istoria

naira mamukelaSvili
daviT malazonia
istoria
saxelmZRvanelo abiturientebisa da moswavleTaTvis
Sedgenilia erTiani erovnuli gamocdebis
programis mixedviT
gamomcemloba `saqarTvelos macne~
2013
naira mamukelaSvili, daviT malazonia
istoria, saxelmZRvanelo abiturientebisa da moswavleTaTvis
avtorebi madlobas uxdian akaki geTiaSvils , nino kvitaiSvils,
Tamar malazonias, paata surgulaZes, zaal gogenias saxelmZRvaneloze
gaweuli samuSaosaTvis
saxelmZRvaneloSi gamoyenebulia manana SeyilaZis, manana sanaZis da
Tamaz beraZis mier Sedgenili rukebi
redaqtori naTela Tuxareli
damkabadonebeli iana daneliani
© naira mamukelaSvili, daviT malazonia
© gamomcemloba `saqarTvelos macne~, 2013
ISBN 978-9941-16-374-6
sarCevi
2013 wlis erTiani erovnuli gamocdebis programa istoriaSi............7
I Tavi. preistoriuli xana.........................................................................................11
$1. adamianis warmoSoba. qvis xana................................................................................... 11
$2. brinjaos xana...............................................................................................................14
testi #1........................................................................................................................... 17
II Tavi. Zveli aRmosavleTi da saqarTvelo....................................................20
$1. asureTi da urartu.................................................................................................... 20
$2. uZvelesi qarTuli tomobrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebebi...................21
$3. uZvelesi didi saxelmwifoebi iranis teritoriaze............................................. 23
testi #2........................................................................................................................... 27
Tavi III. berZnuli kolonizacia da elinisturi epoqa..............................31
$1. berZnuli kolonizacia da axalSenebi kolxeTis teritoriaze...........................31
$2. aleqsandre makedonelis laSqrobebi. elinisturi epoqa.................................... 33
$3. qarTlis samefos warmoqmna. farnavazis reformebi ............................................ 35
testi #3........................................................................................................................... 37
Tavi IV. romi da saqarTvelo....................................................................................42
$1. romis respublika....................................................................................................... 42
$2. romi imperiis xanaSi.................................................................................................. 44
$3. qarTlis samefo Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis mijnaze................................... 46
testi #4........................................................................................................................... 50
Tavi V. saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi IV-VII saukuneebSi.......................53
$1. konstantine didi. qristianobis gavrceleba romis imperiaSi............................ 53
$2. saqarTvelos gaqristianeba...................................................................................... 55
$3. romis imperiis orad gayofa da dasavleT romis imperiis dacema...................... 58
$4. feodaluri urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba evropasa da saqarTveloSi............... 61
$5. vaxtang gorgaslis mefoba........................................................................................ 63
$6. bizantiis imperatori iustiniane didi...................................................................66
$7. `didi omianoba egrisSi~........................................................................................... 68
$8. bizantiis imperia VII-XI saukuneebSi......................................................................70
testi #5........................................................................................................................... 73
Tavi VI. arabebi da maTi dapyrobebi.
arabTa batonoba saqarTveloSi ..........................................................................78
$1. islamis warmoSoba da arabTa saxalifos Camoyalibeba. arabTa dapyrobebi..... 78
$2. araboba saqarTveloSi............................................................................................... 82
testi #6 ........................................................................................................................ 85
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Tavi VII. saqarTvelos gaerTianeba......................................................................89
$1. axali qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis Camoyalibeba............................................... 89
$2. saqarTvelos gaerTianebis dasawyisi ..................................................................... 91
$3. Turq-selCukebi da maTi dapyrobiTi omebi maxlobel aRmosavleTSi................ 94
testi #7........................................................................................................................... 96
VIII Tavi. saqarTvelo da msoflio XII-XIII saukuneebSi...........................100
$1. jvarosnuli laSqrobebis mizezebi da pirveli laSqroba................................. 100
$2. daviT aRmaSeneblis saSinao politika (reformebi).............................................102
$3. daviT aRmaSenebeli. brZola saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis...........................104
$4. meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqroba............................................................................... 106
$5. jvarosnebi da saqarTvelo .................................................................................... 107
$6. Tamar mefe..................................................................................................................109
$7. saxelwifo wyoba. warmomadgenlobiTi organos
Seqmnis mcdeloba saqarTveloSi................................................................................... 112
$8. wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi dawesebulebebi evropaSi.................................... 114
$9. XI-XIII saukuneebis qarTuli kultura................................................................. 117
$10. ganaTleba da mecniereba dasavleT evropasa da bizantiaSi..............................120
testi #8..........................................................................................................................123
IX Tavi. monRolebi da saqarTvelo....................................................................129
$1. monRolebi da maTi dapyrobebi................................................................................129
$2. monRolTa batonoba saqarTveloSi........................................................................130
$3. saqarTvelos gaTavisufleba monRolTa batonobisagan.
giorgi V brwyinvale......................................................................................................134
$4. saqarTvelo XIV saukunis bolos da XV saukunis dasawyisSi...........................136
testi #9..........................................................................................................................138
X Tavi. cvlilebebi saqarTvelosa da
msoflioSi XV-XVII saukuneebSi.............................................................................143
$1. bizantiis imperiis dasasruli.................................................................................143
$2. evropuli renesansi..................................................................................................145
$3. reformacia ...............................................................................................................148
$4. reformacia germaniaSi.............................................................................................150
$5. reformaciis gavrceleba da kaTolikobis brZola reformaciis winaaRmdeg.... 152
$6. saqarTvelos daSla samefo-samTavroebad.............................................................155
$7. didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi. axali samimosvlo gzebis aRmoCena..................157
$8. qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi XVI saukuneSi....................................................... 160
$9. qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebi XVII saukunis dasawyisSi.................................164
$10. qarTuli samefoebi XVII saukunis II naxevarSi .................................................166
testi #10........................................................................................................................169
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XI Tavi. saqarTvelo da msoflio XVIII saukunesa
da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi......................................................................................174
$1. aSS-is Seqmna (brZola damoukideblobisaTvis, damoukideblobis gamocxadeba)... 174
$2. ganmanaTlebloba.......................................................................................................178
$3. revoluciis mizezebi, samefo xelisuflebis damxoba.........................................180
$4. respublikis damyareba; iakobinelTa diqtatura;
9 Termidoris gadatrialeba.........................................................................................183
$5. 18 briumeris gadatrialeba; pirveli imperia; venis kongresi, saRvTo kavSiri.... 186
$6. vaxtang VI .................................................................................................................193
$7. qarTuli samefoebi XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi..................................................195
testi #11.........................................................................................................................199
XII Tavi. imperializmi da kolonializmi........................................................207
$1. didi britaneTis koloniuri imperia 1814-1914 wlebSi....................................... 207
$2. qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereTis samefoebis gauqmeba ...............................................210
$3. rusuli mmarTveloba saqarTveloSi .....................................................................213
$4. erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolebi
XIX saukunis dasawyisis saqarTveloSi......................................................................215
$5. `aRmosavleTis sakiTxi~. ruseTis imperiis omebi iranTan da osmaleTTan......218
$6. ruseTis imperiis koloniuri politika, aleqsandre II-is reformebi............ 222
$7 XIX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebis reformebi saqarTveloSi................................ 225
testi #12....................................................................................................................... 228
XIII Tavi. revoluciebis, samoqalaqo omebisa da
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobebis periodi............................236
$1. samoqalaqo omi aSS-Si.............................................................................................. 236
$2. safrangeTi 1814-1870 wlebSi................................................................................... 240
$3. italiis gaerTianeba................................................................................................ 242
$4. germaniis gaerTianeba, franko-prusiis omi, mesame respublika safrangeTSi..... 244
$5. Tergdaleulebi........................................................................................................ 249
testi #13........................................................................................................................ 252
XIV Tavi. pirveli msoflio omi ...........................................................................257
$1. samxedro blokebis Seqmna da omis gamomwvevi mizezebi....................................... 257
$2. omis mimdinareoba da misi Sedegebi; revoluciebi ruseTSi,
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba............................................................. 259
$3. saomari operaciebi 1917 w.; revolucia ruseTSi................................................ 264
testi #14.........................................................................................................................271
XV Tavi. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika.................................275
$1. saqarTvelo Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg......................................................... 275
$2. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgena......................................................... 277
$3. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis saSinao politika............................281
5
$4. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis sagareo politika........................... 285
$5. sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis okupacia.............. 288
$6. qarTveli xalxis brZola saokupacio reJimis winaaRmdeg.................................291
testi #15....................................................................................................................... 294
XVI Tavi. totalitarizmi msoflioSi.............................................................298
$1. sabWoTa totalitarizmi......................................................................................... 298
$2. saqarTvelo XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi.......................................................... 300
$3. msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi da misi Sedegebi.................................................. 303
$4. totalitaruli reJimebi evropasa da iaponiaSi................................................. 305
XVII Tavi. meore msoflio omi.................................................................................308
$1. omis wina periodi..................................................................................................... 308
$2. meore msoflio omis pirveli etapi.......................................................................312
$3. meore msoflio omis dasasruli.............................................................................314
$4. meore msoflio omis Sedegebi. niurnbergis procesi..........................................318
$5. qarTvelebi meore msoflio omSi............................................................................321
testi #16....................................................................................................................... 323
XVIII Tavi. civi omi (orad gaxleCili msoflio)..........................................327
$1. msoflios gayofa or banakad.................................................................................. 327
$2. nato da varSavis paqti............................................................................................ 329
$3. msoflios koloniuri sistemis daSla..................................................................331
$4. politikuri krizisebi civi omis dros................................................................ 333
$5. sabWoTa kavSirisa da socialisturi banakis daSla........................................... 337
$6. saqarTvelo XX saukunis 50-80-ian wlebSi.......................................................... 340
$7. damoukidebeli saqarTvelo.................................................................................... 342
testi #17....................................................................................................................... 346
XIX Tavi. sazogadoeba da kultura XX saukuneSi .....................................349
$1. sazogadoeba da kultura XX saukunis I naxevarSi............................................. 349
$2. sazogadoeba da kultura XX saukunis II naxevarSi........................................... 352
Semajamebeli testi #1................................................................................................. 355
Semajamebeli testi #2................................................................................................. 366
danarTi #1.......................................................................................................................381
danarTi #2..................................................................................................................... 397
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2013 wlis erTiani erovnuli gamocdebis
programa istoriaSi
gamocdaze abiturients moeTxoveba:
•
•
•
•
•
faqtobrivi masalis codna da misi gamoyeneba;
istoriuli cnebebis, terminebis adekvaturi gamoyeneba;
istoriuli movlenebisa da procesebis damaxasiaTebeli arsebiTi niSnebis gamovlena;
istoriuli movlenebisa da procesebis mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris gamovlena;
istoriul movlenaTa/istoriul wyaroTa Soris msgavsebisa da gansxvavebebis
migneba da SedarebiTi/kritikuli analizi;
• istoriuli rukebis kiTxva da mopovebuli informaciis interpretacia;
• istoriuli movlenebis analizi, maTi Sefaseba; sakuTari damokidebulebis argumentirebis unari (azris logikurad, damajereblad da Tanmimdevrulad Camoyalibebis unari).
gamocdis sakiTxTa CamonaTvali
1) preistoriuli epoqa
sakiTxTa detalizebuli CamonaTvali
(dazusteba)
• qvis xana saqarTveloSi;
• brinjaos xana saqarTveloSi.
2) Zveli aRmosavleTi da saqar- • uZvelesi qarTuli samefoebis (diaoxisa da kolxas)
Tvelo
urTierToba asureTsa da urartusTan;
• uZvelesi qarTuli samefoebisa da gaerTianebebis urTierToba aqemenianTa sparseTTan.
3) didi berZnuli kolonizacia da • berZnuli kolonizacia da axalSenebi kolxeTis tekolxeTi
ritoriaze.
4) elinizmis epoqa da qarTlis sa- • aleqsandre makedonelis laSqrobebi aRmosavleTSi;
mefos warmoqmna
• elinisturi saxelmwifoebisa da qarTlis samefos
warmoqmna;
• farnavazis reformebi.
5) romi da saqarTvelo
• romi da misi dapyrobebi xmelTaSuazRvispireTsa da
maxlobel aRmosavleTSi;
• pompeusis laSqroba iberiaSi (qarTlSi);
• romisa da qarTlis urTierToba ax.w. I-II ss-Si;
• iberiis samefos sazogadoebrivi wyoba.
6) saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi • konstantine didi;
IV-VII ss.
• romis imperiis orad gayofa da dasavleT romis imperiis dacema;
• wminda nino da qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad
gamocxadeba qarTlSi;
• feodaluri urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba evropasa
da saqarTveloSi;
• vaxtang gorgaslis sagareo politika da saeklesio
reforma;
• iranisa da bizantiis dapirispireba VI saukuneSi,
`didi omianoba~ egrisSi;
• herakle keisris laSqrobebi sasanianTa iranis winaaRmdeg.
7
7) arabebi da maTi dapyrobebi, • islamis warmoSoba da arabTa saxalifos CamoyaliarabTa batonoba saqarTveloSi
beba, arabTa dapyrobebi;
• habib-ibn maslama da `dacvis sigeli~;
• murvan yrus laSqroba da Tbilisis saamiros Camoyalibeba.
8) saqarTvelos gaerTianeba
• axali qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis Camoyalibeba;
• bagrat mesame da saqarTvelos gaerTianeba.
9) Turq-selCukebi da maTi da- • selCukTa pirveli laSqrobebi maxlobel aRmosavpyrobiTi omebi maxlobel aRmosa- leTsa da saqarTveloSi, `didi Turqoba~.
vleTSi
10) daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqa
•
•
•
•
daviT aRmaSeneblis saSinao politika;
jvarosnuli laSqrobebis gamomwvevi mizezebi;
pirveli jvarosnuli laSqroba;
didgoris brZola.
11) Tamaris epoqa
• Tamaris saSinao da sagareo politika (yuTlu-arslanis dasis gamosvla, Samqorisa da basianis brZolebi);
• meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqroba da trapizonis imperiis daarseba;
• saxelmwifoebrivi wyoba erTiani qarTuli monarqiis
periodSi;
• evropuli wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi
(inglisi).
12) monRolTa imperia da saqar- • monRolTa laSqrobebi;
Tvelo
• monRolTa mier saqarTvelos dapyroba;
• giorgi brwyinvale da saqarTvelos erTianobis aRdgena (saqarTvelos urTierToba egviptesa da romis papTan).
13) cvlilebebi saqarTvelosa da • osmalTa mier bizantiis damxoba da am movlenis mniSmsoflioSi XV-XVII ss.
vneloba;
• erTiani saqarTvelos daSla;
• didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi (kolumbi da amerikis
aRmoCena, magelanis mogzauroba dedamiwis garSemo);
• sefianuri iranisa da osmaleTis agresia qarTuli
saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg (luarsab I da simon I);
• Sah-abasis laSqrobebi kaxeTsa da qarTlSi;
• aRorZineba da humanizmi evropaSi;
• reformacia dasavleT evropaSi.
14) saqarTvelo da msoflio
XVIII ss.
8
• aSS-is Camoyalibeba (brZola damoukideblobisaTvis,
damoukideblobis gamocxadeba);
• safrangeTis revolucia (ganmanaTlebloba, revoluciis mizezebi, respublikis damyareba; iakobinelTa
diqtatura; 9 Termidoris gadatrialeba);
• qarTuli saxelmwifoebi XVIII saukuneSi (vaxtang
VI-is kulturul-saganmanaTleblo moRvaweoba, vaxtang VI-is urTierToba ruseTTan, solomon I, erekle
II, georgievskis traqtati).
15) napoleonis epoqa da venis kon- • 18 briumeris gadatrialeba;
gresi
• pirveli imperia (austerlicis brZola, kontinenturi blokada, laSqroba ruseTSi, laipcigisa da vaterloos brZolebi);
• venis kongresi.
16) imperializmi da kolonializ- • ruseTis mier qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereTis samefoemi
bis gauqmeba;
• ajanyebebi carizmis winaaRmdeg;
• saqarTvelo mefisnacvlobis periodSi;
• aleqsandre II-is reformebi.
17),,aRmosavleTis sakiTxi’’
XIX s-Si
• ruseT-TurqeTis omebi da saqar-Tvelo XIX s-Si;
• ruseT-iranis omebi da saqar-Tvelo XIX s-Si.
18) revoluciebis, samoqalaqo • revoluciebi evropaSi (me-19 saukunis Sua xanebSi);
omebisa da erovnul-ganmaTavisu- • ilia da Tergdaleulebis moRvaweoba;
flebeli moZraobebis periodi
• germaniis gaerTianeba frako-prusiis omi, mesame
respublika safrangeTSi;
• italiis gaerTianeba;
• samoqalaqo omi aSS-Si.
19) pirveli msoflio omi da pari- • politikuri partiebi XX saukunis dasawyisSi
zis samSvidobo konferencia
• samxedro blokebis Seqmna da omis gamomwvevi mizezebi;
• omis mimdinareoba da omis Sedegebi;
• parizis konferencia da misi mniSvneloba. erTa liga;
• revoluciebi ruseTSi da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba.
20) saqarTvelo da msoflio mso- • saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublikis
flio omebs Soris periodSi
brZola teritoriuli mTlianobisaTvis da diplomatiuri aRiarebisTvis, saSinao politika);
• sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis okupacia(1921 w).
• sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmna da saqarTvelo mis SemadgenlobaSi;
• faSizmi italiasa da germaniaSi;
• samoqalaqo omi espaneTSi;
• ,,didi depresia~;
• ,,daSoSminebis politika~.
21) meore msoflio omi
• germaniis Tavdasxma poloneTze;
• molotov-ribentropis paqti da ssrk-is mier baltiis respublikebisa da dasavleT ukrainis okupacia;
ssrk- fineTis omi;
• `ucnauri omi~;
• germaniis Tavdasxma ssrk-ze, stalingradisa da kurskis brZolebi;
• qarTvelebi meore msoflio omSi;
• iaponiis Tavdasxma perl-harborze;
• operacia `overlordi~;
• Teiranis, ialtisa da potsdamis konferenciebi;
• germaniisa da iaponiis kapitulacia.
9
22) saqarTvelo da msoflio ,,civi • `civi omi~ da misi mizezebi;
omis’’ epoqaSi
• SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi _ koreaSi, ,,karibis
krizisi’’, vietnamSi, avRaneTSi, egvpitesa da israels
Soris;
• NATO-sa da `varSavis xelSekrulebis~ blokis Seqmna;
• 1956 wlis 9 martisa da 1989 wlis 9 aprilis movlenebi saqarTveloSi;
• dekolonizacia _ ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba indoeTSi;
• brZola ,,aparteidis~ winaaRmdeg samxreT afrikaSi;
• helsinkis SeTanxmeba.
23) ssrk-isa da aRmosavleT evropis socialisturi banakis daSla; saqarTvelo XX saukunis 8090-ian wlebSi. damoukideblobis
aRdgena
• ,,perestorika~, ssrk-isa da aRmosavleT evropis socialisturi banakis daSla;
• 1990 wlis arCevnebi saqarTveloSi, damoukideblobis aRdgena 1991 wlis 9 aprils;
• saqarTvelos urTierToba saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan.
24) sazogadoeba da kultura Ta- • samecniero-teqnikuri progresi da kulturis tennamedroveobaSi
denciebi;
• omis Semdgomi dasavluri samyaros sazogadoebrivi
moZraobebi.
10
I Tavi. preistoriuli xana
$1. adamianis warmoSoba. qvis xana
ganmarteba
homohabilisi _ marjve adamiani.
homoereqtusi _ gamarTulad mosiarule adamiani (homohabilisis Semdgomi populacia).
evolucia _ ganviTareba mkveTri cvlilebebis gareSe, TandaTanobiT.
revolucia _ mkveTri cvlileba, gardatexa.
adamianis warmoSoba. samyarosa da adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb arsebobs evoluciuri da kreaciuli Teoriebi. kreaciuli TeoriiT, samyaros, dedamiwis da sicocxlis warmoSoba RvTis Semoqmedebis Sedegia. kreacionizmi damaxasiaTebelia iudaizmis, qristianobisa da islamisTvis. bibliis mixedviT: „Tavdapirvelad RmerTma Seqmna
ca da miwa. miwa iyo usaxo da udaburi. bneli ido ufskrulze da suli RvTisa iZvroda
wylebs zemoT. Tqva RmerTma: iyos naTeli! da iqmna naTeli... meore dRes RmerTma Seqmna samyaro cisa, mesame dRes, misi brZanebiT, cisqveSeTSi erTgan Segrovda wyali,
gamoCnda xmeleTi, aRmoacena miwam mcenareuli, meoTxe dRes _ man Seqmna mnaTobebi,
mexuTe dRes _ wylis suldgmulebi, cis frinvelebi. meeqvse dRes Tav-Tavis gvarisda
mixedviT cxovelTa Seqmnis Semdgom _ Tqva RmerTma: gavaCinoT kaci Cvens xatad, Cvens
msgavsebad. epatronos zRvaSi Tevzs, caSi frinvels, pirutyvs, mTels dedamiwas da
yvela qvemZroms, rac ki dedamiwaze daxoxavs. Seqmna RmerTma kaci, Tavis xatad Seqmna
igi, mamakacad da dedakacad Seqmna isini“.
kreaciul Teorias upirispirdeba evolucionizmi. `evoluciuri Teoriis~ mixedviT, cocxali samyaros, maT Soris, adamianis dRevandeli saxeoba ufro martivi organizmebis TandaTanobiTi ganviTarebis procesis (evoluciis) Sedegad Camoyalibda.
evoluciuri Teoriis fuZemdebelia XIX saukunis ingliseli mecnieri Carlz darvini. misi Sexedulebebi sruli saxiT aris gadmocemuli 1859 wels gamoqveynebul wignSi
„saxeobaTa warmoSoba bunebrivi gadarCevis gziT, anu ukeT Seguebuli jiSebis gadarCena sicocxlisaTvis brZolaSi“.
evoluciuri Teoriis mixedviT, adamianis Soreuli winapari daaxloebiT ornaxevari milioni wlis win gaCnda centralur afrikaSi. igi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda am kontinentze ukve mcxovreb sxva primatebisagan, maT Soris gamarTulad
mosiarule maimunebisagan (`avstralopiTekebisagan~). maTTan SedarebiT adamianis
winapari _ `homohabilisi~ fizikuradac didi iyo da ufro rTuli agebulebis tvini hqonda.
daaxloebiT ori milioni wlis win daiwyo adamianis winaprebis gadasaxleba afrikidan sxva teritoriebze. gadasaxlebis SesaZlo mizezebad istorikosebi asaxeleben
adamianebis gamravlebas da klimatis (bunebrivi garemos) cvlilebas.
afrikidan evraziaSi wamosuli `homoereqtusis~ uZvelesi kvali saqarTvelos teritoriaze, kerZod, dmanisSia mignebuli. 1999 wels aq aRmoCenili Tavis qalis fragmentebi daaxloebiT milion-rvaasi aTasi wliT TariRdeba. napovni Zvlebis safuZvelze mecnierebma SeZles `dmaniseli adamianis~ pirvandeli saxis aRdgena. Semdeg saxelebic SeurCies da qals mzia, mamakacs ki zezva daarqves.
11
dmanisSi aRmoCenili mdedris simaRlea 150 sm. Tavis qala nakleb ganviTarebulia
da tvinis moculobac Tanamedrove adamianisas orjer Camouvardeba... dmaniseli Semgroveblobasa da patara cxovelebze nadirobas eweoda.
dmanisSi didi raodenobiT aRmoCnda cxovelTa naSTebic. esenia: cxeni, antilopa,
spilo, mgeli, martorqa, afTari, Jirafi, iremi, siraqlema, cxvari da sxva. am cxovelTagan zogierTi siTbos moyvarulia da dResdReobiT kavkasiaSi aRar binadrobs.
es ki imas niSnavs, rom Zvelad dmanisis midamoebSi ufro Tbili klimati iyo. swored
aman SeaZlebina `mzias~, `zezvas~ da maT STamomavlebs ecxovraT dRevandeli saqarTvelos samxreT teritoriebze.
`dmanisel adamianSi~ da, zogadad, homoereqtusTa populaciaSi arsebobda socialuri urTierTobis martivi saxe _ pirvelyofili jogi. TiToeul jogSi 20-30 adamiani iyo gaerTianebuli. maT umTavres saqmianobas nadiroba da Semgrovebloba warmoadgenda. jogis SigniT ar arsebobda qonebrivi diferenciacia. jogis wevrebi erTad
cxovrobdnen da erTmaneTSi inawilebdnen sakvebs.
daaxloebiT naxevari milioni wlis win centraluri afrikidan gavrceleba
daiwyo `hominidTa~ axalma populaciam `neandertalelma adamianma~. `homoereqtusis~ da `neandertaleli adamianis~ ganviTarebis procesi istoriis garkveul etapze, savaraudod, mkveTri acivebis gamo Sewyda. adamianis uSualo winapari maTze
bevrad gvian Cndeba, daaxloebiT 200-150 aTasi wlis win. mas `homosapienss~ anu `gonier adamians~ uwodeben. gonieri adamianic afrikis mkvidria da isic mogvianebiT
gadasaxlda evraziis, amerikisa da avstraliis kontinentebze. `homosapiensi~ fizikuri aRnagobiTa da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebiT didad ar CamorCeboda Tanamedrove
adamians.
`homosapiensi~ adamianTa sxvadasxva rasis saxiT ganviTarda. yvelaze adre, daaxloebiT 200-150 aTasi wlis win, mas afrikaSi mcxovrebi buSmenebi da hotentotebi
gamoeyvnen; Semdeg negroidebi _ 100 aTasi wlis win, avstraloidebi (avstro-aborigenebi) _ 50 aTasi wlis win, bolos ki evropeidebi _ 30 aTasi wlis win. mogvianebiT,
20-25 aTasi wlis win, evropeiduls gamoeyo monRoloiduri rasa. isini Crdilo-aRmosavleT aziidan amerikaSic gadasaxldnen (indielebi). rasebis asaki ar gansazRvravs
maT ganviTarebas. Tavidan yvela rasa kulturuli ganviTarebis erTnair doneze idga.
TiTqmis erTdroulad iwyeben isini cxovelebis moSinaurebas, qvis iaraRebis damzadebas, misdeven Semgroveblobasa da monadireobas, msgavsia maTi religiuri warmodgenebi da Cveulebebi.
paleoliTi. kacobriobis istoriis uZveles periods qvis xana ewodeba. is sam nawilad iyofa: paleoliTad (Zveli qvis xana. adamianis warmoSobidan _ daaxloebiT 12
aTasi wlis win), mezoliTad (Sua qvis xana. 12-8 aTasi wlis win) da neoliTad (axali
qvis xana. 8-4 aTasi wlis wina).
TviT paleoliTSi gamoyofen ganviTarebis or: qveda (adre) da zeda (gvian) periodebs. qveda paleoliTs ganekuTvneba dmanisis midamoebSi, tba faravnis maxloblad
Wiqianis mTaze, soxumis maxloblad mTa iaSTxvaze, zugdidis maxloblad sof. ruxSi,
kacxSi (WiaTuris municipaliteti), laSebalTaSi (znauris municipaliteti), javaxeTis zeganze, Sida qarTlSi, kaxeTSi, mdinareebis jejorasa da yvirilas saTaveebTan
mdebare kodarosa da wonas mRvimeebSi da a.S. aRmoCenili sadgomebi.
zeda paleoliTis Zeglebi mikvleulia: devis xvrelis saxeliT cnobil mRvimeSi
(xaragoulis municipaliteti, mdinare Cxerimelas xeoba), sakaJias mRvimevi (Terjolis municipaliteti), sagvarjiles mRvimeSi da sxv.
Zveli qvis xanaSi erTmaneTs enacvleboda daTbobisa da gamyinvarebis periodebi. Tu Tbili klimatis pirobebSi pirvelyofil adamians mTian adgilebSic SeeZlo
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ecxov­ra, magaliTad, kudarosa da wonas mRvimeebSi da javaxeTis zeganze, acivebisas
iZulebuli iyo ufro dablob adgilebSi gadmoenacvla (mRvimevi sakaJia, sagvarjile,
devis xvreli...).
qveda paleoliTSi TandaTan ixveweboda qvis damuSavebis teqnika. Zveli qvis xanis
bolos adamians ukve SeeZlo qvis, Zvlisa da gaqvavebuli vulkanuri lavisagan nairgvari culebis, danebisa da safxekebis damzadeba.
qveda paleoliTSi Caisaxa Sromis danawileba mamakacsa da qals Soris. qalis saqmianobis sferod iqca sacxovreblis dacva, mudmivi cecxlis movla, zrunva bavSvebsa
da moxucebze, mcenareuli sakvebis Segroveba da sxva sameurneo movaleobani. mamakacTa Sromas upiratesad nadiroba warmoadgenda.
daaxloebiT 40-35 aTasi wlis win daiwyo zeda paleoliTi. am dros ixveweba qvis damuSavebis teqnika. mkveTri acivebis gamo adamianis ZiriTad sadgomad gamoqvabuli iqca. progresi ganicada adamianTa sazogadoebamac. Tu pirvelyofilTa jogi SemTxveviTi da aramyari gaerTianeba iyo, sisxliT naTesaobaze damyarebuli gvarovnuli Temi adamianTa ufro mtkice kavSirs
ganasaxierebda. Tavdapirvelad gvarSi wamyvani mdgomareoba qals ekava da naTesaobac
mxolod misi xaziT vrceldeboda. aseT urTierTobebze dafuZnebul gvars dedamTavruli anu matriarqaluri ewodeba.
zeda paleoliTSi moxda adamianis mier religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebis formireba. imdroindeli adamiani bunebasac adamianur Tvisebebs miawerda. sulier arsebebad
aRiqvamda mcenareebsa da qvebs, Tayvaniscemis obieqtad xdida cxovelebsa da frinvelebs. zogierT maTgans sakuTari gvaris winapradac ki Tvlida.
uZveles religiur warmodgenebs ukavSirdeba xelovnebis warmoSobac. adamianebi boroti Zalebis zemoqmedebisagan dasacavad an zebunebrivi mfarvelebis keTilganwyobis mosapoveblad akeTebdnen sxvadasxva saxis samkaulebs. erTgvari magiuri
daniSnuleba hqonda kedlis mxatvrobasac. daxatul nadirs SubebiT Cxvletdnen, mis
win ritualur cekvas asrulebdnen da amiT monadireTa mfarvel Zalebs dasaxmareblad uxmobdnen.
mezoliTi. zeda paleoliTis dasrulebis Semdeg dgeba mezoliTi, romelic daaxloebiT 5-4 aTas wels gagrZelda. mezoliTis dasawyisSi klimati daTba, swored
amitom adamianma datova gamoqvabuli da Ria sadgomis Seqmna daiwyo. aman ki xeli Seuwyo adamianis mWidro dasaxlebas saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi. saqarTveloSi
mezoliTuri nasaxlarebi gvxvdeba rogorc mRvimeebSi, aseve zegnebsa da terasebze.
mezoliTis epoqaSi kidev ufro mravalferovani xdeba qvisa da Zvlis iaraRebi.
wamyvan adgils ikavebs saWrisebi, safxekebi (ovaluri samuSao piriT), saxvretebi,
dakbiluli da danismagvari firfitebi.
mezoliTis xanaSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze Cndeba kldeze amokawruli naxatebi.
sxvadasxva cxovelTa (iremi, cxeni, aqlemi, gveli) da mSvildisriani kacunebis gamosaxulebebi aRmoCenilia samxreT-aRmosavleT regionSi, daba walkas 10 km-iT daSorebul mdinare patara xramis xeobaSi.
`neoliTuri revolucia~. adamianis cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani Zvrebi xdeba neoliTSi (axali qvis xana). swrafad viTardeba samuSao iaraRebi, bunebaze xangrZlivi
dakvirvebis Sedegad adamians uyalibdeba sameurneo codna.
am droisTvis adamianebma iswavles qvis magari qanebisagan xexvisa da gaprialebis
gziT iaraRebis damzadeba, qvis gaxvreta. gaCnda iaraRis axali saxeebi: xelsafqvavi,
Toxiseburi, bariseburi, weraqviseburi iaraRebi, samkeli danebi, xerxebi, culebi,
satexebi, saTlelebi da sxv. neoliTuri tomebi daeuflnen meTuneobas, daiwyes mar13
cvleulis veluri jiSebis kultivireba, moiSinaures gareuli cxovelebi da safuZveli Cauyares miwaTmoqmedebas, mecxoveleobasa da xelosnobas.
davaleba
1. ganmarteT kreaciuli da evoluciuri Teoriebis arsi da maT Soris arsebuli
gansxvaveba.
2. ra faqtorebi ganapirobebda afrikidan pirvelyofilebis migracias?
3. CamoTvaleT `homosapiensis~ ganviTarebis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli rasebi.
4. axseniT, ratom Camoyalibda dedamTavruli gvari.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
adamianis warmoSobis savaraudo TariRi – daaxl. 2 mln weli
homosapiensis warmoSoba – daaxl. 200-150 aTasi wlis win
paleoliTi (Zveli qvis xana) – adamianis wamoSobidan daaxl. 12 aTasi wlis win
mezoliTi (Sua qvis xana) _ daaxl. 12-8 aTasi wlis win
neoliTad (axali qvis xana) – daaxl. 8-4 aTasi wlis win
$2. brinjaos xana
ganmarteba
eneoliTi _ spilenZ-qvis xana.
mosiniki _ qarTveluri tomi.
eneoliTi. neoliTuri epoqis dasasruls adamianma iswavla liTonis gamoyeneba.
qvisa da xis paralelurad gaCnda spilenZis iaraRebi. Tavidan bunebaSi arsebul spilenZis kristalebs adamiani iseve amuSavebda, rogorc qvas _ gverdebs Camousworebda
da sasurvel formas miaRebinebda. epoqas, rodesac sameurneo saqmianobaSi qvasa da
liTons erTdroulad iyenebdnen, spilenZ-qvis xanas vuwodebT. droTa ganmavlobaSi adamianma spilenZis mniSvnelovani niSan-Tviseba aRmoaCina. maRal temperaturaze
igi lRveboda da siTxed gadaiqceoda. am siTxis yalibSi CasxmiT ki sasurveli formis niv­Tis miReba SeiZleboda. am aRmoCenam kacobriobis ganviTarebaSi udidesi roli
iTamaSa _ warmoiSva metalurgia.
spilenZi rbil liTonebs miekuTvneba, amitom is ioli dasamuSavebeli iyo da farTo gavrcelebac pova. magram spilenZisagan damzadebul samuSao iaraRs ar SeeZlo
adamianisaTvis qvis iaraRebis magivroba gaewia sameurneo saqmianobaSi.
uZvelesi metalurgiis kerebi wina aziaSia aRmoCenili. saqarTveloSi liTonis damuSaveba Zv.w. IV aTaswleulSi daiwyes. eneoliTuri kulturis Zeglebi aRmoCenilia
kikeTSi, TbilisSi, TrialeTSi, zemo avWalaSi, tyviavSi, urbnisSi, oCamCiresa da sxva
adgilebSi.
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brinjaos xana. metalurgiis ganviTarebis momdevno etapze adamiani brinjaos miRebis wesebs eufleba. brinjao bunebaSi TviTnabadi saxiT ar arsebobs. is spilenZis, dariSxanisa da kalis SereviT miiReba. brinjao spilenZTan SedarebiT mtkice liTonia,
amitom misgan damzadebuli Sromis iaraRebi farTod inergeba sameurneo saqmianobaSi.
mniSvnelovnad gaizarda saxnav-saTesi farTobebi, SesaZlebeli gaxda miwis ukeT damuSaveba. namati produqciis dagrovebam xeli Seuwyo vaWrobis ganviTarebas Temebs
Soris.
brinjaos xana Zv. w. IV aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi iwyeba da sam (adre, Sua da
gvian) periodad iyofa.
amierkavkasiaSi adre brinjaos xanis kulturis centri xdeba mdinareebis
mtkvrisa da araqsis xeobebsSorisi teritoria (Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis dasasruli
_ Zv.w. III aTaswleulis I naxevari). amitom am xanas mtkvar-araqsis kulturis
saxeliTac vicnobT. arqeologiurma gamokvlevebma cxadyo, rom mtkvar-araqsis
kultura mniSvnelovnad scildeboda am mdinareebis Semogarens da mcire aziis Crdilo-aRmosavleT teritoriebzec vrceldeboda. mtkvar-araqsis kultura miwaTmoqmedebisa da mecxoveleobis dawinaurebiT aRiniSna. xelosnur nawarmSi iaraRebTan erTad gvxvdeba mravalgvari keramikuli nakeToba da natifad damuSavebuli
samkaulebi.
icvleba sacxovrebeli nagebobebis arqiteqturac. dasaxlebas qmnidnen SemaRlebul adgilebze, borcvebze, romelsac dacvis mizniT, galavans Semoavlebdnen. Tu neoliTsa da eneoliTSi wriulgumbaTian nagebobebs aSenebdnen (Sulaverisa da imiris
gora), adre brinjaos xanis sacxovrisebs sworkuTxa formebi hqonda. gamouwvavi Tixis nacvlad samSeneblod agurs, gaTlil qvasa da xes xmarobdnen.
mwarmoeblur Sromaze gadasvlam, sxvadasxva samuSao iaraRis gaCenam da calkeul
gvarTa Soris sabrZolo Setakebebis gaxSirebam gazarda mamakacis socialuri roli.
matriarqaluri gvari TandaTan icvleba mamamTavruli (patriarqaluri) gvariT.
Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi iwyeba Sua brinjaos xana (grZeldeboda Zv.w. II aTaswleulis
I naxevramde). saqarTveloSi am periodis kulturaze warmodgenas gviqmnis yorRanul
samarxebSi aRmoCenili masala. aseTi yorRanebi ZiriTadad TrialeTis zeganzea aRmoCenili, amitomac Sua brinjaos xanis kulturas sxvagvarad TrialeTur an yorRanul
kulturasac vuwodebT.
yorRanSi dakrZalul tomis belads `imqveyniuri cxovrebisaTvis~ gamosadeg
yvela nivTs atandnen. samarxebSi aRmoCenili brinjaos iaraRi mravalferovani da
daxvewilia. igive iTqmis keramikul nawarmzec. xelosnebi Tixis WurWels ukve ara
xeliT, aramed specialur sameTuneo dazgaze amzadeben, Semdeg ki ornamentebiT amkoben.
Sua brinjaos xanaSi ganviTarebis maRal safexurs aRwevs oqromWedloba. wnoris
samarxSi aRmoCenilia maRalmxatvrul doneze Sesrulebuli lomis oqros qandakeba.
TrialeTSi napovni Tasi furclovani oqrosganaa damzadebuli da Zvirfasi TvlebiTaa Semkuli. Sua brinjaos xanis vercxlis nakeTobaTagan gamoirCeva TrialeTis
vercxlis Tasi. masze gamosaxulia sakulto-ritualuri Sinaarsis scena. Tasze reliefuri figurebi da ornamentebi didi xelovnebiTaa gamoyvanili.
brinjaos metalurgiis ganviTarebis kvaldakval xelosnoba gamoeyo miwaTmoqmedebasa da mecxoveleobas da meurneobis calke dargad Camoyalibda. meurneobis dawinaureba calkeul ojaxebs gvarisagan damoukidebeli cxovrebis saSualebas aZlevda.
TandaTan irRveva gvarovnuli urTierTobebi da mis adgils mezoblobaze damyarebuli Temi _ e.w. `samezoblo Temi~ ikavebs.
gvarovnuli (Temuri) mmarTvelobis Tavdapirveli forma demokratiuli Sinaarsis iyo. gvaris wevrebs Tanabari uflebebi hqondaT. isini saerTo krebaze irCevdnen
15
gvaris (Temis) mmarTvels, belads. mcirericxovani Temebis tomebad da tomTa did
kavSirebad gaerTianebis Semdeg Camoyalibda warCinebulTa fena, romelic rigiTi
meTemeebisgan Semdgar saxalxo (saerTo) krebas sul ufro iSviaTad unawilebda
Zalauflebas da xelisuflebas memkvidreobiT iRebda da gadascemda. TiTqmis mefuri (SeuzRudavi da memkvidreobiTi) ZalauflebiT aRiWurvnen tomTa mmarTvel-beladebic.
saqarTveloSi gvian brinjaos xana Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan iwyeba (grZeldeboda Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisamde). am dros kidev ufro winaurdeba brinjaos metalurgia, miwaTmoqmedeba da mecxoveleoba. safuZveli eyreba vaWrobas. Tav­
dapirvelad fulis funqcias brinjaos rgolebi asrulebda, mogvianebiT ki ucxouri monetebis Semodis brunvaSi. viTardeba xelosnobis sxvadasxva dargi: meTuneoba,
qviT­xurooba, xiTxurooba...
saqarTveloSi arsebobda gvian brinjaos xanis ori mZlavri kulturuli kera: dasavlurqarTuli (kolxuri) da aRmosavlurqarTuli. saomari iaraRidan gvian brinjaos xanaSi kolxeTSi gavrcelebuli iyo culebi (`kolxuri culebi~) da satevrebi,
xolo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi _ grZeli maxvilebi da Subebi.
Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi brinjaos TandaTan cvlis rkina. rkina gacilebiT
myari liTonia da misi danergva sameurneo da samxedro warmoebaSi civilizaciis kidev erT wingadadgmul nabijs warmoadgenda.
saqarTvelo rkinis metalurgiis erT-erTi uZvelesi keraa. Zveli berZnebi qarTvelur toms _ xalibebs `rkinis gamomgoneblebs~ uwodebdnen. isini aseve miuTiTebdnen
`mosinikuri foladis~ saukeTeso Tvisebebze. gvianbrinjaos xanis dawinaurebulma
sameurneo yofam da kulturam misca biZgi pirveli qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebebis Camoyalibebas.
davaleba
1. risgan amzadebdnen brinjaos? ra upiratesoba hqonda mas spilnZTan SedarebiT?
2. meurneobis romeli dargebi ganviTarda brinjaos xanaSi? ra ganapirobebda maT
dawinaurebas?
3. imsjeleT patriarqaluri urTierTobebis gabatonebis mizezebze.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
eneoliTi (spilenZ-qvis xana) – daaxl. 7-6 aTasi wlis win
adre brinjaos xana – Zv.w. IV aTaswleuli – Zv.w. III aTaswleulis I naxevari
Sua brinjaos xana – Zv.w. III aTaswleulis II naxevari – Zv.w. II aTaswleulis I naxevari
gviani brinjaos xana _ Zv.w. II aTaswleulis II naxevari – Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisi
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testi #1.
testis maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 23 qula.
I. upasuxeT kiTxvebs
instruqcia: mocemulia 12 kiTxva oTxi savaraudo pasuxiT. swori pasuxi fasdeba
1 quliT. jamSi, maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 12 qula.
1. ras gulisxmobs kreaciuli Teoria?
a) kreaciuli Teoriis mixedviT sicocxlis warmoSoba RvTis Semoqmedebis Sedegia;
b) kreaciuli Teoriis mixedviT adamiani TandaTanobiT, evoluciis Sedegad warmoiSva;
g) kreaciuli Teoriis mixedviT uZvelesi primatebi, maT Soris homohabilisi,
RmerTma Seqmna, romlis ganviTarebis Sedegad warmoiSva Tanamedrove adamiani;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
2. romeli Teoriis fuZemdebelia Carlz darvini?
a) kreaciuli;
g) revoluciuri;
b) evoluciuri;
d) humanisturi.
3. ras niSnavs `homosapiensi~?
a) `dmanisel adamians~; b) gonier adamians;
g) gamarTul adamians;
d) adamianis msgavs primats.
4. rodis da sad aRmoaCines homoereqtusis uZvelesi kvali saqarTveloSi?
a) 1992 wels adigenSi;
g) 1998 wels bolnisSi;
b) 1998 wels manglisSi;
d) 1999 wels dmanisSi.
5. CamoTvlilTagan, ra mizeziT aixsneba afrikidan uZvelesi adamianis migracia?
a) tomTa Soris saomari Setakebebis gaxSireba;
b) zRvaosnobis dawinaureba da cxenis moSinaureba;
g) klimatis, bunebrivi garemos cvlileba;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
6. daaxloebiT rodis warmoiSva `homosapiensi~?
a) 500 aTasi wlis win;
g) 200-150 aTasi wlis win;
b) 300-200 aTasi wlis win; d) 100-50 aTasi wlis win.
7. ras niSnavs paleoliTi?
a) Zveli qvis xanas;
b) Sua qvis xanas;
g) axali qvis xanas;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
8. romeli xanis sadgomebia aRmoCenili kudarosa da wonas mRvimeebSi?
a) mezoliTis;
b) neoliTis;
g) paleoliTis;
d) eneoliTis.
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9. romel periodSi Caeyara safuZveli mwarmoeblur meurneobas?
a) mezoliTi;
b) zeda paleoliTi;
g) neoliTi;
d) brinjaos xana.
10. ra saxeliTaa cnobili adre brinjaos xanis kultura saqarTveloSi?
a) aRmosavlur qarTuli kultura;
b) dasavlur qarTuli, igive kolxuri kultura;
g) iberiul-kavkasiuri kultura;
d) mtkvar-araqsis kultura.
11. sad aRmoCnda yorRanuli kulturis Zeglebi?
a) qvemo qarTlsa da ivris zeganze;
b) mtkvar-araqsis xeobaSi;
g) kaxeTSi, dRevandeli daviT garejis samonastro kompleqsis midamoebSi;
d) TrialeTSi.
12. ra periods moicavda Sua brinjaos xana?
a) Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulebi;
b) Zv.w. III aTaswleuli-Zv.w. II aTaswleulis I naxevari;
g) Zv.w. III aTaswleuli-Zv.w. II aTaswleulis II naxevari;
d) Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebi.
II. wyaros analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 8 qula)
viciT, rom istoria faqtebisagan Sedgeba. magram ra aris istoriuli faqti? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema sakmaod rTulia, radgan mecnierebi istoriul faqts sxvadasxvagvarad ganmartaven. gTavazobT ingliseli istorikosis, edvard helet karis mosazrebas:
`... sayovelTaod miRebuli azriT, arsebobs garkveuli ZiriTadi faqtebi, romlebic saerToa yvela istorikosisaTvis da warmoadgens istoriis safuZvels... aseTia,
magaliTad, faqti, rom hastingsis brZola 1066 wels moxda. magram, gamomdinare aqedan minda gavakeTo ori SeniSvna; rasakvirvelia, unda vicodeT, rom es didi brZola
1066 wels moxda da ara 1065 an 1067 wels, rom brZolis adgili hastingsi iyo da ara
istborni an braironi. istorikosma, cxadia, zustad unda miuTiTos movlenis droc
da adgilic; oRond, roca aseTi sakiTxebi wamoiWreba, yovelTvis maxsendeba hausmanis
sityvebi: `sizuste movaleobaa da ara siqvele~. istorikosis Seqeba sizustisaTvis
igivea, rac arqiteqtoris Seqeba mSeneblobisas kargad gamomSrali xis masalis an
maRalxarisxovani betonis gamoyenebisaTvis... istorikoss ar moeTxoveba gansakuTrebuli unari, romelic saSualebas aZlevs eqsperts, zustad daadginos keramikuli an
marmarilos nakeTobis warmomavloba Tu periodi, amoikiTxos droTa ganmavlobaSi
gauferulebuli, manamde ucnobi xelnaweri an astronomiuli gamoTvlebis gziT gansazRvros ama Tu im movlenis zusti TariRi. es, e.w. sabaziso monacemebi, rac saerToa
yvela istorikosisaTvis, ganekuTvneba `nedleulis kategorias~ _ nedleuls ufro
istorikosisaTvis, vidre istoriisaTvis... ama Tu im istoriuli faqtis dadgena ganpirobebulia ara TviT faqtis mniSvnelobiT, aramed istorikosis aprioruli gadawyvetilebiT... amboben, rom faqtebs versad gaeqcevi. es, rasakvirvelia, sicruea. faqtebs ver gaeqcevi, roca es awyobs istorikoss, adamians, romelic Tavad wyvets, Tu
rogor, ranairad da ra konteqstSi mogvawodos isini. mgoni, pirandelos erT-erTma
gmirma Tqva, rom faqti tomarasaviTaa: ver dgeba myarad, sanam ar gaavseb. erTaderTi
mizezi, ris gamoc gvainteresebs, rom hastingsis brZola 1066 wels iyo, aris is, rom
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istorikosebi mas did movlenad miiCneven. swored istorikosebma gadawyvites, rom
keisris mier rubikonis, am pawawina, wyalmarCxi mdinaris gadakveTa, ginda Tu ar ginda... istoriuli movlenaa, Torem manamdec da mis Semdegac uamravma xalxma gadaWra
es oxeri mdinare, magram aravin gagiJebula, ratom ar vici es ambavio. is, rom Tqven
aq moxvediT naxevari saaTis win fexiT, velosipediT Tu manqaniT, iseTive faqtia
warsulis Sesaxeb, rogorc keisris mier rubikonis gadakveTa. arsebobs mxolod erTi
patara gansxvaveba: Tqveni mosvlis faqts istorikosebi arafrad Caagdeben...~ .
upasuxe SekiTxvebs:
1. ra aris istoriuli faqti?
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2. ratom ar iTvleba yvela erTgvarovani movlena istoriul faqtad?
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3. rogor fiqrob, ratom aris istorikosisaTvis faqtebis codna ase mniSvnelovani?
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III.rukis analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 3 qula)
ruka # 1-is (danarTi #1) mixedviT SeavseT cxrili
paleoliTuri Zeglebi
mezoliTuri Zeglebi
neoliTuri Zeglebi
19
II Tavi. Zveli aRmosavleTi da saqarTvelo
$1. asureTi da urartu
asureTis saxelmwifo. asureTis saxelmwifo jer kidev Zv. w. III aTaswleulis bolos Camo­
yalibda. CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi igi daaarses iranis zeganidan mosulma hurituli modgmis tomebma. misi dedaqalaqi aSuri mniSvnelovan gzajvaredinze
mdebareobda. igi msxvili sakulto-religiuri da savaWro centri iyo. ganviTarebis
adreul etapze asureTi ar gamoirCeoda sididiTa da ZlierebiT. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi igi Sedioda miTanis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi. Zv. w. XIV saukuneSi asureTma damoukidebloba moipova, xolo Zv. w. XII saukunis bolos, mefe tiglaTfalasar
I-is mmarTvelobis dros, asureTi axlo aRmosavleTis uZlieres imperiad gadaiqca.
Zv. w. XI saukunis SuaxanebSi mesopotamiaSi SeiWrnen momTabare tomebi _ arameelebi.
maTTan brZolam asureTi droebiT daasusta.
Zv. w. VIII saukunis meore naxevarSi iwyeba asureTis Zlierebis epoqa. am dros igi
mTlianad gabatonda axlo aRmosavleTis centralur da samxreTis miwebze. es aRzeveba
mniSvnelovanwilad iyo dakavSirebuli mefe tiglaTfalasar III-is administraciul
da samxedro reformebTan. man gana­xorciela samxedro saqmis Zireuli reorganizeba.
Camoa­yaliba regularuli armia, romelic srul saxelmwifo kmayofaze imyofeboda.
Seicvala politika imperiis dapyrobili mosaxleobis mimarT. adre Tu arbevdnen,
Zarcvavdnen, monebad aqcevdnen an xarks akisrebdnen, axla xSirad iyenebdnen mTlianad
xalxebis ayrisa da ucxo mxareSi gadasaxlebis meTods.
tiglaTfalasar III-is da misi memkvidreebis, gansakuTrebiT sargon II-is
(Zv. w.­VIII saukunis II naxevari) da asarxadonis (Zv. w. VII saukunis I naxevari) mefobisas asureTi Zveli samyaros istoriaSi pirvel udides samxedro imperiad iqca.
axlo aRmosavleTis regionis xalxTa umetesoba cota xniT iZulebiT iyo gaerTianebuli am imperiaSi. asurelebma am dros egvviptec ki daimorCiles. Zv. w. VII saukuneSi
maTi Zalaufleba vrceldeboda mesopotamiaze, aRmosavleT xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiro qveynebze, egvipteze, mcire aziis mniSvnelovan da Tanamedrove iranis did nawilze.
samxedro laSqrobebis mimarTulebis arCeva, upirveles yovlisa, ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT xdeboda. asureTi cdilobda gaekontrolebina yvela olqi, romelic mdidari iyo oqro-vercxliT, rkinis madniT da aseve teritoriebi, sadac mesaqonleoba da
miwaTmoqmedeba iyo ganviTarebuli.
urartu. urartu anu vanis samefo mdebareobda dRevandel somxeTis zeganze. dablobebsa da xeobebSi mravlad iyo saxnav-saTesi miwebi, xolo mTebSi, romelTaganac
yvelaze maRalia ararati _ xe-tye, liToni da samSeneblo qva. reliefis msgavsad, aq
klimatic mravalferovani iyo: zeganze mkacri, kontinenturi hava, xolo dablobebSi
_ ufro Tbili.
urartu ebrZoda Zlier asureTs, romelic xSirad awyobda laSqrobebs. asureTi
angrevda da Zarcvavda urartus qalaqebs. Tavdasxmebisgan Tavdasacavad vanis tbis
napirze daarsebul dedaqalaq tuSpas didi lodebisagan agebuli galavani hqonda
garSemortymuli. qveynis gaerTianeba daasrula menuam (Zv.w. IX-VIII ss. mijna). man
gaafarTova samflobeloebi aRmosavleTiT da samxreTiT. SeiWra kavkasiaSi. aSenebda
axal simagreebs da sarwyav sistemebs xelovnuri rwyvisaTvis.
urartu gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda Zv.w. VIII saukuneSi menuas memkvidreebis argiST
I-isa da sardur II-is dros. gaiyvanes arxebi, aages didi marnebi da xorblis sacavebi,
aSenda axali cixesimagreebi. CrdiloeTiT urartum didad Seaviwrova da gaanadgura
20
uZvelesi qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba diaoxi. Semdeg SeebrZola ufro
CrdiloeTiT mdebare kolxas. Tavad urartu, asureTTan brZolaSi dasustebuli, Zv.w.
590 wels midielebma gaanadgures.
urartus saxelmwifo aRar arsebobs. misi teritoriis didi wili dRes som­xeTis,
nawili _ TurqeTis, iranisa da azerbaijanis SemadgenlobaSia. urartuli civilizacia XIX saukuneSi aRmoaCines britaneTisa da berlinis muzeumebis arqeologiurma
eqspediciebma da rusma arqeologebma.
davaleba
1. CamoTvaleT asureTis istoriis mniSvnelovani periodebi da mefeebi.
2. daaxasiaTeT asureTis damokidebuleba dapyrobili xalxebis mimarT.
3. Tanamimdevrulad CamoTvaleT urartus mefeebi da imsjeleT maT wvlilze samefos
gaZlierebis TvalsazrisiT.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
asureTis uZvelesi saxelmwifos warmoSoba _ Zv.w. III aTaswleuli
asureTis mefe tiglaTfalasar I _ Zv.w. XII saukunis bolo
asureTis mefe sargon II _ Zv. w.­VIII saukunis II naxevari
urartus saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba _ Zv.w. IX saukune
urartus cnobili mefeebi: menua, argiST I, sardur II _ Zv.w. IX-VIII ss.
urartus ganadgureba _ Zv.w. 590 w.
