politikur
sivrceSi
pirveli,
romelmac
novelisimosis
tituli miiRo, iyo bagrat IV (1027-1072 ww.). rogorc cnobilia, bagrati
novelisimosis titulis miRebamde atarebda magistrosisa da kurapalatis
titulebs
(stefnaZe
1976:
159),
xolo
novelisimosoba
bizantiis
imperatorisgan misi mmarTvelobis Sua xanebSi miiRo. bolos igi sevastosis
tituls eufleba (TavaZe 2011: 168-172, 178-180). `matiane qarTlisais~ ucnobi
avtoris cnobiT, bagrati misi mefobis periodSi Semdeg titulebs daeufla:
`ese bagrat pirvel iyo kurapalati, da Semdgomad novelisimosi, da
merme iqmna sevastos~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 316; metreveli 2008: 297).
yvela
am
titulis
garda,
is
flobda
magistrosis
Rirsebasac,
romelic mas gamefebamde mianiWes. mniSvnelovania is garemoebac, rom mematiane bizantiuri sakariskaco titulebis miRebas sagangebod gamoyofs bagrat
IV-is pirovnebis da misi mefobis Sefasebisas. aqedan gamomdinare, kargad
Cans, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovani iyo XI saukunis miwurulis saqarTvelos
politikur cxovrebaSi aRniSnuli titulatura.
bagrats novelisimosis tituli bizantiis imperatorma konstantine
IX monomaxma (1042-1055 ww.) uboZa. im droisTvis konstantine monomaxis winamorbedi imperatoris, mixael V kalafatis (1041-1042 ww.) dros, rogorc
zemoT mivuTiTeT, novelisimosad imperatoris biZa, konstantine, iwodeboda,
xolo Tavad monomaxis mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi aRniSnuli Tanamdeboba vakanturia. ufro metic, imave periodis arcerT wyaroSi ar fiqsirdeba
112
keisris titulis mqone pirovnebac ki. konstantine monomaxis droisTvis
ukanaskneli keisari Tavad imperatori mixael V kalafati iyo. mixael
kalafats keisroba mianiWes imperator mixael IVBpaflagonielis (1034-1041
ww.) mmarTvelobis dros, rodesac igi am aqtiT imperiis taxtis memkvidred
gamoacxades (Sewter 1966: IV 22-23).
amdenad, konstantine IX monomaxis zeobis dasawyisisTvis umaRlesi
rangis titulebi, keisari da novelisimosi vakanturi rCeba. sevastosi jer
isev imperatoris sapatio epiTetia (Oikonomides 1980/1).
bagrat IV-is novelisimosad moixsenieba sxvadasxva saxis ramdenime
wyaroSi gvxvdeba, maT Sorisaa: saistorio Txzuleba, anderZ-minawereebi, epigrafikuli Zeglebi da numizmatikis nimuSebi. Tavisi mniSvnelobiT yvelas
aRemateba
axlad
mikvleuli
e.w.
avlaris
nasoflaris
eklesiis
epigrafikuli warwera TrialeTidan (gagoSiZe 2004: 48-53). warwera yvelaze
adreuli
TariRiani
Zeglia,
romelSic
bagrati
novelisimosad
aris
wodebuli. epigrafikis CvenTvis saintereso teqsti ase ikiTxeba:
`s[adideb]l(a)d m(e)f(e)T(a) C(ue)nTa b(a)gr(a)t n(oveli)sim(osi)sa da
Zisa m(a)Tisa g(iorg)i k(u)r(apalati)sa da salxine(be)l(a)d s(u)l(i)s(a) g(?)..a
da
mS(o)b(e)lTa
C(e)mTaT(Â)s
ma..saTas..
lpteTnm(?)bsxTld..
R(merTma)n
wyal(o)ba yv(e)n m(a)TT(Â)sca e.. y(ove)lTa l(o)cva yy(a)v(i)T q(oro)n(i)k(o)ni
iyo: so (1050 weli – l. T.)“ (gagoSiZe 2004: 50).
amgvarad, 1050 wlisTvis bagrati ukve novelisimosia. es tituli, rogorc amas warweris gamomcemeli giorgi gagoSiZe arkvevs, bagrats IV-s 10461050 wlebs Soris unda mieRo. igive avtori iqve kidev ufro viwro TariRs
gvTavazobs (1048-1050 ww.) da bagratis mier novelisimosobis miRebas TurqselCukebis mier liparit IV baRvaSis datyvevebas ukavSirebs, rodesac
`bizantiis
imperatoris
mokavSire
Turqebis
winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi
Zalauneburad bagrat IV gaxda“ (gagoSiZe 2004: 50-52). CvenTvis sruliad
misaRebia giorgi gagoSiZis mosazreba – konstantine monomaxma novelisimosis titulis gacemiT aRmosavleTSi mokavSiris SenarCuneba scada, maSin
rodesac liparit baRvaSis saxiT mTavari mokavSire ukve dakarguli hyavda.
113
amdenad, daaxloebiT 1048 wels bagrati kurapalatis Semdeg novelisimosis
pativSi aRzevda, xolo misi taxtis memkvidre giorgi ki kurapalatis
tituls eufleba.
zemoT
aRniSnulidan
gamomdinare,
novelisimosoba
1048
wlisTvis
mniSvnelovani titulia. bagratis mier misi miReba imis dadasturebaa, rom
bizantiis imperatori qarTvel monarqs imperatoris uaxloes garemocvaSi moiazrebda da sxva imperiebSi mosaxle didebulebs Soris mas upirates mdgomareobas aniWebda.
liparit baRvaSis tyveobidan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg politikuri
viTareba Seicvala, Tumca ar Secvlila bagratis politikuri statusi.
liparitisgan
bizantiis
Seviwrovebuli
mefe
imperatorisaTvis
gamgzavrebuliyo,
sadac
sami
iZulebuli
miemarTa
weli
gaxda
da
dahyo.
SemweobisTvis
konstantinopolSi
bagrats,
rogorc
senatis
umaRlesi rangis wevrs, darbazobis dros imperatoris ojaxis Semdeg yvelaze sapatio adgili unda sWeroda. is imperatorTan daaxloebul pirad
moiazreboda. misi axlo urTierToba konstantine IX monomaxTan kargad Cans
giorgi
mcires
`giorgi
mTawmidelis
cxovrebaSi“.
aRniSnuli
teqstis
mixedviT, bagrati daxmarebas uwevs aTonis mTaze mcxovreb qarTvel mamebs,
miiRon SeRavaTebi bizantiis imperatorisgan. es Seexeba rogorc rogis miRebas, aseve saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis Semcirebas. imave bagratis wyalobiT giorgi mTawmidelis moRvaweoba cnobili xdeba imperator konstantine
monomaxisTvisac.
(qarTuli
proza...
1:
453).
bizantiis
umaRles
xelisufalTan urTierToba iq moRvawe qarTveli saero Tu sasuliero
pirebisTvis mniSvnelovani warmateba iyo, xolo bagratis konstantinopolSi
yofna politikuri mxardaWeris kuTxiT sasargeblo aRmoCnda (kldiaSvili
2009; samuSia 2011: 125-153).
bagrat IV-is saimperio tituli, novelisimosi dasturdeba 1057/8 wlis
mRvimis lavrisadmi daweril sigelSi. sabuTi Tavad bagratis mier iqna
gacemuli,
sadac
mefe
lavras
gamosa[va]lisagan~ (enuqiZe,
aTavisuflebs
`y(ov)lisa
Sesavlisa
da
silogava, SoSiaSvili 1984: 35-38). aRniSnul
114
sigelSi
bagrat
mefe
yoveli
aRmosavleTis
novelisimosad
aris
moxseniebuli:
`q. k(i)r(ieleiso)n! ese viTa, adiden R(merTma)n, Zliersa bagrat
afxazTa mefesa da y(ov)lisa aRmosavleTisa novelisimossa dauweria da
borcuisjuari
salocvelad
mefobisa
maTisa
da
SvilTa
maTTaT(Â)s
mR(uim)isa monastrisada Seuwiravs“ (enuqiZe, silogava, SoSiaSvili 1984: 37).
amrigad,
bagrat
mefis
mier
novelisimosis
titulis
floba
daaxloebiT 1048-1058 wlebSi dadasturebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. avlaris
nasoflaris eklesiis warwera da mRvimis lavrisadmi gacemuli sabuTi amis
kargi ilustraciaa, miTumetes, rom orive maTgans darTuli aqvs Sesabamisi
TariRi,
amitom
bagratis
mier
novelisimosis
pativis
flobis
qronologiuri CarCos gansazRvra mniSvnelovnad advildeba.
zemoT
moxmobili
wyaroebis
garda,
bagrat
IV
novelisimosia
numizmatikuri masalebis mixedviTac. misive moWril vercxlis fulze is
novelisimosis pativiTaa saxeldebuli. monetis aRweriloba Semdegi saxisaa:
Subli – ormagi wertilovani rkaliT garSemovlebuli vlaqernis
wminda RvTismSoblis welzeviTi gamosaxuleba, romelsac Tavze Saravandi
adgia. Tavs irgvliv ganlagebulia berZnuli zedwerili: he hagia Teotikos
– wminda RvTismSobeli.
zurgi
–
monetis
kideebze,
wertilovani
rkalis
SigniT,
ganlagebulia qarTuli asomTavruli zedwerili: `qriste, adide bagrat
afxazTa
mefe”.
centrSi,
aseve
wertilovani
rkaliT
garSemovlebuli
samstriqoniani warwera: `da novelisimosi~ (dundua, dundua 2006: 190-191).
aRniSnuli
monetebi,
bagrat
IV-is
mier
novelisimosis
titulis
flobis qronologiuri CarCodan gamomdinare XI saukunis 50-iani wlebiT
TariRdeba, ufro konkretulad ki 1055/6-1060 wlebiT (dundua, dundua 2006:
191).
mniSvnelovania aseve alaverdis saxarebis minawerebi, romelic XI
saukuniT
TariRdeba.
daaxloebiT
1051
misi
wliT
erT-erTi
gamomcemeli,
aTariRebs.
erT-erT
Tedo
Jordania,
minawerSi
mas
bagrati
novelisimosad aris wodebuli. anderZ-minaweri ase ikiTxeba:
115
`daiwera kalipposs, lavrasa w@isa R@Tis mSoblisasa, mefobasa konstanti monomaxisasa, antioqias patriarqobasa petressa da bagratis afxazTa
mefis novelisimosisa samefos yofasa. locva yavT miqel da giorgisTÂs...
qoronikoni iyo~(?) (Jordnia 2004: 203).
rogorc
warweridan
Cans,
alaverdis
saxareba
dawerili
yofila
kalipos RvTismSoblis lavraSi maSin, rodesac mefe bagrati bizantiaSi
imyofeboda (samefos yofasa), xolo antioqiis patriarqi im dros petre III
(1052 wlis ivnisi – 1056 wlis agvisto) yofila; (Православная II 2001: 529)
bizantiis imperatori ki _ konstantine IX monomaxi (12 ivnisi, 1042 – 11
ianvari, 1055) (Sear 1996: 355). amgvarad, bagrati daaxloebiT 1052 wlis ivniss
da 1055 wlis ianvars Soris konstantinopolSi imyofeboda, rac emTxveva
kidec qarTul istoriografiaSi gamoTqmul mosazrebas bagratis 1051-1054 an
1052-1055
wlebSi
bizantiaSi
cxovrebis
Sesaxeb
(berZniSvili
1978:
46-47;
Jordania 2004: 198-199; samuSia 2011: 125-153). mogvianebiT alaverdis oTxTavis
gadaweris qronologia ufro dazustda. gamovlinda misi gadaweris zusti
TariRi 1054 weli, rac kargad udgeba konstantine IX monomaxisa da petre
III-is eroblivi moRvaweobis xanas (TvalTvaZe 2009: 132).
novelisimosis tituls bagrati inarCunebs bizantiis imperatorebis,
konstantine IX monomaxis (1042-1055 ww.), Teodoras (1055-1056 ww.), mixael VI
stavraciusis (1056-1057 ww.) da isak I komnenosis (1057-1059 ww.) mmarTvelobis
dros. konstantine X duka imperatori 1059 wlis 25 dekembers gaxda. swored
misi imperatorobis pirvel wels icvleba bagratis politikuri statusi,
rac misTvis axali rangis, sevastosis titulis, miniWebiT gamoixata.
bagrat IV-is ori saimperatoro tituliT aRzeveba, romlebic manamde
mxolod bizantiis imperatoris ojaxis wevrebs hqondaT, bizantiis Tanamegobrobis masStabiT misi rolisa da mniSvnelobis maCvenebelia. msgavsi
pativisa
da
Rirsebis
mqone
monarqi
amave
TanamegobrobaSi
qarTul
politikur elitas manamde ar hyolia. bagratis msgavsad novelisimosis
tituli mianiWes mis ufros Zes, giorgi II-sac.
116
giorgi II
bagrat IV gardaicvala 1072 wlis 24 noembers. saqarTvelos samefos
taxti misma Zem, giorgi II bagrationma, daikava. mefobis erTpirovnulad
miRebis Semdeg milocvis niSnad bizantiis imperatori mas novelisimosis
tituls aniWebs. giorgi novelisimosad numizmatikur masalebSi iwodeba.
rogorc evgeni paxomovi aRniSnavs, mis mier novelisimosisa da sevastosis
titulebis miReba arcerT wyaroSi ar iyo miTiTebuli. Tumca is, rom
giorgi am titulebs atarebda, dasturdeba misive monetebis aRwerilobis
mixedviTo (Пахомов 1970: 61). dadasturebulia giorgi II-is 100-ze meti moneta.
qarTuli warwerebis mixedviT es monetebi sam damoukidebel jgufs qmnis.
amaTgan pirvels, ganekuTvneba CvenTvis saintereso monetebi novelisimosis
titulis moxseniebiT. aqve viZleviT am tipis monetebis aRwerilobas giorgi
dunduasa da Tedo dunduas naSromis mixedviT:
`Subli – wertilovan rkalSi Casmuli vlaqernis wminda RvTismSoblis
welzeviTi
gamosaxuleba,
Tavze
SaravandiT.
Saravandis
SigniT
oTxi
wertilisgan Semdgari sami vardulia Casmuli. gamosaxulebis gverdebze
ormwkrivad Zlier damaxinjebuli berZnuli zedwerili: he hagia Teotikos,
`wminda RvTismSobeli~.
zurgi
–
Serwymul
wertilovan
rkalis
SigniT
asomTavruliT
Sesrulebulia zedwerili – `qriste, adide giorgi afxazTa da qarTvelTa
mefe~. centrSi, samstriqonad: `da novelisimosi~ (dundua, dundua 2006: 193).
mamis, bagratis, msgavsad giorgi II cxovrebis periodSi ramdenime
bizantiur saimperio titulis mflobeli
gaxda.
pirveli
am
titulebs
Soris kurapalatis sakariskaco tituli iyo, xolo momdevno, rogorc
aRiniSna,
novelisimosis
maRali
saimperio
Rirseba.
sxva
titulebidan,
bagratis msgavsad, giorgisac hqonda miRebuli sevastosis tituli. keisris
tituls ki mama-Svils Soris mxolod giorgi flobda.
rogorc
ukve
davinaxeT,
novelisimosis
kompensaciis saxiT imTaviTve miiRo sevastosis
titulis
daTmobiT
man
tituli, xolo cota xnis
Semdeg swrafad daeufla kidev erT saimperio pativs, keisris tituls,
romelic im dros yvelaze maRal saimperio titulad iTvleboda bizantiis
117
imperiaSi. es xdeba iqamde, vidre aleqsi I komnenosma 1081 wels ar SemoiRo
axali, sevastokratoris, tituli (amis Sesaxeb, ix.: momdevno Tavi). rogorc
zemoT
davinaxeT,
saimperio
daaxloebiT
tituli
oTx
gamoicvala,
weliwadSi
romlebic
giorgim
sami
sxvadasxva
umaRlesi
dros
TviT
imperatoris an misi ojaxis wevrebis oficialuri titulebs Seadgendnen.
ras SeiZleba davukavSiroT giorgi II-s mier aseTi swrafi cvla bizantiuri
saimperio titulebisa? es yvelaferi bizantiis aRmosavluri politikis
cvlilebas
ukavSirdeba,
rac
sagareo
da
saSinao
faqtorebiT
iyo
nakarnaxevi.
sagareo da saSinao faqtorebis gavlena
bizantiis aRmosavlur politikaze
bizantiis imperiis politikuri kursis cvlileba misi garTulebuli
sagareo da saSinao politikis Sedegi iyo. Turq-selCukebis momZlavrebam
bizantiis aRmosavlur politikaSi seriozuli Zvrebi gamoiwvia. 1071 wlis
26
agvistos
diogenes
manaskertis
marcxma
(mancikerti)
sulTan
brZolaSi
alf-arslanTan
imperator
romanoz
brZolaSi
IV
bizantias
mniSvnelovani ziani miayena (Treadgold 1997, 603‐611; Ostrogorsky 1957: 304‐305; ).
manaskertis
brZola
iyo
ara
imdenad
samxedro
katastrofa,
ramdenadac didi politikuri krizisis dasawyisi, risi niSnebic imperiaSi
didi xania, rac gamokveTili iyo. (Vryonis 1971: 70‐80) krizisis gamwvavebas
alf-arslanis
Wkvianurma
politikamac
Seuwyo
xeli.
man
tyveobidan
gaaTavisufla datyvevebuli imperatori romanoz diogene da amiT imperiis
SigniT areulobis inspirireba moaxdina. stepanenkos samarTliani SeniSvniT,
manickertis
katastrofa,
brZola
bizantiis
ramdenadac
imperiisTvis
1071-1072
wlebSi
ar
yofila
mimdinare
imdenad
didi
samoqalaqo
omi,
romelmac xeli Seuwyo sxva konfliqtebis warmoSobas (Степаненко 1988: 29)
samoqalaqo omma da dapirispirebam bizantiis aristokratiis SigniT Sva
axali konfliqtebi da gamowvevebi (Angold 1997: 116-117). amaTgan erT-erTi
yvelaze mZime iyo rosel de balionis gamosvla, romelmac didi ziani
118
miayena
kabadokiis
provinciebs.
amas
daerTo
imperatoris
winaaRmdeg
gamosvlebi, paWanikebis Tavdasxmebi, bulgarelebis ajanyeba, aRmosavleTSi
aRzevebuli didebulebis TviTnebobebi, sadac mTlianad daikarga centris
kontroli (mag.: kretaSi, kviprosze, xaldiaSi, antioqiaSi, kilikiaSi da
sxva) (Vryonis 1971: 106-108; Angold 1997: 307‐310). yvelafer amas Tu davumatebT
Turq-selCukTa gauTavebel Tavdasxmebs (Vryonis 1971: 103‐113) naTeli gaxdeba,
rom imperia krizisis mwvave fazaSi Sevida. 1071 wlisTvis bizantia jer
kidev akontrolebda daaxloebiT im teritorias, romelic basil II didis
dros
memkvidreobiT
sazRvrebi
ergo.
gazdilic
ufro
iyo,
metic,
Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT
samagierod
samxreT-aRmosavleTiT
misi
_
Semcirebulia, rac suraTs mniSvnelovnad ar cvlis. aTi wlis Semdeg, 1081
wels, centralur xelisuflebas imdenad aqvs dakarguli kontroli mis
aRmosavlur samflobeloebze, rom centris gavlenis miRma iyo darCenili
TiTqmis yvelaferi, rac bizantiis imperias ekuTnoda aTi wlis win. Turqebi
gasulebi arian rogorc xmelTaSua, aseve Sav zRvaze da egeosis zRvaze.
aleqsi
komnenosis
imperatorad
kurTxevisas
bizantiis
xelisufleba
mxolod marmarilos zRvis sanapiro zols akontrolebda. is, rac Zveli
bizantieli
didebulebis
mmarTvelobis
qveS
darCa,
centraluri
xelisuflebis kontrols miRma iyo darCenili, mas damoukidebeli Tu
naxevrad damoukidebeli toparxebi marTavdnen (Vryonis 1971: 114; bagauri 2011: 198‐214).
swored saSinao da sagareo faqtorebi xdeba sababi imisa, rom meti
avansi gaecaT aRmosavleTis mokavSire qveynebze. am kuTxiT gamorCeuli
adgili saqarTvelos samefos ekava, romelic bizantiis mTavar mokavSired
ganixileboda Turq-selCukebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. farcxisis brZolaSi
(1075 weli) Turq-selCukTa armiis damarcxebam es azri ufro gaamyara
(metreveli, samuSia 2003: 72-82).
grigol bakurianis Zis saqarTveloSi Camosvlis dros, 1076 wels,
qalaq banaSi grigolsa da mefe giorgis Soris daido zavi. am zavis ZaliT
daviT III-is samflobeloebi giorgi II-s daumtkices, masve gadaeca bizantiis
119
mier 1064 wels SemoerTebuli qalaqi kari, mTeli vanandis samefos CaTvliT.
rogorc samarTlianad fiqroben, imave movlenasTan dakavSirebiT giorgis
daumtkices keisrobac (metreveli, samuSia 2003: 83-96; dundua, dundua 2006:
266).
am zavis Semdeg mogvarda is teritoriuli davac, rac saqarTvelos
da bizantias Soris TiTqmis mTeli XI saukunis ganmavlobaSi gagrZelda.
rogorc vxedavT, bizantiis imperiis xelisufleba iZulebuli xdeba
meti privilegiebi uboZos saqarTvelos mmarTvel elitas, dauTmos sadavo
teritoriebi da, rogorc qvemoT davinaxavT, garkveulwilad xeli Seuwyos
mis Sidapolitikur stabilurobas imisTvis, rom aRmosavleTSi Rirseuli
mokavSire hyavdes Turq-selCukTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. Tumca 1080 wels
saqarTveloSi
e.w.
`didi
Turqoba~
daiwyo,
rasac
qveyanam
Rirseuli
winaaRmdegoba ver gauwia. mefe iZulebuli gaxda sami wlis usargeblo
brZolis
Semdeg
Tavi
damarcxebulad
ecno
da
xarkis
gadaxda
ekisra
(metreveli, samuSia 2003: 97-117).
niania erisTavT-erisTavi
saqarTvelos
samefo
ojaxi
ar
yofila
erTaderTi,
romlis
warmomadgenlebzec gaicemoda novelisimosis pativi. is, rogorc qvemoT
vixilavT, saqarTvelos didebulze iqna gacemuli. am faqtTan garkveul
kavSirSi unda iyos mefe giorgis mier novelisimosis titulis daTmoba
ufro maRali, sevastosis, pativis sasargeblod. sevastosis pativis miReba
logikurad
1073-1076
wlebs
Soris
unda
ganisazRvros,
magram
zustad
rodis?! swored am da sxva mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis garkvevaSi gvexmareba
niania erisTavT
erisTavis warwera,
Sesrulebuli nikorwmindis taZris
CrdiloeT mklavis iatakis qvis filaze. epigrafikuli warwera Semdegi
Sinaarsisaa:
`[w(minda)o n(i)k(olo)z mRvdeT][m]Ta[v]a[r]o, [m]eo[x] eqmen [da mf(arve)l
w(inaS)e R(mr)Tisa n(ia)n(i)as, e(risTavTa) [e](risTav)[sa da n]o(v)e[lisimoss]“
(silogava 1980: 101).
120
rogorc
bizantiuri
nikorwmindis
sakariskaco
warweridan
titulis
Cans,
mflobelia.
niania
novelisimosis
aRniSnuli
tituli
ki
qarTul politikur realobaSi mxolod mefeebs eZleodaT da isic sakmaod
iSviaTad. novelisimosebad, rogorc davinaxeT, iwodnen mefeebi, bagrat IV
da
giorgi
titulis
II.
amdenad,
miReba
niania
raRac
erisTavT
erisTavis
gansakuTrebuli
mier
movleniT
novelisimosis
unda
yofiliyo
ganpirobebuli (baxtaZe 2003: 227-228, 233).
vinaidan novelisimosis pativi jer samperatoro tituli iyo, xolo
Semdeg
ki
mxolod
imperatoris
ojaxis
wevrebze
gaicemoda,
misi
mniSvneloba da statusi bizantiis imperiaSi sagulisxmo Cans. pirveli, vinc
bizantiis TanamegobrobaSi aRniSnuli tituli miiRo da ar warmoadgenda
imperatoris ojaxis wevrs, iyo bagrat IV saqarTvelos mefe. man, rogorc
zemoT aRvniSneT, novelisimosoba daaxloebiT 1048 wels miiRo imperator
konstantine IX monomaxisgan, xolo daTmo 1060 wels SedarebiT maRali
sevastosis
titulis
sasargeblod.
amgvarad,
1048
weli
aris
erTgvari
terminus post quem periodi, rodesac bizantiis sazRvrebs gareT pirvelad
gaCnda es tituli da isic saqarTvelos monarqze. igi, bunebrivia, imTaviTve
rigiT qarTvel feodalze ar gavrceldeboda. ufro metic, rogorc zemoT
gavarkvieT, 1072 wels aRniSnul pativs giorgi II bagratis Ze eufleba,
romelic manamde kurapalatis xarisxSi iyo ayvanili vidre 1072 wlamde.
novelisimosis titulis gacema rigiT qarTvel feodalze da isic mefis
(bagrat IV an giorgi II) paralelurad naklebad sarwmunod migvaCnia. aqedan
gamomdinare, novelisimosoba bizantiis imperators 1072 wlis Semdeg unda
gaeca, xolo rogorc zemoT moxmobili lapidaruli warweridan Cans, misi
mimRebi konkretuli qarTveli feodali erisTavT erisTavi niania yofila.
vin iyo niania erisTavT-erisTavi da ra politikuri niadagi hqonda
mis
mier
novelisimosobis
miRebas?
swored
am
problemis
ganxilvas
daeTmoba Cveni kvlevis momdevno monakveTi.
dasawyisSive
unda
aRiniSnos
is,
rom
saqarTvelos
teritoriaze,
bizantiis imperiis xelisufleba maRal sakariskaco titulebs gascemda
121
mxolod
warmatebul,
moRvaweebze.
Tu
X
dawinaurebul
saukunemde
sWarbobdnen,
ukve
sakariskaco
titulebis
warmomadgeneli
XI
maT
da
Soris
saukunidan
bagrationTa
moyolebuli
mflobelebad
qarTveli
didgvarovan
gvaris
bizantiur
sxva
didebulebic
politikur
wevrebi
saimperio-
warCinebuli
gvxvdeba.
maT
gvaris
Soris
iyvnen
baRvaSebi, kaxeTis samefo dinastiis wevrebi, bizantiaSi Tornikiosebad
wodebuli Cordvanelebi da a.S. zemoT xsenebul sias unda davamatoT aseve
quabulisZeebic,
nikorwmindis
vinaidan,
taZris
rogorc
warweraSi
vfiqrobT,
moxseniebuli
CvenTvis
niania
saintereso
erisTavT-erisTavi
`matiane qarTlisaÁSi~ dafiqsirebuli niania qvabulisZe unda iyos. niania
qvabulisZis mier novelisimosobis miRebas myari politikuri niadagi unda
hqonoda.
Cveni
varaudiT,
msgavsi
politikuri
amindi
Seiqmna
1073
wlis
zafxulSi, rodesac samma Zlierma feodalma, ivane liparitis Ze baRvaSma,
vardan svaneTis erisTavma da niania quabulisZem, mefe giorgi II-s `auSales
qveyanaÁ“, amaTgan swored niania quabulisZem SeZlo da samefos dedaqalaqi
quTaisi
daikava
nianias
samefo
seriozuli
miaRwies
garkveuli
qonebac
politikuri
mefis
xniT.
qveynis
Cauarda
xelSi
movlena,
winaaRmdeg
politikur
(metreveli
udidesi
brZolaSi,
2008:
warmateba,
amgvari
ram
centrTan
rac
297).
erTad,
es
iyo
feodalebma
baRvaSebmac
ki
ver
moaxerxes samefo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg brZolis ramdenime aTwleulis
ganmavlobaSi.
konfliqtis daregulirebas mefis damTmobma politikam Seuwyo xeli.
giorgis brZanebiT ivane baRvaSma lorwobanis cixe miiRo, misma mokavSire
kaxeTis mefe aRsarTanma _ qalaqi rusTavi, vardanma _ asalanas cixe, xolo
niania
quabulisZem
(metreveli
frazaSi?
2008:
ki
297)
yvelaze
Tmogvis
cixe
sainteresoa,
sagulisxmo
ras
Cans,
`da
sxvani
saqonelni
gulisxmobs
Tu
masSi
mematiane
garkveul
rCeulni~.
am
bolo
materialur
sargebelsa da mamuls vigulisxmebT, risi gacemac mefis prerogativa iyo.
istorikosi ar akonkretebs, Tu ra miwebze da qonebazea aq saubari, magram
is, rom ajanyebulebis meTaurTagan `saqonelni rCeulni~ swored nianiam
122
miiRo, amis xazgasma mas ar daviwyebia. niania quabulisZe sxva gadamdgari
feodalebisgan garkveuli niSniT gamoarCies da meti pativi uboZes. amis
erT-erTi mizezi quTaisis dakaveba unda yofiliyo, xolo sxva mizezi
momavalSi misi loialobis uzrunvelyofa da mokavSire feodalTa Soris
ganxeTqilebis
Camogdeba.
marTlac,
mogvianebiT
ajanyebulTa
erT-erTi
moTave da albaT mTavari iniciatori – ivane baRvaSi kvlav gandga, amjerad
Zveli mokavSireebis gareSe. ivane advilad daamarcxes, mefis politikam
triumfi ganicada (metreveli 2008: 297).
bizantiis
roli
1073
wlis
zafxulis
SidakonfliqtSi
aratradiciuli midgomiT unda yofiliyo gamorCeuli. Tu adre bizantiis
xelisufleba
yvelanairad
mowinaaRmdege
feodalebs,
unda
xeli.
Seewyo
umagrebda
zurgs
amjerad
mas
erTi
mxriv,
amas,
saqarTvelos
konfliqtis
mefis
daregulirebisTvis
bizantiis
dedoflis
roli
ganapirobebda. marTa bagrationi giorgi II-is RviZli da gaxldaT, romelic,
rogorc istoriografiaSia SeniSnuli, mZlavrad lobirebda saqarTvelos
samefo
kars
konstantinopolSi
(nodia
1978).
amasTan,
bizantiis
xelisufleba, romelic mZime brZolebs awarmoebda Turq-selCukebTan, ar
iyo dainteresebuli misi potenciuri mokavSiris, saqarTvelos samefos,
dasustebiT.
amdenad,
vfiqrobT,
rom
giorgi
mefesa
da
amboxebuli
feodalebs Soris dazavebis Sedegad bizantiis imperatorma ajanyebis erTerT moTaves da liders, niania qvabulisZes novelisimosis tituli uboZa.
`matiane qarTlisaÁs~ anonimis cnoba, nianias mier `da sxvani saqonelni
rCeulnis~
miRebis
Sesaxeb
SeiZleba
am
kuTxiTac
gavigoT.
SesaZloa,
bizantiis imperiis xelisuflebis an sulac giorgi mefis iniciativiT
konfliqtis
daregulirebis
novelisimosoba
gadasca,
mizniT
xolo
mefe
imperatorma
giorgis,
niania
romelic
quabulisZes,
im
droisTvis
flobda zemoxsenebul pativs, ufro maRali, sevastosis tituli mianiWes.
amdenad, Cveni frTxili varaudiT, mefe giorgim sevastosoba 1073
wels
miiRo.
imave
wels
novelisimosi
gaxda
am
droisTvis
friad
aRzevebuli feodali – niania qvabulisZe. giorgis mier keisris titulis
123
miRebas Tu 1076 wliT ganvsazRvravT, gamodis, rom giorgi II-s sevastosis
tituli 1073-1076 wlebSi utarebia.
novelisimosis privilegiebis, finansuri mxaris, funqciis da
raobis Sesaxeb
novelisimosis tituli IV-XI saukuneebis bizantiis imperiaSi erTerTi yvelaze gamorCeuli tituli iyo. misi mflobelebi konstantine didis
dros
gasakuTrebul
imperiis
marTvaSi
titulis
privilegiebs
iReben
mflobelebi
Tanamonawiled
gvevlineba.
reformebisgan
novelisimatis
avgustusebi
(sevastosi)
da
imperatorTan
monawileobas.
novelisimati,
erTiandeboden
imperiis
Tumca
da
euflebian
gansxvavebiT
wevrebs
ar
keisrebi
romelSic
(kesari),
am
mmarTvelobaSi
imperator
miecaT
erTad
diokletianes
ufleba,
gamxdariyvnen
aramed
sjerdebodnen
imperatoris qveSevrdomobas.
diokletianes tetrarxia sxva mxrivac gansxvavdeboda novelisimatis
sistemisgan Tu tetrarxiis pirobebSi imperia or nawilad iyo gayofili
(xolo TiToeuli maTgani, aseve orad iyofoda), novelisimatis pirobebSi
imperatoris
Zalaufleba
mTel
imperiaze
vrceldeboda.
novelisimosebs
pirobiTad hqondaT Cabarebuli garkveuli samflobeloebi, Tumca realurad
isini
konstantinopolSi
(axali
romi)
imyofebodnen
da
imperators
exmarebodnen qveynis marTvaSi. erT-erTi maTgani, konstantines siZe, da
amasTan ZmiSvili – flavius hanibalianusi `mefeT mefed da pontos xalxis~
mmarTvelad iqna dadgenili (Dundua 2007: 1‐8), fiqroben, rom konstantine
didi mas sparseTis taxtze upirebda dasmas. hanibalianusis saxeliT moiWra
monetebic. pontosTan erTad mas romaelTa mflobelobaSi myofi lazikis
teritoriis mmarTvelobac evaleboda (Dundua 2007).
amdenad, novelisimosis funqcia Tavidanve sakmaod maRali iyo da
saxelmwifo
saqmeebSi
pretorianelTa
imperatoris
prefeqtzec
meti
TanaSemweobas
ufleba
hqonda
gulisxmobda.
(Ridley 1982: II,
39,
mas
2).
konstantine didis mier damkvidrebuli tradicia SenarCunda da mogvianebiT
124
mxolod imperatoris ojaxis wevrebi iwodebodnen novelisimosebad. isini
SeiZleba
yofiliyvnen
imperatoris
imperatoris
taxtis
memkvidreebi.
monawileoba
evalebodaT.
ase
Zmebi,
maT
Svilebi,
yvelas
grZeldeboda
XI
biZaSvilebi
an
imperiis
mmarTvelobaSi
saukunis
Sua
wlebamde,
rodesac imperator mixael V kalafatis biZa, konstantine, gaxda erT-erTi
ukanaskneli, seriozuli gavlenis mqone novelisimosi bizantiis imperiaSi.
konstantines daRupvis Semdeg (1042 weli) novelsimosis tituli miiRo
saqarTvelos mefe bagrat IV-m, es movlena daaxloebiT 1048 wels moxda. es
aris,
pirveli
SemTxveva,
rodesac
novelisimosoba
imperatoris
ojaxis
gareT gadaeca araromaels, da amasTan ucxo qveynis mmarTvels. miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
imperiis
mesveurebi
gascemdnen
novelisimosis
titulze
SedarebiT maRal, keisris tituls, ucxo qveynis mmarTvelebze (magaliTad,
bulgareTis mefeebze) saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, es iyo pirveli SemTxveva,
rodesac
saimperatoro
gadaeca.
bunebrivia,
ojaxis
bagratis
kuTvnili
tituli
novelisimosoba
saqarTvelos
ar
mefes
gulisxmobda
mis
imperatoris statusSi amaRlebas, arc masTan gaTanabrebas. es faqti, erTi
mxriv, didi dafasebis, xolo sxva mxriv ki, bizantiis imperiaSi yvelaze
sapatio poziciis dakavebis maniSnebelia.
konstantine IX monomaxis (1042-1055 ww.) dros bagrat IV-is garda,
novelisimosis
rangis
sapatio
saimperio
tituli
mTels
bizantiis
TanamegobrobaSi aravis ekava, mxolod, imperator mixael VI vringas (10561057 ww.) dros SesTavazes, momaval imperators, isak komnenoss daekavebina
keisroba. Tumca, male isaki komnenosi Tavad gaxda bizantiis imperatori.
novelisomisis tituli daemcro, rogorc Cans mas mere, rac bagrat
IV-m
axali,
sevastosis
tituli
miiRo,
ukve
momdevno
imperatoris
konstantine X dukas O(1059-1067 ww.) dros, 1060 wels. amas adasturebs is
faqti, rom swored konstantine X dukas periodidan iwyeba misi gacema
bizantiel aristokratebze.
novelisimosis
gaizarda,
rom
titulis
amave
mqone
titulze
aristokratebis
dayrdnobiT
ricxvi
Seiqmna
imdenad
axali
–
125
protonovelisimosis
_
tituli,
rac
novelisimosTa
Soris
upirveless
niSnavs.
amdenad, novelisimosebis momravlebasTan erTad Cndeba maT Soris
rangiT
maRali
tituli,
romelic
imave
titulis
bazaze
iqmneba.
Tavdapirvelad protonovelisimosis titulis mqone pirovneba erTi unda
yofiliyo. bunebrivia, misi pozicia bizantiis imperiaSi sakmaod maRali
gaxldaT.
SemoRebisa,
miuxedavad,
es
novelisimosTa
tituli
rCeboda
Soris
umaRlesi
garkveuli
rangis
saimperio
ierarqiis
titulad
bizantiis imperiaSi.
tatul bakuriani da aspiet bakuriani
protonovelisimosis tituli bizantiis imperiaSi XI saukunis meore
naxevarSi Cndeba. kidev ufro viwro qronologiuri TariRi 1060 wlis
momdevno xanebia, rodesac imperiis taxtze konstantine X duka
damkvidrda
(1059 wlis dekemberi) da saqarTvelos mefe bagrat IV-m novelisimosze ufro
upiratesi _ sevastosis _ tituli miiRo.
amrigad, novelisimosoba ufro farTod gaicemoda. im pirebs Soris,
romlebmac am epoqaSi novelisimosis tituli miiRes iyvnen komnenosTa
aristokratuli ojaxis wevrebi, kerZod, Zmebi isak da aleqsi komnenosebi.
amaTagan umcrosma Zmam, aleqsi komnenosma (bizantiis momavali imperatori)
es tituli 1078 wels nikifore vrienosis ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg miiRo,
xolo imave wels basilakesis ajanyebis CaxSobis Sedeg _ sevastosis
tituli.
novelisimosis
tituli
1074
wels
gadaeca
robert
giskards,
normandiel mTavars, romelic apuliisa da kalabriis hercogi iyo da
damoukideblad mmarTvelobda samxreT italiaSi (ODB 3 1991: 1490). msgavsi
precendentebi XI saukunis miwuruls sakmaod momravlda. aleqsi komnenosis
mier ganxorcielebulma saimperio titulaturis reformam ki ukve axali
titulebi gaaCina. maT Soris unda yofiliyo protonovelisimosis, anu
novelisimosTa Soris upirvelesis.