$2. uZvelesi qarTuli tomobrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi
gaerTianebebi
ganmarteba
`nairis qveynebi~ _ tomTa kavSiri, romelSic wamyvani pozicia diaoxs ekava.
mina _ urartuli wonis erTeuli, udris daaxloebiT 506 grams.
diaoxi. Zv. w. II aTaswleulis bolos samxreT-dasavleT kavkasiaSi Camoyalibda
tomTa Zlieri gaerTianebebi. maT asuruli lursmuli warwerebi `zemo zRvis qveynebad~ da `nairis qveynebad~ moixsenieben. amave warwerebis mixedviT `nairis qveynebis~
saTaveSi daiaeni, igive diaoxi idga. berZnuli wyaroebi diaoxs taoxs uwodeben. aqedan momdinareobs istoriuli qarTuli provinciis taos saxelwodeba.
uZveles cnobas diaoxis Sesaxeb gvawvdis Zv. w. 1112 wlis asuruli warwera, romelSic saubaria `nairis qveynebSi~ mefe tiglaTfalasar I-is laSqrobaze. am wyaros
mixedviT tiglaTfalasar I-s daumarcxebia `nairis qveynebis~ 32 mefe, xolo `sieni, mefe daiaenis qveynisa, romelic ar emorCileboda RvTaeba asurs, Cems meufes,
datyvevebuli da SeboWili Cems qalaq asurSi waviyvane da (iq) Seviwyale igi. Cems
qalaq asuridan diad RvTaebaTa morCili gavuSvi me igi morCilebisa da sicocxli21
saTvis. nairis vrcel qveynebs mTlianad daveufle da maTi yvela mefe Cems fexT
winaSe davamxe~.
diaoxis dasapyrobad ibrZoda urartuc. misma mefeebma menuam (Zv.w. IX-VIII saukuneebis mijna) da argiST I-ma (Zv.w. VIII saukunis I nax.) araerTxel ilaSqres aq, aaoxres cixesimagreebi, samefo qalaqebi, qveyanas daakisres mZime xarki:
`RvTaeba xaldi gaemarTa salaSqrod Tavisi iaraRiT diaoxis Zlevamosili qveynis
winaaRmdeg... davipyari diaoxis qveyana, qalaqi sasilo... utufursi, mefe diaoxisa,
movida Cems winaSe, momexvia fexebze, Zirs daemxo; me mas mowyaled moveqeci, Seviwyale
igi xarkis gadaxdis pirobiT. momca man oqro da vercxli, momca xarki~ (fragmenti
urartus mefe menuas warweridan).
`... gavemarTe me salaSqrod didis qveynis winaaRmdeg... qalaqi zua, diaoxis qveynis
samefo qalaqi, me gadavwvi; warwera davdgi qalaq zuaSi... 105 cixe-simagre davangrie,
453 qalaqi ki davwvi... diaoxis mefe davimorCile, Seviwyale igi xarkis gadaxdis pirobiT... 41 mina sufTa oqro, 37 mina vercxli, aTi aTasi mina spilenZi, 100 sajdomi
cxeni, 300 suli msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi. ai, rogori xarki davade me diaoxis
qveyanas~ (fragmenti urartus mefe argiST I-is warweridan).
kolxa. diaoxis CrdiloeTiT Camoyalibda qarTvelur tomTa axali saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba, romelsac ZvelberZnuli wyaroebi kolxas (kolxidas) saxeliT
moixsenieben. kolxas adreul periodze cnobebs gvawvdis asuruli warwerebic.
kolxas siZlieris xanad Zv.w. XI-VIII ss. aris miCneuli. mis Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdis urartuli warwerebi. erT-erTSi aRwerilia urartus mefis sardur II-is
kolxaSi laSqroba (Zv.w. VIII s-is Sua wlebi): `gavemarTe salaSqrod kolxas qveynis
winaaRmdeg. es qveyana (me davipyari). qalaqi ildamusa, samefo qalaqi, kolxas mefe
brZoliT davipyari, misi mosaxle­oba gadavbuge. kolxas qveynis mefis nacvlebi, romelnic ki iq iyvnen, gavJlite, rkinis beWedi gavakeTebine, qveyana gavaCanage, kacebi
da qalebi gavreke... wa­viyvane 17300 msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi, 31600 wvrilfexa
rqosani pirutyvi~.
kolxas Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdis Zveli berZnuli miTi argonavtebis
Sesaxeb. Tqmulebis mixedviT, saberZneTis erT-erTi qalaq-saxelmwifos _ iolkosis
mefe peliasma taxtis sanacvlod Tavis ZmisSvil iazons kolxeTidan oqros sawmisis
Camotana daavala. iazoni ormocdaaTiode berZeni gmiris TanxlebiT kolxas sataxto
qalaqs quTaias miadga da mefe aiets oqros sawmisi sTxova. aietma iazons ramdenime
rTuli davaleba misca da maTi Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi dapirda oqros sawmiss. miTis
mixedviT, berZeni ufliswuli kalxTa mefis grZneul asuls, medeas Seuyvarda da davalebis SesrulebaSi daexmara. sabolood, argonavtebma `oqros sawmisi~ gaitaces da
saberZneTisaken gaemarTnen.
berZeni mwerlis evhemerist palefatis (Zv. w. IV s.) cnobiT, `oqros sawmisi~ tyavze naweri wigni iyo, sadac oqros qimiurad miRebis wesi ewera. sainteresoa, rom svaneTSi bolo dromde arsebobda oqros mopovebis aseTi wesi: cxvrisbewvian tyavs mTis
mdinareSi Caafendnen, swraf wyals ki qviSasTan erTad mohqonda oqros nawilakebic,
romlebic bewvze ileqeboda. cnobilma irlandielma mogzaurma tim severinma 1984
wels Zveli `argos~ msgavsi xomaldiT argonavtebis gza gamoiara, riTac daadastura
Zvel droSi aseTi naosnobis SesaZlebloba.
Zv.w. VIII saukunis II naxevarSi Tanamedrove ruseTis samxreTiT mdebare stepebidan
da Crdilo kavkasiidan daiwyo iranuli modgmis momTabare tomebis _ kimerielebisa
da skviTebis Semosevebi. maTi cxenosani laSqari im droisaTvis gamanadgurebeli Zala
iyo. swored kimerielTa Semosevebma mouRo bolo kolxas Zlierebas. kimerielebma,
midielebTan erTad, Zv.w. 590 wels gaanadgures urartuc. urartuelTa nawili qar22
Tvel mosaxleobas Seerwya. es procesi qarTul enaSic aisaxa. sityvebs: `Tavdayira~,
`yiramala~ urartuli Ziri aqvs. `yira~ am enaze miwas niSnavda. igive iTqmis Zvel
xalxur misamRerebze _ ivri arale, Tari arale da ari arale. `arale~ Zveli aRmosavluri mosavlis RvTaebaa, xolo `ivri~ (meufe), `Tari~ (Zlieri) da `ari~ (momec)
_ urartuli warmoSobis sityvebia.
kimerielTa gamanadgurebeli laSqrobis Semdeg dasavleT saqarTveloSi maleve
aRdga saxelmwifoebrioba. axali kolxuri saxelmwifo, romelsac qarTveli istorikosebi egrisis saxeliTac moixsenieben, kulturulad winamorbedze dawinaurebuli
da vrceli iyo.
Zlieri politikuri (istorikosTa nawilis azriT, saxelmwifoebrivi) gaerTianebebi Seqmnes qarTvelurma tomebma muSqebma da sasperebma. muSqebi Zv.w. IX-VII saukuneebSi mcire aziis aRmosavleT nawilSi cxovrobdnen. maT aq frigielebTan erTad
Zlieri saxelmwifo daaarses. mogvianebiT, asureTisa da urartus dacemis Semdeg,
muSqebis nawilma aRmosavleTiT gadmoinacvla da saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi dasaxlda.
berZeni istorikosi herodote sasperebs sparselebis, midielebisa da kolxebis
gverdiT ixseniebs, rac am qarTveluri tomis siZliereze metyvelebs. istorikosebi
Tvlian, rom termini `iberi~ `sasperidan~ warmodga.
davaleba
1. asuruli da urartuli warwerebis mixedviT daaxasiaTeT diaoxisa da kolxas politikuri mdgomareoba, mmarTveloba, meurneoba.
2. argonavtebze miTis safuZvelze imsjeleT kolxas ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.
3. ram gamoiwvia kolxas samefos ganadgureba?
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
asureTis mefis tiglaTfalasar I-is laSqroba `nairis qveynebSi~ _ Zv.w. 1112 w.
urartus mefis menuas laSqroba diaoxSi _ Zv.w. IX-VIII saukuneebis mijna
urartus mefis argiST I-is laSqroba diaoxSi _ Zv.w. VIII saukunis I naxevari
urartus mefis sardur II-is laSqroba kolxaSi _ Zv.w. VIII s-is Sua wlebi
kimerielebisa da skviTebis laSqrobebi samxreT kavkasiaSi _ Zv.w. VIII saukunis II
naxevari
$3. uZvelesi didi saxelmwifoebi iranis teritoriaze
aqemenianTa mmarTveloba. Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulebis zRvarze iranis teritoriaze
dasaxldnen sparselTa da midielTa winapari ariuli tomebi. Zv. w. VII saukuneSi aq
warmoiSva midiis saxelmwifo. man daipyro mcire aziis aRmosavleTi nawili, asureTi
da sparselTa tomebiT dasaxlebuli miwebi.
Zv. w. VI saukunis SuaxanebSi sparsTa tomebSi kiros II gamefda. igi iyo sparsi
aqemenidebis sagvareulos STamomavali. man midielTa batonobisgan gaaTavisufla Tanatomelebi da daaarsa sparseTis saxelmwifo.
23
kiros II-m daipyro lidia, finikia, palestina da babilonis samefo. kirosma neba
darTo babilonelTa mier gadasaxlebul ebraelebs dabrunebuliyvnen iudeaSi. sabolood sparselTa dapyrobebis Sedegad warmoiSva uzarmazari saxelmwifo, romelsac
saukuneebis manZilze aqemenidebis dinastia marTavda. igi aerTianebda mesopotamias,
aRmosavleT xmelTaSua zRvispireTs, mcire azias, egviptes, Sua aziis did nawilsa da
indoeTis Crdilo-aRmosavleTs.
qveynis samarTavad saWiro iyo moqnili saxelmwifo aparati. aseTi struqtura
Seiqmna Zv. w. VI saukunis bolos mefe darios I-is administraciul-finansuri reformebis Sedegad.
mTeli qveyana dayofili iyo daaxloebiT 20 administraciul erTeulad. maT satrapiebi ewoda. yovel olqs saTaveSi edga mmarTveli anu satrapi. igi ganagebda
samoqalaqo saqmeebs. samxedro TvalsazrisiT ki, imperia ufro did erTeulebad
toparqiebad iyofoda. jars marTavda mxedarTmTavari, romelic uSualod mefes
eqvemdebareboda. arsebobda iseTi Soreuli provinciebic, romelTa yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi sparsTa administracia ver ereoda. amitom maT marTavdnen adgilobrivi
mmarTvelebi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom sparseTis me-19 satrapiaSi qarTuli tomebic Sediodnen. isini
ixdidnen xarks da gamoyavdaT jari. kolxeTis nawili gadaurCa sparseTis uSualo
dapyrobas. berZeni istorikosis herodotes cnobiT kolxebi aqemenidebs yovel xuT
weliwadSi erTxel nebayoflobiT Cuqnidnen 100 yrmasa da 100 qalwuls.
dariosma SemoiRo saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis axali sistema: yvela satrapia valdebuli iyo maTze dakisrebuli begara gadaexada vercxliT. gadasaxadi ganisazRvreboda dasamuSavebeli miwebis nayofierebidan gamomdinare. qveynis samarTavad Seiqmna
didi centraluri aparati, romelsac mefis kancelaria xelmZRvanelobda. maTi administraciuli centri iyo qalaqi suza. am qalaqs kveTda mniSvnelovani savaWro gzebi.
mogvianebiT ki aSenda axali dedaqalaqi _ persepolisi.
imperiis daqveiTeba. Zv. w. VI saukunis bolos da V saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi aqemenidebi sparseTis imperiis dasavleTiT awarmoebdnen dapyrobiT omebs. maT
mTlianad daipyres mcire aziis naxevarkunZuli, gadalaxes bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebi, gadavidnen balkaneTSi da Trakiis didi nawili daimorCiles. sparselebi aRmoCndnen berZnuli qalaq-saxelmwifoebis pirispir. daiwyo berZen-sparselTa omebi.
omis dawyeba da sparselebis SemoWra saberZneTSi didwilad daaCqara mcire aziis
berZnuli qalaqebis warumatebelma ajanyebam. isini jer kidev Zv. w. VI saukunis bolo
aTwleulebSi sparseTs emorCilebodnen.
Zv. w. 490 wels mefe darios I-is laSqari SeiWra saberZneTSi, magram maraTonis
velze gamarTul brZolaSi sparselebi damarcxdnen.
Zv. w. 480 wels sparselebi xelaxla SeiWrnen saberZneTSi. im droisaTvis saberZneTis qalaq-saxelmwifoebs Soris samxedro saqmeSi aRiarebul liderad sparta iTvleboda. berZenTa gaerTianebulma laSqarma spartis mefe leonidasis meTaurobiT TavdacviTi pozicia daikava Termopiles viwro yelze. igi mniSvnelovan strategiul gasasvlels warmoadgenda CrdiloeTsa da Sua saberZneTs Soris. uTanasworo brZolaSi
berZnebi sami dRis ganmavlobaSi akavebdnen sparselebis uzarmazar urdos. sabolood
moRalate daexmara sparselebs gverdidan SemoevloT berZenTa poziciebisaTvis. mZime
mdgomareobaSi Cavardnilma leonidasma berZenTa jaris ZiriTad Zalebs ubrZana, ukan
daexiaT da Sua saberZneTSi gadasuliyvnen, TviTon ki daaxloebiT aTas meomarTan
erTad, romelTagan samasi sparteli iyo, adgilze darCa, raTa zurgi gaemagrebinaT
ukandaxeulaTvis. isini gmirulad Seakvdnen mters. Termopiles daZlevis Semdeg spar24
selebi centralur saberZneTSi SeiWrnen. sxva mraval qalaqTan erTad maT daipyres
da aaoxres aTeni.
qalaqis mcxovrebni momzadebulni Sexvdnen sparselTa SemoWras. mteri rom moaxlovda, isini aiyarnen da kunZul salamins Seafares Tavi. brZolebma axla zRvaze gadainacvla. ramdenime wliT adre, Temistokles winadadebiT, aTenelebma Zlieri
flotis Seneba daiwyes. aTenis Zlierma flotma Temistokles meTaurobiT Zv. w. 480
wels gaanadgura sparselTa floti.
sparselTa saxmeleTo laSqari ki Zv. w. 479 wels Sua saberZneTSi, qalaq plateasTan brZolaSi sastikad daamarcxa berZenTa gaerTianebulma armiam. Zv. w. 478-477
wlebSi sparseTTan omis warmatebiT gasagrZeleblad Seiqmna aTen-delosis sazRvao
kavSiri. ase uwodes mas imitom, rom am kavSiris Seqmnis xelSekrulebas xeli moewera
egeosis zRvaSi mdebare patara kunZul delosze. iqve inaxeboda kavSiris saerTo xazina. mogvianebiT mas aTenis sazRvao kavSiri daarqves da xazinac aTenSi gadaitanes.
aTenis sazRvao kavSiri ganagrZobda warmatebul saomar moqmedebebs da aviwroebda sparselebs. Zv. w. 449 wels sparseTTan zavi daido. am zaviT sparseTma xeli aiRo
mcire aziis berZnul qalaqebze da aRiara maTi Tavisufleba. sparselTa flotisTvis
ki sruliad Caiketa egeosis zRva, Sav zRvaSi gamavali sruteebi da mcire aziis zRvispireTis nawili.
Zv. w. 334 wels aleqsandre makedonelma omi gamoucxada sparseTs da mis winaaRmdeg
wamoiwyo laSqroba. Zv. w. 334-329 wlebSi man mTlianad daipyro da daimorCila sparseTis imperia. aqemenidebis saxelmwifom arseboba Sewyvita da aleqsandre makedonelis
Zalauflebis qveS moeqca.
Zv. w. 323 wels, aleqsandre makedonelis sikvdilis Semdeg, misi uzarmazari imperia
ramdenime elinistur samefod daiSala. maTgan yvelaze didi iyo selevkidebis siria,
romelic Zv. w. IV-I saukuneebSi arsebobda. Tavidan igi moicavda axlo aRmosavleTis, iranis da avRaneTis teritoriebis did nawils. Zv. w. III saukunis SuaxanebSi
selevkidebis saxelmwifos gamoeyo parTia. mogvianebiT ki, Sida dapirispirebebiTa da
taxtisTvis gauTavebeli brZolebiT daZabunebuli selevkidTa saxelmwifo wvril-wvril samefoebad daiSala.
parTia da sasaniduri irani. selevkidTa siriis nangrevebze aRmocenebuli saxelmwifoebidan gamorCeulad gaZlierda parTia. ukve Zv. w. II saukunis dasawyisSi parTiis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda Sua aziis, iranisa da mesopotamiis didi nawili. sabolood igi iqca Zlevamosil da angariSgasawev saxelmwifod da aqemenidTa sparseTis
memkvidred. parTiis saxelmwifom SeierTa babiloni, indoeTis nawili, baqtria da did
imperiad Camoyalibda.
III saukunis dasawyisSi samxreT iranSi arsebobda parTiis gavlenis qveS myofi
ramdenime patara naxevrad damoukidebeli samTavro. erT-erTi maTganis mmarTvelma
_ ardaSirma sasanidebis sagvareulodan jer samxreT irani Semoimtkica, Semdeg ki
sabolood daimorCila mTeli parTia. 226 wels man Tavi iranis mefed gamoacxada.
ase Seiqmna sasanidebis imperia. III-IV saukuneebSi sasanidebis Zalaufleba uzarmazar
teritoriaze vrceldeboda. maTi samflobeloebi dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken, siriidan mdinare indamde, xolo CrdiloeTidan samxreTiT ki kavkasionis qedidan arabeTSi omanis naxevarkunZulamde iyo gadaWimuli.
III-IV saukuneebSi adreul sasanidur saxelmwifoSi daiwyo Zalauflebis centralizacia, rasac mohyva qalaqTa TviTmmarTvelobis likvidacia. didgvarovanTa mflobelobaSi arsebuli miwebi Semcirda. samagierod gaizarda samefo miwebis fondi. es
procesi didxans ar gagrZelebula. didgvarovnebma da msxvilma moxeleebma, romlebic qalaqebsa da imperiis olqebs marTavdnen, damoukideblobisTvis daiwyes brZola.
25
am periodSi saxelmwifo samsaxuris sanacvlod izrdeba kerZo pirebisTvis samefo
fondidan miwebis boZeba. mimdinareobda saxelmwifo miwebis Semcireba da TandaTanobiT maTi gadacema didgvarovnebisa da msxvili moxeleebis srul mflobelobaSi. isini iqcnen am mamulebis erTpirovnul da xelSeuxebel ganmkargvelebad. miwaTmflobelebi axla ukve TviTneburad awesebdnen gadasaxadebs, saTaveSi edgnen sasamarTlos
da gamoscemdnen kanonebs. ukve III saukunis SuaxanebSi iwyeba monaTa nawilis gaTavisufleba da maTTvis miwebis gadacema. VI saukuneSi sasanidebis irani feodalur
saxelmwifod iqca.
davaleba
1. CamoTvaleT aqemeniduri sparseTis mefeebi da miuTiTeT maT damsaxurebaze sparseTis imperiis winaSe.
2. ramden satrapiad daiyo sparseTi? aRwereT satrapebisa da toparqebis movaleobebi.
3. romel satrapiaSi erTiandebodnen qarTuli tomebi? ra valdebuleba ikisra
kolxeTma sparseTis winaSe?
4. CamoTvaleT berZen-sparselTa brZolebi.
5. romeli saxelmwifoebi Camoyalibda aqemeniduri sparseTis nangrevebze?
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
kiros II _ Zv. w. VI saukunis Sua wlebi
darios I _ Zv. w. VI saukunis II naxevari
maraTonis brZola _ Zv. w. 490 w.
salaminis brZola _ Zv. w. 480 w.
plateas brZola _ Zv. w. 479 w.
berZnebsa da sparselebs Soris zavi _ Zv. w. 449 w.
aleqsandre makedonelis laSqrobebi sparseTSi _ Zv. w. 334-329 ww.
aleqsandre makedonelis gardacvaleba _ Zv. w. 323 w.
26
testi #2
testis maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 29 qula.
I. testis Sesworeba
instruqcia: winamdebare teqstSi daSvebulia 5 Secdoma. Sesabamis svetebSi CamowereT Secdomebi da maTi Sesatyvisi swori pasuxebi. yoveli aRmoCenili Secdoma fasdeba 0.5 quliT, xolo misi Sesatyvisi swori varianti – 0.5 quliT. jamSi, teqstis
SesworebisaTvis gankuTvnilia 5 qula.
uZvelesi qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebebi
Zv.w. meToTxmete saukuneSi diaenSi, igive diaoxSi ilaSqra xeTebis mefe tiglaTfileser pirvelma. diaoxis dapyrobas aseve cdilobda urartuc, romelic mas CrdiloeTidan emezobleboda. sabolood, urartuelTa da asurelTa gamudmebulma laSqrobebma daasusta diaoxi da misi teritoria kolxeTma miierTa. urartuli wyaroebi
mniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdian kolxeTis Sesaxeb. swored maTgan vgebulobT, rom
kolxeTSi ganviTarebuli iyo brinjaos warmoeba. kolxas Zlierebas skviTebis Semosevebma mouRo bolo.
#
Secdomaa
sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
II. upasuxeT kiTxvebs
instruqcia: mocemulia 20 kiTxva oTxi savaraudo pasuxiT. swori pasuxi fasdeba
1 quliT. jamSi, maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 20 qula.
1. romel saukuneSi mefobda asureTSi tiglaTfalasar I ?
a) Zv.w. XIV s.;
g) Zv.w. XII s.;
b) Zv.w. XIII s.;
d) Zv.w. X s.
2. visTan uwevda asurelebs brZola Zv.w. XI saukuneSi?
a) SumerebTan;
b) arameelebTan;
g) finikielebTan;
d) egviptelebTan.
27
3. ra mizniT asaxlebdnen asurelebi dapyrobil xalxebs mSobliuri teritoriebidan?
a) gaezardaT maTi Cagvra;
b) gamoeyenebinaT isini axali asuruli qalaqebis asaSeneblad;
g) moespoT maTi religia da kultura;
d) moexdinaT maTi asimilacia.
4. ra iyo asureTis imperiis Semosavlis mTavari wyaro?
a) ganviTarebuli miwaTmoqmedeba da vaWroba;
b) nadavli da xarki;
g) rkinis warmoeba da mezobel qveynebSi misi gayidva;
d) mecxoveleoba da mevenaxeoba, aseve did Semosavals iZleoda monaTvaWroba.
5. rodis da vis mier iqna ganadgurebuli urartu?
a) Zv.w. 650 w. asurelebis mier;
b) Zv.w. 590 w. midielebis mier;
g) Zv.w. 560 w. babilonis mier;
d) Zv.w. 490 w. aqemeniduri iranis mier.
6. ras warmoadgenda `nairis qveynebi~?
a) saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebas samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi;
b) qarTvelur tomTa gaerTianebas, romelic warmatebiT igeriebda urartuelTa
Semosevebs;
g) asureTis winaaRmdeg mebrZol tomTa kavSirs, romelSic wamyvani pozicia diaoxs
ekava;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
7. romeli qveynebis warwerebi gvawvdian cnobebs diaoxis Sesaxeb?
a) urartus da egviptis;
b) babilonis da Sumeris;
g) saberZneTis da asureTis;
d) asureTis da urartus.
8. rodis ilaSqra taglaTfalasar I-ma `nairis qveynebSi~?
a) Zv.w. 1212 wels;
g) Zv.w. 1108 wels;
b) Zv.w. 1112 wels;
d) Zv.w. 1011 wels.
9. romeli qveynis mefe iyo sieni?
a) diaoxis;
b) urartus;
g) kolxas;
d) asureTis.
10. urartus romelma mefeebma ilaSqres dioxSi?
a) sargon II-m da menuam;
b) menuam da argiST I-ma;
g) asarxadonma da sargon I-ma; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
11. diaoxis romeli qalaqi gadawva urartus mefe menuam?
a) zua;
b) bari;
g) ildamuSa;
d) taoxi.
28
12. vin ilaSqra kolxaSi Zv.w. VIII s-is Sua wlebSi?
a) urartus mefe menuam;
b) asureTis mefe sargon II-m; g) urartus mefe sardur II-m;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
13. kolxeTi samoneto civilizaciis erT-erTi uZvelesi keraa. aq moWres moneta.
ra saxeliTaa cnobili da romel saukunes miekuTvneba is?
a) kolxuri stateri Zv.w. VI s.;
b) kolxuri TeTri Zv. w. VII s.;
g) kolxuri TeTri Zv.w. VI s.;
d) kolxuri dinari Zv.w. VII s.
14. qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT daalageT Zveli sparseTis mefeebi:
a) darios I;
b) kiros II;
g) kambizi.
15. romeli qveynebi daipyro kiros II-m ?
a) egvipte da babiloni;
b) asureTi, midia da egvipte;
g) midia da babiloni;
d) midia da urartu.
16.CamoTvlilTagan, ra ukavSirdeba kiros II-is saxels?
a) berZnul flotze gamarjveba salaminis brZolaSi;
b) egviptis dapyroba da imperiis satrapiebad dayofa;
g) ebraelebis gaTavisufleba `babilonis tyveobidan~;
d) imperiis dedaqalaqis _ persepolisis daarseba.
17. romeli winadadebaa swori?
a) darios I-ma moawesriga gadasaxadebis akrefis sistema, imperia dayo satrapiebad, ganaxorciela sakanonmdeblo reforma; b) darios I-ma daipyro egvipte da midia;
babilonSi gadmosaxlebuli ebraelebi daabruna samSobloSi da moawesriga sagadasaxado sistema; g) darios I-ma daipyro babiloni da tyveobidan gaaTavisufla ebraelebi, satrapebs dautova mxolod samoqalaqo xelisufleba, jars ki mxedarTmTavrebi
ganagebdnen; d) darios I-ma 20 satrapiad dayo imperia; satrapiebs saTaveSi sparsi
moxeleebi _ satrapebi, anu mxedarTmTavrebi Cauyena; moawesriga kanonmdebloba da
sagadasaxado sistema;
18. aqemeniduri sparseTis dedaqalaqi iyo:
a) ninevia;
g) babiloni;
b) persepolisi;
d) qtezifoni.
19. rodis gaimarTa maraTonis brZola da visi gamarjvebiT dasrulda is?
a) Zv.w. 510 wels, gaimarjves sparselebma;
b) Zv.w. 490 wels, gaimarjves berZnebma;
g) Zv.w. 481 wels, gaimarjves berZnebma;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
29
20. vin xelmZRvanelobda berZenTa flots salaminis brZolaSi?
a) Temistokle;
b) miltiade;
g) leonidasi;
d) soloni.
III. wyaros analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 4 qula)
asureTis mefis tiglaTfalasar I-is warweris fragmenti.
`... nairis qveynebis 23 mefem, Sekribes jarebi da brZolisa da omisaTvis gamoemarTnen. Cemi Tavzardamcemi iaraRis siSmagiT Tavs davatydi me maT... maTi didi qalaqebi
davipyar, maTi nadavli, maTi qoneba, maTi sarCo-sabadebeli wamoviRe... nairis yvela
mefe Cemma xelma cocxlad daatyveva. es mefeebi Seviwyale. me maT sicocxle SevunarCune. isini, datyvevebulni da SeboWilni, SamaS RvTaebis, Cemi meufis, winaSe gavaTavisufle da fici msaxurebisa Cems diad RvTaebaTadmi davadebine momavlis dReTaTvis
da samaradisod. (maTi) Zeni, maTi samefo naSierni, mZevlebad gamovarTvi. 1200 cxeni,
2000 suli msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi xarkad davade da TavianT qveynebSi gavuSvi
me isini...
sieni, mefe daiaenis qveynisa, romelic ar emorCileboda RvTaeba asurs, Cems meufes, datyvevebuli da SeboWili Cems qalaq asurSi waviyvane da (iq) Seviwyale igi. Cems
qalaq asuridan diad RvTaebaTa morCili gavuSvi me igi morCilebisa da sicocxlisaTvis. nairis vrcel qveynebs mTlianad daveufle da maTi yvela mefe Cems fexT winaSe
davamxe~.
kiTxvebi:
1. ra saxis gaerTianebas warmoadgens `nairis qveynebi~? saxelmwifos Tu tomTa did
gaerTianebas? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________________________
(2 qula)
2. riT dasturdeba am gaerTianebaSi diaoxis (daiaenis) upiratesi mdgomareoba?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
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30
(2 qula)
Tavi III. berZnuli kolonizacia
da elinisturi epoqa
$1. berZnuli kolonizacia da axalSenebi kolxeTis
teritoriaze
berZnuli kolonizacia. Zv. w. VIII-VI saukuneebSi berZnebma xmelTaSua, Savi da
azovis zRvebis sanapiroebze mravali dasaxleba daaarses. maT, Cveulebriv, koloniebs (axalSenebs) vuwodebT. axalSens berZnebi `apoikia~-s uwodebdnen. koloniis
damaarsebel poliss metropolia (dedaqalaqi) erqva. koloniebi, Cveulebriv, zRvis
napirebze, navsadgurisTvis xelsayreli ubeebis mimdebare teritoriebze Sendeboda.
berZnul kolonizacias sxvadasxva faqtori ganapirobebda.
berZnuli wyaroebis mixedviT, kolonizaciis dawyebis umTavresi mizezi demografiuli _ mosaxleobis gadaWarbebuli tempebiT mateba iyo. polisi veRar itevda da
ver akmayofilebda Warb mosaxleobas produqciiT da nedleuliT, veRar asaqmebda
mas. am viTarebaSi berZenTaTvis gamosavals axal miwebze dasaxleba Seadgenda.
kolonizaciis meore mizezi iyo saSinao konfliqtebi, romlebic xSirad samoqalaqo
omebamde midioda. kolonizacia samoqalaqo omisgan Tavis aridebis erT-erTi xerxi iyo
_ umciresobaSi aRmoCenili jgufi tovebda qveyanas axali qalaqis dasaarseblad.
kolonistebs gamgzavrebis win mSobliuri qalaqis mTavari taZris sakurTxevlidan wminda cecxli mihqondaT. igi koloniisa da metropolis naTesaobis simbolod
iTvleboda.
koloniis daarsebisaTvis mniSvnelovani iyo:
• qalaqi advili misadgomi unda yofiliyo zRvidan.
• qalaqis dacva advili unda yofiliyo (sanapiros axlo kunZulze, amaRlebul
koncxze an borcvze).
• qalaqis garSemo nayofieri miwebi unda yofiliyo.
• qalaqi uzrunvelyofili unda yofiliyo wylis mudmivi momaragebiT.
berZnebi koloniebTan gacxarebul vaWrobas eweodnen. koloniebidan maT saberZneTSi mihyavdaT monebi, pirutyvi, gahqondaT puri, xe-tye, Tevzi, cvili, seli, saneleblebi da sxv. saberZneTidan koloniebSi gahqondaT xelosnuri nawarmi (ZiriTadad
Tixis da liTonis), fufunebis sagnebi, Rvino, zeTisxilis zeTi da sxv.
kolonizacias xmelTaSua zRvis elinizacia mohyva, radgan didi iyo berZnuli koloniebis zegavlena adgilobriv mosaxleobaze.
droTa ganmavlobaSi koloniebis umravlesobam damoukidebloba moipova, magram
maT metropoliasTan ekonomikuri da kulturuli kavSirebi bolomde SeinarCunes.
didi kolonizaciis epoqaSi daarsebuli mravali qalaqi dResac arsebobs. aseTebia
stamboli (yofili konstantinopoli. Tavdapirvelad berZnuli kolonia _ bizantioni), marseli (berZnuli masalia), neapoli, sirakuzi, feodosia da sxv.
berZenTa didi kolonizacia umniSvnelovanesi movlena iyo kacobriobis istoriaSi. man mTeli xmelTaSua zRvis auzi moicva da xels uwyobda zRvaosnobis, gemTmSeneblobis, vaWrobis ganviTarebas, ris Sedegadac swrafad gaizarda berZnuli qalaqebi.
gaCnda da swrafad ganviTarda xelosnobis mravali dargi. male berZnuli polisebi
ganviTarebis axal etapze avidnen. mas istoriaSi `klasikur epoqas~ uwodeben.
berZnuli kolonizacia dasavleT saqarTveloSi. Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebSi Savi zRvispireTSi iwyeba berZnuli kolonizacia. koloniebi daarsda aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSic. esenia: pitiunti (biWvinTa), dioskuria (soxumis midamoebSi), gienosi
31
(oCamCire) da fazisi (foTis maxloblad). wyaroebis mixedviT, dasavleT saqarTvelos
teritoriaze koloniebi berZnulma qalaqma miletma daaarsa.
berZnulma koloniebma ver moaxerxes kolxur saxelmwifoze politikuri gabatoneba. piriqiT, zogjer isini eqceodnen kolxeTis gavlenis qveS. amasTan, koloniebi
mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdendnen adgilobrivi mosaxleobis kulturul, socialur
da ekonomikur winsvlaze.
saberZneTTan savaWro kavSirebi kolxTaTvisac momgebiani aRmoCnda. berZnebs saqarTveloSi SemohqondaT qsovilebi, oqrosgan damzadebuli nakeTobebi, Zvirfasi TvlebiT morTuli samkaulebi da mravalferovani WurWeli. saqarTvelodan gahqondaT
Zvirfasi xis masala, romelsac isini ZiriTadad gemebis asagebad iyenebdnen, aseve
didi raodenobiT bewveuli, tyavi da saiuveliro nawarmi. Zveli berZeni istorikosis strabonis cnoba karg warmodgenas gviqmnis kolxeTis ekonomikur mdgomareobaze:
`qveyanaSi kargi nayofi icis, garda Taflisa, moipoveba navTsaSeni yovelive masala,
radgan izrdeba aq mravali tye da mdinareebiTac Camoitaneba. amuSaveben blomad sels,
kanafs, cvilsa da fiss. xolo selis damuSaveba ganTqmulic aris... am qveynis simdidre oqroTi, vercxliT, rkiniTa da spilenZiT gvixsnis (argonavtTa) laSqrobis swor
sababs~.
sxvagvari viTareba iyo CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi. aq daarsebulma berZnulma
koloniebma (xersonesi, pantikapeoni, olvia, feodosia) politikurad daimorCiles
adgilobrivi xalxi da Zv. w. V saukuneSi Seqmnes berZnuli saxelmwifo _ bosforis
samefo.
kolxeTSi, berZnulTan erTad, adgilobrivi qalaqebic arsebobda: sairxe, vani da
dablagomi. saintereso masalas Seicavs vanSi aRmoCenili mdidrulad dakrZaluli
warCinebuli kolxi qalis samarxi (Zv. w. VI s.). xis sarkofagSi aRmoCenilia cxenis
ConCxi rkinis lagamiT, vercxlis, brinjaos, feradi minisa da Tixis WurWeli, romelTagan TerTmeti nakeToba berZnuli warmoebisaa; xolo oqro-vercxlisagan damzadebuli samkauli mTlianad adgilobrivi xelosnebis Semoqmedebaa.
kolxeTis kulturul da ekonomikur ganviTarebaze miuTiTebs adgilobrivi fulis _ kolxuri TeTris arsebobac (Zv.w. VI-IV ss.). kolxuri monetebi CrdiloeT
SavizRvispireTis berZnul koloniebSic aris aRmoCenili.
Zv.w. V saukunidan kolxeTi SedarebiT dasustda. qveyana skeptuxiebad daiyo.
kolxeTis nawili aqemeniduri sparseTis imperiaSi moeqca, xolo centraluri provinciebi, rogorc ukve iciT, Sahs xarkis saxiT yovel xuT weliwadSi 100 vaJsa da
qals Cuqnida. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, Zv.w. IV saukunis bolosTvis kolxeTis
(egrisis) mniSvnelovani nawili aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebul qarTlis
(iberiis) samefos SeuerTda.
davaleba
1. gansazRvreT, riT iyo sasargeblo saberZneTisa da Tavad koloniebisTvis kolonizaciis procesi?
2. ra niSniT arCevdnen berZnebi adgilebs koloniebis dasaarseblad?
3. imsjeleT, ratom ver gabatondnen berZeni kolonistebi kolxeTze.
4. imsjeleT kolxeTisaTvis berZnul samyaroTan urTierTobis mniSvnelobaze.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
berZnuli kolonizaciis periodi _ Zv. w. VIII-VI ss.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi berZnuli koloniebis daarseba _ Zv. w. VII-VI ss.
kolxuri TeTri _ Zv. w. VI-IV saukuneebi
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$2. aleqsandre makedonelis laSqrobebi. elinisturi epoqa
filipe II. makedoniis mefe filipe II dakvirvebuli da SorsmWvreteli politikosi
iyo. man berZnuli qalaqebis gaerTianebuli jari Zv.w. 338 wels qeroneasTan brZolaSi
gaanadgura da mTeli saberZneTi daimorCila. Zv. w. 336 wels filipe II-m korinTos
kongresi moiwvia da sparseTis winaaRmdeg salaSqrod mzadebas Seudga. magram is qaliSvilis qorwilSi mokles. filipes gardacvalebis Semdeg samefo taxti misma 20
wlis memkvidrem aleqsandre makedonelma (aleqsandre III) daikava.
aleqsandres laSqrobebi aRmosavleTSi. Zv.w. 334 wels aleqsandrem mcire aziis Crdilo-dasavleTiT, mdinare granikosTan, sparsTa 40.000-iani jari daamarcxa. Zv.w. 333
wels ki mdinare isosTan TviT sparseTis mefe darios III-s sZlia. ase daiwyo aqemenidTa sparseTis imperiis dapyroba. siria-finikiis qalaqebi da sparseTis floti makedonelebs ubrZolvelad danebdnen. egviptis sparselma satrapmac qveyana aleqsandres
gadasca. qveynis mmarTvelad aleqsandrem Tavisi megobari ptolemaios laga daniSna.
Zveli msoflios erT-erTi udidesi brZola Zv.w. 331 wels gavgamelas mindorze
gaimarTa. sparselTa Setevis mogeriebis Semdeg aleqsandrem ieriSi mowinaaRmdegis
centrze miitana. mis danaxvaze darios III brZolis velidan gaiqca. gaqceuli dariosi
baqtriis satrapma da sparsma didebulma mokles. aleqsandrem mefis mkvlelebi sikvdiliT dasaja, dariosi ki mefuri pativiT dakrZala.
Zv.w. 329 wels aleqsandrem xelSi Caigdo sparseTis saxelmwifos uzarmazari teritoria da daipyro Sua azia. ori wlis Semdeg aleqsandrem gadalaxa mdinare indi
da daipyro purus (indoeTSi) samTavro. gauTavebeli brZolebiT daRlilma meomrebma
roca gaiges, rom win saSineli udabnoa, ajanydnen. aleqsandre jaris nebas dahyva da
ukan dabruneba brZana. mZime mogzaurobis Semdeg jarma SuamdinareTs miaRwia. babiloni aleqsandrem imperiis sataxto qalaqad gamoacxada, xolo laSqrobebi _ damTavrebulad. veteranebi uxvad daajildova da Sinisaken gaistumra.
Zv.w. 323 wels 33 wlis aleqsandre makedoneli babilonSi malariiT gardaicvala,
zogierTi cnobiT _ mowamles. gvami rom ar gaxrwniliyo, TaflSi Casvenebuli qvis
kuboTi samSoblosken waasvenes. egviptis satrapma ptolemaios lagam cxedari moitaca, oqros kuboSi Caasvena da aleqsandres mier egvipteSi daarsebul qalaq aleqsandriaSi dakrZala.
aleqsandres pirovneba da Rvawli. aleqsandre Zaldatanebas ver itanda, rCevas ki
advilad emorCileboda. swavlobda eTikas, politikas, musikas, gimnastikas (tanvarjiSi). Zv.w. 345-339 wlebSi filosofosi aristotele aleqsandres medicinas, literaturas, filosofias aswavlida da ise Seayvara berZnuli kultura, rom sul Tan
dahqonda aristoteles Sesworebuli `iliada~. samxedro saqmes mama aswavlida. roca
filipes momdevno gamarjvebas igebda, SeSfoTebuli megobrebs eubneboda: `mamaCemi
yvelafers daipyrobs da aRarafers dagvitovebs, rom sagmiro saqmeebi CavidinoTo~.
laSqrobebis dros aleqsandre makedoneli meomris mkacri cxovrebiT cxovrobda
da jariskacebs magaliTs uCvenebda. Zv.w. 333 wels mdinare isosTan brZolis Semdeg
gaqceuli dariosis banaki aleqsandres darCa. mefis mdidrulad mowyobilma karavma
ganacvifra mkacr cxovrebas SeCveuli makedoneli. am fufunebis Semyure aleqsandrem
wamoiZaxa: `ai, ras niSnavs Turme mefuri cxovreba~. uamravi Zvirfasi nivTidan aiRo
mxolod erTi Zvirfasi zardaxSa, romelSic `iliadas~ inaxavda.
laSqrobaSi aleqsandres wayvanili hyavda sxvadasxva dargis mecnierebi, romlebmac saTave daudes aRmosavleTis mecnierul Seswavlas. mniSvnelovan punqtebSi qalaqebis daarsebiT aleqsandrem xeli Seuwyo berZnul-aRmosavlur kulturaTa daaxlo33
ebas. igi ar devnida dapyrobili xalxebis tradiciebsa da religiebs. Tumca droebiT,
magram damyarda imperiaSi Semaval xalxTa Tanasworoba, iyo mcdeloba, berZnulis
safuZvelze SeeqmnaT da SemoeRoT erTiani saxelmwifo ena, magram verc es moeswro.
aleqsandrem aTobiT axal qalaqs Cauyara safuZveli. ase, Zv. w. 331 wels aSenda saxelganTqmuli egviptis aleqsandria, romelic xmelTaSua zRvaze dResac egviptis
umniSvnelovanesi sazRvao portia. axlad aSenebul qalaqTa umravlesobas swored
aleqsandria daerqva. makedonur imperiaSi swrafad viTardeboda vaWroba da xelosnoba. egvipteSi amonis taZris misanma aleqsandre amonis Svilad gamoacxada da amiT
egviptis faraonadac aRiara. aRmosavleTis xalxTan dasaaxloeblad aleqsandre aRmosavlurad imoseboda da adgilobriv wesebs asrulebda. 10.000 berZen-makedonels
colad aRmosavleli qalebi SerTo. Tavad sparseTis mefeebis _ darios III-isa da
artaqserqse III-is qaliSvilebze daqorwinda da erTdroulad 3 aRmosavleli meuRle
hyavda. aleqsandres akldamas amSvenebda epitafia: `es saflavi sakmarisi aRmoCnda
misTvis, visac ar hyofnida mTeli samyaro~.
aleqsandre makedonelis sikvdilis Semdeg misma sardlebma erTmaneTSi gadainawiles imperia. igi ramdenime damoukidebel saxelmwifod daiSala. eseni iyo: makedonia
(Sedioda saberZneTi, Trakia da iliriis nawili); selevkidebis siria (teritoriulad
yvelaze didi, romelSic Sedioda mcire azia, siria, mesopotamia, sparseTi da Sua
azia); plotemaiosebis egvipte. mogvianebiT, selevkidebis siriis daSlis Sedegad mcire aziis Crdilo-dasavleTSi Camoyalibda pergamosisa da biTiniis samefoebi, pontos
samefo _ maT aRmosavleTiT da sxv. am saxelmwifoebs istorikosebi `elinisturs~
uwodeben.
elinisturi epoqa. termini _ `elinizmi~ elinuridan anu berZnulidan momdinareobs. misi damkvidreba berZnuli kulturis farTod gavrcelebam da aRmosavlur kulturebTan misma nawilobriv Serwymam ganapiroba. ase, urTierTSerwymuli kulturebis
gavrcelebis arealSi moxvedril qveynebs elinistur saxelmwifoebs uwodeben. realurad am saxelmwifoTa kulturaSi berZnuli kulturis Zlieri gavlena SeimCneoda.
berZnuli Casaxlebebi aRmosavleTis qveynebSi qalaquri sistemis dasavlur organizebas axdenda. aseT qalaqebSi Camoyalibda da ganviTarda TviTmmarTvelobebi. elinisturi civilizacia, iseve rogorc klasikuri, urbanuli iyo. elinisturi qalaqebi mmarTvelobis, vaWrobis, kulturis seriozul centrebs warmoadgenda. egviptis
aleqsandriaSi naxevari milioni adamiani cxovrobda. aleqsandria sasuliero da samecniero cxovrebis centrad iqca mTel xmelTaSua zRvispireTSi. mas gansakuTrebiT
gauTqva saxeli umdidresma biblioTekam da museionma. igi egviptis mmarTvelma _
ptolemaios II-m daaarsa. am samecniero-saganmanaTleblo centrze TviT ptolemaiosebis sasaxle zrunavda. igi sakuTari xarjiT inaxavda biblioTekas, museions da aq
mcxovreb swavlul mecnierebs. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mravali saxelganTqmuli
mecnieri muSaobda aq. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia evklide, eratosTene, arqimede, ptolemaosi da sxv.
berZnebma am qalaqebSi saqalaqo cxovrebis sxvadasxva elementi: Teatrebi, taZrebi, biblioTeka, gimnasiumebi da sxva sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis kerebi Seqmnes.
berZnuli ena imdenad iyo gavrcelebuli, rom mogzaurs, Tu is berZnuls flobda, im
drois civilizebuli samyaros qalaqebSi Tarjimani ar esaWiroeboda.
elinistur epoqaSi kerZo sakuTreba xels uwyobda vaWrobisa da xelosnobis ganviTarebas, monaTa ricxvis zrdas da a. S. aseve swrafad ganviTarda mecniereba da teqnika. igi ZiriTadad berZenTa miRwevebs efuZneboda.
Zv. w. II saukunidan elinisturi saxelmwifoebi dasustdnen. am periodidan iwyeba maTi Seviwroeba da dapyroba ZiriTadad ori imperiis _ romisa da parTiis mier.
ukidures aRmosavleTiT mdebare elinisturi saxelmwifoebi parTiam daipyro, xolo
34
dasavleTsa da axlo aRmosavleTSi arsebulni ki _ romma. Zv.w. 30 wels egviptis
mmarTvelis _ kleopatras TviTmkvleloba da romis mier egviptis gamocxadeba provinciad iTvleba elinizmis epoqis dasasrulad.
davaleba
1. rodis gaimarTa qeroneas brZola da ra Sedegi mohyva mas?
2. CamoTvaleT aleqsandres mier dapyrobili qveynebi.
3. imsjeleT, ratom cdilobda aleqsandre berZnul-aRmosavlur kulturaTa daaxloebas da raSi gamoixata es procesi?
4. daaxasiaTeT aleqsandre makedoneli, rogorc pirovneba da rogorc mmarTveli.
5. ganmarteT termin `elinizmis~ Sinaarsi.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
qeroneasTan brZola _ Zv. w. 338 w.
granikosTan brZola _ Zv. w. 334 w.
mdinare isosTan brZola _ Zv. w. 333 w.
gavgamelas brZola _ Zv. w. 331 w.
$3. qarTlis samefos warmoqmna. farnavazis reformebi
Zveli qarTuli saistorio tradicia (`qarTlis cxovreba~. leonti mroveli) pirveli aRmosavlur-qarTuli saxelmwifos _ qarTlis samefos daarsebas farnavazs
ukavSirebs. am wyaros mixedviT, aleqsandre makedonels aRmosavleT saqarTvelo daulaSqravs da es teritoria samarTavad sakuTari sardlisTvis, berZeni azosaTvis gadaucia (cnoba legendarulia. sinamdvileSi aleqsandre makedonels samxreT kavkasiaSi ar ulaSqaria): `gaZlierda aleqsandre, daipyro yvela qveyana da movida qarTlSi.
daxvda Zlieri cixeebi: wunda, xerTvisi, oZrxe, Tuxarisi, urbnisi, kaspi, ufliscixe.
didi qalaqi mcxeTa da misi ubnebi: sarkine, cixedidi da zanavi _ ebraelTa ubani;
rusTavi, deda-cixe samSvilde da xunani. aleqsandrem daipyro mTeli qarTli da dasva patrikad (mmarTvelad) Tavisi naTesavi makedoniidan azoni, Ze iaredosisa. dautova
100 000 kaci da ubrZana aleqsandrem azons, rom Tayvani ecaT mzisTvis, mTvarisa da
xuTi mnaTobisaTvis. azonma daipyro mTeli qarTli da egrisi bedrujiswylidan speris zRvamde, xarki daakisra osebs, lekebs da xazarebs. Seqmna azonma ori vercxlis
kerpi: gac da gaim~ (leonti mroveli, `qarTlis cxovreba~).
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, berZenTa winaaRmdeg brZolas Seewira mcxeTis
mamasaxlisi samara _ qarTlis pirveli mefis, farnavazis biZa. azos mmarTveloba
sastiki aRmoCnda. winaaRmdegobis SiSiT, mas mravali adamiani dausjia sikvdiliT.
sabolood azos farnavazi dapirispirebia, romelic bavSvobaSi, berZenTa SiSiT, dedas mTaSi gauxiznavs. nadirobisas farnavazma gamoqvabulSi damalul ganZs miagno _
`ixila iq ganZi, oqro da vercxli da WurWeli oqrosa da vercxlisa miuwvdomeli~
(`qarTlis cxovreba~). dedisa da debis daxmarebiT man ganZi usafrTxo adgilas gadaitana. Semdeg egrisis mmarTvels, qujis daukavSirda da azos winaaRmdeg erTobli35
vi brZola SesTavaza. farnavazma Crdilokavkasielebic daiqirava da gaerTianebuli
ZalebiT sZlies azos. gamefebis Semdeg farnavazma mniSvnelovani reformebi gaatara.
man qveyana rva saerisTavod da erT saspaspetod dayo. spaspeti, romelic mcxeTasa
da Sida qarTls marTavda, mefis Semdeg pirvel kacad iTvleboda da sxva erisTavebze
`mTavrobda~. erisTavebs emorCilebodnen spasalarebi da aTasisTavebi. erisTavebis
ZiriTadi funqcia jarisa da samefo gadasaxadebis Sekreba iyo. farnavazma religiuri
reformac gaatara. mcxeTasTan, armazis mTaze aRmarTa armazis kerpi. armazis RvTaeba
samefos mTavar salocavad iqca. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobiT, `...ese farnavaz iyo
pirveli mefe qarTlisa; man aRaSena da ganavsna queyana Tvisi, mozRudna qalaqni da
cixeni ganamagrna...~, manve Seqmna `...wigni qarTuli da ganavrco ena qarTuli~.
qarTlis samefos Seqmnis gansxvavebul versias gvTavazobs meore qarTuli saistorio Txzuleba `moqcevai qarTlisai~. aqac samefos Seqmna aleqsandre makedonelis
laSqrobis peripetiebs ukavSirdeba. amasTan, `moqcevai qarTlisais~ mixedviT, azo
aris ara qarTlis dampyrobi ucxotomeli, aramed tomiT qarTveli, `arian qarTlis~
mefis Ze. `moqcevai qarTlisais~ ucnobi mematianis cnobiT swored azom Camoiyvana `arian qarTlidan~ Tanamedrove qarTlSi qarTveli xalxi da amiT daudo saTave
qarTlis samefos. mematiane azosve miawers kerpebis _ gacisa da gaimis aRmarTvas _
`... xolo ese azo wavida arian qarTlad. mamisa Tvisisa da warmoiyvana rva saxli da
aTi saxli mama-mZuZeTani da dajda mcxeTas. aRmarTa kerpni RmerTad gac da gaim. ese
iyo pirveli mefe mcxeTas Sina azo, Ze arian qarTlisa mefisa da Semdgomad misi dadga
farnavaz. man aRmarTa kerpi armaz~ (`moqcevai qarTlisai~).
`arian qarTlis~ realurobaze an mis mdebareobaze istorikosebi gansxvavebul
Tvalsazrisebs gvTavazoben. erT-erTi gavrcelebuli versiiT, `arian qarTli~ warmoadgenda aqemenidTa imperiis mier dapyrobil qarTlis (saqarTvelos) teritorias.
rogorc viciT, es imperia aleqsandre makedonelma daamarcxa da sparsTagan dampyrobili xalxebis nawilma Tavisufleba moipova. SesaZlebelia, Seqmnili viTarebiT
aqemenidTa morCilebaSi myofma qarTulma tomebmac isargebles da saxelwifoebrivi gaerTianeba Seqmnes, romelic `arian qarTlad~ (anu `iranis qarTlad~) iwodeboda. rogorc Cans, `arian qarTlis~ CrdiloeTiT, Sida qarTlSic arsebobda sxva
saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba, romlis centri mcxeTa iyo. ar aris gamoricxuli,
rom `moqcevai qarTlisaiSi~ swored am or qarTul gaerTianebas Soris pirvelobisaTvis brZolaa asaxuli. azo (arian qarTli) ikavebs mcxeTas (Sida qarTls) da qmnis
pirvel aRmosavlur qarTul saxelmwifos. farnavazTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs mosazreba, rom wyaroebSi areklilia Sida qarTlSi mesxuri tomebis SemoWrisa da maTgan
qarTuli saxelmwifos daarsebis faqti.
davaleba
1. SeadareT erTmaneTs `qarTlis cxovrebis~ da `moqcevai qarTlisais~ cnobebi qarTlis samefos SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT da daajgufeT saerTo da gansxvavebuli
monacemebi.
2. CamoTvaleT farnavazis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebi da SeafaseT maTi mniSvneloba.
3. ganxiluli Tvalsazrisebis mixedviT aRwereT qarTlis samefos Seqmnis procesi.
36
testi #3
testis maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 35 qula.
I. teqstis Sesworeba.
instruqcia: winamdebare teqstSi daSvebulia 10 Secdoma. Sesabamis svetebSi CamowereT Secdomebi da swori pasuxebi. yoveli aRmoCenili Secdoma fasdeba 0.5 quliT,
xolo misi Sesatyvisi swori varianti _ 0.5 quliT. jamSi teqstis SesworebisaTvis
gankuTvnilia 10 qula.
qarTlis samefos Seqmnis Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdis Zveli qarTuli saistorio
Txzuleba `matiane qarTlisai~. masSi naTqvamia, rom qarTlSi ilaSqra azom, romelmac es teritoria samarTavad gadasca berZen sardal samaras. mcxeTis mamasaxlisis ZmisSvili farnavazi dedam pirineis mTebSi gadamala. erTxel, nadirobis
dros, farnavazma iremi mokla. amasobaSi SemoaRamda da Tavi gamoqvabuls Seafara,
sadac auracxeli ganZi ipova. am ganZiT farnavazi daukavSirda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos erisTavs saurmags da erToblivi ZalebiT dampyrobTagan gaaTavisufla
qarTli.
farnavazma samefoSi ramdenime reforma Caatara: qveyana dayo eqvs saerisTavod,
xolo Sida qarTls saTaveSi marzpani Cauyena. man aseve aRmarTa armazis kerpi Tbilisis pirdapir maRal mTaze. sxvadasxva wyaroebis analiziT dasturdeba, rom qarTlis
samefo marTlac Seiqmna Zv.w. VI-V saukuneebis mijnaze
#
Secdomaa
sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
37
II. upasuxeT kiTxvebs
instruqcia: mocemulia 13 kiTxva oTxi savaraudo pasuxiT. swori pasuxi fasdeba
1 quliT. jamSi, maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 13 qula.
1. CamoTvlilTagan, ra ganapirobebda berZnul kolonizacias?
a) mosaxleobis gamravleba;
b) aziis dapyrobis survili;
g) aleqsandre makedonelis dapyrobebi;
d) peloponesis omis gamaCanagebeli Sedegi.
2. sad daaarses berZnebma koloniebi?
a) Savi zRvisa da xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroebze;
b) Savi zRvisa da mewamuli zRvis sanapiroebze:
g) anatoliis naxevarkunZulsa da kaspiis zRvis piras;
d) kolxeTis SavizRvispira teritoriasa da aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi.
3. rodis gaimarTa da ra SedegiT dasrulda qeroneas brZola?
a) Zv.w. 345 wels; makedoniam daipyro Trakia;
b) Zv.w. 337 wels; aTenis sazRvao kavSirma daamarcxa makedonelTa laSqari;
g) Zv.w. 338 wels; spartam da misma mokavSireebma daamarcxes da daiqvemdebares aTeni;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
4. rodis gaimarTa da ra SedegiT dasrulda brZola mdinare granikosTan
a) Zv.w. 334 wels; berZen-makedonelTa jarma aleqsandre didis xelmZRvanelobiT
daamarcxa sparseTi;
b) Zv.w. 330 wels; makedonelebma, mefe filipe II-is meTaurobiT daamarcxes da daiqvemdebares berZnuli polisebi;
g) Zv.w. 327 wels; aleqsandre makedonelma daamarcxa indoeli mTavrebis gaerTianebuli laSqari da daeufla qalaq delis.
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
5. rodis gaimarTa gavgamelas brZola da ra Sedegi mohyva mas?
a) Zv.w. 331 wels; brZolaSi damarcxebuli iranis mefe darios III sakuTarma sardlebma mokles;
b) Zv.w. 329 wels; aleqsandre makedonelma aiRo da gadawva persepolisi;
g) Zv.w. 325 wels; makedonelebma daatyveves iranis mefe kiros II da sikvdiliT dasajes;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
6. romeli qalaqi gamocxadda aleqsandre makedonelis imperiis dedaqalaqad?
a) aleqsandria;
b) persepolisi;
g) aTeni;
d) babiloni.
7. rodis da sad gardaicvala aleqsandre makedoneli?
a) Zv.w. 331 wels persepolisSi;
b) Zv.w. 327 wels aTenSi;
g) Zv.w. 325 wels aleqsandriaSi;
d) Zv.w. 323 wels babilonSi.
38
8. aleqsandre makedonelis imperiis daSlis Semdeg, romel saxelmwifos marTavda
ptolemaosTa dinastia?
a) sirias;
b) Trakias;
g) sparseTs;
d) egviptes.
9. romeli movlena iTvleba elinisturi epoqis dasasrulad?
a) aleqsandre makedonelis imperiis daSla;
b) romis mier ptolemaosTa egviptis dapyroba;
g) selevkiduri siriis mier berZnuli qalaqebis daqvemdebareba;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
10. romeli qarTveli istorikosi gvawvdis cnobas qarTlSi aleqsandre makedonelis laSqrobis Sesaxeb?
a) leonti mroveli;
b) JamTaaRmwereli;
g) daviT aRmaSeneblis ucnobi istorikosi;
d) sumbat daviTis Ze.
11. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, vin iTvleba qarTlis pirvel mefed?
a) qarTlosi;
b) farnavazi;
b) azo;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
12. romeli pasuxia swori?
a) „moqcevai qarTlisais“ mixedviT, qarTlis pirvelma mefem farnavazma daamarcxa
berZeni damprobeli azo;
b) „qarTlis cxovrebis“ mixedviT, azom „arian qarTlidan“ gadmoasaxla qarTvelebi da amiT daudo safuZveli qarTveli xalxis Camoyalibebas;
g) „qarTlis cxovrebis“ mixedviT, aleqsandre makedonelis daxmarebiT farnavazma
gaaTavisufla qarTli da SemoierTa egrisi;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori
13. romel toms ukavSirdeba armazis kultis qarTlSi Semotana?
a) qarTebis;
b) sasperebis;
g) wanarebis;
d) mesxebis.
III. wyaros analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 7 qula)
instruqcia: TiTo kiTxvaze swori pasuxi fasdeba 0.5 quliT. maqsimaluri Sefaseba
2 qula.
berZeni filosofosi da istorikosi plutarqe (50-120 ww.) aleqsandre makedonelis mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb:
`aleqsandre arad agdebda aristoteles rCevas moqceoda barbarosebs, rogorc
mxecebs da mcenareebs, radgan amiT is namdvilad aavsebda sakuTar imperias SinaomebiT... aleqsandres swamda, rom RmerTebma is amqveynad moavlines msoflioSi wesrigisa
da mSvidobis dasamyareblad. iq, sadac sityva ar Wrida, ZaliT aerTianebda xalxebs,
cdilobda msoflios yvela erisaTvis erT saxelmwifoSi moeyara Tavi... man akrZala
berZnebisa da barbarosebis gansxvaveba samxedro mosasxamisa da tyavis faris, xmlisa
da qarqaSis mixedviT... samosSi, sakvebSi, qorwinebasa da sxva adaT-wesebSi ar unda
39
yofiliyo gansxvaveba, radgan yovelive sisxliTa da saerTo STamomavlobiT unda
aRreuliyo~.
kiTxvebi:
1. ratom eswrafoda aleqsandre makedoneli barbarosebTan mSvidobian Tanaarsebobas?
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(2 qula)
2. raSi vlindeboda misi Semwynarebluri damokidebuleba dapyrobili xalxebis
mimarT?
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(2 qula)
3. ras Tvlida aleqsandre Tavisi moRvaweobis ZiriTad daniSnulebad?
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(1 qula)
4. ramdenad iTvaliswinebda aleqsandre makedonelis politikuri miznebi imperiaSi Semavali xalxebis erovnuli Taviseburebebis SenarCunebas?
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40
(2 qula)
IV. rukis analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 5 qula)
ruka # 2-is (danarTi # 1) mixedviT:
1. ra procesia gamosaxuli rukaze?
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(1 qula)
2. romeli saukuneebis procesebs asaxavs ruka?
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(1 qula)
3. Camowere kolxeTis samefosa da mis mezoblad daarsebuli koloniebi.
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(1 qula)
4. Seavse cxrili (2 qula)
teritoriebi, sadac daarsda
berZnuli koloniebi
teritoriebi, sadac daarsda
finikiuri koloniebi
41
Tavi IV. romi da saqarTvelo
$1. romis respublika
mefeTa xana romSi. tradiciis mixedviT, qalaqi romi daarsda Zv. w. 753 wels. igi
daaarses tyupma Zmebma _ romulusma da remusma. isini omis RmerTis _ marsisa da
mokvdavi qalis _ reas Svilebi iyvnen. dedis mxridan Zmebi iyvnen qalaq alba-longas
mefeTa memkvidreebi. es iyo laTinTa tomis centraluri qalaqi. ZalauflebisTvis
brZolis gamo axlad dabadebuli Zmebi kalaTSi Casves da adidebul mdinare tibrs
gaatanes. legendis Tanaxmad, kalaTi tots gamoedo da napirze gamoiriya. Cvilebi
mgelma ipova, Tavisi rZiT gamokveba da gadaarCina. ramdenime xnis Semdeg biWebi mwyemsma naxa da gazarda. rodesac davaJkacdnen, romulusma da remusma gaiges TavianTi
warmomavlobis Sesaxeb da alba-longaSi brZoliT daibrunes xelisufleba. gamarjvebis aRsaniSnavad maT gadawyvites, daearsebinaT axali qalaqi, magram waiCxubnen. CxubSi romuluss remusi Semoakvda. man iglova Zma, pativiT dakrZala da daaarsa qalaqi,
romelsac, Tavisi saxelidan gamomdinare, romi uwoda.
rogorc legenda mogviTxrobs, romis qalaq-saxelmwifos pirveli mefe romulusi
iyo. masve miawers tradicia senatis Seqmnas. senati 300 yvelaze avtoritetuli uxucesisgan Semdgar sabWos erqva. is sakmaod farTo uflebebiT sargeblobda da zRudavda mefis Zalauflebas.
roms Svidi mefe hyavda. romis ukanaskneli mefe _ tarqvinius amayi cdilobda gaeZlierebina mefis xelisufleba. man senati (uxucesTa sabWo) CamoaSora saxelmwifos
marTvas da mniSvnelovnad Seaviwrova gvarovnuli aristokratia. amis gamo mosaxleoba ajanyda da Zv. w. daaxloebiT 509 wels tarqvinius amayi gaaZeves romidan. romSi
damyarda saxelmwifo marTvis axali forma. mas respublika (laT. res publika _
saxalxo saqme) ewoda.
romis respublikis dapyrobiTi omebi. romi gamudmebiT eomeboda italiaSi mcxovreb sxvadasxva toms. Zv. w. III saukuneSi es omebi romaelTa Zlevamosili gamarjvebiT
dasrulda. igi mTel apeninis naxevarkunZulze gabatonda. Seiqmna e. w. `italiis kavSiri~. mas saTaveSi romis qalaq-saxelmwifo edga. igi ganusazRvreli uflebebiTa da
privilegiebiT sargeblobda. rac Seexeba sxva italiel mokavSireebs, isini mTlianad
kontroldebodnen romisgan.
amave periodidan romi aqtiur dapyrobiT omebs eweoda xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi
gabatonebisaTvis. am mxriv mniSvnelovani iyo punikuri omebi. punebs romaelebi karTagenelebs eZaxdnen maTi wiTuri feris gamo. karTagenis qalaq-saxelmwifo Zv. w. IX
saukunis bolos Tanamedrove tunisis teritoriaze aRmocenda. is daaarses finikielebma. karTageni akontrolebda vaWrobas mTel dasavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi.
igi romis mTavar konkurentad iqca am regionSi. Zv. w. III saukunis 60-iani wlebidan
moyolebuli Zv. w. II saukunis 40-iani wlebis Sua xanamde romma sami omi gamarTa karTagenTan da yvela maTganSi gaimarjva. pirveli punikuri omis (Zv.w. 264-241 ww.) Sedegad romma kontroli daamyara siciliaze, sardiniasa da korsikaze. es kunZulebi iqca
pirvel romaul provinciebad.
Zv. w. 216 wels daiwyo meore punikuri. omis dawyebis sababad iqca karTagenelTa
Tavdasxma romis espanel mokavSireze. karTagenis jars Zveli drois erT-erTi saxelganTqmuli strategi hanibali sardlobda. man gadawyvita daeswro romaelebisaTvis
da alpebis gavliT SeWriliyo italiaSi. omis dasawyisSive romaelTa jarma romis
42
istoriis manZilze ori yvelaze mZime damarcxeba ganicada: trazimenis tbasTan da
daba kanasTan (Zv.w. 216 w.). didma karTagenelma mxedarTmTavarma _ hanibalma orivegan
pirwmindad gaanadgura mowinaaRmdegis jarebi da saTuo gaxada romis saxelmwifos
momavali.
saboloo jamSi, romma moaxerxa Zalebis mobilizeba. Zv. w. 204 wels karTagenis
miwaze, zamasTan, sastikad daamarcxa hanibali da moigo meore punikuri omic. hanibalma, romaelebs tyved rom ar Cavardnoda, sicocxle TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula.
mesame punikuri omic (Zv. w. 149-146 ww.) romis gamarjvebiT dasrulda: romaelebma karTageni daangries, gadawves da mTlianad gaanadgures, xolo gadarCenili
mcxovreblebi monebad aqcies. karTagenis miwebi romis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi
Sevida.
karTagenis ganadgurebasTan erTad, xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi batonobisaTvis brZola aRmosavleTiT, balkaneTis naxevarkunZulzec mimdinareobda. omebi Zv. w. 229
wels daiwyo da Zv. w. 148-146 wlebSi makedoniisa da saberZneTis saboloo dapyrobiT
damTavrda.
Zv.w. I saukunis Sua xanebSi romi kvlav warmatebiT agrZelebs dapyrobiT omebs. amis
Sedegad imperiis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCnda praqtikulad mTeli mcire azia, axlo aRmosavleTis didi nawili da keltebis qveyana. keltebs romaelebi galebs eZaxdnen. am
tomebis umravlesoba alpebs gadaRma cxovrobda. maT samSoblos romaelebi transalpur galias uwodebdnen. igi ZiriTadad dRevandeli safrangeTisa da belgiis teritoriebs moicavda. am teritoriebis romTan SeerTeba umTavresad ori mxe­darTmTavris _
gneus pompeusisa (Zv. w. 106-48 ww.) da iulius keisris (Zv. w. 100-44 ww.) damsaxureba
iyo. Zv. w. 49 wels maT Soris omi gaCaRda. igi keisris gamarjvebiT dasrulda.
iulius keisars mieniWa `eris mamis~ tituli. igi sicocxlis bolomde gamocxadda
diqtatorad. imavdroulad senatma keisars mianiWa imperatoris sapatio titulic.
man miiRo ufleba memkvidreobiT gadaeca es tituli.
qveyanaSi, faqtobrivad, keisaris erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba damyarda. igi waradgenda kandidatebs arCeviT Tanamdebobebze. saxalxo krebam dakarga politikuri mniSvneloba da keisris nebis aRmasruleblad iqca. imavdroulad, saxelmwifos gaZlierebis mizniT, keisarma Seamsubuqa plebsis mdgomareoba. igi daxmarebas uwevda samxedro
veteranebs, xels uwyobda provinciebis romanizacias, ucxoelebs romis moqalaqeobas
aZlevda. amasTanave keisari xels uwyobda qalaqebis TviTmmarTvelobis gafarToebas.
manve moawesriga sagadasaxado sistema; zrunavda vaWrobis ganviTarebisTvis; gaatara
kalendris cnobili reforma (SemoiRo iuliusis welTaRricxva).
respublikelebi verafriT eguebodnen keisris erTpirovnul mmarTvelobas. respublikuri mmarTvelobis gadarCenis mizniT senatorTa nawilma, kasiusisa da brutusis
meTaurobiT, SeTqmuleba moawyo da Zv. w. 44 wels senatSi gaius iulius keisari mokles.
keisris sikvdilis Semdeg gaCaRda samoqalaqo omi. igi Zv. w. 30 wels dasrulda.
misma memkvidrem _ gaius oqtaviusma daamarcxa mowinaaRmdege _ markus antoniusi,
ukanaskneli elinisturi saxelmwifo, ptolemaosebis egviptec romis imperias SemouerTa, riTac dasrulda xangrZlivi samoqalaqo omebi.
davaleba
1. imsjeleT punikuri omebis msvlelobasa da maT Sedegebze.
2. ganmarteT, ratom aujanydnen keisars senatorebi.
3. CamoTvaleT romis mier dakavebuli teritoriebi da dapyrobili xalxebi.
43
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
romis daarseba _ Zv. w. 753 w.
pirveli punikuri omi _ Zv. w. 264-241
meore punikuri omi _ Zv. w. 216-204
kanasTan brZola _ Zv. w. 216 w.
zamasTan brZola _ Zv. w. 204 w.
mesame punikuri omi _ Zv. w. 149-146
iulius keisris mmarTveloba _ Zv. w. 49-44 ww.
$2. romi imperiis xanaSi
adreuli imperia. oqtaviusi erTpirovnuli mmarTveli gaxda. man oficialurad
gamoacxada respublikis aRdgena. marTlac, garegnulad yvelaferi kargad gamoiyureboda. marTvis centralur organod romSi senati rCeboda. ikribeboda saxalxo
krebebi, romlebzec Tanamdebobis pirebs irCevdnen. provinciebis marTvas senatis
mier daniSnuli prokonsulebi da propretorebi axorcielebdnen. realurad ki yvelafers oqtaviusi akontrolebda. igi, rogorc keisris memkvidre, imperatoris sapatio tituls atarebda. Zv. w. 27 wels is princepsad anu senatorTa siaSi pirvel
da yvelaze gavlenian pirad gamocxadda. am terminidan gamomdinare, imperiis pirvel
periods `principats~ uwodeben. imavdroulad oqtaviuss `avgustusis~ sapatio titulic uboZes. avgustus RvTaebrivs niSnavs da aqamde romaelebi ase mxolod RmerTs
mimarTavdnen. oqtavius avgustusis mmarTvelobis dros Camoyalibda imperiis biurokratiuli aparati. saxelmwifos samsaxurSi myofi moxeleebi pasuxs agebdnen ara
senatis, aramed imperatoris winaSe. avgustusis mmarTvelobisas qveyana sabolood
damSvidda. amave dros SeimCneoda ara marto ekonomikis, aramed literaturisa da
xelovnebis ayvaveba. am sferoebs, imperatoris nebarTviT, Zalian mdidari da gavleniani adamianebi (mag., mecenati) afinansebdnen da pat­ronobdnen. avgustusi axali
welTaRricxviT 14 wels gardaicvala. misi gardacvalebis Tves, imperatoris saxelis
mixedviT, agvisto uwodes.
ax. w. I saukuneSi oqtavius avgustusis memkvidreebis, tiberiusis, kaligulas, klavdiusis, neronis mmarTvelobis xanaSic grZeldeboda erTpirovnuli Zalauflebis
gaZliereba. Sewyda saxalxo krebebis mowveva, gamsxvilda da meti uflebebiT aRiWurva biurokratiuli aparati, sastikad idevnebodnen politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebi.
imperator traianes mmarTvelobis dros, II saukunis dasawyisSi romis imperiam
axali miwebi daipyro dakiasa da SuamdinareTSi. imperiis teritoria am dros maqsimalurad gafarTovda: masSi Sedioda dasavleT evropis didi nawili, aRmosavleT
evropis samxreTi, mcire azia, samxreT kavkasiis nawili, axlo aRmosavleTis miwebis
umetesoba mesopotamiiTurT, egvipte, Crdilo afrikis xmelTaSuazRvispira zoli da
sxv.
imperatoris diad gamarjvebaTa aRsaniSnavad 113 wels romSi aigo traianes 30-metriani kolona, romelsac mTel sigrZeze xveulad asdevda reliefi. masze gamosaxuli iyo imperatoris samxedro laSqrobaTa epizodebi. kolonas imperatoris Zegli
agvirgvinebda. mis ferxTiT dafluli iyo urna traianes ferfliT.
I saukunis bolodan romis imperiaSi daiwyes gamagrebuli sazRvrebis _ limesebis
aSeneba. limesi iyo miwayrilebis, Txrilebis, xis damcavi meserebis, saguSago koSke44
bisa da simagreebis mTeli sistema. yvelaze grZeli limesi mdinare dunais saTavidan
mdinare rainis SesarTavamde iyo gadaWimuli. msgavsi simagre romaelebma britaneTSic aages. mas adrianis miwayrili erqva da 112 kilometrze iyo gadaWimuli CrdiloeTis zRvidan irlandiis zRvamde.
imperator markus avreliusis mmarTvelobis dros (161-180 ww.) imperiaze germaneli tomebis pirveli mniSvnelovani Tavdasxmebi daiwyo. barbarosebi, ase uwodebdnen
romaelebi germanelebs, marTalia damar­cxdnen, magram imperiis CrdiloeT sazRvrebze
saSiSroeba ar iyo sabolood acilebuli.
markus avreliusi ara marto kargi mmarTveli, aramed Tavisi epoqis cnobili
filosofo­sic iyo. misi filosofiuri nawarmoebebidan gamorCeulia `msjelobani~,
romelSic imperatori ganixilavs adamianis daniSnulebas, misias, Tavisuflebis raobas. misi azriT, WeSmaritad Tavisufalia is adamiani, romelic xelmZRvanelobs gonebiT da ara vnebebiTa da survilebiT.
III saukuneSi romis imperia mZime Sinaganma krizisma moicva. amis ZiriTadi mizezi
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da centraluri xelisuflebis dasusteba iyo. ekonomikurma krizisma provinciebs Soris Zalian Seasusta kavSiri. aman, Tavis mxriv, ganapiroba
maTi swrafva politikuri da ekonomikuri damoukideblobisaken. mniSvnelovnad Semcirda vaWroba, daeca xelosnoba. imperia, imavdroulad, gauTavebelma Sinaomebma
moicva. imperatorobas xandaxan erTdroulad ramdenime pirovneba iCemebda. am mZime
politikur-ekonomikuri krizisis epoqas romis istoriaSi `jariskacTa imperatorebis xana~ ewoda. 70 wlis ganmavlobaSi imperiam aTeulobiT imperatori gamoicvala.
bevri maTgani mxolod ramdenime TviT ixveWda am tituls. aseTi uniaTo imperatorebis Zalaufleba xSirad romelime provinciis sazRvrebsac ki ver cdeboda. am epoqaSi
gaizarda imperiis samxedro samsaxurSi myof warCinebul barbarosTa politikuri gavlena. moiSala disciplina da dasustda jari. amis gamo imperiam zogierTi provincia
sabolood dakarga kidec.
gviani imperia. gviani imperia imperator diokletianes (284-305 ww.) mmarTvelobiT
iwyeba. diokletianem mtkice xeliT Sekra daqucmacebuli da gauTavebeli SinaomebiT
daZabunebuli saxelmwifo da umniSvnelovanesi reformebi gaatara. man Secvala imperiis administraciul-teritoriuli dayofa. am dros samoqalaqo Zalaufleba gamoeyo samxedros. gamsxvilda da mniSvnelovnad gaZlierda administraciuli aparati.
sabolood damyarda absoluturi monarqiuli Zalaufleba. ufro mdidruli da TvalismomWreli gaxda sasaxlis ceremonialebi. axla isini aRmosavluri brwyinvalebiT
tardeboda. imperatorisadmi mimarTvaSi damkvidrda aseTi gamoTqma: `mbrZanebeli da
RmerTi~ (laT. _ `dominus et deus”). amitom gvian imperiis xanas, adreuli imperiis
_ `principatis~ sapirispirod `dominati~ uwodes.
absoluturi mmarTvelobis saboloo damkvidreba da oficialuri gaformeba moxda imperator konstantine didis (306-337 ww.) dros. saxelmwifom imperatoris mmarTveloba RvTiur rangSi aiyvana. am dros SemoiRes imperatoris win muxlis moyris
tradiciac.
am droidan qristianoba faqtobrivad saxelmwifo religiad iqca. konstantine
ukve xedavda farTod gavrcelebuli qristianobis Zalas, mfarvelobda mas da, amave
dros, saTave daudo imperatorebis mier Sidasaeklesio saqmeebSi Carevas.
330 wels konstantinem romis imperiis dedaqalaqad yofili berZnuli qalaqis _
bizantionis adgilze mis mier agebuli qalaqi konstantinopoli gamoacxada. konstantinopoli umniSvnelovanes sazRvao da saxmeleTo gzebis gasayarze idga.
garkveuli warmatebebis miuxedavad dioklitianem da konstantinem ver SeZles imperiis mdgomareobis stabilizeba. IV saukuneSi, konstantines memkvidreebis dros, qveyanaSi grZeldeboda ekonomikis daqveiTeba. xSiri iyo samoqalaqo
45
omebi. arc provinciebSi iyo siwynare. gaxSirda ganmaTavisuflebeli ajanyebebi.
imavdroulad gaZlierda barbarosebis Semosevebi. igi gansakuTrebiT imperiis dasavleTs aCanagebda. erTiani romis imperiis ukanaskneli imperatoris Teodosius
I-is mier 381 wels mowveulma meore msoflio saeklesio krebam qristianoba erTaderT saxelmwifo religiad gamoacxada, xolo Teodosiusis mier gamocemuli ediqti avaldebulebda mis qveSevrdomebs qristianebad moqceuliyvnen da eRiarebinaT
wminda samebis uzenaesoba. daiwyo eretikosTa devna, daingra mravali warmarTuli
taZari. daiwva da ganadgurda aleqsandriis biblioTeka. male aikrZala olimpiuri
TamaSebic. Teodosiusis gardacvlebis Semdeg, 395 wels, romis imperia misma orma
Svilma _ arkadiusma da honoriusma gainawiles. qveyana gaiyo dasavleT da aRmosavleT romis imperiebad. male mis aRmosavleT nawils qalaq bizantionis saxelis
mixedviT bizantia ewoda.
davaleba
1. ras ewodeba principati? dominati? riT gansxvavdeba mmarTvelobis es ori sistema
erTmaneTisgan?
2. CamoTvaleT romis imperatorebi da miuTiTeT, riT gamoiCines maT Tavi.
3. CamoTvaleT romis imperiis rRvevis gamomwvevi mizezebi.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
oqtiviane avgustusis mmarTveloba _ Zv. w. I saukunis bolo _ ax. w. I saukunis dasawyisi
traianes mmarTveloba _ II saukunis I naxevari
markus avreliusis mmarTveloba _ II saukunis II naxevari
diokletianes mmarTveloba _ III-IV saukuneebis mijna
konstantines mmarTveloba _ IV saukunis I naxevari
konstantinopolis mSeneblobis dawyeba _ 330 w.
romis imperiis orad gayofa _ 395 w.
$3. qarTlis samefo Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis mijnaze
pompeusis laSqroba. Zv. w. I saukunidan romis saxelmwifo brZolas iwyebs mcire
aziisa da kavkasiis dasamorCileblad.
axlo aRmosavleTSi romis ZiriTadi mowinaaRmdege pontos samefo iyo. sagareo
safrTxem qarTli, somxeTi da albaneTi pontos mokavSireebad aqcia. pontos samefom gansakuTrebul Zlierebas mefe miTridate VI-is (Zv. w. 111-63 ww.) dros miaRwia.
miTridatem mokavSireebTan erTad seriozuli winaaRmdegoba gauwia roms. saboloo
jamSi, romma moxerxebuli diplomatiiT SeZlo mokavSireebis _ pontosa da somxeTis
gancalkeveba da maTi damarcxeba.
Zv. w. 65 wels romauli armia cnobili sardlis _ pompeusis meTaurobiT qarTlis
samefos sazRvrebs moadga. pompeusis gegmis mixedviT, romaelebi moulodnelad unda
SemoWriliyvnen qarTlSi da swrafad daemarcxebinaT mowinaaRmdege. maT winaaRmdego46
bis gareSe miaRwies armazis cixes. qarTlis mefe artagma moSala mtkvarze gadebuli
xidi da mdinare aragvisken daixia.
romaeli istorikosis dion kasiusis (II saukune) cnobiT, rodesac pompeusma
mtkvarze gadasvla daapira, artokem (qarTlis mefe artagi) gagzavna masTan elCebi zavis TxovniT, aseve dapirda xidis aSenebas da sursaTis miwodebas. artagma
Seasrula piroba, magram, rodesac dainaxa, rom pompeusi mdinareze gadmodioda,
SeSinebuli gadavida aragvze, dawva xidi da gaiqca, mis meomarTagan zogi brZolaSi daiRupa, zogic mdinareze gadasvlisas. mebrZolTa nawili aragvispira WalebSi
gaifanta da brZola ganagrZo. pompeusis brZanebiT romaelebma tye gadawves da
amgvarad daamarcxes iberieli mSvildosnebi. romaelebma brZolaSi 9000 qarTveli mokles da 10000 tyved Caigdes. tyveTa Soris mebrZoli qalebic aRmoCndnen.
zafxulSi, rodesac aragvma iklo, romaelebs ar gasWirvebiaT mdinaris gadalaxva. artagi iZulebuli gaxda winaaRmdegoba Seewyvita da pompeusisaTvis mZevlebad
Svilebi gaegzavna.
romsa da qarTls Soris gaformda `megobrobisa da mokavSireobis~ xelSekruleba. am xelSekrulebiT ar izRudeboda qarTlis samefos Sinagani damoukidebloba,
sagareo politikaSi ki is romis mokavSired unda gamosuliyo. qarTlis mefes darialis karis gamagreba evaleboda. Crdilokavkasieli momTabare tomebisagan sazRvrebis usafrTxoeba erTnairad mniSvnelovani iyo rogorc romauli, ise qarTuli
mxarisaTvis.
qarTlis dalaSqvris Semdeg pompeusi dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida. aq mas fazisTan samxedro floti ucdida. pompeusma kolxeTis mmarTvelad romaeli strategosi datova.
qarTlis samefo I-II saukuneebSi. qarTlis mefeebi cdilobdnen qveynisTvis sasikeTodac gamoeyenebinaT romis mokavSiris statusi da gaevrcelebinaT TavianTi gavlena mezobel qveynebze. axali welTaRricxvis I saukunis 30-ian wlebSi maT daibrunes
somxeTis mier mierTebuli samxreT qarTuli teritoriebi da brZola daiwyes somxeTis SemosaerTeblad. somxeTisaTvis brZola qarTlsa da parTias Soris brZolad
iqca, radgan es ukanasknelic cdilobda somxeTis dakavebas. qarTlis ufliswulma
farsmanma (qarTlis momavali mefe farsman I) somxeTSi ilaSqra, parTielebi gandevna
da iq Tavisi Zma miTridate gaamefa. qarTlSi gamefebis Semdeg farsmani TiTqmis 20
wlis manZilze inarCunebda somxeTze kontrols. man aq sakuTari Svili radamistric
gaamefa. magram somxeTis SenarCuneba mainc ver moxerxda. romsa da parTias Soris, 63
wlis SeTanxmebiT, somxeTi ormagi daqvemdebarebis qveS moeqca. amieridan qveyana parTiis samefo dinastiis (arSakidebis) warmomadgenlebs unda emarTaT, romlebic Tavs
romis qveSevrdomebad (vasalebad) acxadebdnen. es brZola qarTvelebisaTvis uSedegod mainc ar dasrulebula. qarTlis samefom daibruna somxeTisagan warTmeuli teritoriebi: qvemo qarTlis nawili, tao da javaxeTi.
romisa da qarTlis `megobruli da mokavSiruli~ urTierToba ar iyo stabiluri.
romi ver egueboda qarTlis samefos gaZlierebas, magram arc viTarebis gamwvaveba
aZlevda xels _ Seviwroebuli qarTli SeiZleboda romis mowinaaRmdegeTa banakSi gadasuliyo da Crdilokavkasieli mokavSireebis daxmarebiT seriozuli dartyma mieyenebina misTvis.
imperatorma adrianem (117-138 ww.) mcire aziaSi yofnisas romis mokavSire saxelmwifoebis mmarTvelebi miiwvia. maT Soris iyo iberiis mefe farsman II. romaeli istorikosis elius spartianes cnobiT, imperatorma qarTlis mefes sagangebod gaugzavna
Zvirfasi saCuqrebi, maT Soris saomari spilo da 500 kaciani razmi. farsmanma imperatoris saCuqrebs saCuqrebiTve upasuxa, Tumca misi miwveva ar miiRo, riTac sakuTar
damoukideblobas gausva xazi. imperatorma farsmanisagan naCuqari mooqrovili mo47
sasxamebi gladiatorebs moasxa da cirkis arenaze sabrZolvelad gaiyvana. misi saCuqrebis abuCad agdebiT ganawyenebulma mefem gaxsna darialis kari da mokavSire alan-osebi romis provinciebs Seusia.
romsa da saqarTvelos Soris daZabuli urTierToba SedarebiT mowesrigda adrianes Semdgomi imperatoris _ antonine piusis mmarTvelobis dros. man farsmani romSi
miiwvia. romaeli istorikosis dion kasiusis cnobiT: `rodesac farsman iberi romSi
Cavida... keisarma gaudida mas samefo, neba darTo kapitoliumSi msxverpli Seewira,
enieonSi (belonas taZari) misi cxeniani qandakeba daadgmevina da imperatori iberTa
samxedro asparezobas daeswro~.
aniketis ajanyeba. romauli mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg aniketis meTaurobiT
kolxeTSi 69 wels ajanyeba moewyo. romaelebma daamarcxes ajanyebulebi. mdinare xobis xeobas Sefarebuli aniketi Seipyres da sikvdiliT dasajes. magram mosaxleobis
winaaRmdegobam romi iZulebuli gaxada garkveul daTmobebzec wasuliyo. dasavleT
saqarTvelos teritoriaze Camoyalibda roms daqvemdebarebuli samTavroebi (lazebis, abazgebis, afSilebis da sanigebis).
qarTlis (iberiis) samefos sazogadoebrivi wyoba. qarTlis sazogadoebis socialuri aRnagobis da saxelmwifos ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis berZeni istorikosi da geografi straboni (Zv.w. I saukunis
bolo _ ax.w. I saukunis dasawyisi). am cnobebiT dasturdeba, rom qarTli mWidrod
dasaxlebuli qveyana iyo. aq arsebobda mravali qalaqi da daba. arqiteqturulad
kargad dagegmarebul qalaqebSi iyo bazrebi da sxvadasxva saxis sazogadoebrivi
dawesebulebebi. straboni aRwers qarTlis mosaxleobis socialur struqturasac.
is gamoyofs oTx gvars (fenas, wodebas): `...erTi da pirveli, romlisganac mefeebs
sxamen maxloblobisa da asakis mixedviT uxucess, xolo meore (am gvaridan) mosamarTleobs da mxedarTmTavrobs. meore (gvari) aris qurumTa, romlebic zrunaven
agreTve, mezoblebTan samarTalze. mesame (gvari) aris mxedarTa da miwismoqmedTa.
meoTxe (gvari) aris laoebi, romlebic samefo monebi arian da akeTeben yvelafers,
rac cxovrebisaTvis aris saWiro... sazogado (saerTo) aqvT maT qoneba naTesaobisda
mixedviT. marTavs da ganagebs TiToeuls (naTesaobas) uxucesi, aseTebi arian iberebi da maTi qveyana~.
qarTlis samefo III saukunesa da IV saukunis dasawyisSi. sasaniduri sparseTisa da
romis sagareo politikis mizani kavkasiasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi gabatoneba iyo.
upiratesobis mosapoveblad orive mxare cdilobda sakuTari politikuri gavlena
mezobel saxelmwifoebze gaevrcelebina da maTi Zala mowinaaRmdegis dasamarcxeblad
gamoeyenebina.
meomari mxareebis warmateba mniSvnelovanwilad iyo damokidebuli amierkavkasieli xalxebis mxardaWeraze. romsa da sparseTs Soris dapirispirebis gamo maT araerTgvarovani pozicia hqondaT. albaneTi, sparseTTan siaxlovisa da misi samxedro-politikuri zegavleniT, sparseTis mxares ibrZoda. iberiis samefos ki, romelic
romis imperias formalurad eqvemdebareboda da mis samxedro mokavSired iTvleboda,
neitraluri pozicia ekava.
sasaniani Sahebi Semtev, agresiul sagareo politikas atarebdnen. Sabur I-ma ramdenjerme daamarcxa romaelebi da imperatori valeriani daatyveva (260 w.). somxeTi
iranis mflobelobaSi moeqca. sasanianebma aseve daimorCiles aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi mdebare romis mokavSire `henioxebisa da maxelonebis samefo~. rac Seexeba qarTls, marTalia, III saukuneSi is sparseTisagan damoukideblobas inarCuneb48
da, magram iZulebuli iyo uari eTqva romis mokavSireobaze da sagareo orientacia
sparseTze aeRo. qarTlis mefe amazaspi iZulebuli gaxda eRiarebina Sah Saburis
uzenaesoba. amis miuxedavad mefes romTan kavSiri ar gauwyvetia. urCi mefis dasasjelad 265 wels sparselebi qarTlSi SemoiWrnen, amazaspi maTTan brZolaSi daiRupa.
umefod darCenil qveyanaSi Sahma Tavisi vaJi, imavdroulad amazaspis disSvili, revi
gaamefa, riTac qarTlis samefo Tavis politikur gavlenas daumorCila. `qarTlis
cxovreba~ gadmogvcems, rom revis gamefebiT dasrulda farnavazianTa mmarTveloba
da safuZveli Caeyara qarTlSi sasanianTa dinastias. amave wyaros mixedviT, sasanianTa STamomavalia mefe mirianic. istorikosTa nawili ar iziarebs `qarTlis cxovrebis~ am cnobas: `es aris legenda, SeTxzuli pirveli qristiani mefis gansadideblad.
sinamdvileSi, eWvi ar aris, miriani farnavazianTa dinastiis warmomadgenelia...~ (daviT musxeliSvili).
296 wels romsa da sparseTs Soris omi ganaxlda. gadamwyveti gamarjveba romma moipova. daido nisibinis zavi (298 w.), romlis Tanaxmad, sparseTi qarTlsa da
somxeTs romis gavlenis sferod aRiarebda. romi qarTlis formaluri daqvemdebarebiT _ politikuri mokavSireobiT kmayofildeboda da mis saSinao saqmeebSi ar
ereoda.
romsa da irans Soris mSvidobam 338 wlamde gastana. am drois ganmavlobaSi qarTli ucxo Zalebis Tavdasxmebisagan daculi iyo. TandaTan gaRrmavda romaul samyarosTan politikuri da kulturuli kavSir-urTierTobebi, maT Soris religiuric _
romis imperiisadmi qarTlisa da somxeTis daqvemdebarebam xeli Seuwyo am qveynebSi
qristianobis aRiarebas.
davaleba
1. gadmoeciT qarTlSi romaelTa laSqrobis peripetiebi.
2. SeafaseT qarTlsa da roms Soris gaformebuli `megobrobisa da mokav­Sireobis~
xelSekrulebis mniSvneloba orive mxarisTvis.
3. ratom ver SeZlo qarTlma somxeTis SenarCuneba?
4. SeafaseT farsman II-is sagareo politika. ganmarteT, ratom Seicvala qarTlis
mefisadmi antonine piusis damokidebuleba.
5. strabonis cnobis safuZvelze imsjeleT sazogadoebis sxvadasxva gvaris warmomadgenelTa uflebebsa da movaleobebze.
6. ra Sedegi mohyva aniketis ajanyebas?
7. rodis daido nisibinis zavi da ra gavlena iqonia man qarTlis samefoze?
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
popeusis laSqroba saqarTveloSi _ Zv. w. 65 w.
farsman I-is mefoba _ I saukune
farsman II-is mefoba _ II saukunis I naxevari
aniketis ajanyeba _ 69 w.
nisibinis zavi _ 298 w.
49
testi # 4
testis maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 24 qula.
I. teqstis Sesworeba.
instruqcia: winamdebare teqstSi daSvebulia 10 Secdoma. Sesabamis svetebSi CamowereT Secdomebi da swori pasuxebi. yoveli aRmoCenili Secdoma fasdeba 0.5 quliT,
xolo misi Sesatyvisi swori varianti _ 0.5 quliT. jamSi teqstis SesworebisaTvis
gankuTvnilia 10 qula.
romis dampyroblur politikas daupirispirda pontos mefis, selevkosis xelmZRvanelobiT Semdgari koalicia, romelSic qarTlis, albaneTisa da parTiis samefoebi
Sediodnen. romaelTa jarma daamarcxa ponto da misi mokavSireebi. qr.S-mde 79 wels
romaelma sardalma gnius pompeusma qarTlSi ilaSqra. qarTlis mefe tigransa da
pompeuss Soris brZola romaelebis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. qarTlsa da roms Soris
daido zavi, romlis Tanaxmadac, qarTli kargavda Sinagan damoukideblobas. qarTls
aseve evaleboda darubandis karis gamagreba.
romTan megobruli urTierToba qarTlma kargad gamoiyena da albaneTis SemoerTebisaTvis daiwyo brZola. qarTlis mefe farsman I-ma iq Tavisi vaJi arSaki gaamefa. es
warmateba droebiTi aRmoCnda. romma da parTiam es qveyana erTmaneTSi gainawiles da
qarTls misi SemoerTebis saSualeba aRar mieca.
qarTlis samefo gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda II saukunis dasawyisSi. imperatorma tiberiusma mefe farsman II-s saCuqrebi gamougzavna. qarTlis mefem saCuqrebs saCuqrebiTve upasuxa, magram imperatorTan gamocxadebaze uari ganacxada. or saxelmwifos
Soris konfliqti gamwvavda. winaaRmdegobis aRmosafxvrelad momdevno imperatorma
traianem farsman II romSi miiwvia.
#
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
50
Secdomaa
sworia
II. upasuxeT kiTxvebs
instruqcia: mocemulia 10 kiTxva oTxi savaraudo pasuxiT. swori pasuxi fasdeba
1 quliT. jamSi, maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 10 qula.
1. rogori mmarTvelobis forma arsebobda Tavdapirvelad romSi?
a) respublika; b) monarqia; g) tirania; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
2. romel saukuneebSi mimdinareobda punikuri omebi?
a) Zv.w. IV-II; b) Zv.w. III-II; g) Zv.w. II-I; d) Zv.w. III-I
3. romeli punikuri omis dros gaimarTa brZolebi trazimenis tbasTan da kanesTan?
a) meore punikuri omis dros, Zv.w. III saukunis bolos;
b) pirveli punikuri omis dros, Zv.w. III saukunis dasawyisSi;
g) mesame punikuri omis dros, Zv.w. II saukuneSi;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
4. romel wlebSi mimdinareobda III punikuri omi?
a) Zv.w. 201-196 ww.;
b) Zv.w. 149-146 ww.;
g) Zv.w. 140-134 ww.;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
5. romel saukuneSi moRvaweobda iulius keisari?
a) Zv. w. I saukuneSi; b) Zv.w III saukuneSi; g) I saukuneSi;
d) II saukuneSi.
6. vin meTaurobda keisris winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebas?
a) brutusi da kasiusi;
b) ciceroni da oqtaviane avgustusi;
g) brutusi da antoniusi;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
7. droSi Tanmimdevrulad daalageT romis mmarTvelebi:
a) traiane; b) oqtaviusi; g) keisari;
d) diokletiane.
8. rodis ilaSqra pompeusma qarTlSi da ra SedegiT dasrulda es laSqroba?
a) Zv.w. 125 wels; qarTlis mefe miTridatem brZolis gaumarTavad ikisra xarki
romis sasargeblod;
b) Zv.w. 78 wels; pompeusma ver SeZlo mTeli qarTlis dakaveba, amitom romaelTa
mmarTveloba mxolod qvemo qarTlze gavrcelda;
g) Zv.w. I saukunis 60-ian wlebSi; qarTlis mefes darialis karis gamagreba da CrdiloeT kavkasiidan gadmosasvlelebis dacva daevala;
d) pompeusma Zv.w. 65 wels ilaSqra qarTlSi, aiRo mcxeTa, ufliscixe da sxva qalaqebi; qveyana ki samarTavad mis erT-erT sardals (strategoss) gadasca.
9. romTan dadebuli `megobrobisa da mokavSireobis~ xelSekrulebiT:
a) uqmdeboda qarTlis samefo, qarTveli xalxi cxaddeboda romaelebis megobrad
da Tavisufldeboda gadasaxadebisagan;
51
b) qarTlis mefes niSnavda romaelTa sardali pompeusi, qarTvel xalxs daekisra
mZime gadasaxadebi;
g) qarTli inarCunebda samefo xelisuflebas da Sinagan damoukideblobas;
d) qarTlis samefo kargavda Sinagan damoukideblobas, is romis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, Tumca inarCunebda mefobas.
10.vin gvawvdis cnobas iberiis (qarTlis) mosaxleobis socialuri aRnagobis
(struqturis) Sesaxeb?
a) straboni; b) tacitusi; g) liviusi; d) gelasi kesarieli.
III. rukis analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 4 qula)
ruka # 3-is (danarTi # 1) gamoyenebiT miuTiTeT:
1. romeli punikuri omebia asaxuli rukaze?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________________
(1 qula)
2. hanibalis laSqrobis marSruti da brZolebis adgilmdebareoba
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________________
(1 qula)
3. teritoriebi, romlebic romma pirveli, meore da mesame punikuri omebis Sedegad
SemoierTa
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________________
52
(2 qula)
Tavi V. saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi
IV-VII saukuneebSi
$1. konstantine didi.
qristianobis gavrceleba romis imperiaSi
qristianobis gavrceleba. qristianuli sarwmunoeba romis imperiaSi swrafad vrceldeboda. dasavleTSi, kerZod ki italiaSi, qristianoba mociqulebma iqadages. maT
Soris gansakuTrebulia petresa da pavles damsaxureba. qristianobis gavrcelebis
xanaSi, I-III saukuneebSi, romis imperiaSi Sinagani krizisi daiwyo. saimperatoro xelisufleba yvela problemis, yvela ubedurebis mizezad da moTaved axali sarwmunoebis mimdevrebs acxadebda. amitom qristianebis devna pirvelive saukunidan daiwyo.
imperator neronisdroindeli pirveli didi devnidan (am dros awames wm. petre mociquli) konstantines imperatorobamde (306-337 ww.) qristianebma rva didi devna ganicades. merve devnisas (303 w.), dioklitianes imperatorobis dros, awames wm. giorgi
Zlevamosili. miuxedavad xelisuflebis mxridan sastiki represiebisa, qristianoba
sazogadoebis yvela fenaSi swrafad ikidebda fexs, xolo imperiis krizisi sul ufro
Rrmavdeboda. imperias xsna sWirdeboda.
qristianebis devna mxolod konstantines imperatorobisas Sewyda. 313 wels konstantinem da misma TanammarTvelma luciniusma qalaq miliolaniumSi (milanSi) gamosces ediqti, romelic Semwynarebluri xasiaTisa iyo da qristianebs sxva religiebis gverdiT Tanabari uflebebi eZleodaT: `gadavwyviteT, rom qristianebsa da
sxva xalxebs Cvens imperiaSi mivceT sruli Tavisufleba misdion im sarwmunoebas,
romelsac TviTon airCeven. yvela adamians aqvs ufleba gaxdes qristiani, arc erTi
RmerTis Tayvaniscema da arc erTi sarwmunoeba Cvens mier ar iqneba dabrkolebuli.
amdenad, qristia­nuli sazogadoebis mimarT davadgineT: visac Cveni xazinidan an sxva
vinmesgan SeuZenia is adgilebi, sadac winaT qristianebi ikribebodnen, is adgilebi
ukan daubrundes qristianebs usasyidlod da yovelgvari gadasaxadis gareSe~ (nawyveti milanis ediqtidan).
Tavad konstantine imperatori jer kidev warmarTi iyo. igi axali sarwmunoebiT
cdilobda ngrevis piras misuli imperiis SenarCunebasa da aRorZinebas. misi azriT,
qristianoba mravalerovnuli imperiis simtkicisa da erTianobis safuZveli unda gamxdariyo. gadmocemis mixedviT, konstantines moqceva aseT saswauls miewereba: Tanaimperatoris winaaRmdeg brZolis dawyebis win, mas mzeze gamoesaxa jvari warweriT:
`amiT sZlie~. imperatorze da mis jarze aman didi gavlena moaxdina. brZolis wina
Rames konstantines Tavad qriste gamoecxada jvriT xelSi, ubrZana jvriT xelSi SebrZoleboda mters. roca diliT amis Sesaxeb yvelas mouTxro, imperatorma moixmo
xelosnebi da sizmrad nanaxis msgavsi jvris damzadeba daavala. am jvriT xelSi konstantinem mowinaaRmdegeze gadamwyveti gamarjveba moipova.
konstantines brZanebiT romis erT-erT laternis borcvze qristianuli salocavi
aages, meore ki im adgilas, sadac dakrZaluli iyo wm. petre. ase Caeyara safuZveli
cnobil laternis taZars da romis wminda petres saxelganTqmul eklesias.
milanis ediqtis Semdeg qristianoba mTel imperiaSi daubrkoleblad gavrcelda,
Tumca yvela momdevno imperatori rodi iyo qristes sjulis. arc romis yvela moqalaqe aRiarebda mas. romis ubedureba da problemebi axla warmarTi RmerTebisadmi
Tayvaniscemas miaweres. erTiani imperiis bolo imperatorma Teodosiusma, romelmac
53
is iyo Semoseuli barbarosebis safrTxe aacila roms, gamosca axali ediqti, romlis
mixedviT, mTel imperiaSi ikrZaleboda sxva RmerTebisadmi Tayvaniscema, garda jvarcmuli ieso qristesi. warmarTuli taZrebi daangries da qristianuli taZrebis Seneba
iwyes. qristianoba imperiis erTaderT sarwmunoebad gadaiqca.
qristianuli sarwmunoeba imperiis farglebs gareTac swrafad vrceldeboda.
romaul galiaSi, saimperatoro xelisuflebis damxobamdec (476 w.) mravali saepiskoposo arsebobda. am centrebidan miemarTebodnen mezobeli warmarTebis mosaqcevad qristiani mamebi.
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda V saukunis bolodan gaZlierebuli frankebis
moqcevas. frankTa gaqristianeba mefe xlodvigis saxelTanaa dakav­Sirebuli. warmarT
mefes qristiani meuRle hyavda, burgundTa mefis asuli. Tavad xlodvigi Wkviani mmarTveli iyo da kargad xedavda qristianobis upiratesobasa da sikeTes warmarTobasTan
SedarebiT. 496 wels xlodvigma qalaqi reimsi daipyro, sadac moRvaweobda wminda mama
remigiusi. am episkoposis saxels uamravi saswauli miewereboda. misi xeliT moinaTla xlodvigi da masTan erTad misi mxedrobac. frankTa qveyanaSi qristianoba saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadda.
mogvianebiT wminda mamebma qristianoba gaavrceles sxva Zvelgermanul tomebSic:
alemanebSi, saqsebSi, anglosaqsur britaneTsa da evropis sxva qveynebSi.
qristianoba aRmosavleTis xalxebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic, ufro adre gavrcelda, vidre frankebSi.
pirveli saeklesio krebebi. IV saukunis damdegisaTvis imdroindeli msoflios
sxvadasxva regionSi ukve arsebobdnen qristianuli Temebis meTaurebi, zedamxedvelebi, episkoposebi. isini ganagebdnen provinciebsa da olqebSi qristianul sazogadoebebs, awesrigebdnen olqebSi qristianobasTan dakavSirebul yvela sakiTxs. saWiro
gaxda maTi gaerTianeba. am saqmes saTaveSi imperatori konstantine Caudga. is yvela
Rones xmarobda, ar darRveuliyo qristianuli erToba (e. i. imperiis erTobac), ar
daeSva eklesiis SigniT ganxeTqileba. ganxeTqilebis aRsakveTad mcire aziis qalaq
nikeaSi 325 wels, imperatoris iniciativiT, mowveul iqna pirveli msoflio saeklesio kreba. krebam daadgina qristianuli mrwamsi. wm. evsebiosis mier Camoyalibebuli
qristianuli mrwamsi, ase ikiTxeba: `gvwams, erTianoba mamaRmerTis, yovlis meufisa,
yoveli xilulisa da araxilulis Semoqmedisa da erTianoba ufali ieso qristesi, Zis
RvTisa, RmrTisa RmrTisaganisa, naTelisa naTelisagnisa, cxovrebisa cxovrebisagnisa, Zisa erTgvarovanisa da sulisa wmidisa~. qristianuli mrwamsis saboloo sa­xiT
Camoyalibeba `kapadokiel mamebs~ ekuTvniT. xolo konstantinopolis meore msoflio
saeklesio krebam, 381 wels, sabolood gansazRvra suliwmidis raobisa da gamomavlobis sakiTxi.
V saukuneSi sadavo gaxda sakiTxi qristes bunebis Se­saxeb. aleqsandriel RvTismetyvelTa erTi nawili amtkicebda, rom qristes mxo­lod RvTaebrivi buneba hqonda. maT
monofizitebi ewodaT. umravlesoba ki im azrs iziarebda, rom qristeSi iyo rogorc
RvTaebrivi, ise adamianuri buneba. maT diofizitebi ewodaT.
am sakiTxis gansaxilvelad 451 wels mowveul iqna qalkedonis msoflio saeklesio
kreba. krebam dagmo monofizitoba da aRiara qristeSi RvTaebrivisa da adamianuris
ganuyofeloba _ diofizitoba. qarTlSi diofizitoba aRiares. bizantiaSi monofizitebis devna daiwyes. sasanidurma iranma, sadac mazdeanobis danergva ver SeZlo, bizantiisagan devnil monofizitebs dauWira mxari. amis Sedegad monofizitobam gaimarjva
somxeTSi, siriaSi, palestinasa da zogierT sxva xalxebSi.
qarTvelebi aqtiurad monawileobdnen msoflio saeklesio krebebSi. cnobilia,
rom nikeis saeklesio krebas eswreboda biWvinTeli episkoposi stratofile, romelic aqtiurad gamodioda ariozobis winaaRmdeg da mxars uWerda mrwamsis damtkice54
bul formas. momdevno saukuneebSi mowveul msoflio (marTlmadideblur samyaros)
saeklesio krebebze qarTuli samociqulo eklesia yovelTvis iyo warmodgenili.
davaleba
1. Tqveni azriT, ratom mieniWaT qristianebs sxva religiebis gverdiT Tanabari
uflebebi?
2. ra gadawyvetilebebi iqna miRebuli nikeisa da qalkedonis saeklesio krebebze?
3. rogor gesmiT fraza `qristianoba_msoflio religia~ da sxva romel msoflio
religiebs icnobT?
4. ra gansxvavebaa monofizitobasa da diofizitobas Soris? ratom uWerda irani mxars
monofizitur qristianobas?
5. sad gavrcelda monofizitoba da ra gavlenas iqoniebda es faqti bizantia-iranis
urTierTobaze?
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
milanis ediqti _ 313 w.
nikeas saeklesio kreba _ 325 w.
qalkedonis saeklesio kreba _ 451 w.