126
aristokratTa Soris erT-erTi pirveli, vinc aRniSnuli tituliT
fiqsirdeba,
aris
bakurianTa
gvaris
cnobili
warmomadgeneli
tatul
bakuriani, grigil bakurianis Zis naTesavi. cnobilia misi beWedi, romelzec
is
protonovelisimosad
da
arxontTa
arxonad
iwodeba
(Степаненко,
Шандровская 2005: 178). es ukanaskneli, rac qarTuli erisTavT-erisTavisa da
somxuri iSxanT-iSxanis bizantiuri Sesatyvisia.
tatul bakurianisa da grigol bakurianis Zis garda, sxvadasxva
wyaroebiT cnobilia XI-XII saukuneebSi moRvawe sxva bakurianebic, maT
Soris:
grigol
bakurianis
Zis
Zma,
abas
magistrosi
bakurianis
Ze,
proedrosi musel (muSel) bakuriani, kurapalati aspiet bakuriani, romelic
mogvianebiT iRebs protonovelisimosis tituls.
tatul
bakuriani
XI-XII
saukuneebis
mijnaze
moRvawe
cnobili
politikuri figura iyo. is ixsenieba rogorc ana komnenasTan, romelic mas
gamoCenil somex sardlad moixseniebs, anu zustad imave eTnikuri nomeniT,
romliTac grigol bakurianis Zes (Dawes 1928: II, 4, 51). is, rom es mosazreba
mcdaria, savsebiT marTebulad aris garkveuli (Tumca dasavleTisa da
ruseTis
bizantinologTa
garkveul
wreebSi
dRemde
myarad
iTvlebian
bakurianebi somxur an somxur-qalkedonuri warmomavlobisa da eTnikurobis
mqone istoriul pirebad).
aspieti,
ana
komnenas
`aleqsiadaSi~,
aseve
somxuri
warmoSobis
didebulad iwodeba (Dawes 1928: XII, 2, gv. 302-303). ukve rig sabeWdavebze
iwodeba,
rogorc
kurapalati,
aseve
protonovelisimosi.
(Степаненко,
Шандровская 2005: 173-174). imave beWdebze miTiTebulia misi gvari – bakuriani,
rac pirdapir miuTiTebs mis qarTvelur warmoSobasa da grigol bakurianis
ZesTan naTesaur kavSirze. aspeti dawinaurebuli iyo imperator aleqsi I
komnenosis
iwodeba
(1081-1118
tatul
ww.)
karze.
bakurianic.
msgavsad
aspetisa
sfragistikis
protonovelisimosad
nimuSebis
mixedviT
is
protonovelisimosi da arxntTa arxonia. protonovelisimosis tituli, mas
iseve rogorc aspets, aleqsis reformebis Semdeg unda mieRo, rogorc
stepanenko da Sandulovskaia aRniSnaven, XI s. 80-iani wlebis bolosken
127
(Степаненко, Шандровская 2005: 174). Tumca rogorc Cven sevastosis titulis
Sesaxeb
qvemoT
saubrisas
davinaxavT
reforma
aleqsim
mmarTvelobis
dasawyisSive gaatara. amdenad, es protonovelisimosis titulis gaCenac 1081
wlidan aris savaraudebeli da ara SedarebiT gviani periodidan.
mniSvnelovania isic, rom tatul da aspiet bakurianebis moRvaweobis
periodi emTxveva erTmaneTs da Tavsdeba XI-XII saukuneebis mijnaze. es ki
imaze miuTiTebs, rom isini bakurianis ZeTa mesame Taobis warmomadgenlebi
unda
iyvnen,
am
SemTxvevaSi
pirveli
Taoba
Tavad
bakuriani
da
misi
Tanamoasakeebia, xolo meore Taoba bakurianis Svilebi: grigoli da abaz
bakurianebi.
tatul
bakurianis
axlo
naTesaur
kavSirs
grigil
da
abaz
bakurianebTan isic uCvenebs, rom misi erT-erTi beWedi swored petriwonis
(baCkovo) monastris teritoriaze aRmoCnda (Степаненко, Шандровская 2005: 179).
es ki pirdapiri sabuTia imis samtkiceblad, rom tatuli erT-erTi Zmis vaJi
gaxdaT. rogorc wyaroebidan Cans, tatul bakuriani bizantiis imperatoris
mier iyo daniSnuli maraSis mmarTvelad, savaraudod, rogorc Temis duqsi
an strategosi. maraSis meTauroba tatulis xelSia mxolod mcire periodis
ganmavlobaSi 1099-1104 wlebSi. mogvianebiT is iZulebuli xdeba qalaqi
dauTmos
Joselins,
edesis
momaval
grafsa
da
jvarosanTa
gamoCenil
winamZRols.
tatulis saimperio titulebs rac Seexeba, petriwonis teritoriaze
aRmoCenil beWedze is novelisimosad aris moxseniebuli. Tumca ratomRac
warweraSi gamomcemlebi tituls aRadgenen, rogorc `<proto>noelisimoss~
(Jordanov... 2005: 118-119; Степаненко, Шандровская 2005: 179), rasac TviT warweris
wakiTxva
ar
eTanxmeba.
sxva
saqmea
rom
igive
tatuli
iwodeba
protonovelisimosad ukve sxva beWdebze, romelic zakosis koleqciaSi iyo
daculi, xolo mas mere, rac isini londonis auqcionze gayides maT sxva
mflobeli gamouCnda. erT-erT aseT beWedze, ukve garkveviT weria misi
tituli _ protonovelisimosi.
128
amgvarad,
tatulma
jer
novelisimosis
tituli
miiRo,
xolo
mogvianebiT ki protonovelisimosis da erT-erTi pirveli gaxda, vinc mas
atarebda bizantiis imperiaSi. stepanenkosa da Sadrovskaias azriT, tatul
bakurianma
novelisimosis
tituli
miiRo
1104
wlis
Semdeg,
rodesac
dabrunda mcire aziidan konstantinopolSi. maTi azriT, swored amis Semdeg
iRebs monawileobas maTive gvaris mier daarsebul petriwonis monastris
mmarTvelobaSi.
Cveni mxriv unda davZinoT, rom wyaroebSi ar Cans, Tu rodis iwyebs
tatul bakuriani petriwonis monasterze zrunvas – mcire aziaSi samsaxuris
dros
Tu
iqidan
wamosvlis
Semdeg.
vfiqrobT,
rom
misi
gvarisa
da
warmoSobis gaTvaliswinebiT is arc arasodes mowyvetila petriwons da mis
SemogarenSi mdebare bakurianis Zeebis kuTvnil mamulebs.
amdenad,
mxolod
stepanenkosa
hipoTezaa
da
da
amasTan
Sandrovskaias
naklebad
aRniSnuli
gasaziarebeli.
mosazreba,
zustad
iseve,
rogorc amave avtorebis mier gamoTqmuli SeniSvna imis Taobaze, rom
bakurianebs XII saukunisTvis TiTqos jer ar hqondaT daviwyebuli maTi
somxuri warmomavloba (Степаненко, Шандровская 2005: 189). 6 aq rusi avtorebi
gulisxmoben arSakidobas, sparsuli warmoSobis gvars, romlis wevrebic
gamefdnen somxeTSi da iwodenen arSakunianebad. ana komnenosi erT-erT
bakurians, kerZod, aspiets
pirdapir asaxelebs arSakidTa Camomavlad, ana
wers:
`misi brwyinvale warmoSoba da misi saxelis dideba mniSvnelovnad
uwyobda xels aspiets (bakurians, beWdebis mixeviT – l. T.) mieRo es
Tanamdeboba. rameTu mas ekava yvelaze maRali Tanamdeboba arSakidTa Soris
da iyo igi Sobili samefo sisxliT. da am mizezis gamo daniSna is mamaCemma
(aleqsi I komnenosi – l. T.) yoveli aRmosavleTis stratopedarxad da
miuboZa
mas
Zalian
maRali
pativebi
(saubaria
saimperio
titulebze
6
rusi avtorebi SeniSnaven: “вероятные претензии Пакурианов на происхождение от Аршакидов
свидетельствуют об еще не забытом армянском происхождении рода” (Степаненко, Шандровская 2005: 189). 129
dakonkretebis gareSe – l. T.), gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac daamtkica
Tavisi simamace~. (Dawes 1928: XII, 2, gv. 304).
aRniSnul
bakurianis
wyaroSi
Cans,
arSakidobis
ukavSirdebodes,
rom
Sesaxeb
romelsac
ana
komnenosis
gvarSi
aspietis
arsebul
saxliSvilebi
informacia
aspiet
tradicias
amayad
usvamen
unda
xazs.
bakurianebis mier arSakidobis wina planze wamoweva ki sxva araferia, Tu
ara erTi konkretuli gvaris mier sakuTari warmoSobis gandideba. msgavsi
magaliTebi feodaluri qveynebis warCinebuli gvariSvilebis sayovelTaod
gavrcelebuli
poziciis
praqtika
iyo,
legitimacias
riTic
axdendnen.
isini
sakuTari
bakurianebis
mflobelobis
arSakidoba
da
SesaZloa
ganpirobebuli yofiliyo an romelime somxuri arSakiduli warmoSobis
gvarTan naTesauri urTierTibiT, anda kidev ubralo gadmocemiT, romelsac
aranairi istoriuli safuZveli ar gaaCnia.
rogorc
arSakidobas
ar
unda
iCemebdnen
iyos,
ara
maTi
aspietica
somxuri
da
misi
gvaris
warmomavlobis
wevrebic
aRsaniSnavad,
rogorc amas arasworad miuTiTeben rusi avtorebi, aramed maTive gvaris
sparseTis samefo dinastiasTan dasakavSireblad. istoriuli TvalsazrisiT,
iranis politikuri SesaZleblobebi da pretenziebi gacilebiT farTo iyo,
vidre
romelime
iranuli,
kavkasiuri
arSakiduli
samefo-samTavros
warmoSoba
bakurianebs
miswrafebebi.
maTive
gamorCevia
amdenad,
mizniT
sWirdebodaT.
bakurianTa gvaris wevrebisTvis arSakidoba maTi erTgvari savizito
baraTia, rogorc samefos warmomavlobaze pretenziis mqone gvarisa raTa
sakuTari adgili daemkvidrebina bizantiis aristokratiaSi, xolo maTi
eTnikuri
kuTvnileba
gamomdinare
aSkarad
maTive
qarTulia.
moRvaweobidan
TviT
somexi
da
idenTifikaciidan
mematiane,
maTe
urhaeci
grigols bakurianis Zes qarTvel mTavrad moixseniebs (Matthew of Edessa 1993:
103).
es
sruliad
sakmarisia
imisTvis,
rom
misi
qarTuli
warmoSobis
sinamdvile vamtkicoT, rom araferi vTqvaT grigolis Tvitidentifikaciaze.
swored am gvaris wevrebia aspiet bakuriani da tatul bakuriani.
130
aspieti,
TanamdebobebiT
aRmosavleTis
saimperio
rogorc
da
ana
komnena
titulebiT
stratopedarxis
pativebSi,
aRniSnavs,
yofila
ganebivrebuli,
Tanamdebobis
romelSic
aspieti
imperatorisgan
miniWebiT
aRzevda,
rac
gamoxata.
maRali
yoveli
maRal
kurapalatoba
da
protonovelisimosoba unda igulisxmebodes.
tatul bakuriani, Tu sfragistikis nimuSebs gavadevnebT Tvals, jer
novelisimosia
da
mxolod
Semdeg
protonovelisimosi.
xolo
misive
beWdebze am ukanaskneli titulis aRdgenis mcdeloba, vfiqrobT, rom ar
unda iyos marTebuli. mas SeeZlo jer erTi, xolo Semdeg ki meore tituli
mieRo, misive damsaxurebisa da maRali warmomavlobis Sesabamisad.
amrigad, saqarTveloSi moRvawe maRali rangis politikuri pirebis
garda, saxezea kidev ori, amjerad saqarTvelos farglebs gareT moRvawe
qarTveli didebuli, romelebic aseve atarebdnen protonovelisimosisa da
novelisimosis
maRal
bizantiur
saimperio
titulebs.
bizantiuri
titulebis miRebis intensivobisa da xarisxis mixedviT Tamamad SeiZleba
iTqvas,
rom
bakurianTa
gvari
erT-erTi
yvelaze
dawinaurebuli
aristokratuli gvari iyo XI-XII saukuneebis aRmosavleT romis imperiaSi.
131
Tavi IV
sevastosis tituli qarTul politikur realobaSi
bizantiaSi erT-erTi saimperatoro tituli sevastosi (Σεβαστός) iyo.
sevastosi
warmoadgenda
laTinuri
avgustusis
berZnul
Sesatyviss.
aRniSnuli tituli, mogvianebiT sakariskaco titulad iqca, Sesabamisad
misi politikuri wona daeca. naSromis aRniSnul monakveTSi Cven swored
titul
sevastosis
damkvidrebis,
funqciisa
da
qronologiis
sakiTxebs
SevexebiT Sua saukuneebis qarTul politikur realobaSi. 7
sevastosi avgustusis berZnuli Sesatyvisi gaxldaT. berZnulad is
gabrwyinebuls, aRzevebuls niSnavs da I-II ss. berZnulenovan teqstebSi
laTinur termin avgustuss aRniSnavda (ODB 3 1991: 1862).
sevaste
qali, romelic aRniSnuli pativiT sargeblobda, sevasted (Σεβαστή)
iwodeboda.
imperatoris
maT
Soris
iyvnen
oficialuri
imperatoris
colebi
ar
meuRleebi
iyvnen,
magram
da
isinic,
pativiT
vinc
TiTqmis
gaTanabrebulebi iyvnen dedofalTan. aseTi qali iTvleboda monarqis de facto
7
aRniSnuli problemis damuSaveba samagistro naSromis farglebSi Cven jer kidev 2005
wels Tsu-s prof. Tedo dunduam SemogvTavaza, romelmac erT-erTma pirvelma dasva
sakiTxi, sevastosis titulis funqciuri raobis Sesaxeb Sua saukuneebis qarTul politikur realobaSi. T. dunduam es problema wamoWra 1999 wels, aTenSi mimdinare
konferenciaze – `xmelTaSuazRvispireTi da kavkasia~, amJamad ukve gansvenebul mkvlevarTan
nikolas oikonomidisTan. gamoiTqva eWvi imis Sesaxeb, rom tituli sevastosi saqarTveloSi
damkvidrebis dros (1060 wels) mefe bagrat IV-s SeiZleboda mieRo ara rogorc sakariskaco
tituli, aramed rogorc sapatio saimperatori tituli. nikolas oikonomidisis Sromebidan
bizantiuri titulaturis Sesaxeb SegviZlia gamovyoT Semdegi naSromebi: N. Oikonomides. Les
listes de préséance byzantines des IXe et Xe siècle. Paris, 1972; misive. L’évolution de l’organisation administrative de
l’empire byzantin au XIe siècle (1025-1118). Travaux et Mémoires. 6. 1976, gv. 125-152; ix. aseve elisavet zaxariadus redaqciiT gamosuli misi statiebis ramdenime krebuli, maT Soris: N. Oikonomides.
Social and Economic Life in Byzantium. Ed. by E. Zachariadou. Aldershot. 2004; N. Oikonomides. Society, Culture and
Politics in Byzantium. Ed. by E. Zachariadou. Aldershot. 2005. qarTuli masalebidan XI-XII saukuneebis
saqarTvelos mefeTa titulaturis Sesaxeb Cven SegviZlia gamovyoT Semdegi Sromebi: j.
stefnaZe. XI-XII saukuneebis saqarTvelos mefeTa titulebis gagebisaTvis. Zski. Tb. 1976, gv.
daviT
aRmaSeneblis
aRmosavluri
titulatura.
daviT
156-165;
d.
musxeliSvili.
aRmaSenebeli – statiebis krebuli. Tb. 1990, gv. 66-83. 132
colad da atarebda sevastes tituls. 8
pirveli maT Soris, vinc oficialurad ar iyo bizantiis dedofali,
magram sevastes tituli mieniWa, gaxldaT, imperator romanoz III argirosis
(1028-1034 ww.) yofili meuRle elena (Garland 2002: 137). elenam didi samsaxuri
gauwia Tavis meuRles. igi qmars gaeyara da monasterSi aRikveca monazvnad
imisTvis,
rom
meuRle
gadaerCina
pativis
ayrisa
da
dabrmavebisgan. 9
madlierma romanozma, romelsac arasdros hyvarebia ZaliT Tavsmoxveuli
axali
meuRle
–
dedofali
zoia,
yofili
kanonieri
coli,
elena,
gardacvalebisas didi pativiT dakrZala da saimperatoro – sevastes _
RirsebiT Seamko (Sola 1916: 149-153).
sevasted iwodeboda bizantiis imperator konstantine IX monomaxis
(1042-1055
ww.)
mmarTvelobis
sayvareli
dasawyisSi
maria
misi
de
sklerina, 10
facto
colis
romelic
funqcias
imperatoris
asrulebda.
dedofali zoias TanxmobiT marias neba darTes ecxovra dedaqalaqSi da
imperatoris karze didi privilegiiT esargebla (Treadgold 1997: 591-592). 11
maria sklerina 1044 (an 1045) wels gardaicvala (Angold 1997: 68; Oikonomides
1980/1: 240). is iyo meore maT Soris, vinc aRniSnuli tituli miiRo miuxedavad imisa, rom oficialurad bizantiis dedoflad ar iwodeboda.
mesame qalbatoni, vinc aseve iwodeboda sevasted oficialur miRebebsa
da ceremoniebze, gaxldaT konstantine monomaxis rigiT meore oficialuri
sayvareli,
romelsac
mixael
fselosi
axalgazrda
alan
gogonad
moixseniebs. qalwuli imperatoris karze mZevlad iyo moyvanili alaniidan.
mixael fselosi wers:
8
aRniSnuli titulis Sesaxeb ixileT Semdegi naSromebi: N. Oikonomides. St. George of Mangana,
Maria Skleraina, and the “Malyj Sion” of Novgorod. DOP. Vol. 34/35. 1980/1981, gv. 239-241; L. Stiernon. Notes de
titulature et de prosopographie byzantines: sébaste et gambros. REB 23. 1965, gv. 222-242. 9
es iyo momakvdavi imperatoris, konstantine VIII-s, brZaneba gayroda meuRles da colad
misi qaliSvili moeyvana. mxolod amis Semdeg iqneboda romanozi uzrunvelyofili
imperatoris tituliT. sxva SemTxvevaSi romanozs mZime sasjeli eloda. 10
ODB. Vol. 3, gv. 1862; nikolas oikonomidisis msjelobiT, es tituli sagangebod Seiqmna
konstantine IX monomaxis mier 1042 wlis axlo xanebSi misi sayvarlisTvis – maria
sklerinasTvis, rac, rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, ar aris marTebuli. ix.: N. Oikonomides. St.
George of Mangana, Maria Skleraina, and the “Malyj Sion” of Novgorod, gv. 240. 11
W. Treadgold. A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press. 1997, gv. 591-592. 133
`gogona
iyo
qaliSvili
iqauri
(alaniis
–
l.T.)
xelmwifisa
(βασιλεύοντοντος). is ar iyo gansakuTrebuli silamaziT gamorCeuli da cota
mTxovneli eZiebda mis xels qorwilisaTvis. mxolod ori atributi gaaCnda,
rac aZlevda mas gansakuTrebul Sarms – misi kanis siTeTre da misi Zalian
mSvenieri Tvalebis brwyinvaleba. Tumca mas mere, rac imperatori erTxel
moeqca misi gavlenis qveS, miagdo yvela danarCeni misi sayvarlebi. is cxovrobda mxolod am gogosTan da mas uZRvnida mis umZafres ltolvas~ (Sewter
1953: VI 151).
mixael fselosi aqve dasZens, rom alanTa samefo ar iyo raimeTi
gamorCeuli. mas ar gaaCnda raime saxis prestiJi saerTaSoriso arenaze,
samagierod,
regularulad
agzavnida
mZevlebs
da
amiT
gamoxatavda
loialobas bizantiis imperiisadmio. fselosi amiT xazs usvams im faqts,
rom imperator konstantines ar hqonia raime politikuri daintereseba im
intimuri urTierTobidan, romelic mas akavSirebda alan princesasTan. amis
Semdeg is wers, rom gogo iyo qaliSvili iqauri xelmwifisa (Sewter 1953: VI
151).
imperatorisa
da
alani
qalwulis
urTierTobaze
bevri
araferia
cnobili, maTi urTierToba konstantine IX-s gardacvalebamde – 1055 wlis
ianvramde gagrZelda (Sewter 1953: VI 155). urTierTobis dasawyisis Sesaxeb
mxolod
is
viciT,
rom
dedofal
zoias
sicocxleSi
konstantine
saidumlod inaxavda am informacias, xolo meuRlis gardacvalebis Semdeg
(1050 wlis ivnisi) is Riad iwyebs sayvarelTan urTierTobas da axlad
mowyobil saimperatoro mosasvenebelSi gadahyavs es ukanaskneli, TiTqos is
marTlac
misi
coli
yofiliyo
(Sewter 1953: VI 152).
mixael
fselosis
SeniSvniT, ori ZiriTadi mizezi arsebobda, ramac realurad xeli SeuSala
imperators colad moeyvana misi sayvareli. erTi is, rom eklesia ar
darTavda mas uflebas meoTxed moeyvana coli, xolo sxva mxriv jer kidev
avgustad wodebuli dedofali Teodora winaaRmdegi iyo amgvari garigebis
(Sewter 1953: VI 152-153). 12 miuxedavad amisa, konstantinem, fselosis ganc 12
Michael Psellus. Chronographia, VI, 152-153. 134
xadebiT, yvela saimperio pativiT Seamko Tavisi satrfo, masve miuCines
saimperio
dacva.
imave
alani
qalbatonis
sapatiod,
mis
samSobloSi
igzavneboda uzarmazari qoneba, oqrouloba da Zvirfasi nivTebi. yvelaferi
es, mixael fselosis TqmiT, Zalian Zvirad ujdeboda imperias:
`konstantinem
neba
darTo
mas
gaeziarebina
masTan
erTad
misi
(saimperatoro – l. T.) tituli da uwoda mas sevaste (σεβαστή – laT.
augusta)… pirvelad istoriaSi alaniis miwa aRivso Zvirfasi nivTebiT,
romlebic modioda Cveni romidan (igulisxmeba bizantia – l. T.)… es
mamwuxrebda me, radgan vxedavdi yvela Cvens simdidres, romelic amgvarad
iqna ganiavebuli da me saSineli tkiviliT var Sepyrobili dRes amaze
fiqriT, rameTu aravin adidebs romaelebs an uyvars misi qveyana imaze
metad, vidre me. me jer kidev mrcxvenia Cemi batonisa da imperatoris gamo.
gogos mamisgan alaniidan weliwadSi orjer da samjer igzavneboda elCoba
am avgusta (sevaste – l. T.) gogosTan da konstantine
waradgenda mas
maTTvis (rogorc gamofenas scenaze), gamoacxadebda, rom is iyo misi
meuRle da imperatrica (dedofali – l. T.) da, faqtobrivad, mas yvela am
pativiT moixseniebda. is Tavadac gadascemda maT (elCebs – l. T.) garkveul
saCuqrebs da mis mSvenier `cols~ aZlevda imis uflebas, gadaeca maTTvis ZRveni~ (Sewter 1953: VI 153-154).
konstantine
IX
monomaxis
sayvarlis
Sesaxeb
arsebuli
informacia
CvenTvis ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT aris saintereso:
1) gviCvenebs sevastes titulis raobas, mis gardaqmnasa da funqciis
cvalebadobas bizantiis politikur cxorebaSi.
2) aRniSnuli pirdapir ukavSirdeba kavkasias da qarTul politikur
realobas. amasTan, arsebobs seriozuli eWvi imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom
alaniaSi unda igulisxmebodes, ara uSualod alan-oseTis samefo, aramed
saqarTvelo (Garland 2002: 165; Garland, Rapp 2006: 98; Toumanoff 1990: 135). 13
13
l. garlandisa da k. Tumanovis msgavsi azri sxva istorikosebsac gaaCniaT. aseTi eWvis
sababi bizantiuri wyaroebis bundovani informaciebidan gamomdinareobs. aRniSnuli ZiriTadad exmaureba im cnobebs, romelic kavkasias Seexeba, rasac XI-XII ss-is bizantieli avtorebi maincdamainc kargad ar icnoben. amasTan, bizantieli avtorebi abazgebs, iberebs da
alanebs erTi warmoSobis xalxad warmoadgenen. amdenad, maTi erTmaneTSi areva ar unda
135
kiril
Tumanovis
azriT,
`alan~
princesaSi
unda
igulisxmebodes
saqarTvelos samefo ojaxis wevri, bagrat IV-is naxevar-Zmis ufliswul
demetres asuli irine, romelic mogvianebiT isak komnenosis (imperator
aleqsi
I-is
ufrosi
Zma)
meuRle
gaxda
(Toumanoff 1990: 135).
Tumanovis
mosazreba samarTlianad ar gaiziares linda garlandma da stiven rapma.
maTi
azriT,
irine,
romelmac
Svidi
Svili
gaaCina
isak
komnenosisgan,
romelTa Soris erT-erTi 1096 wels daibada, asakis gaTvaliswinebiT ver
iqneboda imperator konstantine IX-is sayvareli (Garland, Rapp 2006: 103).
konstantines sayvareli, 1050 wlisTvis sakmaod zdasruli unda yofiliyo
imisTvis, rom imperatoris srulfasovani partniori gamxdariyo. es faqti
gamoricxavs imis SesaZleblobas, rom oTxi aTeuli wlis Semdeg mas Svili
gaeCina. ufro metic, irine unda iyos ara marTas biZaSvili mamis mxridan
(ufliswul demetres asuli, rogorc amas kiril Tumanovi wers) an misi
RviZli da, rogorc ana komnenas `aleqsiadas~ ucxoenovani mTargmnelebi da
komentatorebi miuTiTeben, aramed misi biZaSvili dedis mxridan (Dawes 1928:
44; Любарский 1965: 95; yauxCiSvili 1966: 48-49).
mixael
fselosis
da
sxva
avtorTa
cnobebi
marTa
(berZ.
maria)
dedoflisa da konstantines IX monomaxis sayvarlis warmoSobis Sesaxeb
bevr kiTxvas badebs da rom ara qarTuli wyaroebis cnobebi marTas Sesaxeb,
dRemde sakamaTo iqneboda misi eTnikuri warmomavloba. zustad ise, rogorc
sakamaToa sevasted wodebuli alani princesas erovnuli kuTvnileba.
sainteresoa,
vin
aris
bizantiel
avtorebTan
moxseniebuli
alani
sevaste?! mixael fselosis informacias SedarebiT mokled imeorebs ioane
zonara, mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom is mas erT-erTi alani mmarTvelis
qaliSvilad
SeiZleba,
moixseniebs
marTlac
(Алемань 2003: 299-300).
erT-erTi
rigiTi
alani
zonaras
mmarTvelis
mixedviT,
is
(άρχηγετοũντες)
qaliSvilad mogveCvenos, Tumca upiratesoba mainc fselosis cnobas eniWeba.
mixael fselosis informacia ufro vrceli da detaluria. garda amisa,
ioane zonaras teqsti mTlianad mixael fselosis `qronografias~ eyrdnoba.
gagvikvirdes. ix.: ioane cece. georgika VII. teqstebi qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da
ganmartebebi daurTo s. yauxCiSvilma. Tb. 1967, gv. 22-23. 136
yvelafer amasTan erTad, mixael fselosi ambebis uSualo TviTmxilveli da
imperatorTan daaxloebuli piri iyo, es maSin, rodesac ioane zonaras
konstantine monomaxTan aranairi Sexeba ar hqonia.
mixel fselosis mixedviT, alani sevaste, alanTa mbrZaneblis Svilia,
romelsac is sakmaod aRmatebulad xelmwifis (βασιλεύοντοντος) tituliT
moixseniebs. miuxedavad amisa, fselosis gancxadebiT, alanTa samefos ar
gaaCnia gansakuTrebuli prestiJi da arc raimeTi yofila gamorCeuli; misi
TqmiT, am qveynis mesveurebi bizantiis saimperatoro kars sxvadasxva formiT
udasturebda
loialobas
(Sewter
1953:
VI,
151)
(amis
erT-erTi
gamoxatuleba unda yofiliyo mefis qaliSvilis mZevlad gagzavna). swored
am cnobaze dayrdnobiT linda garlandi da stiven rapi ar gamoricxaven,
rom marTa bagrationis bundovani moxsenieba Zveli da mdidari ojaxis
warmomadgenlad da misi mSobliuri qveynis miCqmalva mixael fselosis
teqstSi erTmaneTTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli, 14 amas Tu imasac davumatebT,
rom marTa/maria bizantiur wyaroebSi, rogor wesi, alanad moixsenieba, TiTqos imisken gvibiZgebs, rom konstantine IX monomaxis sevastes tituliT
saxeldebuli sayvareli marTlac saqarTvelos mefis Svilad gamovacxadoT.
Tumca aqve Cndeba araerTi winaaRmdegoba, kerZod, 1050-1055 wlebSi, rodesac
konstantine
IX
monomaxi
Riad
da
daufaravad
iwyebs
mis
sayvarelTan
urTierTobas, saqarTveloSi bagrat IV mefobs. amasTan, swored 1051-1054
wlebSi
bagrati
faqtobrivad
konstantinopolSi
gamoricxavs
imis
imyofeba
imperatoris
SesaZleblobas,
rom
karze,
bagrats
rac,
Tavisi
qaliSvilisTvis weliwadSi ori-samjer elCoba gaegzavna saqarTvelodan. 15
sxva
msjelobiT,
alani
sevaste
SeiZleba
iyos
alan-oseTis
mefis
dorRolel didis (1030-ian – 1070-iani ww.) asuli, vinaidan XI saukunis 50-ian
14
L. Garland, S. Rapp. Mart’a-Maria ‘of Alania’. Tavi: Maria ‘the Alan’. http://www. roman-emperors.org/maryal.htm (2011w. 5 marti). 15
bagrat IV-is saxleuli met-naklebad Seswavlilia qarTul istoriografiaSi. dadgenilia,
rom mas hyavda sami da, romelTagan ori adre gardaicvala, xolo mesame – guranduxti,
bagratis konstantinopolSi yofnis dros axalgazrda ufliswulis, giorgis, regenti iyo.
rac Seexeba qaliSvilebs, mefes unda hyoloda ori qaliSvili marTa da mariami (am
ukanasknels xSirad bizantiis dedofal marTasTan aigiveben), ix.: r. metreveli, j. samuSia.
mefeT mefe giorgi II. Tb. 2003, gv. 26-44. 137
wlebSi alan-oseTis mefe swored is aris. 16 Tumca Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im
faqts, rom dorRolelis asuli irina 1071 wels miaTxoves isak komnenoss
da masTan 1096 wels kidev erTi Svili gaaCina (ix. zemoT), nakleb sarwmunoa,
rom
RviZl
debs
Soris
aseTi
asakobrivi
sxvaoba
yofiliyo.
Tumca
dorRolelis bolomde gamoricxva, mixael fselosTan da ioane zonarasTan
calxasad
miTiTebuli
eTnonimis
–
alanis
–
gaTvaliswinebiT,
cota
safrTxiloa. fselosTan konstantines favoriti swored alania da ara
iberi an abazgi. am ukanasknels is saerTod ar axsenebs, rac damatebiT
safuZvels iZleva imisa, rom mis teqstSi alanisa da abazgis aRreva ar gamoiricxos.
amjerad
ukve
bolo
hipoTeza
kvlevis
obieqtTan
dakavSirebiT 17
ukavSirdeba liparit IV baRvaSs, romelic XI saukunis 50-iani wlebis
pirvel naxevarSi qarTlisa da mesxeTis mbrZanebeli iyo (qse...6 1983: 247). mas
TiTqmis mTeli qveynis gamgebloba Cauvarda xelSi. `matiane qarTlisas~
erTi saintereso cnobis mixedviT, lipariti Turq-selCukTa (xuarasanis) sulTnis da bizantiis (saberZneTis) imperatoris `moyuared~ gamxdara:
`da iyo moyuared misa xuarasans doRlubeg sulTani da saberZneTs
berZenTa mefe~ (metreveli 2008: 304).
cnoba TavisTavad Zalian sainteresoa, avtori liparitis saerTaSoriso
arenaze miRweul warmatebebs usvams xazs. 18 anonim avtors liparitis axlo
damokidebulebis Sesaxeb bizantiis imperiasTan, manamdec araerTxel aqvs
gamaxvilebuli yuradReba. amdenad, liparitisa da bizantiis imperatoris
`moyvrobaSi~ TiTqmis araferia originaluri. masSi SeiZleba ara ojaxuri,
aramed ubralod megobroba da mokavSireoba igulisxmebodes. magram Tu ga 16
XI saukunis 30-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi kaxeTis mefe kvirikem mokla oseTis mefe urdure,
ris merec oseTSi dorRoleli mefobs. xolo misi siZis bagratis IV-is mefobis bolos
dorRoleli jer kidev cocxalia, ix.: matiane qarTlisa. qarTlis cxovreba. t. I. red. s.
yauxCiSvili. Tb. 1955, gv. 297, 313-314. 17
aqve unda iTqvas isic, rom Cvens xelT arsebuli masalebis mixedviT (Tu ar CavTvliT k.
Tumanovis versias, romelic ar aris gaziarebuli), es aris erT-erTi pirveli mcdeloba,
Seswavlil iqnas kostantine IX monomaxis meore favoritis vinaobis sakiTxi, rac
bunebrivia, ver iqneba dazRveuli garkveuli lafsusebisgan. 18
liparit baRvaSis urTierTobis Sesaxeb bizantiasa da Turq-selCukebTan ix.: g. jafariZe.
liparit IV baRvaSi bizantiisa da Turq-selCukTa diplomatiur urTierTobebSi. qd. t. 5.
Tb. 1998, gv. 314-336. 138
viTvaliswinebT mixael fselosis cnobas imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor
aniavebda konstantine IX monomaxi alani sevastes sasargeblod imperiis
uzarmazar qonebas, aseve `matiane qarTlisas~ ucnobi avtoris cnobas, rom
liparits Semweobas `berZenTa mefisa ganZi da laSqari~ uwevdao (metreveli
2008: 298:300), 19 naTeli gaxdeba, Tu ra danaxarjebis gaReba uwevda imperators liparitTan `moyvrobis~ sanacvlod. 20 Cven frTxili varaudis saxiT.
vuSvebT imis SesaZleblobas, rom konstantine monomaxis araoficialuri
coli, romelic sevastes saimperatoro tituls atarebda, swored liparit
IV didis qaliSvili yofiliyo. sagulisxmoa, rom liparits erTgulebis
sanacvlod
bizantiaSi
mZevals
moTxovdnen,
xolo
misi
qaliSvilis
imperatorTan daaxloebiT mas bizantiis mxardaWera didi xniT eqneboda
garantirebuli. niSandoblivia, isic rom liparit baRvaSma bizantiis mxardaWera swored maSin dakarga, rodesac imperatori konstantine IX monomaxi
gardaicvala (samuSia 1997: 249).
vinc ar unda yofiliyo bizantiis imperator konstantine IX monomaxis
favoriti,
sevastes
saqarTvelos
cxovrebaSi
da
ar
misi
tituliT
saxeldebuli
maxlobeli
SeiZleba
qveynebis
ugulebelvyoT.
qalbatoni,
ekonomikur
mixael
misi
roli
da
politikur
fselosis
cnobebidan
aSkarad Cans, rom konstantines favoriti qalis mama, `alanTa~ xelmwife,
udavod
imperatoris
strategiul
mokavSired
ganixileba,
visTan
mokavSireobis da moyvrobis sanacvlod man arc fuli, arc simdidre da
arc saimperatoro tituli ar daiSura. yvelaferi es imisTvis keTdeboda,
rom
mamis
elCebTan
Tavisi
`coli~
Sesabamisi
pativiT
da
RirsebiT
sevastes
tituli,
warmdgariyo (Sewter 1966: VI, 153-154).
amgvarad,
aucilebelia
imis
xazgasmac,
rom
miuxedavad misi saimperatoro Rirsebisa, ewodeboda aramxolod oficialur
19
am process konstantine monomaxis dros sistematuri saxe hqonda miRebuli. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovania arabi istorikosis cnoba imis Sesaxeb, Tu
ramdeni daujda bizantiis imperators liparitis gaTavisufleba selCukTa tyveobidan.
saxeldeba iseTi cifri rogoricaa 200 000 dinari da aranaklebi Rirebulebis sxva materialuri sargebeli, rac sulTanma TorRul-begma miiRo liparit baRvaSis sanacvlod, ix.: g.
jafariZe. liparit IV baRvaSi bizantiisa da Turq-selCukTa diplomatiur urTierTobebSi,
gv. 334-335. 20
139
meuRles, aramed imperatorTan daaxloebul viwro wres, romelsac udaod
gaaCndaT
ambiciebi
wodebuliyvnen
imperatoris
meuRleebad
da
oficialurad gaeziarebinaT saimperatoro taxti. saimperatoro porfiriT
Semosvis warumatebel mcdelobis Semdeg, imperatoris favorit maRali
titulis
qalebs
ufleba
miecaT
gamxdariyvnen
saimperatoro
titulis
mflobelebi. aseve miecaT ufleba, esargeblaT saimperio dacviT da xSir
SemTxvevebSi sazeimo Tu oficialur ceremoniebze imperatoris meuRlis
rolSic ki axerxebdnen gamosvlas. es yvelaferi mogvianebiT gaxda imis
winapiroba, rom sevastosi/sevastes (laT. korespodenciiT avgustusi/avgusta)
tituli oficialurad daemcro da mis safuZvelze axali reformirebuli
titulebi aRmocenda.
aqve unda unda aRiniSnos isic, rom isak I komnenosma (1057-1059 ww.) mas
mere, rac konstantinopolSi imperatorad kurTxeva moaxerxa, oficialurad
iwoda sevastosad, xolo misi meuRle avgustad da sevasted gamoacxada.
nikolas
oikonomidisis
SeniSvniT,
es
faqti
am
terminis
saimperio
konotaciis naTeli maCvenebelia (Oikonomides 1980/1: 240). amdenad, miuxedavad
rigi gadaxvevebisa, 1057 wlisTvis sevastosi/sevaste saimperio titulia.
titulaturis reformacia
cnobili istorikosis, ana komnenas ganmartebiT, sevastosis tituliT
aleqsi I komnenosamde (1081-1118 ww.) mxolod imperatorebi iwodebodnen:
`mamaCemi (igulisxmeba imperatori aleqsi _ l. T.) iyo gamomgonebeli
yvela axali sapatio titulisa, romelTa nawili saxeloebis Serwymis
Sedegad Seiqmna. amis Sesaxeb mivuTiTe zemoT. xolo sxva titulebma axali
gamoyeneba
hpoves.
magaliTad,
titulebi
panipersevastosi
da
sevas-
tokratori tipuri magaliTia imisa, rac saxeloebis Serwymis Sedegad
Seiqmna, magram titul sevastoss, rogorc me vatyob, man axali Sesatyvisi
mouZebna. radgan Zveli droidan moyolebuli epiTeti sevastosi eniWebodaT
mxolod imperatorebs. tituli sevastosi gankuTvnili iyo mxolod maTTvis
da mama iyo pirveli, romelmac is ramdenime rangiT dabla daswia~ (Dawes
140
1928: 78-79; Любарский 1965: 122-123).
rogorc aRniSnuli wyarodan irkveva, imperatorma aleqsim moaxdina
titulaturis reformacia. iqmneba axali sistema damyarebuli sevastosis
titulze (Dawes 1928: 78-80; Любарский 1965: 122-123; Magdalino 1996: 147-148).
sevastosisa da avtokratoris Serwymis Sedegad Seiqmna sruliad axali,
sevastokratoris tituli, romelic mieniWa imperator aleqsi I-is ufros
Zmas,
isaks.
am
titulma
is
imperatoris
Semdeg,
meore
pirad
aqcia
bizantiaSi. ana komnenas TqmiT, sevastokratori isaki, meore imperatoris
pativSi aRzevda. is e.w. umcros imperatorad iqca bizantiis imperiaSi.
titulma keisarma ierarqiaSi mesame safexurze gadainacvla (Dawes 1928: 78;
Любарский 1965: 122-123).
xolo
titulebi
sevastosi
da
panipersevastosi
imperatoris naTesavebsa da masTan daaxloebul pirebs eZleodaT. aleqsis
kidev erTma Zmam _ nikiforem protosevastosis tituli miiRo (Dawes 1928: 7879; Любарский 1965: 122-123). sevastosis titulze dayrdnobiT Seqmnil rangebs
aleqsandre kaJdani pirveli safexuris senatorul titulebSi aerTianebs,
romelsac aleqsi I-is droindeli umaRlesi aristokratia iRebda (Каждан
1974: 109). amdenad, bizantiis Tanamegobrobis ierarqiulma dayofam Semdegi
saxe miiRo:
1.
avtokratori anu basilevsi
2.
sevastokratori
3.
keisari
4.
panipersevastosi
5.
protosevastosi
6.
sevastosi
ana
komnena
doblivia
isic,
mamis
rom
am
reformas
miuxedavad
did
ana
mniSvnelobas
komnenas
aniWebda.
gancxadebisa,
niSanTiTqos
sevastosebad aleqsi I komnenosamde mxolod imperatorebi iwodebodneno, ar
Seesabameba
simarTles.
imperatori
gaxdeboda,
sevastosis
Tavad
tituli,
aleqsimac
sanam
miiRo,
am
aleqsi
komnenosi
cnobas
imave
ana
komnenasTan vxvdebiT:
141
`rogorc jildo yvelaferi amisTvis imperatorisgan man (e. i. aleqsi
komnenosma, didma domestikosma, sanam imperatori gaxdeboda _ l. T.) miiRo
tituli sevastosisa da iwodeboda sevastosad sazogadoebriv Sekrebebze~. 21
imperatorTan
naSromSi
yvelaze
daaxloebuli
urTierTgamomricxavi
istorikosis,
ana
gaCena
SeiZleba
cnobebis
komnenas,
imas
ukavSirdebodes, rom avtori swored aleqsis Tvlida pirvel moxeled,
romelmac sevastosoba miiRo, rogorc damcrobili tituli. sevastosis
tituli
iyo
is
tituli,
romliTac
aleqsi
komnenosi
iwodeboda
imperatorad kurTxevamde (1081 wlis 4 aprilamde). unda vivaraudoT, rom
misi
imperatorad
kurTxevis
Semdegac
aleqsim
droebiT
SeinarCuna
sevastosoba, rogorc Zveli sapatio tituli, ris Semdegac imave titulze
dayrdnobiT Seqmna axali ierarqia titulaturisa, romelic sagangebod gaicemoda
mxolod
imperatoris
ojaxis
wevrebze
da
masTan
daaxloebul
pirebze. sxva SemTxvevaSi Cven ver avxsniT misive qaliSvilis, ana komnenas,
xazgasmul informacias imis Sesaxeb, rom swored imperatori aleqsi `iyo
pirveli, romelmac is (sevastosis tituli – l. T.) ramdenime rangiT dabla
daswia~.
rac Seexeba TariRs, reformacia aleqsis mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi
unda momxdariyo, misi taxtze asvlis axlo xanebSi, SesaZloa, 1081 welsac.
ana komnenas cnobiT, aleqsim, imperatorad kurTxevis Semdeg taxtis meore
pretendents, nikifore melisenes keisris tituli uboZa. xolo imisTvis,
rom misi ufrosi Zma isaki SedarebiT maRal rangSi aeyvana, imTaviTve Seqmna
sevastokratoris tituli. amas mohyva sxva titulebis gaCenac (Dawes 1928: 7879; Любарский 1965: 122-123). amdenad, ana komnenas mixedviT, titulaturis reformacia aleqsi I-is imperatorobis pirvelive wliT unda daTariRdes.