$2. saqarTvelos gaqristianeba
ganmarteba
kuxeTi _ istoriuli mxare aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. moicavda mdinareebis _ arag­
visa da mtkvris marcxena napirs Jinvalidan garejis udabnomde. kuxeTis mniSvnelovani centrebi iyo rusTavi, kawareTi da bodbe.
qarTlis gaqristianebaze cnobebs gvawvdis qarTuli, somxuri, berZnuli, laTinuri da asuruli wyaroebi. qarTuli wyaroebidan am sakiTxs sagangebod exeba `moqcevai
qarTlisai~, `wminda ninos cxovreba~ da `qarTlis cxovreba~.
ucxouri wyaroebidan erT-erTi uZvelesia gelasi kesarielis (IV s.) cnobebi. marTalia, mis nawarmoebs Cvenamde ar mouRwevia, magram kesarielis cnobebis safuZvelzea
Seqmnili bizantieli istorikosebis: rufinusis (V s.), Teodorite kvirelisa (V s.)
da gelasi kvizikelis (V s.) Txzulebebi. es wyaroebi qarTlis gaqristianebas erT
tyve qals ukavSireben, romelsac mkurnalobiT gauTqvia saxeli (mZime senisagan ganukurnavs iberTa dedofalic). am faqtis gamo mefe qristianobis mimarT Semrigeblur
damokidebulebas iCenda. sabolood, mefis gaqristianeba ki erT SemTxvevas gadauwyvetia: nadirobisas burusi Camowolila da mefes gza veRar gaugnia. is tyve qalis
RmerTs Sevedrebia daxmarebas, ris Semdegac burusi gafantula. mefes gadauwyvetia
qristianobis miReba da ubrZanebia eklesiis aSeneba. mSeneblobis dros RmerTs xalxisaTvis morigi saswauli mouvlenia: erT-erT svets mSeneblebi ver dgamdnen Tavis adgilze. tyve qalis vedrebiT es sveti Rame Sveulad gaCerebula haerSi, Tavis adgilis
55
zemoT, pirispir, xolo diliT, roca xalxi Sekrebila, TavisiT damdgara safuZvelze.
eklesiis dasrulebis Semdeg iberebma imperator konstantines mimarTes TxovniT, gamoegzavna mRvdelmsaxurebi eklesiis sakurTxevlad da xalxis mosanaTlavad...
qarTlis gaqristianebaze saintereso cnobebs gvawvdian somexi istorikosebic _
agaTangelosi (IV s.) da movses xorenaci (V s.). magaliTad, movses xorenaci gelasi
kesarielis cnobas gvikonkretebs da gvamcnobs qarTlis mefis (mihrani, igive miriani)
da `tyve qalis~ (nune, igive ninos) saxelebs.
qarTlis gaqristianebis Sesaxeb ufro srulia `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobebi.
masSi naTqvamia, rom nino kapadokieli sardlis, zabilonis da ierusalimis patriarqis dis susanas asuli iyo. rodesac nino 12 wlis Seiqna misi mSoblebi RvTis
samsaxurs Seudgnen. nino marto darCa ierusalimSi da or weliwads cxovrobda
dvinel somex qalTan, romelmac mas gaacno qristianoba. Semdeg nino moxvda samefo
warmoSobis qalTan rifsimesTan. rifsimes colad SerTva bizantiis keisars moundomebia. rifsimes aRTqma hqonda dadebuli, rom mTel sicocxles RmerTs miuZRvnida
da qristianobis saqadageblad, 50 qalwulTan erTad (maT Soris iyo nino kapadokieli), somxeTSi wavida. somxeTis warmarTma mefe Trdatma isini awama. nino gadarCa
da, RmerTis STagonebiT, CrdiloeTisaken wavida. gadavida javaxeTSi, auyva mtkvars
da Cavida qarTlis qalaq urbnisSi, sadac mcire xans cxovrobda `uriaTa ubanSi~.
Semdeg nino savaWrod da salocavad mimaval xalxs gahyva qarTlis dedaqalaqSi.
ninos vedrebiT, RmerTma setyviT daamsxvria mcxeTaSi aRmarTuli kerpebi (armazi,
gaci, gaimi).
amave wyaros mixedviT, ninos vazis nasxlavisagan gaukeTebia jvari da mcxeTaSi, dRevandeli samTavros monastris teritoriaze, mayvlis buCqTan dasaxlebula. eqvsi wlis manZilze qadagebda aq nino qristianobas da RvTis nebiT mraval saswauls axdenda (saswaulTa rigs ganekuTvneba nana dedoflis
ukurnebeli senisagan gankurneba). `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ saubaria mirian mefis gadawyvetilebaze, nadirobidan dabrunebuls daengria qristianuli salocavebi da gaeZevebina axali religiis mqadagebelni, moTxrobilia TxoTis mTaze mefis nadirobisas
mzis dabnelebisa da burusis saswaulebrivad gafantvis Sesaxeb, ramac mirians gadaawyvetina mieRo qristianoba. imperatorisagan gamogzavnilma mRvdlebma mefe, misi
ojaxi da xalxi monaTles. Semdeg, RvTis nebiT, sami jvari aRmarTes: erTi iq, sadac
axla jvris monasteria, meore TxoTis mTaze da mesame _ ujarmaSi.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi mcxovrebi mosaxleoba kvlav warmarTul sarwmunoebas misdevda. maT gasaqristianeblad wminda nino qarTlis mTianeTsa da kuxeTSi qadagebda, sadac dasneulda da gardaicvala. dakrZalulia bodbis monasterSi.
rogorc irkveva, mTis mosaxleobaSi qristianobis gavrcelebas Tan axlda garkveuli
winaaRmdegobac, romelTa CaxSoba samefo karma xarkis damZimebiTa da `maxvilis mcired warmarTviT~ SeZlo.
mirian mefisa da wminda ninos saxelebs ukavSirdeba aragvisa da ivris xeobaTa
maRalmTianeTis mosaxleobis gaqristianeba. mirianis dros momxdara samefosaTvis
hereTis SemoerTeba da gaqristianeba. mefem hereTi saufliswulo mxared gamoacxada,
romlis centri `mefeTa qalaqi~ ujarma gaxda. mTis mosaxleobis gaqristianebis procesi Semdgom saukuneebSic grZeldeboda. mirianis SviliSvils Trdats (igive, mirdats. IV s-is II naxevari) da nekresis episkopos abibos (VI s.) ukavSirdeba TuSeTis
gaqristianeba.
ZvelTaganve arsebobda saqarTvelos gaqristianebis sxva versiac. saeklesio moRvawisa da mTargmnelis efTime mTawmindelis nawarmoebSi `andria mociqulis mosvla~
(X-XI s.) saqarTvelos ganmanaTleblad gamocxadebulia qristes 12 mociqulTagan
erT-erTi _ andria pirvelwodebuli.
56
qarTvelTa pirvel gamaqristianeblad andria pirvelwodebuls asaxelebs efrem
mcirec (XI s.). efremis azriT, qarTvelebs Tavidan mtkiced ver SeuTvisebiaT axali
religia, gansdgomian qristes rjuls da mogvianebiT, IV saukuneSi saWiro gamxdara
nino kapadokielis mier qveynis xelaxla moqceva (gaqristianeba).
saqarTveloSi IV saukunemde daiwyo qristianobis gavrceleba. cnobilia, rom aq
qristianoba iqadages mociqulebma andria pirvelwodebulma, svimon kananelma da mataTam. maTgan ori saqarTveloSia dakrZaluli _ mataTa gonioSi (aWara), xolo svimon kananeli axal aTonSi (afxazeTi). Tumca mociqulTa qadagebebs qveynis gaqristianeba ar mohyolia. gavrcelebuli versiiT, qristianoba qarTlSi 326 wels gamocxadda
saxelmwifo (oficialur) religiad. arsebobs sxva mosazrebac. magaliTad, istorikosi ivane javaxiSvili Tvlida, rom qarTli 337 wels gaqristianda.
daaxloebiT am droisTvis (an odnav adre) qristianoba saxelmwifo religiad mkvidrdeba dasavleT saqarTveloSic (lazikaSi). 325 wels bizantiis imperator konstantines iniciativiT qalaq nikeaSi mowveul pirvel saeklesio krebaze biWvinTis
episkoposi stratofilec monawileobda. aRsaniSnavia, rom noqalaqevSi (lazikis
samefos dedaqalaqi) aRmoCenilia IV saukunis dasawyisiT daTariRebuli eklesiis
naSTi, agreTve, jvris gamosaxulebebiani arqeologiuri masala. bizantieli istorikosis prokofi kesarielis (VI s.) cnobiT ki `lazebi da afsilebi Zvelidanve qristianebi iyvnen~.
qristianoba, saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebamde, qarTlSic intensiurad vrceldeboda. amaze metyvelebs III saukunis aliziT agebuli eklesiis naSTi. sayuradReboa `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobac, rom `rev mefe (III s.) Tumca iyo warmarTi, magram
iyo mowyale da Semwe yovelTa gaWirvebulTa, rameTu cota ram smenoda saxarebidan
uflisa Cvenisa qristesi da hqonda siyvaruli qristesi~.
rogorc cnobilia, milanis ediqtis gamocemamde (313 w.) qristianebs romis imperiaSi devnidnen da sastikad uswordebodnen. iyo Tu ara aseTi faqtebi saqarTveloSi
ucnobia. mxolod sinas mTaze dacul erT xelnawerSia aRniSnuli _ `romel friadi
moRvawebani da uricxvi saswaulni aRasrula (wminda ninom) da mravalgzis wamebani
mirian uRmrToisa xelmwifisagan...~. es xelnaweri sagangebod Seiswavla ivane javaxiSvilma da gamoTqva varaudi, rom TxzulebaSi mirianisagan wminda ninos wamebis
ambavi SesaZloa gviandeli xanis gadamwerTa mier yofiliyo Camatebuli. am Tvalsazriss isic aZlierebs, rom sxva wyaroebi qarTlis gaqristianebamde qristianTa wamebis Sesaxeb cnobebs ar gvawvdis.
qristianobis miRebas xels uwyobda sagareo viTarebac. III-IV saukuneTa mijnaze
samxreT kavkasiaSi batonobisaTvis ibrZoda sasaniduri sparseTi da romis imperia. kavkasiuri saxelmwifoebis winaSe dRis wesrigSi mkveTrad dadga sagareo orientaciis
problema. politikuri orientacia ki im droisTvis mWidrod daukavSirda religiur
sakiTxs. sparseTis momxreoba mazdianobis gavrcelebas (miRebas) moaswavebda, xolo
romis mokavSireoba qristianobis miRebiT unda ganmtkicebuliyo. qarTul samefoebs
mWidro politikuri da kulturuli urTierToba hqondaT romis imperiasTan. sparseTis agresiis gaZlierebis gamo ki romis mokavSireoba kidev ufro aqtualuri gaxda
qarTuli samyarosaTvis.
davaleba
1. SeadareT erTmaneTs ucxouri da qarTuli cnobebi qarTlis gaqristianebis Sesaxeb da miuTiTeT msgavseba-gansxvavebebze.
2. ra faqtorebma daaCqara saqarTvelos gaqristianeba?
57
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
mociqulebis Semosvla saqarTveloSi _ I saukune
mirianis mefoba _ IV saukunis I naxevari
qarTlis samefos gaqristianeba _ 326 w.
$3. romis imperiis orad gayofa da
dasavleT romis imperiis dacema
germanuli tomebi da romis imperia. III-IV saukuneebSi romis imperia jer kidev
vrceli da erTiani iyo. misi sazRvrebi aRwevda espaneTidan SuamdinareTamde, britaneTidan afrikamde. yvela gza jer kidev romisaken midioda. imperia zRaprulad
mdidaric iyo. es simdidre iqmneboda rogorc romaeli moqalaqeebis SromiT, ise dapyrobili qveynebisa da monadqceuli xalxebis ZarcviT.
imperiis sazRvrebidan Sors, CrdiloeTiT baltiis zRvamde da aRmosavleTiT
centralur aziamde, cxovrobdnen sxvadasxva enaze molaparake, naxevrad veluri,
gansxvavebuli modgmis xalxebi, romlebsac romaelebi saerTo saxels, barbarosebs
uwodebdnen. barbarosebma jer kidev ar icodnen miwis damuSaveba. maT nadiroba, Tev­
zWera, saqonlis movla da sxvaTa Zarcva ufro emarjvebodaT. tanzec umetesad cxovelis tyavi emosaT da tyavis qalamani ecvaT. cxovrobdnen Temebad da tomebad. iyvnen
Tavisufalni da Tavisuflebis moyvarulni. hqondaT mZime cxovreba, uWirdaT sarCos
mopoveba, iyvnen xarbebic da Tu sadme nadavls waawydebodnen, itacebdnen.
gviandeli romis imperiis istoriaSi gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs mezobel tomebTan, e.w. barbarosebTan urTierTobebs. am epoqaSi daiwyo imperiis sazRvrebisaken
barbarosTa masobrivi moZraoba, romelic TiTqmis sami saukune gagrZelda. isini romisaken modiodnen aRmosavleTidanac, CrdiloeTidanac da Crdilo-dasavleTidanac.
modiodnen da Tan mohqondaT ngreva da awiokeba, sisxli da sikvdili. maT daangries
romauli qalaqebi, sasaxleebi, kulturuli dawesebulebani da bolos, mospes TviT
dasavleT romis imperiac.
romaelebi zemoT xsenebul tomebs germanelebis saxeliTac icnobdnen. `Zveli germanelebi~ aris saerTo, zogadi saxeli yvela im barbarosi tomisa, romlebic romis
sazRvrebTan an ufro Sors cxovrobdnen.
barbarosebis SesaCereblad romma pirvel saukuneSi _ dunaispireTSi aago simagreTa mTeli xazi _ limesi (500 km-ze meti sigrZis), magram amaod, es zRudeebic veRar
akavebda momTabare barbarosebs.
sxvadasxva modgmis barbarosuli tomebis masobriv moZraobas romis imperiisaken
IV-VI saukuneebSi, istoriaSi `xalxTa didi gadasaxlebis~ saxeliT icnoben.
hunebi. IV saukunis Sua xanebSi, dRevandeli monRoleTisa da misi mimdebare teritoriebidan dasavleTisaken daiZrnen nadiris tyavebSi gamoxveuli, ubelo cxenebze
amxedrebuli, mSvild-isriTa da maxvilebiT SeiaraRebuli tomebi. wvrili TvalebiT,
brtyeli cxviriTa da gaburZgnuli TmebiT hunebi marTlac saSineli Sesaxedavni iyvnen.
IV saukunis 60-ian wlebSi isini balkaneTisaken daiZrnen da dneprispireTSi sxva
barbarosebs, goTebs Seejaxnen. goTTa nawili (ostgoTebi _ aRmosavleT goTebi) da58
morCilda hunebs, nawili ki (vestgoTebi _ dasavleT goTebi) gaiqca, qvemo dunai
gadalaxa da romis balkanur provincia meziaSi (dRevandeli bulgareTi) damkvidrda.
vestgoTebis mier romis aReba. hunebisagan devnili meziaSi (romauli provincia)
Casaxlebuli vestgoTebi `romis mokavSireTa~ statusiT sargeblobdnen. maT imperiis
sazRvrebis dacva evalebodaT. Tumca es SeTanxmeba xSirad irRveoda. vestgoTebisaTvis
gamoyofili miwebi unayofo iyo. ukmayofilo vestgoTebi ajanydnen da konstantinopolisken daiZrnen. 378 wels qalaq adrianopolTan maT gaanadgures romauli armia. am
brZolas Seewira imperatori valentiniane. vestgoTebsa da roms Soris zavi 382 wels
daido. germanelebma saarsebod sakmarisi miwa da romis jarSi msaxurebis ufleba miiRes. amieridan romauli jari, ZiriTadad, germanelebisgan kompleqtdeboda.
Sinagani winaaRmdegobebis gamo imperatorma Teodosiusma 395 wels Tavis vaJebs,
arkadiuss da honoriuss romis imperia gaunawila. arkadiuss aRmosavleTis provinciebi ergo, centriT qalaqi konstantinopoli. es provinciebi iyo: egvipte, azia,
ponto, siria, makedonia, Trakia da saberZneTi; xolo honoriuss dasavleTi, centriT
qalaqi romi. Zmebs Soris male mtroba Camovarda.
arkadiusis samkvidroSi Casaxlebuli vestgoTebi safrTxes uqmnidnen aRmosavleT
imperias. saimperatoro karis waqezebiT, vestgoTebi, TavianTi beladis, alarixis meTaurobiT, romisaken daiZrnen. 408 wels alarixi italiaSi SeiWra da 410 wels romi
aiRo. es iyo pirveli SemTxveva qalaqis daarsebidan, rodesac mterma romi aiRo. `maradiuli qalaqis~ dacema romael moqalaqeTaTvis Sokismomgvreli da samyaros dasasrulis tolfasi iyo. imperatorma honoriusma, romelic ravenaSi iyo gamagrebuli,
vestgoTebs romis sanacvlod galiaSi Casaxleba SesTavaza. vestgoTebma miiRes imperatoris winadadeba. italiis darbevis Semdeg isini samxreT galiaSi gadavidnen. espaneTSi damkvidrebuli sxva barbarosi tomebi: vandalebi da alanebi gaaZeves da Tavad
daikaves espaneTi. vestgoTTa saxelmwifos centri qalaqi tuluza gaxda. maTi batonoba samxreT galiaSi SedarebiT xanmokle iyo, espaneTi ki VIII saukunis damdegamde
SeinarCunes. es iyo pirveli barbarosuli samefo romis imperiis yofil teritoriaze.
hunebis beladi atila. V saukunis 30-iani wlebidan hunebis meTauri gaxda niWieri
da sastiki dampyrobeli atila. atilas sataxto-samyofeli hqonda mdinare tisas napirebTan, dRevandeli ungreTis teritoriaze. aqedan esxmoda Tavs da aoxrebda mTel
dunaispireTsa da romis sazRvrebs.
hunebis safrTxem droebiT gaaerTiana germaneli tomebis nawili da romaelebi.
romaelma sardalma aeciusma mokavSired gaixada adre romis mtrad Seracxuli barbarosebi _ frankebi, vestgoTebi da sxvani. amaTTan erTad Seeba is atilas jarebs
451 wels katalaunis velze (adgili Sampanis olqSi, safrangeTSi). orive mxarem didi
zarali naxa. atilam ukan daixia.
atilas damarcxeba katalaunis velze ar niSnavda, rom `RvTis risxva~ SeCerebuli
iyo. momdevno, 452 wels, atila romisken daiZra da qalaqs miaRwia. hunTa urdoebi
moulodnelad SeiWrnen italiaSi da daiZrnen daucveli romisaken.
imperatori valentiniane III winaaRmdegobas ver uwevda momxdurs. barbarosTa beladTan Sesaxvedrad romis maSindeli papi leo I gamovida. patara mdinaresTan Sexvedrian erTmaneTs papi da barbarosi. Tavis sicocxleSi pirvelad, atila didZali
xarkis miRebis Semdeg ubrZolvelad gaecala qalaqs. 453 wels atila gardaicvala
(zogierTi monacemiT, mokles). hunTa tomobrivi kavSiri male daiSala, xolo maTi
didi nawili adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi gaiTqvifa.
alan-vandalTa samefo CrdiloeT afrikaSi. V saukunis damdegi rTuli aRmoCnda
romauli espaneTisaTvis. 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi aq damkvidreba daiwyes hunTagan
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devnilma alanebma, vandalebma da sxva Zvelgermanulma tomebma is iyo fexi moikides espaneTSi, rom CrdiloeTidan vestgoTebi SemoiWrnen. alan-vandalTa beladi
haizerixi gadarCenis gzebs eZebda. swored am dros romauli afrikis mmarTveli,
vinme bonifaciusi, romis saimperatoro xelisuflebas ganudga da karTagenSi Tavi
afrikis imperatorad gamoacxada. bonifaciuss damxmare samxedro Zala sWirdeboda
romis winaaRmdeg da haizerixs daxmareba sTxova. mxareTa Soris SeTanxmeba Sedga da
429 wels alan-vandalebi, TiTqmis mTlianad, CrdiloeT afrikaSi gadavidnen. bonifaciusma da haizerixma romauli legionebi ukuagdes. alan-vandalebma CrdiloeT
afrikuli aristokratiis miwebi gadainawiles, qalaqebi da simagreebi daikaves. male
haizerixma yofili mokavSire bonifaciusi daamxo da Tavi karTagenis mefed gamoacxada. haizerixma ara marto afrikuli teritoriebi Semoimtkica, aramed romis saqmeebSi scada Careva.
455 wels haizerixma isargebla romis saimperatoro karze areulobiT da Tavs daesxa roms. haizerixTan molaparakeba kvlav romis papma leo I-ma iTava. molaparakebis
Sedegad vandalebi mxolod 10 dRiT gaZarcvavdnen qalaqs, Tumca xels ar axlebdnen
eklesiebsa da saeklesio qonebas. vandalebma daTqmul vadebSi ise gaZarcves, daangries da gaanadgures maradiuli qalaqi, msgavsi rom aravis gaegona. am faqtis Semdeg
kacobriobis mexsierebas SemorCa gamoTqma `vandalizmi~, rac yovelive Rirebulis
mospoba-ganadgurebas gulisxmobs.
ostgoTebi italiaSi. im dros, roca vestgoTebi balkaneTidan italiisaken daiZrnen, maTma naTesavebma, hunebis mier damorCilebulma ostgoTebma, Tavi gaiTavisufles,
balkaneTSi SeiWrnen da meziis provincia daikaves. ostgoTebic romis mokavSireebad
iTvlebodnen. maTi beladi, Teodorixi, konstantinopolis karze izrdeboda da imperatoris Svilobilisa da konsulis sapatio titulebsac atarebda. miuxedavad moCvenebiTi simSvidisa, konstantinopolis imperatorebi goTebSi safrTxes xedavdnen da
maT Tavidan moSorebas cdilobdnen.
am dros italiaSi romis ukanaskneli imperatori, axalgazrda romulus avgustulusi, daqiravebuli jaris meTaurma, barbarosma odoakrma daamxo da Tavi italiis
mmarTvelad gamoacxada. es moxda 476 wels. swored es movlena iTvleba dasavleT
romis imperiis dasasrulad.
konstantinopoleli imperatori zenoni Teodorixs arwmunebda, Rirseuli kaci
xar, daipyari italia, moaSore uRirsi odoakri da tradiciuli megobrobac SevinarCunoTo. 493 wels imperatorisagan waqezebuli Teodorixi Tavisi urdoebiT italiaSi
SeiWra. goTebma sZlies odoakrs. Teodorixma Crdilo da centraluri italia daikava, roms politikuri mosazrebiT gverdi auara da sataxto qalaqad ravena airCia. Teodorixi Wkviani mmarTveli aRmoCnda. man romaul miwaTmflobelur aristokratiasTan Semrigebluri pozicia daikava. rac Seexeba Tavisufali goTi meTemeebis moTxovnilebas miwebze, Teodorixma ase gadaWra: romael miwaTmflobelebs miwebis mesamedi
CamoarTva da goTebs gadaunawila. Teodorixs Tavi damoukidebel mmarTvelad eWira.
bizantiis imperatorebi ki Tavs romis imperiis memkvidreebad acxadebdnen da ostgoTebisgan morCilebas moiTxovdnen. dapirispirebam bizantiasa da ostgoTebs Soris
omi gardauvali gaxada. saomari moqmedebebi bizantiis imperator iustinianes dros,
535 wels daiwyo da TiTqmis oc wels gagrZelda. ostgoTTa samefo daeca. goTebi
adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi gaiTqvifnen da dakarges TavianTi eTnikuri saxe. xolo
italia droebiT bizantiis imperiis nawili gaxda.
anglosaqsebis gadasaxleba britaneTSi. britaneTi romis imperiam Zv.w. I saukuneSi
daipyro. romaelTa batonoba aq TiTqmis V saukunis Sua xanebamde gagrZelda. aqauri
mkvidri mosaxleoba, keltebi, sakmaod romanizebulni da qristianul sarwmunoebasac
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naziarebni iyvnen. britaneTidan romaelTa gasvlasTan erTad iwyeba Zveli germaneli
tomebis Tavdasxmebi, romlebmac mTlianad Secvales kunZulis eTnikuri saxe. kontinenturi evropidan britaneTis kunZuls Tavs esxmodnen da aq saxldebodnen saqsebi,
iutebi, anglebi, frizebi da sxvebi.
anglosaqsebis britaneTSi gadasaxlebiT praqtikulad dasrulda e. w. xalxTa
didi gadasaxleba. maSindel dasavleT evropaSi Casaxlebulma Tu gadasaxlebulma
barbarosulma, Zvelma germanelma tomebma gansazRvres momavali evropis eTnikuri da
politikuri saxe.
vestgoTTa, ostgoTTa da alan-vandalTa samefoebi dasavleT romis imperiis teritoriaze aRmocenebuli tipuri barbarosuli saxelmwifoebi iyo (aRmocendnen sxva
samefoebic: burgundebis, langobardebisa da sxv.).
maTi CamosaxlebiT arsebiTad Seicvala maSindeli dasavleT evropis ara marto politikuri saxe, aramed sazogadoebis cxovrebis wesic. barbarosebma TiTqmis mTlianad daangries monaTmflobelobis socialuri da ekonomikuri safuZvlebi da moamzades niadagi axali, feodaluri sazogadoebisaTvis.
davaleba
1. CamoayalibeT romis or nawilad gayofis mizezebi da SeafaseT es faqti.
2. CamoTvaleT germanuli tomebi, romlebmac dalaSqres romis imperia.
3. daasaxeleT barbarosTa mier romis aRebis TariRi da aRwereT es procesi.
4. CamoTvaleT dasavleT evropaSi Seqmnili barbarosuli saxelmwifoebi.
5. SeafaseT bizantiis imperiis damokidebuleba am saxelmwifoebTan.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
`xalxTa didi gadasaxleba~ _ IV-VI saukuneebi
adrianopolTan brZola _ 378 w.
alarixis (vestgoTebis) mier romis aReba _ 410 w.
katalaunis brZola _ 451 w.
haizerixis (vandalTa beladi) mier romis aReba _ 455 w.
dasavleT romis imperiis dacema _ 476 w.
$4. feodaluri urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba evropasa da
saqarTveloSi
wodebrivi sazogadoeba. Sua saukuneebSi adamianebi sxvadasxva wodebas ganekuTvnebodnen. maTi wodebrivi kuTvnileba socialuri warmoSobiT ganisazRvreboda. yma
ymisagan warmoiSveboda, Tavisufali _ TavisufalTagan, warCinebulni ki warCinebulTagan.
XI saukuneSi qalaq lanis (safrangeTSia) episkoposi werda: RvTis saxli sam nawilad iyofa, erTni loculoben, meoreni ibrZvian, mesameni Sromoben. erTad mcxovrebi
es sami fena erTmaneTs xels ki ar uSlis, aramed erTmaneTs ganapirobeben. erTis saqmianoba aucilebelia danarCeni oris moRvaweobisaTvis.
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pirvel wodebas, TavianTi socialuri mdgomareobiTa da amqveyniuri daniSnulebiT, ganekuTvnebodnen sasulieroni.
sasuliero pirebi, ubralo mRvdlidan patriarqamde Tu papamde, erT saqmes, adamianis sulis amqveyniuri codvebisagan xsnis, ganwmendisa da saiqio netarebisaTvis Semzadebas emsaxurebodnen. am uzenaes mizans eklesiis msaxurni locviT, yoveldRiuri
RvTismsaxurebiTa da im saidumloebaTa aRsrulebiT aRwevdnen, romlis ucilobeli
ufleba uflisagan mxolod eklesias hqonda boZebuli. eklesia, evropeli morwmunis
azriT, Tavad uflisagan iyo Seqmnili, maSasadame, mis miwier uzenaesobasa da RvTaebriv daniSnulebebSi eWvis Setana momakvdinebeli codvis tolfasi iyo.
eklesia Sua saukuneebSi flobda ara marto adamianebis sulier samyaros, aramed
materialur sikeTesac. eklesia-monastrebi SewirulobaTa da saCuqrebis saxiT uzarmazar moZrav qonebas da mamulebs flobdnen. am TvalsazrisiT eklesia saero feodalsac emsgavseboda, mis niSnebsac atarebda.
meore wodebas saero feodalebi ganekuTvnebodnen. es wodeba mTeli feodaluri
sazogadoebis politikur struqturas agebda, gansazRvravda da icavda.
Tu pirvel wodebas miznis misaRwevad `sulieri maxvili~ (`sityva~) hqonda uflisagan boZebuli, saero feodalebs `saero maxvili~ epyraT `miwieri mSvidobisa~ da
RvTisagan dadgenili amqveyniuri wesrigis SesanarCuneblad.
saero feodalTa saTaveSi mefe (imperatori, basilevsi) idga. is iyo umaRlesi instancia yvela saxis saero sakiTxebSi. vinaidan mxolod mefisaTvis, erTi pirovnebisaTvis SeuZlebeli iyo mTeli qveynis marTva-gamgebloba, igi daxmarebas saWiroebda.
amisaTvis mas gverdSi edgnen saero da sasuliero didebulebi: mTavrebi, hercogebi
da sxvani. mefe maT TanadgomisaTvis, samsaxurisaTvis, vinaidan fuli maSin naklebad gamoiyeneboda, sazRaurad miwas gadascemda. didebulebma mefisagan male moipoves ufleba es miwebi memkvidreobiT sakuTrebad gadaeqciaT da gadaecaT STamomavlobisaTvis. Tavad feodalebi, didi mTavrebi da hercogebi, mefis msgavsad, TavianT
Tanamdgomebs, damxmareebs wyalobis saxiT gadascemdnen mefisagan boZebuli vrceli
mamulidan miwis nawils soflebTan erTad. aseTi miwis mimRebni, hercogis an mTavris
qveSevrdomni, vasalebi, warCinebulTa ufro dabal fenas ekuTvnodnen. eseni iyvnen
grafebi, baronebi da raindebi. feodaluri sazogadoebis mmarTveloba SeiZleba warmovidginoT piramidis saxiT, sadac mwvervalze mefea, mis qvemoT mTavrebi an hercogebi, ufro dabla grafebi an baronebi da kidev ufro dabla raindebi.
mesame wodebas ganekuTvnebodnen yvela isini, vinc ar Sedioda pirvel da meore
wodebaSi. eseni iyvnen glexebi da moqalaqeebi.
Sua saukuneebis dasawyisisaTvis, rogorc mecnierebi varaudoben, mosaxleobis
95% soflebSi cxovrobda, Sua saukuneebis bolos ki _ 80%-ze meti. maSindel mozrdil evropul sofelSi 100-dan 200-mde komli iqneboda. iyo ufro patara soflebic. soflis centrSi usaTuod idga eklesia, cota moSorebiT _ glexTa qoxmaxebi.
glexs hqonda Tavisi sakarmidamo nakveTi da sargeblobda sasoflo savargulebiT:
saZovriT, tyiT, mdinariT da a. S. oRond miwa, romelsac glexi amuSavebda da ojaxs
arCenda, misi sakuTreba ar iyo. miwa feodals ekuTvnoda.
glexis valdebuleba Tavisi batonis, senioris winaSe mravalnairi iyo, romelic
SeiZleba ori saxiT warmovadginoT _ SromiTi valdebuleba da sagadasaxado valdebuleba. SromiT valdebulebaSi igulisxmeboda batonis miwis moxvna, daTesva, mosavlis aReba-dabinaveba, saxlis aSeneba Tu SekeTeba, wisqvilis gamarTva Tu SeSis
motana. mokled, rac feodals sWirdeboda, glexs unda Seesrulebina. glexis SromiT
valdebulebas begara hqvia.
garda amisa, glexs Tavisi sakarmidamodan miRebuli mosavlis nawili, marcvleuli
Tu Rvino, oTxfexi Tu frinveli, yveli Tu karaqi, kvercxi Tu matyli, batonisaTvis
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unda mierTmia. misarTmevlis raodenobas batoni gansazRvravda. glexis sagadasaxado
valdebulebas Rala hqvia.
Tu davukvirdebiT, SevniSnavT, rom feodalur sazogadoebaSi pirveli da meore
wodeba gabatonebulia, magram araa mwarmoebeli, e.i. is ar qmnis materialur dovlaTs. is mxolod moixmars mas. mxolod mesame wodeba Sromobs, qmnis materialur
dovlaTs, magram ar flobs politikur Zalauflebas.
mesame wodebis gansakuTrebul fenas qmnidnen qalaqis mcxovreblebi.
davaleba
1. daaxasiaTeT Suasaukuneobrivi sazogadoeba.
2. imsjeleT feodaluri urTierTobebisTvis damaxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebebze.
$5. vaxtang gorgaslis mefoba
V saukunis meore naxevarSi bizantiasa da sparseTs Soris SedarebiTma mSvidobam
daisadgura. qristinul mimarTulebebs Soris dapirispireba, socialuri winaaRmdegobebi da Crdilokavkasieli momTabareebis (hunebis) Tavdasxmebi arTulebda imperiis mdgomareobas. Turquli modgmis momTabare tomebis _ hefTalebis Semosevebi ki
seriozul safrTxes uqmnida sparseTs.
am droisTvis aRmosavleT amierkavkasia iranis gavlenis qveS iyo. somxeTi (428
wlidan) da albaneTi (461 wlidan) faqtobrivad sparseTis provinciebs warmoadgendnen. qarTli, marTalia, inarCunebda samefo xelisuflebas, magram isic sparseTis uzenaesobas aRiarebda.
qarTlSi sparseTis gavlenis zrdaze miuTiTebs is garemoebac, rom qristianuli
eklesiis mRvdelmTavari _ mTavarepiskoposi da cecxlTayvanismcemelTa meTauri _
`sparsTa episkoposi~ (anu `mogvTa Tavi~) Tanabari uflebebiT sargeblobdnen.
V saukunis 30-iani wlebis bolos (an 40-iani wlebis dasawyisSi) gardaicvala qarTlis mefe mirdati. vaxtangi am droisTvis Svidi wlis yofila da qveyanas misi deda
sagduxti ganagebda. sagduxti ranis pitiaxSis barzabodis asuli iyo. ranis pitiaxSi
amierkavkasiaSi iranis umaRles moxeles warmoadgenda. wyaroebis mixedviT, sagduxti mamas eaxla da misgan vaxtangis gamefebis ufleba miiRo. barzabodTan miRweuli
SeTanxmebiT, sparseTi ar aiZulebda qristianebs rjulis daTmobas, amasTan, cecxlTayvanismcemlobac nebadarTul religiad unda gamocxadebuliyo. mematianes cnobiT,
mazdeanoba qarTvel warCinebulTa Soris ar gavrcelebula, magram `wvrili eri moiqca mravali cecxlis msaxurebasa~.
vaxtang gorgaslis gamefebis zusti TariRi ucnobia. istorikosTa umravlesoba
Tvlis, rom is V saukunis 40-iani wlebSi unda asuliyo taxtze. gaziarebuli mosazrebiT, vaxtangs VI saukunis dasawyisamde umefia (savaraudod, 502-503 wlebi).
vaxtang gorgaslis mefobis Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdis XI saukunis istorikosi juanSeri. misi Txzuleba `cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa~ Sesulia `qarTlis cxovrebis~ krebulSi. Txzuleba garkveul zRaprul Sinaarssac Seicavs, amis miuxedavad,
is vaxtangis mefobis amsaxveli umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa. vaxtangis mefoba mokledaa
gadmocemuli `moqcevai qarTlisaiSic~. am epoqas asaxavs iakob xucesis `SuSanikis
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wamebac~. aseve sayuradReboa somexi istorikosis lazar farpecis (`somxeTis istoria~) cnobebi.
juanSeri mefes zeadamianuri Zalis mqoned warmogvidgens _ `da iyo igi umaRles
kacTa mis JamisaTa, da umSvenieres saxiTa da Zlier ZaliTa, romel Wurvili (aRWurvili) qveiTi iremsa miewios, upyris rqa da daiWiros, da cxeni Wurvili aRiRis mxarTa
zeda da mcxeTiT aRvidis cixesa armazisasa~. gadaWarbebuli Cans juanSeris cnobebi
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mebrZol qarTvel meomarTa (750000) da datyvevebul alan-osTa
(daaxl. 250000) raodenobis Sesaxebac.
vaxtangi sparseTis vasalia. Sahis moTxovniT mas jaris gamoyvana evaleboda. V
saukunis 60-ian wlebSi qarTlis mefe Sua aziaSi ibrZoda iranis aRmosavleTi sazRvrebis gasafarToeblad da dasacavad. amasTan, vaxtangi, rogorc sparseTis qveSevrdomi, iranisave daxmarebiT laSqravs da iqvemdebarebs Crdilokavkasiel tomebs
da amagrebs uReltexilebs (darialisa da dvaleTis gadmosasvlelebs). junaSeris
cnobiT, vaxtangma `... Seqmna kari ovseTisani da aRaSena mas zeda godoli da daayena
mas zeda mcvelni maxlobelni mis adgilisani da uwoda karad mas darialisa, da aw
Tvinier mefisa ver xel-ewifebis gadmosvlad~.
juanSeris cnobiT, vaxtangis mcirewlovnobis dros qarTli osebs daulaSqravT.
daurbeviaT da gauZarcvavT teritoria `mtkvridan vinem xunanamde, moaoxres velni,
cixe-qalaqni, Tvinier kaspisa~. momxvdurebs vaxtangis da miranduxtic dautyvevebiaT. swored am Semosevis sanacvlod daulaSqravT qarTvelebs oseTi.
CrdiloeT kavkasiidan dabrunebulma mefem sparseTis Sahis asulze iqorwina. dinastiuri qorwineba qarTlsa da sparseTs Soris politikuri kavSiris ganmtkicebas
emsaxureboda da `mfarvelisagan~ qarTlis samefos gaZlierebisaken mimarTuli politikis mxardaWerasac. marTlac, vaxtang gorgasalma SemoierTa argveTi, svaneTi,
egrisi, hereTi, kambeCovani (qiziyi), daibruna bizantielTagan mitacebuli klarjeTi.
gaerTianebuli qarTuli samefo: kaxeTisa da kuxeTis, hereTis, xunanis, samSvildis,
Sida egrisisa da svaneTis, margvisa da Takveris, klarjeTis, wundis, oZrxis saerisTavoebisagan da Sida qarTlis saspaspetosagan Sedgeboda.
garkveuli mxardaWeris miuxedavad, sparseTi vaxtang gorgaslis mowinaaRmdege
warCinebulebis gadabirebasac cdilobda. momxreobis sanacvlod maT Sahi xalSeuxeblobasa da wyalobas hpirdeboda. sparseTis mxardaWeriT gandidebuli xelisufalia
qvemo qarTlis pitiaxSi varsqeni. man Sahis mxardaWeris mosapoveblad uaryo qristianoba da gamazdeanebuli, sparseTis daxmarebiT daimedebuli, aSkarad daupirispirda vaxtangs. sarwmunoebriv niadagze varsqens win aRudga misi meuRle SuSaniki,
somxeTis mxedarTmTavris, vardan mamikonianis asuli.
vaxtang gorgaslis mefobas ukavSirdeba saeklesio reforma, rasac qarTuli (qarTlis) eklesiis avtokefalia mohyva. wyaroebis mixedviT, vaxtangs daupirispirda
mTavarepiskoposi miqaeli. mefesa da mRvdelmTavars Soris konfliq­
tis gamomwvevi
zusti mizezebi ucnobia. istorikosTa nawili Tvlis, rom mefes `vercxlis moyvareobaSi~ mxilebuli mTavarepiskoposisa da ramdenime uRirsi episkoposis gadayeneba
moundomebia, rasac SeiZleba marTlac gamoewvia aRniSnuli konfliqti. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom maRal saeklesio ierarqebs mefis mowinaaRmdege didaznaurTa pozicia
eWiraT da am niadagze upirispirdebodnen mefesa da mis mxedrobas.
konstantinopoli iZulebuli gaxda Serigeboda qarTlis eklesiis damoukideblobas, radgan sparseTTan dapirispirebis gamo, bizantiisaTvis qarTlis politikur pozicias didi mniSvneloba hqonda. qarTlis avtokefaluri eklesiis pirveli kaTalikosi iyo petre, romlis xeldasxma antioqiis patriarqma ganaxorciela.
vaxtangis dros qarTlis samefoSi arsebobda ocamde saepiskoposo: mcxeTis, samTavisis, ruisis, niqozis, wilknis, Tbilisis, manglisis, bolnisis, curtavis, Weremis,
rusTavis, ninowmindis, xornabujis, bodbis, CelTas, awyveris, axizis, eruSeTis da
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sxva. am saepiskoposo centrebidan zogi vaxtangis mefobamdec arsebobda, nawilic
(ujarma, ninowminda, Weremi, xornabuji da sxva) mefes saeklesio reformis Semdeg
dauarsebia.
qveynis gaZlierebisa da saboloo gaTavisuflebisaken iyo mimarTuli aRmSeneblobiTi saqmianobac. vaxtangma daaarsa qalaqebi xornabuji (hereTSi), Weremi (kaxeTSi),
artanuji (klarjeTSi). aigo niqozis, ninowmindis, Weremis, CeleTis, JaleTis, sveticxovlis qvis eklesiebi.
vaxtang gorgaslis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli Tbilisis gadaqceva qarTlis dedaqalaqad (es saqme vaxtangis memkvidrem, daCim daasrula).
vaxtang gorgaslis umTavresi amocana sparseTis gavlenisagan qveynis sruli gaTavisufleba iyo. am miznis miRweva antiiranuli Zalebis konsolidaciiT Tu moxerxdeboda. amitom ganamtkica mefem samxedro-politikuri kavSiri Crdilokavkasiel
xalxebTan (hunebTan da osebTan), albanelebTan da somxebTan. sparseTis winaaRmdeg
ajanyebis tolfasi iyo 482 wels varsqenis mokvla. dro gonivrulad iqna SerCeuli.
sparseTs garTulebuli hqonda mdgomareoba Sua aziaSi, ajanyebisTvis emzadebodnen
somxebica da albanelebic. ufro adre (V saukunis 70-ian wlebSi) vaxtangi kavSirs
amyarebs bizantiasTan _ pirveli colis (Sahis asulis) gardacvalebis Semdeg mefe
imperatoris qaliSvilze dainiSna.
somexi istorikosi lazar farpeci wers, rom somxebi qarTvelebis ajanyebas aRfrTovanebiT Sexvdnen. Tumca maTi sardali vahan mamikoniani sparselebTan brZolaze
Tavs ikavebda, radgan kargad icoda iranelTa Zala da `bizantielTa sisuste da matyuaroba~. mas arc Tavisianebis imedi hqonda _ `icoda somexTa jaris sisuste da xedavda, rom mas dahkargvoda mxneoba, dauZlurebuliyo da srulebiTac ara hgavda sxva
drois gulmodginebasa da mondomebas~ (lazar farpeci). yoymanis miuxedavad, somxeTSic ifeTqa ajanyebam. 483 wels, ajanyebis dawyebisTanave, iranma didi jari gamogzavna
qarTlsa da somxeTSi. vaxtangi moerida mravalricxovan mowinaaRmdegesTan pirispir
Sebmas da somxeTis mTebSi gamagrda. aqve idga somexTa jari mamikonianis sardlobiT.
mdgomareobas arTulebda isic, rom hunTa Sepirebuli Zala ar Canda, sabolood ki
mxolod 300 huni meomari gamocxadda vaxtangTan. brZolis dawyebis win Ralatma iCina Tavi. somex didebulTa nawilma amcno sparselebs, rom maT mxares gadavidodnen.
Ralatis miuxedavad, qarTul-somxurma jarma didi winaaRmdegoba gauwia sparselebs.
magram misi damarcxeba da dawyebuli brZolis gamarjvebamde miyvana mainc ver SeZlo.
damarcxebulma vaxtangma egriss Seafara Tavi.
484 wels sparseTis Sahi perozi hunebTan brZolaSi daiRupa. Seqmnilma mdgomareobam axali Sahi valarSi aiZula kavkasieli xalxebis mimarT garkveul daTmobebze
wasuliyo. gawveul iqna sparseTis jari, Sesustda iranelTa batonoba...
V saukunis miwuruls sparseTsa da bizantias Soris morigi omi daiwyo. iranma qarTlis mefes, rogorc mis xeldebuls, daxmareba sTxova. vaxtangma daxmarebaze uari
SeuTvala da sabrZolo samzadiss Seudga. iranelTa mravalricxovani jari qarTlisaken gamoemarTa. gadamwyveti Setevis dros vaxtangi sasikvdilod daiWra. `sparsma
vinme sca isari mkerdsa vaxtangissa... damZimda wyluleba vaxtangisi, rameTu Seweul
iyo isari firtuad (filtvi) da warvida ujarmos~ (`qarTlis cxovreba~). vaxtangis
gardacvalebis zusti TariRi ucnobia. mefe sveticxovlis taZarSi dakrZales.
davaleba
1. daaxasiaTeT V saukunis Sua wlebis qarTlis politikuri mdgomareoba.
2. ganmarteT, ratom uWerda sparseTis Sahi mxars varsqen pitiaxSs.
3. gansazRvreT mefesa da mTavarepiskoposs Soris dapirispirebis gamomwvevi mizezebi.
4. imsjeleT qarTuli eklesiis mier avtokefaliis mopovebis mniSvnelobaze.
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5. SeafaseT vaxtang gorgaslis gadawyvetileba, Seeqmna erTiani antisparsuli fronti.
6. axseniT sparseTis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis marcxis mizezebi.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
somxeTSi mefobis gauqmeba _ 428 w.
albaneTSi mefobis gauqmeba _ 461 w.
vaxtang gorgaslis mefobis savaraudo TariRi _ V s-is Sua wlebi _ VI saukunis
dasawyisi
varsqen pitiaxSis mkvleloba _ 482 w.
$6. bizantiis imperatori iustiniane didi
iustiniane didi. iustiniane I (527-565 ww.), didad wodebuli, bizantiis yvelaze Zlevamosil mmarTveladaa miCneuli. masSi saxelmwifo moRvawis niWi, ganaTleba
da Rrmad morwmuneoba mraval adamianur mankierebasTan iyo Serwymuli. saxelmwifos
marTvaSi did rols asrulebda misi coli, gonieri da iSviaTi silamazis Teodora.
iustinianes ZiriTadi amocana iyo romis imperiis aRdgena-restavracia, Zveli socialuri da ekonomikuri formebis SenarCuneba. es ki omebis gareSe ver moxdeboda.
aqedan iwyeba iustinianes mzadeba momavali didi omebisaTvis.
am miznis gasaxorcieleblad man mniSvnelovani reformebi gaatara armiaSi, safinanso sistemaSi, samoxeleo, safortifikacio-samSeneblo da sasamarTlo saqmeSi.
iustinianes brZanebiT, Seiqmna cnobili iuristebis komisia. am komisias unda Seekriba, gadaemuSavebina da komentarebi gaekeTebina romis saxelmwifoSi gamocemuli
sakanonmdeblo aqtebisaTvis. komisiam TiTqmis xuTi weli imuSava da Seqmna kacobriobis istoriaSi unikaluri samarTlis krebuli, romelsac ewoda `samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsi~ (korpus iuris civilis).
es kodeqsi sami nawilisagan Sedgeboda.
1. `kodeqsi iustinianesi~, romelSic Sedioda romis imperatorTa yvela winandeli
kanonebi.
2. `digestebi anu pandeqtebi~, kanonTa axsna-ganmartebebi da cnobili romaeli
iuristebisa da oratorebis komentarebi amis Taobaze.
3. `novelebi~, iustinianes mier gamocemuli axali kanonebi.
krebuls win uZRoda vrceli Sesavali, preambula anu `instituciebi~, erTgvari
saxelmZRvanelo imisa, rogor unda esargeblaT am kodeqsiT. misi mniSvneloba dRemde
Zalian didia. mas efuZneboda evropisa da amerikis qveynebis burJuaziuli samarTali,
vinaidan es iyo erT-erTi yvelaze srulyofili forma samarTlisa, romelic kerZo
sakuTrebas emyareboda da icavda.
omebi germanel tomebTan da sasanidur iranTan. imperiis restavracia, iustinianes
azriT, barbarosebis mier mitacebuli dasavleTis provinciebis SemoerTebiT unda
dawyebuliyo. aRmosavleTidan zurgis uzrunvelsayofad 532 wels man zavi dado sasaniduri iranis maSindel mbrZanebel xosro I anuSirvanTan, e.w. `saukuni (uvado)
zavi~. amis Semdeg is dasavleTs miubrunda. imperatorma kargad gamoiyena CrdiloeT
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afrikaSi alan-vandalTa samefoSi Seqmnili mwvave socialuri da religiuri dapirispirebani. romaelTa da qristianTa `dacvis~ sababiT 533 wels bizantielTa didi jari
gamoCenili sardlis velizaris meTaurobiT CrdiloeT afrikaSi SeiWra. vandalebTan
orwliani sastiki omis Sedegad karTageni da mTeli CrdiloeTi afrika imperias SeuerTda.
italiaSi, ostgoTTa samefo karzec didi areuloba iyo. amaSi bizantiis diplomatTa xelic eria. imperiis interesTa da qristianTa `dacvis~ sababiT, 535 wels bizantielTa armia velizaris sardlobiT italiaSi SeiWra. goTebTan mZime da xangrZliv omSi warmatebas bizantielebma miaRwies. SemoerTebul teritoriebs imperatoris mier daniSnuli egzarqosi marTavda. misi rezidencia qalaq ravenaSi iyo. amas mohyva omebi espaneTSi, vestgoTebTan, Tumca ara iseTi warmatebiT, rogorc afrikasa da
italiaSi. bizantielebma espaneTis mxolod samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiro daikaves.
iustinianes mizani imperiis aRdgenisa, TiTqos axda. magram es iyo mxolod droebiTi warmateba, dapyrobidan ociode wlis Semdeg italiaSi SeiWrnen sxva barbarosi
tomebi, langobardebi da bolo mouRes bizantielTa batonobas.
ufro rTuli viTareba bizantiisTvis aRmosavleTSi iyo. 531 wlidan iranis Sahi
gaxda sasanidTa dinastiaSi yvelaze didi mmarTveli xosro I anuSirvani (sxivmosili,
gabrwyinebuli). 532 wlis maradiuli zaviT, bizantiam da iranma amierkavkasia gaiyves,
iberia (qarTli) iranelebs, lazika (egrisi) ki bizantias ergo. 532 wlis zavi arc ise
myari aRmoCnda. bizantia-irans Soris 542 wels atexili ocwliani omis erT-erT arenad lazikis, dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoria iqca.
iustinianes xangrZlivma omebma aRmosavleTSi droebiT ganamtkica bizantiis poziciebi.
iustinianes mSeneblobebi. konstantinopolisa da imperiis sadideblad, sakuTari
saxelis ukvdavsayofad iustinianem grandiozuli mSeneblobebi wamoiwyo. mis dros
imperiaSi xelaxla iqna gayvanili samxedro da saqaravno gzebi, agebuli iqna uamravi
xidi da akvaduki, sasaxle da cixesimagre. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia iranelebis
mier Zirfesvianad dangreuli antioqiis xelaxla aSeneba da `saocrebad~ miCneuli aia
sofias taZari konstantinopolSi. esaa im droisaTvis grandiozuli zomebis (sigrZiT
77 metri, gumbaTis diametri 31 metri) samnaviani taZari. mopirkeTebul-moxatuli
brwyinvale mozaikebiTa da freskebiT. taZari aSenda 532-537 wlebSi, misi arqiteqtorebi iyvnen isidore mileteli da anTimoz traliseli.
aia sofias taZari Turqebma erTxans meCeTad aqcies, dRes ki aq muzeumebia ganTavsebuli.
davaleba
1. ra nawilebisgan Sedgeboda iustinianes `samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsi~?
2. romeli barbarosuli saxelmwifoebi daamarcxa iustinianem? romis imperiis romeli teritoriebi daibruna bizantiam?
3. ras iTvaliswinebda 532 wlis zavi?
ZiriTadi movlenebi da Tarirebi:
iustiniane I-is mefoba _ 527-565 ww.
bizantiis mier afrikis CrdiloeT sanapiros SemoerTeba _ 533 w.
bizantiis mier italiis SemoerTeba _ 535 w.
zavi bizantiasa da irans Soris _ 532 w.
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$7. `didi omianoba egrisSi~
ganmarteba
strategosi _ sardali, mxedarTmTavari.
patrikiosi _ bizantiis sakariskaco tituli.
TqvenTvis ukve cnobilia, rom V saukunis II naxevridan aRmosavleT amierkavkasia
iranis politikuri gavlenis qveS moeqca. sparseTi axla ukve SavizRvispireTSic gegmavda gabatonebas, rac regionidan bizantiis imperiis gaZevebas niSnavda.
532 wlis `saukuno zaviT~ bizantiasa da sparseTs Soris droebiTma mSvidobam
daisadgura. es dro bizantiam lazikaSi (ase uwodebdnen bizantieli istorikosebi
egriss) sakuTari poziciebis gasamyareblad gamoiyena, radgan icoda, ra strategiuli
mniSvneloba hqonda lazikas rogorc misTvis, ise sparseTisaTvis. bizantieli istorikosis prokopi kesarielis (VI saukune) SefasebiT: `sparselebi, Tu isini lazikas
xelT igdeben, advilad SeZleben, bizantionamde misvlas zRvaze gausvlelad... mas
(Sahs) xom RirsSesaniSnav mopovebad miaCnda, kolxidis qveyana sakuTrebad hqonoda
miTvisebuli, radgan, misi azriT, sparseTis Zalauflebas es did sargeblobas moutanda; iberiac xom momavalSi uSiSrad epyroboda, radgan iberebs aRar eyolebodaT
is xalxi, visTanac isini gandgomis SemTxvevaSi Tavs gadairCendnen... ~.
bizantiam sakuTari gavlenis SesanarCuneblad egrisSi gazarda laSqris raodenoba da strategosebis Zalaufleba, ramac ukiduresad Seasustda adgilobrivi xelisufleba da gaauaresa mosaxleobis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. bizantielebma zRvispiras, Tanamedrove cixisZiris adgilas, aages cixesimagre petra, romelic bizantieli strategosis rezidenciad iqca. strategos ioane cibesa da misi kariskacebis
umsgavsobebs bizantieli istorikosebic daufaravad amxeldnen: `strategosobamde
(ioane cibem) miaRwia sxva arafriT, garda imisa, rom yvelaze ufro sazizRari iyo
da yvelaze ufro moxerxebuli fulis saSovnelad usamarTlo saSualebaTa gamogonebaSi. man romaelTa da lazTa yvela saqmeebi gaamruda da arivdaria... ~ (prokopi
kesarieli).
Seqmnili viTareba TandaTan aRrmavebda bizantielebsa da egriselebs Soris winaaRmdegobas. qarTveli politikosebi bizantiis Zalmomreobisgan Tavis dasaRwevad
sparseTis Zalis gamoyenebas gegmavdnen. prokopi kesarielis cnobiT lazi elCi sparseTis Sahs ase uxasiaTebda Seqmnil viTarebas: Cvens mefes mxolod mefobis garegnuli
niSnebi dautoves, xolo Zalaufleba srulad miiTvises bizantielma strategosebma.
uamravi jaric Cagviyenes, magram ara imitom, rom daicvan es Cveni qveyana... aramed,
raTa davemwyvdieniT Cven rogorc sadilegoSi da Cvens qonebas dapatronebodnen.
542 wels dairRva `saukuno zavi~. sparselebi Sah xosros meTaurobiT da egriselTa megzurobiT dasavleT saqarTveloSi Semovidnen. egrisis mefe gubazi `eTayvana
xosros, viTarca batons da... mTeli lazika gadasca mas~ (prokopi kesarieli). lazTa
da sparselTa gaerTianebulma laSqarma bizantielebTan brZo­laSi warmatebebs miaRwa. petra iranulma garnizonma daikava. es, faqtobrivad, bizantielebze sparselTa
gamarjvebas niSnavda.
sparselebis batonoba qarTvelebisTvis sakmaod mZime aRmoCnda. egrisi moswyda
qristianul samyaros, Sewyda vaWroba bizantiasTan. sparselebi kargad grZnobdnen,
rom egriselebi axla ukve maT aRiqvamdnen dampyroblebad da winaaRmdegobisTvis emzadebodnen. egrisis samudamod flobisaTvis Sahma xosrom gubazis mokvla, egriselebis
ayra da maT adgilze sparselebis da sxva erTguli tomebis Casaxleba gadawyvita.
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sparselebma daxmareba adgilobriv didebuls, gubazze ganawyenebul farsans sTxoves.
farsanma daiviwya gubazTan mtroba da mefes mosalodneli safrTxe acnoba. Sahis Canafiqris gamJRavnebam radikalurad Secvala gubazis damokidebuleba sparseTisadmi.
axla lazika bizantielebis mokavSired gamodis. imperatorma iustinianem gubazs 8000
meomari gaugzavna dasaxmareblad. omi mTeli sisastikiT ganaxlda _ `romaelebsa da
sparselebs Soris gaimarTa iseTi brZola da vaJkacobis gamomJRavneba, romlis msgavssac am Cvens droSi, vfiqrob, ar hqonia adgili~, _ werda bizantieli istorikosi
agaTia sqolastikosi (VI s.).
mokavSireebma, pirvel rigSi, petras Seuties, magram cixesimagris aReba ver moaxerxes. mogvianebiT (551 wels) bizantielebma mainc aiRes petra da sparselebis
xelaxali Tavdasxmis SiSiT miwasTan gaaswores. meore mxriv, marcxiT dasrulda
lazikis dedaqalaq cixe-gojze sparselebis ieriSi. omi sakmaod gaWianurda, amaSi,
mefe gubazi brals bizantiel sardlebs sdebda, _ isini swraf gamarjvebaze metad xalxis Zarcvasa da pirad gamdidrebaze zrunaveno... strategosebma, Tavis gadarCenis mizniT, gubazs Ralati daswames, mosalaparakeblad mdinare xobis napiras
miiwvies da mokles.
gubaz mefis mkvlelobam lazTa aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. saxalxo krebaze gamosul
oratorTa Soris istoriam ori darbaiseli lazis _ aietisa da fartaZis mier warmoTqmuli sityvebi Semogvinaxa.
aietis sityva:
`gaqra kolxTa Zveli Rirseba da amieridan veRar veRirsebiT imas, rom sxvebs
vmbrZaneblobdeT. isic unda vikmaroT, Tu mivaRwieT imas, rom Zalian ar dagvCagron
imaT, vinc winaT Cveni qveSevrdomi iyo. nuTu ukidures ugunurebas ar warmoadgens
is, rom imaT Sesaxeb, vinc es Caidina, Cven vzivarT da vmsjelobT, mtrebad CavTvaloT
isini Tu megobrebad? unda vicodeT, rom maTi Tavxedoba amaze ar SeCerdeba... me vinatridi kolxeTis samefos hqondes Tavisi Zveli Zliereba, rom mas ar dasWirdes ucxo
da gareSe Zalis daxmareba da rom yovelgvar saqmianobaSi rogorc omianobis, ise
mSvidobianobis dros, mxolod sakuTar Tavs eyrdnobodes. magram, rodesac Cven JamTa
trialis an bedis ukuRmarTobis wyalobiT iseTs uZlurebaSi CavardiT, rom sxvaTa
xelqveiTni gavxdiT, me vfiqrob, umjobesia, imaT xelSi viyoT, vinc ufro keTilismsurvelia, vinc uryevad icavs keTilganwyobilebas Tavisianebsa da mokavSireTa mimarT~.
fartaZis sityva:
`... nu avyvebiT msjelobis dros mowolil boRmas da gulistkivils, rom ar davkargoT mosazrebis unari da ar gavabundovanoT Cveni msjavri: SevinarCunoT unari
ukeTesis arCevisa... aba ras daemsgavseba Cveni saqcieli, Tu mivemxrobiT uzenaesi arsebis sastik mtrebs? Tu isini agvikrZalaven Cveni saRmrTo wesebis Sesrulebas da
TavianT wesebze gadagviyvanen... gubazi rom aq iyos, mogviwodebda, ar mivcemodiT sasowarkveTilebasa da gulaCuyebas, da monebis msgavsad ki ar gavqceuliyaviT, aramed
aRvWurviliyaviT kolxis Tavisufali SegnebiT, vaJkacurad agvetana ubedureba da
araferi sasircxvo da mamapapuri wesebis SembRalavi ar Cagvedina... me im azrisa var,
rom saWiroa romaelTa (bizantielTa) mefes vacnoboT momxdari ambavi, raTa igi saTanadod moepyras imaT, visac am mkvlelobaSi mTavari danaSauli miuZRvis, da Tu is
amas izams, amieridan moispoba Cveni uTanxmoeba romaelebTan, Tuki is uaryofs Cvens
Txovnas, maSin moviTaTbiroT, mizanSewonili iqneba Tu ara, meore gzas davadgeT~.
imperatorma gubazis mkvlelobis gamoZieba da damnaSaveebisaTvis sasjelis gansazRvra cnobil mosamarTles, aTanases daavala. sasamarTlo cixe-gojSi gaimarTa. gu69
bazis mkvlelobaSi braldebul strategosebs sikvdili miesajaT. imperatorma egrisis axal mefed gubazis memkvidre waTe daamtkica.
omis momdevno wlebi sparselebis warumateblobiT aRiniSna. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis daxmarebis gareSe maT Zalian gauWirdaT miudgomel, gauval adgilebSi
brZola, aranakleb Wirda mravalricxovani jaris sursaTiT momaragebac. 562 wels
mebrZol mxareTa Soris 50 wliani zavi daido. sparseTma egrisidan jari gaiyvana
da dasavleT saqarTvelo bizantiis gavlenis sferod aRiara. ase dasrulda TiTqmis
20-wliani omi anu `didi omianoba~ egrisisaTvis.
bizantielebma warmatebiT isargebles da egrisze sakuTari gavlena ganamtkices.
saimperatoro kari mkacrad akontrolebda qveynis saSinao da sagareo politikas,
egriselebs samxedro begarac daekisraT. VII saukunidan bizantielebi egrisis mmarTvels mefed aRarc moixseniebdnen, mas patrikioss uwodebdnen. bizantielTa batonoba
dasavleT saqarTveloSi VII saukunis miwurulamde gagrZelda. 697 wels maT aujanyda
egrisis patrikiosi sergi barnukis Ze da Tavi arabTa qveSevrdomad gamoacxada. Tumca
dasavleT saqarTveloSi verc arabebma moikides myarad fexi.
davaleba
1. gansazRvreT egrisis samxedro-strategiuli mniSvneloba bizantiisa da sparseTisaTvis.
2. imsjeleT, ratom daikaves evriselebma sparseTis mxare.
3. SeafaseT mefe gubazis gadawyvetileba, bizantiis winaaRmdeg gamoeyenebina sparseTis Zala.
2. SeafaseT aietisa da fartaZis mier warmoCenili argumentebi.
3. imsjeleT, ram aiZula imperatori iustiniane daekmayofilebina egriselTa moTxovnebi.
4. aRwerili movlenebis mixedviT SeafaseT patrikios sergi barnukis Zis gadawyvetileba _ bizantielTa sapirispirod mimxroboda arabebs.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi
`didi omianoba~ egrisSi _ 542-562 ww.
bizantielebis mier gubaz mefis mkvleloba _ 551 w.
egresis patrikosis, sergi barnukis Zis ajanyeba bizantiis winaaRmdeg _ 697 w.
$8. bizantiis imperia VII-XI saukuneebSi
herakle keisris laSqrobebi iransa da qarTlSi. herakle keisari `pirveli jvarosani~. iustinianes memkvidreebma ver SeinarCunes aRmosavluri miwebi. VII saukunis
dasawyisidan iranelebma ara marto daibrunes dakarguli teritoriebi, aramed mTel
mcire aziasa da palestinaze ganacxades pretenzia. iranelebma marTlac daikaves es
teritoriebi, TviT ierusalimsac daepatronen da iqidan gaitaces jvari, romelzedac
qriste evno.
610 wlidan bizantiis imperatori, eklesiisa da samxedroebis daxmarebiT, gaxda
afrikis egzarxosi herakle. igi unariani mmarTveli gamodga. eklesiis finansuri
70
mxardaWeriT gaatara saxelmwifo reformebi da gaaZliera armia. imperiaSi laTinuris nacvlad TandaTan damkvidrda berZnuli ena. imperatori axla ukve berZnul
yaidaze, basilevsad (mefed) iwodeboda. heraklem sagareo politikaSic gamoZebna
saimedo mokavSireebi (mag., xazarebi) da iranis winaaRmdeg gadamwyvet Setevaze gadavida. 627 wels bizantielebma da xazarebma (jibRu xakanis xelmZRvanelobiT) Tbiliss alya Semoartyes. Tbilisis damcvelebma 1000 iraneli mecixovnis daxmarebiT
SeZles moalyeebis ukugdeba. momdevno, 628 wels xazarebma Tbilisi aiRes da aqedan
iranuli garnizoni gaaZeves. somexi istorikosis movses kalankatuacis cnobiT, xazarebma sastikad aaoxres Tbilisi, mravali moqalaqe gaJlites da mravalic tyved
waiyvanes.
Tbilisis dauflebiT bizantia aRmosavleT saqarTvelos kvlav Tavis gavlenas
uqvemdebarebs. qarTlsa da bizantias Soris politikuri kavSiris ganmtkicebis mizniT keisari mkacrad uswordeba proiranul Zalebs, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ki
saeklesio saqmeebis mogvarebas uTmobs _ `heraklem tfiliss da mcxeTas da ujarmas
ganavlinna qadagni, raTa yovelni qristianeni eklesiaTa Sina Seikriben da yovelni
mogvni da cecxlisa msaxurni an moinaTlnen an moisrnen... ~ (`moqcevai qarTlisai~).
bizantielebi monofizit qristianebsac mkacrad gauswordnen. mematianis cnobiT, heraklem `ganwmida Sjuli qristesi da warvida~.
istorikosTa SefasebiT, TbiliselTa mimarT gamoCenili sastiki angariSworebis
miuxedavad, dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi bizantiis gavlenis damyareba ramdenadme xels uwyobda qarTveli xalxis kulturuli da politikuri daaxloebis
process.
xazarTagan Tbilisis aRebamde, heraklem 627 wels nineviasTan sastikad daamarcxa
iranelebi, mazdeanTaTvis wminda adgilas (gadmocemiT, sadac daibada zaraTuStra)
maradiuli cecxli Caaqro da iranis Zlierebas bolo mouRo. xolo iqidan wamoRebuli jvari didi pativiT gadaasvenes da zeimiT aRmarTes ierusalimSi.
xatmebrZoleoba bizantiaSi da `didi ganxeTqileba~ qristianul eklesiaSi. VIII
saukunis damdegs bizantiis imperatori xdeba leon III, warmoSobiT mcire aziis provincia isavriidan, amitom mmarTvel dinastiasac isavrielTa ewodeba (VIII-IX ss.).
axali imperatoris dros daiwyo xatmebrZoleoba, romelic saukuneze met xans gagrZelda.
leon III-m akrZala xatebis Tayvaniscema. samRvdeloeba aRaSfoTa aman da mTel saqristianoSi mRelvareba gamoiwvia. imperatoris brZanebiT, eklesia-monastrebs miwebi da sxva qoneba CamoerTvaT. misi Svilis, konstantine V dros, 754 wels mowveul
saeklesio krebaze xatmebrZoleoba daakanones. amas mTel imperiaSi mohyva seriozuli socialuri da politikuri ryevebi. mxolod saukunis miwuruls, 787 wels, VII
msoflio saeklesio krebaze, dedofal irines iniciativiT (mcirewlovani Svilis nacvlad marTavda imperias) aRdgenil iqna xatebis Tayvaniscema. xatmebrZoleobam mniSvnelovnad Seasusta imperia. amiT isargebles arabebma, bulgarelebma, slavebma da
aqtiur qmedebebze gadavidnen.
metismetad daiZaba urTierToba konstantinopolis sapatriarqosa da romis papebs
Soris. dapirispirebam imdenad Seurigebeli saxe miiRo, rom papma patriarqi eklesiidan gankveTa, xolo konstantinopolis eklesiam papi anaTemas gadasca. es moxda 1054
wels. eklesiaTa Soris msgavsi faqtebi adrec momxdara da esec droebiTi egonaT.
magram es gayofa-ganxeTqileba saboloo aRmoCnda da dRemde asea. aRmosavleTis eklesias amieridan marTlmadidebluri ewoda, dasavleTis eklesias, papis meTaurobiT
_ kaTolikuri.
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ganxeTqilebasTan erTad gaCnda am or eklesias Soris ganmasxvavebeli niSnebic.
kaTolikuri mrwamsiT, papi, rogorc msoflio eklesiis Tavi, dedamiwaze RvTis moadgile da memkvidre wm. petresi, ucodvelia, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca is qadagebs.
garda amisa, papi mTeli kaTolikuri eklesiis meTauria.
konstantinopolis patriarqi ki mxolod nominanturad (formalurad) iwodeba
msoflio patriarqad. is realurad ar ereva damoukidebel (avtokefaliur) eklesiaTa saqmeebSi. kaTolikur eklesiaSi wirva-locva dRemde laTinur enaze xdeba,
aRmosavleTis eklesiebSi ki Tavidanve mSobliur enaze iwirveboda (e. i. eklesia erovnuli xasiaTisa iyo). kaTolikeebi aRiareben, garda samoTxe-jojoxeTisa, salxinebelis arsebobasac (esaa Sualeduri mdgomareoba jojoxeTsa da samoTxes Soris,
sikvdilis Semdeg aq xvdebian adamianTa sulebi, ixdian sasjels da emzadebian sasufevlisaTvis).
gansxvavebani zogierT wesSic gaCnda. kaTolike RvTismsaxuri uqorwinobis, ubiwoebis aRTqmas sdebs (celibatis wesi). es debuleba aRmosavleTSi mxolod ber-monazvnebsa da episkoposebze vrceldeba.
kaTolikuri eklesiis ierarqiaSi arsebobs kardinalis xarisxi, papis Semdeg umaRlesi sasuliero mdgomareoba. XII saukunidan papis arCeva xdeba mxolod kardinalTa
kolegiis mier (konklavi). arsebobs agreTve araarsebiTi, zogierTi istoriuli tradiciiT SeZenili vizualuri gansxvavebebic.
davaleba
1. daaxasiaTeT herakles religiuri politika qarTlSi; ganmarteT imperatoris mizani.
2. romel saukeneebSi iyo gavrcelebuli xatmebrZoleoba bizantiaSi?
3. rodis gaiyo qristianuli eklesia kaTolikur da marTlmadideblur eklesiebad?
riT gansxvavedeba es eklesiebi erTmaneTisgan?
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
nineviasTan brZola _ 627 w.
Tbilisis aReba xazarebis mier _ 628 w.
xatmebrZoleobis dawyeba _ 754 w.
qristianuli eklesiis gayofa kaTolikur da marTlmadideblur eklesiebad _ 1054 w.
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testi #5
testis maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 34 qula.
I. wyaros analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 7 qula)
a) `... politikuri orientacia da damokidebuleba romTan farTod uRebda kars
kulturul urTierTobasac dasavlur samyarosTan, risi utyuari maCvenebelicaa is
cxoveli kontaqtebi, romelic mJRavndeba arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT. cxadia,
qarTlis samefo, romelzedac uZvelesi droidanve gadioda mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso savaWro-satranzito magistrali, arasodes yofila mowyvetili aRmosavluri
samyarosagan, magram niSandoblivia, rom swored Cveni welTaRricxvis I-III saukuneebSi gansakuTrebiT intensiuri xdeba dasavluri kulturuli impulsebi, rac kargad Cans romauli oqros da vercxlis monetebis mimoqceviT iberiis bazarze, aseve
romaul-italiuri maRalmxatvruli xelovnebis brwyinvale nimuSebis importiT...~.
daviT musxeliSvili.
b) `... qristianobam, rogorc erTRmerTianma religiam, xeli Seuwyo qarTveli xalxis eTnikur da saxelmwifoebriv konsolidacias, aseve, qarTuli anbanuri damwerlobisa da qristianuli literaturis Seqmnas. qarTuli qristianuli monastrebi da
saydrebi, rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise mis farglebs gareT, Sua saukuneebSi iqcnen
ganaTlebisa da samwerlobo kerebad, skriptoriumebad, sadac arsdeboda skolebi,
akademiebi (universitetebi), iTargmneboda berZnulidan, siriulidan, arabulidan da
sxva enebidan literaturuli Zeglebi da iqmneboda originaluri Sromebi. dRes Cvenamde Semonaxuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli literaturuli saganZuri, ZiriTadad, Seqmnilia skriptoriumebSi. qristianuli religia gaxda ideulogiuri brZolis iaraRi
jer mazdeanuri, xolo Semdeg mahmadianuri aRmosavleTis dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg
saxalxo-gamaTavisuflebeli brZolisa da xeli Seuwyo qarTveli xalxis TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebas, mis gadarCenas asimilaciisa da gaqrobisagan, gamoyo is mahmadianuri aRmosavleTisagan da dauaxlova qristianul evropas. qristianuli eklesia...
xels uwyobda aRmavlobis gzaze mdgari qarTlis feodaluri saxelmwifos ganmtkicebas, misi mmarTvelobis centralizacias, calkeuli kuTxeebis Semomtkicebas... ~.
mariam lorTqifaniZe, roin metreveli,
nodar SoSiaSvili da sxva.
SekiTxvebi:
1. wyaro a-s mixedviT:
a) ra faqtorebma daaCqara saqarTvelos gaqristianeba?
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(2 qula)
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b) ratom iyo dainteresebuli romis imperia misi mokavSire qveynebis gaqristianebiT?
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(1 qula)
2. wyaro b-s mixedviT:
a) ra politikuri da kulturuli mniSvneloba SeiZina qristianobam saqarTveloSi?
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(2 qula)
b) ratom iqca qristianoba qarTveli xalxis TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis umniSvnelovanes garantad?
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(2 qula)
II. upasuxeT kiTxvebs
instruqcia: mocemulia 21 kiTxva oTxi savaraudo pasuxiT. swori pasuxi fasdeba
1 quliT. jamSi, maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 21 qula.
1. CanoTvlilTagan, ZiriTadad, ra mizans emsaxureboda qristianobis miReba?
a) qristianoba imperiaSi mcxovrebi xalxebis kulturul ganviTarebas uwyobda xels;
b) qristianobis miRebiT romi sparseTis mier dapyrobil qristian xalxs miimxrobda da istoriuli metoqis damarcxeba gauadvildeboda;
g) qristianobis qveS gaerTiandeboda imperiaSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxva erovnebisa
da rwmenis mqone xalxi, rac imperiis erTianobas Seuwyobda xels;
d) qristianobis miRebiT imperatorebi Tavs RmerTis Svilebad acxadebdnen da amiT
sakuTar Zalauflebas umorCilebdnen axal-axal teritoriebs. iq mcxovrebi xalxi
ki winaaRmdegobis gawevas ver ubedavda qristian imperatorebs.
2. ras iTvaliswinebda milanis ediqti?
a) qristianoba cxaddeboda nebadarTul religiad;
b) qristianoba cxaddeboda erTaderT saxelmwifo religiad;
g) romis imperiis moqalaqeebs qristianoba unda mieRoT, sxva SemTxvevaSi maT saxelmwifo da samxedro samsaxuri ekrZalebodaT;
d) qristianoba cxaddeboda saxelmwifo religiad, sxva religiebi ki idevneboda.
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3. romeli winadadebaa swori?
a) V saukunis dasawyisSi imperatorma konstantinem imperiis dedaqalaqi romidan
suecis srutis piras gaSenebul qalaq konstantinopolSi gadmoitana;
b) konstantinopoli xelsayrel adgilas iyo gaSenebuli. Zvelad mas meore romsac
uwodebdnen, aqedan warmoiSva aRmosavleT romis imperiis saxelwodeba _ bizantia;
g) IV-V saukuneebis mijnaze, rodesac roms germanelebi daemuqrnen, gadawyda axali dedaqalaqis aSeneba, romelsac bizantioni uwodes;
d) Zveli qalaqi bizantioni bosforis srutis sanapiroze mdebareobda. IV saukunis pirvel naxevarSi swored is gaxda imperiis axali dedaqalaqi.
4. vin iqadaga I saukuneSi qristianoba saqarTveloSi?
a) andria pirvelwodebulma, pavlem da svimon kananelma;
b) andria pirvelwodebulma, svimon kananelma da mataTam;
g) svimon kananelma, mataTam da wminda ninom;
d) andria pirvelwodebulma, mataTam da mirian mefem.
5. CamoTvlilTagan, romeli miiCneva qarTvelTa gaqristianebis TariRad?
a) 325 w.;
b) 326 w.;
g) 345 w.;
d) 350 w.
6. CamoTvlilTagan, romeli saswauli ukavSirdeba wminda ninos saxels?
a) wminda ninom ukurnebeli senisagan gankurna mefe miriani;
b) wminda ninos qadagebiT qristianoba miiRo qarTlis dedofalma mariamma;
g) wminda ninom locviT daamsxvria kerpebi;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
7. hunebis Tavdapirveli samSoblo iyo:
a) aRmosavleT evropa, dRevandeli ungreTis teritoria;
b) dRevandeli ruseTis samxreTi teritoria da gobis udabno (monRoleTSi);
g) wina azia, dRevandeli arabeTis udabnos teritoria da Sua aziis stepebi;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
8. ratom iTxoves vestgoTebma romis mfarveloba?
a) isini sxva germanelma tomebma (vandalebma da ostgoTebma) Seaviwroves;
b) vestgoTebs imedi hqondaT, rom romis imperiaSi ubrZolvelad SeaRwevdnen da
Semdeg iolad Caigdebdnen xelSi mTel saxelmwifos;
g) vestgoTebi cudad iyvnen SeiaraRebuli da maT Tavs esxmodnen galebisa da keltebis tomebi;
d) vestgoTebi damarcxdnen hunebTan brZolaSi da Tavis gadarCenis mizniT romis
imperiis qveSevrdomoba aRiares.
9. romel wels gaiyo romis imperia or nawilad?
a) 395 w.;
b) 397 w.;
g) 405 w.;
d) 410 w.
10. vin iyo erTiani romis imperiis ukanaskneli imperatori?
a) dosiTeosi; b) Teodosiusi;
g) konstantine;
d) iustiniane.
11. romeli winadadebaa swori:
a) 410 wels vandalTa germanuli tomis beladma, odoakrma romi aiRo;
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b) vestgoTebis beladma stiliqonma 405 wels roms alya Semoartya, magram didZali gamosasyidis miRebis Semdeg ukan gabrunda;
g) vestgoTebis beladma alarixma 410 wels romi aiRo;
d) 410 wels hunebma, atilas xelmZRvanelobiT, romi aiRes da imperia sabolood
gaanadgures.
12. vin iyo aRmosavleT saqarTvelos (qarTlis) mefe dasavleT romis imperiis dacemis (476w) dros?
a) miriani;
b) vaxtang gorgasali;
g) daCi;
d) arCili.
13. ratom emxroboda qarTlis didaznaurTa nawili irans?
a) iranis Sahi maT hpirdeboda Tanamdebobisa da sagamgeo teritoriebis
memkvidreobiT damtkicebas, rasac TavianTi mefisgan ver Rebulobdnen;
b) iranis Sahi saCuqrebiT axerxebda maT mosyidvas;
g) qarTlis didaznaurebs izidavda iranis sakariskaco titulebi da privilegirebuli cxovreba;
d) iranis Sahi yovelmxriv aiZulebda maT, Tavis mxareze gadasvlas.
14. romeli istorikosis TxzulebaSia daculi cnobebi vaxtang I gorgaslis cxovrebaze?
a) juanSeri; b) straboni;
g) sumbat daviTis Ze;
d) JamTaaRmwereli.
15. ra politikuri Sedegi mohyva 523 wels iranelTa winaaRmdeg mowyobili ajanyebis marcxs?
a) iranma moipova Sav zRvaze gasasvleli;
b) iranma mefoba gaauqma qarTlSi;
g) iranma da bizantiam gainawiles qarTli;
d) gurgen mefe gaiqca xazareTSi.
16. bizantiis imperiam Zlierebis zenits iustiniane I-is dros miaRwia, romelmac
daipyro:
a) dRevandeli safrangeTisa da italiis teritoriebi;
b) CrdiloeT afrika da italia, romlis dedaqalaqi ravena gaxda;
g) sparseTi da italia, romlis dedaqalaqi kvlav romi gaxda;
d) kavkasia, italia, sparseTi da mTeli centraluri da CrdiloeT evropa.
17. rodis moRvaweobda iustiniane I?
a) V saukuneSi, 430-467 wlebSi;
g) VI saukuneSi, 550-595 wlebSi;
b) VI saukuneSi, 527-565 wlebSi
d) VII saukuneSi, 630-678 wlebSi.
18. ratom mokles bizantielma sardlebma gubaz mefe?
a) gubazi RalatSi sdebda maT brals, sardlebma ki maTi mamxilebeli mefis Tavidan moSoreba gadawyvites;
b) bizantielebi sparselebs gaurigdnen Suaze gaeyoT lazika, maT ki winaaRmdegobas gubaz mefe uwevda;
g) gubazi darwmunda ra bizantielTa RalatSi, gadawyvita TviTon gadasuliyo
sparselTa mxares;
d) gubaz mefem moRalate sardlebis dapatimreba gadawyvita. bizantielebma Seityves mefis es ganzraxva da mokles.
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19. qarTlSi laSqrobisas herakle keisris mokavSireebi iyvnen:
a) hunebi;
g) sparelebi da xazarebi;
b) osebi da hunebi;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
20. xatmebrZoleebis azriT:
a) mxolod qristesa da RvTismSoblis gamosaxulebiani xatebis Tayvaniscema iyo
dasaSvebi, sxva wmindanebis gamosaxulebebi ki unda akrZaluliyo;
b) RmerTis xilva da amdenad xatze misi gamosaxva SeuZlebeli iyo, amitom aseTi
xati unda akrZaluliyo, rac Seexeba sxva wmindanebs, isini Cveulebrivi adamianebi
iyvnen da maTi saxis xatze gamosaxva dasaSvebad miaCndaT;
g) xatis Tayvaniscema igive kerpis Tayvaniscema iyo, da amdenad, xatze RmerTis an
sxva wmindanebis gamosaxvas miuReblad Tvlidnen;
d) mxolod iseTi xatebis Tayvaniscema iTvleboda dasaSvebad, romlebsac raime
saswauli ukavSirdeboda (sneulTa gankurneba, warmarTebis gaqristianeba, urjuloebis brZolaSi damarcxeba...), sxva SemTxvevaSi ki xati kerpad iTvleboda da eklesiebidan unda gamoetanaT.
21. dasavleT evropaSi gavrcelebuli `sami wodebis Teoriis~ mixedviT:
a) RmerTma adamianebi dayo sam nawilad: pirvel wodebas mefeebi miekuTvnebodnen,
maTi movaleoba iyo qveynis marTva da eklesiis patronoba, meore wodebas Tavisufali
glexebi da samxedroebi Seadgendnen, xolo mesame wodebas _ vaWrebi da xelosnebi;
b) pirveli wodebis movaleoba iyo locva, meore wodebisa meurneobis gaZRola,
vaWroba da qveynis dacva, xolo mesame wodebas faqtobrivad monur mdgomareobaSi
myofi uuflebo mosaxleoba Seadgenda;
g) pirveli wodeba samRvdeloebisagan Sedgeboda da maT mTavar movaleobas locva warmoadgenda, meore wodebis wevrebi memamuleebi _ feodalebi iyvnen da maTi
ZiriTadi movaleoba brZola iyo. xolo mesame wodebaSi gaerTianebuli mosaxleobis
ZiriTad movaleobad Sroma iTvleboda;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
III. rukis analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 6 qula)
ruka #4-is (danarTi #1) mixedviT gansazRvreT:
1. romeli saukuneebis procesebia gadmocemuli rukaze?
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(1 qula)
2. romis imperiaSi SeWrili tomebi da maT mier dakavebuli teritoriebi.
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(2 qula)
3. tomebi, romlebic safrTxes uqmnidnen imperiis dedaqalaqs.
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(1 qula)
4. sxva procesebi, romlebic asustebdnen imperiis Tavdacvisunarianobas.
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(2 qula)
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Tavi VI. arabebi da maTi dapyrobebi.
arabTa batonoba saqarTveloSi
$1. islamis warmoSoba da arabTa saxalifos Camoyalibeba.
arabTa dapyrobebi
arabTa Tavdapirveli sacxovrisi. arabTa samSobloa arabeTis naxevarkunZuli. am
xalxis cxovrebis wesi, maTi yofa da meurneoba am regionis klimatma ganapiroba. udabnosa da naxevarudabnoTa pirobebSi, oazisebSi, arabebs mxolod saqoneli hyavdaT:
cxvari, cxeni, gansakuTrebiT ki aqlemebi, `udabnos xomaldad~ wodebuli cxoveli,
romlis gareSe arabi ver icxovrebda. aqlemi aZlevda arabs xorcs, rZes, bewvs tansacmlisTvis, tyavs. momTabare arabebs, beduinebs (`udabnos kaci~), mZime cxovreba
hqondaT.
arabebi warmarTebi iyvnen. Tayvans scemdnen bunebriv movlenebs da ciur sxeulebs,
swamdaT boroti sulebisa da demonebis.
naxevarkunZulis samxreT-dasavleTiT, mewamuli zRvis gayolebiT, e. w. `bednier
arabeTSi~ _ iemenSi, iyo nayofieri miwebi, axlos gadioda uZvelesi savaWro gzebi
egviptidan palestinisaken, bizantiisaken, indoeTisa da afrikisaken. am gzebis siaxloves, oazisebSi gaCnda arabTa pirveli dasaxlebani da qalaqebi. am dasaxlebaTa
Soris yvelaze didi iyo qalaqi meqa, sadac idga yvela arabis salocavi qaabas taZari
da am taZarSi iyo `zecidan movlenili~ Savi qva, romelsac gansakuTrebul Tayvans
scemdnen. aqaur arabTa Soris gaZlierda yuriSitebis sagvareulo, romelTa gvaris
vaWrebma didi gavlena moipoves. isini patronobdnen da uvlidnen qaabas taZars. am
sagvareulos erT-erT ojaxSi 570 wels daibada muhamedi, axali religiis, islamis
damaarsebeli.
muhamedi, islami da yurani. muhamedi gaRaribebuli vaWris ojaxSi daibada. adre
daoblda. jer iyo vaWarTa qaravnis gamcilebeli, mere erT mdidar qvrivs daudga msaxurad, misi savaWro qaravnis meTauri gaxda da bolos am qvrivze daqorwinda.
muhamedma imogzaura egvipteSi, siriasa da palestinaSi, sadac gaecno iudaizmsac
da qristianobasac.
gadmocemiT, daaxloebiT 612 wels, meqasTan axlos, erT gamoqvabulSi, muhameds
gamoecxada mTavarangelozi gabrieli (arabulad `jibraili~), romelmac Caagona mas,
eqadaga xalxisaTvis, rom arsebobs erTaderTi RmerTi, alahi. ase daiwyo muhamedma
axali religiis qadageba.
muhamedi amtkicebda, rom ar arsebobs sxva RmerTi, garda yovlisSemZle alahisa,
xolo Tavad muhamedi Tavs `RmerTis mociquls~, winaswarmetyvels uwodebda. muhameds male uamravi mimdevari, `RvTisadmi mindobili~ anu muslimi gamouCnda, axal
religias ki islams uwodebdnen.
muhamedis moZRvrebiT, RmerTma adre ori winaswarmetyveli warmogzavna: mose da
ieso qriste. magram maT ver uCvenes xalxs `gza WeSmaritebisa~. muhamedi aris ukanaskneli mociquli RvTisa, romelic uCvenebs da uqadagebs morwmuneT `WeSmaritebas~.
muhameds meqaSi mtrebic gamouCndnen. 622 wels mowinaaRmdegeni daecnen muhamedis
saxls, magram man gaaswro da gadavida qalaq medinaSi. am movlenas arabebi `hijras~
(arabulad _ gaqceva, gadasvla) uwodeben da es daedo safuZvlad islamur welTaRricxvas.
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medinaSi (winaswarmetyvelis qalaqs niSnavs, adre mas iasribs uwodebdnen) Tavi
moiyara muhamedis aTasobiT mimdevarma, 630 wels maT daikaves meqa da qaabas warmarTuli kerpebi daamsxvries. meqa muslimTa wminda qalaqad gamocxadda. muhamedi
medinaSi gardaicvala 632 wels da iqvea dakrZaluli, mis saflavze didi meCeTi
aaSenes.
male islami mTel arabul samyaroSi gavrcelda. muhamedis winaswarmetyvelebani, zeSTagonebisa da religiuri aRtkinebis dros warmoTqmuli gamonaTqvamebi gaerTianda muslimTa wminda wignSi yuranSi (yurani arabulad niSnavs kiTxvas; waikiTxe).
yurani Sedgeba 114 Tavis anu surasgan. pirveli Tavi savaldebulo, yoveldRiuri
locvaa.
WeSmariti muslimi valdebulia Seasrulos xuTi aucilebeli moTxovna:
1. aRiaros erTi RmerTi _ ar ars RmerTi, Tvinier erTi RmerTisa alahisa. 2. dReSi
xuTjer unda warmoTqva aucilebeli locva. 3. gaiRos mowyaleba (daxmareba) RaribTa da upovarTaTvis. 4. ramadanis TveSi marxvisas ar miiRos sakvebi mzis amosvlidan
mzis Casvlamde da 5. yvela muslimi valdebulia sicocxleSi erTxel mainc moilocos
wminda qalaqi meqa.
islamis mixedviT, adamianis beds alahi ganagebs, morwmune mas usityvod unda daemorCilos. `araferi mogviva imis garda, rac dagvisaxa alahma~, ambobs yurani. yvelaze didi madli muslimTaTvis aris urjuloTa moqceva an maT winaaRmdeg brZola.
`saRvTo omi~ anu jihadi islamis gasavrceleblad muslimTa wminda saqmed iTvleboda. jihadi ar vrceldeboda `wminda werilis~ xalxebze _ iudevelebsa da qristianebze. maT religiuri gadasaxadi _ jizia unda gadaexadaT arabTaTvis.
muhamedis sikvdilis Semdeg misi saqme misma moadgileebma, memkvidreebma anu xalifebma ganagrZes. pirveli xalifebi muhamedis oTxi uaxloesi TanamebrZolebi iyvnen,
abu-beqri, omari, osmani da muhamedis siZe _ ali. am xalifTagan ukanasknelis _ alis
dros arabebSi daiwyo didi sarwmunoebrivi areuloba. muslimebi orad gaiyvnen _
Siitebad da sunitebad. Siebi (Sia _ arab. jgufi, seqta) WeSmariti sarwmunoebis wyarod mxolod yurans miiCneven. xolo sunitebi, garda yuranisa, wminda wignad Tvlian
sunas, anu im krebuls, sadac Tavmoyrilia muhamedis gadmocemebi, misi gamonaTqvamebi,
rac yuranSi ar Sesula (padisebi).
xalifa ali mokles. is Siizmis mamamTavrad miiCneva. swored pirveli xalifebis
droidan iwyeba arabTa didi dapyrobebi.
arabTa dapyrobebi. muhamedis sicocxleSive islamis gavrcelebis sababiT arabebma
daiwyes dapyrobiTi omebi. abu-beqris xalifobisas jer mcire teritoriebi daikaves,
omaris dros ki dapyrobili iqna siria, palestina, mesopotamia, iranis didi nawili,
aiRes qalaqebi damasko, ierusalimi da sxv.
654 wels arabebi saqarTveloSic Semovidnen da erismTavars, stefanoz II-s arabTa
sardalma habib ibn maslamam (muhamedis disSvili) `dacvis sigeli~ uboZa.
arabebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda ierusalimis aRebas. xangrZlivi alyis Semdeg, roca qalaqi aiRes, omarma ubrZana solominis taZris adgilze meCeTi
aegoT. es meCeTi dRemde dgas ierusalimSi da muslimTa erT-erT did siwminded iTvleba.
male arabebma mTeli CrdiloeT afrika daikaves, VIII saukunis dasawyisSi (711 w.)
gadalaxes atlantis srute (gibraltari) da espaneTSi SeiWrnen. maT SeZles Sinagani winaaRmdegobebiT dasustebuli vestgoTTa samefos damarcxeba da mTeli espaneTi
(garda asturiisa da baskeTisa) daipyres. aqedan frankTa qveyanaSi SeiWrnen, magram
frankTa didma maiordomma, karlos martelma 732 wels puatiesTan daamarcxa arabebi
da evropas didi safrTxe aacila.
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arabebma daasrules Sua aziis dapyrobac da maTma samflobeloebma volgispireTamde miaRwia. arabTa uzarmazar teritoriaze gadaWimul saxelmwifos did saxalifosac uwodebdnen.
omaianebi da abasianebi. Siiti xalifa alis mokvlis Semdeg Zalaufleba siriis
jarebis sardalma moaviam Caigdo xelSi. man meqaze uari Tqva da saxalifos centri damaskoSi gadaitana. moaviam safuZveli Cauyara omaianebis dinastiis batonobas.
didi dapyrobebi swored omaianebis dros moxda. arabTa mZime uRlis gamo dapyrobil
qveynebSi xSirad ifeTqebda xolme xalxTa ajanyebebi, rasac arabebi sadamsjelo RonisZiebebiT pasuxobdnen. swored am mizans isaxavda arabTa laSqrobebi saqarTveloSi
735-38 wlebSi murvan-yrus sardlobiT. msgavsi gamosvlebi saxalifos sxva kuTxeebSic xdeboda.
VIII saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda iranuli warmoSobis axali aristokratia. maTi daxmarebiT, erT-erTma sardalma aSul-abasma amboxeba moawyo, daamxo omaianebi, erTianad gaJuJa mTeli sagvareulo (gadarCa mxolod Wabuki
abdul-rasmani, romelic espaneTSi gaiqca da iq emiri gaxda) da Tavi xalifad gamoacxada. saxalifos centrad man damaskos nacvlad, axlad aSenebuli baRdadi aqcia. mis
memkvidreebs abasianebs uwodeben, xolo saxelmwifos baRdadis saxalifos. pirveli
abasianebis dros, VIII-IX saukuneebSi, didi saxalifo Zlierebis zenits aRwevs. amis
mere igi nel-nela daiSala mraval mcire politikur erTeulad, saxalifoebad da
saemiroebad.
islamuri kultura. im uzarmazar da mravalferovan kulturas, rac didma saxalifom kacobriobas dautova, qmnidnen rogorc arabebi, ise maT mier dapyrobili
xalxebi. es kultura mTeli msoflios monapovaria.
saxalifoSi uamravi qalaqi iyo. maT Soris aTze meti iseTic, romelTa mosaxleoba 100 aTass aWarbebda. es im droisaTvis Zalian didi qalaqi iyo (baRdadi, kairo,
kordova da sxv.). mematianis cnobiT, X saukunis kordovaSi moiTvleboda 600 meCeTi,
300 abano, 80 skola da 15 saavadmyofo, 17 umaRlesi skola da 20 biblioTeka 100 aTasi
wigniT. imdroindel evropaSi, garda konstantinopolisa, arc erT qalaqSi ar iyo 30
aTasze meti mcxovrebi.
kordova, baRdadi da sxva qalaqebi muslimuri kulturisa da mecnierebis centrebic iyo. baRdadSi arsebobda specialuri `sibrZnis saxli~, sadac arabi swavlulebi
berZnulidan da sxva enebidan Targmnidnen arabulad, qmnidnen filosofiur Txzulebebs. arabebi did pativs scemdnen ganaTlebas. `swavlulis melani iseTive pativis
Rirsia, rogorc wamebulis sisxlio~, _ ambobdnen arabebi.
morwmune muslimebisaTvis uwmindesi adgilia meCeTi. is salocavicaa da TavSesafaric. aq yovel paraskevsa da dResaswaulebze ikribebian morwmune mamakacebi. es maTi
movaleobaa. qalebs am dReebSi meCeTSi Sesvla ekrZalebaT. maTTvis sxva dReebSi specialuri adgilia gamoyofili meCeTSi. meCeTi oTxkuTxa nagebobaa gumbaTiT. Senobis
SigniT, ezoSi, aris auzi, sadac muslimebi locvis win ganibanebian. meCeTSi xaliCaa
dafenili, Sesvlis win, mlocveli aucileblad ixdis fexsacmels, locvisas morwmune saxiT meqasken unda iyos miqceuli; amisTvis meCeTSi mimarTulebis maCvenebeli
specialuri niSaa _ mihrami.
meCeTTan miSenebulia minareTi, maRali koSki, saidanac mueZini dReSi xuTjer
morwmunes locvisaken mouwodebs.
meCeTTan arsebobda skolebi _ medresebi, sadac bavSvebi ufasod swavlobdnen. aqve
iyo biblioTeka, sasamarTlo da Rarib-RatakTaTvis ufaso sasadiloebi. arabul arqiteqturas dRemde aRfrTovanebaSi mohyavs mnaxveli. amis saukeTeso nimuSebia baRdadSi, ierusalimSi, kordovaSi, samaryandSi, granadasa da sxva centrebSi. gansakuTre80
biT aRsaniSnavia omaris meCeTi ierusalimSi, al-hambras sasaxle granadaSi, umusis
mavzoleumi samaryandSi da sxva.
arabuli nagebobani morTuli iyo brwyinvale CuqurTmebiTa da mozaikiT. vinaidan
islami krZalavs cocxal arsebaTa gamosaxvas, qandakeba da mxatvroba TiTqmis ar ganviTarebula. mxatvroba mxolod wignis miniaturebSi iyo.
kedlis moxatulobas warmoadgenda arabeskebi, erTmaneTSi garkveuli simetriiT gadaxlarTuli xazebis qarga. es iyo mcenareebisa da sxva geometriuli
figurebis kombinaciiT miRebuli ornamenti, romelSic CarTuli iyo warwerebi
yuranidan.
islamur samyaroSi mravali literaturuli Zegli Seiqmna. bevr maTgans Rirseuli adgili uWiravs msoflio literaturis saganZurSi. mTel msoflioSia cnobili
arabuli literaturis ukvdavi Zegli `zRapari aTas erTi Ramisa~, romlis Sedgena IX
saukuneSi daiwyo da XV saukuneSi dasrulda.
islamuri literaturis Sedevrebi Seiqmna Sua saukuneebis sparseTSi. firdousis
`Sah-name~ (`mefeTa wigni~), vrceli poema miTologiuri, sagmiro da istoriuli siuJetebiT. poemaSi mxatvruli formebiT gadmocemulia rogorc legendaruli gmirebis
cxovreba, ise iranis realuri istoriebic, gansakuTrebiT sasaniduri epoqisa. Sah-names imdenad didi gavlena hqonda mTel aRmosavlur literaturaze, rom is male
mraval enaze iTargmna. maT Soris mravladaa qarTuli Targmanis versiebic.
sparsuli poeziis brwyinvale nimuSebi Seqmnes hafezma, omar xaiamma, jalal ed din
rumma, saadma, abd-or-rahman jazma, havezma da sxvebma.
arabma swavlulebma mecnierebis mravali dargi ganaviTares. maT Seqmnes dRevandeli algebris sistema. ganaviTares da Tanamedrove saxe misces cifrebs, dRes rom
viyenebT. arabuli mecnierebis udidesi warmomadgenelia abu ali ibn-sina, igive avicena, misi `saaqimo wigni~ XVI s-mde evropuli universitetebis saswavlo saxelmZRvanelod iTvleboda.
arabma mogzaurebma da vaWrebma udidesi wvlili Seitanes geografiuli mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi. maT Zvirfasi cnobebi dagvitoves sxvadasxva xalxebis, qveynebis
yofa-cxovrebaze, saqmianobaze da sxv. arabi geografebi adgendnen rukebs, romelTa
mniSvneloba im droisaTvis Zalian didi iyo. aseTi gaxldaT XI saukuneSi Sedgenili
al idrisis ruka. arabi geografebi ukve gamoTqvamdnen mosazrebas dedamiwis sferulobis Taobaze.
sakacobrio mniSvnelobisaa arabebis mier Sesrulebuli filosofiuri traqtatebis Targmanebi; am TargmanebiT SemorCa dRemde araerTi cnobili berZeni filosofosis naSromebi.
arabebma gaavrceles da evropaSi Seitanes mravali mcenareuli kultura; citrusebi, marwyvi, brinji, ispanaxi, komSi, TuTis xe da abreSumi. Cinelebisagan iswavles
da gaavrceles qaris wisqvilebi da denTi. arabulidan gavrcelda bevri samecniero
termini: algebra, alkoholi, admirali, arsenali, bazari, qimia, tarifi, cifri da
sxvani.
davaleba
1. aRwereT arabTa sacxovrebeli garemo.
2. imsjeleT muhamedis mier Seqmnili religiuri moZRvrebis xasiaTze.
3. ramdenad tolerantuli iyo islamis damokidebuleba sxva aRmsareblobebis mimarT?
4. CamoTvaleT arabTa mier dapyrobili teritoriebi
5. imsjeleT arabul arqiteqturaze, mecnierebasa da literaturaze; SeafaseT arabuli kulturis mniSvneloba msoflio civilizaciisaTvis.
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ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
muhamedis gadasvla meqadan medianaSi (hijra) _ 622 w.
muhamedis dabruneba meqaSi _ 630 w.
muhamedis gardacvaleba _ 632 w.
$2. araboba saqarTveloSi
640 wels arabebma daipyres somxeTi. momdevno wlebSi maT marbieli laSqari
qarTlSic gamogzavnes. imxanad qarTvelebma arabebs SedarebiT iolad sZlies da
qveynidan gandevnes. amave dros, kavkasiaSi dakarguli poziciis aRsadgenad, bizantielebi somxeTSi SeiWrnen, magram arabebTan brZolaSi sastikad damarcxdnen (654
w.). bizantielTa sardalma mavrianosma Tavi qarTls Sefara. arabebi habib ibn maslamas meTaurobiT qarTls moadgnen. erismTavarma stefanoz II-m arabebTan brZola
mizanSeuwonlad CaTvala. maT ukve daepyroT irani da mezobeli somxeTi, bizantiis
ukanaskneli cda ki, daebrunebina arabTagan warTmeuli kavkasiuri teritoriebi
marcxiT dasrulda. arc qarTlSi iyo centraluri xelisuflebis mdgomareoba myari. Zlierdeboda calkeuli mxarebis mmarTvelTa separatizmi. aseT pirobebSi arabTa winaaRmdeg erTiani frontis Seqmna qarTlis masStabiTac SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
erismTavarma arab sardals mociqulis xeliT mdidruli saCuqrebi aaxla. morCilebis sanacvlod habib ibn maslamam qarTls `dacvis sigeli~ uboZa. qarTvelebs
(zogadad, qristianebs) komlze dinaris gadaxda daevalaT. qarTvelebs, gadasaxdis
Semcirebis mizniT, ojaxebis gaerTianeba ekrZalebodaT, xolo arabebs ojaxis gayofa. islamis miRebis SemTxvevaSi ojaxi gadasaxadisgan Tavisufldeboda. qarTvelebi
valdebulni iyvnen TavSesafari miecaT sakuTar razms CamorCenili arabisaTvis da
usafrTxod mieyvanaT is uaxloes sadgomamde. `dacvis sigeli~ ar krZalavda qristianul msaxurebas. aseve, qarTvelebi ar daisjebodnen, Tu arabTagan samxedro daxmarebis miuReblobis SemTxvevaSi sxva dampyrobs damorCildebodnen.
arabTa batonoba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi didxans ar gagrZelebula. saxalifo Sinaomebma moicva da 661 wlamde arabebi qarTlSi aRar gamoCenilan. samociani wlebidan qarTlis mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad garTulda. arabTa saxalifo da
bizantia qarTlis dauflebisaTvis erTmaneTs ecilebodnen. maT erTi mxriv xarki,
xolo meore mxriv, sauReltexilo gzebis xelSi Cagdeba surdaT. amas emateboda xazarTa mZarcveluri Tavdasxmebi. amdenad, qarTvel xalxs sami mimarTulebiT
uwevda brZola. qveynis dauZlurebiT yvelaze kargad isev arabebma isargebles da
qarTlze TavianTi mmarTveloba aRadgines. VII saukunis miwurulisTvis maT dasavleT saqarTveloSic moikides fexi. rogorc iciT, egrisis mmarTveli (patrikiosi)
sergi barnukis Ze ganudga bizantielebs da qveyana arabebs daumorCila. VIII saukunis dasawyisisTvis arabebs SavizRvispira zolis garda mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo emorCileboda.
724 wels qarTlSi ilaSqra arabma sardalma jarahma. man ganaaxla `dacvis sigeli~ da, Tavis mxriv, am xelSekrulebas ramdenime punqtic daumata. amieridan
qarTvelebs arabebisaTvis `xarajac~ _ saadgilmamulo gadasaxadic unda eZliaT.
axalma sagadasaxado valdebulebam xalxSi mRelvareba gamoiwvia. urCTa dasasjelad xalifa haSimma amierkavkasiaSi gamocdili sardali murvan ibn-muhamedi (igive
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murvan yru) gamogzavna. murvan ibn-muhamedi saqarTveloSi 735 wels Semovida 120
aTasi meomriT. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dalaSqvris Semdeg is egrisSi gadavida.
murvan ibn-muhameds dasavleT saqarTveloSi laSqrobisas gansakuTrebuli winaaRmdegoba gauwies argveTis mTavrebma daviT da konstantine mxeiZeebma. maT uari
Tqves islamis miRebaze da mowamebrivad aResrulnen. qarTuli marTlmadidebluri
eklesiis mier isini wmindanebad Seiracxnen. maT saxelze aigo taZari `mowameTa~.
arabebma aiRes quTaisi, cixe-goji, gadalaxes kelasuris gamagrebuli xazi. maTi
laSqroba anakofiis cixesTan Sewyda. aq gamagrebulma qarTlis erismTavarma mirma,
misma Zmam arCilma, afxazeTis erisTavis leonis daxmarebiT ukuaqcies arabTa jari.
murvanis laSqroba sami wlis manZilze grZeldeboda da saqarTvelosTan erTad mTeli samxreT kavkasia moicva.
murvan ibn muhamedis laSqrobas qarTlSi (zogadad, aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi)
arabTa batonobis damZimeba mohyva. Tu aqamde qarTls adgilobrivi erismTavari ganagebda, amieridan umaRles xelisuflad arabi mmarTveli _ amira iqca.
marTalia, erismTavris Tanamdeboba SenarCunebul iqna, magram misi uflebebi mkveTrad SeizRuda da amiras daumorCilda. qarTlis amiras rezidencia TbilisSi iyo,
amitom mas `Tbilisis amirasac~ uwodebdnen.
VIII saukunis Sua wlebisaTvis arabebma dapyrobiTi omebi daasrules. saxalifoSi uwyvet nakadad aRar moedineboda naZarcvi qoneba. dapyrobil xalxebze gawerili
xarki ki sakmarisi ar iyo ukidegano imperiis samarTavad, mravalricxovani jarisa
da biurokratiis Sesanaxad. amitom arabebma mniSvnelovnad gazardes gadasaxadebi,
gamkacrda religiuri politikac _ arabebi sul ufro nakleb Semwynareblobas
iCendnen sxva aRmsareblobis mimarT. am yovelivem dapyrobil xalxebSi gaaaqtiura gamaTavisuflebeli brZolebi. qarTveli xalxis brZolas saTaveSi erismTavari
nerse II edga. xalifa al-mansarma is baRdadSi daibara da daapatimra. samwliani
tyveobis Semdeg, 775 wels, axalma xalifam nerse gaaTavisufla da qarTlSi daabruna. rogorc Cans, nerse kvlav ganagrZobda arabTa mimarT winaaRmdegobas da
amitom is xelmeored gamoiZaxes baRdadSi. erismTavarma Tavisi ojaxi dasavleT
saqarTveloSi gaxizna, Tavad ki xazarTa xakanTan gaemgzavra daxmarebis saTxovnelad. xazarebma arabTa winaaRdeg erToblivi brZolisgan Tavi Seikaves. amis Semdeg nersemac egriss Seafara Tavi. swored nerse erismTavars Camohyva baRdadidan
qarTlSi arabi Wabuki abo, romelic qristianobis miRebis gamo awames. abos wameba
aRwera VIII saukunis mweralma ioane sabanisZem. es agiografiuli nawarmoebi karg
warmodgenas gviqmnis im drois qarTlis politikur da ekonomikuri mdgomareobaze
_ `...ese varT morwmuneni mZlavrebasa queSe damonebulni da naklulevanebiTa da
siglaxakiT Sekrulni, viTarca rkiniTa, xarksa queSe maTsa guemulni da qejnilni,
Zvir-Zvirad zRveulni, SiSiTa ganilevian da iryevian, viTarca lerwamni qarTagan
ZlierTa~.
IX saukunidan Tbilisis amirebi cdiloben saxalifosagan damoukideblobis mopovebas. xalifebi axla ukve maTive yofili moxeleebis dasajelad awyobdnen laSqrobebs. erT-erT aseTi laSqroba 853 wels moewyo buRa Turqis sardlobiT. arabebma aiRes
Tbilisi da urCi amira sahaki sikvdiliT dasajes. wyaroebis mixedviT, am laSqrobas
50 aTasi Tbiliselis sicocxle Seewira. arabebma qristianobisaTvis qarTlis gavleniani didebuli konstanti kaxac awames.
914 wels arabebi, abul kasimis sardlobiT, laSqroben qarTlSi, kaxeTsa da samcxeSi. maT didi winaaRmdegoba gauwies yvelis cixis (javaxeTi) mcvelebma axalgazrda aznauris gobronis meTaurobiT. tyved Cavardnilma gobronma uari Tqva islamis
miRebaze, ris gamoc sikvdiliT dasajes (gobronis wameba aRwera tbeTis episkoposma
stefane mtbevarma).
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arabebi amis Semdegac arbeven saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxares. 936 wels amira sajim
jer kaxeTi dalaSqra, Semdeg qarTlSi gadavida da mcxeTis jvris taZari daangria.
amis miuxedavad, arabTa batonobis aRdgena saqarTveloSi veRar moxerxda. TviT Tbilisis saamiroc saxalifosagan sruliad damoukidebel politikur erTeulad Camoyalibda.
davaleba
1. rogor SeafasebT qarTlis erismTavris gadawyvetilebas _ uomrad damorCileboda
arabebs?
2. CamoTvaleT `dacvis sigelis~ pirobebi, gansazRvreT qarTuli da arabuli mxareebis ufleba-valdebulebebi.
3. imsjeleT saqarTveloSi murvan ibn-muhamedis laSqrobis mizezebsa da Sedegebze.
4. ra mizniT SemoiRes arabebma qarTlSi amiras xelisufleba?
5. gaixseneT `abo Tbilelis wamebis~ siuJeti da imsjeleT arabTa batonobis dros am
nawarmoebis mniSvnelobaze.
6. Tqveni azriT, ratom upirispirdeboda Tbilisis amira saxalifos?
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
arabTa pirveli laSqroba kavkasiaSi _ VI saukunis 40-iani wlebi
`dacvis sigelis~ dadeba _ 654 w.
jarahis laSqroba _ 724 w.
murvan yrus laSqroba _ 735 w.
buRa Turqis laSqroba _ 853 w.
abul kasimis laSqroba _ 914 w.
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testi #6
testis maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 24 qula.
I. upasuxeT kiTxvebs
instruqcia: mocemulia 16 kiTxva oTxi savaraudo pasuxiT. swori pasuxi fasdeba
1 quliT. jamSi, maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 16 qula.
1. romeli winadadebaa swori?
a) msoflio religiad ar iTvleba budizmi;
b) qristianoba da islami msoflio religiebia;
g) msoflio religiebs Soris yvelaze bolos qristianoba warmoiSva;
d) budizmi da islami arabeTis naxevarkunZulze warmoiSva.