21
Dawes 1928: 26; Любарский 1965: 62-74. sevastosoba aleqsim miiRo mas Semdeg, rac imperatoris
nikifore botaniates brZanebiT CaaxSo jer nikifore brienosis ajanyeba (1077-1078 wlebis
mijna), xolo Semdeg ki basilakesis gamosvla, imperatoris winaaRmdeg. mixael ataliates
cnobiT, basilakesis ajanyebis CaxSobis dros (1078 wlis zafxuli) aleqsi ukve sevastosia,
amdenad, es tituli mas daax. 1078 wlis pirvel naxevarSi unda mieRo, ix.: Любарский 1965: 74,
sq. 112; iqve, wignis bolos, ix. 1042-1155 wlebis bizantiis imperiaSi mimdinare movlenebis
qronologiuri tabula. 142
bagrat IV
bizantiis istoriis cnobili mkvlevari, mixael angoldi, SeniSnavs,
rom aleqsis imperatorad kurTxevamde (1081) sevastosis tituli iSviaTad
Tu vinmes eZleodao (Angold 1997: 128). swored es iSviaTi gamonaklisi iyo
bagrat IV (1027-1072 ww.). bagrats sevastosoba 1060 wels uboZes, 22 romelic,
misi
vercxlis
monetebis
mixedviT
Tu
vimsjelebT,
sxva
mniSvnelovani
titulebis garda, aseve atarebda sevastosis maRal saimperio tituls. aqve
viZleviT
am
tipis
monetebis
aRwerilobas
giorgi
dunduas
da
Tedo
dunduas naSromis mixedviT:
`Subli – ormagi wertilovani rkaliT garSemovlebuli vlaqernis
wminda RvTismSoblis welzeviTi gamosaxuleba, romelsac Tavze Saravandi
adgia. Tavs irgvliv ganlagebulia berZnuli zedwerili: he hagia Teotikos
– wminda RvTismSobeli.
zurgi – monetis kideebze, wertilovani rkalis SigniT, ganlagebulia
qarTuli asomTavruli zedwerili: `qriste, adide bagrat afxazTa mefe~.
centrSi
aseve
wertilovani
rkaliT
garSemovlebuli
samstriqoniani
warwera: `da sevastosi~ (dundua, dundua 2006: 190-191).
aRniSnuli
samoneto
emisia
mosazreba
imasTan
dakavSirebiT,
bizantiis
xelisuflebisgan
TariRdeba
rom
bagrat
Turq-selCukebis
1060-1072
IV-m
ww.
gamoTqmulia
sevastosis
Tavdasxmis
tituli
saSiSroebasTan
dakavSirebiT miiRo (dundua, dundua 2006: 191).
monetebis garda bagrati sevastosad iwodeba ramdenime epigrafikul
warweraSic. maT Soris mniSvnelovania grigol Tarxunis Zis saamSeneblo
warwera atenis sionSi. iq bagrati Semdgenairad moixsenieba:
`q. saxeliTa RvTisaTa, me grigol-man mirianis yma-man Tarxnis Zisa-man,
atenis cixisTavman, avagen atens saxlni qulbaqi mas Jamsa odes, adiden
RmerTman, Zlier-man mefeTa mefe-man bagrat ubrZanes miwasa maTsa mirians
patronsa Cemsa, sefesa zuarsa Sida qalaqis aSenebaO gaumarjva RmerT-man da
bed-man mefeT mefobisa maTisa-man. viTa swadda mefobasa maTsa, egre avaSeneT
22
bagrat IV-is mier sevastosis titulis miRebis mizezisa da TariRis Sesaxeb ix.: Lang 1957:
140-145; Дундуа 2009: 20-21; Р Кебуладзе 1977: 104-105; stefnaZe 1976: 159-160; javaxiSvil 1965: 151. 143
darbazi da qalaqi… salocvelad hgianmca ukunisamde Zrieli mefeTa mefe[m]
bagrat sevastosi da Ze maTi giorgi kurapalati~ (baqraZe 1959: 72).
mirian Tarxunis Zis ymis, grigol cixisTavis, warweraSi mefe bagrat
sevastosis paralelurad misi vaJi giorgi kurapalatis tituliT ixsenieba,
rac
mama-Svilis
mier
aRniSnuli
titulebis
Tanadroul
flobaze
miuTiTebs. iTvleba, rom mama-Svilma titulebi erTdroulad miiRo, rac
bagrat mefis mier ara sevastosis, aramed novelisimosis titulis miRebis
periodSi
unda
momxdariyo
(Lang 1959: 140-1145). 23
analogiad
mama-Svili
mefeebis – gurgenis da bagrat III-is – mier magistrosisa da kurapalatis
titulis Tanadroulad miReba SegviZlia miviCnioT (Дундуа 2009: 20-21). 24
bagratis konstantinopolSi gamgzavreba 1051 (an 1052) wliT TariRdeba.
amgvarad, mama-Svils novelisimosisa da kurapalatis titulebi TiTqos
amave dros unda mieRo (samuSia 1997: 242-249). Tumca am mosazrebas ar
eTanxmeba bolo dros gamovlenili sofel avlarSi mdebare macxovris
feriscvalebis saxelobis eklesiis
warwera,
romelic
1050
wliT
aris
daTariRebuli da sadac mefe bagrati novelisimosad aris wodebuli. 25
giorgi
gagoSiZis
azriT,
bagratis
novelisimosis
pativSi
aRzeveba
bizantiis imperiis mTavari mokavSiris, liparit IV baRvaSis, datyvevebis
Semdeg
1048
wels
unda
momxdariyo.
imperiis
xelisufleba
ufrTxoda
saqarTvelos saxiT Zlieri mokavSiris dakargvas, rac mas mniSvnelovan
problemebs Seuqmnida aRmosavleTSi mimdinare Turq-selCukTa saxelmwifos
winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi.
imperatoris
mokavSire
selCukebis
winaaRmdeg
warmoebul omSi Zalauneburad bagrat IV gaxda (gagoSiZe 2004: 51-52).
bagrat IV-sa da giorgis mier sevastosisa da kurapalatis titulebis
Tanadroul flobas kidev erT epigrafikul ZeglSi, atenis wm. giorgis
23
D. M. Lang. Notes on Caucasian Numismatics, gv. 140-145; Т. Г. Дундуа. Грузинские монеты X-XII вв. как
исторический источник, gv. 20-21. 24
gurgenis da bagratis mier bizantiis imperatorisgan aRniSnuli titulebis miniWebis
cnoba daculia bagrationTa samefo gvaris mematianesTan. ix.: (araxamia 1990: 52). 25
novelisimosobis miRebis qveda qronologiur zRvarad 1046 weli SeiZleba CaiTvalos,
radgan am wels Sesrulebul savanis warweraSi bagrati jer isev kurapalatad iwodeba.
amdenad, novelisimosis titulis miRebis farTo qronologiuri CarCo 1046-1050 wlebs
moicavs, ix.: (gagoSiZe 2004: 50). 144
saxelobis eklesiis warweraSi, vafiqsirebT:
`q. wmindao g[iorgi adide mefeTa mefe bagrat] sev[astosi da Ze maTi giorgi
kurapalati…i daoBtkbe Tua[lTaO]? Tni da mefeTa mirian Tarxunis Zesa tanutrobasa
maTsa~ (baqraZe 1959: 74).
bagrati mirian Tarxunis Zis kidev erT lapidarul warweraSi ixsenieba
sevastosad. es aris barmaqsizis xidSi gamoyenebul qvaze Sesrulebuli
warwera. am warweras zemoTxsenebuli Zeglebisgan gansxvavebs is, rom masSi
ar vxvdebiT misi Zis giorgis saxels. warwera ase ikiTxeba:
`saxeliTa RmrTisaTa me mirian Tarxonis Zeman aRvaSene da Rirs viqmen, wmidaO ese
eklesiaO,
sayofeli
wmidisa
demetre
mowamisaO,
salocavad,
acocxlen
RmerTman,
sagareos (?) Sin[a] bagrat mefeTa mefe sevastosi amin~ (baqraZe 1959: 76). 26
arcerT
zemoxsenebul
warweras
ar
uzis
TariRi,
isini
bagratis
sevastosobis periodiT, anu daax. 1060-1072 wlebiT TariRdeba. erTaderTi
kulalisis warweraSi aqvs mas dasmuli TariRi – 1060 weli. bagrat IV iq
ixsenieba rogorc `afxazTa da qarTvelTa mefe, sevastosi~. amave warweraSi,
msgavsad atenis sionisa da atenis wminda giorgis eklesiebis warwerebisa
ixsenieba giorgi kurapalatic (baqraZe 1959: 72-74; abramiSvili, aleqsiZe 1989:
46). teqsti Semdegi Sinaarsisaa:
`ieso qriste, adide bagrat afxazTa da qarTvelTa mefe, sevastosi da Ze maTi
giorgi kurapalati, Seewien, dautkben Tavi, keTil eqmen Bpatos Teodoses Zesa,
romelTaTBis gansaZliereblad avage ese eklesia, qoronikoni iyo sp~ (ciskariSvili
1959: 39-40).
bagrati IV sevastosis tituliT ixsenieba konstantinopolSi mdebare
romanas qarTuli monastris oTxTavis anderZSi. aRniSnuli anderZi imiTac
aris
sayuradRebo,
rom
masSi
mefis
Ze
giorgi
kurapalatis
tituliT
iwodeba. iqvea miTiTebuli TariRic, romelic saxarebis gadaweris dros,
1070 wels, uCvenebs. anderZi grigol da abaz bakurianisZeebis siZesa da kaxeT-hereTis mefis aRsarTanis Zmas, arkadipolis mTavars, abazs, ekuTvnis
26
warweriani qva mogvianebiT unda iyos xidSi Casmuli, rasac miuTiTebs kidec misi teqsti.
eqvTime TayaiSvilis azriT, is motanili unda iyos mezobeli soflidan, kerZod, guniayaladan, sadac unda yofiliyo kaTedraluri taZari (baqraZe 1959: 76). 145
(kldiaSvili 2009: 321-323, 331-333). meti TvalsaCinoebisTvis movixmoT nawyveti
aRniSnuli anderZidan, romlis avtoria abazis sulieri moZRvari, Teodore
garejeli:
`ese davwere da ganvasrule sanaxebsa kostantinepollissa, soPastersa romanissa,
saPelsa w(mi)d(i)sa R(mr)TismS(obe)lissa, r(ome)lsa megeTona ewodebis, mefobasa berZe|nTa z(ed)a deogenesis(a)sa, da afxazTa da qarTvelTa z(ed)a – bagrat sevastosis da
g(iorg)i
kurapalatisa,
Zisa
misissa,
da
kaxTa
da
ranTa
z(ed)a
xsarTanan
–
kurapalatisa da ZmaTa misTa. x(olo) es xsarTanan Wabuk iyo wlisa ocdaTerTmetisaO,
da samni Zmani misni fadlaO, k(Brik)e, redisav TBiToeuli TBiTo weliwdiTa urTierTars umrwame. x(olo) ese sayuareli s(u)l(i)sa CemisaO abaz, sulieri Svili Cemi,
umrwemesi
iyo
ZmaTa
TBsTa
da
Wabuki
iyo
wlisaO
v(iTa)r
kz,
da
mTavrobda
arkadipolis~ (kldiaSvili 2009: 322-323).
rogorc
sevastosis
anderZis
tituli
TariRidan
TiTqmis
varkvevT,
cxovrebis
bagrat
IV-s
bolomde
(1027-1072
utarebia,
ww.)
xolo
ufliswuli giorgi 1070 wlisaTvis jer kidev kurapalatis pativSia.
giorgi II
mogvianebiT bagrat IV-is Semdeg, sevastosis tituls atarebda misi vaJi
giorgi II (1072-1089 ww.). mefe giorgi II, sevastosobis garda, iwodeboda
kurapalatad, novelisimosad da keisrad. axalgazrda monarqi jer kidev
mamis,
bagrat
IV-is,
bizantiaSi
gamgzavrebis
Semdeg
iyo
kurTxeuli
saqarTvelos mefed ruisis taZarSi. misi kurTxeva didi feodalis liparit
IV baRvaSis patronaJis qveS moxda:
`vidreRa iyo bagrat saberZneTs, iTxova liparit Ze bagratisi, giorgi,
mefed, raTa mosces igi dedaman misman da didebulTa mis qveyanisaTa.
moiyvanes saydarsa ruisisasa da akurTxes mefed. da moiyvanes mzrdelad
misi
liparit
da
patronad
daO
liparitis
mier
bagratisi
guaranduxt
dedofali~
(metreveli 2008: 304).
miiCneoda,
xelisuflebis
rom,
reaqciac
unda
giorgis
mohyoloda,
mefed
kerZod,
moyvanas
saubaria
bizantiis
misTvis
146
kurapalatis titulis wyalobaze. gamodis, rom es tituli giorgim 1051/2
wels miiRo, rodesac is ruisSi mefed akurTxes (metreveli, samuSia 2003: 5861).
Tumca
avlaris
eklesiis
warweraSi
(1050
weli)
mefe
bagrat
novelisimosis paralelurad ufliswuli giorgi kurapalatis tituliT
ixsenieba. bagratisa da giorgis mier aRniSnuli titulebis miReba liparit
IV baRvaSis datyvevebis TariRTan – 1048 welTan – unda iyos dakavSirebuli
(rac zemoT ukve mivuTiTeT). 27 amdenad, giorgi daaxloebiT 1048 wlidan ukve
kurapalatia da am tituls atarebs im drosac, rodesac is ruisSi mefed
akurTxes didi feodalis liparit baRvaSis iniciativiT.
amis Semdeg giorgi novelisimosis tituls iRebs. es tituli, rogorc
aRvniSneT, giorgi II-m misi samefo taxtze asvlasTan dakavSirebiT 1072 wels
miiRo (Пахомов 1970: 61).
novelisimosad
pirveli
emisiis
giorgi
gamefebis
monetebze.
imave
Semdeg
liTonis
aris
moxseniebuli,
safasze,
giorgi
misive
iwodeba
sevastosad. mefe giorgi II-is CvenTvis saintereso moneta Semdegi saxisaa:
`Subli – wertilovan rkalSi Casmuli vlaqernis wminda RvTismSoblis
welzeviTi
gamosaxuleba,
Tavze
SaravandiT.
Saravandis
SigniT
oTxi
wertilisgan Semdgari sami vardulia Casmuli. gamosaxulebis gverdebze
ormwkrivad Zlier damaxinjebuli berZnuli zedwerili: he hagia Teotikos,
`wminda RvTismSobeli~.
zurgi
–
Serwymuli
wertilovani
rkalis
SigniT
asomTavruliT
Sesrulebulia zedwerili: `qriste, adide giorgi afxazTa da qarTvelTa
mefe~. centrSi, samstriqonad: `da sevastosi~ (dundua, dundua 2006: 193).
sevastosis
Semdeg
giorgim
miiRo
keisris
tituli,
am
pativiT
is
ixsenieba aramarto mis monetebze, aramed ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis
ZeglisweraSic (1104 weli) (doliZe 1970: 125). zusti TariRi giorgis mier
sevastosisa da keisris titulebis miRebisa ar aris cnobili. 28
27
g. gagoSiZe. bagrat IV novelisimosi, gv. 50-52. vrclad liparit baRvaSis datyvevebis
TariRTan dakavSirebiT. ix: g. jafariZe. liparit IV baRvaSi bizantiisa da Turq-selCukTa
diplomatiur urTierTobebSi, gv. 315-325. 28
Tedo Jordanias mier gamoqveynebuli qronikebis mixedviT giorgi 1081 wels ukve keisaria
(Jordania 2004: 228-229). es tituli, man miiRo an 1076 wels, rodesac banaSi zavi daido
147
daviT IV
aleqsi I komnenosis reformaciis Semdeg (XI s. dasawyisi) daviT IV
aRmaSenebeli jer sevastosis, xolo mogvianebiT panipersevastosis tituls
eufleba (Jordania 2004: 229-236; Dundua 1999: 18. tab. X 23-24, XI 24a).
aRniSnuli
viTareba
kargad
aris
asaxuli
qarTuli
numizmatikis
ZeglebSi. monetebis garda, daviTi sevastosad iwodeba ramdenime anderZminawerSic.
maTi
nawili
gamoqveynebulia
Tedo
Jordanias
mier
Tavis
`qronikebSi”. amaTgan erT-erTi, romelSic daviTi sevastosis pativiT aris
wodebuli, daTariRebulia 1085 wliT. anderZis teqsti amgvaria:
`R(mr)Tiv-gBirgBinosanTa mefeTa C(ue)nTa – g(iorg)i mefeTa mefisa da kesarosisa da
Zisa m(a)Tisa d(avi)T mefisa sevastosisa; saukuno-mca ars keTili saPsenebeli mefobisa
m(a)TisaO~. 29
morigi anderZ-minaweri daculia ioane oqropiris naSromis `TargmanebaO
maTes saxarebisaOs~ kolofonSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom mas TariRi ar uzis,
misi daTariReba daax. XI s-is 80-iani 90-iani wlebiT SeiZleba. teqsti
Semdegi Sinaarsisaa:
`sadideblad
da
salocvelad
RmrTiv
gBirgBinosanTa
mefeTa
CuenTa
sulTa
ganaTlebulisa kurTxeulisa dedoflisa mariamisa da Zmisa maTisa giorgi mefeTa-mefisa
da kesarosisa. da Zisa maTisa daviT mefisa da sevastosisa, da sanatrelisa dedisa
maTisa elene dedoflisa~ (Jordania 2004: 232; qxa 1948: 306).
amdenad, daviTi XI saukunis 80-ian wlebSi sevastosis tituls atarebs.
v. silogava Tvlis, rom giorgi mefes daviTi Tanamosaydred 1083 wels unda
ekurTxebina, anu maSin, rodesac Tavad gaemgzavra maliq-Sahis karze `didi
saqarTvelosa da bizantiis mesveurebs Soris, anda 1078 wels nikifore III botaniates
imperatorad kurTxevisas. `qarTuli numizmatikis~ (2006 weli) avtorebis azriT, giorgi II-s
keisris tituli aRmosavleTi mxareebis Semomtkicebis Semdeg unda mieRo, grigol
bakurianis ZesTan gaformebuli zavis Sesabamisad (dundua, dundua. 2006: 266). aRniSnuli
zavis dadeba uaxlesi istoriografiuli gamokvlevebis mixedviT 1076 wels xdeba, qalaq banaSi (metreveli, samuSia 2003: 87-93). amdenad, Tu giorgis mier keisrobis miRebis TariRad
1076 wels (an 1078 weli, araugvianes 1081 wlisa) ganvsazRvravT, ufro advildeba misi
sevastosobis miRebis qronologiuri CarCos dadgena. aRniSnuli niania qvabulisZis mier
novelisimosis pativis miRebis Tanadrouli movlena unda iyos, rasac paralelurad mohyva
giorgis aRzeveba sevastosad. Cveni azriT, nianias novelisimosoba quTaisis aRebis Semdeg
(1073 weli) unda mieRo. 29
qronikebi, gv. 232; qxa. H koleqcia. tomi III. Sedgenili qr. SaraSiZis mier. Tb. 1948, gv. 306. 148
Turqobis~
SesaCereblad
da
sevastosis
titulis
gamomdinare,
selCukebTan
miReba
zavis
dasadebad.
hipoTeturad
1083
wliT
aqedan
unda
ganisazRvros. 30 amave tituls atarebs is 1089 wels, rodesac xdeba misi pirveli
gamoSvebis
monetebis
moWra.
aqve
ixileT
am
tipis
monetebis
aRweriloba:
`Subli – wertilovani rkalSi Casmuli vlaqernis RvTismSobelis
gamosaxuleba welzeviT, Tavze SaravandiT. gamosaxulebis marjvniv da
marcxniv unda iyos Semoklebuli berZnuli legenda, romelic ase iSifreba:
meter Teu, anu deda RvTisa.
zurgi
–
monetebi
dazianebulia,
wriuli,
qarTuli
asomTavruli
warweridan ikiTxeba mxolod nawili:…e/d/T afx/. centris legendidan – da
sevastosi. rekonstruqciis Semdeg miviRebT: qe-ade-dT-afxzT-mefe, qriste
adide daviT afxazTa mefe da – sevastosi~ (dundua, dundua 2006: 194-195).
amdenad, daviTi XI saukunis 80-ian wlebSi sevastosis tituls atarebs,
xolo Tu zemoxsenebul hipoTezas gaviziarebT, aRniSnuli pativi mas 1083
wels miuRia. 1089 wlis samoneto emisiis mixedviT, daviTi imave tituls
atarebs, xolo mogvianebiT, savaraudod, monetaze 31 da danamdvilebiT misi
da giorgi mefis moxseniebiT Seqmnil erT-erT anderZ-minawerSi is panipersevastosad iwodeba. 32
sainteresoa, Tu rodis miiRo daviTma panipersevastosoba?! aRniSnuli
Cven
dagvexmareba
SedarebiT
ufro
gaverkveT
maRali
imaSi,
Tu
senatoruli
rodis
titulis
daTmo
–
man
sevastosoba
panipersevastosis
–
sasargeblod. Cveni varaudiT, daviTs panipersevastosoba 1094 wels unda
30
silogava 2004: 251-252. valeri silogava daviTis pirveli emisiis monetebs misi Tanamosaydreobis xaniT 1083/5-1089 wlebiT aTariRebs, rac ar aris gaziarebuli numizmatikis
dargis specialistebis mier, maTi umravlesoba am monetebs 1089 wlis momdevno periodiT
aTariReben, ix.: dundua, dundua: 195; kapanaZe 1969: 65-68; Dundua 2000: 390-391; Lang 1959: 143-145. 31
daviTis mier, savaraudod, panipersevastosis tituliT moWrili monetebis Sesaxeb ix.: Lang 1959: 144. devid marSal lengis am mosazrebis sawinaaRmdego TvalsazrisisaTvis, ix.:
dundua, dundua 2006: 195. 32
Jordania 2004: 236. Tedo Jordania Tvlis, rom anderZi, daviTi panipersevastosad
ixsenieba, Sedgenilia 1089-1091 wlebSi, Tumca saamiso myari argumentebi mas ar moaqvs.
amrigad, Jordaniaseul daTariRebas Cven ver gaviziarebT. 149
mieRo, 33 anu mas Semdeg, rac sabolood daamarcxa da pativi ahyara liparit
V baRvaSs. orwliani patimrobis Semdeg 1096 wels lipariti bizantiaSi
gaasaxles, sadac mogvianebiT aResrula. 34 panipersevastosobis gacema, erTi
mxriv baRvaSebis damarcxebiT, xolo, meore mxriv, marTa bagrationisa da
misi
vaJis
konstantine
porfirogenetis
taxtidan
CamoSorebis
sakompensaciod unda gaekeTebina bizantiis imperator aleqsi I komnenoss. 35
baRvaSebis
damarcxebiT
potenciuri
mokavSire
vaJisTvis
saimperatoro
xelisuflebasTan
bizantiis
dakarga.
imperiam
vinaidan
titulis
politikuri
saqarTveloSi
marTas
ayras
dapirispirebis
damcrobasa
SeeZlo
Zlieri,
da
misi
saqarTvelos
gamowveva,
garTulebis
Tavidan acilebis mizniT, imperatorma daviTs sakariskaco tituli aumaRla.
aman, rogorc Cans, xeli Seuwyo urTierTobis normalizacias, radgan imave
liparit V baRvaSs daviTi swored bizantiaSi uSvebs gadasaxlebaSi (1096
weli)
(metreveli
1986:
78;
yauxCiSvili
1955:
325).
aRniSnuli
ki
imaze
miuTiTebs, rom saqarTvelos 1096 wlisTvis jer isev esaWiroeba bizantiis
politikuri mxardaWera.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, aleqsi I titulaturis reformaciis Semdeg
sevastosisa
da
masze
dafuZnebul
titulebs
mxolod
naTesavebze
da
uaxloes pirebze gascemda. daviTi am SemTxvevaSi imperator aleqsis de jure
dedis marTa (maria) bagrationis ZmisSvili iyo. 36 aqedan gamomdinare, is
komnenosebis naTesavad iTvleboda da, Sesabamisad, arc aris gasakviri, rom
33
zurab papasqiri gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom swored 1094 wels momxdari marTa
bagrationis damcroba unda gamxdariyo sababi bizantiuri sakariskaco titulebis
uaryofisa, rac daviTma sakuTari politikuri miznebisTvis gamoiyena. ix.: З. В. Папаскири. От
Давида до Давида: Из истории международных отношений Грузии (70-е годы X – 80-е годы XI вв.). Тб. 2001,
gv. 104-106. 34
liparit V baRvaSis gandgomis da damarcxebis Sesaxeb ix.: cxovreba mefeT mefisa
daviTisi. qarTlis cxovreba. tomi I. red. s. yauxCiSvili. Tb. 1955, gv. 325; metreveli 1986: 7778; baxtaZe 2003: 180-181. 35
konstantine porfirogenetisTvis saimperatoro pativis CamorTmevis da marTa
bagrationis SeTqmulebaSi monawileobis sababiT, konstantinopolidan gasaxlebis Sesaxeb,
ixileT Semdegi literatura: i. nodia. mariam dedofali XI s. meore naxevris bizantiis
politikur cxovrebaSi. TsuS arqeologia, klasikuri filologia, bizantinistika. tomi 183.
Tb. 1978, gv. 151; M. Mullett. The “Disgrace” of the Ex‐Basilissa Maria. Byzantinoslavica 45. 1984, gv. 202‐211. 36
marTas mier aleqsis de jure Svilad ayvanis Sesaxeb ix.: miqaberiZe 1997: 129; nodia 1978: 148;
yauxCiSvili 1963: 313. 150
man jer sevastosis, xolo Semdeg panipersevastosis tituli miiRo. Tumca
mogvianebiT
mefem
uari
Tqva
am
titulebze
da
Tavi
avtokratorad
gamoacxada. 37
sevastosis titulis funqcia, finansuri mxare da privilegiebi
davubrundeT zemoT dasmul dilemas – Tu ra saxiT miiRo bagrat IV-m
sevastosis tituli?! dazustebiT am problemis gadaWra rTulia, Tumca aqve
aRvniSnavT, rom misma vaJma, giorgim, jer sevastosoba miiRo da mxolod
amis Semdeg keisroba. es kargad aCvenebs keisris, rogorc imperatoris
Semdeg meore piris (sanam sevastokratosoba iqna SemoRebuli) upiratesobas
sevastosTan mimarTebaSi. es rac Seexeba giorgi II-is mmarTvelobis periods;
gansxvavebul situaciasTan gvaqvs saqme bagratis mefobis dros, radgan
bagrats ar miuRia keisris tituli da man mmarTveloba sevastosis pativiT
daasrula.
aqve unda iTqvas imis Sesaxebac, rom bagrat IV-is da giorgi II-is
mefobis xanaSi qarTul monetebze SenarCunebulia bizantiuri vlaqernis
RvTismSoblis
dasasruli
Semosvlas
gavlenis
tipis
daviT
monetebis
emisia.
aRmaSeneblis
ukavSirdeba.
Sesustebis
vlaqernis
niSania.
am
tipis
monetebis
mesame
tipis
monetebis
daviTis
mesame
monetaTa
gamoSvebis
emisiis
mimoqcevaSi
gaqroba
emisiis
monetaTa
bizantiis
Sublze
saqarTvelos monarqi bizantiis imperatoris msgavsad imoseba da atarebs
daaxloebiT
imave
saimperatoro
regaliebs,
rasac
Tavad
bizantiis
im-
peratori aleqsi I sakuTar safasze (Dundua 2000: 391; Dundua 2000 : 391; dundua
2006: 195-196). bagrat IV-is monetaze ki monarqis gamosaxulebas saerTod ver
vxvdebiT. aversze qarTveli monarqis nacvlad vlaqernis RvTismSobelia
aRbeWdili, romelic, marTalia, saerTo qristianul xats ganasaxierebs, magram amasTan erTad bizantiuri atribuciiT aris warmodgenili (Dundua 2000:
37
daviTi TviTmpyroblad 1104 wels Sedgenil ruis-urbnisis krebis ZeglisweraSi iwodeba,
rac bunebrivia miuTiTebs bizantiuri sakariskaco titulebis CamoSorebaze – is ukve
saimperatoro titulis matarebelia. daviTi avtokratorad imave wels unda gamocxadebuliyo, am sakiTxs Cven, Cveni naSromis sxva TavSi ganvixilavT (ix. Tavi VI). 151
389; Пахомов 1970: 58-60).
es
yvelaferi
kargad
uCvenebs
saqarTvelo-bizantiis
urTierT-
damokidebulebis xarisxs, romelic bolomde paritetul urTierTobaze ar
aris agebuli. ufro metic, gansxvavebiT bizantiis imperatorisgan, qarTveli
monarqi ar an ver aTavsebs avtoportrets sakuTar valutaze. 38
bizantiaSi, misi romauli warsulidan moyolebuli, aTaswleulze meti
xnis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda tradicia, imperatorTa biustis monetebze
gamosaxvisa. Tu qarTul safasze vlaqernis RvTismSoblis gamosaxuleba
ubralo kompilacias warmoadgenda, logikuria, davsvaT kiTxva: ratom ar
gadmoiRes qarTvelebma bagrat IV-is dros bizantiuri gamocdileba saero
xelisufalTa monetaze gamosaxvisa?! problemac isaa, rom vlaqernis tipis
monetebi ar warmoadgenda ubralo kompilacias, es bizantiis politikuri
gavlenis
aSkara
dadasturebaa.
saqarTvelos
suverenitetis
xarisxi,
miuxedavad misi politikuri damoukideblobisa, 39 jer kidev sakmaod dabali
iyo
imisTvis,
safiqrebelia,
rom
rom
mas
mefe
konkurencia
bagratma
gaewia
bizantiisTvis.
sevastosoba
miiRo
ara
amdenad,
rogorc
imperatoris eqvivalenti, aramed rogorc rangiT masze dabali tituli.
amgvarad,
saimperatoro
titulma
pativi
da
sevastosma
umaRlesi
1060
rangis
wlisTvis
dakarga
sakariskaco
titulad
Tavisi
iqca.
sevastosobis daqveiTeba sakariskaco titulebis gacemis ganaxlebas unda
ukavSirdebodes, romelic imperatorad kurTxevis Semdeg konstantine X
dukam
(1059-1067)
daiwyo.
am
RonisZiebiT
imperatorma
adgilobrivi
didebulebis ambiciebis dakmayofileba da maTi finansuri uzrunvelyofa
SeZlo. 40
38
es Seexeba Sua saukuneebis yvela adgilobriv samoneto tips daviT IV aRmaSeneblis
CvenTvis cnobil mesame emisiis monetebamde (swored am monetaze daitanes pirvelad
qarTveli monarqis avtoportreti), romelic sul ori egzemplaris saxiT aris moRweuli.
amaTgan meore cali sul axlaxans iqna gamovlenili. ix.: dundua 2006: 194-204. 39
amas Tavad bizantiaSic aRiareben. cnobili bizantieli istorikosi da politikuri
moRvawe, nikifore vrienosi, saqarTvelos mefes damoukidebel mmarTvels uwodebs, ix.:
Никифор Вриений 1858: 51‐52; kopaliani 1969: 286. 40
konstantine X duka ar iyo pirveli am wamowyebaSi, mis mmarTvelobamde igive process
hqonda adgili konstantine IX monomaxis drosac. rac Seexeba konstantine dukas, mis
periodSi yvelaferma aman sistematuri saxe miiRo da finansuri Semosavlis wyarod iqca.
152
imperatoris mier sevastossa da sxva senatorul titulebze gaicemoda
yovelwliuri wyaloba, romelsac berZnulad roga (ρογα) ewodeboda. es iyo
titulaturis
garkveuli
kapitalizaciis
meqanizmi,
romelsac
mudmivad
Semohqonda garkveuli Semosavali TiToeul titulze. magaliTad, erT-erT
yvelaze dabal senatorul Cinze – proTospaTarze – gaTvaliswinebuli iyo
roga
(wyaloba,
xelfasi)
72
nomismis
odenobiT,
sxva
Tanamdebobebze
aRniSnuli Tanxa ufro maRali iyo (Скабаланович 1884: 161). rogas gacema
xdeboda weliwadSi erTxel aRdgomis wina kviras, xolo im SemTxvevaSi Tu
imperatori saaRdgomod dedaqalaqSi ar imyofeboda, roga gaicemoda ufro
adre (Скабаланович 1884: 161-162).
950 wlis 24 marts, bzobis kviras, kremonis arqiepiskoposi daeswro
yovelwliuri
wyalobebis
gacemis
oficialur
ceremonials
da
misi
garkveuli aRwerac dagvitova. misi TqmiT, ceremoniali imarTeboda didi
sasaxlis mTavar darbazSi, sadac cxrameti magida iyo gaSlili ceremoniis
228
stumrisTvis.
Zvirfasi
mTavari
abreSumis
magida
qsovilebiT,
gawyobili
ris
iyo
Semdegac
oqros
monetebiTa
senatorebi
da
rig-rigobiT
iRebdnen maTTvis kuTvnil yovelwliur rogas (Oikonomides 1997: 200‐201).
senatorebze da mTlianad biurokratiaze gacemuli Tanxebi uzarmazari iyo.
imperator Teofiles dros (842 weli) biurokratiis saxelfaso fondi imperiis mTliani danaxarjebis 16-17%-s Seadgenda, rac saerTo jamSi daax.
naxevar milion nomismas Seadgenda. konstantine VII porfirogenetis dros
es iyo 15% _ 600 000 nomisma, xolo basil II didis dros (1025 wlisTvis)
13,5% _ 800 000 nomismas udrida. es maSin, rodesac saxelmwifos mTliani
xarjebi 5 895 000 nomismas Seadgenda, xolo sruli rezervebi 14 400 000 nomismas utoldeboda (Treadgold 1997: 575-577). es yvelaferi uoren tredgoldis
gaTvliT,
imperator
basils
saSualebas
aZlevda
Seenaxa
daax.
250 000
kaciani armia (Treadgold 1995: 84-85).
senatoruli titulebis gayidva TviT savaWro gildiis wevrebzec ki daiwyo, ramac Zveli
titulebi, faqtobrivad gaaufasura. mixael fselosis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, konstantine
dukam, TiTqmis, mospo tradiciuli gansxvaveba senatorsa da ubralo moqalaqes Soris, risi Sedegic, mixael angoldis SefasebiT, imperatoris avtoritetis Sesusteba da
dedaqalaqze kontrolis dacema gaxda. ix.: Angold 1997: 95-96. 153
konstantine X dukas (1059-1067 ww.) dros biurokratiis xarjebi misi
winamorbedisgan (isak I komnenosi) gansxvavebiT mniSvnelovnad gaizarda.
imperatori xedavda ra, Tu rogor gaanawyena isak komnenosis reformebma,
romelic
biujetis
aristokratia,
gazrdaze
maTi
biurokratiis
gulis
xarjebi,
iyo
orientirebuli,
mogebas
aRdga
Seecada.