2. ra iyo qaaba?
a) arabTa savaWro da religiuri centri;
b) adgili, sadac muhamedma pirvelad iqadaga islami;
g) meqaSi mdebare arab mmarTvelTa rezidencia;
d) taZari, romelic, warmarTobis drosac, yvela arabisaTvis wminda adgilad iTvleboda.
3. romeli winadadeba gamoxatavs muslimanebsa da qristianebs Soris damokidebulebas?
a) muhamedi qristianebis devnasa da maT winaaRmdeg saRvTo oms qadagebda;
b) muhamedi muslimebs qristianebTan urTierTobas ukrZalavda da maT eklesia-mo­
nastrebis dangrevisaken mouwodebda;
g) islamis mixedviT, muhamedSi RmerTis mociquli qristianma berma amoicno;
d) qristianoba erTRmerTianobas qadagebs, musulimanoba mTavar RmerTad aRiarebs
alahs, Tumca sxva RmerTebis arsebobasac ar gamoricxavs.
4. romeli winadadebaa swori?
a) islami safuZvels iRebda Zveli arabuli warmarTuli sarwmunoebasagan;
b) islami safuZvels iRebda iudaizmisa da qristianobisagan;
g) islams araviTari saerTo ar hqonda aqamde arsebul religiebTan;
d) islami qristes ar aRiarebda wminda mociqulad.
5. ra aris hijra?
a) hijra arabulad `gadasaxlebas~ niSnavs;
b) hijra axal, mahmadianur sarwmunoebaze moqceul xalxs niSnavs;
g) hijra muslimanTa kalendaria, romelic welTaRricxvas muhamedis dabadebamdel da dabadebis Semdgom periodebad yofs;
d) hijra sarwmunoebisaTvis Tavganwirvas aRniSnavs, igivea ra wmindani.
6. yuranis mixedviT:
a) mariam RvTismSobeli wmindania, ieso qriste ki RmerTis mociquli;
b) ieso qriste TviTmarqviaa, mas RmerTTan arferi akavSirebs, amitom qristianoba
mcdari religiaa;
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g) qristianebi da iudevelebi WeSmarit RmerTs aRiareben, amitom isini, muslimebTan erTad, alahis mfarvelobiT sargebloben;
d) ebraelebma jvars acves ieso, xolo alahma ixsna is da, rogorc wminda mociquli, muhamedis saxiT kvlav mouvlina adamianebs WerSmariti rwmenis saqadageblad.
7 rodis da sad gardaicvala muhamedi?
a) 532 wels medinaSi;
b) 622 wels ierusalimSi;
g) 632 wels medinaSi;
d) 723 wels meqaSi.
8. romeli winadadebaa swori?
a) arabeTSi sasuliero xelisufleba xalifas ekuTvnoda, saero da samxedro ki
sulTans;
b) xalifa sakuTar xelSi saero da sasuliero Zalauflebas aerTianebda;
g) xalifa muslimebis religiuri lideri iyo da amasTan, omis dros, jars sardlobda, samoqalaqo saqmeebs da sasamarTlos amirebi ganagebdnen;
d) xalifa memkvidreobiT iRebda xelisuflebas, is RmerTis warmogzavnilad iTvleboda da yvela muslimani mas scemda Tayvans, amirebi da sulTnebi xalxis mier irCeodnen da saxelmwifos marTva evalebodaT, aseve, gadasaxadebis akrefa da brZolis
dros jaris sardloba.
9. qvemoT CamoTvlilia arabTa saxalifos pirveli oTxi mmarTveli (xalifa). miuTiTe, rogori TanmimdevrobiT moRvaweobdnen isini:
__ omari;
__ ali;
__ osmani
__. abu baqri
10. ram Seuwyo xeli arabTa dampyrobluri laSqrobebis warmatebebs?
a) am droisaTvis bizantia da irani urTierTbrZoliT da maT mier dapyrobili provinciebis ajanyebebis Sedegad dasustebulni iyvnen;
b) arabebi dapyrobil xalxebs ar akisrebdnen gadasaxadebs da xelSeuxebels tovebdnen maT mmarTvelobasa da religias. amitomac bevri qveyana arabebs nebayoflobiT
nebdeboda;
g) arabebs uzarmazari samxedro Zala hqondaT, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo
maT SeiaraRebaSi cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoCena, amas emateboda urTierTbrZoliT
iranisa da bizantiis dasusteba;
d) arabebi avrcelebdnen islams, sparseTis mosaxleoba da bizantiis bevri provincia: siria, egvipte, iordania da sxv. mahmadianebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, amitomac xalxi
arabebis mxares gadadioda.
11. romeli winadadebaa swori?
a) arabebi sastikad devnidnen qristianebs da sxva aramuslimanur religiebs;
b) arabebi devnidnen warmarTebsa da iudevelebs, qristianebis mimarT ki Semwynareblobas iCendnen da gadasaxadebisganac ki aTavisuflebdnen;
g) arabebze didi gavlena iqonia sparsulma kulturam da religiam, amitomacaa,
rom mahmadianobaSi xSirad vxvdebiT cecxlTayvanismcemlobis bevr tradicias;
d) arabebma sparseTSi muslimanoba gaavrceles. male mTel mahmadianur samyaroSi
religiur, saxelmwifo da saliteraturo enad arabuli iqca.
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12. CamoTvlilTagan, ra ukavSirdeba abasianTa dinastias?
a) arabeTis imperiaSi arabuli enisa da kulturis gabatoneba;
b) arabTa imperiis dedaqalaqis damaskodan baRdadSi gadatana;
g) sparseTsa da afrikaSi mcxovreb berberebSi muslimanobis gavrceleba;
d) saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis dapyroba.
13. ram ganapiroba arabTa saxalifos daSla?
a) imperiis saTaveSi myofi abasianebi mixvdnen, rom erTiani saxelmwifos centralizebuli marTva SeuZlebeli iqneboda da amitom calkeul provinciebs farTo avtonomiuri uflebebi mianiWes, rac am provinciebis saxalifosagan gamoyofis winapiroba
gaxda;
b) arabTa imperiaSi gaerTianebuli iyo sxvadasxva kulturis xalxebi, arabebi ki
maT asimilacias cdilobdnen. marTalia, imperiaSi Semaval yvela xalxSi arabuli ena
da muslimanoba gavrcelda, magram es ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi dapyrobili xalxebis
sruli da xangrZlivi damorCilebisaTvis;
g) IX saukuneSi arabTa saxalifoSi dinastiuri omebi gaCaRda. xalifas taxtisTvis erTmaneTs ebrZodnen abasianebi, omanianebi da fatimianebi. sabolood, gamarjveba fatimianebs darCaT, romlebic Tavidan espaneTs marTavdnen. fatimianebma saxalifos centri baRdadidan kordovaSi gadaitanes, ris gamoc Sesustda imperiis aRmosavleT provinciebze kontroli. TandaTanobiT maT saxalifosagan damoukideblobas
miaRwies;
d) arabTa imperia Sedgeboda gansxvavebuli sarwmunoebis, kulturis, tradiciebisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurze mdgomi xalxebisagan, rasac
emateboda maTi brZola damoukideblobisaTvis. es garemoeba, saxalifoSi amtydari
Sinaomebis fonze, TandaTanobiT asustebda da arRvevda arabTa imperias. sworedes es
faqtorebi gaxda saxalifos daSlis ZiriTadi mizezi.
14. `dacvis sigelis~ mixedviT:
a) qristianebs arabTaTvis gadasaxadi unda eZliaT;
b) qarTlSi uqmdeboda mefoba, amieridan saxelmwifos arabTa sardali ganagebda;
g) arabebi mTel saqarTveloSi gabatondnen;
d) daiwyo qristianTa devna, qarTlis erismTavari iZulebuli gaxda mahmadianoba
mieRo.
15. arabTa romeli sardlis laSqrobis Semdeg Cndeba qarTlSi amiras xelisufleba?
a) buRa Turqi;
b) jarahi;
g) murvan yru;
d) abul kasimi.
16. romeli saerisTavos mTavrebi iyvnen daviT da konstantine mxeiZeebi?
a) egrisis;
g) klarjeTis;
b) kaxeTis;
d) argveTis.
II. problemis analizi da argumentacia (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 3 qula)
rogorc cnobilia, qarTlis erismTavarma stefanoz II-m arabebTan brZolas Tavi
aarida da `dacvis sigeliT~ gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebi miiRo.
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CamoayalibeT Tqveni argumentirebuli pozicia erismTavris aRniSnul gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSirebiT
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(3 qula).
III. rukis analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 5 qula)
ruka #5-is (danarTi #1) mixedviT gansazRvreT:
1. romeli saukuneebis procesebia gadmocemuli rukaze
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(1 qula)
2. arabTa mier dapyrobili teritoriebi
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(2 qula)
3. arabTa laSqrobis marSrutebi evropaSi
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(2 qula)
Tavi VII. saqarTvelos gaerTianeba
$1. axali qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis Camoyalibeba
VIII-IX saukuneebis mijnaze arabTa mmarTvelobis qveS ZiriTadad aRmosavleT saqarTvelos centraluri nawili rCeboda, rac xels uwyobda periferiebis kulturul, sameurneo da politikur dawinaurebas. yovelivem aman xeli Seuwyo axali qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis Camoyalibebas.
kaxeT-hereTi. kaxeTis samTavro sam istoriul mxares: kaxeTs, kuxeTsa da gardabans
moicavda. am samTavros formirebaSi aqtiuri roli Seasrules wanarebma (sanarebma).
wanarebis pirvelsacxovrisi darialis xeoba, dRevandeli xevi iyo. VIII-IX saukuneebSi wanarebi ebrZvian darialis xeobis dasakaveblad SemoWril arabebs. amave dros,
kaxeTSic aqtiurdeba arabTa batonobis winaaRmdeg brZola. saxalifos mimarT saerTo
poziciam xeli Seuwyo wanarebisa da kaxelebis (kaxeT-kuxeT-gardabnelebis) erT saxelmwifod gaerTianebas (VIII-IX ss. mijna), romlis politikuri centri TianeTi iyo.
kaxeTis mTavars qorepiskoposi ewodeboda. Tavdapirvelad qorepiskoposi iyo sasuliero piri, romelmac TandaTan saero xelisuflebac SeiTavsa. aseTi mmarTveloba
damaxasiaTebeli iyo mTielebisaTvis (wanarebisaTvis). kaxeTis samTavros Seqmnis Semdeg ki wanarebma maTTvis tradiciuli mmarTvelobiTi forma mTel qveyanaze ganavrces. mogvianebiT, qorepiskoposis Tanamdebobam mniSvnelovani cvlileba ganicada da
is saero xelisuflad Camoyalibda.
kaxeTis samTavros aRmosavleTiT warmoiSva hereTis samefo. hereTis mniSvnelovani qalaqebi iyo: xoranTa, xornabuji, Weremi, giSi, nekresi... xolo politikur centrs Saqi warmoadgenda. IX saukunidan hereTis mmarTvelebi mefeebad iwodebian, xolo
qveyana _ samefod.
hereTis politikur gaZlierebas misi ekonomikuri aRmavlobac uwyobda xels. aq
ZvelTaganve iyo ganviTarebuli memarcvleoba da mevenaxeoba, misdevdnen mesaqonleobasac. hereTze gadioda aRmosavleT da dasavleT amierkavkasiis damakavSirebeli savaWro gzac. herebi arabul samyarosTanac aqtiurad vaWrobdnen, rasac am teritoriaze
aRmoCenili mravalricxovani arabuli monetebic adasturebs.
hereTis samefo Tavidanve aqtiurad CaerTo qarTul saxelmwifoTa Soris hegemonobisaTvis warmoebul brZolebSi. X saukunis dasawyisSi kaxeTis qorepiskoposma kvirike
I-ma da afxazTa mefem konstanti II-m orjer ilaSqres hereTSi, daamarcxes mefe adarnase,
aiRes veJinis cixe da daikaves ramdenime dasaxlebuli punqti. magram kaxeTis warmateba
xanmokle aRmoCnda. X saukunis 30-ian wlebSi arabi sardlis sajis laSqrobam kaxeTSi kvirike aiZula uari eTqva hereTSi dakavebul teritoriebze. meore mxriv, herebma
kargad isargebles kaxeTis garTulebuli mdgomareobiT da TviTon daikaves mezobeli
samTavros rigi provinciebi. XI saukunis dasawyisidan kaxeT-hereTi erTian samefod
Camoyalibda. 1010 wels `afxazTa da qarTvelTa~ mefem bagrat III-m es samefo SeierTa.
bagratis gardacvalebidan (1014 w.) male adgilobrivma aznaurebma SeZles kvlav aRedginaT kaxeT-hereTis samefo, romelmac XII saukunis dasawyisamde iarseba.
afxazTa samefo. bizantiasTan da arabTa saxalifosTan omebma daasusta egrisis
samefo. amiT isargebla afxazTa saerisTavom da jer egrisis qveSevrdomobisgan gaiTavisufla Tavi, Semdeg ki mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo SemoierTa. afxazTa samefos
damaarsebelia leoni (samefos Seqmnamde afxazTa erisTavi). afxazTa samefos formireba VIII saukunis bolos moxda. samefos dedaqalaqi iyo quTaisi.
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afxazTa samefo imTaviTve aqtiurad CaerTo saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis brZolis procesSi. rogorc ukve iTqva, afxazTa mefe kaxeTis qorepiskoposTan erTad
ibrZoda hereTis dasaufleblad. afxazTa mefeebi flobdnen Sida qarTlsac.
damoukideblobisa da saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis brZolam afxazTa samefos
winaSe eklesiis problemac daayena. vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT, `(leon afxazTa mefisTvis) sagonebel (safiqral, sazrunav) ars ganTavisufleba afxazTa kaTalikosisa
nebiTave berZenTaTa~. dasavleT saqarTveloSi arsebuli eparqiebi _ lazeTis samitropolito da afxazeTis saarqiepiskoposo bizantiis eklesias eqvemdebarebodnen.
mRvdelmTavrebs konstantinopolis patriarqi niSnavda, RvTismsaxureba ki berZnul
enaze aRevlineboda. bizantiisagan politikuri da eklesiuri damoukideblobis mopovebas emsaxureboda afxazTa mefis mier qarTuli saepiskoposo centrebis (bediis,
moqvis, Wyondidis) daarseba, dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiebis gaerTianeba axlad
Seqmnil afxazTa sakaTalikosoSi da afxazTa kaTalikosis daqvemdebareba mcxeTis
(sruliad saqarTvelos) sakaTalikoso taxtisadmi.
tao-klarjeTi (`qarTvelTa samefo~). IX saukunis damdegs Camoyalibda tao-klarjeTis samTavro. misi Seqmna qarTlis ukanasknel erismTavars aSot bagrations ukavSirdeba. arabTagan Seviwroebuli aSoti klarjeTSi damkvidrda, murvan-yrusagan
ganadgurebuli artanujis cixe-qalaqi aRadgina da samTavros centrad aqcia. samTavroSi, garda tao-klarjeTisa, Sedioda sxva qarTuli mxareebic: aWara, SavSeTi, kola-artaani, speri, nigali, samcxe-javaxeTi.
aSoti Tavidanve bizantiis mokavSire iyo, amitomac miiRo kurapalatis tituli.
ar aris gamoricxuli, rom arab mmarTvelebTan konfliqti mas swored probizantiuri
orientaciis gamo mouvida.
tao-klarjeTSi grigol xanZTelis xelmZRvanelobiT farTod gaiSala samonastro mSenebloba. aigo xanZTis, Satberdis, gunaTles, meris, ubes, zarzmis, parxlis,
iSxnisa da sxva eklesia-monastrebi.
tao-klarjeTis samTavro swrafad winaurdeba. 888 wels aSot kurapalatis STamomavalma adarnase II-m `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli miiRo, xolo samTavros `qarTvelTa
samefo~ ewoda. `qarTvelTa samefom~ gansakuTrebul Zlierebas miaRwia X saukunis II
naxevarSi, daviT III kurapalatis mmarTvelobis dros (966-1001 ww.). daviTma samxedro
daxmareba aRmouCina axalgaimperatorebul basil II-s barda skliarosis ajanyebis
dros (barda skliarosi mcire aziis didi moxele iyo). qarTvelTa 12000-ianma laSqarma, beri ioanesa (eriskacobaSi Tornike erisTavi) da erisTavTerisTavis jojikis
sardlobiT, bizantielebTan erTad, 979 wels daamarcxes ajanyebuli skliarosi. qarTulma mxarem am brZolaSi didi nadavli igdo xelT, romlis nawilic aTonis iverTa monastris daarsebas moxmarda. daxmarebis sanacvlod bizantiam daviTs ramdenime
provinciac gadasca. yovelivem aman mniSvnelovnad ganamtkica `qarTvelTa samefos~
poziciebi samxreT kavkasiaSi.
Tbilisis saamiro. IX saukunidan saxalifosgan damoukidebloba moipova Tbilisis
saamiromac. drodadro xalifebi urCi amirebis winaaRmdeg sadamsjelo laSqrobebs
awyobdnen. am laSqrobaTa mizani ara mxolod amiras damorCileba iyo, aramed mTel
aRmosavleT saqarTveloze arabTa mflobelobis aRdgena. aseT viTarebaSi qarTul
saxelmwifoTa nawili Tbilisis saaamiros mokavSired gamodis.
amira sahaki (ishak ibn Suabi) TiTqmis 23 weli sruliad damoukideblad marTavda
Tbiliss. 853 wels mis dasasjelad xalifam buRa Turqi gamogzavna. arabma sardalma
Tbilisi aiRo da urCi amira sikvdiliT dasaja. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobiT, amiras
mxares kaxeTis saqorepiskopososTan erTad afxazTa samefoc ibrZoda `...Teodosi,
mefe afxazTa, gamovida winaaRdgomad misa (buRa Turqis). xolo buRam roca gaigo,
90
waravlina spasalari Tvisi da bagrat, Ze aSot kurapalatisa. Seibnes da gaaqcies
afxazni~.
IX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan Tbiliss amira jafari ganagebs. xalifas arc is
emorCileba. metic, amirobas memkvidreobiT umtkicebs STamomavlebs da saTaves udebs
jafarianTa dinastias, romelic TiTqmis orasi wlis manZilze marTavda Tbiliss.
Tbilisi Tavisi aRmosavluri ieriT sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeboda sxva qarTuli qalaqebisgan. is amierkavkasiaSi msxvil savaWro centrad gadaiqca, rasac xels
uwyob­da aq gamavali mniSvnelovani savaWro magistralebi. X saukunis arabi geografi
ibn hauqalis cnobiT, Tbilisi didi, kargad gamagrebuli (Semovlebuli hqonda ormagi galavani) da mdidari qalaqi yofila. arabi geografi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
Tbilisis abanoebze, mtkvarze agebul wisqvilTa raodenobasa da ucxoelTadmi moqalaqeTa keTilganwyobaze amaxvilebda.
mmarTvelobis mxriv Tbilisi namdvil aRmosavlur qalaqs warmoadgenda. wesrigs
`Sutrebi~ icavdnen, moqalaqeTa zneobas da saqciels `muhTasibi~ adevnebda Tvalyurs,
masve evaleboda quCebsa da savaWro adgilebze zrunva, importirebul saqonelze baJis
daweseba `muSribis~ movaleoba iyo, oficialur sabuTebs `amadi~ adgenda da amtkicebda, marTlmsajulebas `yadi~ ganagebda...
Tbilisis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili muslimi iyo. garkveuli raodenobiT
cxovrobdnen ebraelebi, qarTvelebi da somxebi.
davaleba
1. CamoTvaleT axali samofo-samTavroebis warmoqmnis mizezebi.
2. imsjeleT kaxeTis samTavros Camoyalibebis procesze. miuTiTeT, ram Seuwyo xeli
mTis tomis (wanarebis) gavlenis gaZlierebas barze? daaxasiaTeT qorepiskoposis
xelisufleba.
3. ganmarteT, ratom ewoda axal dasavlurqarTul samefos `afxazTa samefo~.
4. SeafaseT afxazTa mefis saeklesio reformis saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvneloba.
5. rogor gesmiT terminebi `qarTvelTa samefo~, `qarTvelTa mefe~? ra politikuri
idea SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes tao-klarjeTis mmarTvelTa am tituls?
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi
kaxeTis saqorepiskoposis Seqmna _ VIII s-is bolo
hereTis samefos Seqmna _ IX saukune
afxazTa samefos Seqmna _ VIII saukunis bolo
tao-klarjeTis samTavros Seqmna _ IX saukunis dasawyisi
adarnases mier `qarTvelTa mefis~ titulis miReba _ 888 w.
$2. saqarTvelos gaerTianebis dasawyisi
bagrat III. saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis brZolaSi upiratesoba `qarTvelTa samefom~ moipova. daviT III kurapalatis memkvidre (Svilobili) bagrati imavdroulad
afxazTa usinaTlo da umemkvidreo mefis Teodosis diswulic iyo. am dros afxazTa
mefeebi Sida qarTlsac flobdnen. Sida qarTlis erisTavad maT ioane maruSisZe da91
niSnes. swored ioane maruSisZe gvevlineba saqarTvelos gaerTianebis erT-erT iniciatorad. misi gegmis mixedviT, qarTlSi bagrati unda gaemefebinaT, xolo dasavleT da
samxreT saqarTvelo mas dinastiuri gziT unda rgeboda. 975 wels daviT kurapalati
qarTlSi gadavida da iq bagrati gaamefa. 978 wels daviT kurapalatisa da ioane maruSisZis mxardaWeriT bagrati afxazTa mefe xdeba.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi gamefebis Semdeg bagrat III-m (975-1014 ww.) gadamWreli RonisZiebebi gaatara `raTa yovelTa kacTa, didTa da mcireTa, sasoeba... SiSi mis (bagratis) mimarT aqvndeT (hqonodaT)~. mefem daamarcxa qarTlis mowinaaRmdege feodalebi
(980 w.), romlebsac qavTar tbeli xelmZRvanelobda. Semdeg bagratma dalaSqra kldekaris cixe da TrialeTis erisTavi rati baRvaSi daimorCila (989 w.). 1001 wels gardaicvala daviT kurapalati. misi samflobelos nawili memkvidreobiT bagrats ergo, didi
wili ki bizantielebma daikaves. rogorc iciT, daviT kurapalatma barda skliarosis
daxmarebis sanacvlod saqarTvelos samxreTiT mdebare teritoriebi miiRo, romlebic
mas sicocxlis bolomde unarCundeboda. istorikosebis varaudiT, daviTs amgvari droebiTi mflobeloba ar akmayofilebda da 987 wels keisris winaaRmdeg ajanyebul barda
fokas dauWira mxari. keisarma meamboxeebs sZlia da daviT kurapalatis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra (990w.). daviTi iZulebuli gaxda keisrisaTvis aReTqva, rom sikvdilis Semdeg
misi samflobelo bizantias gadaecemoda: `viTar mokvda mefe daviTi gamovida basili,
berZenTa mefe, ...da daipyra mamuli daviT kurapalatisa~ (`qarTlis cxovreba~).
1008-1010 wlebSi bagratma `daipyra sruliad hereTi da kaxeTi~. aseve daatyveva
sakuTari biZebi, klarjeTis xelmwifeni da es mxarec daiqvemdebara.
bagrat III gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirvel mefed iTvleba. mis mflobelobaSi
Sedioda dasavleT saqarTvelo, Sida qarTli, kaxeTi, hereTi, samxreT saqarTvelos
udidesi nawili (garda bizantielebis mier mierTebuli teritoriebisa). erTiani saqarTvelos gareT rCeboda Tbilisis saamiro. bagrati iwodeboda `mefe afxazTa, qarTvelTa, ranTa (herTa) da kaxTa~. mis dros aigo bediis monasteri, bagratis taZari,
nikorwminda da sxva. bagrati gardaicvala taoSi, fanaskertis cixesimagreSi. dakrZalulia mis mierve agebul bediis taZarSi.
giorgi I. bagrat III-is gardacvalebis Semdeg saqarTvelos taxtze adis giorgi I
(1014-1023 ww.). misi gamefebis pirvelive wels adgilobrivi aznaurebis mxardaWeriT
kaxeT-hereTSi aRdga mefoba, riTac es mxare Camocilda erTian saqarTvelos. garTulda qveynis sagareo mdgomareobac. giorgi mefe daviT kurapalatis kuTvnili teritoriebis dabrunebas eswrafoda, rac gardauvals xdida bizantiasTan konfliqts. mefem
isargebla bulgarelebsa da bizantielebs Soris omiT da sadavo teritoria daikava.
basili II-m bulgarelTa winaaRmdegoba daZlia da saqarTvelosken gamoemarTa.
bizantielebTan gadamwyveti brZola gaimarTa 1021 wels sofel SirimTan da qarTvelebis damarcxebiT dasrulda. sabolood, 1023 wels mowinaaRmdegeebs Soris daido zavi, romliTac `... misca giorgi mefeman (keisars) mZevlad Ze Tvisi bagrat...
miscna cixeni... da qveyana, romeli hqonda daviT kurapalatsa taosa, basiansa, kola-artanTa da javaxeTs~ (`matiane qarTlisai~).
bagrat IV. giorgi I-is Zis bagrat IV-is (1027-1072 ww.) mefobisas isev daZabuli
rCeba qarTul-bizantiuri urTierTobebi. gamefebis pirvelsave wels, bizantiis waqezebiT, mefes taoeli feodalebi ganudgenen. maT mravali mimbaZveli gamouCndaT.
ufliswulma demetrem ki (bagrat III-is naxevarZma) bizantielebs anakofiis cixe gadasca. maT sapirispirod episkoposma saba mtbevarma tbeTSi (SavSeTi) cixe aago, Semoikriba samSoblos erTguli sasuliero da saero pirebi da bizantielebis winsvla
SeaCera. bizantiasTan daZabuli urTierTobis mogvarebis mizniT bagratis deda, dedofali mariami konstantinopolSi gaemgzavra. saimperatoro karTan molaparakeba
Sedegiani aRmoCnda. imperatorma bagrat IV-s kurapalatoba uboZa da Tavisi Zmiswuli
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elene miaTxova. dedofali elene maleve gardaicvala. droebiTi aRmoCnda saqarTvelo-bizantiis mSvidobiani urTierTobac (bagrat IV-m meorejer osTa mefis asul borenaze iqorwina). bizantiasTan urTierTobis mowesrigebis mizniT bagrat IV-m Tavisi
asuli, mSvenierebiT ganTqmuli marTa (marTa-mariami) imperator duka parapinaks miaTxova. Tumca raime xelSesaxebi Sedegi arc am dinastiur qorwinebas mohyolia.
bagrat IV-is dros garTulda qveynis saSinao mdgomareobac. samefo xelisuflebas daupirispirda kldekaris erisTavi liparit baRvaSi. konfliqtis mizezTa Soris
istorikosebi TbilisisaTvis brZolis peripetiebsac asaxeleben. marTlac, 1032 wels
liparit baRvaSma da ioane abazasZem (mefis momxre didebulma) Seipyres Tbilisis
amira da mefes mihgvares. mefem amira Seiwyala da gaaTavisufla. 1037 wels, liparitis iniciativiT, bagrat IV-m Tbiliss alya Semoartya. alya or weliwads gagrZelda. qalaqis mosaxleoba ukidures gaWirvebaSi Cavarda. amira gaqcevis samzadiss
Seudga... magram mefem moulodnelad, liparitTan SeuTanxmeblad, qalaqs alya moxsna.
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, `romelTame didebulTa, azraxes (urCies) mefes, ara
gandidebisaTvis liparitisa egos (darCes) amira Tbilissave, da daamtkica mefeman
amira tfilissave~. kldekaris saerisTavo Tbilisis saamiros esazRvreboda da SesaZlebelia, mefe da sxva didebulebi marTlac SiSobdnen, rom qalaqis aRebiT baRvaSTa sagvareulo metismetad gaZlierdeboda. am movlenebis Semdeg lipariti mefes
daupirispirda. 1046 wels Tbilisis mmarTvelebma (berebma) qalaqi bagrats gadasces.
amave dros, lipariti bagratis winaaRmdeg ajanyda. mefe iZulebuli gaxda erisTavis
winaaRmdeg miemarTa Zalebi da Tbilisi daeTmo.
liparitTan urTierTobis mogvarebis mizniT bagrat IV konstantinopolSi gaemgzavra. imperatorma is sam weliwads daayovna. amasobaSi liparitma bagratis mcirewlovani Ze giorgi ruisis taZarSi mefed akurTxa da Tavi mis gamzrdelad gamoacxada.
sabolood, liparit baRvaSi isev misma qveSevrdomma aznaurebma Seipyres: `amis
samefosa didebulTa moewyina patronoba liparitisa, SeiTqunes sula kalmaxeli da
mesxni, Seipyres liparit da Ze misi ioane... da bagrat mefesa... moarTves~ (`qarTlis
cxovreba~). mefem lipariti daatyveva, berad aRkveca da bizantiaSi gaaZeva.
XI saukunis 60-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi Turq-selCukebis Semosevebi iwyeba.
1064 wels maT, alf-arslanis sardlobiT, axalqalaqi da mimdebare mxareebi dalaSqres, 1068 wels ki _ qarTli da zemo imereTi. mSvidobis sanacvlod alf-arslanma
bagrat IV-s morCileba da xarkis gadaxda mosTxova. bagratisaTvis es pirobebi miuRebeli aRmoCnda.
davaleba
1. imsjeleT ioane maruSisZis gegmis Sesaxeb.
2. ratom iwodeba bagrat III erTiani saqarTvelos pirvel mefed? CamoTvaleT misi
xelisuflebis qveS gaerTianebuli qarTuli teritoriebi
3. imsjeleT giorgi I-is bizantiasTan dapirispirebis Sedegebze da SeafaseT mefis
sagareo politika.
4. SeafaseT bagrat IV-is moqmedeba Tbilisis alyis dros.
5. Tqveni azriT, ra mizani amoZravebda liparit baRvaSs? rogoria mis mimarT bizantiis pozicia?
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
bagrat III-is gamefeba qarTlSi _ 975 w.
bagrat III-is gamefeba `afxazTa samefoSi~ _ 978 w.
barda fokas ajanyeba _ 987 w.
bagrat III-is mier kaxeT-hereTis SemoerTeba _ 1008-1010 w.
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giorgi I-is mefoba _ 1014-1028 ww.
SirimTan brZola _ 1021 w.
bagrat IV-is mefoba _ 1027-1072
Turq-selCukTa pirveli laSqroba saqarTveloSi _ 1064 w.
Turq-selCukTa meore laSqroba saqarTveloSi _ 1068 w.
$3. Turq-selCukebi da maTi dapyrobiTi omebi
maxlobel aRmosavleTSi
Turq-selCukTa saxelmwifos aRmoceneba, dapyrobiTi omebi. kaspiis zRvis aRmosavleTiT, Sua aziaSi, sadac mdinareebi amudaria da sirdaria miedineba, Tvaluwvdeneli
stepebia. am midamoebSi cxovrobdnen TurqTa tomebi.
Turqebs, anu Turq-selCukebs, saqmianobac garemos Sesaferi hqondaT: saqoneli da
mesaqonleoba. hyavdaT uamravi cxvari da aqlemi, cxeni da Zroxa. miwaTmoqmedeba maTi
saqme ar iyo. mesaqonle xalxs sWirdeboda saZovari da amitom isini erT adgilze arc
Cerdebodnen. aiyrebodnen qalian-kacian-bavSvianad da miemarTebodnen Sua aziis ukidegano tramalebSi sarCo-sabadeblisa da saZovrebisaTvis.
cxovrebis wesidan gamomdinare, Turqebi SesaniSnavi mxedrebic iyvnen. X-XI saukuneebSi maTma daqsaqsulma tomebma gaerTianeba daiwyes. pirveli gamaerTianebeli selCuki iyo da misi saxelis mixedviT, Turqebs selCukianebi SeerqvaT. selCukebi fanatikosi muslimebi iyvnen da religiuri fanatizmi maT agresiulobas kidev ufro amZafrebda. maT SeZles mezobeli RaznelTa saxelmwifos damarcxeba da didi dapyrobiTi
omebi warmoiwyes. saxelmwifoebrivi forma, realurad, TurqTa tomebma, selCukis
memkvidris, SviliSvilis, ToRrul begis dros miiRes. ToRrulma ganamtkica centraluri xelisufleba da erTdroulad mravali mimarTulebiT daiwyo laSqrobebi.
Tavisi Zmis, CaRri begTan erTad, 1030-40-ian wlebSi mTeli Sua azia (xorezmi), irani,
erayi, azerbaijani, somxeTi daipyro da 1055 wels aiRo baRdadi. muslimTa sulierma
meTaurma, xalifa al qaimma, ToRrul begs jer sulTnis, Semdeg ki `aRmosavleTisa da
dasavleTis mpyrobelis~ titulebic mianiWa.
ToRrul begi alf-arslanma Secvala (muhamed ibn doud alf-arslani). es iyo mamaci da Wkviani sardali, magram gaunaTlebeli da sastiki pirovneba. qveyanas faqtobrivad misi didi vaziri, nizam al-mulqi ganagebda. sword alf-arslanis dros dasrulda somxeTis saboloo dapyroba, 1064 da 1068 wlebSi man saqarTvelozec ilaSqra.
1071 wels alf-arslanma manaskertTan brZolaSi daamarcxa bizantielebi, imperatori
romanoz IV diogeni tyved Caigdo da bizantiis aRmosavleTi provinciebi daikava. 1072
wels Sua aziaSi ajanyebam ifeTqa, didi laSqriT daZruli alf-arslani iq mokles.
didi sulTani gaxda misi memkvidre maliq Sahi. maliq Sahis sulTnobisas gagrZelda
TurqTa dapyrobebi mcire aziis mimarTulebiT. male maT wminda adgilebic daipyres.
maliq Sahis saxelmwifo misi gardacvalebidan (1092 w.) maleve daiSala ramdenime
did da mcire politikur erTeulad. selCukianTa saxelmwifos nangrevebze ramdenime
saxelmwifoebrivi erTeuli warmoiSva.
Turq-selCukebs Seurigebeli winaaRmdegeba gauwies „asasinebma“ (igive „haSiSinebma“). meomarTa es islamuri seqta X saukunis dasasruls Camoyalibda. misi damaarsebeli iyo hasan ibn sabahi, romelic aseve cnobilia `mTaTa moxucis~ saxeliT. seqtis
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wevrebi damokidebulni iyvnen „haSiSze“, Zlier narkotikul saSualebaze. religiuri
fanatizmi da haSiSis zemoqmedeba asasinebs mrisxane, daumarcxebel Zalad aqcevda.
„didi selCuki“ sulTnebi amaod cdilobdnen asasinebis mTavari rezidenciis alamuTis cixis aRebas da maT ganadgurebas. selCukTa didveziri nizam al-mulqi sastikad devnida maT, magram am RonisZiebebs Sedegi ar mohyolia. TviT didi veziric
asasinTa msxverpli Seiqna (mokles 1092 wels). asasinTa mier moklul politikur mowinaaRmdegeTa sia sakmaod grZelia: xalifebi, umaRlesi sasuliero pirebi, vezirebi,
amirebi, yadebi (mosamarTleebi), jvarosanTa beladebi... asasinTa ordenis ganadgureba mxolod monRolebma SeZles (XIII s.). sainteresoa, rom monRolTa mier alamuTis
cixis aRebaSi qarTvelebic monawileobdnen mefe daviT narinis sardlobiT (qarTvelebs monRolTa samxedro samsaxuri evalebodaT).
selCukebi da saqarTvelo. somxeTis dalaSqvris Semdeg, 1064 wels, alf-arslani
saqarTveloSi SemoiWra. mefe bagrat IV (1027-1072 ww.) saTanadod momzadebuli ver
daxvda maT. Turqebma jer javaxeTi moarbies da ukan gabrundnen. meored 1068 wels
SemoiWrnen, hereT-kaxeTi waaxdines da kvlav ukuiqcnen. bagrat IV-is gardacvalebis
Semdeg mefe giorgi II (1072-1089 ww.) energiulad ebrZoda momxdurebs, 1073 wels didi
marcxic agema mters, magram Turqebma mainc imZlavres. 1080 wlidan saqarTveloSi
daiwyo TurqTa intensiuri Camodgoma, `didi Turqoba~. adre gazafxulze, rogorc ki
balaxi gaiRviZebda, selCukebi Semodiodnen da sanam saZovari iyo, gvian Semodgomamde
aq rCebodnen. jer aRmosavleT saqarTvelos vakeebs aoxrebdnen, Semdeg ki dasavleTsac uwies. selCukebs dapyrobil qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic, didi ubedureba
mohqondaT. Turqebi mesaqonle-mejogeni da intensiuri soflis meurneobis sruliad
umecarni iyvnen. maT saZovrebad aqcies qarTl-kaxeTis baR-venaxebi. eklesiebi da sasaxleebi saqonlis boslebad gamoiyenes, daangries soflebi da qalaqebi. amowyvites
mosaxleoba. saqarTvelo umZimes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. `qarTlis cxovreba~ ase
aRwers `did Turqobas~ saqarTveloSi: `roca Turqebi Semovidnen, ar iyo im dros
Tesva da mka; qveyana mooxrda da tyed gadaiqca. kacTa nacvlad mxecebi da velTa nadirni damkvidrdnen masSi. da qveynis yovel mkvidrTa Soris iyo Wiri mouTmeneli...
mtrebma ar Seiwyales moxucebulni, Seagines qalwulni, amowyvites Wabukebi, xolo
Cvilni moitaces. nakadulTa nacvlad sisxlis mdinareebi rwyavda qveyanas... amowyvites isinic, vinc darCenili iyo tyeebSi, kldeebsa, qvabebsa Tu xvrelebSi... `Tvinier
cixeTa ara sada iyo kaci sofelsa Sina~. TurqTa batonobas saqarTveloSi bolo mouRo didma daviT aRmaSenebelma.
davaleba
1. daaxasiaTeT Turq-selCukebi (saqmianoba, dapyrobebi).
2. imsjeleT `didi Turqobis~ Sedegebze. gansazRvreT, ra safrTxes uqmnida saqarTvelos TurqTa gamudmebuli laSqrobebi.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi
Turq-selCukebis mier baRdadis aReba _ 1055 w.
manaskertTan brZola _ 1071 w.
giorgi II-is mefoba _ 1072-1089 ww.
didi Turqobis dasawyisi saqarTveloSi _ 1080 w.
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testi #7
testis maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 39 qula.
I. upasuxeT kiTxvebs
instruqcia: mocemulia 20 kiTxva oTxi savaraudo pasuxiT. swori pasuxi fasdeba
1 quliT. jamSi, maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 20 qula.
1. rodis Camoyalibda kaxeTis samTavro?
a) VI saukunis dasawyisSi, vaxtang gorgaslis gardacvalebis Semdeg;
b) VIII saukunis miwuruls;
g) X saukunis Sua xanebSi;
d) XII saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, daviT aRmaSeneblis gardacvalebis Semdeg, rodesac
saqarTvelo kvlav daiSala samefo-samTavroebad.
2. CamoTvlilTagan, romel qarTul mxareebs aerTianebda „afxazTa samefo“?
a) afxazeTs, raWas, svaneTs, hereTs, gurias;
b) imereTs, samegrelos, afxazeTs, gurias;
g) raWas, svaneTs, qvemo qarTls, qiziys;
d) afxazeTs, samcxes, svaneTs, javaxeTs, gurias.
3. qarTvel mefeTa titulaturaSi: „mefe afxazTa, qarTvelTa, ranTa. kaxTa...“, ras
aRniSnavs „mefe afxazTa...“?
a) saqarTvelos mefeTagan uSualod afxazeTis teritoriis flobas;
b) saqarTvelos mefeTagan dasavleT saqarTvelos flobas;
g) saqarTvelos mefeTagan afxazeT-egrisisa da samcxis flobas;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
4. romeli eklesia-monastrebis mSenebloba ukavSirdeba grigol xanZTelis saxels?
a) samTavisis, SiomRvimis;
g) bediis, zarzmis;
b) xanZTis, alaverdis;
d) iSxanis, Satberdis.
5. vin da rodis miiRo `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli?
a) bagrat III- m, 980 w.;
g) adarnasem, 888 w.;
b) daviT III-m, 1001 w.;
d) guaramma, 826 w.
6. ratom mimarTa daxmarebisTvis bizantiam daviT III kurapalats?
a) daviT III bizantiis erTguli qveSevrdomi iyo da mas imperatoris daxmareba isedac evaleboda;
b) tao-klarjeTi Zlieri samefo iyo da Tan bizantiis mokavSire;
g) daviT kurapalatma Tbilisi bizantielebis daxmarebiT SemoierTa da amis gamo
valdebuli iyo daxmareboda mas;
d) barda skliarosi tao-klarjeTis dapyrobas apirebda da amitom bizantiis imperatorma daviT III-s ajanyebulTa winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZola SesTavaza.
7. ioane maruSisZis gegmis mixedviT:
a) afxazeTSi, qarTlSi da daviT kurapalatis gardacvalebis Semdeg tao-klarjeTSi bagrati unda gamefebuliyo;
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b) kaxeTsa da afxazeTSi bagrati, tao-klarjeTSi ki daviT kurapalatis Svili
unda gamefebuliyo;
g) daviT kurapalats afxazeTi da qarTli unda SemoeerTebina, kaxeT-hereTi ki Tbilisis amiras;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
8. rodis gamefda bagrat mesame afxazTa samefoSi?
a) 875 wels; b) 978 wels; g) 988 wels; d) 1001 wels.
9. vin iTvleba gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirvel mefed?
a) bagrat III; b) daviT III; g) bagrat IV; d) giorgi II.
10. romeli winadadebaa swori?
a) xornabuji, ujarma da quTaisi vaxtang gorgasalma aago;
b) mcxeTa, Tbilisi da ujarma vaxtang gorgasalma aago;
g) artanuji, Satberdi da xanZTa grigol xanZTelma aago;
d) bediisa da bagratis taZrebi bagrat mesamem aago.
11. romel wlebSi mefobda giorgi pirveli?
a) 975–1014 ww.; b) 1010–1021 ww.; g) 1014–1027 ww.;
d) 1029–1045 ww.
12. romeli winadadebaa swori?
a) liparit baRvaSi TiTqmis oc weliwads ebrZoda mefe bagrat IV-s. sabolood,
mefem daamarcxa urCi feodali da misi momxre Tbilisis amira. bagratma lipariti
sikvdiliT dasaja;
b) mefe bagrat IV-is winaaRmdeg brZolaSi liparit baRvaSs Turq-selCukebi mfarvelobdnen. 1071 wels manaskertTan brZolaSi bizantielebma daamarcxes Turq-selCukebi, Seipyres maT rigebSi mebrZoli lipariti da bagrat IV-s gadasces. mefem urCi
feodali berad aRkveca;
g) kldekaris erisTavi liparit baRvaSi misive qveSevrdomma aznaurebma Seipyres
da mefe bagrat IV-s migvares, radgan maT ar awyobdaT erisTavis metismeti gaZliereba. mefem lipariti berad aRkveca da saqarTvelodan gaaZeva;
d) liparit baRvaSi mefe bagrat IV-sTan brZolis dros bizantielebs daukavSirda da kldekaris saerisTavo maT gadasca; Semdeg lipariti dasavleT saqarTveloSi
gadavida, quTaisTan daamarcxa bagrat IV da qalaqi gadawva. liparits aumxedrdnen
imereli feodalebi, Seipyres da sikvdiliT dasajes.
13. ram ganapiroba Turqebis migrireba dasavleTisaken?
a) arabebi Turqebs iwvevdnen jarSi da samxedro samsaxuris magier maT sparseTis
teritoriebze dasaxlebis uflebas aZlevdnen;
b) arabTa imperia TandaTanobiT sustdeboda, Turqebs ki saxalifos mdidari qalaqebis gaZarcvaze eWiraT Tvali, amitomac isini TandaTanobiT ikavebdnen wina azias;
g) Turqebi momTabare mecxoveleebi iyvnen, maTi arsebobis mTavar wyaros saZovrebi
warmoadgenda. axal-axali saZovrebis dauflebis mizniT isini dedawulianad aiyrebodnen xolme da did manZilze momTabareobdnen. iTvleba, rom axali saZovrebis Zebna
da daufleba gaxda TurqTa migraciis ZiriTadi mizezi;
d) Turqebma islami miiRes da arabebs dauaxlovdnen. maT surdaT arabTa imperiaSi
gabatonebuli mdgomareoba moepovebinaT, amisTvis ki aucilebeli iyo saxalifos centraluri regionebi da qalaqi baRdadi daeqvemdebarebinaT. swored es gaxda TurqTa
dasavleTSi migrirebis mizezi.
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14. vin iTvleba did selCukTa saxelmwifos damaarseblad?
a) selCuki;
b) alf-arslani;
g) maliq-Sahi;
d) TorRul-begi.
15. vin iyo saqarTvelos mefe 1071 wlis manaskertis brZolis dros?
a) giorgi II;
b) bagrat IV;
g) daviT IV;
d) giorgi I.
16. romel wels ilaSqres Turq-selCukebma pirvelad saqarTveloSi?
a) 1064 wels;
b) 1067 wels;
g) 1069 wels;
d) 1071 wels.
17. romelma mefem ikisra Turq-selCukTa xarki da usityvo morCileba?
a) giorgi I;
b) giorgi II;
g) bagrat III;
d) bagrat IV.
18. rodidan iwyeba `didi Turqoba~ saqarTveloSi?
a) 1081w;
b) 1079w;
g) 1080w;
d) 1082w.
19. rodis da visi mefobis dros gamoCndnen Turq-selCukebi pirvelad saqarTveloSi?
a) 1021 wels, giorgi I-is mefobis dros; b) 1064 wels, bagrat IV-is mefobis dros;
g) 1080 wels, giorgi II-is mefobis dros; d) 1097 wels, daviT IV-is mefobis dros.
20. romel variantSia droSi Tanmimdevrulad warmodgenili qarTveli mefeebi?
a) aSot I kurapalati; bagrat IV ; daviT III ; giorgi II;
b) giorgi II ; bagrat III; adarnase I kurapalati; leon II;
g) bagrat III; giorgi II; bagrat IV; daviT III;
d) daviT III kurapalati; giorgi I; bagrat IV.
II. rukis analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 12 qula)
ruka #6-is (danarTi #1) mixedviT, upasuxeT kiTxvebs:
1. romeli saukunis saqarTveloa gamosaxuli rukaze?
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( 1 qula)
2. romel politikur erTeulebad iyofoda im dros saqarTvelo?
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(1 qula)
3. CamowereT politikuri erTeulebis dedaqalaqebi.
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(1 qula)
4. romeli dampyroblis Semosvlaa rukaze asaxuli?
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(1 qula)
5. pirobiTi niSnebis mixedviT, gansazRvreT dampyroblis laSqrobis marSruti; CamowereT mis mier dalaSqruli qarTuli provinciebi, qalaqebi da brZolis adgilebi.
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(2 qula)
6. ecadeT amoicnoT damproblis saqarTveloze gamolaSqrebis ZiriTadi mizani.
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(2 qula)
7. rukis mixedviT, ras isaxavda miznad afxazTa mefe Teodosi?
___________________________________________
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(2 qula)
8. CamowereT Cveni mezobeli qveynebi (saxelmwifoebi) da gansazRvreT maTi mdebareoba (CrdiloeTiT, samxreTiT da a.S.) saqarTvelos mimarT.
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(2 qula)
III.problemis analizi da argumentacia (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 7 qula)
XI saukuneSi Seuqcevad xasiaTs iRebs saqarTvelos gaerTianebis procesi. am mxriv
warmatebuli aRmoCnda bagrat III-is mefoba _ is gaerTianebuli saxelmwifos pirveli
mefea. amis miuxedavad, momdevno aTwleulebSi qveynis gaerTianebis procesi Seferxda.
a) daasaxeleT qveynis gaerTianebis xelSemwyobi ori faqtori
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(2 qula);
b) daasaxeleT qveynis gaerTianebis xelSemSleli ori faqtori
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
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(2 qula);
g) Tqveni azriT, saqarTvelos gaerTianebis process, ZiriTadad, Sinagani faqtorebi ganapirobebda Tu sagareo? sakuTari poziciis warmosaCenad moiyvaneT argumentebi.
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(3 qula).
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VIII Tavi. saqarTvelo da msoflio
XII-XIII saukuneebSi
$1. jvarosnuli laSqrobebis mizezebi da pirveli laSqroba
jvarosnuli laSqrobebis mizezebi. jvarosnul moZraobas Tavisi gamomwvevi mizezebi hqonda. evropeli feodalebi axali dapyrobebiT fiqrobdnen aRmosavleTis
qveynebis simdidris dauflebas, sakuTari miwebisa da samflobeloebis gazrdas. maSin
evropaSi arsebobda kanoni, romlis ZaliTac memkvidreoba mxolod ufros vaJs ergeboda. miwaTmflobelis sxva Svilebi, marTalia, inarCunebdnen wodebriv privilegiebsa da warmomavlobiT statuss, rogoric iyo hercogi, grafi, baroni, raindi da a.S.,
magram realurad arc miwa da arc simdidre ar gaaCndaT. feodalisaTvis ki miuRebeli
iyo vaWroba, miwaTmoqmedeba da mewarmeoba. maT sapatio saqmed mxolod brZola da
raindoba miaCndaT. amitom memkvidreobis gareSe darCenili didgvarovnebi mebrZolTa rigebs avsebdnen, raindebi xdebodnen da cdilobdnen, simdidre `patiosani brZolebiT~ moepovebinaT. maTTvis saocrad mimzidveli aRmoCnda aRmosavleTis mdidari
qveynebis dapyrobisa da iqauri qonebis dauflebis perspeqtiva.
aRmosavleTiT laSqrobas imedis TvaliT mosaxleobis Raribi da uflebaSezRuduli fenebic uyurebdnen. isini ocnebobdnen, dasaxlebuliyvnen axal miwebze, sadac
Tavs daaRwevdnen ymobasa da siRatakes.
evropis saxelmwifoTa mmarTvelebi jvarosnuli laSqrobebis warmatebas ukavSirebdnen nayofieri teritoriebis, mdidari da ricxvmravali qalaqebis dauflebas,
sakuTari Zalauflebis ganvrcobasa da vasaluri saxelmwifoebis Seqmnas.
im drois evropaSi yvelaze did Zalasa da avtoritets flobda kaTolikuri eklesia, romelsac romis papi edga saTaveSi. eklesia jvarosnuli omebis iniciatorad
gvevlineba _ aRmosavleTis xalxebSi qristianobis gavrceleba da axali samflobeloebis damkvidreba sasuliero wodebis umTavres mizans warmoadgenda.
jvarosnuli laSqrobebis dawyebas axlo aRmosavleTSi Seqmnili politikuri
viTarebac uwyobda xels. bizantiis imperias asustebda Turq-selCukebis Semosevebi. Turqebi XI saukuneSi mniSvnelovan warmatebebs aRweven da imperiis aRmosavleT
provinciebsac euflebian, magram mtkice erToba verc selCukebma SeinarCunes _ dinastiuri brZolebi da calkeuli mTavrebis ltolva sakuTari samflobeloebis damoukideblobisaken, Turqebis samxedro Zalebs qsaqsavda da maT Zlierebas seriozul
dartymas ayenebda.
1095 wels safrangeTis qalaq klermonSi gaimarTa saeklesio kreba. krebas sasuliero pirebis garda, saero xelisufalni da warCinebulTa fenis warmomadgenlebic
eswrebodnen. krebis mTavar idead iqca papis, urban II-is mowodeba, TurqTa batonobisagan gamoexsnaT qristianTa wminda qalaqi ierusalimi da uflis saflavi, romelic
`Turqebis wyeuli tomis mier... mZime mdgomareobaSia...~. papis am mowodebas saerTo
mxardaWera mohyva. sayovelTao SeZaxili _ `ase surs RmerTs~, kargad gamoxatavda
klermonSi Sekrebil sasuliero da saero xelisufalTa ganwyobas _ eTavaT TurqTa
winaaRmdeg religiuri omi wminda adgilebis `urjuloTagan gasaTavisufleblad~.
urban II SekrebilT imasac Seaxsenebda, rom aRmosavleTSi maT zRapruli simdidrec
elodaT: `gaswieT wminda saflavisaken. gaaTavisufleT warmarTebisagan da daimorCileT es mxare. iqaur miwas rZe da Tafli sdis. ierusalimi unayofieresi mxarea. igi
aris dedamiwis Wipi da meore samoTxe. gixmobT igi miwa, elodeba ganTavisuflebas da
ganuwyvetliv gemudarebaT daxmarebisaTvis~.
100
daiwyo mzadeba aRmosavleTSi salaSqrod. istoriam icis rva aseTi laSqroba, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia pirveli da meoTxe.
pirveli jvarosnuli laSqroba. papis mowodebis Semdeg jvarosanTa mravalaTasiani laSqari aRmosavleTisaken daiZra. 1096 wels Rataki glexebi daiZrnen frangi
beris, vinme pier amienelis meTaurobiT. isini sruliad moumzadeblebi iyvnen: SeuiaraRebelni, sursaTis gareSe, daqsaqsulebi. ar icodnen da verc warmoedeginaT, sad
midiodnen da ra elodaT. centralur safrangeTSi Seikribnen, mdinare dunais gauyvnen da, rogorc iqna, konstantinopols miaRwies. bizantielebi gaocdnen: es uiaraRo brbo rogor daixsnis qristes saflavs SeiaraRebuli Turqebisagano. maT urCies
molaSqreebs, ar gadasuliyvnen mcire aziaSi. ar daiSales jvarosnebma. gadavidnen
mcire aziaSi da iqve Seejaxnen SeiaraRebul TurqTa razmebs. savalalod dasrulda es
ugunureba. aTasobiT daxoces, tyved Caigdes da monebad aqcies muslimebma. mxolod
mcire nawili gadaurCa sikvdils.
evropeli warCinebuli feodal-raindebi ki mTeli gulmodginebiT emzadebodnen.
sursaTic moimarages da kargadac SeiaraRdnen. laSqrobas safrangeTis, flandriis,
italiisa da sxva qveynebis didebulebi edgnen saTaveSi. 1096 wlis bolosaTvis isini
konstantinopolTan Seikribnen, Seisvenes, imperatoris Tanadgoma miiRes da mcire
aziaSi gadavidnen, win qristes jvari waimZRvares. mcire aziaSi bevri didi qalaqi iyo,
sadac erTimeoris gverdiT cxovrobdnen qristianebica da muslimebic. aqaurebi kargi
xelosnebi da vaWrebi iyvnen da simdidrec bevri hqondaT.
jvarosnebma erTimeoris miyolebiT, mZime brZolebiT aiRes jer edesa, Semdeg antioqia, tripoli da sxva qalaqebi. dapyrobil adgilebze jvarosnebma evropulis msgavsi samTavroebi daaarses: edesis sagrafo, antioqiis samTavro, tripolis sahercogo da bolos miadgnen wminda ierusalims. muslimebi Tavs gaafTrebiT icavdnen. 1099
wlis zafxulis damdegs jvarosnebma qalaqi aiRes. jvarosanTa mizani miRweuli iyo:
qristes saflavi gaTavisuflda. gaTavisuflebul palestinaSi jvarosanTa yvelaze
didi saxelmwifo, ierusalimis samefo daarsda, romlis pirvel mefed flandriis
didi grafi bodueni (bolduini) airCies.
jvarosanTa laSqars evropidan mravali saeklesio piric mihyveboda. isini, WeSmariti morwmuneni, wminda guliT eswrafodnen qristes saflavis gaTavisuflebas.
swored isini gviamboben, rom zogierTma raindma daiviwya laSqrobis mizani da Zarcva-glejas mihyo xeli, arc muslimebs indobdnen, arc iudevelebs da arc qristianebs. maT ara marto papis mowodeba daiviwyes, aramed uflis Segonebanic. sixarbes
ver sZlies da mZarcvelebad iqcnen. ai ras wers frangi episkoposi jvarosnebis mier
ierusalimis Zarcvis Sesaxeb: `Tqven unda genaxaT, roca Cvenma saWurvelmtvirTvelebma da qveiTebma gaiges sarkinozebis (muslimebis) eSmakoba, daxocilebs muclebs
ufatravdnen, raTa iqidan gadaylapuli oqros monetebi amoeRoT. am mizniT, ramdenime
dRis Semdeg (qalaqis aRebidan), gvamebi erTad daalages da dawves, raTa ufro advilad epovaT fulebi.
am didi sisxlisRvris Semdeg jvarosnebi moqalaqeTa saxlebs moedvnen da itacebdnen yvelafers, rac iq iyo. Tanac wesad aqcies, yvela, vinc vis saxls daikavebda, mdidari iyo Tu Raribi, yvelafers rom miitacebdnen, saxlsac daepatronebodnen
xolme... bevri Raribi mdidari Seiqna~.
raindTa sasuliero ordenebis Seqmna. jvarosnul saxelmwifoTagan ierusalimis
samefo yvelaze didi da Zlieric iyo. socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri cxovreba aq zustad evropul wesze moawyves. ierusalimis mefe jvarosnul saxelmwifos
meTaurTa Soris pirveli iyo.