Zveli
amis
titulebi,
maT
konstantinopolis
Sedegad,
gaibera
mflobelebs
ki
ganuaxldaT da gaezarda, xelfasebi (Treadgold 1997: 600). daaxloebiT msgavss
movlenebs hqonda adgili konstantine IX monomaxis (1042-1055 ww.) drosac.
imperias
esaWiroeboda
cvlilebebi
Seexo
finansebi.
armiasac.
TanamdebobebiT
aqedan
gamomdinare,
vaWrobis
konstantine
garda,
monomaxma
mTlianad daSala e.w. iberiis Temis 50 000 kaciani armia (Treadgold 1995: 8183) 41 da isini regularuli samxedro SenaerTebidan gadasaxadis gadamxdel
moqalaqeebad
bizantiuri
gadaaqcia.
es
mniSvnelovani
samflobeloebisaTvis.
maT
dartyma
magier
iyo
mcire
xelisuflebam
aziis
sxvadasxva
eTnikuri warmomavlobis razmebis mowveva daiwyo (Treadgold 1995: 81-83; Vrionis
1971: 74-75).
aRmosavleTSi
daqiravebulebs
axali
imperia
saxis
Tavdacvis
ukiduresi
sistemis
saWiroebis
saWiroeba
SemTxvevaSi
gaCnda.
iyenebda.
bagratze 1060 wels sevastosis titulis gacema da garkveuli samxedro
funqciis
delegireba, 42
aseve
kaxeT-hereTis
didi
nawilis
SemoerTeba
yovelive amis logikuri gagrZelebaa. 43 bizantiisTvis `iberiuli armiis~
daSlis pirobebSi saqarTvelos mokavSireoba aRmosavleTSi sasicocxlo
mniSvnelobis
iyo.
sevastosobis
saxiT
ganxorcielebuli
garkveuli
finansuri dotaciebi imperiis politikas pasuxobda. bagratis sevastosoba
bizantias gacilebiT iafi ujdeboda, vidre 50 000-iani armiis saxelmwifos
41
iberiis Temi aerTianebda ara mxolod daviT III kurapalatis samflobeloebs, aramed
somxur da mTel rig elinizirebul Temebsac, ix.: W. Treadgold. Byzantium and Its Army, gv. 81-83. 42
aleqsandre kaJdanis SeniSvniT, protonovelisimosi da novelisimosis titulebi mxolod
maRali rangis mTavarsardlebs eZleodaT bizantiaSi, aqve unda aRniSnos isic, rom aleqsi
komnenosma sevastosis tituli novelisimosobis Semdeg, swored samxedro samsaxurSi
yofnisTvis miiRo, ix.: Каждан 1974: 106; Любарский 1965: 74. 43
kaxeT-hereTis SemoerTebis procesi Turq-selCukTa Semosevebma CaSala ix.: yauxCiSvili
1955: 306-309; javaxiSvili 1965: 150-151. 154
kmayofaze yofna.
amdenad,
saimperatoro
sevastosoba
pativi,
qarTvel
aramed
mefeebs
rogorc
eZleodaT
saimperio
ara,
rogorc
sakariskaco
tituli.
umaRlesi samxedro funqciis garda, is Tavisi mniSvnelobiT meore adgils
ikavebda (keisris Semdeg) bizantiis senatSi. sevastosoba umaRlesi rigis
senatorul titulebSi erTiandeba rogorc aleqsi komnenosamde, aseve misi
mmarTvelobis periodSi. mxolod aleqsis Semdeg (1118 wlidan) kargavs igi
Zvel didebas da meore rigis titulebSi gadainacvlebs (Скабаланович 1886:
162). qalebis SemTxvevaSi umaRles titulad imperatoris karze sevaste miiCneoda (Скабаланович 1886: 162). aRniSnuli pativi alanTa mefis qaliSvils
gadaeca, romelsac is atarebda daax. 1050-1055 wlebSi.
senatis sxva wevrebis msgavsad sevastosebi bizantiis imperatorisgan
mniSvnelovan finansur dotacias iRebdnen, rac maT valdebulebas zrdida
`universaluri
samyaros~
imperatoris
winaSe.
sevastosis
tituliT
iwodeboda saqarTvelos sami monarqi:
1. bagrat IV 1060-1072 wlebSi.
2. giorgi II 1073-1076 wlebSi.
3. daviT IV 1083-1094 wlebSi.
155
Tavi V
keisris tituli qarTul politikur realobaSi
laTinuri
tituli
“Caesar”-i
(berZnulad
Καῖσαρ)
_
saqarTveloSi
sityva `keisari~-s formiT damkvidrda, romelic yovelTvis imperatoris
aRsaniSnavad
ixmareboda,
xolo
amave
titulidan
nawarmoebi
termini
`kesarosi~ bizantiur saimperio sakariskaco tituls aRniSnavda. vinaidan
saqarTveloSi Tavdapirvelad damkvidrda termini `keisari~, Cvenc naSromSi
ZiriTadad am ukanasknels gamoviyenebT.
Tavidanve mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom `keisari~ da
`kesarosi~
qarTul politikur cnobierebaSi or damoukidebel cnebad damkvidrda. es
maSin, rodesac Tavad romis/bizantiis imperiaSi is yovelTvis erTi termini
iyo.
amrigad,
keisris
saqarTveloSi
gaCena
dakavSirebuli,
politikuri
rac
tituli,
romaul
garkveul
udavod
azrovnebisa
samyaroSi
politikur
mniSvnelovania
da
Cndeba,
saqarTveloSi
Sua
xolo
cvlilebebTan
saukuneebis
arsebuli
misi
iyo
qarTuli
instituciebis
Sesaswavlad.
keisari romis/bizantiis imperiaSi
tituli `keisari~ damkvidrda mas Semdeg, rac cnobilma romaelma
saxelmwifo moRvawem, gaius iulius keisarma (Zv. w. 100-44 ww.), es kognomeni
sakuTar sagvareulo saxelad myarad daamkvidra. plinius ufrosis cnobiT,
kognomeni
`keisari~
warmodgeba
iulius
keisris
winaprisgan,
romelic
sakeisro kveTis Sedegad daibada, ramac safuZveli daudo mis zedwodebasa
da zogadad termin `keisars~ (warmodgeba laTinuri zmnis caedere, caes-isgan,
rac aRniSnavs kveTas) (Rackham 1942: 537). arsebobs sxva versiebic aRniSnuli
terminis
warmoSobis
Sesaxeb,
Tumca
yvelaze
realuri
swored
es
ukanasknelia.
keisrebad Tavidan mxolod imperatorebi iwodebodnen. keisari gaius
iulius keisris kognomeni iyo, romelic memkvidreobiT misma Svilobilma da
156
memkvidrem,
gaius
iulius
keisar
avgustusma,
igive
oqtavianem,
miiRo
(Cambridge Ancient History..., 1992; Cambridge Ancient History..., 1996; Cambridge Ancient
History..., 2006; Braund 1985).
oqtavianes Semdeg orive tituls, avgustussa da keisars, atarebda
iulius-klavdiusebis ojaxis romis yvela imperatori neronis (54-68 ww.)
CaTvliT (Braund 1985: 24-31, 44-46, 78, 81, 171-173). neronis Semdeg keisris
tituli
imperatoris,
anu
avgustusis
paralelurad
imperiis
taxtis
memkvidreebs eZleodaT. mas Semdeg keisari oficialur titulad gadaiqca,
romelic, tradiciulad, taxtis memkvidreebis privilegia gaxda (Mattingly,
Sydenham 1936: 314-323). 44
imperatorebi xSir SemTxvevaSi taxtze asvlisTanave aniWebdnen maT
mier
arCeul
memkvidreebs
aRniSnul
tituls,
riTac
memkvidreobis
legitimaciasTan dakavSirebuli problemis gadawyvetas cdilobdnen (Mitthof
1993: 97). sabolood, romis imperiaSi keisris titulis mflobeli ori
pirovneba iyo: avgustusi, romelic iwodeboda imperator-keisrad da misi
memkvidre, romelic atarebda nobelisimus-keisris tituls (Seaby 1982: 1).
situacia
mmarTvelobis
odnav
Semdeg,
Seicvala
rodesac
imperator
keisris
diokletianes
saimperio
pativi
(284-305
ww.)
avgustusis
umcrosi TanammarTvelis rangSi iqna ayvanili. cota xanSi ori aseTi
keisari Cndeba ori avgustusis, anu imperatoris paralelurad (Leadbetter
2009: 48).
diokletiane imperatorma romis imperia, faqtobrivad, orad gayo:
didwilad elinizirebuli aRmosavleTis mmarTveloba Tavad Caibara, xolo
laTinuri dasavleTi Tavis Svilobilsa da memkvidres, maqsimianes, Caabara.
(Treadgold 1997: 14). sul male maqsimianes statusi kidev ufro amaRlda da mas
imperiis umaRlesi pativi, avgustusoba, gadaeca. amieridan imperiaSi ori
Tanasworuflebiani avgustusi iyo. formalurad diokletiane inarCunebda
imperiaSi
pirvelobas,
Tumca
realurad
erTian
imperiaSi
ori
44
ase magaliTad, publius septimus geta mxolod keisrad iwodeba, xolo mas mere, rac 209
wels Tanaimperatorad gamoacxades, is ukve avgustusia, ix.: Mattingly 1936: 314‐323. 157
administraciuli sistema moqmedebda, romelsac ori sxvadasxva imperatori
edga
saTaveSi.
diokletianem
orive
–
avgustusma
galeriusi,
xolo
TanammarTvelad
maqsimianem
–
ori
keisari
konstantius
aiyvana:
xlorusi
(Treadgold 1997: 14).
amgvarad, imperiaSi oTxTa mmarTveloba, anu tetrarxia damyarda. es
yvelaferi 293 wels moxda ori imperatoris SeTanxebuli gadawyvetilebiT.
305 wels imperatorebi aseve SeTanxmebulad gadadgnen, riTic maTi adgili
keisrebma, galeriusma da konstantius xlorusma, daikaves (Leadbetter 2009: 2).
axla ukve am ukanasknelebma aiyvanes TanammarTvelad Tav-TavianTi keisrebi.
ase gagrZelda iqamde, sanam imperatorma konstantine I didma bolo ar
mouRo diokletianes periodSi dawesebul tetrarxias (Cambridge Ancient History
…, 2006: 90 ; Jones ...1-2 1964).
kostantine I didma uari Tqva sxvasTan gaeyo Tavisi Zalaufleba,
amdenad,
keisarebma
bizantiis
imperiaSi
dakarges
imperatorobis
erT-erT
yvelaze
pativi.
gavlenian
samagierod,
Tanamdebobis
isini
pirebs
warmoadgendnen da mniSvnelobiT imperatoris Semdeg yvelaze dawinaurebul
aristokratebad iTvlebodnen qveyanaSi. ufro metic, keisris titulis mqone
mamakaci
iTvleboda
imperiis
taxtis
memkvidred,
oRond
imperatorobis
pativis gareSe.
bizantiis imperiaSi keisris tituli naklebad gaicemoda. Teodosi I
didis (378-395 ww.) mmarTvelobidan moyolebuli praqtikaSi imperatoris mier
sakuTari
Svilebis
Tanaimperatorad
gamocxadeba
damkvidrda,
amdenad,
keisris titulis iSviaTi gacema ar unda gagvikvirdes (Bury 1911: 36).
imperatorma leon I-ma 473 wels es tituli gadasca Tavis memkvidresa
da SviliSvils, leon II-s, romelic mogvianebiT imperatori gaxda, oRond
mcire
xniT.
iustine
II-m
(565-578
ww.)
keisris
tituli
Tavis
momaval
memkvidres tiberiuss, gadasca, romelmac es tituli 574 wels miiRo. oTxi
wlis Semdeg tiberius II (578-582 ww.) bizantiis imperatori xdeba (Treadgold
1997: 223-225). 582 wlisTvis man keisris rangSi ori bizantieli aristokrati,
mavrike
da
germaniusi,
aiyvana,
TiToeul
maTgans
colad
imperatoris
158
qaliSvilebi SerTes. tiberiuss Cafiqrebuli hqonda imperiis orad gayofa,
rogorc es 395 wels gaakeTa imperatorma Teodosim, Tumca bolo momentSi
gadaifiqra da memkvidred mxolod mavrike gamoacxada. amdenad, momavali
imperatori keisris titulis mqone mavrike gaxda (Treadgold 1997: 226-227).
keisris tituls daeufla mavrikes ufrosi vaJi da memkvidre Teodosic,
mogvianebiT is mamis Tanaimperatoric gaxda (Martindale 1992: 1293), Tumca
imperatoroba
ar
dascalda
da
mamasTan
da
ZmebTan
erTad
602
wels
momavali imperatoris, fokas, brZanebiT sicocxles gamoasalmes (Treadgold
1997: 393-395).
mogvianebiT
vaJiSvilebze,
ase
keisris
moxda
tituli
gaicemoda
imperatorebis,
imperatoris
heraklesa
(610-641
umcros
ww.)
da
konstantine V kopronimusis (741-775), SemTxvevaSi (Bury 1911: 36). imperatorma
Teofilem (829-842 ww.) keisroba gadasca Tavis siZes, aleqsi mosels, Tumca
maleve daapatimra da pativi ahyara SeTqmulebis sababiT (Treadgold 1997: 440442). imperatorma mixael III loTma (842-867 ww.) es tituli biZamiss, bardas,
gadasca, xolo nikifore II fokam (963-969 ww.) mamamiss, barda fokas (ODB 1
1991: 363; Bury 1911: 36). aqedan arcerTi gamxdara bizantiis imperatori, Tumca
yvelani bizantiis imperatoris ojaxis axlo wevrebi iyvnen. amis Semdeg
keisris
tituli
mianiWes
mixeil
IV
paflagonielis
diSvils,
mixael
kalafats, romelic imave 1041 wels, biZis gadacvalebis Semdeg, imperatori
gaxda (Sewter 1966: 21-28; ODB 2 1991: 1366). 1057 wels igive tituli SesTavazes
isak komnenoss, romelic imperator mixael VI stratiotikosis winaaRmdeg
mimarTul ajanyebas xelmZRvanelobda. isakma titulze uari Tqva da maleve
warmatebiT daikava dedaqalaqi, xolo Tavad imperatorad ekurTxa (Sewter
1966: VII, 19, 40). isakis memkvidrem, konstantine X dukam (1059-1067 ww.), taxtze
asvlisTanave keisrad Tavisi Zma, ioane duka, daniSna, romelic am tituliT
cxovrebis bolomde iwodeboda (Sewter 1966: VIII, 26; Dawes 1928: book II-III). Tumca
mas mere, rac ioane duka 1074 wels damarcxda rosel baliolTan brZolaSi
da tyved Cavarda, iZulebuli gaxda, dahyoloda roselis brZanebas da Tavi
imperatorad
gamoacxada.
realurad,
keisari
ioane
duka
avantiuristi
159
normani
didebulis,
roselis,
xelSi
brma
iaraRad
iqca.
roselis
damarcxebis Semdeg ioanes ZmiSvilma, imperatorma mixael VII dukam (1071-1078
ww.), is Turqebis tyveobidan gamoisyida da piroba daadebina, uari eTqva
imperatorobis pretenziaze. keisari ioane duka berad aRikveca (Angold 1987:
116-117). miuxedavad imisa, rom ioane berad iyo Semdgari, istorikosi ana
komnena mas Zveli pativiT moixseniebs. 1074 wlidan ioane realurad igi
aRar asrulebda keisari movaleobas. am uflebaSi, ioane duka mxolod 1081
wels aRdga, rodesac Tavis siZes, aleqsi I komnenoss, taxtis dauflebaSi
daexmara (Angold 1987: 125-127). swored 1074 wlis Semdeg iRebs keisris
tituls saqarTvelos monarqi giorgi II (1072-1089 ww.), romelic am pativSi,
savaraudod, imperatorma mixael VII dukam aiyvana.
giorgi II bagrationi
qarTuli wyaroebi titul `keisars~Oori mniSvnelobiT xmarobdnen.
`keisrad~ rogorc wesi, bizantiis imperatorebi iwodebian, 45 xolo meore
termini
`kesarosi~,
rogorc
zemoT
aRvniSneT
saimperio
sakariskaco
titulis mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneboda.
saqarTvelos erTaderTi monarqi, romelmac es tituli bizantiis
imperatorisgan miiRo, iyo giorgi II (1072-1089 ww.). giorgis keisris pativi
bizantiis imperatorisgan daaxloebiT 1074-1081 wlebSi mieniWa da amave
periodSia
moWrili
misi
iWeda
qveynis
savaraudod
`kesarosis~
tituliani
dedaqalaq
quTaisSi.
monetebic,
monetis
romelic
aRweriloba
Semdegia:
`Subli
RvTismSoblis
–
wertilovan
welzeviTi
rkalSi
gamosaxuleba,
Casmuli
Tavze
vlaqernis
SaravandiT.
wminda
Saravandis
SigniT oTxi wertilisgan Semdgari sami vardulia Casmuli. gamosaxulebis
gverdebze ormwkrivad Zlier damaxinjebuli berZnuli zedwerili: he hagia
Teotikos – wminda RvTismSobeli.
45
rig SemTxvevebSi qarTveli mefeebic, rogorc amas qvemoT vixilavT. 160
zurgi
–
Serwymuli
wertilovani
rkalis
SigniT
qarTuli
asomTavruliT Sesrulebulia zedwerili: `qriste, adide giorgi, afxazTa
da qarTvelTa mefe”. centrSi, samstriqonad: `da kesarosi~ (dundua, dundua
2006: 193, tab. VIII, # 53) (dundua, dundua 2006: 193, tab. VIII, # 53).
giorgis aRniSnuli emisia ganxorcielda mas Semdeg, rac man mefobis
dasawyisSi novelisimosisa da sevastosis warweriani monetebi moWra. am
gamoSvebis yvela monetis atribucia identuria, gansxvavebulia mxolod
bizantiuri saimperio tituli, romelic masze aris datanili. yvelaferi es
imis maniSnebelia, rom giorgi erTmaneTis miyolebiT atarebda aRniSnul
titulebs. amaTgan bolos swored keisaroba/kesarosoba miiRo, rogorc
yvelaze maRali rangis saimperio pativi.
keisari/kesarosis
tituliT
giorgi
qarTul
anderZ-minawerebSic
iwodeba. SemorCenilia ramdenime kolofoni maT Soris ori TariRiania,
xolo damarCenebi ki uTariRo (giorgis statusis Sesaxeb, ix.: anTelava 1988:
97-116; samuSia 2012 : 8-17). 46
Tedo Jordanias mier gamoqveynebuli qronikebis mixedviT, giorgi 1081
wels
ukve
keisari/kesarosad
iwodeba
(Jordania
2004:
228-229).
es
aris
yvelaze adreuli TariRiani kolofoni, romeliTac irkveva, rom giorgis
keisari/kesarosi 1081 wlamde gamxdara. aRniSnuli cnoba, Tedo Jordanias,
aleqsandre
cagarelis
mier
mopovebuli,
tyavis
ydaSi
moqceuli,
metafrasuli krebulis Targmanidan amouweria. anderZ-minaweris Sinaarsi
sainteresod gveCveneba:
`iTargmna
ukue
ese
metafrasti
qalaqsa
Sina
sameufosa
kostantinepolsa, monastersa S(in)a y(ovla)d Suenierisa trianflius dedisa
R(mr)Tisasa, uRirsisa mier TeofileÁsa
xuces monazonisa, maTve ÃeliTa
mier gainusxa dasabamiTgan welTa equsi aTas xuTas oTxmeoc-da-mecxresa,
indiqtionsa oTxsa berZnulad; mefobasa aRmosavleTs giorgi kesarosisa,
46 giorgi II-is xanis qarTvel mefeTa politikuri statusis Sesaxeb ix.: i. anTelava.
qarTuli saistorio masala giorgi II-is statusis Sesaxeb. XI-XIV ss. qarTuli saistorio
wyaroebi. Tb. 1988, gv. 97-116; j. samuSia. daviT aRmaSenebeli: statusi 1083-1089 wlebi. Jurn.
daviT aRmaSenebeli da misi epoqa – Tsu saqarTvelos istoriis institutis specialuri
damateba. Tb. 2012, gv. 8-17. 161
bagratis Zisa, romlisa brZanebiT viwye Targmnad wignTa ellinurisagan
qarTulad, xolo saberZneTs dedoflobasa marTa, misive giorgis disasa da
mefobasa nikifore botinatisa da aleqsi komninisa, mas Jamsa odes bagratis
asuli
mariam
dedofali
aRmosavleTiT
kostantinepoles
Semovida~
(Jordania 2004: 228-229).
rogorc
vxedavT,
Targmani
giorgi
xucesmonazons
Seusrulebia
saqarTvelos mefis giorgi meoris, brZanebiT, romelic keisari/kesarosad
iwodeboda. giorgis titulebs Soris mniSvnelovania misi aRmosavleTis
mefed
moxsenieba,
qristianuli
am
SemTxvevaSi
samyaros
igi
mmarTvelad
bizantiis
moiazreba.
aRmosavleTiT
xolo
mdebare
keisari/kesarosis
tituli bunebrivia, misTvis imperatoris wyalobaa.
`yoveli aRmosavleTis mefis~ tituli, romelic bizantiur wodebisTan
erTobliobaSi
aris
warmodgenili
daviT
III
kurapalatis
droidan
mkvidrdeba qarTul politikur sivrceSi (badriZe 1974: 79-89; kopaliani 1972).
amdenad,
giorgi
aRmosavleTSi
xucesmonazoni
mefobasa
da
mis
anderZSi
swored
keisrobas/kesarobas
giorgi
usvams
meoris
xazs,
rac,
bunebrivia, imis maniSnebelia, rom 1081 wlisTvis giorgi mefe `yovlisa
aRmosavleTis kesarosis~ tituls mflobelia. mogvianebiT, ruis-urbnisis
krebis anderZis mixedviT, ki sapatio wodebas `yovlisa dasavalisa~ anu
yoveli dasavleTis keisris wodebasac umatebs. Tu rodis uCndeba, amaze
pretenzia giorgis, es wyaroebidan ar Cans. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom
`yovlisa aRmosavalisa da dasavalisa~ keisroba aq, SesaZloa, sruliad
saqarTvelosa an sruliad aRmosavleT qristianul samyaros aRniSnavdes,
radgan
1081
wlis
anderZis
keisari/kesarosia,
xolo
1081
warumateblobebs
ganicdis,
mixedviT,
wlis
Zneli
igi
Semdeg,
mxolod
rodesac
warmosadgenia,
rom
aRmosavleTis
is
mas
politikur
sakuTari
pretenziebi gaezarda.
aRniSnuli anderZ-minaweri yvelaze adreuli periodiT daTariRebuli
Zeglia, romelSic giorgi keisrad iwodeba. sxva ufro adreuli xanis
masala Cven xelT ar gvaqvs. sxva anderZ-minawerebis mixedviT dasturdeba,
rom giorgis keisris tituli 1085 wels da 1089 wlis Semdeg utarebia.
162
rogorc varkvevT, sevastosoba giorgim 1073 wels miiRo, rac saSualebas
iZleva odnav SevamokloT keisrobis miRebis qronologiuri CarCo da is
1074-1081 wlebs Soris ganvsazRvroT.
is Tu rodis miiRo giorgim keisris tituli metn-naklebad garkveulia
qarTul istoriografiaSi. amisTvis yvelaze xelsayreli SemTxveva mixael
VII-is imperatorobis dros Seiqmna. banaSi zavi daido, romlis safuZvelzec
grigol bakurianis Zem imperatoris brZanebiT giorgi mefes iberiis Temis
didi nawili da aRmosavleTis rigi teritoriebi gadasca karis qveynis
CaTvliT. daviT aRmaSeneblis mematiane wers:
`warvida mefe giorgi mamulsa TÂssa taos da movida banas; mun movida
winaSe maTsa zoravari aRmosavalisaÁ grigol bakurianis Ze, romelsa
hqondes olTisni da karnu-qalaqi da kari, da didad iamxanag[es] da
ganisuenes. da mosca giorgi mefesa karis cixe-qalaqi da misi mimdgomi
queyanaÁ; xolo mefeman dautevna kars aznaurni SavSni da warmovida Sina~
(metreveli 2008: 301).
wyaroSi ar dasturdeba, miiRo Tu ara giorgim raime bizantiuri
tituli imperatorisgan. ufro metic, ise Cans, TiTqos olTisis, karis da
mimdgomi qveynebis gadacema, mxolod grigol bakurianis Zis iniciativa
yofiliyo. ra Tqma unda, es ase ar aris. grigolis es nabiji imperatoris
mier
unda
yofiliyo
istoriografiaSi
aris
nakarnaxevi,
miRebuli,
xolo,
rogorc
aRmosavleTSi
es
arsebuli
qarTul
bizantiuri
samflobeloebis garda imperators giorgi meorisTvis keisris titulic
unda eboZebina (dundua, dundua 2006: 87-93). vinaidan banaSi dadebuli zavi,
bolo gamokvlevebis mixedviT, 1076 wels gaformda (metreveli, samuSia 2003:
87-93), giorgis mier keisrobis miRebac, amave wliT unda ganvsazRvroT.
giorgi
politikuri
II
gaxda
figura,
saqarTveloSi
romelmac
moRvawe
keisris
pirveli
oficialuri
da
ukanaskneli
tituli
miiRo
bizantiis imperatorisgan. ufro metic, misi gardacvalebis Semdeg saerTod
ar
dasturdeba
bizantiis
imperatorebis
mier
saimperio
sakariskaco
titulebis gacema saqarTveloSi moRvawe feodalebze. es ukanaskneli imis
maniSnebelia,
rom
daviT
IV
aRmaSenebelma,
romelic
1104
wels,
ukve
163
TviTmpyroblad
ixseniebs
Tavs,
xeli
Seuwyo
maTi
gacemis
Sewyvetas
saqarTvelos samefoSi. giorgi, albaT, erT-erTi ukanasknelia, romelic
bizantiis imperiis senatorul pativs cxovrebis bolomde atarebda. is
keisris saimperio tituliT 1076-1112 wlebSi iwodeboda (doliZe 1970: 125-126).
aRniSnuls adasturebs 1104 wlis ruis-urbnisis krebis `Zeglisweris~
mosaxseniebeli, sadac is swored keisrad aris wodebuli. mosaxsenieblis
CvenTvis saintereso monakveTi ase ikiTxeba:
`keTilad msaxurisa da RmrTiv-dacvulisa mefisa Cuenisa giorgi
mefeTa
mefisa
da
yovlisa
aRmosavalisa
da
dasavalisa
kesarosisa,
mravalmca arian welni~ (doliZe 1970: 125).
ruis-urbnisis krebis `Zeglisweris~ mosaxsenieblis mixedviT, giorgi
`yovlisa aRmosavalisa da dasavalisa kesarosia~. msgavsi saxis formula
pirvelad gvxvdeba qarTul politikur terminologiaSi, aqamde qarTveli
mefeebi
`yovlisa
novelisimosi
da
aRmosavleTis~
a.S.)
epiTetiT
mpyrobelis
moixseniebdnen
(igulisxmeba
Tavs.
am
kurapalati,
formulas
ar
vxvdebiT arc giorgis mier gacemul sigelze, romelic mefobis dasawyisSia
Sedgenili (enuqiZe, silogava, SoSiaSvili 1984: 46-49). rogorc aRvniSneT,
giorgi keisrad ixsenieba mis dros moWril vercxlis safaszec. monetis
aversze vlaqernis RvTismSobelia gamosaxuli. es aris am tipis monetebis
erT-erTi bolo emisia.
keisris tituli giorgi II bagrationis drois bizantiaSi
giorgi II-is garda, misive sicocxleSi keisris tituls atarebdnen
bizantiis sxva warCinebulebic. magaliTad, keisari ioane duka, imperator
mixael VII dukas biZa (Dawes 1928: I, XII, 31), aseve nikifore melisene,
romelmac es tituli aleqsi I komnenosis taxtze asvlis Semdeg, 1081 wels,
miiRo (Dawes 1928: II, VIII, 62). aleqsi I komnenosma nikifore melisenes,
romelic nikifore botaniates winaaRmdeg ajanyda, mSvidobis sanacvlod
keisari tituli da teritoria SesTavaza Tesalonikesa da mis mimdebare
164
mxareSi (Dawes 1928: II, VIII, 62). 47 keisris tituls atarebda, aseve, ana komnenas
qmari, nikifore vrienosi (Dawes 1928: pref. 2-3).
keisris tituli ioane dukas Semdeg nikifore melisenes unda mieRo,
xolo misi gardacvalebis Semdeg _ nikifore vrienoss. aRsaniSnavia is
faqtic, rom am tituliT ioane duka misi berad aRkvecis Semdegac ixsenieba.
1081
wlis
Teberval-martSi,
rodesac
aleqsi
komnenosi
Riad
iwyebs
moqmedebas xelisuflebis uzurpaciis mizniT ioane keisrad ixsenieba. am
SemTxvevaSi ioane duka aleqsis erT-erTi umTavresi mokavSiri iyo, romlsac
maincdamainc didi kmayofileba ar gamouxatavs siZis am wamowyebis mimarT,
ana komnena wers:
`is (aleqsi I komnenosi _ l. T.) gaemarTa keisaris (ioane duka _ l.
T.) karavSi gamTeniisas da uambo mas Tavisi ganzraxvis Sesaxeb da sTxova
gahyoloda mas daculi kedlebisa da maTi mcvelebis (romlebic SerCeulni
iyvnen
sxvadasxva
samxedro
nawilebisgan)
dasazverad,
aseve
imis
gansasazRvrad, Tu rogor SeZlebdnen isini qalaqis dauflebas. keisari
SeaSfoTa am SemoTavazebam, radgan mas is-is iyo daedo aRTqma monastruli
cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb da, bunebrivia, uars ambobda misuliyo kedlebTan
axlos, raTa ar gamxdariyo saguSagoebTan da kedlebTan mdgari xalxis
dasacini~ (Dawes 1928: II, VIII, 62).
mogvianebiT irkveva, rom aleqsi komnenoss ioane mcvelebis mosyidvis
mizniT undoda gamoeyenebina, xolo ioane duka mas Semdeg iviwyebs Tavis
sasuliero cxovrebas, rac sakuTari ojaxis interesebs safrTxe emuqreba
(Angold 1987: 127).
sabolood, aleqs komnenosi ikavebs konstantinopols da imperatori
xdeba, xolo irina dukaina, ioane dukas SviliSvili, inarCunebs dedoflobas
da
kanonieri
qmris
gverdiT
ikavebs
adgils
(Angold 1987: 126-127).
miuxedavad imisa, rom ioane duka berad aris Semdgari 1081 wlis martisTvis,
47
Anna Comnena. The Alexiad, book II, VIII, gv. 62. aleqsim, rodesac nikifore melisenoss
SesTavaza kesarosoba, ioane duka misi survilisamebr berad iyo aRkvecili da samonastro
cxovrebas misdevda, Tumca miuxedavad amisa, istorikosi ana komnena mas, mainc kesarosad
moixseniebs (ix.: Anna Comnena. The Alexiad, book II, VIII, gv. 63). 165
ana komnenas `aleqsiadaSi~ mainc keisris pativiT ixsenieba. unda vifiqroT,
rom formalurad ioane inarCunebs am tituls, Tumca irinas gadedoflebis
Semdeg kvlav Camoscilda politikas da Tavis samflobeloebs daubrunda
TrakiaSi (Angold 1987: 127; Polemis 1985). 48
amdenad,
mefe
giorgi
II
bagrationis
garda,
keisris
tituls
bizantiaSi ori pirovneba, ioane duka, imperator konstantine X dukas (10591067 ww.) Zma da nikifore melisenosi flobdnen, xolo amaT Semdeg amave
tituls iRebs keisar aleqsi komnenosis siZe _ nikifore vrienosi.
zaqaria da ivane mxargrZelebi
keisari/kesarosis tituliT saqarTveloSi mxolod mefe giorgi II ar
ixsenieba, amave tituls, somxuri wyaroebis mixedviT, atarebdnen zaqaria da
ivane mxargrZelebi. erT-erTi somxuri anderZ-minaweri (hiSatakarani) Semdeg
cnobas gvawvdis:
`saxelovani
erisTavT-erisTavi
(iSxanT-iSxani
–
l.
T.)
patroni
xavrasi, Ze amir sargisisa… iyo dedis Zma somexTa da qarTvelTa da
yovelTa
afxazTa
kesarosebis,
keTilmsaxur,
RmrTivgandidebul
didi
zaqariasi da ivanesi~ (abdalaZe 2005: 56).
somxur
anderZ-minawerSi
formiT aris dafiqsirebuli. 49
msgavsad
qarTulisa
keisari/kesarosis
es
gamoyofdnen
ki
imaze
termin
tituli
miuTiTebs,
`kesaross~,
`kesarosacis~
rom
misi
somxeTSic
originali
formisgan _ `keisarisgan~.
zaqaria da ivane mxargrZelebi, rogorc cnobilia Tamar mefis (11841210
ww.)
dros
teritoriebs
dawinaurdnen,
qvemo
qarTlSi.
isini
flobdnen
mxargrZelebis
somxur
gaZlierebas
miwebs,
aseve
gansakuTrebiT
xeli maTma samxedro aqtivobam Seuwyo. amis Sedegad, sxvadasxva dros isini
euflebian
aTabagis,
amirspasalaris,
mandaturTuxucesis
da
msaxurTuxucesis saxeloebs. zaqaria Tavis samflobeloebSi SahanSahadac
48
Angold 1997: 127. vrclad dukebis dinastiisa da ioane dukas moRvaweobis Sesaxeb ixileT:
Polemis 1985. 49 somxur teqstTan dakavSirebiT gaweuli konsultaciisaTvis madlobas vuxdiT istoriis
doqtors qeTevan quTaTelaZes. 166
iwodeba, rac xazs usvams mis mier qalaq anisisa da somxeTis centraluri
provinciis mflobelobas (darCiaSvili 2010: 110-115, 145). 50 es samflobeloebi
adre somxeTis samefos SemadgenlobaSi iyo moqceuli, mogvianebiT, didi
brZolebis
Semdeg,
isini
saqarTvelos
samefom
SeierTa
(saqarTvelos
istoriis narkvevebi III 1979: 263-274).
zaqarias da ivanes gavlena saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovani iyo, ris
gamoc isini saqarTvelos mefis karze sxva feodalebze metad dawinaurdnen.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondideli rCeboda mefis karze de
jure pirvel moxeled, realurad misi adgili Tamaris mefobis miwuruls
mxargrZelebma daikaves (anTelava 1983: 136-138).
sxva saqmea, ramdenad realuria zaqaria da ivane mxargrZelebis mier
keisari/kesarosis
pativis
imperatori
aRar
ukve
oficialuri
gascemda
miReba.
am
saqarTvelos
tituls
bizantiis
teritoriaze
mosaxle
feodalebze. erTaderTi, visac SeeZlo es tituli gaeca mxargrZelebze, iyo
Tavad saqarTvelos TviTmpyrobeli.
saqarTvelos monarqi TviTmpyroblad daviT IV aRmaSeneblis droidan
iwodeba,
amdenad,
sakariskaco
am
droidan
titulebis
mxargrZelebis
moyolebuli
gacemas
sasargeblod,
bizantia
aRmosavleTSi.
saqarTvelos
wyvets
saimperio
keisroba
am
SemTxvevaSi
(Tamars
an
giorgi
mefes
IV
laSas) SeeZlo gaeca, Tumca SemoiRo Tu ara mefem saqarTvelos samefo
karze es tituli, saistorio wyaroebSi ar Cans. ar Cans arc is, Tu ra
funqcia-movaleobebi unda hqonoda dakisrebuli am titulis mflobels.
Cveni
tituli
azriT,
zaqarias
somxur
da
ivanes
wyaroebSi
sapatio
moxseniebuli
titulis
saxiT
keisari/kesarosis
unda
hqonodaT
miRebuli, rac ar gamoxatavda maT oficialur mdgomareobas qveyanaSi.
magaliTad, imave xanaSi angelosebis bizantiaSi tituli keisari kvlav erTerT
umaRles
titulad
rCeba.
am
tituls
jer
laTini
ranier-ioane
montferati flobda, xolo Semdeg ki misi Zma konrad montferati. es
50
SanSe darCiaSvilis azriT, aRniSnuli tituli zaqaria mxargZels
miRebuli da is ar atarebda raime politikur datvirTvas, ix.: S.
qarTul-somxuri urTierTobis istoriidan: somxuri lapidaruli
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb XII-XIII saukuneebis pirvel mesamedSi. Tb. 2010, gv.
formalurad hqonda
darCiaSvili. Ziebani
warwerebis cnobebi
145, 110-115. 167
ukanaskneli imperator isak II angelosis (1185-1195 ww.) siZe da uaxloesi
TanamebrZoli iyo da Tavi aleqsi vranas ajanyebis CaxSobisas gamoiCina
(ODB I 1991: 495).
amdenad,
zaqaria
da
ivane
mxargrZelebis
kuTvnili
tituli
`kesarosi~ sapatio epiTeti unda yofiliyo da ara oficialuri tituli.
SesaZloa, es pasaJi somexi panegirikis mier mxargrZelebis socialuri
mdgomareobis xazgasma ufro iyo, vidre raime saxis oficialuri tituli.
yovel SemTxvevisTvis, saqarTveloSi, qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, jer
jerobiT
ar
dasturdeba
bizantiuri
sakariskaco
titulebis
SemoReba
adgilobrivi mmarTvelebis mier.
mniSvnelovania
aRmosavluri
wyaroebis
monacemebi
saqarTvelos
amirspasalaris titulTan dakavSirebiT. magali Toduas mier Targmnil
sparsul enaze Sesrulebul krebulSi, romelic 1219 wels aris gadawerili,
daculia informacia afzal al-din badil xayan Sarvanis (1120/6-1199 ww.)
(mokled mis Sesaxeb, ix.: qse XI 1987: 416) werilebidan. masSi saqarTvelos
amirspasalaris mimarTvis forma aris warmodgenili, sadac es ukanaskneli
keisari/kesarosad iwodeba:
`maRali sakrebulos; didi amir-spasalaris; udidesi mbrZaneblis...
keisarTa mZlevelis... qristianTa laSqris winamZRolis; [qristes] mowafeTa
gvirgvinis; amiraTa TviTmpyrobelis; abxazisa da Saqis falavnis; armanisa
da rumis marzbanis; alanisa da rusis sardlis,
udidesi keisarosis
sicocxle srulqmnili iRbliT maradi iyos misi mociqulebis krebulis
saxeliT~. (Todua 1979: 27)
aRsaniSnavia, rom amirspasalaris mimarTvis teqstSi keisris tituli
ori gansxvavebuli formiT aris warmodgenili, dasawyisSi rogorc `alkaÁasira~ (mxol. `kaÁsar~), xolo boloSi ki, rogorc `kisarus~. 51 Tu pirvel
SemTxvevaSi
keisris
dafiqsirebuli,
meore
arabulidan
SemTxvevaSi
sparsulSi
keisris
Sesuli
titulis
forma
berZnuli
gvaqvs
formiT
arabulsa da sparsulSi Sesul termins vafiqsirebT, romelic pirvelisgan
51 sparsul teqstTan dakavSirebiT konsultaciisTvis madlobas vuxdiT folologiis doqtors darejan gardavaZes. 168
gansxvavebuli
mniSvnelobiT
aris
warmodgenili.
amdenad,
aRmosavlurma
wyaroebma qarTuli wyaroebis msgavsad, termini `keisari~ or gansxvavebul
sityvad aqcies. amaTgan pirveli ixmareboda mefeebis sapatio epiTetad,
xolo meore bizantiuri sakariskaco titulis mniSvnelobiT.
amrigad, sparsuli teqstis mTargmnelma, magali Toduam es ori
termini
qarTul
politikur
realobaSi
damkvidrebul
`keisrisa~
da
`kesarosis~ titulebs daukavSira da Sesabamisad Targmna kidec.
magali
Toduas
azriT,
mis
mier
Targmnil
teqstebSi
daculi
epiTetebi oficialuri mimarTvis dros savaldebulo Tu ara, sasurveli
mainc iyo, rom warmoTqmuliyo. amgvarad, werilebSi dacul titulebsa Tu
epiTetebs garkveuli ceremoniuli datvirTva hqonda, magram ara yovelTvis
oficialuri. m. Todua wers: `am masalis Seswavlisas mainc sifrTxile
gvmarTebs, radgan nawili am titulTagan SeiZleba iyos ara oficialuri
tituli (layab), aramed ubralo epiTeti (vasф)~ (Todua 1979: 33-34).
amgvarad, somxuri da sparsuli wyaroebis Sejerebis safuZvelze
unda
davaskvnaT,
rom
keisari/kesarosis
tituli
saqarTveloSi
gamoiyeneboda, Tumca nakleb savaraudoa, rom is XII-XIII ss. mijnaze raime
saxis oficialuri tituli yofiliyo. mxargrZelebis magaliTze SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom es tituli maT araoficialur tituls warmoadgenda. 52 (Todua
1979:
82)
miuxedavad
aRniSnuli
titulis
araoficialuri
saxisa,
amave
wyaroebis mixedviT, mxargrZelebi saqarTvelos mefis keisari/kesarosebia:
`qarTvelTa da yovelTa afxazTa kesarosebis...~, xolo saqarTvelos monarqi
ki maTi uzenaesi imperatori.
amdenad,
bizantiis
mier
boZebul
keisari/kesarosis
tituls
saqarTveloSi mxolod giorgi II flobda vidre gardacvalebamde _ 1076/81112 wlebSi. keisari/kesarosis araoficialuri tituliT Semkobili arian,
aseve Zmebi zaqaria da ivane mxargrZelebi. aqve aRvniSnavT imasac, rom
keisris
tituli
saqarTveloSi
ar
ixmareboda,
rogorc
saimperatoro
52
m. Todua Tvlis, rom xayanis zemoTmoyvanili mimarTvis teqsti, SeiZleba romelime
mxargrZels ekuTvnobes. ix.: m. Todua. qarTul-sparsuli etiudebi. III, gv. 82. 169
tituli
da,
msgavsad
sevastosisa,
warmoadgenda
rigiT
saimperatoro
sakariskaco tituls.
keisris kurTxevis ceremoniali, regaliebi da privilegiebi
keisris
mniSvnelovania
titulis
mis
sruli
funqciaze,
saxiT
warmodgenis
kurTxevis
ceremonialsa
TvalsazrisiT
Tu
regaliebis
sakiTxebze garkveuli warmodgenis Seqmna. Tavidanve unda aRiniSnos isic,
rom keisrad kurTxeva imperatoris kurTxevis analogiiT xdeboda. masve
gadaecemoda
investitura,
rac
Zalauflebis
miniWebas
gamoxatavda.
investituris gadacema da masTan dakavSirebuli ceremoniali TiTqmis yvela
bizantiuri titulis miniWebis saritualo nawili iyo.
keisris pativSi ayvanili imperatoris ojaxis wevris saritualo
ceremonia
dawvrilebiT
aqvs
aRwerili
imperator
konstantine
VII
porfirogenets naSromSi `ceremoniebis Sesaxeb~ (De Cerimoniis Aulea Byzantinae),
sadac aRniSnul ceremonias da masTan dakavSirebul wesebs calke Tavi aqvs
miZRvnili (Reiske 1929: I, 43, 217-222; Bury 1907: 209-227; Bury 19072: 417-439). imave
konstantines
teqstSi
moyvanilia
xotbis-Sesxmis
magaliTi,
romelic
keisrad kurTxevis Semadgeneli nawili iyo (Reiske 1929: I, 43, 222-223). rogorc
aleqsandre
kaJdani
aRniSnavs,
XI
saukunemde
keisris
tituli
mxolod
imperatoris Svilebs eZleodaT, gamonaklis SemTxvevebad mohyavs bardas
arCeva keisrad mixael III loTis dros, nikifore II fokas mier misi mamis,
barda fokas, keisrad kurTxeva da bulgareTis xanis, tervelis, ayvana amave
pativSi, rac sigilografiuli masalebiTac dasturdeba (ODB I 1991: 363). sxva
SemTxvevaSi,
rogorc
wesi,
potenciuri
kandidatis
keisrad
Svilad
an
ayvana
Svils
xdeboda,
akurTxebdnen
xolo
anda
Semdeg
ki
jer
misi
keisrad kurTxeva. mixael fselosi mixeil IV paflagonielis (1034-1041 ww.)
memkvidris SerCevasTan dakavSirebiT gadmogvcems imperatorisa da misi Zmis,
ioane orfanotroposis (igive ioane saWurisis) saubars:
`[ioane orfanotroposi mimarTavs imperators] Cveni Zma (imperatorisa
da
ioanes,
kidev
erTi
Zma,
saxelad
nikita,
romelic
am
droisTvis
170
gardacvlilia – l. T.) rom cocxali yofiliyo, Tqven mas mianiWebdiT
meore
umaRles
tituls
qveyanaSi
–
keisris
saxelos.
mas
mere,
rac
sikvdilma is waiyvana Cvengan, aq aris Cveni disSvili, mixaeli (igive, mixael
V kalafati momavali imperatori – l. T.), romelsac mindobili aqvs Seni
piradi dacvis xelmZRvaneloba. ratom ar gavxadoT is keisari? is ufro
gulmodgined Cadgeba Sens samsaxurSi vidre adre... Sen ici batono, rom
zoias (dedofali zoia, imperator konstantine VIII makedonelis ufrosi
qaliSvili – l. T.), romelic imperiis memkvidreobas flobs, mTeli eri
udides Tayvans scems imitom, rom is aris qali da taxtis memkvidre. ufro
metic, iyo ra Zalian guluxvi fulis gacemaSi, man (zoiam – l. T.) bolomde
moigo xalxis guli. Sesabamisad, me girCev, rom Cven swored igi unda
gavxadoT Cveni diswulis dedad. Tu is (zoia – l. T.) aiyvans mas (mixael
kalafats – l. T.) Svilad, es ufro momgebiani iqneba da, amasTan, ufro
daviyoliebT mas (zoias – l. T.) misi (mixael kalafatis) keisris titulsa
da pativSi aRzevebaze~ (Sewter 1966: IV, 22).
pasaJi sainteresoa, vinaidan uCvenebs imas, Tu rogor SeiZleboda
momxdariyo dabali warmoSobis mqone mixael kalafatis (Каждан 1974: 37, 61)
aRzeveba keisris rangSi, rac mas gzas uxsnida, gamxdariyo bizantiis
imperatori. sabolood, dedofalma zoiam Svilad aiyvana mixaeli kalafati,
romelsac imTaviTve keisris pativi miuboZes, xolo biZis gardacvalebis
Semdeg ki imperatorad akurTxes (Angold 1987: 56).
amgvarad, saimperatoro ojaxis mier konkretuli piris Svilad ayvana
SesaZloa keisrad kurTxevis winapiroba gamxdariyo. Svilad ayvanis gareSe
keisris pretenziebi saimperatoro taxtze mizeruli iyo (Скабаланович 1884:
150). im SemTxvevaSi, Tu keisari isedac imperatoris Svili iyo, aseTi
ceremonia, bunebrivia saWiro aRar iyo.
uSualod kurTxevis ceremoniali kargad aqvs aRwerili nikolai
skabalanoviCs. misi SeniSvniT, keisars Tavze adgamdnen gvirgvins, romelic
avtoris azriT, diademas waagavda (Скабаланович 1884: 150). realurad ki es
iyo stefanosi (στέφανος), anu gvirgvini, romelsac rkalis forma aqvs, oRond
171
SuaSi
moTavsebuli
javaxiSvili
jvris
31).
1962:
gareSe
gvirgviniT
(Bury 1907: 22; Oikonomides 1972: 98-99;
Semkobis
garda,
keisris
pativsacemad
awyobdnen saimperatoro palatas, sadac ganlagebuli iyo sapatio yarauli
(Скабаланович 1884: 150). amis Semdeg iniSneboda kurTxevis dRe, romelic
sruldeboda
eklesiaSi.
aq
imperatoris
ojaxis
wevrebTan
erTad
Tavs
iyridnen samRvdeloeba da senatis warmomadgenlebi (Скабаланович 1884: 149).
keisris investituras Tavad imperatori gadascemda, gvirgviniTac
swored is mosavda momaval keisars (Oikonomides 1972: 96-99). amis Semdeg
xdeboda misi kurTxeva da bolos kiTxulobdnen xotbis teqsts, romelic
specialurad keisars kurTxevisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili (Reiske 1929: 222-225).
keisris
kurTxeva
kurTxevis
mniSvnelovan
ceremonialTan,
msgavsebas
avlens
filoTeosis
Tavad
traqtatSi
imperatoris
pirdapir
aris
miTiTebuli, rom keisris pativi Tavisi didebiT imperatoris Sesabamisiao
(Oikonomides 1972: 96-99).
bizantiuri
nikolas
traqtatebis
oikonomidisis
mixedviT,
keisari
mier
gamoqveynebuli
yvelgan
imperatoris
sxva
Semdeg
umaRles titulad aris miTiTebuli (Oikonomides 1972: 46-47, 242-243, 262-263).
keisris pativi bizantiaSi Tavisi RirsebiT meore iyo XI saukunis
miwurulamde. es mdgomareoba mxolod aleqsi I komnenosis (1081-1118 ww.)
mmarTvelobis
pirvelive
wels
Seicvala,
rodesac
aleqsim
axali
sevastokratoris tituli SemoiRo da mis ufros Zmas, isak komnenoss
uwyaloba (Dawes 1928: III, IV, 78).
nikolai
skabalanoviCis
SeniSvniT,
keisris
titulis
mflobeli
xSirad samperio jarebis meTauris Tanamdebobasac iTavsebda. am azris
gasamyareblad
politikuri
SevniSnoT,
sapatio
mkvlevari
cxovrebidan
rom
tituli
keisris
mTeli
ramdenime
magaliTs
iSveliebs
(Скабаланович 1884: 150-151).
tituli,
bizantiis
rogorc
Cveni
imperatoris
Tanamegobrobis
bizantiis
mxriv
Semdeg
masStabiT,
unda
yvelaze
iyo
ara
mxolod jaris meTaurobis mopovebis winapiroba, aramed TviT imperatoris
ufleba-movaleobis Sesrulebis realur Sanssac iZleoda keisris titulis
flobis periodSive. keisari rom imperatoris movaleobas asrulebdnen,
172
Tundac
am
mizezebis
ukanasknelTa
gamo)
umweo
mdgomareobis
gaTvaliswinebiT,
(janmrTelobisa
mravlismetyvelia.
xSir
Tu
sxva
SemTxvevebSi
imperiis marTva keisris tituliTac sakmaod warmatebiT xorcieldeboda
(Treadgold 1997: 223-227).
amgvarad,
mxolod
bizantiis
jaris
gaZRola
imperiaSi
evaleboda
keisris
titulis
imperatoris
mflobels
brZanebis
ara
Sesabamisad,
aramed SeeZlo aqtiuri monawileoba mieRo imperiis mmarTvelobaSi da
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Tavadac emarTa aRmosavleT romis imperia. keisris
Tanamdebobis TvalsazrisiT meore piri iyo bizantiis imperiaSi. miuxedavad
imisa, rom es Tanamdeboba ar gulisxmobda konkretuli, gawerili funqciis
Sesrulebas,
ris
gamoc
ganekuTvneboda
sapatio
titulebis
kategorias.
miuxedavad amisa, keisris movaleoba da ierarqiuli mdgomareoba iZleoda
imis
SesaZleblobas,
rom
mis
mflobels
aqtiuri
monawileoba
mieRo
imperiis mmarTvelobaSi, xolo iSviaTad imperatoris funqciac SeeTavsebina.
termini `keisari~ qarTuli saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT
miuxedavad imisa, rom tituli `keisari~ didi xania, rac ar yofila
aRmosavleT romis imperatorebis oficialuri tituli qarTul saistorio
wyaroebi saukuneebis manZilze swored am tituliT moixsenieben bizantiis
imperatorebs. amis aRniSvna arc qarTul istoriografiaSi gamorCeniaT.
simom
janaSia
SeniSnavs,
rom
keisris
pativma
saqarTveloSi
bolomde
SeinarCuna Zveli saimperatoro mniSvneloba (saqarTvelos istoria... I 1946:
197; anTelava 1988: 103). qarTul wyaroebSi yvelaferi es naTlad ikveTeba.
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ teqstebSi vkiTxulobT:
`xolo amaTsa mefobasa vespasianos, hromTa keisarman, warmotyuena
ierusalemi~ (metreveli 2008: 57).
`iTxova sparsTa mefisagan asuli colad, romelsa erqua balenduxt.
da mosca somxiTi da yovelni mefeni kavkasianni ziTvad, da miswera mis Tana
wigni, romelsa weril iyo esreT: „ormisdisagan, yovelTa mefeTa mefisa,
vaxtangis mimarT, varanxuasro-Tangisa, aTTa mefeTa mefisa axovanisa,~ da
173
mouwera man brZolaÁ keisrisaÁ, rameTu keisari gansrul iyo brZolad
sparsTa~ (metreveli 2008: 171).
`keisarman mavrik mosca asuli colad qasres, da mosca spaÁ misi da
warmogzavna Cubins zeda [da] iota Cubini sparseTiT~ (metreveli 2008: 227).
`xolo Semdgomad amisa raodenTame weliwadTa gamoCnda kaci erTi
saberZneTs, TÂsi mavrik keisrisaÁ, saxeliT herakle. aman mokla fokas
keisari da daipyra saberZneTi~ (metreveli 2008: 229).
amgvarad, rogorc vxedavT qarTuli saistorio narativis mixedviT,
romis
imperatorebi
mmarTvelebi
diokletianemde
diokletianes
Semdeg
(284-305
keisrebad
ww.)
da
iwodebian.
romis/bizantiis
es,
upirveles
yovlisa exeba `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ Semaval pirvel or Txzulebas. am
Txzulebebis daTariReba bevr kamaTs iwvevs, Tumca rogorc fiqroben, isini
bagrationTa mmarTvelobis periods ar unda ganekuTvnebodes. 53 swored am
nawarmoebebis
mixedviT
romis/bizantiis
imperatori
`keisaria~,
xolo
sparseTis monarqi `yovelTa mefeT mefe~. qarTlis monarqi `aTTa mefeT
mefed~ an ubralod mefed aris wodebuli. 54 keisris tituliT bizantiis
mmarTvelebis
gamorCeva
xdeboda,
Sesabamisad
isini
TavianTi
Zveli
oficialuri tituliT ixseniebian. qarTveli monarqi ar cdilobs masTan
Tavs gatolebas, is TiTqos ufro sparsuli samyaros nawilad aRiqvams
sakuTar Tavs. Tumca es mxolod instituciuri mxarea. ukve erismTavrobis
periodidan moyolebuli ki bizantiur sakariskaco titulebs iRebs da
kidev ufro metad axdens integrirebas bizantiis TanamegobrobaSi.
53
ukanasknel xanebSi gamosuli wyaroTmcodneobiTi xasiaTis naSromebi `qarTlis
cxovrebis~ Sedgenilobisa da daTariRebis Sesaxeb ekuTvnis amerikel mkvlevars stiven
raps. mis SromebSi farTod aris gaTvaliswinebuli qaTuli Tu ucxouri istoriografiis
miRwevebi. vinaidan Cveni naSromi wyaroebis analizs ar iTvaliswinebs TvalsaCinoebisTvis
davimowmebT, mxolod s. rapis naSromebs, ix.: S. H. Rapp Jr. Studies in medieval Georgian
historiography: early texts and Eurasian contexts. Lovanii. 2003; aseve, misi sadoqtoro disertacia, ix.: S.
H. Rapp Jr. Imagining History at the crossroads: Persia, Byzantium, and the architects of written Georgian past. A
dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of PhD (History) in University of Michigan. 1997. Sesabamisi
bibliografia ixileT iqve. 54 titulebis: `mefe~, `didi mefe~, `mefeT mefe~ Sesaxeb ix.: n. miwiSvili. `mefeTa mefe~,
`didi mefe~ (samefo titulebis genezisis sakiTxisaTvis). qarTuli diplomartia:
weliwdeuli. tomi 7. Tb. 2000, gv. 546-554; n. miwiSvili. `didi mefe~ vaxtang gorgasali
(qarTli da irani V s. meore naxevarSi). qarTuli diplomatia: weliwdeuli. tomi 10. Tb.
2003, gv. 408-420. 174
mogvianebiT sxva qarTul teqstebSi bizantiis imperatorebis tituli
`keisari~ qreba da isini qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT `berZenTa mefeebad~
moixseniebian (yauxCiSvili 1955: 273, 282, 284, 290, 303, 307, 335; yauxCiSvili
1959: 17, 22, 42, 142. Sdr.: metreveli 2008). `mefis~ tituliT ixsenieba zogadad
yvela
suvereni,
`mefe~
am
SemTxvevaSi
xelmwifis
xdeba 55
badali
(yauxCiSvili 1959: 38, 183).
tituli
iwodebian
`keisari~
saqarTvelos
saqarTvelos
monarqebi
im
mefeebzec
fiqsirdeba.
amgvarad
panegirikul
teqstebSi,
romelic
gankuTvnilia maT gansadideblad. erT-erTi pirveli, vinc keisrad aris
dasaxelebuli,
daviT
IV
aRmaSenebelia
(1089-1125
ww.).
ruis-urbnisis
`Zeglisweris~ (1104 weli) xotbis SesxmaSi daviTi Semdegnairad moixsenieba:
`Sen ufroÁsad brwyinvaleo Tualo yovlisa soflisa mefeTa
erTguamobisao!
romeli ege haerovan xar, viTarca samyaroÁ xilulisa soflisa
Soris...
ganmadidebel flobisa, viTarca avRÂstos keisarTa Soris~ (doliZe
1970: 124-125).
aRsaniSnavia,
aRmaSeneblis
rom
`Zeglisweris~
ocdacamet
taepad
teqstSi
dayofili
warmodgenilia
sapatio
daviT
titulebisa
da
epiTetebis mTeli kaskadi (doliZe 1970: 124-125). yvela am epiTetis warmoTqma
savaldebulo
unda
yofiliyo
oficialuri
ceremoniebis
dros
da
specialurad iyo Sedgenili mefis gandidebis mizniT. epiTetebSi mravali
mniSvnelovani pasaJis moZieba SeiZleba. maT Soris, daviTi romis pirveli
imperatoris,
avgustusis
msgavsad,
xelisuflebis
ganmamtkiceblad
aris
dasaxelebuli. avgustusma am SemTxvevaSi Tavi romis pirvel imperatorad
gamoacxada,
xolo
daviT
aRmaSenebelma
saqarTvelos
pirvel
TviTmpyroblad. aRniSnuli movlena gaxda imis winapiroba, rom bizantiuri
sakariskaco titulebi saqarTveloSi aRar gaicemoda. amieridan qarTveli
55
magaliTisTvis sakmarisia.: `mefe rusTa~, `durZukTa mefeni~, da a.S. ix.: qarTlis
cxovreba. II, gv. 38, 183. imas Tu ras warmoadgenda tituli `mefe~, Sua saukuneebis qarTul
cnobierebaSi, sxva damoukidebel naSromSi ganvixilavT. 175
mefeebi
ukve
sapatio
TviTmpyrobloba
saimperatoro
bizantiis
titulebiT
imperatoris
ixseniebian.
oficialuri
daviTis
titulis
avtokratoris badalia, xolo keisris tituli _ erT-erTi sapatio epiTeti.
bizantiuri
saimperatori
titulebisa
Tu
epiTetebis
gamoyenebas
saqarTveloSi swored daviTis droidan mieca regularuli xasiaTi (enuqiZe,
silogava, SoSiaSvili 1984: 30, 32-33, 37, 46 Sdr. 71, 77, 100, 110, 167, 181, 183).
daviT
IV
aRmaSenebeli
TviTmpyroblad
ruis-urbnisis
krebis
mosaxseniebelSi iwodeba, romelic `Zeglisweras~ boloSi aqvs darTuli
(doliZe 1970: 126). xotbis avtori daviTs, avgustusis msgavsad, keisrad
asaxelebs
`Sen...
viTarca
avRÂstos
keisarTa
Soris~,
rac,
bunebrivia,
qarTveli mefis romis gamoCenili imperatorebis Tanasworad warmoCenis
SesaniSnavi magaliTia.
amrigad,
saqarTvelos
bizantiuri
daviT
aRmaSeneblis
politikur
realobaSi
saimperatoro
dasawyisamde
moqmedi
titulebis
bizantiuri
Semdeg
SegviZlia
damkvidrebul
gaCenaze,
saimperio
axal
ramac
visaubroT
tendenciaze,
XII
sakariskaco
saukunis
titulatura
Caanacvla. amis erT-erTi gamoxatulebaa tituli `keisari~.
daviT aRmaSeneblis garda, keisrebad ixseniebian Tamari da daviT
soslani. es mimarTva ekuTvnis maT mexotbes – ioane SavTels, romelic
aRniSnul
termins,
sakuTar
panegirikuli
Sinaarsis
mqone
poema
`abdulmesianSi~ iyenebs. ioane SavTeli wers:
`xarke isari! xar keisari,
simdidriT laRi jimSed-mflobeli~ (35, 1) (lolaSvili 1984: 128).
aRniSnuli pasaJi Zalian sainteresoa. aq ioane SavTelis Cvenamde
moRweuli teqsti mcire koreqtirebas saWiroebs. teqstSi `xarke isari~,
unda Caswordes, rogorc `xarke isa[v]ri~. ivane lolaSvilis fiqrobs, rom
aq isris amoqmedebaze aris saubari; Teimuraz bagrationis azriT, strofSi
are-maris, anu raRac sivrcis daxarkvazea aqcenti _ `ganxarke is ari anu
are’’.
`isaris~
lolaSvilma
or
damoukidebel
(lolaSvili
1984:
sityvad
197).
Cven
dayofa
ar
viziarebT
gaiziara
ivane
lolaSvilis
am
ukanasknel mosazrebas, Tumca migvaCnia, rom teqstSi saubaria ara isris
176
mozidvaze
an
amoqmedebaze,
rac
ar
Seesabameba
35-e
strofis
pirveli
striqonis konteqsts iseve, rogorc amave strofis meore striqonisas,
romelic pirvelis erTgvari gagrZelebaa, aramed aq saubaria konkretuli
teritoriis
daxarkvis
mowodebaze,
kerZod,
isavriis,
romelic
teqstis
daweris Jams (1204-1205/7ww.) 56 qarTvelTagan damarcxebul rumis sasulTnos
ekuTnoda da alegoriulad rumis sasulTnos mniSvnelobiT aris naxmari.
`abdulmesianis~
daweris
Jams
rom
isavria
rumis
sulTnis
samflobeloa, es Tamaris mematianemac kargad icis. ruqn ad-dinis suleiman
Sahi (1196-1204 ww.) Tavis sasulTnoSi, saidanac igi jars agrovebs, isavria
erT-erTi pirvelia dasaxelebuli. Tamaris istorikosi wers:
`waravlinna (ruqn ad-dinma – l. T.) yovelTa sazRvarTa TÂsTa, da
iwyo
mesopotamias,
kaloneroT,
galatias,
Rangras,
ankÂrias,
isavrias,
kabadukias, didsa somxiTs, biTÂnias da sazRvarTa feblaRonisaTa, da ara
dauteva TÂnier dedakacisa sofelTa Sina maTTa, aramed yovelni aamÃedrna~
(metreveli 2008: 498).
Tamaris
amjerad
imave
isavria
ukve
istorikosTan
saqarTvelos
isavria
mefis
sxva
adgilzec
TvalsawierSia
ixsenieba.
moqceuli
da
qvelmoqmedebis mizniT Tamar mefe Sesawiris saxiT adgilobriv eklesiamonastrebs didZal qonebas ugzavnis. mematiane aRniSnavs:
`kerZoTa TrakisaTa da kostantinepolis monastrebTa, romanas da
yovelgan, kualad isavrias, kuruseTs da yovelTa maT sanaxebTa Savisa
mTisaTa da kÂprisaTa, – ese yovelni aRavsna qvelissaqmiTa~ (metreveli 2008:
507).
amrigad, rogorc saistorio wyaroSi vkiTxulobT, isavria Tamar
mefis xanaSi saqarTvelos mefis TvalsawierSi iyo moqceuli. rac Seexeba
Tavad isavriis mxares, iq Zveli droidan moyolebuli daumorCilebeli
mTielebi mosaxleobdnen, romlebsac bizantielebi barbarosebs uwodebdnen.
isavrielebi xSirad maradiorobdnen da arbevdnen mimdebare provinciebs,
56
ioane SavTeli. abdulmesiani, gv. 106-114. poemis zeda qronologiuri zRvari efuZneba
daviT soslanis gardacvalebis TariRs, romelic 1205-1207 ww. Soris gardaicvala. ix.:
qronikebi, gv. 294-296; T. natroSvili, g. jafariZe. cda erTi TariRis dadgenisa. macne. enisa
da literaturis seria. # 1-2. Tb. 1974, gv. 150-152. 177
ris gamoc es mxare imperatorebis gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis centrSi iyo.
aqedan iyo warmoSobiT imperatori zenoni (474-491 ww.), aseve gavrcelebuli
legendis mixedviT leon III isavrieli (717-741 ww.) (ODB II 1991: 1014).
amgvarad, isavria keisrebis _ bizantiis imperatorebis _ samflobelo
iyo, Sesabamisad, `xarke isa[v]ri! xar keisari~ keisris, anu daviT soslanis
iuridiuli uflebis aRniSvnaa, flobdes isavriis teritorias, rogorc
keisari. amis Semdeg aqcenti mis simdidrezea gakeTebuli, raTa xazi gaesvas
`keisris~ materialur SesaZleblobebs. am SemTxvevaSi keisrad daviT soslani unda iyos moxseniebuli. 57
avtori
mas
mouwodebs
isavriis
daxarkvisken,
rameTu
is
keisaria
da
simdidriT msgavsi jimSed sparseTis mefisa. aqve sagulisxmoa isavriis
sakiTxis Sedareba qalaq limnias aRebasTan, romelic 1204 wels daikaves
qarTvelebma (metreveli 2008: 507; lolaSvili 1984: 84-86, 128, 193-194; stefnaZe
2000: 155-172). berZnuli `limnia~, 58 romelic qarTul wyaroebSi gadmocemulia
rogorc `limoni~ (metreveli 2008: 507), SavTelTan ixsenieba `limonad~ –
`TviT sul imona kide limona~ (33, 1). qalaqis saxelis aseTi umniSvnelo
cvlileba
misi
riTmaSi
Casmis
mcdelobiT
unda
aixsnas.
analogiuri
SeiZleba iTqvas isavri/isavriaze.
SavTelis
nawarmoebi,
rogorc
ukve
aRvniSneT,
panegirikuli
xasiaTisaa da masSi Tamari da daviTi mravali saimperatoro RirsebiT
arian Semkobilni.
tituli `keisari~ qarTvel mefeTa aRmosavlur titulaturaSi
saqarTvelos mefeebis keisrad moxseniebas aRmosavlur wyaroebSic
vxvdebiT.
aRmosavluri
saistorio
narativi,
rogorc
zemoT
aRvniSneT
qarTuli wyaroebis msgavsad `keisarsa~ da `kesaross~ or damoukidebel
57
ivane lolaSvilis azriT, keisrad Tamari iwodeba da misi simdidre, sparsTa
legendaruli mefe jimSedis mflobelobas aris Sedarebuli (ioane SavTeli. abdulmesiani,
gv. 196), Tumca 30-e strofidan moyolebuli, Tu konteqsts gavyvebiT, keisrad, daviT
soslani unda iyos Seqebuli da ara Tamari (ix.: ioane SavTeli. abdulmesiani, gv. 127-128) 58
bizantiuri qalaqi limnias Sesaxeb ixileT: A. Breyr, D. Winfield. The Byzantine monumnets and topography of the Pontus. Vol. I. DORLC. Washington. 1996, gv. 96‐99. 178
terminad warmogvidgens. am masalebSi qarTveli mefeebi mxolod `keisrebad~
iwodebian.
qarTvel mefe keisarad ixsenieba magali Todua mier gamoqveynebul
sparsuli wyaroebis TargmanSi, sadac, mTargmnelis ganmartebiT, titulebi
`kesarosi~ da `stefanosi~ bizantiis imperatoris boZebulia (Todua 1979:
35), Tumca Tavad TargmanSi `kesarosis~ magier `keisaria~ dasaxelebuli:
`uzenaesi
brZaneba
udidesi
mefisa;
aRzevebuli
xelmwifisa;
umowyalesi keisrisa... qristes mowafeTa gvirgvinisa; taxtTa da gvirgvinTa
memkvidreobiT mpyrobelisa; aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis steфanosisa;
qristes sarwmunoebis mcvelisa; abxazis, Saqis, alanis da rumis mefeTa
mefisa; mesiis TanaSemwisa‘‘ (Todua 1979: 5).
Targmanidan
Cans,
rom
werilis
ucnobi
avtori
xmarobs
ara
`kesarosis~, aramed `keisris~ tituls, romelic am SemTxvevaSi imperatoris
badalia. rac Seexeba `steфanoss~, is ara titulis, aramed gvirgvinis
mniSvnelobiT
unda
iyos
naxmari.
stefanosi
(στέφανος),
moTvalul-
momargalitebul, oqros brtyeli rkalis formis gvirgvins warmoadgenda.
mas Semdeg, rac rkalis Sua nawilSi stefanoss jvari daumates, aseT
gvirgvins stema (στέμμα) ewoda (javaxiSvili 1962: 31). teqstSi dasaxelebuli
`aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis steфanozi~ swored gvirgvinosani mefis
mniSvnelobiT unda iyos naxmari. amaze isic mianiSnebs, rom wina, or taepSi
monarqis gvirgvinosnobas esmeva xazi.
aRsaniSnavia, giorgi III-is erT-erTi moneta, romelic aRmosavluri
atribuciiT aris Semkobili, Tumca gvirgvini, romelic mefes adgas Tavze,
bizantiuri saimperatoro stemaa (στέμμα) (dundua, dundua 2006: 204, tab. X,
## 68, 69) da, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, gvirgvinis, stefanosis (στέφανος),
ganviTarebis Semdgomi safexuria.
qarTvel
mefeTa
aRmosavluri
titulaturis
Seswavlis
kuTxiT,
mniSvnelovania xayan Sarvanis mier mefeT mefe giorgi III-is (1156-1184 ww.)
panegirikuli Sesxma. xayani Tavis werilSi aRsarTan I Sarvan-Sahisadmi
aRniSnavs,
rom
am
wels
(konkretuli
TariRi
miTiTebuli
ar
aris)
179
SarvanSahs RmerTma ori, udidesi bedniereba arguna: erTi, misi Zis dabadeba
(Todua 1979: 25, Sen.64,
132,
56, 74), xolo meore, ki, giorgi mefis viziti
SarvanSi (Todua 1979: 25, Sen.64,
132,
56, 74; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi
1979: 277). 59 xayani giorgi mefes Semdegnairad ixsenebs:
`qristianTa
Zlevamosili
sulTnis;
sulTanTa
ptolemeosis;
iranis
Semwis;
mefeTa
keisarTa
winamdgomis;
naTesavis;
episkoposTa
damrigeblis; absoluturi keisris... (alahimc gaaxangrZlivebs mis mefobasa
da didebas!)~ (Todua 1979: 25).
giorgi
absolutur
keisrad
da
keisarTa
winamdgomad
aris
dasaxelebuli. am SemTxvevaSi qarTveli monarqi sxva keisrebze upiratesad
aris miCneuli. marTalia, es mxolod panegirikis poziciaa, rac ar SeiZleba
asaxavdes realobas, Tumca, kavkasiis politikuri viTarebidan gamomdinare,
msgavsi
midgoma,
qarTvel
Soris,
farTod
monarqTa
mefeTa
unda
upiratesobis
yofiliyo
Sesaxeb
sxva
gavrcelebuli
qristian
kavkasiasa
da
iranSi (Буниятов 1980: 139), maT Soris, SarvanSic. giorgi mesame xayan Sarvanis
sxva
werilebSic
keisrad
aris
mosxeniebuli
da
Seqebuli.
CvenTvis
saintereso monakveTi ase ikiTxeba:
`sawuTros
mefeTa
mefis
da
aRzevebuli
keisris,
sawuTros
aleqsandres (xangZlivs hyofs allahi sidides misi saqmisas!) ... marad iyos
dafrqveuli qveynis mpyrobelis; sawuTros mefeTa mefis; epoqis avgustosis;
udidesi
keisrisa
da
uganaTlebulesi
herakles;
usrulyofilesi
ptolemeosis; umarTlmsajulesi filipes; saxelmwifos sidiadis; mesiis
maxvilis aRzevebul sasaxlesa da Rirseul samefo karze da avi Tvali
[misi] bednierebis srulqmnilebas RmerTma acilos!~ (Todua 1979: 16).
amdenad,
marTlac
epiTetebis
xayan
Sarvanis
saxiT
saqarTvelos
SesaniSnavi
mexotbe
hyavda.
man
gaTvaliswinebiT
mefe
uamravi
qarTvel
mefe
giorgi
mefeTa
Zvirfasi
mesames
tradiciuli
epiTetiT
Seamko.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom am epiTetebis erTi nawili daviT aRmaSeneblis
59
SarvanSi giorgis Casvla 1173 wels dasturdeba, SarvanSah aRsarTanis dasaxmareblad
darubandis amiras winaaRmdeg. werilSi SesaZloa am vizitzea saubari. magali ToduasTan
vxvdebiT meore TariRsac – 1158 wels, ix.: m. Todua. qarTul-sparsuli etiudebi. III, gv. 25,
Sen. 64, 132 gv. 56, 74; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. t. III, gv. 277. 180
xotbaSic aris moxseniebuli, 60 rac kidev erTxel miuTiTebs imas, rom misi
avtori xayan Sarvani ki ar aris, aramed is mxolod interpretatoria. am
sapatio titulebis miniWeba qarTveli monaqebisTvis garkveuli tradiciis
Sedegad iyo dadgenili, rac, bunebrivia droTa ganmavlobaSi ivseboda da
ixveweboda.
keisris tituliT kidev erT sparsul wyaroSi Tamarisa (1184-1210 ww.)
da daviT soslanis Ze, giorgi IV laSac (1210-1222/3 ww.) aris Semkobili.
magali Toduas TargmanSi vkiTxulobT: 61
`uzenaesi
umowyalesi
brZaneba
keisrisa;
udidesi
mefisa;
saxelganTqmuli
aRzevebuli
didgvarovnisa;
xelmwifisa;
Zlevamosili
marTlmsajulisa; qveynierebisa da saxelmwifos sidiadisa...~ (Todua 1979: 5).
aRniSnuli werili, m. Toduas azriT, rumis sulTan ezz el-din qai
qavuss (1210-1219 ww.) unda ekuTnodes (Todua 1979: 32-33). teqstSi giorgi IV
laSa TiTqmis yvela im tituliT aris wodebuli, romlebsac igi atarebda
cxovrebaSi. es titulebi ar iyo uSualod erTi monarqis prerogativa da
isini
droTa
ganmavlobaSi
emateboda
xolme
qarTvel
mefeTa
sapatio
titulaturas. maT Soris gamorCeuli adgili ukavia `qristes sarwmunoebis
mcvelis~, `mesiis TanaSemwis~, `abxazis, Saqis, alanisa da rusis mefeTa
mefis~
sapatio
da
sxva
epiTeti
titulebs.
unda
giorgis
yofiliyo,
keisrad
romelic
moxsenieba
msgavsad
aseve
sxva
erT-erTi
titulebisa,
rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, memkvidreobiT aris miRebuli da, garkveulwilad,
realuri Sinaarsis matarebelia.
60
ase magaliTad, Sedareba saqarTvelos mefisa, aleqsandresTan da avgustus keisarTan
ruis-urbnisis ZeglisweraSic gvaqvs dafiqsirebuli (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi. t. III. Tb.
1970, gv. gv. 125), xolo `mesiis maxvilad~ monetebze dimitri I iwodeba (d. kapanaZe. qarTuli
numizmatika. Tb. 1969, gv. 71). yvelaferi es imas miuTiTebs, rom yvela es epiTeti giorgi
mesamemdec aqtualuri iyo. 61
rogorc magali Todua wers, miuxedavad aRniSnuli werilis saTaurisa, sadac adresatad
mefe daviTia dasaxelebuli werili daviT soslanis Zes – giorgi IV laSas unda
ekuTnodeso. aRniSnul daskvnamde mkvlevari teqstis analizis Sedegad mivida. ix.: m.
Todua. qarTul-sparsuli etiudebi. III, gv. 31-33. 181
Tavi VI
saqarTvelos mefeTa saimperatoro titulatura
yvela ZiriTadi bizantiuri saimperio titulis ganxilvis Semdeg,
romlebic
fiqsirdeba
VI-XII
saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi,
aucilebelia
SevexoT `bizantiuri Tanamegobrobis~ Semdgomi xanis saqarTvelos mefeTa
titulaturasac, romelic bizantiis Zlier gavlenas ganicdis. qarTuli
qveynebis monarqebi, rogorc cnobilia, XII saukunis dasawyisamde mxolod
bizantiur sakariskaco titulebs iRebdnen. xSir SemTxvevaSi es titulebi
bizantiis
imperatoris
warmoadgenda,
romis/bizantiis
ojaxis
romlebic
wevrebis
garkveuli
imperatoris
oficialur
drois
oficialuri
titulebs
ganmavlobaSi
tituli
iyo.