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jvarosanTa umTavresi problema is iyo, rom maT gars ertya mravalricxovani muslimuri saxelmwifoebi, romlebTanac mudmivi omebi hqondaT. saWiro xdeboda mahmadianebis winaaRmdeg mudmivi brZolis ufro efeqtiani formebi, brZolisaTvis mudmivi
mzadyofna da amasTan erTad, sarwmunoebrivi wesebis ucilobeli dacva. am mizniT 1119
wels ierusalimSi Seiqmna rainduli ordeni (gaerTianeba, kavSiri), romelsac tamplierebis ordeni ewoda. es saxeli miiRo imis gamo, rom maTi pirveli adgilsamyofeli ierusalimis mTavari taZris (solomonis taZris) gverdiT mdebareobda (frang.
le tample _ taZari). ordensac taZrosanTa anu tamplierTa ewoda. XII saukunis bolosaTvis amaT gamoeyvnen germanulenovani raindebi da Seqmnes germanelTa anu tevtonTa
ordeni. am samxedro-bermonazvnul ordenebs hqondaT TavianTi wesdebebi. ordenis
wevrebi debdnen monazvnur aRTqmas, usityvod emorCilebodnen ordenis meTaurs, did
magistrs anu grosmaisters. am ordenebs didi qoneba daugrovdaT SewirulobebiTa da
miwebis ZaliT datacebis gziT.
garda samxedro-rainduli ordenebisa, TiTqmis imave dros, ierusalimSi daarsda
saqvelmoqmedo ordeni ioanitebisa anu hospitalierebisa, wm. ioanes saxelobis es saqvelmoqmedo Zmoba exmareboda Soridan Camosul momlocvel-piligrimebs, mogzaurebs, kurnavda avadmyofebs da ganikiTxavda mSivrebsa da upovrebs. ioanitebis ordensac
didi simdidre daugrovda SemowirulebaTa gziT. mogvianebiT (XIII s-Si) am ordenebma
TavianTi saqmianoba evropaSi gadaitanes.
davaleba
1. ganmarteT, ra socialurma da politikurma faqtorebma ganapiroba jvarosnuli
laSqrobebi?
2. ratom iqca kaTolikuri eklesia jvarosnuli laSqrobebis iniciatorad?
3. romel wlebSi mimdinareobda pirveli jvarosnuli laSqroba? CamoTvaleT maT
mier dakavebuli teritoriebi da jvarosnuli saxelmwifoebi.
4. ra mizniT Seiqmna raindTa sasuliero ordenebi? ra daniSnuleba SeiZines maT?
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
klermonis saeklesio kreba _ 1095 w.
pirveli jvarosnuli laSqroba _ 1096 w.
jvarosnebis mier ierusalimis aReba _ 1099 w.
$2. daviT aRmaSeneblis saSinao politika (reformebi).
ganmarteba
mwignobarTuxucesi _ mwignobarTa ufrosi, samefo karis samdivnos xelmZRvaneli.
mstovari _ mzveravi.
aja _ xvewna, mudara, vedreba.
1089 wels saqarTvelos samefo taxtze 16 wlis daviT IV aRmaSenebeli avida (10891125 ww.). man TandaTanobiT, gegmazomieri reformebiT, dasZlia qveynis winaSe mdgari
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urTulesi problemebi: feodaluri gankerZoeba, Turq-selCukTa TareSi, qveynis politikuri daqsaqsuloba, sameurneo ngreva da sxva.
saxelmwifos gaZlierebisaTvis mimarTul RonisZiebaTa Soris erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi iyo samxedro reforma. arsebuli jari, rogorc Cans, mefes saimedo dasayrdenad ar miaCnda. daviTis anonimi istorikosis cnobiT, qarTuli jari iyo `dajabnebul mravalgzis mterTagan siltolviTa ucxeno da usaWurveloni (uiaraRoni)
da TurqTa mimarT wyobisa (laSqris samxedro wyobis) yovlad umecarni da friad
moSiSni~. jarSi samxedro disciplinac moSlili Cans _ `saeSmakoni simRerani, saxiobani da gancxromani da gineba RmrTisa da yoveli uwesoba...~ sakmaod gavrcelebuli
yofila qarTul laSqarSi.
axali jari sam nawilad iyofoda: mefis pirad usafrTxoebas `mona-spa~ uzrunvelyofda, mecixovneebs qalaqebisa da cixeebis dacva evalebodaT, jaris ZiriTad birTvs _ molaSqreebs saxelmwifo SemoWrili mtrisagan unda daecvaT.
samxedro reformam mefes saSualeba misca aRmosavleT saqarTvelos baridan ganedevna Turq-selCukebi da gaxiznuli mosaxleoba daebrunebina. mefem msxvil feodalebTan brZolaSic warmatebas miaRwia. daamarcxa kldekaris urCi erisTavi liparit
baRvaSi da erTgulebis ficiT Seiwynara. liparitis `erTguleba~ xanmokle aRmoCnda.
mefem is bizantiaSi gaaZeva, xolo rati liparitis Zis gardacvalebis Semdeg kldekaris saerisTavo gaauqma. daviT IV mkacrad gausworda abuleTisZeTa feodalur saxlsac. maTi kuTvnili mamulis nawili (zedaznis cixe da muxrani) SiomRvimis monasters
gadaeca.
1104 wels ruis-urbnisSi, daviT aRmaSeneblis iniciativiT, saeklesio kreba iqna
mowveuli. krebam, romelic kaTalikos ioanes TavmjdomareobiT mimdinareobda, eklesiidan gankveTa mefis mowinaaRmdege samRvdeloeba. gankveTilTa Soris iyvnen saeklesio TanamdebobisaTvis Seuferebeli sasuliero pirebic. mefem eklesia-monastrebs
mniSvnelovani SeRavaTebic mianiWa _ gaaTavisufla isini saxelmwifo gadasaxadebisagan
samefo xelisuflebis ganmtkicebas emsaxureboda mwignobarTuxucesisa da Wyondidelis Tanamdebobebis gaerTianeba. mwignobarTuxucesi mefis Semdeg umaRlesi saero Tanamdeboba iyo. Wyondideli ki Wyondidis (samegreloSia) episkoposs aRniSnavs.
am Tanamdebobebis gaerTianebam daviTs saeklesio saqmeebis gakontrolebis saSualeba
misca. ruis-urbnisis krebam miiRo saeklesio kanoni `Zegliswera~. am kanonis mixedviT: eklesiidan unda gaeZevebinaT uRirsi sasuliero pirebi; wesdeboda asakobrivi
SezRudva sxvadasxva saeklesio TanamdebobisTvis: episkoposisTvis _ 35 weli, mRvdlisTvis _ 30 weli, diakonisTvis _ 25 weli; am saeklesio ierarqiis gavla cxaddeboda savaldebulod; ikrZaleboda saeklesio Tanamdebobebis yidva-gayidva, maTi
memkvidreobiT gadacema da sxva.
saqarTvelos pirveli mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondideli daviT aRmaSeneblis aRmzrdeli da misi politikis erTguli mxardamWeri giorgi iyo. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
swored giorgi Seiqna yvela im RonisZiebis sulisCamdgmeli, romlebsac mefe qveynis
gaerTianebisa da gaZlierebisaTvis gegmavda da axorcielebda.
qveynis SigniT wesrigis ganmtkicebas emsaxureboda `mstovarTa~ aparatis Seqmna.
daviTis istorikosis cnobiT, amieridan `orgulebasa da Ralatsa vervin didTa anu
mcireTagani ikadrebda mogonebad, ara Tu qmnad.
mstovarTa aparati qveynis gareTac moqmedebda, ris Sedegadac samefo karma zedmiwevniT kargad icoda ucxoeTSi mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb, droulad xdeboda
misi informireba moaxloebuli safrTxis Taobaze.
daviT aRmaSenebelma Seqmna specialuri uwyeba `saajo kari~, romelsac saTaveSi
giorgi mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondideli Cauyena. `saajo kari~ ganixilavda sxvadasxva
saxis saCivrebsa da moxsenebebs. orSabaTobiT sasaxlis am uwyebaSi `obolTa da qvri103
vTa da mimZlavrebulTa moCivarTa~ saqmeebis gansaxilvelad specialurad mibrZandeboda giorgi mwignobarTuxucesi.
davaleba
1. imsjeleT daviTis samxedro reformis Sedegebze.
2. gansazRvreT baRvaSTa da abuleTisZeTa feodaluri saxlebis damarcxebis mniSvneloba samefo xelisuflebisaTvis.
3. imsjeleT saeklesio krebis mowvevis mizezebze. SeafaseT ruis-urbnisis krebis dadgenilebaTa mniSvneloba.
4. gansazRvreT mstovarTa aparatis da saajo karis funqciebi da mniSvneloba.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da Tarirebi
daviT IV aRmeSeneblis mefoba _ 1089-1125 w.
ruis urbnisis kreba _ 1104 w.
$3. daviT aRmaSenebeli.
brZola saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis
ganmarteba
placdarmi _ sivrce, sadac mzaddeba saomari operacia.
kavaleria _ cxenosani jari.
saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis brZola daviT IV-m kaxeT-hereTis SemoerTebiT
daiwyo (1101-1104 ww.). mefem aiRo zedaznis cixe, rasac kaxeTis dakavebis procesSi
mniSvnelovani samxedro placdarmis roli unda Seesrulebina. amasTan, aq TandaTan
izrdeboda daviTis politikis momxreTa ricxvi. swored maT Seipyres kaxeT-hereTis
ukanaskneli mefe aRsarTani. saqarTvelos gaerTianebas mtrulad Sexvdnen aRsarTanis
mokavSire Turq-selCukebi. 1104 wels daviT mefem isini erwuxis brZolaSi daamarcxa.
1110-1118 wlebSi daviT IV-m gaaTavisufla Turq-selCukTa mflobelobaSi myofi
qalaqebi: samSvilde, rusTavi, lore da mimdebare teritoriebi. amis Sedegad Tbilisi
moswyda Turqul samyaros.
1118 wels daviTma saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT 40 aTasi ojaxi yivCayi Camoasaxla.
yovel ojaxs TiTo mxedari unda gamoeyvana mudmiv samxedro samsaxurSi. amiT mniSvnelovnad gaizarda qarTuli jaris ricxovnoba da brZolisunarianoba. yivCayebma
maleve miiRes qristianoba, SeiTvises adgilobrivi wes-Cveulebebi da qarTvel xalxs
Seerwynen. yivCayebi kavkasiis CrdiloeTiT, Tanamedrove ruseTis samxreT teritoriebze cxovrobdnen da momTabareobas eweodnen. cxovrebis mkacrma pirobebma isini karg
meomrebad aqcia. XI-XII saukuneebis mijnaze gaZlierebuli kievis ruseTis saxelmwifo TandaTan aviwroebda yivCayebs. amitomac daTanxmda maTi nawili saqarTveloSi
gadmosaxlebas. yivCayebTan urTierTobis ganmtkicebis mizniT daviTma maTi mTavris
aTraqa SaraRanisZis asulze iqorwina.
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cxadi iyo, gaZlierebuli qarTuli saxelmwifo mTavari brZolisTvis emzadeboda
_ daviTma yovelmxriv alyaSi moaqcia Tbilisis saamiro da misi aRebiT saqarTvelos gaerTianebis dasrulebas gegmavda. Tbiliselma muslimebma daxmarebisTvis Turq
sulTnebsa da baRdadis xalifas mimarTes.
baRdadis xalifam mahmud mohamedisZem `yovelTa sparsTa da arabTa~ saqarTveloze laSqrobisaken mouwoda. mravalricxovan jars, romelic, sxvadasxva monacemiT,
400-dan 600 aTas meomramde meryeobda, jvarosnebis winaaRmdeg brZolebSi gamocdili
sardali il-Razi (nemj-ed-dini) Caudga saTaveSi.
saqarTvelos jari daaxloebiT 56000 meomrisagan Sedgeboda. maTgan umravlesobas
(40 aTass) qarTvelebi Seadgendnen. yivCayTagan gamoyvanil iqna 15 aTasi, xolo osTagan 500 mebrZoli. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli jaris rigebSi 100-dan 200-mde jvarosanic (`frangi~) ibrZoda.
daviTma brZolis adgilad didgoris veli SearCia. aqauri reliefi mters jaris
gaSlisa da ricxobrivi upiratesobis gamoyenebis saSualebas ar miscemda. gadamwyveti brZola 1121 wlis 12 agvistos gaimarTa da, mokle droSi, qarTvelTa brwyinvale gamarjvebiT dasrulda. daviTis istorikosma am gamarjvebas `Zlevai sakvirveli~
uwoda.
didgoris omSi daviTma samxedro xerxs mimarTa. brZolis dawyebamde qarTvelebs
200 mebrZoli gamoeyo da mowinaaRmdegis banakisaken daiZra. muslimebma isini moRalateebad miiCnies da sakuTar rigebSi SeuSves. am dros mebrZolebma xmlebi iSiSvles
da mtris rigebSi areuloba Seitanes. brZolis win daviTma niCbisis xevi Caaxergina, riTac qarTvel mebrZolebs ukan daxevis saSualeba mouspo. kavalerias demetre
ufliswuli (daviTis ufrosi Svili) sardlobda. zurgidan misma moulodnelma Tavdasxmam gadamwyveti roli Seasrula mtris damarcxebaSi.
1122 wels daviTma Tbilisi aiRo da sataxto qalaqi quTaisidan aq gadmoitana. 1123
wels mefem TurqTa ukanaskneli dasayrdeni _ dmanisi aiRo, riTac dasrulda saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebisa da gaerTianebis procesi.
daviT aRmaSenebeli Tavidan mkacrad gausworda Tbilisis damcvelebs, Semdeg ki
qalaqis muslimi mosaxleobis mimarT im droisaTvis uCveulo Semwyna­rebloba gamoiCina: qristianebs aekrZalaT muslimTa ubnebSi Roris yola, maT ufleba miecaT elocaT xalifasa da sulTnisaTvis, daakisra naklebi gadasaxadi (3 dinari), vinem qarTvelebs (5 dinari) da a.S.
1124 wels daviTma Sarvanze gailaSqra, aiRo qalaqi Samaxia da es saxano samefos
SemouerTa. amis paralelurad mefem TurqTagan gaaTavisufla da SemoierTa somxeTis
Zveli dedaqalaqi anisi.
davaleba
1. ganmarteT saqarTveloSi yivCayTa Camosaxlebis mizezebi.
2. gansazRvreT didgoris omis gamomwvevi mizezebi.
3. imsjeleT, ratom ar gamoiyvana daviTma brZolis velze ormociaTasive yivCayi meomari? raze miuTiTebs daviTis jarSi osTa da `frangTa~ monawileoba?
4. wyaro 3-is mixedviT daaxasiaTeT daviTis sagareo politika.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
daviT IV-is mier kaxeT-hereTis SemoerTeba _ 1101-1104 ww.
erwuxis brZola _ 1104 w.
samSvildis, rusTavisa da lores gaTavisufleba Turq-selCukebisgan _ 1110-1118 ww.
yivCayebis gadmosaxleba _ 1118 w.
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didgoris brZola _ 1121 w. 12 agvisto
Tbilisis gaTavisufleba _ 1122 w.
dmanisis gaTavisufleba _ 1123 w.
anisis SemoerTeba _ 1124 w.
$4. meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqroba
ierusalimis dakargva. Turq-selCukebma maleve SeZles Zalebis mobilizeba. XII
saukunis dasawyisidan isini jvarosnebis winaaRmdeg sul ufro gabedul da warmatebul brZolebs awarmoeben. jvarosnebis winaaRmdeg brZolebs saTaveSi Caudga egviptis sulTani salah ad-dini (igive saladini). jvarosnebi TandaTan Tmobdnen poziciebs. 1187 wels salah ad-dinma jvarosanTa mTavari Zalebi daamarcxa tiberiadis
tbasTan. amis Semdeg man daikava qalaqebi akra, sidoni, beiruTi da bolos, jvarosanTa
mTavari dasayrdeni, ierusalimi. rodesac egviptis sulTanma salah ad-dinma ierusalimi aiRo, Tavis mxedrebs aukrZala qristianebze SurisZieba: `me, iseve rogorc
Tqven, vici, rom ierusalimi RvTis saxlia da ar minda sisxlisRvriT wavbilwo misi
siwmindeebi~, _ aseTi iyo egviptis mbrZaneblis mrwamsi.
viTarebis gamosworebis mizniT evropeli mefeebi, romis papis kurTxeviT, axal-axal laSqrobebsac awyobdnen, magram uSedegod.
meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqroba. jvarosnuli laSqrobebis warumateblobam aRaSfoTa kaTolikuri eklesia da romis papi inokenti III. is morigi laSqrobisken mouwodebda evropel raindebs. maSindeli gabatonebuli azriT, jvarosanTa mTavari mteri
egviptis sasulTno iyo da saWirod Tvlidnen, gadamwyveti ieriSi jer uSualod egvipteze mietanaT da Semdeg ierusalimze. egvipteSi gadasasvlelad jvarosnebs xmelTaSua zRva unda gadaelaxaT. amisTvis ki didi sazRvao floti iyo saWiro, floti ki
maT ar hqondaT. samagierod gemTmSeneblobis saqmeSi didi gamocdileba da floti
hqonda veneciis respublikas. jvarosnebmac venecias mimarTes, egvipteSi gadasasvlelad gemebi agvigeTo.
veneciis respublikis meTauri, anu doJi, iyo oTxmocdaaT wels mitanebuli, TiTqmis usinaTlo moxuci enriko dandolo. man yuradRebiT moismina jvarosanTa saTxovari da rogorc mogvianebiT iTqva, `jvarosnuli situtucidan savaWro operacia
gamoawyo~. dandolom kargad icoda, rom gemebis agebas didZali fuli sWirdeboda,
jvarosnebs ki sakmarisi Tanxa ar eqnebodaT. dandolom, venecielTa saxeliT, gemebis
agebaze Tanxmoba ganacxada, risTvisac jvarosnebs 85 aTasi marka unda gadaexadaT.
daTqmul droSi venecielebma gemebi aages, jvarosnebs sakmarisi fuli ar aRmoaCndaT.
amiT kargad isargebles venecielebma da SorsmWvretelma dandolom jvarosnebi Tavisi miznebisaTvis gamoiyena.
saqme is iyo, rom aRmosavleTTan vaWrobaSi erTmaneTs ecilebodnen veneciisa da
genuis respublikebi. bizantielebma, sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare, upiratesoba ufro sust genuas mianiWes da ekonomikurad Zlieri venecia droebiT CamoiSores.
ganawyenebulma venecielebma scades jvarosnebi TavianTi mtris, bizantiis winaaRmdeg
gamoeyenebinaT.
amas zed daerTo areuloba bizantiis saimperatoro karze. bizantiaSi datrialebuli movlenebi da jvarosanTa gasaWiri SesaniSnavad icodnen veneciaSi. Wkvianma dando106
lom bizantiisaken miuTiTa jvarosnebs, iq simdidrec, fulic da yvela sxva sikeTec
bevriao. fuls daxarbebuli jvarosnebi konstantinopolisken daiZrnen. jvarosnebma
1204 wels konstantinopoli aiRes. maT erTianad aikles ara marto qalaqi, aramed
mTeli balkaneTi, saimperatoro xelisuleba daamxes da mis nacvlad iq jvarosnuli
saxelmwifo, laTinTa imperia daaarses. imdroindeli mematiane Jofrua vilardeni
jvarosanTa mier konstantinopolis Zarcvis Sesaxeb werda: `...moednen qalaqs da iwyes
nadavlis Segroveba, nadavli ki imdenad bevri iyo, rom vervin gansazRvravda oqros,
vercxlis, Zvirfaseulobis, Zvirfasi Tvlebis, abreSumis, xaverdis, bewveulis da
sxuaTa odenobas~.
balkaneTSi kidev ramdenime mcire jvarosnuli saxelmwifo aRmocenda. bizantiis
imperiam arseboba Sewyvita. mniSvnelivnad Semcirebuli, is mxolod 1261 wels aRdga.
ase dasrulda jvarosnuli epoqis yvelaze ucnauri laSqroba, romelSic kargad
gamoCnda am laSqrobaTa WeSmariti miznebi. xolo veneciam, misma moqnilma da Wkvianurma diplomatiam, am laSqrobaSi gadamwyveti roli rom iTamaSa, xangrZlivi droiT
uzrunvelyo aRmosavleTSi vaWrobis monopolia.
jvarosnebma verc momdevno sam laSqrobaSi isaxeles Tavi. miuxedavad jvarosnebis marcxisa, istorikosebi mainc aRniSnaven am laSqrobaTa mniSvnelobas evropisaTvis; miuTiTeben, rom evropelebma ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi gaicnes aRmosavluri
samyaro, romelzedac aqamde mxolod miTiuri warmodgenebi hqondaT. aRmosavleTis
yofiTi tradiciebisa da kulturis gavleniT daiwyes evropelebma wveris parsva,
samosis gamocvla, qalaqebSi abanoebis gamarTva, aiTvises abreSumis qsovilebisa
da minis warmoeba, gemo gausinjes brinjsa da limons, iswavles Wadrakis TamaSi da
sxva.
davaleba
1. ratom miiCnies venecielebma mtrad bizantielebi?
2. imsjeleT meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqrobebis Sedegebze.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da Tarirebi:
meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqroba _ 1204 w.
laTinTa imperiis dasasruli _ 1261 w.
$5. jvarosnebi da saqarTvelo
jvarosnebs kavSiri saqarTvelos samefosTanac hqondaT. aseTi kavSiri ormxriv sasargeblo iyo, radgan isini sakuTar warmatebas Turq-selCukTa samxedro Zlierebis
ganadgurebas ukavSirebdnen. XIII saukunis istorikosi Jak de vitri werda: `aRmosavleTSi aris agreTve kidev erTi qristiani xalxi. es eri aris metad mebrZoli, omSi
mamaci, mZlavri aRnagobis da Zlevamosili. hyavs uricxvi meomari. SiSis zars scems
sarkinozebs, Tavisi TavdasxmebiT xSirad did zians ayenebs sparselebs, midielebs da
asurelebs, romelTa mosazRvre mxareebSic saxlobs urwmuno xalxebiT garSemortymuli. am xalxebs qarTvelebs uwodeben... uflis saflavis mosalocad momavalni droSebgaSlilni Semodian wminda qalaqSi da baJs aravis uxdian. sarkinozebi wyeninebas
107
ver ubedaven, radgan saxlSi dabrunebulebs SeuZliaT Suri iZion TavianT mezobel
sxva sarkinozebze. qarTvelTa warCinebul qalebs, amorZalTa msgavsad, omSi raindebiviT iaraRi aqvT asxmuli...~.
daviT aRmaSenebelma kargad isargebla jvarosnuli laSqrobebis dawyebiT. 1099
wels man xarki Seuwyvita selCukTa sulTans. es faqtobrivad omis gamocxadebas niSnavda, magram sulTans jvarosnebTan omebisa da saxelmwifos Sinagani sisustis gamo
ar SeeZlo qarTuli mxaris gamowvevis miReba.
saqarTvelosa da jvarosnul samyaros Soris mWidro samxedro-politikuri kavSiris maCvenebelia didgoris velze qarTvelTa rigebSi 100, zogierTi (mag., goties)
cnobiT, 200 frangis (anu jvarosani raindis) monawileoba. aRsaniSnavia, rom antioqiis samefos kancleri gotie jvarosnuli saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg islamuri samyaros saerTo omis (ieriSis) dawyebas ukavSirebda Turq-selCukTa saqarTveloSi gamolaSqrebas _ `il-Razis survili iyo, raTa misi (daviTis) daRupvis an gandevnis Semdeg Tavisuflad da daubrkoleblad Seudges antioqiis damorCilebas da qristianTa
amowyvetas~.
didgoris brZolaSi gamarjvebam ganamtkica qarTuli saxelmwifos damoukidebloba da amierkavkasiis saxelmwifoebze misi politikuri gavlena. am gamarjvebas didi
gamoxmaureba mohyva dasavleT evropaSiac. daviT aRmaSeneblis saxeli qristianul
samyaroSi legendad iqca. jvarosnebSi, romlebic sul ufro Znelad umklavdebodnen
TurqTa da maT mokavSire muslimTa laSqars, mkvidrdeba da Zalzed popularuli xdeba gadmocema mxsneli mefis _ iovanes Sesaxeb, romelic jvarosnebis mokavSirea da
maT dasaxmareblad moemarTeba uZleveli jariT.
legendis mixedviT, aRmosavleTSi, sparseTisa da somxeTis axlos, cxovrobs qristiani mefe iovane. erT-erTi sisxlismRvreli brZolis dros am xelmwifem daamarcxa
sparselTa da midielTa manamde uZleveli mxedroba, tyved igdo maTi mefe-mTavrebi,
aiRo mravali qalaqi, maT Soris sparseTis dedaqalaqi ekbatana (es qalaqi dRes iranis teritoriazea da hqvia hamadani). gamarjvebulma iovanem ierusalimSi wasvla ganizraxa, raTa daxmareboda wminda miwis _ ierusalimis mcvelT.
gmiri mefe Tavisi mxedrebiT gaemarTa ierusalimisaken, magram gemebis uqonlobis
gamo mdinare evfrati ver gadalaxa da ukan dabrunda im pirobiT, rom momavalSi, ukeT
momzadebuli, jvarosnebTan erTad sabolood gaaTavisuflebda uflis saflavs.
mefe iovanes laSqrobis ambavma jvarosnebSi didi sixaruli gamoiwvia. isini imedovnebdnen, rom gmiri mefe male movidoda muslimebze Suris saZieblad. es legenda
jvarosnuli laSqrobebis Semdegac iyo gavrcelebuli evropel raindTa Soris. zogierTi istorikosis azriT, gadmocema mefe iovanes Sesaxeb Seiqmna XII saukunis dasawyisSi im xmebis safuZvelze, romlebic am epoqaSi gavrcelda evropelTa Soris daviT
aRmaSeneblis, misi Zis, demetresi da saerTod saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.
muslimTagan ierusalimis gamoxsnisaTvis mowyobil mexuTe jvarosnul laSqrobaSi monawileobas gegmavda laSa-giorgi (giorgi IV). magram, 1220 wels saqarTveloSi monRolTa pirvelma gamoCenam xeli SeuSala am Canafiqris ganxorcielebas. TviT
laSa-giorgi 1223 wels moulodnelad gardaicvala da taxtze misi da rusudani avida. rusudanis mefoba qveynisaTvis mZimed daiwyo. 1225 wels saqarTveloSi xorezmis
Sahi jalal ed-dini SemoiWra, Tbilisi aiRo da 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi aRmosavleT
saqarTvelo ramdenjerme dalaSqra. 1235 wlidan saqarTveloSi monRolTa batonoba
iwyeba, ramac daaxloebiT 100 wels gastana. aseT pirobebSi saqarTvelos aRar SeeZlo
jvarosnul laSqrobebSi monawileobaze fiqric ki. qveyanaSi Seqmnil mdgomareobaze
saubaria rusudanis werilSi romis papis honorius III-isadmi: `... Seni legatisagan
miviReT Seni didebuli rCeva da brZaneba, raTa Zma Cemi qristianebis dasaxmareblad
wasuliyo. es Tavad misi survilic iyo da wasasvleladac emzadeboda, magram, Tu
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Tqvenc gaigeT, Cvens qveyanas biwier TaTarTa tomi Semoesia da man didi zarali miayena
Cvens xalxs... amis gamo davrCiT da legatis miTiTebisamebr ver wamovediT~.
evropuli wyaroebis mowmobiT, XIV saukunis 30-ian wlebSi mefe giorgi V brwyinvalec gegmavda palestinaSi laSqrobas `wminda miwebis~ gamosaxsnelad, magram laSqroba aRar ganxorcielebula. saqme exeba safrangeTis mefe filipe IV valuas mier
organizebul morig jvarosnul laSqrobas. qarTvel mefesTan mosalaparakeblad
Tbiliss filipes elCebi ewvivnen rikardo merCeris meTaurobiT. giorgi brwyinvalem
despanebi didi pativiT miiRo da safrangeTis mefesTan sapasuxo werili gaatana: `safrangeTis RvTaebrivi xelmwifeni xSirad aRZraven aRmosavleTis mefeebs sarkinozTa
(aq, muslimTa) winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, magram Semdeg isini aRar modian, stoveben
ra aRmosavleTis mefeebs am mtanjvel omSi martod. amgvarad gTxovT Tqven daadginoT, rodis da rogor gadmolaxavT zRvas da myisve mec iq mixilavT, Tqveni keTili
nebis Sesabamisad, 30000 jariskaciT~.
davaleba
1. gansazRvreT, ra mniSvneloba hqonda saqarTvelosa da jvarosnebis kavSirs orive
mxarisaTvis.
2. imsjeleT, raze metyvelebs evropelTa Soris gavrcelebuli legenda mefe iovanes
Sesaxeb.
3. rogor axasiaTebs safrangeTis mefisadmi miwerili werili giorgi brwyinvales,
rogorc politikoss?
$6. Tamar mefe
ganmarteba
aTabagi _ mefis aRmzrdeli. es Tanamdeboba saqarTveloSi Tamar mefem SemoiRo.
amirspasalari _ mTavarsardali.
mandaturTuxucesi _ mandaturebis ufrosi, erTgvari sapolicio uwyebis xelmZRvaneli. misi funqcia iyo xelmwifis karze wesrigis dacva.
meWurWleTuxucesi _ saxelmwifo xazinis, qonebis, saWurWlis mTavari gamge.
msaxurTuxucesi _ gankargavda samefo salarosa da meurneobas.
daviT aRmaSeneblis memkvidreebi. daviT aRmaSeneblis memkvidris demetre I-is (11251156 ww.) sagareo politikis ZiriTad amocanad anisis (somxeTis) da Sarvanis SenarCuneba iqca. aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaze gabatonebas Turq-selCuqTa imperiis nangrevebze aRmocenebuli muslimuri saxelmwifoebi cdilobdnen. demetre iZulebuli gaxda,
anisi da Sarvani, saqarTvelos ymadnaficobis pirobiT, muslimi mmarTvelebisTvis daeTmo. gardamavali upiratesobiT mimdinareobda brZola qalaq ganZisaTvis. 1138 wels
demetre I-ma ganZa aiRo, gamarjvebis niSnad qalaqs rkinis kari Camoxsna da gelaTis
monasters Seswira. magram es warmateba droebiTi aRmoCnda. ganZa muslimuri saxelmwifoebisaTvis saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg brZolis ZiriTad placdarmad rCeboda.
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demetre I-is dros garTulda saSinao mdgomareobac. mas taxts ecileboda naxevarZma vaxtangi. vaxtangi mefobaze sakuTari pretenziis kanonierebis dasadastureblad iSveliebda mamis, daviT aRmaSeneblis anderZs. anderZSi naTqvami iyo, rom demetres taxti srulwlovani naxevarZmisTvis unda daeTmo: `Zma misi (vaxtangi) gazardos. da Tu inebos RmerTman da varg iyos... Semdgomad missa mefe hyos mamulsa zeda~.
istorikosTa umravlesoba Tvlis, rom daviTis anderZi vaxtangis momxreebis mieraa
gayalbebuli.
1155 wels mefes ufrosi Svili daviTi daupirispirda. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobiT, demetre I, CvenTvis gaurkveveli mizeziT, upiratesobas Tavis umcros Zes _ giorgis aniWebda. daviTi aujanyda mamas da taxts daeufla. demetre monasterSi berad
aRikveca. daviT V-m mxolod eqvsi Tve imefa. misi gardacvalebis Semdeg taxtze isev
demetre I dabrunda. isic maleve gardaicvala da 1156 wels saqarTveloSi demetres
umcrosi vaJi giorgi III (1156-1184 ww.) gamefda.
giorgi III-is sagareo politika Semtevi xasiaTis iyo. mefem isargebla muslimi
mmarTvelebis winaaRmdeg somexi mosaxleobis ajanyebiT da 1161 wels anisi daikava.
1172 wels giorgi III-m TurqTa batonobisagan meore somxuri qalaqi dvinic gaaTavisufla. gaizarda saqarTvelos gavlena Sarvanzec. sabolood ki, es mxareebi Tamaris
mefobis dros iqna Semomtkicebuli.
dinastiuri brZola giorgi III-is drosac mimdinareobda. 1177 wels daiwyo daviT
V-is Zis demetre (demna) ufliswulis ajanyeba, romelic Tavs taxtis kanonier memkvidred Tvlida. ajanyebam farTo masStabi miiRo. demnas mxars uWerda misi simamri,
saqarTvelos amirspasalari ioane orbeli. ramdenimeTviani brZolis Semdeg ajanyebulebi damarcxdnen. demetre ufliswuls, orbelTa sagvareulos da ajanyebis sxva
xelmZRvanelebs giorgi III mkacrad gausworda. mefem mowinaaRmdegeebze gamarjvebiT
isargebla, urCi didgvarovnebi Tanamdebobebidan gadaayena da maT nacvlad SedarebiT
dabali warmomavlobis, magram samefo karis erTguli pirebi daawinaura
Tamaris mefoba. 1179 (zogierTi monacemiT 1178 w.) wels giorgim Tavisi asuli
Tamari gaamefa (zogierTi cnobiT, Tanamosaydred gamoacxada). saqarTveloSi qalis
mefobis tradicia jer kidev ar arsebobda da, rogorc Cans, mefe SiSobda _ misi gardacvalebis Semdeg Tamaris mefoba sadavo ar gamxdariyo.
giorgi III-is gardacvalebisTanave Tamari xelmeored akurTxes mefed. am faqts
istorikosTa nawili xsnis didgvarovanTa surviliT _ aRedginaT sakuTari gavlena
samefo karze.
giorgi III-is politikiT ukmayofili didgvarovnebis moTxovniT, Tamarma amirspasalarobidan da msaxurTuxucesobidan gadaayena dabali warmomavlobis mqone nayivCaRari yubasari da afridoni.
samefo darbazis iniciativiT, 1185 wels Tamars qmrad SerTes vladimir suzdalis
(erT-erTi rusuli samTavro) mTavris andria bogolubskis vaJi iuri (igive, giorgi
rusi). giorgi rusma maleve gamoamJRavna mravali ukeTuri Tviseba da Tamaric iZulebuli Seiqna gayroda qmars. 1188 wels Tamarma os ufliswulze daviT soslanze
iqorwina. maT ori Svili SeeZinaT: giorgi-laSa da rusudani. giorgi rusma orjer
(1191 da 1193 wlebSi) scada saqarTveloSi dabruneba. pirvel jerze mas msxvil feodalTa nawili miemxro da geguTSi mefedac gamoacxades, Tumca, sabolood, mainc damarcxdnen. meorejer ki giorgi russ saqarTveloSi bevri mxardamWeri aRar aRmoaCnda
da misi gaZeveba iolad moxerxda.
mniSvnelovani warmatebebiT aRiniSna Tamaris sagareo politika. saqarTvelos
ymadnafic Sarvans iranis azerbaijanis aTabagi abu-beqri aviwroebda. Sarvanis mmarTvelebma saqarTvelos samxedro daxmarebisaTvis mimarTes. 1195 wels cixe-qalaq Sa110
mqorTan (azerbaijanSia) gamarTuli brZola saqarTvelos gamarjvebiT dasrulda.
qarTul jars daviT soslani sardlobda. brZolaSi Tavi gamoiCina axalgazrda sardalma Salva axalcixelma, romelmac xelT igdo muslimTa gamarjvebis sawindrad xalifas mier gamogzavnili droSa. Samqoris brZolis axlo xanebSi qarTvelebma ganZac
daikaves.
saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTiT, bizantiis imperiis yofil teritoriaze, warmoiSva rumis Turquli saxelmwifo (sasulTno). rumis sasulTno gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda XII-XIII saukuneTa mijnaze, sulTan ruqn ad-dinis mmarTvelobis dros. Tamaris istorikosis cnobiT, man `mouwoda yovelsa simravlesa spasa missa da Sekrba
kaci... oTxasi aTasi~ da saqarTvelosken gamoemarTa.
1203 wels basianSi dabanakebuli Turqebi qarTulma jarma moulodneli TavdasxmiT gaanadgura. qarTvelebma xelT igdes selCukTa mdidruli banaki. ruqn ad-dini
sxva didebulebTan erTad brZolis velidan gaiqca da maleve gardaicvala.
rumis sasulTnoze gamarjvebam saqarTvelos saSualeba misca politikuri gavlena gaevrcelebina Savi zRvis samxreT napirze. es teritoria, berZnebTan erTad,
qarTveluri lazur-Wanuri tomebiTac iyo dasaxlebuli da adre bizantiis imperiis
SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. TqvenTvis ukve cnobilia, rom 1204 wels jvarosnebma konstantinopoli aiRes da bizantiamac droebiT Sewyvita arseboba. saqarTvelos samefo karma kargad isargebla Seqmnili viTarebiT da aq trapizonis samefo (imperia)
Seqmna. Tamarisave iniciativiT, trapizonis imperiaSi saqarTvelos samefo karze
aRzrdili, bizantiidan devnili ufliswuli aleqsi komnenosi gaamefa. trapizonis
imperiis SeqmniT Tamarma saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTi sazRvrebis usafrTxoeba
uzrunvelyo.
1208-1209 wlebSi saqarTvelos jarma qalaqi xlaTi aiRo da aq gamavali umniSvnelovanesi savaWro-saqaravno magistrali sakuTar kontrols dauqvemdebara. amis Semdeg qarTvelebma iranis qalaqebi: zenjani, Tavrizi, marandi, yazvini... dalaSqres da
didZali nadavli igdes xelT. Tamaris istorikosis gancxadebiT: `(imdenad) siSoresa
Sina movidnen, romel arca Tu saxeli qarTvelobisa ismodao~.
Tamaris dros ramdenadme Seicvala qveynis sagareo politika. Tu daviT aRmaSenebeli dakavebul (araqarTul) teritoriebs ZiriTadad ierTebda, Tamari maT nawils
(umetesad, muslimebiT dasaxlebuls) Sinagan mmarTvelobas xeluxlebels utovebda
da politikuri mokavSireobis, xarkis gadaxdisa da laSqris gamoyvanis pirobiT, garkveul suverenitetsac unarCunebda. daqvemdebarebul qveynebTan urTierTobis aseT
formas ymadnaficoba ewodeboda.
kavkasiasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi poziciebis ganmtkicebis paralelurad saqarTvelo mWidro politikur urTierTobebs amyarebda im drois Zlier saxelmwifoebTan
(mag., egviptesTan).
davaleba
1. imsjeleT, ratom cdilobdnen saqarTvelos mefeebi aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi
(anisSi, ganZaSi, SarvanSi) gabatonebas.
2. SeafaseT giorgi III-is gadawyvetileba, maRal Tanamdebobebze daewinaurebina dabali warmomavlobis pirebi.
3. SeafaseT Tamaris mier didgvarovan feodalTa dawinaurebis faqti.
4. ra moTxovna wamoayena yuTlu arslanma? ramdenad misaRebad TvliT am moTxovnas?
5. imsjeleT saqarTvelosTvis Samqorisa da basianis brZolebSi gamarjvebis Sedegebze.
6. ganmarteT trapizonis imperiis daarsebis mniSvneloba.
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ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
demetre I-is mefoba _ 1125-1156 ww.
q. ganZis aReba _ 1138 w.
daviT V-is mefoba _ 1155 w.
giorgi III-is mefoba _ 1156-1184 ww.
demna ufliswulis ajanyeba _ 1177 w.
Tamaris gamefeba _ 1179 w. (zogierT monacemiT _ 1178 w.)
giorgi III-isa da Tamaris erToblivi mefobis wlebi _ 1184-1213/1210 ww.
Samqoris brZola _ 1195 w.
basianis brZola _ 1203 w. (sxva monacemiT _ 1202 w.)
$7. saxelwifo wyoba. warmomadgenlobiTi organos Seqmnis
mcdeloba saqarTveloSi
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo administraciul-teritoriul erTeulebad iyofoda.
maT mefis mier daniSnuli erisTavebi ganagebdnen. zogjer samefo xelisuflebasa
da erisTavebs Soris konfliqti warmoiSoboda-xolme. mefe erisTavebze kontrolis SenarCunebas cdilobda, ewinaaRmdegeboda maT survils _ memkvidreobiTi gaexadaT es Tanamdeboba da esargeblaT Sinagani SeuvalobiT (imunitetiT). saqarTvelos istorias araerTi aseTi faqti axsovs. magaliTad, vaxtang gorgaslisa da
varsqen pitiaxSis dapirispireba, baRvaSTa brZola samefo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg da sxva.
centralur xelisuflebas warmoadgenda `savaziro~. masSi Sediodnen umaRlesi
aRmasrulebeli Tanamdebobis pirebi: mwignobarTuxucesi-Wyondideli, aTabagi, mandaturTuxucesi, amirspasalari, meWurWleTuxucesi da msaxurTuxucesi. savaziro
ganixilavda omis gamocxadebisa da Sewyvetis, zavis pirobebs, laSqarSi gawvevis, mamulis micemisa da aRzevebis da `CamorTmeva-damcrobis~, `saxeloebis (Tanamdebobebi)
warTmeva-boZebis~ da sxva sakiTxebs.
centralur xelisuflebas ganekuTvneboda `samefo darbazic~. darbazis wevrebs
`darbazis erni~, xolo darbazis sxdomas _ `darbazoba~ ewodeboda. darbazoba ornairi iyo: `umcrosiTa wesiTa~ da `didis wesiTa~. `umcrosiTa wesiT~ darbazs mefe
saxelmwifosaTvis gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovani sakiTxis ganxilvis dros iwvevda
da mas mxolod `darbazis erni~ eswrebodnen. `didi darbazoba~ sazeimo Sekrebas warmoadgenda. mas, garda `darbazis erisa~, eswrebodnen sagangebod mowveuli sapatio pirebic. aseT dros im saqmeebsac ganixilavdnen, romlebic saxlmwifo saidumloebas ar
warmoadgenda. saerTo jamSi, darbazi saTaTbiro organo iyo, mas mefisTvis mxolod
rCevis micema SeeZlo iseT sakiTxebze, rogorebicaa: kanonis SemoReba, marTlmsajuleba, omis gamocxadeba, axal xelisufalTa `dalocva-xeldasxma~ da sxva.
Tamaris mefobis pirvel wlebSi, rogorc ukve iciT, asparezze gamodis saqarTvelos meWurWleTuxucesi yuTlu-arslani. Tamaris istorikosis cnobiT, `(mas) `TanaSeficulTa didi wre hyavda, Tavad ki iyo `Tavi igi moqmedTa... yuTlu arslan iTxova
karavi dadgmad velsa isanisasa... da Tqua: `dasxdomilni... Siga, ganmgebelni micemisa
da miRebisa (wyaloba-sasjelis micema, Tanamdebobis boZeba-CamorTmeva), vhkadrebdeT
da vacnobebdeT Tamars, mefesa da dedofalsa; maSinRa srul iqmnebodes gangebuli
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Cueni... ese... iyo _ dasasrulisa xelmwifobisa patronisasa... esreT iwyina (Tamarma)
da gaikvirva da gaigona (gansaja)... da moiRona (moindoma) xelT gdeba Tavisa (meTauris) mis moqmedTasa da...…Seipyra yuTlu arslan, meWurWleTuxucesi~ (Tamaris ucnobi istorikosi, `istoriani da azmani SaravendedTani~).
Tamaris istorikosis cnobiT, `TanaSeficulebma~ mefes yuTlu arslanis gaTavisufleba mosTxoves da `gasalaSqrebladac moemzadnen~.
Tamarma `SeficulebTa~ Suamavlad da Semrigeblad warCinebuli mandilosnebi _
qarTlis erisTavTerisTavis ratis deda xuaSaq coqali da samZivarTa sagvareulos
warmomadgeneli kravai jayeli gamoiyena. man moiTxova `ficiT mondoba da sxvisa aravisi braloba~ (mefis erTgulebis sanacvlod Tamari yuTlu arslanis garda sxvas
aravis CaTvlida braldebulad). Seficulebma Tamars misces `piri erTgulebis~, man
ki uvneblobis piroba daudo. karvis Seqmnis idea ver ganxorcielda. Tumca, ivane
javaxiSvilis azriT, yuTlu arslanis gamosvlis Semdeg mefem opozicionerebs uflebebi gauzarda. amieridan Tamari gadawyvetilebebs mxolod darbazis wevrTa TanadgomiTa da `daTaTbirebiT~ miiRebda. iv. javaxiSvili askvnis, rom `Tamaris mefobisas
saqarTveloSi damyarebula `SezRuduli monarqia~. amis damadastureblad istorikosebs mohyavT Tamaris gaTxovebis faqti. cnobilia, rom Tamari marTlac ikavebda Tavs
`qmrad SeerTo~ giorgi rusi _ vladimir-suzdalis mTavris andria bogolubskis
vaJi. es qorwineba darbazis daJinebuli moTxovniT Sedga.
darbazis aseTi gavlena samefo xelisuflebaze wina periodebSi ar SeiniSneba. piriqiT, cnobilia, rom giorgi III-sa da daviT aRmaSeneblis dros `darbazi~ srulad
morCilebda samefo xelisuflebas.
istorikosTa erTi nawili Tvlis, rom yuTlu arslani da misi daselebi iyvnen
didgvarovani feodalebi, romelTa miswrafeba sagvareulo interesebis gafarToeba
da saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis Secvla iyo.
istorikosTa meore nawilis azriT, yuTlu arslani dabali socialuri fenidan
iyo. ivane javaxiSvili, magaliTad, yuradRebas amaxvilebs Tamaris istorikosis cnobaze, romelSic yuTlu arslani moxseniebulia `biWad~, romelmac `joriviT orbunebovneba~ gamoiCina. `biWi~ Zvel qarTulSi ukanono Svils niSnavs. amitom javaxiSvili
miiCnevs, rom `mas mamac rom didgvarovani hyoloda, kanoniT igi, ueWvelia, mamaze dabali wodebis (yma) unda gamxdariyo. amasve unda miuTiTebdes Sexeduleba orbunebianobazec, jorobazec, vinaidan jori cxenisa da viris naSobia. viri dabali socialuri
warmoSobis simbolo unda iyos, cxeni ki maRalisao~. istorikosi agreTve imowmebs
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sevsebul redaqcias, sadac yuTlu arslanis Sesaxeb naTqvamia,
rom mas `gvariTa uaznoTa simdidre aRamaRlebs~. mecnieri aRniSnavs imasac, rom xelisuflebis danawilebis moTxovniT istoriulad mxolod mesame (dabali) wodebis
warmomadgenlebi gamodian.
davaleba
1. gansazRvreT `savazirosa~ da `darbazis~ funqciebi; miuTiTeT, ramdenad SeeZloT
maT kanonierad SeezRudaT mefis xelisufleba.
2. ra moTxovnebi wamoayena yuTlu arslanma? rogor Sexvda Tamari `dasis~ moTxovnebs?
3. gamoxateT argumentirebuli pozicia `karvis~ daarsebis ideis mimarT.
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$8. wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi dawesebulebebi evropaSi
ra aris wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi organo. feodalurma sazogadoebam XI-XII saukuneebisaTvis wodebrivi saxe miiRo, sadac yvelas Tavisi adgili da funqcia `RvTisagan hqonda boZebuli~. erTni Sromobdnen, miwas amuSavebdnen, xelosnobdnen, vaWrobdnen, meoreni ki iTvisebdnen am sikeTes. maTi saqme marTva-gamgebloba, qveynis movla-patronoba iyo. vasalebs senioris winaSe mravalnairi valdebulebani hqondaT da es valdebulebani iuridiulad iyo ganmtkicebuli. magram
seniorsac hqonda vasalis mimarT valdebulebani. yvela wodeba valdebuli iyo
daecva es principebi.
jvarosnuli laSqrobebis periodSi da gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg evropis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi bevri siaxle moxda. gaizarda sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebi sxvadasxva saxis produqtze _ sakvebi iqneboda Tu Casacmeli, Zvirfaseuloba Tu nelsacxeblebi, iaraRi Tu sasoflo-sameurneo teqnika da a. S. moTxovnilebis zrdam ganapiroba ufro meti produqtis damzadebis aucilebloba, maTi gadatana saWiroebis
adgilebze anu bazrobebze. bazarze gatanili produqti erTimeoreze ki aRar icvleboda (rogorc es Zvelad xdeboda), aramed fulze iyideboda. XI-XII da momdevno
saukuneebSi evropis ekonomikaSi fulis roli Zalian swrafad izrdeboda. sul ufro
meti adamiani aRmoCnda dakavSirebuli bazarTan, fulTan.
es procesi evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva intensivobiT mimdinareobda
da istoriaSi fulad-sasaqonlo meurneobas uwodeben. aseTi urTierTobebi ekonomikurad gardauvali aucileblobiT akavSirebda erTmaneTTan qveynis calkeul kuTxeebs, xels uwyobda qveynis gaerTianebas saerTo interesTa safuZvelze. mosaxleobis
wodebrivi gansxvavebisa da socialuri interesebis dapiripirebis miuxedavad, iqmneboda feodaluri, magram erTiani erovnuli saxelmwifoebi. fuladma meurneobam socialur interesTa gadajgufebac gamoiwvia. xelosnebi da vaWrebi, e. i. mesame wodeba,
ekonomikuri interesebidan gamomdinare, gabatonebul wodebasTan TanamSromlobas
iwyebs. magaliTad, inglisel vaWars evropaSi gasayidad gahqonda ingliseli feodalis, lordis mamulebSi SeZenili matyli. aqedan gamomdinare, lordebis fuladi
Semosavali da maSasadame, keTildReobac ingliseli vaWris warmatebul saqmianobaze
aRmoCnda damokidebuli. vaWari uamrav gadasaxadsa da baJs ixdida. am saqmeSi kanonmdebeli samefo xelisufleba iyo. rac meti da mravalnairi iqneboda gadasaxadi,
vaWar-xelosans naklebi mogeba darCeboda, es ki arc lordisTvis iyo xelsayreli.
amdenad, rogorc mesame wodebisaTvis, ise maTTan dakavSirebuli gabatonebuli wodebis warmomadgenlebisTvis (rasakvirvelia, imaTTvis, vinc am procesSi iyo CarTuli), sul erTi aRar iyo, rogori iqneboda samefo xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo Tu
safinanso-sagadasaxado politika, sul erTi aRar iyo, raSi da risTvis ixarjeboda
xelisuflebisaTvis gadaxdili Tanxebi. fulad-sasaqonlo meurneobis warmoSoba da
ganviTareba iyo erT-erTi umTavresi piroba warmomadgenlobiT organoebis aRmocenebisa, magram, amas garda, mniSvnelovani iyo wodebaTa socialuri interesebis
dacvac.
feodaluri urTierTobebis srulyofis kvaldakval, izrdeboda socialuri winaaRmdegobebi feodalebsa da glexobas Soris. feodal-miwaTmflobelebi TavianTi
socialuri statusis dasacavad samefo xelisuflebisagan met Tanadgomas iTxovdnen.
saerTo interesebis dacvas isini samefo karze saero RonisZiebebis gatarebiT an adgilebze saerTo wesebis SemuSavebiT cdilobdnen. isini periodulad ikribebodnen da
samefo xelisuflebasTan erTad iRebdnen iseT kanonebs, SeimuSavebdnen iseT politikas, rac maT batonobas uzrunvelyofda.
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wodebaTa saerTo interesebi mxolod ekonomikur da socialur sferoSi ki ar gadaikveTeboda xolme, aramed zogaderovnulSic, roca feodalur saxelmwifos zemoT
CamoTvlili interesebis dasacavad an maTi realizaciisas, gareSe, ucxo Zalis winaaRmdeg uxdeboda brZola.
evropis feodalur saxelmwifoebSi wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi am
mizezTa safuZvelze aRmocenda. Tumca, imis mixedviT, Tu zemoT CamoTvlil mizezTagan, romeli iqneboda konkretul istoriul etapze gadamwyveti, es organoc iseT
saxes iRebda, rogoric drois moTxovnas upasuxebda.
amave dros aseTi organoebi erTgvar tradiciebsac inarCunebda da sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi specifikur saxes iRebda.
parlamentis warmoSoba inglisSi. XII saukunis Sua xanebSi inglisSi franguli
warmoSobis plantagenetebis dinastia gabatonda. am dinastiis pirveli mefe henri II
reformatori monarqi aRmoCnda. inglisis samefo samflobeloebi, garda sakuTriv
britaneTisa, frangul miwebsac moicavda. henri II did yuradRebas aqcevda vaWroba-xelosnobas, xels uwyobda qalaqebis zrda-ganviTarebas. swored mis dros Caeyara safuZveli fulad-sasaqonlo meurneobas. misi memkvidreebis riCard I-isa (XII saukunis
bolo) da jonis (XII-XIII ss. mijna) dros es procesi ufro gaRrmavda. XIII saukunis
damdegidan mefe jonis, umiwawylod wodebulis, dros viTareba gamwvavda plantagenetebis frangul miwebze. uTavbolo da gauwonasworebelma politikam jonis franguli miwebi daakargvina. amas mohyva Tavad ingliseli baronebis, saeklesio pirebisa
da moqalaqeebis ukmayofileba mefis sagareo politikiT. senioralur-vasalur valdebulebaTa sistematuri darRveva, TviTneburi gadasaxadebi, qveSevrdomTa akleba,
qalaqelebis uflebaTa SezRudva da qartiebis ugulebelyofa Cveulebrivi movlena
gaxda. saSinao ukmayofilebas warumatebloba mohyva sagareo politikaSic, saqme iqamde mivida, rom papma SeaCvena mefe.
ukmayofilo baronebma, sasuliero pirebma, raindebma da moqalaqeebma 1215 wels
mefe jons wauyenes moTxovnaTa muxlebi, romelic istoriaSi `TavisuflebaTa didi
qartiis~ saxeliT Sevida.
amonaridi `Tavisuflebis didi qartiidan~:
`amieridan, arc erTi adamiani ar miecema samarTalSi mxolod (momCivanis) zepiri
gancxadebiT, Tu mas ar hyavs sando mowmeebi.
kanonieri ganaCenisa da qveyanaSi msgavsi kanonebis gareSe, arc erTi Tavisufali
adamiani ar unda iqnas dapatimrebuli, cixeSi Camwvdeuli, qonebaCamorTmeuli, gandevnili an raime sxva saxiT gaubedurebuli...
yvela vaWars, rogorc inglisidan mimavals, ise inglisSi Semomsvlels, ufleba
aqvs Tavisuflad da usafrTxod mimodiodes rogorc xmeleTze, ise wyalze mTels
inglisSi, raTa daubrkoleblad iyidos da gayidos da unda gadaixados mxolod kanonieri baJi.