Tavad
mogvianebiT
aRniSnuli titulebis didi nawili nel-nela emcroba da jer imperatoris
ojaxis rigiT wevrze, xolo Semdeg ki ucxo qveynis mmarTvelebze gaicema.
yvelaferi es konkretuli politikuri figuris ierarqiul mdgomareobaze
miuTiTebs bizantiis TanamegobrobaSi, romlis rigiT wevrebadac SegviZlia
ganvixiloT qarTuli qveynebis mmarTvelebic.
qarTuli politikuri erTeulebis bizantiur TanamegobrobaSi (sxva
sityvebiT
_
romaniis
oikumene)
gaerTianeba
ramdenime
niSniT
iyo
ganpirobebuli:
1) romis/bizantiis imperatori aRiqmeboda pirveli marTlmorwmune
imperatoris, konstantine I didis memkvidred.
2) romis/bizantiis
imperiis
mier
qristianobis
gavrcelebaSi
Setanili udidesi wvlilis gamo, misi imperatori iTvleboda
yoveli saqristianos winamZRolad amqveyniur samyaroSi.
3) saqarTvelos
teritoriaze
imperatorisagan
insignias.
maT
iRebdnen
xSir
moRvawe
sxvadasxva
SemTxvevaSi
mefe-mTavrebi
saxis
religiuri,
bizantiis
svir-niSansa
xolo
Tu
calkeul
SemTxvevaSi saero datvirTva hqondaT.
182
4) bizantiis imperiis upirobo didebis damadasturebeli iyo, aseve,
is
saerTaSoriso
aRiareba,
romelic
imperias
wlebis
ganmavlobaSi hqonda sxvadasxva qristianuli Tu araqristianuli
konfesiis qveynebis mmarTvelebisagan.
5) bizantiis
politikuri
eqspansia
or
konkretul
mizans
emsaxureboda. erTi iyo qristianobis dacva-damkvidreba, xolo
meore _ romis imperiis memkvidreobis aRdgena-SenarCuneba. es ori
strategiuli mimarTuleba imperias saSualebas aZlevda saTaveSi
moqceoda yvela im qristianuli qveynebis koalicias, romlebic
mimarTuli
iyo
rigi
qristianebis
dasacavad.
analogiur
politikur RonisZiebebs hqonda adgili im qveynebis `dasacavad~,
romlebic tradiciuli, romauli `megobari mokavSiris~ principis
gaTvaliswinebiT bizantiis imperiis vasalebad acxadebdnen Tavs.
6) qarTveli mefe-mTavrebi romis/bizantiis impertoris uzenaesobis
dasadastureblad iRebdnen sxvadasxva rangis bizantiur saimperio
titulebs, rac gansazRvravda maT adgils qristianul samyaroSi
Tu, zogadad, bizantiis TanamegobrobaSi.
aRniSnuli naSromis farglebSi Cven swored es ukanaskneli gvaqvs
ganxiluli
aSkara
–
titulatura,
indikatoria,
xolo
romelic
bizantiuri
konkretuli
politikuri
tituli
ki
gavlenis
ierarqiulobis,
politikuri damokidebulebisa da socialuri mdgomareobis maniSnebelia
bizantiis TanamegobrobaSi. ufro metic, bizantiuri titulebs moyveboda
finansuri dotaciebi, insigniebi, wyalobis sigelebi, ideboda saqorwino
garigebebi, ikvreboda politikuri aliansebi da a.S.
aucilebelia
SemTxvevaSi
imis
momgebiani
aRniSvnac,
iyo
rom
qarTuli
zemoxsenebuli
viTareba
samefo-samTavroebis
xSir
mmarTveli
wreebisaTvis. bizantiasTan aliansi qristianuli mrwamsis dacvis, identobis
SenarCunebis,
teritoriebis
dabrunebisa
da
kulturuli
renesansis
saSualebas iZleoda.
yvelaferTan erTad, bizantiuri saimperio titulebis miReba niSnavda
ara mxolod formalur vasalobas, aramed valdebulebasac, rac qarTvel
183
mefe-mTavrebs bizantiis imperatoris winaSe hqondaT aRebuli. SegviZlia
gamovyoT
nawili
im
valdebulebebisa,
romlebic
titulis
beneficiars
araformalurad evaleboda, rom Seesrulebina:
1)
upirveles yovlisa, es iyo samxedro aliansi. rogorc zemoT
vixileT,
yvela
(novelisimosi,
ZiriTadi
sevastosi,
bizantiuri
keisari),
sakariskaco
xSirad
swored
tituli
aqtiuri
samxedro samsaxuris sanacvlod gaicemoda.
2)
imperatoris upirobo aRiareba yoveli saqristianos meTaurad
da liderad.
3)
bizantiis
Careva,
mmarTveli
rac
wreebis
sxvadasxva
mier
formiT
qveynis
saSinao
xorcieldeboda
saqmeebSi
(magaliTad
sakariskaco titulebis gacema da sxva).
4)
garkveul
SemTxvevebSi
xdeboda
xarkis
gadaxda,
romelic,
rogorc wesi, adgilobrivi moxeleebis mier ikrifeboda imperiis
sasargeblod.
Tumca,
aqve
isic
unda
aRniSnos,
rom
am
valdebulebas ar hqonia sistematuri saxe. qarTuli samefosamTvroebi bizantiur TanamegobrobaSi yofnis dros iSviaTad
Tu kisrulobdnen finansur valdebulebas aRmosavleT romis
imperiis winaSe.
bizantiuri saimperio sakariskaco titulebis miReba qarTveli mefemTavrebisa da sxva feodalebisTvis imperatorisTvis sakuTari vasaluri
damokidebulebis Cveneba iyo. marTalia, es vasaluri damokidebuleba xSir
SemTxvevaSi ar moiazrebda moxarkeobasa da samxedro-savaldebulo begaras,
samagierod
gulisxmobda
bizantiis
imperatoris
aRiarebas
sruliad
qristianuli samyaros liderad.
msgavsi
politikuri
samTavroebisa
iZulebulia
viTareba,
rodesac
aRiaros
rigi
bizantiis
qarTuli
imperiis
samefo-
lideroba,
grZeldeboda XII saukunis dasawyisamde. mxolod daviT IV aRmaSeneblis
(1089-1125 ww.) dros adgili aqvs im safuZvlian cvlilebebs, romlebsac
Sedegad
mohyva
bizantiis
formalur
vasalobaze
uaris
Tqma
da
saqarTvelos mefis mier sakuTari Tavis TviTmpyroblad anu berZnuli
184
korespodenciiT avtokratorad gamocxadeba, rac, rogorc sworad aris
SeniSnuli
qarTul
istoriografiaSi,
bizantiis
imperatorTan
Tavis
gaTanabrebas gulisxmobda. ufro metic, daviT aRmaSeneblidan dawyebuli
qarTveli mefeebi sakuTar Tavs `yoveli aRmosavleTs TviTmpyroblebad
(avtokratorad)~ acxadeben. warwerebSi fiqsirdeba `yoveli aRmosavleTis
imperatoris
(basilevsis)~
titulic.
yvelafer
amas
adgili
daviT
IV
aRmaSeneblis dros aqvs.
ram ganapiroba qarTveli mefis mier sakuTari Tavis avtokratorad
da
imperatorad
gamocxadeba?
sainteresoa,
hqonda
Tu
ara
msgavs
precendents adgili daviTis mefobamde bizantiis TanamegobrobaSi?
yvela am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas Cveni naSromis aRniSnul TavSi
SevecdebiT.
daviT aRmaSenebeli
daviTi mcirewlovnobis periodSi, rodesac jer kidev axalSobili
iyo, bizantiis imperatoris keTili nebis Sesabamisad, kurapalatis tituls
iRebs. am tituls is 1073-1083 wlebSi atarebs. amave periodSi miRebuli sxva
titulebis
Sesaxeb
informacias
Cven
ar
vflobT,
amdenad
aRniSnuli
daTariReba am etapze sruliad safuZvliani gveCveneba. 1083-1094 wlebSi,
rogorc zemoT mivuTiTeT, is sevastosis tituls flobs, amave tituls
atarebs is 1089 welsac, rodesac giorgi II-m mas samefo gvirgvini daadga
Tavze da mefed akurTxa. am ukanasknel mosazrebas sevastosis tituliT
moWrili monetebi gvidasturebs, romlebic gamefebis Semdeg aris moWrili.
1094 wlidan, rogorc Cven vvaraudobT, daviTi panipersevastosis tituls
iRebs. am tituls igi daaaxloebiT aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, 1094-1104 wlebSi
unda atarebdes.
1104 wels igi bizantiur sakariskaco titulebze uars ambobs da
Tavs TviTmpyroblad, anu avtokratorad acxadebs. daviT aRmaSenebeli ukve
bizantiis imperatoris msgavsad saimperatoro tituls atarebs. marTalia,
qarTuli
tituli
`TviTmpyrobeli~
berZnuli
`avtokratoris~
badalia,
185
magram
aq
mniSvnelovani
damoukideblაd,
anu
mainc
sivrcis
is
aris,
rom
meTaurad
daviTi
miiCnevs
politikurad
Tavs.
is
`yoveli
aRmosavleTis TviTmpyrobeli,~ anu mflobelia _ es politikuri Sinaarsis
formula
pirvelad
Semodis
xmarebaSi
da
daviT
aRmaSeneblis
dros
mkvidrdeba. mogvianebiT, rogorc davinaxavT, aRniSuli formula gacda
saqarTvelos
sazRvrebs
da
XIII
saukunis
meore
naxevridan
swored
am
tituliT ixseniebian trapizonis imperatorebic. formula pirvelad 1104
wels unda damkvidrebuliyo. am mosazrebis sasargeblod ori sxvadasxva
wyaro SegviZlia moviSvelioT, romlebic 1104 wlis ambebTan dakavSirebiT
daviT IV aRmaSenebels TviTmpyrobels uwodebs.
daviT
aRmaSeneblis
anonimi
mematiane
1104
wlis
kaxeT-hereTis
SemoerTebasTan dakavSirebiT daviTis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs:
`esreT ra TviTmpyroblobiT daipyra hereTi da kaxeTi da nebierad
aRixvna cixeni da simagreni maTni” (yauxCiSvili 1955: 329; metreveli 2008:
311).
amgvarad, mematianes sityviT, daviT aRmaSenebelma hereTi da kaxeTi,
rogorc TviTmpyrobelma ise daipyro. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom 1104 wels
daviTi
ukve
TviTmpyrobelia?
Tu,
daviTis
istorikosi,
mas
ubralod
ganadidebs da bizantiis avtokratorebs (anu TviTmpyroblebs) adarebs?
am
problemis
gadasaWrelad
mniSvnelovania,
kidev
erTi
wyaros
moxmoba, romelic imave wliT TariRdeba, rodesac moxda kaxeT-hereTis
SemoerTeba. es aris ruis-urbnisis krebis `Zegliswera~ (doliZe 1970: 106-127;
gabiZaSvili 1978: 176-196). Zeglisweras darTuli aqvs Sesavali, kanonTa
teqsti, daviT mefis xotbis-Sesxma da mosaxsenebeli. amaTgan daviT mefis
xotbis-Sesxma arsen beris mier unda iyos dawerili. arsens teqstis dawera
Tavad ruis-urbnisis krebis ganCinebiT daevala:
`romelni
ese
aw
ZRunad
mogarTuna
Sen
mwyobrman
SenTa
amaT
nazirevelTa simravlisaman, raTa Sen miarTune eseni RmerTsa da mowyale
hyo amaT mier wyalobis moyuare ufali, romel moswrafebiT SemokrebaÁ
ubrZane Sen~ (doliZe 1970: 125; gabiZaSvili 1978: 194).
186
Sesxmis boloSi arseni wers, rom teqsti, romelic daiwera daviTis
sadideblad, mefes, ZRvenad miarTva Tavad krebis monawileebma (`romelni
ese aw ZRunad mogarTuna Sen mwyobrman SenTa~), xolo Tavad krebis mowvevis
iniciatorad mefe daviTia dasaxelebuli (`romel moswrafebiT SemokrebaÁ
ubrZane
Sen~).
krebis
mowvevis
iniciatorad,
daviTi
saTaurSic
aris
naxsenebi (doliZe 1970: 106; gabiZaSvili 1978: 176).
daviTis mowveuli krebis mier Sedga ruis-urbnisis `Zeglisweris~
mosaxseniebelic, romelSic daviT aRmaSeneblis oficialuri titulatura
aris
warmodgenili.
aq
tradiciuli
politikuri
da
teritoriul-
administraciuli Sinaarsis mqone titulebis garda, dasaxelebulia iseTi
saxis oficialuri tituli, romelsac pirvelad vafiqsirebT qarTveli
mefis titulaturaSi. mosaxseniebelSi vkixulobT:
`daviT
RmrTis-msaxurisa
da
RmrTiv-dacvulisa
mefisa
Cuenisa
afxazTa da qarTvelTa, ranTa da kaxTa TÂTmpyrobelisa, mravalmca arian
welni~ (doliZe 1970: 126; gabiZaSvili 1978: 195).
amgvarad,
qarTveli
tradiciuli
ruis-urbnisis
monarqis
axal
bizantiuri
mosaxseniebelSi
oficialur
pirvelad
tituls,
saimperio-sakariskaco
vafiqsirebT
`TviTmpyrobels~.
titulebi
daviT
aRmaSenebelze amieridan aRar fiqsirdeba. TviTmpyrobeli xom bizantiuri
saimperatori titulis, avtokratoris, Sesatyvisia (ODB 1 1991: 235). amdenad,
qarTveli mefec bizantiis imperatoris statusSia ayvanili. Tumca, amis
miuxedavad, sakuTari politikuri statusis xazgasasmelad saqarTvelos
mefe mainc bizantiuri titulis qarTul Sesatyviss iyenebs.
niSnavs ki es imas, rom qarTvelma monarqebma uari Tqves bizantiur
titulebze zogadad?
imave
mosaxsiniebelSi
giorgi
II
keisrad
(wyaroSi
`kesarosi”)
iwodeba. ufro metic, iq giorgi mefeTa mefed aris wodebuli (doliZe 1970:
125; gabiZaSvili 1978: 195). ierarqia TiTqos daculia, anu mama, giorgi II,
mefeTa mefea, xolo Svili, daviT IV _ mefe. analogiuri suraTia mocemuli
anderZ-minawerebSic,
romlebSic
giorgi
da
daviTi
erTad
ixseniebian
(Jordania 2004: 232, 234, 236). am kuTxiT mniSvnelovania sumbat daviTis Zis
187
cnoba, romelic saqarTvelos pirveli mefis, bagrat III-isa da misi mamis,
gurgen mefeT mefis Sesaxeb wers:
`da amas gurgens esua bagrat, dediT afxazTa mefisa diswuli,
demetresi da Tevdosesi. vidre gurgenis gamefebamde ese bagrat mefe iqmna
afxazeTs, da amisTÂs gurgens mefeTmefoba ewoda~ (metreveli, 2008: 369).
sumbatis mixedviT, gurgens mefeT mefe swored imis gamo ewoda, rom
misi Svili mefed iwodeba. giorgisa da daviTis SemTxvevaSi mama-Svilis
gamosarCevad giorgi mefeT mefea, xolo daviTi _ mefe. amdenad, Tu sumbatis
cnobas gaviTvaliswinebT, aq TiTqos ierarqiulobasTan ar unda gvqondes
saqme, Tumca is faqti, rom mefeT mefe mefeze garkveul upiratesobas
gulisxmobs, es aSkaraa. amasTan, giorgi II ruis-urbnisis `Zeglisweris~
mosaxseniebelSi
pirvel
rigSia
moxseniebuli,
Semdeg
modis
misi
dis,
bizantiis yofili dedoflis, marTa bagrationis moxsenieba, xolo amis
Semdeg
daviT
aRmaSeneblis
(doliZe
1970:
125-126).
rigiTobaSi,
rogorc
vxedavT, uxucesobis, anu asakis principia daculi.
sxva SemTxvevebSi daviTis upiratesoba SeimCneva. swored is aris
dasaxelebuli krebis iniciatorad `Zeglisweris~ saTaurSi (doliZe, 1970:
106), aseve SesavalSi (doliZe, 1970: 113-114) da masve eZRvneba xotbis-Sesxmac.
(doliZe, 1970: 124-125). Tumca yvelaze metad daviTis upiratesoba mainc mis
titulSi
mamamisi,
vlindeba.
giorgi
II
mamisgan
_
gansxvavebiT,
keisari
(qarTulad
is
TviTmpyrobelia,
`kesarosi~).
vinaidan
xolo
keisris
tituli bizantiis imperatoris, anu TviTmpyroblis mier aris gacemuli,
bunebrivia, giorgi masze damokidebulad ganixileba, xolo daviTi msgavsi
damokidebulebisgan Tavisufalia.
amdenad, daviTis statusi misive TviTmpyroblobidan gamomdinare,
SedarebiT maRalia. man, rogorc Cans, marTlac akrZala sxva TviTmpyroblis
(bizantiis imperatoris) mier gacemuli titulebis miReba saqarTvelos
teritoriaze, tituli unda SeenarCunebina mxolod mamamiss. 1104 wlis
(daTariRebis Sesaxeb ixileT: metreveli, 2002: 21-25) mdgomareobiT daviT
aRmaSeneblis sruli tituli `afxazTa da qarTvelTa, ranTa da kaxTa
TÂTmpyrobelia~ (doliZe, 1970: 126).
188
amdenad, daviT aRmaSenebeli 1104 wels TviTmpyrobelia. sinas mTis
qarTuli xatis berZnul warweraSi ki sruliad aRmosavleTis basilevsad
anu imperatorad iwodeba. warwera Semdegi saxisaa:
`ΠΙΣΤΟ[Σ] ΒΑΣΙΛ[ΕΥΣ] ΠΑΣ[ΗΣ] ΑΝΑΤΟΛ[ΕΣ] Ο ΠΑΓΚΡΑΤΟΝΙΑΝΟΣ _ morwmune
basilevsi sruliad aRmosavleTisa, pagkratoniani (bagrationi – l. T.)“
(kldiaSvili, 1989: 117-135).
sruliad aRmosavleTis basilevsis, anu imperatoris, tituli kargad
udgeba daviTis zemoxsenebul TviTmpyroblis tituls. saqarTvelos mefe
bizantiis
mmarTvelis
analogiiT
Tavs
basilevs/imperators
da
TviTmpyrobels/avtokrators uwodebs, amasTan, igi swored qarTuli miwebis
TviTmpyrobeli da imperatoria. ufro metic, Tu bizantiuri politikuri
elita naklebad uyadrebda Tavs sxva qveynis mmarTvelebs, qarTuli Sua
saukuneebis politikuri azrovnebis mixedviT, qristianul samyaroSi ori
TviTmpyrobeli iyo. erTi, romelic sruliad aRmosavleTis mflobelia,
xolo
meore
ki
sruliad
dasavleTisa.
am
ukanasknelad
ki
bizantiis
imperatori iyo warmodgenili. Tamaris pirveli mematiane wers:
`manovel keisrisa da yovlisa dasavleTisa da saberZneTisa mefisa~
(metreveli, 2008: 392).
qarTveli mematianis mixedviT, bizantiis imperatori manueli (1143-1180
ww.) saberZneTis, anu bizantiisa da, amasTan, yoveli dasavleTis mefe da
keisaria.
dasavleTi
aRmosavleTis
mefed
orientiri
da
keisrad,
am
SemTxvevaSi
bunebrivia,
saqarTveloa,
saqarTvelos
xolo
mmarTveli
ganixileba.
amdenad, qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, bizantiis imperatori yoveli
dasavleTis keisari da imperatoria, xolo saqarTvelos monarqi _ yoveli
aRmosavleTis TviTmpyrobeli da imperatori.
ori imperatoris motivi kidev ufro naTlad ikveTeba moqvis taZris
berZnul
warweraSi,
saqarTveloSi
antioqiis
yofnis
patriarqma
romelic
amJamad
dros
daafiqsira
dosiTeosma.
mis
waSlilia,
da
mier
xolo
Caiwera
Cawerili
Tavis
droze
ierusalimisa
warwera
da
Semdegi
saxisaa:
189
`΄Ιστορηθε επι Αλεξιου βασιλεως του
Κομνηνου και Δαυιδ μεγαλου βασιλεως
’Απχαζιας – Hmoixata basilevsi aleqsi komnenosisa da daviT afxazeTis didi
basilevsis dros~ (yauxCiSvili, 2009: 15).
warweraSi ar aris giorgi II-is xseneba. amdenad, igi misi Semdgomi
periodiT
unda
ganisazRvros,
vidre
aleqsi
I
komnenosis
(1081-1118
ww.)
gardacvalebamde. es msjeloba mas 1112-1118 wlebs Soris aTavsebs. warwera
mniSvnelovani imiT aris, rom kidev erTxel usvams xazs im tendencias,
romlis
mixedviTac
statusiT
bizantiis
sargeblobdnen.
da
ufro
saqarTvelos
metic,
teqstis
mmarTvelebi
mixedviT,
erTnairi
daviTi
didi
basilevsia, xolo aleqsi _ basilevsi. Tumca aleqsi I komnenosi pirvelia
moxseniebuli.
Znelia
imis
Semowmeba,
Tu
ramdenad
zustad
amoikiTxa
dosiTeosma es warwera, Tumca naklebad saeWvoa is, rom monarqTa saxelebi
da titulebi SecdomiT waekiTxa, miTumetes, rom maTi zeobis xana marTlac
emTxveva erTmaneTs.
zemoxsenebuli
saqarTvelos
kargad
monarqis
uCvenebs
im
politikurma
saxecvlil
statusma
tendencias,
ganicada
daviT
rac
IV
aRmaSeneblis periodSi. daviTis mefobis dasawyisSi Tu misi moxsenieba
sevastosisa da panipersevastosis titulebiT xdeboda, 1104 wlis Semdeg is
ukve avtokratori da basilevsia. daviTis es Secvlili statusi kargad
aris asaxuli ruis-urbnisis krebis `ZeglisweraSi~, sadac igi, erTi mxriv,
afxazTa da qarTvelTa, ranTa da kaxTa TÂTmpyrobelia~, xolo, meore mxriv
ki, dasaxelebulia, rogorc `ganmadidebel flobisa, viTarca avRÂstos
keisarTa Soris~ (doliZe, 1970: 125-126; gabiZaSvili, 1978: 194).
ukanasknel
pasaJSi
gamokveTilia
`flobis~,
anu
xelmwifebis
gandideba, mis SedarebiT ufro maRal xarisxSi ayvana. sagulisxmoa daviTis
Sedareba
romis
principatiT
pirvel
Secvala
imperator
da
romis
avgustusTan,
imperiaSi
romelmac
erTpirovnuli
respublika
mmarTveloba
daamyara. bunebrivia, amgvari Sedareba garkveuli politikuri cvlilebis
maniSnebelia.
pasaJad
SesaZlebelia,
migveCnia.
magram
avgustusTan
ratom
Sedareba
maincdamainc
ubralo
`ganmadidebel
panegirikul
flobisa~?
190
vfiqrobT, rom aq saqme politikuri statusis amaRlebasTan unda gvqondes,
rac,
rogorc
zemoT
mivuTiTeT,
daviTis
avtokrator/TviTmpyroblad
gamocxadebas mohyva Sedegad.
sainteresoa, Tu rodis gamoacxada daviTma Tavi avtokrator/TviTmpyroblad? rogorc davinaxeT, 1104 wels, ruis-urbnisis krebis dros, is ukve
TviTmpyroblad iwodeba, imave wlis movlenebTan dakavSirebiT ixsenieba
imave tituliT anonim istorikosTan. amdenad, aRniSnuli 1104 wlisaTvis
unda momxdariyo.
daviT aRmaSeneblis statusis amaRlebis Sesaxeb saubrisas, albaT,
aucileblad aris gasaTvaliswinebeli misive mefobis dros gamarTuli
naWarmagevis darbazoba. cnoba daculia daviTisadmi miZRvnil epitafiaSi,
romlis pirobiTi saTauria: `vin naWarmagevs mefeni Tormetni...~. swored am
leqsSia
daculi
cnoba
daviTis
mefobis
dros
gamarTul
naWarmagevis
darbazobaze. aRniSnuli movlenis daTariReba Tu Seswavla praqtikulad ar
momxdara qarTul istoriografiaSi. es, albaT, imiTac aris ganpirobebuli,
rom mis Sesaxeb aranair cnobebs ar gvawvdis daviTis ucnobi mematiane.
amdenad, CaiTvala, rom cnoba naWarmagevSi arsebuli darbazobis
Sesaxeb mxolod epitafiis avtoris SeTxzulia da gazviadebuli gadmocemis
saxe
aqvs.
erTi
xani
is
Tamaris
Sesaxeb
arsebul
xalxuri
poeziis
nimuSadac ki iTvleboda, Tumca mas mere, rac eqvTime TayaiSvilma aRmoaCina
`xelmwifis
karis
garigeba~,
romelSic
pirdapir
aris
dasaxelebuli
epitafiis avtori (arsen iyalToeli) da adresati (daviT IV aRmaSenebeli),
simarTle dadginda (lolaSvili, 1978: 101, sq. 95).
daviTis gardacvalebis Semdeg (1125 weli) dawerili es epitafia,
romelic
arsen
iyalToels
ekuTvnis
(lolaSvili,
1978:
100-101)
mniSvnelovani wyaroa daviTis epoqis Sesaswavlad. arsen iyalToeli mefis
karze
erT-erTi
yvelaze
gavleniani
sasuliero
moRvawe
iyo.
atarebda
moZRvarT-moZRvaris tituls da iTvleboda daviTis uaxloes mrCevlad da
mis
pirad
moZRvrad
(vrclad
arsen
iyalToelis
Sesaxeb
ixileT:
lolaSvili, 1978: 41-104). arsenis mier Sedgenili epitafiis nawyvetis erTerTi uZvelesi versia Semogvinaxa `xelmwifis karis garigebis~ teqstma
191
(doliZe, 1965: 89). nawyvetis garda, iq ganxilulia is politikuri viTareba,
romelsac,
arsenis
gadmocemiT,
adgili
hqonda
samefo
rezidenciaSi
–
naWarmagevSi. sanam `xelmwifis karis garigebis~ teqsts movixmobdeT, vnaxoT
Tavad epitafiis teqsti. igi Semdegi saxisaa:
`vin naWarmagevs mefeni Tormetni purad damesxnes,
Turqni, sparsni da arabni sazRuarTa gare gamesxnes,
Tevzni amerTa wyalTagan imerTa wyalTa STamesxnes,
awe amaTsa moqmedsa gulzedan Ãelni damesxnes~. (lolaSvili, 1978:
101).
epitafiis teqstSi mokled aris gadmocemuli daviT IV aRmaSeneblis
moRvaweobis ramdenime detali. pirveli strofSi saubaria naWarmagevis
samefo rezidenciaSi gamarTul naklebad cnobil darbazobaze. meoreSi _
muslimi dampyroblebis gandevnaze. mesameSi _ dasavleT da aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos gaerTianebaze. bolo strofSi yvela am saqmis Semsruleblis
– daviT mefis _ gardacvalebaze aris aqcenti gakeTebuli.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom yvela es `moqmedeba~, romelic epitafiis
avtorma
daviTs
miawera,
istoriuli
realobis
Semcvelia
(daviT
aRmaSeneblis mefobaze vrclad ixileT: metreveli, 1986). amaTgan yvelaze
adreul
movlenad
Sesaxeb
SedarebiT
naWarmagevis
vrceli
darbazoba
informaciis
Cans.
aRniSnuli
Semcvelia
darbazobis
`xelmwifis
karis
garigeba~ _ XIV saukunis pirveli naxevris teqsti (javaxiSvili, 1967: 418422). mefe-mTavarTa dajdomis wesis Sesaxeb `xelmwifis karis garigeba~
Semdeg cnobebs iZleva:
`da zogTa vi[e]Tme asre uweria, viTa trapizoneli da Sarvan[Sa],
SanSe da somexTa mefe ra movidnen, sajdomi erTi [ar] aris oTxTave
mama arsen iyalToeli, egeTi kaci, mtyuani rogor egebis? ama Sairsa
ara igi ityÂs: vin naWarmagevs mefeni Tormetni purad Caesxvnes.
maSin orni osTa mefeni, da kaxTa mefe, da alvanTa mefe, w[a]narTa
mefe, samni t[a]oelTa mefeni, da somexTa mefe, da trapizonelni, da SarvanSahenni, _ eseni Caesxnes naWarmagevs da Tormetni dasxdes, da oTxad rad
ver daeteodes?~ (doliZe, 1965: 89).
192
`xelmwifis
karis
garigebis~
anonim
avtorTan
ar
Cans,
Tu
ra
pirvelwyarodan aqvs mas informacia darbazobis Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb.
anonimi naWarmagevis darbazobidan ori saukunis Semdeg moRvaweobs. misive
nawarmoebSi is mraval istoriul wyaros iyenebs. darbazobis monawile
mefeebis detaluri aRwera gvafiqrebinebs, rom avtors daviT aRmaSeneblis
droindeli
wyaroTi
unda
esargebla,
romelSic
imdroindeli
mefe-
mTavrebis saqarTveloSi vizitze unda yofiliyo saubari. samwuxarod, metis
Tqma ar SegviZlia. Tumca, varaudi imis Sesaxeb, rom `xelmwifis karis
garigebis~ avtors SeeZlo raRac gamoegonebina, gaumarTleblad migvaCnia.
amas ukeTesad davinaxavT, rodesac detalurad gavecnobiT darbazobaSi
monawile yvela mefis mokle aRweras.
Zalian mniSvnelovania aRniSnuli mefeebis vinaobis dadgena, aseve
darbazobis
Catarebis
mizezebis
gamovlena.
mefe-mTavarTa
dadgeniT
SesaZlebeli xdeba TariRisa da darbazobis gamarTvis SesaZlo mizezebis
dadgenac. `Tormeti mefis~ Cveneuli identifikacia Semdegia:
1-2. `orni osTa mefeni~ unda iyvnen daviTis dros arsebuli ori
alan-osuri politikuri gaerTianebis meTaurebi. rogorc daviTis anonim
mematianesTan vkiTxulobT, daviT aRmaSeneblis dros erTiani oseTi ar
arsebobs. iq mmarTveloba or an orze met mefes hqonia xelSi aRebuli.
mematiane wers:
`Sevides
ovseTs
(daviT
aRmaSenebeli
giorgi
WyondidelTan
da
laSqarTan erTad – l. T.); da moegebnes m e f e n i (xazi Cvenia – l. T.)
ovseTisani da yovelni mTavarni maTni, da viTarca monani dadges winaSe
missa~ (metreveli, 2008: 319).
amdenad, arsen iyalToelis epitafiaSi aRwerili oseTSi arsebuli
politikuri viTareba emTxveva daviTis dros arsebul viTarebas, rasac misi
mematianec gvidasturebs.
3. `kaxTa mefe~ undaAiyos daviTis dros moRvawe kaxeT-hereTis mefe
kvirike IV (1084-1102/4 ww.), an misi Zmiswuli, mefe aRsarTan II (1102/4-1104 ww.).
4. `alvanTa mefe~, savaraudod, samxreT kavkasiis erT-erTi mcire
qveynis
mmarTvelia,
romelic
`alvanTa
mefis~
tituls
iCemebs.
aseTi
193
pirovneba
daviTis
epoqaSi
ramdenime
iyo.
pretenziebi
`albaneTis~
anu
`alvanis~ flobaze hqondaT rogorc kaxeT-hereTis, aseve taSir-Zoragetis
mefeebs (Matthew of Edessa, 1993: 24, 63). vinaidan pirveli dasaxelebulia
mxolod `kaxTa mefed~, `alvanTa mefe~ sagulisxmoa, rom taSir-Zoragetis
mefe
unda
Zoragetis
yofiliyo.
or
mefes
daviT
IV
asaxelebs,
aRmaSeneblis
daviTs
da
epoqis
abas
wyaroebi
kvirikianebs
taSir(Киракос
Гандзакеци, 1976: 114). Zmebidan taSir-Zoragetis samefoSi Semavali albanuri
provinciis,
utiqis
mmarTveli
iyo
abas
kvirikes
Ze,
romelic
tavuSis
cixeSi-simagreSi gaxldaT gamagrebuli (jafariZe, 1995: 32-33, 94; quTaTelaZe,
2001: 97, 138-142, ruka # 32). amgvarad, wyaroSi alvanTa mefed, savaraudod,
abasi unda iyos dasaxelebuli, xolo misi ufrosi Zma, daviT II bagratunkvirikiani ki, rogorc amas qvemoT vixilavT, `somexTa mefed~.
5. `w[a]narTa mefe~, garkveulwilad, aRdgenilia, Tumca samarTlianad.
teqstSi `wnaris~ magier `wanari~ unda igulisxmebodes. wanarTa mefeebs
adre
kaxeTis
qorepiskoposebs
uwodebdnen,
xolo
vinaidan
kaxeTis
mmarTvelebma mogvianebiT kaxeT-hereTis mefis tituli miiRes da albaneTSi
batonobaze acxadebdnen pretenzias, bunebrivia, maT `wanarTa mefed~ aravin
moixseniebda.
aq
xunZaxis
mefe
unda
vigulismoT,
romelic
samxreT
daRestnis mflobelia da xunZaxis, imave sariris, samefos ganagebda. is jer
kaxeT-hereTis, xolo daviT IV aRmaSeneblis droidan erTiani saqarTvelos
gavlenis qveS eqceva.
6-8.
`samni
t[a]oelTa
mefenis~
sakiTxi,
albaT,
yvelaze
sadavoa
arsenis epitafiaSi. teqstis es nawili jer kidev eqvTime TayaiSvilma
gaaswora, xolo Semdeg ki yvela sxva gamomcemelma gaiziara (javaxiSvili,
1967: 431-432; doliZe, 1965: 89). aRdgenilia `toelTa~ TiTqos ufro misaRebi
`taoelTa~ formiT. Tumca daviTis dros taos sami mefis arsebobaze,
iqnebian
dinastiis
taos
bagrationTa
wevrebi,
Stos
araferia
warmomadgenlebi
cnobili.
tao
Tu
mefeTa
romelime
arseboba
sxva
daviT
aRmaSeneblis xanaSi gamoricxulad migvaCnia. aq SeiZleba vigulisxmoT
tmutarakanis samTavros mmarTvelebi riurikTa dinastiidan, anda yivCaRTa
194
mTavrebi. tmutarakans bizatiuri wyaroebi tamatarxas 62 uwodeben (Константин
Багрянородный 1989: 174-175; Constantine Porphirogenitus: 186-187). es samTavro azovis
zRvidan
jiqeTamde
vrceldeboda
da
misi
sazRvrebi
tamanis
naxevarkunZulze iyo ganvrcobili. amas, erTi mxriv, is gvafiqrebinebs, rom
daviTis droidan qarTvel mefeTa aRmosavlur titulaturaSi `rusTa mefis~
tituli Cndeba, rac swored tmutarakanze arsebuli gavlenis maniSnebelia
(musxeliSvili, 1990: 73-82), meore is, rom `xelmwifis karis garigebis~
avtors SeiZleboda misTvis ucnobi termini, tamani an tamatarxa, taoSi
areoda. miuxedavad garkveuli barierebisa, (semantikuri da sxv.) migvaCnia,
rom es yvelaze optimaluri variantia `samni t[a]oelTa mefenis~ sakiTxis
gadaWris kuTxiT. vinaidan wyaroebi metis Tqmis saSualebas ar gvaZlevs,
aRniSnul Temas amiT amovwuravT.
9. `somexTa mefeSi~, rogorc zemoT mivaniSneT, taSir-Zoragetis mefe
unda
igulisxmebodes.
daviT
IV
aRmaSeneblis
dros
am
samefos
ori
mmarTveli hyavda. mefe kvirike II-s Svilebi, Zmebi: daviTi da abasi. amaTgan
daviTi taSir-Zoragetis uzenaesi mefe unda iyos. am samefos mmarTveli
qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, `somexTa mefis~ tituls atarebs (quTaTelaZe
2001:
97;
dundua,
dudnua
2006:
197).
`somexTa
mefis~
tituliT
taSir-
Zoragetis mefe 1045 wlis Semdeg unda wodebuliyo. es mas Semdeg moxda,
rac
bizantiis
imperiam
somxeTis
dedaqalaqi
anisi
daikava
da
taSir-
Zorakertis mefem Tavi somxeTis samefos samarTalmemkvidred gamoacxada.
maT 1065 wlamde am titulSi yarsis samefos monarqi ecileboda, Tumca mas
Semdeg, rac yarsis mefe gagikma qalaqi bizantiis imperias gadasca, somexTa
mefis
tituli
myarad
unda
damkvidrebuliyo
taSir-Zoragetis
mefis
titulaturaSi. amgvarad, naWarmagevis darbazobis erT-erTi stumari daviT
II kvirikiani unda yofiliyo bagratunTa dinastiidan.
10-(11). `trapizonelni~ titulebis gareSe arian moxseniebuli, rac
imis maniSnebeli unda iyos, rom isini jer ar flobdnen samefo Rirsebas.
aq
trapizonis
arxontebi
(mTavrebi)
unda
vigulisxmoT
gabrasebis
62
es termini unda momdinareobdes tamaneli TevziT movaWrisgan. berZnulad tarix-as
swored damarilebuli, Senaxuli TevziT movaWres aRniSnavs. 195
dinastiidan. Teodor gabras mmarTvelobidan moyolebuli isini trapizons
da
mis
mimdebare
gabrasebi
mxareebs
trapizonis
flobdnen
mxaris
xaldiisa
naxevrad
da
lazikis
damoukidebeli
CaTvliT.
toparxebi
iyvnen
(dundua 2003; dundua 2011; bagauri 2011; Breyr 1970). trapizonis mmarTvelebis
titulis gareSe moxsenieba kidev erTxel
xazs usvams im faqts, rom
`xelmwifis karis garigebis~ anonimi avtori daviT aRmaSeneblis droindel
politikur viTarebas aRwers da ara misi epoqis viTarebas. anonimi avtoris
dros
trapizonis
trapizonelisad~
`didisa...
mmarTvelebi
(metreveli
2008:
613)
komnianosis,
ixseniebian
da
ara
mefisa
ubralod
`trapizonelad~.
(11)-12.
isini
`Sarvan-Sahenni~
daviTis
mefobis
unda
gulisxmobdes
dros
sawyis
etapze
Sarvanis
mmarTvelebs.
mainc
inarCunebdnen
keTilmezoblur urTierTobas saqarTvelos mefesTan. ufro metic, daviTis
ufrosi asuli, Tamari, colad SerTes SarvanSahis Zes, manuCihrs, Sarvanis
momaval monarqs. es qorwili 1105/6 wliT TariRdeba (asaTiani 1968: 26-29).
amdenad, teqstis am nawilSi SarvanSahis viziti unda vigulisxmoT.
amasTan, `xelmwifis karis garigebis~ teqstis mixedviT darbazobis
monawiled
Tormeti
mefea
miTiTebuli,
xolo
realurad
mefe-mTavarTa
dasaxelebuli odenoba cameti mainc unda iyos, vinaidan `trapizonelni~ da
`Sarvan-Sahenni~ mravlobiTSi arian moxseniebulni. es ki imis maCvenebeli
unda
iyos,
rom
darbazobaze
saqarTvelos
mefes
ori
an
orze
meti
trapizonis mTavris da imave raodenobis SarvanSahis ojaxis wevri estumra.
miuxedavad im ndobisa, romelsac anonimi avtoris cnoba iwvevs CvenSi, mainc
vfiqrobT,
rom
ricxvi
`Tormeti~
ufro
simbolur
datvirTvas
unda
atarebdes, vidre realurs. darbazobis monawileTa raodenoba met-naklebad
Tormetis
farglebSi
unda
iyos
gansazRvruli,
Tumca
zusti
cifris
dasaxeleba Znelia.
naWarmagevis
Semdeg
darbazobis
mniSvnelovnad
Ddarbazoba,
epitapiis
monawile
mefe-mTavarTa
gveCveneba
misi
Catarebis
mixedviT,
win
uswrebs
identifikaciis
TariRis
muslimi
gansazRvrac.
dampyroblebis
gandevnasa da saqarTvelos ori mxaris, lixT-imereTisa da lixT-amereTis,
196
gaerTianebas.
epitafiis
dasarulSi
daviTis
gardacvalebaa
(1125
weli)
aRniSnuli. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom muslimTa gandevna daviT aRmaSeneblis
mefobis TiTqmis mTel periodSi mimdinareobda (daviTis brZolebis Sesaxeb
muslimebTan
ix.:
dasasrulad
Tu
margiSvili
Tbilisis
2006),
dakavebas
xolo
saqarTvelos
miviCnevT,
es
gaerTianebis
movlena,
1122
wlis
Tebervals moxda (jafariZe 1995: 50-52).
amdenad, arsen iyalToelis epitafiaSi zustad ar Cans naWarmagevis
darbazobis zusti TariRi. is ukeTesad SegviZlia davinaxoT `xelmwifis
karis garigebis~ teqstSi, romelSic saubaria `kaxTa mefeze~, romelic
SeiZleba iyos mxolod kaxeT-hereTis mefe kvirike II (1084-1102/4 ww.), an misi
Zmiswuli aRsarTan II (1102/4-1104 ww.). aq `kaxTa mefis~ tituli ar aris
savaldebuli gulisxmobdes imas, rom kaxeT-hereTis mefeebs dakarguli aqvT
`ranTa mefis~ tituli, Tumca daviT IV aRmaSeneblis titulatura, romelic
miTiTebulia
ruis-urbnisis
Zeglisweris
(1104/5
w.)
mosaxseniebelSi,
garkveuli qronologiuri Tanmimdevrobisa da realuri Sinaarsis Semcvelia
(gabiZaSvili 1978: 18-19). Tu kaxeT-hereTis SemoerTeba da ruis-urbnisis kreba
marTlac 1104 wels moxda, rogorc es qarTul istoriografiaSi aris
aRniSnuli
(metreveli
2002:
21-25),
maSin
gamodis,
rom
naWarmagevis
darbazobas adgili krebamde hqonia.
aqve mniSvnelovania kidev erTi garemoeba, 1103 wels trapizonis
duqsad kvlav gabrasebis ojaxis wevri grigol gabra-taronitisi daniSnes
(Bryer 1980: 176), savaraudod, Teodor gabras Svili. wina mmarTvelisgan
(davetenosi)
mqoned
da
gansxvavebiT,
bizantiis
grigol
imperatorze
gabra
`prokavkasiuri~
naklebad
damokidebel
orientaciis
mmarTvelad
warmogvidgeba (История Византии II, 1967: 309; Bryer 1980: 176). grigoli anatoliis
Zlevamosil amira daniSmends Seekra da imperatoris winaaRmdeg daiwyo
moqmedeba. Tumca, 1106 wels igi Seipyres da konstantinopolSi gagzavnes
(iqve). `trapizonelnSi~ swored grigol gabra-taronitisis saqarTveloSi
mosvla unda igulisxmebodes, rac misi mmarTvelobis wlebSi (1103-1106) unda
moTavsdes. wina mmarTveli, davetenosi da grigolis momdevno moxele,
197
romelic
1106
wels
dainiSna,
xaldiis
duqsad
bizantiis
imperatoris
sanqciis gareSe naklebad imoqmedebdnen.
amdenad, trapizonis mmarTvelis saqarTveloSi vizitisa da `kaxTa
mefis~ aq yofnis gaTvaliswinebiT, naWarmagevis darbazobas adgili 1103-1104
wlebSi unda hqonoda. mniSvnelovania daviTis istorikosis sityvebi mefis
moRvaweobis Sefasebisas. misi gancxadebiT, daviT aRmaSeneblis `aCrdilsa
qveS~ Sekrebilni yofilan `erni, tomni da enani~ (metreveli, 2008: 344).
marTalia, dasaxelebulTa Soris ar aris `trapizonelni~, magram es arc
aris aucilebeli imisTvis, rom am mxaris mmarTvelebis saqarTveloSi
Camosvla ararealurad miviCnioT. trapizonis mTavris saqarTveloSi Casvla
naWarmagevis
darbazobaze
fiqsirdeba,
rac,
Cveni
sxva
azriT,
wyaroSi,
`xelmwifis
sruliad
karis
Seesabameba
garigebaSi~,
daviTis
epoqis
politikur viTarebas.
`xelmwifis karis garigeba~ ar iZleva sxva, damatebiT ganmartebas
imasTan
dakavSirebiT,
darbazoba.
Tumca,
Tu
Tu
ratom
da
risTvis
gaviTvaliswinebT
gaimarTa
TariRsa
da
naWarmagevis
darbazobis
Semadgenlobas, aseve misi gamarTvis adgils, Zneli ar iqneba imis varaudi,
rom es kreba antiTurquli koaliciis dasabami unda yofiliyo. rogorc
cnobilia, yivCaRebs, osebsa da sxva Crdilo kavkasielebs daviTi xSirad
iyebenda
TurqebTan
mefeebic
daviT
Turqebisgan
winaaRmdeg
vardanTan
aRmaSenebelTan
xsnas.
1106
brZolaSi.
gabrebma,
wels,
erTad
sanam
swored
moxseniebuli
ibrZvian
aSkarad
Turqebis
ar
da
taSir-Zoragets
misgan
gamovidnen
winaaRmdeg
moelian
imperatoris
brZoliT
gaiTqves
saxeli. Sarvanis mmarTvelebis brZola Turq-selCukebis winaaRmdeg naTlad
dasturdeba
kvirike
II-s,
daviTis
istorikosTanac.
miuxedavad
dapirispirebuli,
daviTis
imisa,
rom
rac
is
istorikosTan
Seexeba
daviT
kaxeT-hereTis
mefe
aRmaSenebelTan
aris
Zalian
dadebiTad
aris
daxasiaTebuli (metreveli, 2008: 309). es ki, garkveulwilad, miuTiTebs imas,
rom dapirispirebemde maT Soris antimuslimuri aliansi unda arsebuliyo.
kvirikes `WeSmariti qristianed~ dasaxeleba (metreveli, 2008: 309) am azrs
ufro ganamtkicebs.
198
amdenad,
aerTianebda,
yvela
rac
zemoxsenebul
kargad
uCvenebs
mmarTvels
im
antiTurquli
mizezsac,
ramac
aliansi
naWarmagevis
darbazobis gamarTva gaxada aucilebeli. aRmosavleTis `naWarmagevs mefeni
Tormetni purad~ dasxdomis momenti, aseve naTlad miuTiTebs im faqts, rom
bizantiis
aRmosavleTiT
saqarTvelos
mefe
xdeba,
aRiarebuli
romelsac
lideri,
1103-1104
daviT
wlebSi
IV
aRmaSenebli,
Zalian
aqtiurad
moqmedebs. igi xelmZRvanelobs antiTurqul koalicias da, rogorc es
mogvianebiT gamoCndeba, warmatebiT aTavisuflebs mTel samxreT kavkasiis
regions Turq-selCuki dampyroblebisgan (margiSvili 2006). daviTi iwodeba,
rogorc
`ΠΙΣΤΟ[Σ] ΒΑΣΙΛ[ΕΥΣ] ΠΑΣ[ΗΣ] ΑΝΑΤΟΛ[ΕΣ] Ο ΠΑΓΚΡΑΤΟΝΙΑΝΟΣ
_
morwmune basilevsi sruliad aRmosavleTisa, pagkratoniani~, rac naTlad
uCvenebs imas, rom is ukve aRiarebuli lideria bizantiis aRmosavleTSi.
daviT aRmaSenebelis titulia basilevsi, anu imperatori, da avtokratori,
anu TviTmpyrobeli. am ukanaskneliT is 1104/5 wels aris ukve wodebuli.
daviTis basilevsad wodeba rom TviTmpyroblis paralelurad xdeba, amas
zemoT moxmobili berZnuli warwerebic adasturebs.
daviTis
politikuri
aRiareba
sruliad
aRmosavleTis
TviTmpyroblad mxolod naWarmagevis darbazobis analizidan ar Cans, igi
vlindeboda mraval politikur qmedebaSi, romlebsac is awarmoebda Tavisi
mmarTvelobis
somxebis,
periodSi,
Sarvanelebis,
rodesac
saTaveSi
alan-osebisa
da
edga
sxva
yivCaRebis,
CrdiloeT
frankebis,
kavkasieli
xalxebis koaliciasa Tu daqiravebul jarebs.
daviT IV aRmaSeneblis memkvidreebi
daviT IV aRmaSenebeli rom TviTmpyrobeli da basilevsia, es zemoT
ukve mivuTiTeT. Sainteresoa, ramdenad agrZeleben aRniSnul tendencias
misi memkvidreebi.
am kuTxiT mniSvnelovani informaciis Semcvelia mosaxsenieblebi, anu
sinidikonebi.
mosaxsenieblebSi
dasaxelebulni
arian
is
saero
da
sasuliero pirebi, romlebsac garkveuli damsaxureba miuZRviT aeklesiamonastrebis daxmarebaSi. maT Soris gamorCeulia mefeTa mosaxsenieblebi.
199
dimitri baqraZem 1878 wels gamoaqveyna mewieTis wminda giorgis
eklesiidan
motanili
,,Zeglisweras”.
,,marxvani”,
rogorc
romelic,
,,ZeglisweraSi~
iyo
misive
TqmiT,
naTqvami,
igi
Seicavda
SeudgeniaT
konstantinopolis wminda xatebis Tayvanis sacemad Sekrebil wminda mamebs.
dimitri baqraZis TqmiT, ,,wigns kiTxulobda Semosili mRvdeli wm. sofiis
taZarsa da yvela eklesiaSi wirvis dros didmarxvis pirvel kviras~. mas
darTuli
hqonda
,,Zegliswera”
da
bolos
CamoTvli
iyo
aRmosavleTis
eklesiaSi cnobili saero da sasuliero moRvaweebi (baqraZe 1987: 178).
aRsaniSnavia, rom Zegli gadawerilia 1566 wels, iosfaT beenaSvilis
meuRlis,
qeTeonis,
SekveTiT
(baqraZe
1987:
179-180).
,,Zeglis
weraSi”
CamoTvlil pirovnebaT Soris dasaxelebulia TiTqmis yvela saqarTvelos
monarqi _ bagrat IV-dan (1027-1072 ww.), vidre daviT narinamde da daviT
giorgis Zemde. amis Semdeg mefeTa moxsenieba grZeldeba imereTis mefe
aleqsandre
II-dan
(1489-1510
ww.),
romelic
iosfaT
beenaSvilis
dedis,
TinaTinis mama da iosfaTis babua gaxldaT.
yvela is piri, romlebic aleqsandre II-is Semdeg arian CamoTvlili,
iosfaTisa da misi meuRlis, qeTeonis, naTesavebi arian (baqraZe 1987: 179).
swored am ukanasknelis dakveTiT miaweres es pirebi xelnawers, magram
dedani, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom jer kidev maSin iyo dawerili,
rodesac konstantinopoli marTlmadideblebis xelSi gaxldaT, anu 1453
wlamde. es Tavad xelnaweridan mtkicdeba, romelSic naTqvamia, rom `Zeglis
wera~ konstantinopolis wminda sofias taZarsa da sxva marTlmadidebel
eklesiebSi ikiTxebodao da, Sesabamisad, originali, romelic qeTeonma 1566
wels gadaawerina, iyo ara XVI saukunisa, aramed gacilebiT adrindeli.
gamomdinare
iqidan,
rom
ukanasknel
mefeebad
rusudanis
Semdeg
moxseniebulni arian `daviT da daviT marTlmadidebelTa mefeT-mefeni~ 63
(SaraSiZe
1982:
18-21),
SeiZleba
davaskvnaT,
rom
,,Zeglisweris”
Sedgenis
TariRi iyo 1261-1270 wlebi. 1204-1261 wlebSi konstantinopoli da wminda
63
d. baqraZe mis mier gamoqveynebul mosaxseniebelSi erT daviTs asaxelebs, qr. SaraSiZe ki
or daviTs, rasac amilaxorTa saxlis krebulis mosaxseniebelic eTanxmeba. ixileT:
SaraSiZe qristina. samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi (XII-XV). Tb. 1982. gv. 18-21. 200
sofias taZari laTinTa xelSi iyo. Sesabamisad, wirva-locva iq laTinurad
sruldeboda. amdenad, 1261 wlamde marTlmadidebel mefeTa mosaxseniebels
konstantinopolSi aravin waikiTxavda.
1261
wls
mixael
paleologosma
konstantinopoli
aiRo
da
momentalurad konstantinopolis sapatriarqoc daubrunda Zvel adgils
(Geanakoplos 1959). konstantinopolSi aRmosavleTis qristianuli eklesiis
wirva-locva
kvlav
ganaxlda.
daviTisa
da
daviTis
erTad
moxsenieba
SeiZleba maT ormefobasac miuTiTebs, rasac adgili 1262 wels hqonda.
amrigad, mosaxseniebeli SeiZleba daaxloebiT am wliTac daTariRdes.
qristina
,,Zeglis
weris”
SaraSiZem
xelaxla
mosaxseniebeli
or
gamoaqveyna
sxva
zemoxsenebuli
mosaxseniebelTan
mewieTis
erTad.
maT
Sorisaa kopasZeTa da amilaxvarTa mosaxsenieblebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom samive
mosaxseniebeli, rodesac saqme exeba mis pirvel nawils, identuria da,
Sesabamisad, iq dasaxelebuli yvela mefe erTi da imave konteqstSi arian
moxseniebulni. gansxvaveba imaSia, rom mxolod kopasZeTa mosaxseniebeli ar
afiqsirebs rusudanisa da ori daviTis mosaxseniebels (SaraSiZe 1982: 15-23).
axla ganvixiloT uSualod is monarqebi, romlebic zemoaRniSnul
marxvanSi arian mosxeniebulni. am SemTxvevaSi Cvens interess iwvevs mefeTa
titulatura:
1. bagrat afxazTa, qarTuÀlTa marTlamadideblisa mefisa saukunoÁmca
ars xseneba.
2. giorgi kesarosisa, afxazTaÁ, qarTvelTa marTlmadidebelisai mefisa. .
.
3. daviT
yovlisa aRmosavleTisa mefisa, axlisa marTlmadidebelisa
saukunoÁmca saÃsenebeli da kurTxeva misi.
4. demetre yovlisa aRmosavleTisa mefisa saukunoÁmca saÃsenebeli da
kurTxeva misi.
5. giorgi, yovlisa aRmosavleTisa Ãelmwifed mpyrobelisa, mefeT-mefisa
saukunoÁmca saÃsenebeli da kurTxeva misi.
201
6. Tamar yovlisa aRmosavleTisa axlisa marTlmadideblisa, afxazTa,
qarTvelTa, herTa da kaxTa da yovelTa qristianeTa mpyrobelisa
saukunoÁmca ars saÃsenebeli da kurTxeva misi.
7. Zisa maTisa giorgi yovlisa aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTisa mtkiced
mpyrobelisa mefeT-mefisa mravalmca arian welni mefobisa misisani...
(SaraSiZe 1961: 15).
teqsti ekuTvnis kopasZeTa mosaxseniebels, romelic yvelaze Zveli
Cans zemoT xsenebul sinodikonTa Soris. aq bolo mefed giorgi laSa aris
dasaxelebuli, Tamaris Ze, romelic, mosaxsenieblis mixedviT, cocxalia
(SaraSiZe 1961: 73). mosaxseniebels darTuli aqvs ukve mogviano xanebSi
mimatebuli kopasZeebis mosaxseniebelic, romelSic yvaryvare jayelis (14511498 ww.), samcxis aTabagisa da spasalaris ojaxis wevrebis garda, kopasZeTa
gvaris wevrebic arian moxseniebulni (SaraSiZe 1961: 15-17). aqedan dgindeba,
rom aris ori fena, axali da Zveli. amaTgan Zveli daiwera giorgi laSas
(1210-1222/3 ww.) mefobis dros, xolo axali _ XVI saukuneSi.
mosaxsenieblebSi ramdenime TvalSi sacemi faqtis gamoyofa SeiZleba.
daviT aRmaSeneblidan moyolebuli giorgi laSas CaTvliT yvela qarTveli
monarqi ,,yovlisa aRmosavleTisa mefed~ iwodeba. Tavad daviTi, am titulis
garda,
`axlisa
marTlmadidebelisas~
epiTetiT
aris
wodebuli,
rac
erTgvari ganaxlebis maniSnebelia. daviTis dros rom qarTvel mefeTa
titulatura
ganaxlda
avtokratoroba
titulaturidan
da
da
qarTvelTa
imperatoroba
aSkarad
Cans.
mefeebma
SeiTavses,
bizantiuri
yoveli
es
aRmosavleTis
maTi
saimperatoro
ganaxlebuli
titulebis
etapobrivi miRebis dadasturebaa imave mosaxseniebelSi Tamaris `yovelTa
qristianeTa mpyrobelisad~ wodeba, rac tradiciuli iyo mxolod bizantiis
imperatorebisTvis.
amrigad, qarTvelebi marTlmadidebel samyaros or nawilad yofen _
dasavleT da aRmosavleT marTlmadidebel sivrceebad. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
saqarTvelos monarqi ,,yovlisa aRmosavleTisa” TviTmpyroblad iwodeba,
bizantiis imperatori qarTul naratiul wyaroebSi moixsenieba, rogorc
mefe ,,yovlisa dasavleTisa da saberZneTisa”. amgvarad, rogorc zemoT
202
mivuTiTeT, imperatori manuel I didi (1143-1180) ixsenieba (yauxCiSvili 1959:
17; metreveli 2008: 392).
msgavs
diferenciacias
safuZveli
XII
saukuneSi
eyreba,
rodesac
aRmosavleT qristianul samyaroSi ori seriozuli politikuri erTeuli
darCa.
dasavleTiT
bizantia,
xolo
aRmosavleTiT
_
saqarTvelo.
rac
Seexeba sxva marTlmadidebel qveynebs, isini bizantiisa an saqarTvelos
politikuri, kulturuli da konfesiuri gavlenis qveS arian moqceuli.
saqarTvelos mefe bizantiur wyaroebSi – bizantiis imperiis oficialuri
pozicia
(tituli `basilevsis~ sakiTxis Sesaxeb)
basilevsis (Βασιλεύς) tituls bizantieli mwerlebi, rogorc wesi,
bizantiis imperatorze ixsenieben, Tumca arsebobs araerTi gamonaklisi. VII
saukunemde, sanam berZnuli ena pativiT odnav Camouvardeboda laTinurs,
basilevsis tituliT, rogorc wesi, yvela monarqi iwodeboda. termini
basilevsi ar warmoadgenda ierarqiuli sistemis markers, aramed aRniSnavda
konkretuli qveynis suverens, visi Zalauflebac vrceldeboda mis mier
kontrolirebad xalxsa da saxelmwifoze.
VI saukuneSi, barbarosuli qveynebis intensiuri warmoqmnis periodSi,
imisTvis, rom ganesxvavebinaT universaluri monarqi masze damokidebuli
qristianuli qveynebis mbrZaneblebisagan, tituli basilevsi ufro dafasda.
amis Semdeg mas mxolod bizantiisa da sasanuri iranis mmarTvelebze
xmarobdnen. sasanuri iranis dacemam kidev ufro meti biZgi misca bizantiis
xelisuflebas aRniSnuli wodeba eqskluziurad bizantiis imperatorebis
titulad gamoecxadebinaT.
saimperatoro beWdebze tituli basilevsis pirveli dataneba 654-658
wlebSi xdeba. mogvianebiT imperatori leon III isavrieli (717-741 ww.) mas
vercxlis
monetaze
aTavsebs,
xolo
misi
memkvidre,
konstantine
V
kopronimusi, (741-775 ww.) ki oqros monetis emisiaze (ODB 1 1991: 264).
203
basilevsis
titulis
xmarebas
VII
saukunidan
moyolebuli
bizantielebi ucxo qveynis mmarTvelebze, rogorc wesi, Tavs aridebdnen.
miuxedavad aRniSnuli titulis mkacri konservaciisa da universaluri
qristianuli
imperiis
Seqmnis
mcdelobisa,
bizantia
iZulebuli
iyo,
angariSi gaewia politikuri realobisaTvis. basilevsebad iwodnen saRvTo
romis
imperatorebi,
oRond
maT
moixseniebdnen
ara
`romaelTa”
(bizantielTa), aramed `frankTa basilevsebad~ (ODB 1 1991: 264). basilevsis
tituli scnes bulgareTis imperator simeonzec.
nikita xoniate imave tituliT amkobs roJer siciliels, saRvTo
romis imperator fridrix barbarosasa da laTinuri romaniis imperator
henri
flandriels.
giorgi
akropolitesTan
basilevsad
iwodeba
bulgareTis imperatori kaloiani, xolo serbeTis mmarTveli stefan duSani
oficialur
ixsenieba.
berZnul
dokumentebSi
analogiuri
aRmosavleTis
zogierT
SeiZleba
sxva
`romaelTa
iTqvas
da
serbTa
trapizonis
mbrZanebelze
(Temur
basilevsad~
imperatorebsa
lengi,
da
mehmed
II
dampyrobeli da sxva) (ODB 1 1991: 264).
gavrcelebulia mosazreba, TiTqos am tituls berZnebi arasdros ar
cnobdnen
qarTvel
mefeebze.
am
mosazrebis
mixedviT,
arc
daviT
aRmaSeneblamde da arc mis Semdgom, am titulis Rirsad maT ar miaCndaT
arc erTi saqarTvelos monarqi. es Tvalsazrisi, rogorc rogorc qvemoT
davinaxavT, unda gadaisinjos.
pirvelad
saqarTvelos
mefis
basilevsad
moxsenieba,
da
isic
berZnulad, gvxvdeba daviT IV aRmaSeneblTan dakavSirebiT (Rapp 1997: 573). es
aris wm. ekaterines monasterSi arsebul qarTul xatze gakeTebuli warwera,
Sesrulebuli, savaraudod, qarTveli berebis mier. miuxedavad imisa, rom es
Zegli wminda ekaterines monastris kuTvnilebaa, misi miCneva bizantiis
xelisuflebis
oficialur
poziciad
rTulia.
Tumca,
rogorc
sxva
cnobebidan gamoCndeba, es tendencia, romelic am warweris Semdeg iRebs
saTaves grZeldeba XV saukunis CaTvliT. es aris dRemde aRmoCenili erT-
204
erTi uZvelesi cnoba, romelSic qarTveli mefe basilevsad saxeldeba VII
saukunis Semdgomi periodis berZnul wyaroebSi.
daviT aRmaSeneblamde VII-XI saukuneebis berZnul wyaroebSi qarTveli
mefeebi arxontebad arian moxseniebulni, maTve umtkicdebodaT bizantiuri
saimperio
titulebi
panipersevastosi,
moyolebuli,
(novelisomosi,
kurapalati,
da
daviT
kesarosi
arc
zemoT
a.S.),
magram
CamoTvlil
saimperio
IV
sevastosi,
aRmaSeneblidan
titulebiT
ixsenieben
bizantielebi saqarTvelos mefeebs da arc arxontebad. wminda ekaterines
monasterSi
mxolod
arsebuli
qarTvelTa
xatze
gakeTebuli
damokidebulebas
warwera
ar
qarTveli
unda
mefis
aRniSnavdes
statusisadmi.
piriqiT, is gamoxatavs orives _ berZenTa da qarTvelTa _ damokidebulebas
saqarTvelos mefis Secvlil statusze.
zemoTqmuli
tituliT
mtkicdeba
ixseniebian
berZnul
imiT,
rom
wyaroebSi,
qarTveli
mxolod
mefeebi
Tu
raime
basilevsebad,
anda
`Μεπε~-d rac qarTuli sityva `mefis~ transkripciaa. aris SemTxveva maTi
`ρεξ~, anu reqsad, moxseniebisa, rac, sfranZesis sityviT, laTinurad `mefes~
(Μεπε) udriso. amiT avtorma qarTuli titulis laTinur korespodencias
gausva xazi. marTlac, laTinebis erTi nawili saqarTvelos mefeebs `Rex~-d
moixsenieben, anu maT samefo tituls _ `mefe~-s Targmnian, rogorc reqs
(Rex). es mSvenivrad aCvenebs im faqts, rom romis papebi da misi politikis
mimdevrebi ar scobdnen qarTvel mefeebze imperatoris tituls, radgan
aRiarebdnen mxolod erT, saRvTo romis imperators. amdenad, rodesac
sfranZesi
xazs
usvams
im
faqts,
rom
CvenSi
`Μεπε~-s
`ρεξ~
uwodebeno
(yauxCiSvili 1970: 49), amiT is qarTuli titulis laTinur korespodenciaze
mianiSnebs.
Sesabamisad,
laTinuri
gavlena
berZnul
diplomatiaze
XV
saukuneSi SesamCnevia.
pirveli mefe, romelic Cvens xelT arsebul berZnul naratiul
teqstebSi basilevsad ixsenieba, aris daviT VI narini (1247-92 ww.). miqel
panaretosis qronikaSi is iberiis basilevsad iwodeba, romelmac qalaq
205
trapizons alya 1282 wlis aprils Semoartya, Tumca, panaretosis cnobiT, es
Seteva uSedegod damTavrda:
`Μετα δε σφς (6790) 64 έτος, Απριλλίου μηνσός, ηλθεν ό βασιλεύς ’Ιβηρίας Δαυίδ και επεριώρισε την Τραπεζουνταۛ αλλα απεστράφη κενός“ (yauxCiSvili 1967: 170) _ `Semdeg
1282 (6790) wlis aprilSi movida iberiis basilevsi daviTi, alya Semoartya
trapizons, magram gaecala xelcarieli~ (yauxCiSvili 1967: 170). 65
sxva daviTi, amjerad, giorgi V brwyinvalis vaJi, daviT IX (1346-1360),
aseve basilevsad aris moxseniebuli miqel panaretosTan. miqel panaretosi
daviTs im saqorwino pirobis dros asaxelebs, romelic trapizonsa da
saqarTvelos
mmarTvelebs
Soris
daido
aleqisi
III
(1349-1390
ww.)
mmarTvelobis dros. avtori wers:
`Τα δε συναλλάγματα, α ειχε μετα της εξ ’Ιβηρίας, θυγατρος μεν Δαβίδ τοũ βασιλέυως Τυφλισίου, ανεψιας δε επ’ αδελφη του ’Αχπουγα, μεταφέρονται εις τον νεώτερον και γνήσιον και
νόμιμον υιον του βασιλέυως ημων και νέον βασιλέα κυρ Μανουηλ τον μεγαν Κομνηνόν“
(yauxCiSvili
1967:
207)
_
`saqorwino
piroba,
romelic
dadebuli
iyo
iberiasTan Tbilisis basilevs daviTis asulisTvis, aRbuRas diswulisTvis,
gadatanil iqna Cveni basilevsis umcros, RviZl da kanonier Zesa da
axalgazrda basilevs baton manuelze, did komnenosze~.
daviT IX Tbilisis basilevsad iwodeba. miqel panaretosis cnobiT,
misi asuli, gulqan-xaTuni, colad gahyva aleqsi III-is vaJs, taxti memkvidre
64
aRniSnavs 1282 wels. miqel panaretosis cnoba daviT VI narinis (1245-1292) eqspediciis Sesaxeb trapizonis
imperiaSi sakmaod bundovania. is arafers wers daviTis Semosevis mizezebze, iseve rogorc
mis uecar ukan dabrunebaze. teqstidan Cans, TiTqos qarTvel monarqma isargebla
trapizonSi mimdinare Sida areulobiT da misi dapyroba moindoma, rac ver SeZlo da
ukanve gabrunda. es laSqroba amave konteqstSi aris ganxiluli specialur literaturaSi,
rac, Cveni azriT, ar Seefereba simarTles. saqarTvelos rom trapizonis dapyroba hqonoda
ganzraxuli, is amas erTianobis xanaSi gaakeTebda da ara im dros, rodesac is
politikurad gaTiSulia, xolo misi didi nawili monRolebis batonobis qveS iyo
moqceuli. realurad trapizonis inkorporacia aranair problemas ar warmoadgenda
swored im dros, rodesac is qarTvelebma, faqtobrivad, `xelovnurad~ Seqmnes (xelovnurad
imisTvis, rom Tavdapirveli ganzraxva iyo ara trapizonis axali samefos Camoyalibeba,
aramed bizantiis taxtze aleqsi komnenosis aRdgena), 1204 wels. daviT narins, romelsac
imis 1/4 teritoriac ar gaaCnda, rac Tamaris samefo iyo, ar SeiZleboda hqonoda imaze
didi ambicia, vidre es mis did bebias hqonda. amdenad, mizezi narinis laSqrobisa ar unda
yofiliyo trapizonis dapyroba, miTumetes, rom ar Cans sxva dapyrobili qalaqebi an
regionebi, romelic aucilebeli iyo qveynis aneqsiisTvis. sazRvari daviT narinis Semosevis
Semdegac ucvleli darCa.
65
206
manuel
komnenoss.
bizantiuri
qorwili
tradiciiT
1379
saxeli
wlis
6
seqtembers
gamoucvales
da
Sedga.
dedofals
evdokia
daarqves
(yauxCiSvili 1967: 207-208).
imave miqel panaretosTan daviT IX-is Svili, bagrat V didic (13601395 ww.) basilevsad aris moxseniebuli da Tan ara erTxel, aramed samjer.
pirvelad 1367 welTan dakavSirebiT, rodesac bagratma colad moiyvana
imperator
aleqsi
III-is
(1349-1390
ww.)
asuli,
ana
komnena.
panaretosi
bagratis tituls Semdegnairad ixseniens:
`Τω̃ βασιλεı των Ίβήρων και Άβασγων κυρ Παγκρατιω τω Παγκρατιανω̣“ (yauxCiSvili
1967: 202) _ `basilevsi iberTa da afxazTa batoni bagrat bagrationi~.
meore moxsenieba ukavSirdeba aleqs III-sa da bagrat V-is 1373 wlis
seqtembris Sexvedras, romelic Sedga lazeTis mxareSi. miqel panaretosi
gadmogvcems:
`Μηνι Αυγούστω σ′ απήλθαμεν εν τη Λαζικη και προς το εκβαν του μηνος περι τα εισιτήρια του σωπα (6881) ετος εσμιγαμεν τον βασιλεα τόν Παγκράτιν“ (yauxCiSvili 1967:
205) – `eqvs agvistos wavediT lazikaSi da Tvis bolos, 1373 (6881) wlis
dasawyisSi 66 SevxvdiT basilevs bagrats~.
mesamed
miqel
panaretosi
bagrats
Temur-lengis
SemosevasTan
dakavSirebiT axsenebs, rodesac am ukanasknelma mefe bagrati misi ojaxis
or wevrTan erTad tyved Caigdo. rogorc wina or SemTxvevaSi, aqac avtori
mefe bagrats basilevsad moixseniebs. igi wers:
`βασιλέα Παγκράτιν τὸν στρατηγικώτατον καὶ τὴν ομοζυγον αυτου, την θυματεραν του ήμετέρου βασιλευς, την ωραιοτατην κυραν Άννης, και τον υιος αυτης Δαβίδ“ (yauxCiSvili
1967: 212) – `basilevsi bagrati ganTqmuli mxedarTmTavari da misi meuRle,
Cveni basilevsis asuli mSvenieri qalbatoni ana, da Ze misi daviTi~.
basilevsi bagrati, am SemTxvevaSi, gamoCenil mxedarTmTavarad aris
moxseniebuli. iqve ixsenieba misi simamri, aleqsi III komnenosi, romelic am
66
wlis dasawyisad igulisxmeba seqtemberi. amdenad, bagrat V didsa da aleqsi III did
komnenoss Soris Sexvedra 1373 w. seqtemberSi Sedga, lazeTis mxareSi. 207
SemTxvevaSi
dedofal
anas
mSoblad
aris
dasaxelebuli
saxelis
moxseniebis gareSe.
mniSvnelovania
isic,
rom
panaretosi
basilevsad
mxolod
sami
qveynis, bizatiis, saqarTvelosa da sakuTar _ trapizonis mmarTvelebs
moixseniebs. iseT gamoCenil pirovnebas ki, rogoric Temur-lengi iyo, igi,
ubralod,
TaTarTa
(yauxCiSvili
1967:
moixseniebian
mcire
amiras
211).
`Άμηρας τις Τάταρις...Ταμουρλάγκης“
uwodebs
SedarebisTvis,
aziis
Turqi
imave
panaretosTan
mmarTvelebi,
amirad
romlebic
Tavisi
mniSvnelobiTa da statusiT Temur-lengze bevrad dabla idgnen. magaliTad:
taj ad dini – „άμηρας ό Τατζιατίνης’’, (yauxCiSvili 1967: 211) xutlu begi _
„Χουτλουπεκ ό άμηρας” (yauxCiSvili 1967: 201) da a.S.
miuxedavad
upiratesobisa,
trapizonis
ama
Tu
im
xelisuflis
mimarTvisa
da
korespodenciis
imperiebSi
saukuneebis
politikuri
etiketi
ganmavlobaSi
Tu
samxedro
bizantiisa
yalibdeboda,
Tu
sadac,
rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, saqarTvelos monarqs trapizonis imperatorsa Tu
bizantiis mmarTvels miqel panaretosi Tanabar statusSi ayenebda.
analogiuri SeiZleba iTqvas bizantiel saxelmwifo moRvaweTa da
istorikosTa erT nawilzec. maT Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili giorgi
sfranZess ukavia.
giorgi sfranZesi giorgi VIII-is samefo karze iqna mivlinebuli
Tavisi mbrZaneblis, imperator konstantine XI paleologos-dragaSis (14491453
ww.)
mier.
giorgi
sfranZess,
rogorc
despans,
imperatorisa
da
saqarTvelos mefis asulis, qeTeon-qristines qorwinebis pirobebi unda
SeeTanxmebina. am mogzaurobasa da peripetiebs sfranZesi sakuTar naSromSi
Tavadve aRwers. giorgi sfranZesi wers:
`έγὼ παρὰ του αύθέντον μου καὶ βασιλέυως προς τον της Ίβηριας κυριον Γεώργιον Μέπεν ό̉ς παρ ημιν ρήξ λέγεται“ (yauxCiSvili 1970: 49) _ `Cemi brZaneblis (αύθέντον)
basilevsis (igulisxmeba konstantine XI _ l. T.) mier gagzavnil viqmen
iberiis batonTan, giorgi mefesTan (Μέπεν), romelsac CvenSi reqs (ρήξ)
eZaxian~.
208
wyarodan kargad Cans, rom sfranZesi saqarTvelos mefis wodebas
pirdapir Targmnis da im tituliT ixseniebs mas, romliTac ixsenieboda
giorgi VIII saqarTveloSi. avtori aRniSnavs, rom tituli `Μέπε“-s (qarTuli
`mefe~) CvenSi reqs uwodebdneno. amiT giorgi sfranZesi laTinuri `reqsisa~
(Rex) da qarTuli `mefis~ igiveobas usvams xazs, razec vrclad zemoT ukve
visaubreT. Tumca, es imas ar niSnavs, TiTqos is ar aTanabrebdes bizantiis
imperatorisa da saqarTvelos mefis statuss. misive teqstis umetes nawilSi
araerTxel naxsenebi, mefe giorgi VIII yvelaze xSirad basilevsad, anu
imperatorad, aris moxseniebuli:
`μεθ′ ην εγω απεστειλά τινας ιππους, και δύο ους Ό βασιλευς Ίβηριας μοι εδωρησατο εκ των υπ′ αυτου αιχμαλωτισθεντων, οτε τους αιχμαλωτους εσκυλευσεν“ (yauxCiSvili 1970: 57-
58) _ `am naviT me gavgzavne cxenebi da ori [bavSvi], romelic me maCuqa
iberiis basilevsma (Ό βασιλευς Ίβηριας) mis mier tyved wamoyvanilTagan,
rodesac man tyveebi moinadavla~.
`Τη γαρ ιδη του Όκτωβριου μηνος του αυτου ετους εστάλην εγω εις τε τον της Ίβηριας Μέπεν, ηγουν βασιλέα Γεώργιον, και βασιλέα Τραπεζουντος κυρ Ιωαννην τον Κομνηνον~
(yauxCiSvili 1970: 74)_ `imave wlis oqtombris Tvis ToTxmet ricxvSi
gagzavnil viqmen iberiis mefesTan (Μέπεν), saxeldobr, basilevs giorgisTan
da trapizonis basilevs baton ioane komnenosTan~.
aRsaniSnavia
saqarTvelos
isic,
monarqs,
rom
reqsis
basilevsis
da
wodebis
regosis
garda,
titulebiTac
sfranZesi
moixseniebs
(yauxCiSvili 1970: 62, 68). `regos~ (ρηγος) am SemTxvevaSi laTinuri «Rex»
berZnuli korespodenciaa. Tumca, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, es titulebi
basilevsis
kvaldakval
gamoiyeneba
imperator
kostantinesTan
pirad
da
isic
saubarSi
iSviaT
SemTxvevebSi.
sfranZesis
mixedviT,
TviT
Tavad
imperatori iberiis mefes basilevsad moixseniebs:
`Λοιπον συν θεω τελέσωμεν το του βασιλέως της Ίβηριας~ (yauxCiSvili 1970: 70) _
`RvTis SewevniT vabolovebT iberiis basilevsTan [danaTesavebis] saqmes~.
amdenad, saqarTvelos mefe teqstis umetes nawilSi basilevsad aris
moxseniebuli, maT Soris imperator konstantines mierac (yauxCiSvili 1970:
209
68,
78,
80,
periodSi
84).
es
arsebobs
kargad
miuTiTebs
bizantiasa
da
im
damokidebulebas,
saqarTvelos
Soris
romelic
da
am
romelic
paritetul principebzea agebuli. saqarTvelos kidev erTi monarqi _ aleqsandre didi, basilevsis
tituliT aris moxseniebuli, amjerad laonike xalkokondiles istoriaSi,
romelic msgavsad giorgi sfranZesisa imperator konstantine XI dragaSpaleologosTan
msaxurobda.
mis
nawarmoebSi
is
aRwers
trapizonis
imperatoris ioane IV komnenosis (1429-1460) istorias da imas, Tu rodis
SeirTo colad aleqsandre didis asuli:
`Ο δε βασιλέυς Ιωάννης απελθων εν Ίβηρια εσχε γυναικα την του βασιλέως ’Αλεξάνδρου θυγατέρα~ (yauxCiSvili 1970: 95) _ basilevsi ioane, rom wavida iberiaSi
colad hyavda basilevsi aleqsandres asuli~.
laonike xalxokondiles `istoria~, kidev erTi mniSvnelovani wyaroa,
romelic
miuTiTebs
bizantielebis
mier
qarTvel
mefeebze
basilevsis
titulis cnobas. amdenad, XIV-XV ss. bizantiuri naratiuli masalebi da
SedarebiT ufro adrindeli bizantiuri wyaroebi adasturebs im faqts, rom
TviT berZnul wyaroebSi saqarTvelos mefeebs imperatorebs uwodebdnen,
msgavsad bizantiisa Tu trapizinis mmarTvelebisa.
aucilebelia aRiniSnos isic, rom zemoT dasaxelebuli avtorebi,
magaliTad, miqel panaretosi aleqsi III-is karze protosevastosisa da
protonotarosis titulebs flobda, xolo giorgi sfranZesi konstantine
XI-is karze protovestiaritis (yauxCiSvili 1970: 85; yauxCiSvili 1967: 161).
orive
istorikosi
TavianTi
imperatorebis
administraciis
wevrebi
da
ndobiT aRWurvili pirebi iyvnen, amdenad, maTi pozicia saqarTvelos mefis
statusTan dakavSirebiT maTive qveynebis oficialur pozicias gamoxatavda.
kostantinopolis sapatriarqos aqtebSi daculi cnobebi
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb
(pavle tagaris-paleologosis monaniebis werilis mixedviT)
210
bizantiis
istoriis
kvlevisas
mniSvnelovani
konstantinopolis
sapatriarqos saeklesio aqtebi, romlebic warmoadgens Zvirfas wyaros
bizantiis
politikuri
urTierTobebisa
da
diplomatiisa
saeklesio
cxovrebisa da sxva socialuri urTierTobebis Sesaswavlad (Miklosich, Muller
1860-1890).
sapatriarqos
konstantinopolis
aqtebSi
daculia
sapatriarqos
bizantiis
mesveurebis
eklesiis,
mimowera,
kerZod
ki,
mitropolitebis,
arqiepiskoposebis, episkoposebisa Tu sxva sasuliero pirebis werilebi.
saero pirebis dawerili anderZebi, romlebic konstantinopolis eklesias
ukavSirdeba, monaniebis Semcveli werilebi da sxva mravali.
aRniSnuli aqtebis sakmaod mniSvnelovani nawili gamoqveynebulia
franc miklosixisa da ioseb miuleris mier eqvs tomad. gamoqveynebulia
ramdenime
aTeuli
saistorio
sabuTebi,
romlebic
faravs
ramdenimesaukunovan periods, maT Soris postbizantiur epoqasac.
speros vrionisi maT Sesaxeb ganmartavs, rom ,,es aqtebi ar aris
yovlis momcveli da amomwuravi, imdenad ramdenadac Cvenamde mxolod maTma
mcire nawilma moaRwia”. Tumca vrionisi iqve aRniSnavs, rom dokumentebis
didi nawili (140 aqti) swored XIV saukunze modis da isini moicavs ara
marto XIV saukunis sakiTxebs, aramed exebian XIII da XV saukuneebSi
mimdinare movlenebsac. amasTan, maTSi aRwerili sakiTxebi faravs mcire
aziis yvela ZiriTad regions da maT Soris 50 saepiskoposos (Vryonis 1971;
289). mkvlevari maT sandoobas gansakuTrebiT usvams xazs. CvenTvis amas didi
mniSvneloba
aqvs,
radgan
wyaroebi
Tanadroulia
da,
amasTan,
maT
oficialuri dadgenilebebis saxe aqvs. yvelaferi aqedan gamomdinare, isini
saistorio mecnierebaSic pirvel wyaros mniSvnelobas iZens da sandoobiT
gamoirCeva. SemorCenilia pavle tagaris-paleologosis monaniebis werili,
romelic daculia sapatriarqo aqtebSi, sadac tagarisi detalurad yveba
Tavis istorias 67 .
67
Έξομολόγησις μοναχου̃ Παύλου του Τάγαρι η̃ óμολογια. Του Περδίκη υπομνηματογραφου (11, 224‐230). 211
g.
hili
tagarisis
moRvaweobas
gamogonil
ambad
miiCnevs.
igi
eyrdnoba mxolod im wyaros, romelic parizSi iqna gamoqveynebuli 1839
wels m. l. belaquestis mier. 68 hilis skepticizmi, rogorc mogvianebiT
aRmoCnda,
usafuZvlo
gamodga.
s.
vrionisi
aRiSnavs,
rom
hils
ar
gamouyenebia Cven mier zemoT dasaxelebuli berZnuli aqtebi, romlebic ara
marto
amtkicebs
qronikasTan
pavle
erTad
tagarisis
avsebs
kidec
moRvaweobas,
erTmaneTis
aramed
am
informacias
evropul
tagarisis
pirovnebis Sesaxeb (Vryonis 1971: 337, Sen241; Hill 1942: 435). amgvarad, pavle
tagarisis Sesaxeb arsebuli masala vrcelia da garkveulwilad sando
saistorio narativs warmoadgens. Cven am SemTxvevaSi daveyrdnobiT speros
vrionisis mier ganxilul saintereso informacias da qarTuli wyaroebTan
SejerebiT warmovadgenT saintereso masalas saqarTvelos mefis statusisa
da qveynis saxelwodebis Sesaxeb.
tagarisi bizantiasa da aRmosavleTis qveynebSi
pavle tagaris-paleologosis moRvaweobas rogorc bizantiaSi, aseve
aRmosavleTis qveynebSi kargad axasiaTebs konstantinopolis sapatriarqo
aqtebi, romelSic is dasaxelebulia, rogorc ,,codvili beri ufro metad
ki fsevdo-beri da Ze eSmakisa tagarisi~ (Vryonis 1971: 335). am uknaskneli
epiTetiT Tu vimsjelebT, pavle tagarisis codvebi marTlac seriozuli
iyo. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sinodi mas eSmakis Zed ar moixseniebda.
igi warmoSobiT iyo tagarisebis sakmaod gavlenian ojaxis wevri.
tagaris informaciiT, misi mama gamoCenili samxedro moRvawe iyo, xolo
deda _ imperatoris ojaxis axlo naTesavi. swored dedis gvaris mixedviT
iwoda pavle paleologosad (Nicol 1970: 289-300). 15 wlis asakSi axalgazrda
pavle tagarisma coli moiyvana, Tumca mcire xnis Semdeg miatova is da
palestinaSi wavida, sadac berad aRikveca.
68
es aris mefe Sarl VI qronika – Chronicum Karoli Sexti, ed. And trans. M.L. Bellaquest, Chonique du religieux de Saint‐Denys contenant le regne de Charles VI, de 1380 á 1422. paris, 1839 (12); es qronika aris
kidev erTi wyaro, romelic aseve gvamcnobs tagarisis moRvaweobas aRmosavleTsa da
kaTolikur dasavleTSi. 212
mas
Semdeg,
rac
tagarisi
konstantinopolSi
dabrunda,
misive
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, monasterSi moisurva damkvidreba ,,imisTvis, rom
emsaxura keTili saqmisaTvis”. cota xanSi man ipova xati, ramac mas imedi
misca, rom iSovida fuls yoveldRiuri cxovrebisaTvis. am faqtma is da
misi ojaxi skandalSi gaxvia. saqmeSi samRvdelo pirebi CaerTnen, romlebmac
mas xati CamoarTves. vrionsis TqmiT, tagarisi Seuracxyofili iyo, xolo
mas Semdeg, rac veravin naxa, vinc SeZlebda misi warTmeuli sakuTrebis
dabrunebas, srul uimedobaSi myofi ierusalimSi wavida (Vryonis 1971: 336).
wminda miwaze tagarisi ierusalimis patriarqis lazariusis (1334/411346, 1349-1354, 1366-1368 ww) ndobiT aRWurvili piri Seiqna. 1368 wels, rodesac
lazariusi muslimebma aiZules daetovebina ierusalimis patriarqis wminda
saydari,
taxtis
erT-erTi
maZiebeli,
pavle
tagariss,
sicocxlis
mospobiTac daemuqra. tagariss Tavadac surda ierusalimis patriarqoba, es
ki iqidanac Cans,
rom mogvianebiT
is
sruliad
ukanonod
ierusalimis
patriarqobas ibralebs da araerT Sarlatanobas Cadis sxvadasxva mxareSi.
pavle tagarisi usafrTxoebis mizniT iZulebulia ierusalims gaecalos. am
movlenam tagariss xeli ver SeuSala Tavad daebralebina ierusalimis
patriarqoba.
pavle tagarisis Semdegi gaCereba antioqia iyo, sadac, misive TqmiT,
,,satana
Semovida
CemSi
xelaxla
da
ar
darCa
araferi
ukanono
da
aralegaluri, risi gakeTebac man ar maiZula, rom gamekeTebina sasircxvilo
Semosavlis
sanacvlod”.
tagarisma
ierusalimis
patriarqoba
daibrala.
aqedan daiwyo episkoposebisa da mRvdlebis misi survilisamebr gadayeneba
da daniSvna. anatoliaSi tagarisi urigdeboda sxvadasxva muslim amirasa da
mbrZanebels,
riTac
araerTxel
gadalaxa
samarTlianad
daniSnuli
episkoposebis winaaRmdegoba (Vryonis 1971: 335-336; Miklosich, Muller 1862: 226-228).
1370
wlisaTvis
patriarqi
da
mixedviT
ikoniisa
gadaeyenebinaT
wminda
yvela
situacia
sinodi
da
is
ise
damZimda,
specialur
kesariis
samRvdelo
rom
brZanebas
konstantinopolis
gamoscems,
romlis
brZaneba
miecaT,
arqiepiskoposebs
piri,
romlebic
ukanonod
iyvnen
213
daniSnuli
,,fsevdo
mRvdlisa
da
eSmakis
Zis
tagarisis”
mier.
pavle
tagarisis TqmiT, fulis siyvarulma is ise gaitaca, rom mzad iyo qonebis
mopovebis mizniT yvelanairi boroti gza epova (Vryonis 1971: 336; Miklosich,
Muller 1862: 226-227). swored fulma da simdidrisadmi dauokebelma swrafvam
miiyvana is saqarTveloSi.
tagarisi saqarTveloSi
sparseTisaken mimavali tagarisi saqarTveloSi gamoemarTa. mizezi,
rogorc amas Tavad ganmartavs, misi saqarTveloSi mosvlisa ufro didi
qonebis dagroveba iyo (Vryonis 1971: 337). misi saqarTveloSi Sesvlis dros,
rogorc amas pavle tagarisi Tavad mogviTxrobs, vigebT, rom iq samefo
xelisuflebisaTvis sami mamakaci daobda. tagarisma daarwmuna isini, rom
mxolod mas SeeZlo gadaeWra maTi problema da mianiWa samefo taxti imas,
vinc mas yvelaze met fuls Sehpirda. amis Semdeg, misive sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, ,,me daveufle arc Tu ise patara simdidres” (Vryonis 1971: 337;
Miklosich, Muller 1862: 227).
pavle
tagaris-paleologosi
saqarTvelodan
TavrizSi
miemarTeba,
sadac is episkoposi xdeba. Tavrizidan trapizonisken gaemarTa, iq man
Seityo
kostantinopolis
patriarqis
werilis
Sesaxeb,
romelSic
dafiqsirebuli iyo vinme antiqristes mociquli tvirosis mitropoliti da
misi borotmoqmedi Tanamoazre tagarisi. pavle tagarisi dapatimrebis SiSiT
saswrafod TaTarTa (oqros urdo l. T.) saxelmwifoSi gadavida, sadac
TerTmeti almasis fasad adgilobrivi TaTarTa samxedro razmi daiqirava
da ungreTSi gavida samSvidoboze, xolo aqedan ki sabolood romis papTan
amoyo Tavi. am ukanasknelma is konstantinopolis patriarqad daniSna da,
Sesabamisad, Semosa kidec (Vryonis 1971: 337; Nicol 1970: 289-300; Miklosich, Muller
1862: 228‐229).
axla davubrundeT tagarisis CvenTvis saintereso monakveTs. rogorc
misi monaTxrobebidan irkveva, is saqarTveloSi mosvlisas sam pirovnebas
Sexvda, romelTac saqarTvelos samefo taxtze aqvT pretenzia. Semdeg is
214
erT-erT
maTgans
amtkicebs
taxtze
(an
akurTxebs),
rogorc
mefes
da
mxolod amis Semdeg tovebs saqarTvelos.
am
informacias
vawydebiT.
es
swored
cnobebi
konstantinopolis
Sesulia
pavle
sapatriarqos
tagarisis
monaniebis
aqtebSi
werilSi,
romelsac is swers konstantinopolis sinods 1391 wels. iq aRniSnulia, rom
tagarisi estumra didi iberias, sadac sami mamakaci ibrZoda taxtisaTvis.
amaTagan, erTs man mefoba mianiWa didi Tanxis sanacvlod. pavle tagarisis
werilSi
saqarTvelos
_
iberiis
didi
imperia
ewodeba.
werilSi
vkiTxulobT:
` εκειτεν τoινον όρμησας πρὸς τὴν μεγάλεν ̉Ιβηριαν απηλθον, εν η̣̃ τρεις α́νδρας περι
βασιλειας φιλονεικούντας _ Sesabamisad, saswrafodFgavemarTe didi iberiisaken,
ukanmouxedavad,
sadac
sami
mamakaci
iyo
dapirispirebuli
imperiis
(basileias) gamo~ (Miklosich, Muller 1862: 227).
zemoxsenebul wyaroSi CvenTvis sainteresoa ramdenime pasaJi. 1. didi
iberiis problema. 2. qveynis statusi, romelic `basilead~, anu imperiad,
aris moxseniebuli 3. im pirebis identifikacia, vinc ibrZoda `didi iberiis~
taxtisTvis da imis garkveva, Tu vis daumtkica tagarisma saimperio taxti.
vinaidan konkretuli politikuri situaciis ganxilva da werilSi
aRniSnuli
istoriuli
pirebis
identifikacia
scdeba
Cveni
naSromis
Sinaarss, am sakiTxis ganxilvisgan Tavs SevikavebT. mivuTiTebT mxolod
imas, rom erTxel Cven am problemis ukve SevexeT Cvens damoukidebel
statiaSi,
Tumca
is
identifikacia
SesaZloa
garkveul
gadasinjvas
saWiroebdes, rasac sxva, damoukidebel statiaSi SevecdebiT. rac Seexeba
Cven
mier
dasmul
pirvel
or
problemas,
maT
ganxilvas
qvemoT
SemogTavazebT.
didi iberiis (τῆς βασιλείας μεγάλον Ιβηριας...) sakiTxi, marTalia, garkveul
geografiuli cnebaa, magram vinaidan berZnul wyaroebSi misi dafiqsireba
ar aris xSiri, saWirod miviCnevT, aqve ganvixiloT. “didis” epiTetiT,
rogorc
zemoT
gamovlenil
vixileT,
warweraSi
saqarTveloSi
daviT
patriarqi
aRmaSenebelic
dosiTeosis
iwodeba
qveyanaze,
mier
am
215
SemTxvevaSi ki saqarTvelos `didi iberiis~ qveynad moxsenieba XII saukunis
berZnul
wyaroebSi
moixsenieben,
raTa
ar
gvaqvs.
ganasxvaon
Mas,
rogorc
pirineis
wesi,
aRmosavleT
naxevarkunZulis
iberiad
iberia
da
saqarTvelo. berZnulSi damkvidrebulma terminma `iberiam~ Tavis droze
giorgi
mTawmindels
iberielebi
da
isic
ki
qarTvelebi
afiqrebina,
monaTesave
rom
xalxi
espaneTSi
mcxovrebi
berZnul
wyaroebSi
iyo.
naklebad vxvdebiT termin `didi iberias~, Tumca xSiria `zemo~ da `qvemo~
iberiis xseneba. es ukanaskneli laTinur wyaroebSic farTod gamoiyeneba.
sebasopolisis laTini episkoposis, petre geraldis werilSi dasavleT
saqarTvelo qvemo iberiad iwodeba (mamisTvalaSvili 1981: 29). rogorc Cans,
msgavs dayofas saTave maSin Caeyara, rodesac saqarTvelo orad gaiyo daviT
narinisa da daviT giorgi laSas Zis mefobis dros. analogiuri unda iyos
didi iberiac. iqidan gamomdinare, rom saqarTvelo orad iyo gayofili,
lixT-imereTisa
da
lixT-amereTis
saxelwodebebi
or
damoukidebel
terminad damkvidrda ucxoeTSic. kerZod, dasavleT saqarTvelos – mcire
iberia, xolo aRmosavleTs – didi iberia unda darqmeoda.
amdenad,
sapatriarqos
aqtebSi
dafiqsirebuli
`didi
iberia~
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos unda aRniSnavdes.
rac Seexeba termins `basilea~, is, bunebrivia, saqarTvelos samefos
aRsaniSnavad
ixmareboda.
Sua
saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi
ar
arsebobda
ierarqia, romelsac SeeZlo ganesazRvra imperiis upiratesoba samefoze da
aS. qarTvelebi `samefod~ yvela did Tu mcire qveyanas moixseniebdnen.
gansxvavvbuli
viTareba
iyo
bizantiaSi.
iq
imperiis
statusi
mxolod
bizantiis imperias hqonda, gamonakliss Seadgendnen is qveynebi, romelTa
mmarTvelebzec
korespodenciiT
Seicvala.
bizantiis
imperatorma
imperatoris,
bizantiis
cno
tituli.
xelisuflebam
basilevsis,
Tumca
meti
anu
laTinuri
mogvianebiT
situacia
angariSi
gauwia
politikur
viTarebas da ukve konstantinopolis pirveli dacemis Semdeg (1204 weli),
oficialur berZnul wyaroebsa Tu sigelebSi mravali evropeli monarqi
iwoda
basilevsad.
igive
tendencia
Seexeo
saqarTvelosac
–
misi
mmarTvelebi basilevsebad iwodnen, xolo qveyana basilead, anu imperiad.
216
saqarTvelo, qarTveli mefis statusidan gamomdinare, imperiad laTinur
wyaroebSic
iwodeba.
magaliTad,
ioane
IV
komnenosi
(1429-1460
ww.)
saqarvelos – iberiis imperias uwodebs, xolo sakuTari Tavi mis memkvidred
warmoudgenia. aRniSnuli imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom ioanes saqarTvelos
mefis aleqsandre I didi asuli hyavda colad da, aqedan gamomdinare,
memkvidreobazec
acxadebda
pretenzias.
Tumca,
aRniSnuli
pretenzia,
bunebrivia, formaloba iyo da sakuTari Tavis gandidebas isaxavda miznad
venecielebis TvalSi.
amrigad,
aqtebSi
saqarTvelo,
bizantiis
imperiis
konstantinopolis
msgavsi
oficialur
statusis
mqone
sapatriarqo
qveynad
aris
wamodgenili, rac TvalnaTliv miuTiTebs im tendencias, rom bizantielebi
saqarTvelosa da misi monarqis statuss Zveleburad damcrobilad aRar
Tvlidnen. es tendencia dasabams daviT IV aRmaSeneblis droidan unda
iRebdes da narCundeba bizantiis imperiis dacemamde. ufro metic, bizantiis
dacemis Semdgomi periodis berZeni avtorebisTvisac situacia ar icvleba.
maTTvis XV saukunis bolomde qarTveli mefeebi basilevsebi arin, xolo
samefo basilea, anu imperia.
217
daskvna
rogorc vixileT, saqarTveloSi bizantiuri saimperio titulatura
TiTqmis mTeli aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi myarad imkvidrebs adgils. VI
saukunidan XV saukunis CaTvliT da garkveuli inerciiT odnav mogviano
periodSic, bizantiuri titulebi Tu oficialuri epiTetebi, romlebiTac
iwodebodnen bizantiuri aristokratiis wevrebi, Sua saukuneebis qarTul
politikur realobaSi farTod gavrcelda.
bizantiuri senatoruli titulebis gavrceleba, maT Soris, albaT,
yvelaze cnobili, kurapalatis titulis SemoRebiT iwyeba. aqamde romis
imperiis
politika
sxvadasxva
qarTuli
qveynis
mefe-mTavrebs
megobari-
mokavSire qveynis statuss aniWebda. qarTveli warCinebulebi euflebodnen
romis moqalaqeobasac. xdeboda maTi integracia romaul (xolo Semdeg
bizantiur anu aRmosavleT romis) TanamegobrobaSi. `ormagi moqalaqeoba~
qarTvelebisTvis romis politikur sistemaSi integraciis saSualeba iyo,
xolo sxva mxriv ki identobis SenarCunebis garantia (ix.: Dundua 2003).
mogvianebiT,
axali
tipis
rodesac
urTierTobis
integraciis
intensivoba
moTxovnileba.
Sesustda,
aRniSnuli
gaCnda
urTierTobis
farglebSi qarTveli didebulebi sul ufro naklebad tovebdnen sakuTar
sazRvrebs. saWiroeba imisa, rom qarTvelebi romsa Tu konstantinopolSi
wavidnen da iqaur mmarTvel elitaSi gaerion, sxvadasxva mizezis gamo nelnela qreba. aRniSnuls, erTi mxriv, romis imperiis ekonomikuri dasusteba,
xolo
sxva
mxirv
ki
sagareo
politikuri
gamowvevebi
(barbarosTa
Semosevebi, sparseTis gaZliereba da sxva) ganapirobebs.
imisTvis, rom aRmosavleT romis imperias SeenarCunebina sakuTari
gavlena saqarTveloSi arsebul samefo-samTavroebze, bizantieli mesveurebi
qarTvel
didebulebs
faqtobrivad,
bizantiis
sakariskaco
moqalaqeobis
titulebs
gacema
aniWebdnen.
iyo,
vinaidan
aRniSnuli,
konkretuli
sakariskaco pativiT damSvenebuli konstantinopolSi vizitisas eufleba
218
imave
saxis
privilegiebs,
rasac
adgilobrivi
aristokrati,
romelsac
analogiuri pativi hqonda (Dundua 2003: 5).
bizantiis imperatori qristianuli samyaros uzenaes mbrZaneblad,
TviTmpyroblad
iTvleboda.
Sesabamisad,
imperatoris
mier
bizantiuri
senatoruli pativis mqone qarTveli saxelmwifo moRvaweebi imperatoris
qveSevrdomebad ganixilebodnen.
saqarTveloSi bizantiuri saimperio titulaturis gamoCenisTanave
sakariskaco
titulatura
ganaxlebas,
daxvewasa
da
sxva
saxis
uamrav
cvlilebas ganicdis. aRmosavleT romis imperiaSi Cndeba didi raodenobis
axal-axali
sakariskaco
titulebi.
Tu
Tvals
mivadevnebT
bizantiuri
titulaturis evolucias saqarTveloSi, davinaxavT, rom qarTvel mefemTavrebSi damkvidrebuli bizantiuri saimperio titulebi bizantiaSi maTi
mniSvnelobis cvlilebis paralelurad saqarTveloSic icvleba. magaliTad,
VII-VIII
saukuneebSi
iseTi
titulebi,
protopatripiosi,
qarTul
politikur
rogorebicaa
patrikiosi.
realobaSi
kurapalati,
mogvianebiT,
am
damkvidrebuli
disipatosi,
titulebis
iyo
ipatosi,
damcrobasTan
erTad, isini qreba, xolo maT adgilze Cndeba iseTi bizantiuri titulebi,
rogorebicaa
magistrosi,
proedrosi,
anTipatosi
da
sxva.
mxolod
kurapalatis tituli inarCunebs Tavis Tavdapirvel mniSvnelobas.
ufro metic, saqarTvelos magaliTze SegviZlia vivaraudoT mravali
bizantiuri titulis SemoRebis, damcrobisa Tu aRzevebis paralelurad
dafiqsirebuli faqti. magaliTad, anTipatos-patrikiosi, rogorc es aqamde
iyo miRebuli bizantiur istoriografiaSi, bizantiur senatSi dawinaurda
IX
saukuneSi,
xolo
qarTuli
wyaroebis
analizi
cxadyofs,
rom
misi
aRzeveba unda momxdariyo araugvianes VII-VIII saukuneebis mijnisa, rodesac
qarTlis erismTavarma, varaz-bakurma, miiRo igi imperator iustiniane II-gan
(685-695, 705-711 ww.). marTalia, es faqti ar gamodgeba imis samtkiceblad, rom
anTipatos- patrikiosoba pirvelad varaz-bakurs daumkvidrda. samagierod,
naTeli xdeba is faqti, rom qarTveli erismTavari bizantiaSi erT-erTi
yvelaze
dawinaurebuli
figura
iyo.
man
erT-erTma
pirvelma
miiRo
219
bizantiaSi anTipatos-patrikiosoba, rogorc
dawinaurebuli senatoruli
pativi.
aRniSnuli kuTxiT calke unda gamoyofis Rirsia bagrat IV-is dros
saqarTveloSi
gavrcelebuli
bizantiuri
titulatura.
rogorc
Cven
varkvevT, pirveli, vinc saimperio ojaxis wevrebis garda novelisimosis
tituli miiRo, iyo bagrati. xolo sevastosis tituli Tu bagrat IV-mde
imperatorebis oficialuri pativi iyo, 1060 wels bagratis mier am pativis
miRebiT es wodeba daemcro. odnav mogvianebiT swored es faqti uZRvoda
win
aleqsi
I-is
imperatorobis
pirvel
wels
momxdar
bizantiuri
titulaturis reformacias. am ukanasknelis Semdeg sevastosis tituli
SenarCunda imperatoris ojaxis wevrebze da masTan daaxloebul pirebze.
aqedan
gamomdinare,
kargad
Cans,
rom
qarTuli
politikuri
realoba
mniSvnelovani gasaRebia im cvlilebebis asaxsnelad, romlebic bizantiis
imperiaSi xdeboda.
calke
etapi
bizantiuri
saimperio
titulaturis
Seswavlis
TvalsazrisiT dgeba daviT IV aRmaSeneblis dros. daviTis mmarTvelobis
periodSi saqarTvelos mefe bizantiis imperatoris oficialuri tituliT
iwodeboda.
titulebis
TviTmpyroblis
(avtokratori)
da
basilevsis
(imperatori) qarTvel mefeebze dafiqsireba regularulad ukve daviTis
dros xdeba. aRniSnul titulebi SenarCunda daviTis memkvidreebis drosac.
saqarTvelos
bizantiis
mefe
`yoveli
aRmosavleTiT
aRmosavleTis
mdebare
TviTmpyrobeli~
qristianul
xdeba.
miwebze
es
ki
pretenziis
gamocxadebaa. am faqts kargad exmaureba daviTisa da misi memkvidreebis
`yovlisa aRmosavleTisa~ da `axlisa marTlmadideblisa~ mefed wodeba.
bizantiur
mTlian
sxeulad
politikur
realobaSi
ganixileboda,
sadac
qristianuli
umaRlesi
samyaro
adgili
erTian,
bizantiis
imperators ekava.
am pozicias imperatori uryevad inarCunebs, vidre VIII saukunis
bolomde. 897 wels bizantiis imperatori konstantine VI (780-797 ww.) daamxo
Tavisma
dedam,
dedofalma
irinem
(797-802
ww.),
romelic
bizantiis
erTpirovnul imperatorad gamocxadda. bevrisTvis es iyo warmoudgeneli
220
faqti, rodesac `qristes moadgilis taxti~ daikava ara mamakacma, aramed
qalma. aRniSnuli gansakuTrebiT mZafrad frankTa samefoSi aRiqves, sadac
karolingebi
mmarTvelobdnen
karlos
(Sarlemani)
I
didis
meTaurobiT.
salikuri samarTlis mixedviT, qals memkvidreobidan araferi ergeboda,
warmoudgeneli
iyo
qalis
moazreba
qristesmoyvare
konstantine
didis
memkvidred.
amgvarma
politikurma
viTarebam,
legitimurobis
TvalsazrisiT,
daZabuli foni Seqmna. langobardebis damarcxebiT karlos didma romis
papi daiTanxma misTvis imperatoris gvirgvini daedga. 800 wlis 25 dekembers,
Soba dRes, karlos I didi romis imperatorad akurTxes. amiT qristianul
samyaroSi kvlav ori politikuri centri gaCnda. mcdeloba, momxdariyo ori
imperiis gaerTianeba
amgvarad,
imperiuli
karlosisa da irines qorwinebiT, uSedego aRmoCnda.
pirveli
centris
precendenti
gaCenisa
800
saqristiano
wels
Sedga.
samyaroSi
Semdegi
iyo
axali
913
wels
bulgareTis monarqis, simeonis, aRiareba bulgareTis imperatorad. aqedan
moyolebuli bulgareTi imperiad iwodeboda.
saqarTvelo am kuTxiT mesame iyo, sadac damoukidebeli imperiuli
centri
Cndeba,
rasac
adgili
1104
wels,
daviT
IV
aRmaSeneblis
mmarTvelobis dros hqonda.
amrigad, daviT IV aRmaSeneblidan moyolebuli qarTvel mefeebs igive
politikuri statusi hqondaT, rac bizantiis imperatorebs, saRvTo romis
imperatorebsa da bulgareTis monarqebs. amaTgan, mxolod bulgareTi daeca
basil
II
bulgarTmmusvrelis
dros
(976-1025
ww.).
magram
cnobdnen
ki
qarTvelebi erTiani qristianuli samyaros aseT daqucmacebas? savaraudoa,
rom
ara.
qarTuli
wyaroebis
mixedviT,
bizantiis
imperatori
`yoveli
dasavleTis mefe~ da TviTmpyrobelia, xolo qarTveli mefe ki `yoveli
aRmosavleTisa~. amdenad, sruliad gasaziarebelia mosazreba imis Taobaze,
rom daviTis dros gaCnda dualisturi imperiis xedva (dundua 1997: 149-152),
romlis
mixedviTac
qristianul
samyaroSi
erTis
magier
ukve
ori
imperatori moiazreba – erTi dasavleTSi, bizantiis imperatori, xolo
meore
aRmosavleTSi
_
saqarTvelos
imperatoris
saxiT.
`saqarTvelos
221
imperatoris~
Sesaxeb
saubrisas
ar
unda
gagvikvirdes
misi
statusi
–
imperatori – igi SeiZleba cota xmamaRla JRerdes, magram faqti jiutia,
qarTuli
wyaroebis
mixedviT,
qarTveli
mefe
TviTmpyrobelia,
anu
avtokratori, xolo bizantiur wyaroebSi is basilevsad, anu laTinuri
korespodenciiT
qarTveli
imperatorad
mefeebis
mimarT
iwodeba.
ixmareba
laTinuri
laTinur
termini
wyaroebSic,
`imperatori~
maT
Soris
espaneTisa da trapizonis monarqTa oficialur werilebSi.
aRsaniSnavia
isic,
rom
dualisturi
imperiis
xedva
ar
yofila
mxolod qarTuli politikuri azrovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli. msgavsi
ideologiis
Casaxvas
vxedavT
eTiopiaSic.
eTiopiis
nagusebis
(monarqis
aRmniSvneli termini eTiopurad) oficialuri matianis. `kebra nagastis~
mixedviT, msoflioSi ori umaRlesi legitimuri mmarTvelia: samxreTSi
solomonis ufrosis Zis, menelekis, memkvidre eTiopiis nagusis saxiT, xolo
CrdiloeTSi ki berZenTa (imave bizantiis) imperatori, romelic solomonis
umcrosi
Zis
memkvidred
aRiqmeba.
dualizmi
aqac
saxezea,
oRond
gansxvavebuli geografiuli determinizmis gamoyenebiT, magram dualisturi
imperiis aRqmis analogiuri ideiT.
qarTveli mefeebis es statusi ar yofila raRac axali procesis
dasabami. qristianul samyaroSi misi analogia ukve arsebobda saRvTo romis
imperatorisa da bulgareTis imperatoris politikuri statusebis saxiT.
saqarTvelos mefis mier misi politikuri statusis saimperatoro
statusSi amaRleba ar aRmoCnda axali saimperio centrebis aRmocenebis
tendenciis
dasasruli.
qristianul
samyaroSi
ufro
met
mmarTvels
uCndeboda TviTmpyroblobisa da imperatorobis survili. ase moxda 1204
wels
trapizonis
imperiis,
xolo
1224
wels
Tesalonikes
imperiis
warmoqmnis SemTxvevaSi. igive procesi xdeba bulgareTis meore imperiisa da,
aseve, serbeTis imperiis arsebobis, stefan IV duSanis (1331-1355 ww.) dros.
mogvianebiT,
rodesac
marTlmadidebel
es
samyaroSi
politikuri
ruseTi
erTeulebi
dawinaurda,
wyveten
romelsac
arsebobas,
TiTqos
bizantiis imperiis memkvidris funqcia unda ekisra.
222
1453 wlis 29 maisi msoflio istoriaSi bizantiis imperiis dacemis
TariRad
aris
politikuri,
faqtori,
movlenam,
Sesuli.
konstantinopolis
kulturuli
ramac
da
saqarTvelo
upirveles
dacema
ekonomikuri
evropul
yovlisa,
is
yofila
karCaketilobis
samyaros
CaaxSo
ar
CamoaSora.
politikuri
mxolod
gamomwvevi
aRniSnulma
Tu
religiuri
azrovnebis miRwevebi, romliTac sazrdoobda qarTuli saero da sasuliero
elita. am kuTxiT bizantiis dacema mniSvnelovani krizisis momaswavlebeli
iyo.
XV
saukunis
bolos
saqarTvelo
politikur
kriziss
ganicdis.
qveyana politikuri daSlilobis zRvarzea da dezintegracias ganicdis.
miuxedavad
amisa,
saqarTvelos
mmarTvelebi
cdiloben
bizantiis
imperatorebis adgili daikavon da am mizniT mfarveloben da xels uwyoben
bizantiis
eklesiasac.
rogorc
stiven
ransimani
aRniSnavs,
konstantinopolis patriarqi, ioakime I, saqarTvelos mefis, konstantine IIis
xelSewyobiT
akurTxes
konstantinopolis
(Runciman
1985:
daSlilobam
patriarqis
196-198).
konstantinopolis
patriarqad.
arCevaSi
bizantiis
sapatriarqo
ar
misca
saqarTvelos
erevian
imperiis
axal
garda,
vlaxeTis
mTavrebic
ararsebobis
pirobebSi
mfarvels
qarTvelebs
mesveurebis
imis
eZebs.
politikurma
SesaZlebloba,
rom
de jure
mefea,
marTlmadideblobis flagmanis roli SeesrulebinaT.
konstantine
romelic
werilebSi
didi
igi,
II
gaerTianebuli
prestiJiT
msgavsad
saqarTvelos
sargeblobda
Tavisi
evropaSi.
winapari
bolo
espaneTis
bagrationi
mefeebis
mmarTvelebisa,
imperatorad iwodeba. es, bunebrivia, saqarTvelos politikuri statusisa
da prestiJis naTeli gamovlinebaa.
konstantine II-is Semdeg, XVI saukuneSi, qarTveli mefeebi nawilobriv
mainc
inarCunebdnen
gamoirCeodnen
Zvel
imereTis
titulaturas.
mefeebi.
imereTis
gansakuTrebiT
mefeebze,
am
mxriv
aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mmarTvelebisagan gansxvavebiT, gareSe Zalebis politikuri
eqspansia naklebi iyo. osmaleTi XVII saukunis dasawyisis CaTvliT samcxis-
223
saaTabagos
kuTvnili
teritoriis
damorCilebiTa
da
integraciiT
iyo
dakavebuli, xolo sefianTa irani ki aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dapyrobiT.
Tumca
XVII
saukuneSi
gamZafrebulma
Sidapolitikurma
dapirispirebam
imereTis mefeebis prestiJi mniSvnelovnad Searyia. XVII saukuneSi imereTis
mefeebi
ruseTis
monarqTan
gamarTul
diplomatiur
korespodenciaSi
sakuTar Tavs damcrobili politikuri statusis matareblad warmoadgenen.
swored XVIII saukunidan moyolebuli, politikuri statusis kuTxiT
saqarTveloSi axali viTareba isaxeba, rodesac termini `imperatori~ iZens
gansxvavebul Sinaarss da termin `mefeze~ maRla dgeba. manamde `mefe,~ metnaklebad, zogadi mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneboda da ar moiazrebda monarqiul
wyobaSi arsebul ierarqiuli mdgomareobis gamomxatvel termins. Tavisi
SinaarsiT
igi
`xelmwifes~
uaxlovdeboda.
`mefed~
SeiZleba
yofiliyo
wodebuli, magaliTad, berZnuli korespodenciiT `basilevsi~ da laTinuri
korespodenciiT `imperatori~. Tumca, mas Semdeg, rac qarTveli mefeebis
politikuri statusi, gavlena da prestiJi daeca termini `mefis~ Sinaarsic
dakninda. es ukanaskneli monarqiaSi umaRles safexurze mdgomi politikuri
Sinaarsis mqone terminidan imperatorze qvemoT mdgomi monarqis aRmniSvnel
terminad gadaiqca. yvelaferi es qarTveli mefis politikuri statusis
daqveiTebis paralelurad moxda. qarTul enaSi aRniSnuli semantikuri
cvlileba dRemde SeiniSneba da imperatori mefeze maRal xelisuflad
ganixileba.
Sua saukuneebis zemoT ganxilul epoqaSi imperatori yovelTvis
mefeze maRali rangis tituli ar yofila. XII-XVI saukuneebSi termini
`mefe~, zogadad monarqis aRsaniSnavad ixmareboda. imperatoris statuss
qarTveli mefeebi am dros iseve atarebdnen, rogorc bizantiisa Tu saRvTo
romis imperiebis mmarTvelebi. qarTveli mefeebis saimperatoro statusi
daviT IV aRmaSeneblidan konstantine II-is CaTvliT, maT mier saimperatoro
titulebis flobiT dgindeba, rasac garkveuli saerTaSoriso aRiareba
erTvoda Tan.
224
Semoklebebis ganmarteba
TsuS – Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi
sssm – akad. s. janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
muzeumis
moambe
sS – saistorio Studiebi
qd - …qarTuli diplomatia…(weliwdeuli)
qisk – qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi
qp – qarTuli proza
qse – qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia
qsZ – qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi
qxa – qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba
qsZ - qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi – teqstebi gamosca winasityvaoba da
SeniSvnebi daurTo i.DdoliZem. tomi I-VII
Zqm – Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni
Zski – Ziebani saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriidan
ssmm – akad. s. janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis
moambe
Zski – Ziebani saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriidan
CMH - Cambridge Medieval History
HC - A History of Crusades. General editor Kenneth M. Setton.
JAOS – Journal of the Americal Oriental Society
JEH - Journal of Ecclesiastical History
DORLC - Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection
DOS - Dumbarton Oaks Studies
ODB – The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
NC – Numismatic Chronicle
RCH - Recueil des Historiens des Croisades
REB – Revue des Études Byzantines
ZPE – Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
ZRVI – Zbornik Radova Vizantolaskog Instituta, Sprska Akademija Nauka
ВИ – История Византии
НС – Нумизматический сборник
225
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