Tu vinmes, Cvens mier, adre, ukanonod CamoerTvaT miwebi, cixesimagreebi, boZebuli
Tavisuflebani an sxva uflebani, Cven maT dauyovneblad vubrunebT...~
mefe iZulebuli gaxda mieRo es moTxovnebi. jonis memkvidre, henri III erTxans
icavda qartiis pirobebs, magram Semdeg kvlav mamamisisdroindeli TviTneburi politika ganagrZo. amiT ukmayofilo inglisis baronebi, moqalaqeebi da raindoba
ganudgnen mefes da faqtobrivad omi gamoucxades mas. es dapirispireba dasrulda
imiT, rom opoziciam 1264 wels daikava londoni, mefe da taxtis memkvidre eduardi
daapatimres da inglisis yovel kuTxeSi, yovel qalaqsa da sagrafoSi gagzavnes macneebi mowodebiT, gamoegzavnaT TavianTi warmomadgenlebi londonSi, parlamentSi
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(frang. parle _ laparaki) saqveyno saqmisaTvis. opozicias meTaurobda grafi simon
de monfori. opoziciis gadawyvetilebiT, parlamentSi yvela wodebis warmomadgenloba unda yofiliyo: grafebi sagrafoebidan, or-ori raindi TiToeuli sagrafodan, sasuliero warmomadgenlebi saepiskoposoebidan da saabatoebidan, or-ori moqalaqe TiToeuli qalaqidan da agreTve Tavisufali glexebis is warmomadgenlebic
(Temisagan arCeulni), visac wliuri Semosavali oci Silingi da meti hqonda. 1265
wlis gazafxulze Sedga parlamentis pirveli sxdoma da es weli iTvleba inglisis
parlamentis daarsebis drod.
generaluri Statebi safrangeTSi. safrangeTSi wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi dawesebuleba, romelsac generaluri Statebi ewoda, politikuri procesebis Sedegi
iyo. XIII saukunis ganmavlobaSi frangi mefeebi qveynis teritoriuli gaerTianebisaTvis ibrZodnen. am saqmeSi maT did daxmarebas uwevdnen qalaqebi da saerTod, mesame
wodeba. am brZolaSi samefo xelisuflebas didi dabrkolebebic hqonda didgvarovan
feodalTa erTi nawilisa da kaTolikuri eklesiis mxridan. qveynis gaerTianebis saqmes bevri fulic sWirdeboda. safrangeTis mefe filip IV lamazad wodebulma (XII-XIII ss. mijna) saxelmwifo saWiroebisaTvis axali gadasaxadebi SemoiRo. bunebrivia,
es Seexo saeklesio miwebsac. eklesiis dabegvra gaaprotesta romis papma da mefes
SeCvenebiT daemuqra. papisa da mefis uTanxmoeba iyo ara pirovnuli damokidebulebis
Sedegi, aramed safrangeTis erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobisa da romis papis xelisuflebis dapirispireba.
filipe IV-m paps safrangeTis saqmeebSi CarevaSi dasdo brali. sakiTxis sabolood
gadasawyvetad, 1302 wels filipe IV-m moiwvia samive wodebis warmomadgenelTa saerTo kreba _ generaluri Statebi. aq iyvnen sasulieroni (pirveli wodeba), saero feodalebi (meore wodeba) da moqalaqeni (mesame wodeba). StatebSi yovel wodebas erTi
xma hqonda. inglisis parlamentSi arCeulebs xmis micemis individualuri ufleba
hqondaT, generalur StatebSi _ mxolod wodebrivi. meore da mesame wodebam mefes
dauWira mxari, sasulierom _ paps. mefem Tavi daaRwia papis Zalmomreobas da ganamtkica samefo xelisufleba. amis Semdeg generaluri Statebi mxolod maSin moiwveoda, roca amas mefe CaTvlida saWirod. amdenad, generalurma Statebma ver moipova is
funqciebi, rac imTaviTve hqonda inglisis parlaments.
wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi sxva qveynebSic arsebobda. magaliTad,
landtagebi germaniaSi, kortesebi espaneTSi da a.S.
davaleba
1. CamoayalibeT mizezebi, romelTac ganapirobes evropis feodalur saxelmwifoebSi
wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis aRmoceneba.
2. ra ganapirobebda xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo Tu safinanso-sagadasaxado politikaSi mesame wodebisa da zogadad mTeli sazogadoebis CarTvis survils?
3. raSi zRudavda `Tavisuflebis didi qartia~ inglisis samefo xelisuflebas?
4. ra gansxvaveba iyo inglisisa da sxva qveynebis wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiT organoebs Soris.
5. gaixseneT Sesabamisi periodi saqarTvelos istoriidan da imsjeleT, ra saerTo
aqvs yuTlu arslanis dasis gamosvlas evropul wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiT organoebTan?
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$9. XI-XIII saukuneebis qarTuli kultura
ganmarteba
himnografia _ sasuliero poezia.
liturgika _ moZRvreba mRvdelmsaxurebis Sesaxeb.
lavra _ zogierTi mamaTa monastris saxelwodeba.
XII-XIII saukuneebs mecnierebi qarTuli kulturis `oqros xanasac~ uwodeben.
kulturis ganviTarebas xels uwyobda am periodSi mimdinare procesebi: saqarTvelos
gaerTianebiT dasrulda qarTveli xalxis konsolidacia, ekonomikurma aRmavlobam
SesaZlebeli gaxada axali saganmanaTleblo kerebis daarseba, xolo qveynis Tavisufleba kulturuli aRmavlobis mZlavr impulsad iqca. qarTuli kulturis ganviTarebas aranakleb uwyobda xels mdidari tradiciebi da mezobel civilizaciebTan
intensiuri kavSiri.
XI saukunidan izrdeba saskolo dawesebulebebis raodenoba. maTi umravlesoba
eklesia-monastrebTan arsdeboda. aRsazrdelebi aq sasuliro ganaTlebasTan erTad
saero codnasac euflebodnen. saero saswavleblebad Camoyalibda calkeuli feodalebis sasaxleebSi daarsebuli skolebic.
cnobili filosofosisa da RvTismetyvelis giorgi mTawmindelis biografi saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis imdroindeli ganaTlebis sistemis Sesaxeb. kerZod, giorgis
mSoblebma, roca maTi qaliSvili Tekle Svidi wlis Seiqna, taZrisis (samcxes) dedaTa
monasterSi miiyvanes da Caabares mis winamZRvars. mSoblebma taZrisSi miiyvanes Svidi
wlis giorgic. aq giorgi izrdeboda `monastersa mas Sina, da iswavlida~... dawyebiTi
ganaTlebis misaRebad giorgim taZrisSi sami weli dahyo. aTi wlisa biZebma axla ukve
xaxulis monasterSi waiyvanes, sadac `moZRurebaTa Sina~ ganTqmulma ilarion Tualelma giorgis `wurTna iwyo~.
ganaTlebis mniSvnelovani kerebi arsebobda oSkis, opizis, xanZTis, Satberdis,
berTas da sxva eklesia-monastrebTan. wyaroebi garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis im
sagnebzec, romlebic aq iswavleboda. magaliTad, `giorgi mTawmindelis cxovrebaSi~
naTqvamia, rom xaxulSi misTvis uswavlebiaT: saRvTo werili (Zveli da axali aRTqma), liturgika, galoba (himnografia)...
qarTveli axalgazrdebi ganaTlebas bizantiis saswavleblebSic iRebdnen. cnobili
faqtia, rom giorgi mTawmindelma saqarTvelodan bizantiaSi 80 axalgazrda waiyvana,
romelTa umravlesoba im drois saxelganTqmul saswavleblebSi euflebodnen codnas. somexi istorikosis vardan didis cnobiT, daviT aRmaSenebelma bizantiaSi saswavleblad 40 ymawvili gagzavna.
ganaTlebis mZlavri kerebi saqarTveloSic arsebobda. maT Soris gamoirCeoda daviT aRmaSeneblis mier daarsebuli gelaTisa da iyalTos akademiebi. daviTis istorikosi gelaTis akademias `meore ierusalimad~ da `sxuad (meore) aTinad~ moixseniebs.
ierusalimi qristianTa wminda qalaqia, xolo aTeni antikuri epoqis ganaTlebis saxelganTqmuli centri iyo. am saswavleblebSi daviTma sagangebod moiwvia ucxoeTSi
moRvawe cnobili qarTveli swavlulebi.
gelaTis akademiaSi moRvaweobdnen im drois cnobili swavlulebi: ioane petriwi
(reqtori), Teofile xucesmonazoni, ioane tariWisZe da sxvebi. saqarTveloSi swavluli moRvaweebi didi avtoritetiT sargeblobdnen, rasac kargad gamoxatavs `moZRvarT-moZRvris~ (akademiis xelmZRvanelis _ reqtoris) mimarT samefo karis damokidebuleba. XIV saukunis qarTuli samarTlis Zveli Zeglis _ `xelmwifis karis
garigebis~ mixedviT, `darbazobis~ gamarTvisas mefe gansakuTrebuli pativiT iwvevda
moZRvarT-moZRvars, miagebebda ra mas sam cxensa da jors (misTvis da misi ori moswa117
vlisaTvis). damkvidrebuli ceremoniiT, darbazSi pirvels swored `moZRvarT-moZRvars~ iwvevdnen, Semdeg ki kaTalikossa da sxva didmoxeleebs.
iyalTos akademias cnobili RvTismetyveli da filosofosi arsen iyalToeli
xelmZRvanelobda. arsebobs mosazreba, rom umaRlesi ganaTlebis kerebi arsebobda
gremsa da SiomRvimeSic.
gelaTisa da iyalTos akademiebSi, ZiriTadad, igive sagnebi iswavleboda, rac
bizantiis umaRles saswavleblebSi. kerZod, savaldebulod iTvleboda Svidi disciplina: geometria, ariTmetika, musika, ritorika, gramatika, filosofia da astronomia. savaldebulo disciplinebTan erTad aswavlidnen damatebiT sagnebsac:
samarTals, medicinas da sxva. aRsaniSnavia, rom gelaTis monasterTan daviTma saavadmyofi aaSena. SesaZlebelia, akademiaSi damatebiT disciplinad swored medicina
iswavleboda.
samefo xelisufleba zrunavda saqarTvelos farglebs gareT arsebuli samonastro-saganmanaTleblo centrebzec.
qarTuli ganaTlebisa da kulturis istoriaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia aTonis iverTa monasters (saberZneTi). aq Camoyalibda mZlavri mTargmnelobiTi
skola. monasterSi moRvaweobdnen saqveynod ganTqmuli mwignobari berebi: ioane da
eqvTime aTonelebi, giorgi mTawmindeli, giorgi xucesmonazoni da sxv.
aTonis iverTa monasterSi moRvawe swavlulma berebma miznad daisaxes TanamemamulebisaTvis gaecnoT dasavleTis saRvTismetyvelo-filosofiuri literatura. aq
Seiqmna da Camoyalibda gansakuTrebuli literaturuli, gramatikuli da kaligrafiuli skola, romelmac waruSleli kvali datova Cvens warsulze.
aTonis iverTa monasterSi moRvawe swavlul berTagan gansakuTrebulia giorgi
mTawmindelis Rvawli. bizantiaSi arsebuli qarTuli savaneebis, aTonisa da Savi mTis
monastrebis dauflebis mizniT, berZenma samRvdeloebam cili daswama qarTvel berebs, TiTqos isini bizantiis imperatoris winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebaSi monawileobdnen.
male maTi mxridan sxva braldebac gaisma: saberZneTSi moRvawe qarTveli berebi ganudgnen WeSmarit qristianobas da `mwvaleblobas~ misdeveno, amitom maT RvTismsaxureba unda aekrZaloT da eklesiebidan unda gavaZevoTo. giorgi mTawmindelma dasabuTebulad uaryo braldebebi, saqveynod warmoaCina qarTuli eklesiis sarwmunoebrivi
pozicia, cilismwamebelTagan daicva udanaSaulo berebi da amiT iverTa monasteri
berZenTagan mitacebisagan ixsna.
berZnul eklesiasTan dava amiT ar dasrulebula. antioqiis patriarqi cdilobda mTeli qarTuli eklesiis damorCilebas da eWvqveS ayenebda qarTuli eklesiis
damoukideblobis samarTlianobis sakiTxs. misi mizani savsebiT naTeli iyo: mcxeTis
sapatriarqo berZnuli samwysos Semadgeneli nawili unda yofiliyo. giorgi mTawmindeli aqac qarTuli eklesiis Rirsebisa da Seuvalobis mtkice damcvelia. antioqiis
patriarqi uZluria gaabaTilos swavluli beris myarad argumentirebuli pozicia _
giorgi mTawmindeli am diskusiaSic gamarjvebuli gamodis.
ganaTlebisa da mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobis erT-erT centrad iqca petriwonis
monasteri (bulgareTi). monasteri XI saukuneSi moRvawe grigol bakurianiZem aago.
warmoSobiT taoelma grigolma did warmatebas miaRwia bizantiis saimperatoro karze da `dasavleTis didi domestikosis~ maRali titulic daimsaxura. petriwonSi iqmneboda da berZnulidan iTargmneboda saRvTismetyvelo-filosofiuri nawarmoebebi,
ramac didi roli Seasrula qarTuli samwerlobo enisa da Sesabamisi (mecnieruli)
terminologiis CamoyalibebaSi.
kvlav nayofierad mimdinareobda filosofiuri da mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba ierusalimis jvris monasterSi da saqarTvelos farglebs gareT arsebul sxva savaneebSi.
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ganaTlebis dawinaureba, saganmanaTleblo-mTargmnelobiTi skolebis daarseba
xels uwyobda mecnierebis mravali dargis, gansakuTrebiT _ filosofiis ganviTarebas. `vefxistyaosani~ Tamamad SeiZleba CaiTvalos ara mxolod sworupovar literaturul Zeglad, aramed epoqis progresuli ideebis Semcvel filosofiur traqtatadac. im drois qarTuli filosofiuri skolis warmomadgenlebi arian ioane petriwi
da efrem mcire. efrem mcirem qarTulad Targmna ioane damaskelis cnobili Txzuleba
`codnis wyaro~. Txzuleba saTargmnad SemTxveviT ar SerCeula. ioane damaskeli antikuri filosofiis Tayvanismcemelia, mis nawarmoebSi Cans aristoteles moZRvrebis
gavlena. qarTuli azrovnebisaTvis antikuri filosofia ucxo ar iyo. piriqiT, petre
iberma jer kidev V saukuneSi Seqmna naSromebi, romlebSic antikuri codna organulad
daukavSira qristianul azrovnebas, riTac platonisa da aristoteles moZRvrebebs
qristianul samyaroSi gansakuTrebuli datvirTva da sicocxlisunarianoba SesZina.
efrem mcirem aseve berZnulidan Targmna petre iberis (fsevdo dionise areopagelis)
Txzulebebi. am Targmanebis wyalobiT es ideebi saqarTveloSic mkvidrdeboda da qarTul saero Tu sasuliero azrovnebis progresulobas ganapirobebda.
XII-XIII saukuneebSi iqmneba saero mwerlobis Zeglebi: mose xonelis `amiran-darejaniani~, CaxruxaZis `Tamariani~, ioane SavTelis `abdulmesia~... winaurdeba istoriuli azrovneba. daiwera: `cxovreba mefeT mefisa daviTisi~, `istoriani da azmani
SaravandedTani~ (eZRvneba Tamaris mefobas. Tamars meore istorikosic, basili ezosmoZRvari, hyavda), am dros moRvaweobda laSa-giorgis ucnobi mematianec.
XI-XIII saukuneebSi viTardeba xuroTmoZRvrebac. am dros aigo bagratis taZari,
sveticxoveli, alaverdi, samTavisi, iSxani, nikorwminda, safara, ateni, SiomRvime,
gelaTi, ikorTa, beTania, yinwvisi... xuroTmoZRvrebis umSvenieresi nimuSia kldeSi
nagebi qalaqi varZia. mis maxloblad, aseve kldeSia gamokveTili samonastro tipis
nagebobebi _ vahanis, igive vanis qvabebi. SemorCenilia geguTis (quTaisis maxloblad)
samefo sasaxlis naSTebi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda cixesimagreebis (xerTvisi, awyuri, cixe-qalaqi Tmogvi da sxv.), gzebisa da xidebis mSeneblobas, sarwyavi
arxebis gayvanas.
ganviTarebis maRal dones miaRwia xelovnebis mravalma dargma. Seiqmna kedlis
mxatvrobis, xelnawerTa morTulobisa da miniaturebis iSviaTi nimuSebi. am dros
moRvaweobdnen cnobili oqromWedlebi beqa da beSqen opizarebi. xelovnebis iSviaT
qmnilebad iTvleba qarTuli oqromWedlobis nimuSi _ xaxulis RvTismSoblis xati.
davaleba
1. Tqveni azriT, ra ganapirobebda sasuliero saswavleblebis simravles saero skolebTan SedarebiT?
2. ra da ra safexurebad iyofoda imdroindeli ganaTlebis sistema?
3. raze miuTiTebs daviTis istorikosis mier gelaTis akademiis gamocxadeba `meore
ierusalimad~ da `sxuad aTinad~?
4. imsjeleT aTonis iverTa, petriwonisa da sxva monastrebis wvlilze qarTuli
kulturisa da ganaTlebis ganviTarebaSi.
5. SeafaseT giorgi mTawmindelis Rvawli qarTuli eklesiisa da saxelmwifos winaSe.
ganmarteT, ra argumentiT daicva man qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalia.
6. CamoTvaleT XI-XIII saukuneebis qarTveli mecnierebi (RvTismetyvelebi) da mwerlebi.
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$10. ganaTleba da mecniereba dasavleT evropasa da bizantiaSi
ganaTlebis sistema dasavleTSi. Sua saukuneebisaTvis erT-erTi umTavresi niSani
religiis sayovelTao batonoba iyo. ganaTlebis kerebs eklesia-monastrebi warmoadgenda. mTavar taZrebTan Camoyalibda saqalaqo skolebi. monastrebSi iqmneboda sasuliero literatura, xdeboda Zveli romaeli avtorebis naSromebis gacnoba, gadawera. iqmneboda specialuri gadamwerTa centrebi `skriptoriumebi~ (laT. `skriptor~
_ gadamweri). weraSi gawafuli kaligrafebi iwerdnen rogorc saRvTismetyvelo wignebs, ise romael avtorebs.
Zvelad wigni Zvirad fasobda. cota iyo biblioTekebic. werdnen Wilze (berZn. `papirus~) an etratze anu pergamentze (damuSavebuli tyavi). qaRaldi XIII
saukuneSi, jvarosnuli omebis Semdeg Semovida aRmosavleTidan. xSirad ixmareboda agreTve palimfsestebi, erTjer dawerili, gadafxekili da kvlav gamoyenebuli
pergamenti.
skolebSi ZiriTadad swavlobdnen vaJebi. SeZlebulTa gogonebi ufro xSirad saxlSi iRebdnen ganaTlebas. Raribi ojaxis Svilebi dedaTa monasterSi swavlobdnen
wigns. maSindel skolaSi rozgi da wkepla Cveulebriv gamoiyeneboda, swavleba evropeli bavSvebisaTvis ucxo, laTinur enaze mimdinareobda da moswavleebs skola didad
ar izidavda. arc klasebad iyofoda skola, iyvnen ufrosi da umcrosi Segirdebi.
umcrosebi swavlobdnen asoebs, iwyebdnen weras, kiTxvas, martiv angariSs, izepirebdnen `mamao Cvenos~ da RvTismSoblisadmi mimarTul locvebs. vinc ufros Segirdobas
aRwevda, iseve rogorc bizantiaSi, gadiodnen Semdeg sagnebs: gramatika, ritorika,
dialeqtika, ariTmetika, astronomia, musika da geometria. skolebis mizani, ZiriTadad, eklesiis msaxurTa momzadeba iyo.
ganaTleba bizantiaSi. bizantiaSi ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ganviTarebas ufro
did yuradRebas aqcevdnen, vidre dasavleT evropaSi. aq romis kulturuli memkvidreoba ufro mravalmxrivi da srulyofili iyo.
skolebis organizacia da swavlebis formebi berZnul-romauli samyarodan iyo
gadmoRebuli. arsebobda kerZo da samonastro skolebi, sadac yvelas SeeZlo swavla.
skolis sxvadasxva safexurze iswavleboda im drosTvis miRebuli disciplinebi: gramatika, ritorika, dialeqtika da ariTmetika, geometria, musika da astronomia. bizantiur skolebSi gulmodgined iswavleboda agreTve filosofia da iurisprudencia.
saeklesio moRvaweTa nawarmobebTan erTad, iswavleboda Zveli berZnuli mwerlebic,
did pativSi iyo homerosis wignebi.
bizantiaSi ara marto saskolo ganaTlebas, aramed umaRles skolebsac didi yuradReba eTmoboda. konstantinopolSi Seiqmna evropaSi pirveli umaRlesi saswavlebeli, romelSic berZnebis garda, sxva xalxis Svilebic swavlobdnen. imperatori
konstantine monomaxis mier XI saukuneSi daarsda cnobili manganis akademia, sadac
uswavliaT cnobil qarTvel moazrovneebs ioane petriws, efrem mciresa da arsen
iyalToels. bizantiis umaRles skolaSi, qristianobis ganmtkicebasTan erTad, saero
mecnierebebi TandaTan RvTismetyvelebiT Seicvala. amaSi didi roli Seasrules `kapadokielma mamebma~ da ioane oqropirma.
universitetebi Sua saukuneebSi. XI-XII saukuneebi dasavleT evropaSi feodaluri
urTierTobebis ganmtkicebisa da saqalaqo cxovrebis ganviTarebis xanaa. sazogadoebis ganviTareba axal moTxovnebs ayenebda. saWiro xdeboda ufro meti ganaTlebuli
adamiani. aman biZgi misca evropaSi sauniversiteto ganaTlebis aRmocenebas. umaRle120
si skolebi aRmosavleTSic arsebobda (bizantia, arabuli samyaro), magram evropuli universitetebi bevri ramiT gansxvavdeboda maTgan. evropuli universitetebi iq
aRmocendeboda xolme, sadac romelime cnobili mecnieri moRvaweobda. mogvianebiT,
universitetis Seqmnis iniciativiT, samefo xelisuflebac gamodioda.
maSindeli universiteti iyo studentTa da maswavlebelTa, profesorTa gaerTianeba. mas hqonda TviTmmarTveloba.
profesorebi da studentebi erTiandebodnen fakultetebad (laT. `fakultatos~
_ niWi, midrekileba). yoveli fakulteti irCevda Tavis xelmZRvanels _ dekans, xolo
universitetis meTaurs _ reqtors (laT. _ `vmarTav~) irCevda yvela fakulteti
erTad. rogorc wesi, universitetebSi 3 an 4 fakulteti iyo. artistuli (anu filosofiuri), filologiis (RvTismetyvelebis), iuridiuli (legisturi) da samedicino.
yovel universitetSi mecnierebis romelime dargi ufro metad iyo ganviTarebuli da
amiT iyo cnobili evropaSi. magaliTad, salernos universiteti samedicino saqmiT
iyo cnobili, parizis _ RvTismetyvelebiT da a. S. studentebi jgufebad gadadiodnen
erTi universitetidan meoreSi cnobili profesoris leqciebis mosasmenad. am moxetiale studentebs `vagantebs~ (moxetiales niSnavs) uwodebdnen. sxva universitetSi
gadasvla advili iyo, vinaidan swavla yvelgan laTinur enaze mimdinareobda. amitom
sauniversiteto ubans laTinur ubans uwodebdnen.
erTi qveynidan Camosuli studentebi qalaqis erT ubanSi cxovrobdnen da qmnidnen
erTgvar gaerTianebebs _ `saTvistomoebs~. saRamoobiT, xSirad Tavs iyridnen duqnebSi da qeifsac eZleodnen. amas deboSi mohyveboda xolme da Sewuxebuli qalaqis mmarTveloba aseT studentebs qalaqidan aZevebda. zogjer gaZevebulebs cnobili
profesorebic mihyvebodnen da sxvagan afuZnebdnen universitets. magaliTad, parizis
universitets amis safuZvelze gamoeyo studentTa jgufi, romlebmac daafuZnes oqsfordis universiteti, am ukanasknelebma _ kembrijisa. evropis uZvelesi universitetebia: salernis (italia), boloniis, parizis (daarsda 1200 w.), oqsfordis, praRis
(1348w., pirveli germanuli universiteti). studentebi leqciebs ismendnen da iwerdnen (laT. leqcia _ `kiTxva~).
universitetebSi, specialurad gamoyofil oTaxebSi, imarTeboda yovelwliuri
disputebi. mZafri disputebi zogjer studentebs Soris CxubSic gadaizrdeboda xolme.
universitetis kursdamTavrebuli jer iRebda bakalavris xarisxs, samagistro gamocdebis Cabarebis Semdeg magistris da bolos _ doqtoris xarisxs.
Sua saukuneebis universitetebis studentebs hqondaT TavianTi himni (`gaudiamus~), romelic yvela qveynis studentebma icodnen.
azrovneba da mecniereba. vinaidan Sua saukuneebSi goneba `religiiT ikvebeboda~,
azrovnebac Sesabamisi iyo. bizantieli swavlulebi cdilobdnen antikuri codna-mecnierebani qristianul RvTismetyvelebasTan SesabamisobaSi moeyvanaT.
Sua saukuneebriv bizantiur (da ara marto bizantiur) azrovnebaze didi gavlena
iqonia qarTveli swavlulis, petre iberis Sromebma da netari avgustines Sexedulebebma.
bizantieli swavlulebis erTi nawilis azriT, adamianis sulieri srulyofilebisaTvis, rwmenasTan erTad, upiratesoba ganaTlebas, gonebas eniWeboda. meoreni ki amtkicebdnen, rom locviTa da sulieri ganwmendiT miiRweva RmerTTan
siaxlove.
dasavleT saqristianos ideologiisa da msoflmxedvelobis CamoyalibebaSi didi
roli Seasrula netarma avgustinem. vinaidan wminda mamaTa mosazrebani qristianobisa da saerTod, rwmenis sakiTxebSi sxvadasxvagvarad iqna gagebuli, xSiri iyo
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dapirispirebanic. am winaaRmdegobaTa dasaZlevad Camoyalibda gansakuTrebuli msoflmxedveloba, erTgvari meTodi _ sqolastika. sqolastikis mizani iyo logikuri
dasabuTebis gziT Tavidan aecilebinaT qristianuli avtoritetebis mosazrebaze
eWvis Setana da racionaluri dapirispirebani. evropeli sqolastikis udidesi warmomadgenlebi iyvnen albert didi da misi mowafe Toma aqvineli. maTi mtkicebiT
codna kargia, aucilebelia, Rirebulia, Tu is emsaxureba saRvTo werilidan gamomdinare rwmenas, RvTis gagebas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi is vnebs adamians. Toma
aqvinelis moZRvreba kaTolikurma eklesiam Tavis oficialur filosofiad, doqtrinad aqcia (XIVs-Si).
miuxedavad gabatonebuli mdgomareobisa, sqolastikas maSinve gamouCndnen mowinaaRmdegeni, kritikosebi.
axalma aRmoCenebma sabunebismetyvelo sferoSi (saaTis damzadeba, dedamiwis gradusTa badis Seqmna, magnituri isris gamoyeneba, saTvalis damzadeba, denTis damzadeba
da gamoyeneba da a. S.) swavlulebi axal samyaroSi Caaxeda. saeklesio avtoritetebis
SromebSi axali aRmoCenebis dasabuTeba ar Canda. amitom daiwyo sqolastikis kritika. sqolastikis kritikis erT-erTi centri oqsfordis universiteti gaxda. cnobili
mecnieri rojer bekoni (XIII s.) iyo erT-erTi pirveli, vinc upirispirdeboda sqolastikosebs.
azrovnebis am Widilma, qristianulis gverdiT saero Sinaarsis SexedulebaTa ganviTarebam, moamzada axali civilizaciis safuZvlebi.
davaleba
1. gaixseneT, ratom fasobda Zvelad wigni Zalze Zvirad?
2. rogor idga genderuli sakiTxi Sua saukuneebSi da riT aixsneba es?
3. rogor fiqrobT, ra faqtorebma ganapiroba mecnierebis da sauniversiteto cxovrebis ganviTareba?
4. Tqveni azriT, ramdenad samarTliani iyo xelisufleba, roca deboSis momwyob studentebs qalaqidan aZevebda da rogor SeafasebT maT profesorTa damokidebulebas
am sakiTxisadmi?
5. ram ganapiroba sqolastikuri azrovnebis gabatoneba? ra iwvevda sqolastikis
kritikas?
6. imsjeleT, ramdenad Seesabameba erTmaneTs bunebisadmi sqolastikuri da mecnieruli midgomebi
7. gaixseneT ukve naswavli masala da gaaanalizeT, ra cvlilebebi ganicada adamianis
azrovnebam antikurobidan Sua saukuneebamde.
8. ra faqtorebi axdenda gavlenas am cvlilebebze?
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testi #8
testis maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 48 qula.
I. teqstis Sesworeba.
instruqcia: winamdebare teqstSi daSvebulia 10 Secdoma. Sesabamis svetebSi CamowereT Secdomebi da swori pasuxebi. yoveli aRmoCenili Secdoma fasdeba 0.5 quliT,
xolo misi Sesatyvisi swori varianti _ 0.5 quliT. jamSi teqstis SesworebisaTvis
gankuTvnilia 10 qula.
daviT aRmaSeneblis mTavar amocanas saqarTvelos TurqTagan gaTavisufleba da gaerTianeba warmoadgenda. am miznis Sesabamisad mefem araerTi RonisZieba gaatara. maT
Soris mniSvnelovania: 1101 wlis ruis-urbnisis saeklesio kreba. eklesiaze kontrolis gasamyareblad mefem aTabagisa da kaTalikosis Tanamdebobebi gaaerTiana. daviTma
miimxro kaxeli aznaurebi da maTi daxmarebiT 1115 wels kaxeTis samefo SemoierTa.
mefem centraluri sasamarTlo xelisuflebis gaZlierebis mizniT Seqmna mstovarTa
aparati. mefem feodalTa TviTneboba alagma. man Seipyro da saqarTvelodan gaaZeva
samcxis erisTavi liparit baRvaSi. 1122 wlis 12 agvistos mefem didgoris brZolaSi
gadamwyveti gamarjveba moipova Turq-selCukebze da 1123 wels rusTavis gaTavisuflebiT daasrula saqarTvelos istoriuli miwa-wylis gaerTianebis procesi. daviTi
wignieri mefe iyo. man dawera sagalobeli `Sen xar venaxi~. daviTi, Tavisive anderZiT,
sveticxovlis monasterSi daikrZala.
#
Secdomaa
sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
II. upasuxeT kiTxvebs
instruqcia: mocemulia 18 kiTxva oTxi savaraudo pasuxiT. swori pasuxi fasdeba
1 quliT. jamSi, maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 18 qula.
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1. romeli papi iyo jvarosnuli laSqrobebis iniciatori?
a) urban I;
b) klement III;
g) grigol IV; d) urban II.
2. romel wels aiRes jvarosnebma ierusalimi?
a) 1097 wels;
b) 1099 wels;
g) 1003 wels;
d) 1007 wels.
3. romeli winadadebaa swori?
a) venecia cdilobda konstantinopolidan ganedevna ZiriTadi konkurentebi: milaneli da parizeli vaWrebi;
b) jvarosnebma konstantinopoli aiRes da bizantiis imperiis dedaqalaqad romi
gamoacxades, xolo uzenaes mmarTvelad _ romis papi;
g) jvarosnebma konstantinopolze venecieli vaWrebis moTxovniT ilaSqres, qalaqi aiRes, gaZarcves da laTinTa imperia daaarses.
d) arc erTi winadadeba ar aris swori.
4. vis arguna daviT aRmaSenebelma Wyondidloba?
a) kaTalikos-patriarqs anton gulaberisZes;
b) mis aRmzrdels giorgis;
g) mwignobarTuxucess grigols;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
5. romeli winadadebaa swori?
a) 1104 wels daviT IV-m erwuxis brZolaSi daamarcxa Turqebi;
b) demetre I-ma Tavis sicocxleSive gaamefa Tamari, raTa msxvil feodalebs winaaRmdegoba ar gaewiaT qalis mefobisaTvis;
g) 1121 wels didgoris brZolaSi gamarjvebam daviT aRmaSenebels saSualeba misca
SemoeerTebina Tbilisi, anisi da Sarvani, xolo saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTiT
daearsebina trapizonis samefo;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
6. ra pirobiT Camoasaxla daviTma yivCayebi?
a) maT qristianoba unda mieRoT;
b) maT xarki unda gadaexadaT mefisaTvis;
g) maT samxedro samsaxuri evalebodaT;
d) maT TurqTa mier aoxrebuli teritoriebi unda aeRorZinebinaT.
7. romeli winadadebaa swori?
a) didgoris omis win daviTma qarTvel meomrebs ukandasaxevi gza mouWra;
b) didgoris omSi daviTma xerxs mimarTa da mtris dasabnevad brZolis dawyebisTanave ukan daixia. Turqebma ifiqres, qarTvelebi damarcxdneno da alafis ganawilebas
Seudgnen. amiT isargebles qarTvelebma da swrafi gamarjveba moipoves;
g) daviTma jari didgoris viwrobebSi daabanaka. Turqebi Setevaze gadavidnen, magram Rrma TovlSi swrafi moZraoba gauWirdaT. qarTvelebma amiT isargebles da mteri isrebiT gaanadgures;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
8. romeli qalaqis SemoerTebiT daasrula daviT IV aRmaSenebelma saqarTvelos
gaerTianeba?
a) Tbilisis;
b) rusTavis;
g) dmanisis;
d) lores.
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9. gaecaniT daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosis cnobas:
vin da rogor aRricxos ramdeni saqme moeTxoveba mefes, ramdeni movaleoba da
gansagebi aqvs mas: sazRvrebis gafarToeba da maTi dacva, ganxeTqilebaTa Tavidan
acileba, samefoSi wesrigis damyareba, laSqrobaTa mecadineoba, mTavarTa mzakvrobis gamocnoba, mxedarTmTavrebis ganweseba, xalxis Segoneba, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebani, xazinis Semosavalni, elCebTan Sexvedra da maTTvis pasuxis gacema, ZRvenis
momtanTa Rirseulad dasaCuqreba, damsaxurebulTa uxvad dajildoveba, saCivarTa
samarTliani gamoZieba, jaris dawyoba da misi marjved gaZRola _ vin amowuravs saxelmwifeobrivi saqmeebis zRvas...~
istorikosis mixedviT:
a) mefe jars uSualod brZolis velze xelmZRvanelobda, mSvidobianobis dros ki
samxedro saqmeebSi ar ereoda;
b) mefes ufleba hqonda daesaja urCi mTavrebi, daejildoebina erTguli moxeleebi da daeniSna isini saeklesio Tanamdebobebze;
g) mefes ar hqonda ufleba Careuliyo sasamarTlos saqmianobaSi;
d) saxelmwifoSi ar arsebobda mmarTvelobis iseTi rgoli, romelsac mefis Zalauflebis kanonierad SezRudva SeeZlo.
10.romel variantSia droSi Tanmimdevrulad warmodgenili qarTveli mefeebi?
a) aSot I kurapalati; bagrat IV ; daviT III ; giorgi II;
b) giorgi II ; bagrat III; adarnase I kurapalati; leon II;
g) bagrat III; giorgi II; bagrat IV; daviT III;
d) giorgi I; bagrat IV; daviT IV.
11. ratom gaamefa giorgi mesamem Tamari Tavis sicocxleSi?
a) giorgi SiSobda, rom misi sikvdilis Semdeg Tamars, umcros Svils, gamefebis
uflebas ar miscemdnen;
b) giorgi SiSobda, rom Tamaris gamefebas mowinaaRmdegeebi gamouCndebodnen da
surda qarTveli xalxi Seeguebina qalis mmarTvelobas;
g) mefobaze pretenzias acxadebda TurqeTSi gadaxvewili da gamuslimanebuli
giorgi mesamis ufrosi Ze, amitomac gaamefa man Tamari Tavisive sicocxleSi;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
12. vin iyo yuTlu-arslani da ra moTxovna wamoayena man?
a) meWurWleTuxucesi; moiTxovda umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mqone
karvis daarsebas isanSi;
b) mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondideli; moiTxovda `samefo darbazis~ uflebebis gazrdas;
g) meWurWleTuxucesi; moiTxovda Tamars CamorTmeoda mefobis ufleba;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
13. romel wels gaimarTa Samqoris brZola?
a) 1190 wels;
b) 1195 wels;
g) 1197 wels;
d) 1199 wels.
14. romel brZolaSi xelmZRvanelobda mowinaaRmdegis jars abu-baqri?
a) erwuxis brZolaSi;
g) basianis brZolaSi;
b) marabdis brZolaSi;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
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15. CamoTvlilTagan, ra Sedegi mohyva basianis brZolaSi qarTvelTa gamarjvebas?
a) trapizonis imperiis daarseba, romelic saqarTvelos politikuri gavlenis
qveS imyofeboda;
b) rumis Turquli sasulTnos ganadgureba da am teritoriis saqarTvelosTvis
SemoerTeba;
g) Samqoris brZolaSi ruqn ad-dinis damarcxebiT saqarTvelom Tavidan aicila
gamanadgurebeli safrTxe da daikava Savi zRvis Crdilo-dasavleTi sanapiro, ramac
Tamars saSualeba misca daeqvemdebarebina CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi tomebi;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
16. romeli pasuxia swori?
a) aTabagi jars xelmZRvanelobda, mwignobarTuxucesi ki mefis aRmzrdeli iyo;
b) amirspasalari jars xelmZRvanelobda, aTabagi ki mefis aRmzrdeli iyo;
g) msaxurTuxucesi samefo Tavlebs uvlida, meWurWleTuxucesi ki samefo kanonebs
gamoscemda;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
17. rodis da romel qveyanaSi miiRes `Tavisuflebis didi qartia~?
a) 1215 wels inglisSi;
g) 1290 wels safrangeTSi;
b) 1265 wels inglisSi;
d) 1295 wels germaniaSi.
18. ra saxis dawesebulebas warmoadgenda safrangeTis generaluri Statebi?
a) samxedro sabWos, romelSic generlebTan erTad Sediodnen feodaluri aristokratiis umaRlesi warmomadgenlebi. saomari moqmedebis dros generaluri Statebi
mefesTan erTad xelmZRvanelobda qveynis Tavdacvis saqmes;
b) dawesebulebas, romelic msxvili feodalebisa da saeklesio pirebisagan Sedgeboda. mas ufleba hqonda gadaewyvita qveynis TavdacvasTan, SeiaraRebasTan, agreTve,
axali gadasaxadebis dawesebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi;
g) dawesebulebas, romelSic Sediodnen samive wodebis warmomadgenlebi. generaluri Statebi saTaTbiro organo iyo, mas ar hqonda sakanonmdeblo ufleba;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
III. wyaros analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 8 qula)
jvarosnuli laSqrobis erT-erTi meTauri, Jofrua vilardeni `konstantinepolis
dapyrobis istoria~.
satusaRodan gaqceuli bizantieli ufliswuli aleqsi Cavida qalaq ankonaSi, sadac gaigo ambavi veneciaSi jvarosanTa Tavmoyrisa da maTi miznebis Sesaxeb.
`isini, vinc mas gaqcevaSi miexmarnen, Tan axldnen da eubnebodnen mas, `xelmwifeo,
aqve axlos, veneciaSia msoflioSi saukeTeso raindebisagan Semdgari didi jari, romlebic zRvis gadaRma (e. i. egvipteSi) miemarTebian. sTxove maT, iqneba Sen da mamaSeni, romelic ase usamarTlod gaaubedures, Segibralon. da Tu Sens daxmarebas isini
isurveben, Senc sanacvlod yvelaferi Seusrule, rasac gTxoven, egeb Segibralon~. da
man Tqva, rom amas siamovnebiT izams da rom es mSvenieri azria.
man SearCia elCebi da gagzavna isini ... rodesac baronebma es elCebi ixiles,
gaukvirdaT da uTxres: `Cven yuradRebiT movismineT, rac brZaneT, Cven gamogayolebT
masTan (aleqsisTan) Cvens elCebs ... Tu is inebebs zRvisgaRma miwebisaTvis laSqrobaSi
mogvexmaros, maSin Cven mogexmarebiT ukan daibrunoT is, rac mas (aleqsis) da mamamiss
ase usamarTlod waarTves.
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...bolos Sedga SeTanxmeba jvarosnebs, venecielebsa da ufliswul aleqsis Soris
pirobiT...
... upirvelesad, Tu iqneba neba RvTisa, Tu Cven aRvudgenT mas memkvidreobas, mTels
romis imperias (anu bizantias), romelic adre Camoscilebia, daabrunebs romis daqvemdebarebaSi. Semdgom amisa, man icis, rom Tqven sakuTari bevri daxarjeT da gaRaribdiT, da is mogvcems orasi aTas vercxlis markas da sakvebs mTeli jarisaTvis ... da
warCinebulTaTvisac...
... am SeTanxmebas frangTa mxridan eswrebodnen Tormeti kaci... ase Sedga SeTanxmeba, daiwera sigeli, daamowmes beWdebiT da daTqves dro, rodis unda mobrZanebuliyo
konstantinepoleli memkvidre~.
kiTxvebi:
1. romeli jvarosnuli laSqrobis samzadisia aRwerili am wyaroSi?
___________________________________________
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(1 qula)
2. sad apirebdnen jvarosnebi Tavdapirvelad galaSqrebas?
_____________________________________
(1 qula)
3. bizantiaSi mimdinare ra procesma Seuwyo xeli jvarosnebis gadawyvetilebas,
elaSqraT konstantinopolSi?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________________
(2 qula)
4. ras elodnen jvarosnebi bizantiaSi laSqrobis sanacvlod?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________________
(2 qula)
5. gaixsene, ra SedegiT dasrulda wyaroSi aRwerili jvarosnuli laSqroba
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________________
(2 qula)
IV. problemis analizi da argumentacia (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 4 qula)
itorikosTa nawili Tvlis, rom daviT aRmaSeneblisa da Tamar mefis sagareo-politikuri kursi ramdenadme gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisgan. kerZod, daviT IV dakavebul
teritoriebs uSualod uerTebda saqarTvelos, Tamari ki damorCilebuli qveynebis
nawils ymadnaficobis pirobiT Sinagan damoukideblobas unarCunebda.
gaixseneT Sesabamisi masala da wamoayeneT argumentebi:
127
a) daviTis sagareo kursis mxardasaWerad an sapirispirod
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____________________________________________
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(2 qula);
b) Tamaris sagareo kursis mxardasaWerad an sapirispirod
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________________
(2 qula).
V. rukis analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 8 qula)
rukebis #6-is, #7-is da #8-is (danarTebis #1) mixedviT:
1. ramdenad gafarTovda saqarTvelos teritoria IX saukunidan XII saukunis dasawyisamde?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________________
(2 qula)
2. ramdenad gafarTovda saqarTvelos teritoria XII saukunis dasawyisidan XIII
saukunis dasawyisamde?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________________
(2 qula)
3. romel qveynebs daekisraT xarki?
___________________________________________
______________________________________
(1 qula)
4. CamoTvaleT saqarTvelos ymadnafici (vasali) saxelmwifoebi
___________________________________________
______________________________________
( 1 qula)
5. XII saukunis dasawyisidan XIII saukunis dasawyisamde ra Seicvala Seicvala samxreT-dasavleT sazRvarTan?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
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(2 qula)
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IX Tavi. monRolebi da saqarTvelo
$1. monRolebi da maTi dapyrobebi
saxelmwifos Seqmna. centralur aziaSi iq, sadac dRes monRoleTis respublikaa,
uZveles droSi cxovrobdnen dRevandeli monRolebis winaprebi. varaudoben, rom Zveli monRolebi hunTa STamomavlebi, memkvidreebi arian.
monRolebi velur cxovrebas eweodnen. maTi umTavresi saarsebo saSualeba iyo cxeni. bavSvobidan ubelo cxenebze isxdnen, cxeniT mimodiodnen, nadirobdnen, cxovrobdnen da cxenzedve kvdebodnen. cxenis umi xorciT ikvebebodnen, cxenis rZes (kumiss) Seeqceodnen da cxenis tyavi emosaT. `monRoli cxenze ar ibadeba, magram cxenze izrdeba,
cxovrobs da kvdeba~, _ ambobda monRoluri andaza. monRolebi cxovrobdnen Temebad
da tomebad anu ulusebad, xSirad mtrobdnen erTmaneTs da nadavlisaTvis mezoblebsac
esxmodnen Tavs. monRolebi TavianTi ojaxebiT _ colebiTa da SvilebiT, moxucebiTa
da bavSvebiT, cxenebsa da tyavgadakrul urmebze Semomsxdarni, mudmivad saZovrebis
ZiebaSi iyvnen. maTi umTavresi iaraRi iyo mSvildi da isari, hqondaT mokle maxvilebic.
monRoli mxedrebi, romlebic cxenebzec ise myarad isxdnen, rogorc evropeli raindi
idga miwaze, mZlavrad, Seucdomlad da zustad tyorcnidnen isars. isini Tayvans scemdnen cas, mzes, mTvares, varskvlavebs, bunebis movlenebs, e. i. iyvnen warmarTebi.
XI-XII saukuneebSi monRolTa daqsaqsul tomebSi TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda Temobriv-tomobrivi warCinebulTa fena. daiwyo brZola tomebs Soris saZovrebisa da
saarsebo saSualebaTa gadanawileba-mitacebisaTvis. es brZolebi, imavdroulad, monRoluri tomebis gaerTianebisaTvis brZolebic iyo. XII saukunis bolos erT-erTi
tomis beladma, TemuCinma, yvela mowinaaRmdege daamarcxa, gaaerTiana monRolTa tomebi da uZlieresi saxelmwifo Seqmna.
1206 wels monRolTa saxalxo krebaze (yurulTaize) TemuCini yvela monRolTa
mbrZaneblad aRiares da ewoda mas Cingiz yaeni (Turqulad zRva, okeane _ zRvaTa da
xmelTa mpyrobeli). Cingiz yaenma, monRolebSi gabatonebuli adaTobrivi samarTlis
gaTvaliswinebiT, Sesabamisi samxedro-administraciuli reformebi gaatara. Cingiz
yaenis mmarTvelobisa da monRolTa wes-Cveulebebze sayuradRebo cnobebs gvawvdis
papis elCi didi yaenis karze plano karpini: `Cingiz xanma brZana, rom yoveli aTi
meomris saTaveSi idges aTmeTauri, asi meomris saTaveSi _ asmeTauri, aTaseulis saTaveSi _ aTasisTavi, aTjer aTasis (dumnis) saTaveSi misi meTauri... roca omia, aTeulidan erTma an ormac rom ukan daixios, sikvdiliT daisjeba mTeli aTeuli, Tu ukan
gamorbis erTi aTeuli, unda daisajos mTeli misi aseuli, erTi sityviT, Tu yvela
erTad ar ixevs ukan (organizebulad), mxdalebs da gamoqceulebs xocaven...iseve rogorc, roca erTi, orni an metni, SemarTebiTa da simamaciT ebmebian brZolaSi da danarCenebi ki ara, maSin amaT xocaven, agreTve Tu erTi an ori meomari tyved Cavardeba,
xolo danarCenebi ar daixsnian maT, amaTac xocaven~.
Cingiz yaenma Seqmna aTiaTasiani piradi gvardia. garda amisa, tomobrivi kuTvnilebis mixedviT, Seiqmna aTaskaciani cxenosani qvedanayofebi, romlebsac saTaveSi adgilobrivi warCinebuli, noini edga. yoveli aTiaTasi meomari erTiandeboda ufro did
gaerTianebaSi, dumanSi, mis saTaveSi dumannoini idga. aTaseuli iyofoda aseulebad
da aTeulebad. monRolTa aTeuli, umetesad, erTi ojaxis an naTesavTa samxedro qvedanayofi iyo. jarSi umkacresi disciplina sufevda. omSi xSirad dedawulianad midiodnen, amitom monRol meomars ukan daxeva ar SeeZlo, ukan coli, Svilebi da ojaxi
mihyveboda, mas an unda gaemarjva, an momkvdariyo. aseTi mrisxane Zala XIII saukunis
damdegidan daiZra mezobelTa dasapyrobad.
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`mivideT ukanasknel zRvamde~. imdroindeli monRolebi civilizacias sruliad moklebulni iyvnen. maTi warmodgeniT, dedamiwa tafasaviT brtyeli unda yofiliyo, romelsac yoveli mxridan zRva ertya. Cingizis ganzraxva mTeli xmeleTis dapyroba iyo,
aRmosavlidan dasavleTamde. `mivideT ukanasknel zRvamde~, aseTi iyo monRolTa devizi.
1211-18 wlebSi monRolebma Cingiz yaenis meTaurobiT daipyres aRmosavleT cimbiri,
korea da CineTi. Cinelebisagan mravali saxis samxedro teqnika aiTvises da sxvaTa
winaaRmdeg gamoiyenes. aRmosavleTis dapyrobis Semdeg Cingiz yaeni dasavleTiT, xorezmis didi saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg daiZra. garegnulad brwyinvale xorezmis samefo Sinagani winaaRmdegobebiT dasustebuliyo da monRolebma is advilad daikaves,
oRond xorezmis Sahis, muhamedis Svili, taxtis memkvidre, sulTani jalal ed-dini
ver Seipyres (Tavad muhamedi, devnili da yvelasagan mitovebuli, kaspiis zRvis keTrovanTa kunZulze gardaicvala). Cingiz yaenma ori dumani laSqari airCia, Tavisi
erTguli sardlebi, jebe da calTvala subudai usardla da jalal ed-dins daadevna.
daavala, SeepyroT gaqceuli sulTani da daezveraT, ramdeni da ra qveynebia dasapyrobi `ukanasknel zRvamde~. swored es ori dumani jari 1220 wels saqarTvelos moadga.
Sua aziis da aRmosavleT iranis dapyrobis Semdeg, 1227 wels gardaicvala Cingiz
yaeni. is gadaasvenes monRoleTSi da yarayarumis axlos dakrZales. Cingizis saflavis
adgili dRemde ucnobia.
Cingiz yaens oTxi vaJi hyavda: juCi, CaRata, oqoTa da Tuli. swored maT gaagrZeles dawyebuli didi dapyrobani. gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda Cingizis ufrosi SviliSvili, juCis Ze baTo. 1235 wlidan monRolebi ori mimarTulebiT, mcire aziisaken da
rusuli samTavroebisaken daiZrnen.
monRolebma advilad daamarcxes rusuli samTavroebi, 1240 wels aiRes kievi, CexeT-poloneTiskenac gaiWrnen, magram marcxi ganicades da ukan gamobrundnen. dapyrobil rusTa miwebze maT daaarses monRoluri saxelmwifo oqros urdo, romlis sataxto volgaze aSenebuli qalaqi sarai iyo, xolo baTos Svilma, berqem, mis Soriaxlos
axali qalaqi aaSena, sara-berqe, da sataxtod is aqcia.
davaleba
1. daaxasiaTeT monRolTa yofa da religia.
2. rogor fiqrobT, ra faqtorebi ganapirobebda monRolTa samxedro warmatebebs?
3. CamoTvaleT monRolTa mier dapyrobili teritoriebi.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da Tarirebi
monRolTa erTiani sayaenos formireba _ 1206 w.
monRolTa pirveli laSqroba saqarTveloSi _ 1220 w.
Cingiz yaenis gardacvaleba _ 1227 w.
$2. monRolTa batonoba saqarTveloSi
laSa-giorgis mefoba. Tamaris gardacvalebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi laSa-giorgi
(giorgi IV, 1213-1223 ww.) gamefda. laSa-giorgis Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdis misi Tanamedrove mematiane da XIV saukunis ucnobi istorikosi, romelsac JamTaaRmwerlis
saxeliT vicnobT. es istorikosebi gansxvavebulad afaseben giorgi IV-is mefobas.
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laSa-giorgis mematianes cnobiT: `(laSa-giorgi aris) nergi keTil-mozardi da yvavili yovelTa ferTagan Semkobili, lomis ZaliTa da umanko gonebiT, moyvaruli yovelTa kacTa... monisaca erTisa ara matrix mkvreli... bednieri laSqrobiTa, mefe bednieri
qveyanisa... da iyo misi samefo didsa dawynarebasa Sina... vityodiT qebasa missa winaSe
yovelTa kacTa, ara vtyuodeT, arca gvrcxvenodis~. xolo JamTaaRmwerlis SefasebiT:
`(Tamarma) dauteva mefoba Zesa Tvissa, xolo qarTvelTa _ mwuxareba, vaeba, glova...
laSa-giorgi iyo taniTa Zlieri, mxned moisari, nadirobaTa Sina moswrafe, laRi...
ampartavani, Tavxedi, TviTbuneba... mSvidoba iyo samefosa missa da Seqceul iyo (laSa-giorgi) smasa da Wamasa... ~
laSa-giorgis mefobis dasawyisSive saqarTvelos ganudga ymadnafici qalaqi ganZa. ganZisaTvis brZola gaWianurda. mefe mcire amaliT gamoeyo ZiriTad laSqars da
qalaqisken gaemarTa. ganZelebma es rom dainaxes, mravalricxovani jari gamoiyvanes
da qarTvelebs Seebnen. `iqmna brZola sastiki... TviT mefe laSa wina mieteva mxned da
Zlierad. (ganZelni) iltvodes da mciredniRa Seeswrnes qalaqad~ (JamTaaRmwereli).
qalaqis karibWesTan gamarTuli brZolis Sesaxeb qarTuli laSqris ZiriTadma nawilmac Seityo da laSa-giorgis dasaxmareblad gamoemarTa. gamarjvebuli mefe miegeba maT. JamTaaRmwerelis cnobiT, sardlebma giorgis usayvedures gaufrTxilebeli
moqmedebis gamo da gadawyvites aRar emsaxuraT samefo karze. mefem `umecrebiT qmnulisaTvis Sendoba iTxova~.
laSa-giorgis sofel veliscixeSi yofnisas iqauri qali Seuyvarda da misi colad
SerTva gadawyvita. didebulebma da maRalma sasuliero pirebma mefes daqorwinebis
ufleba ar misces _ dabali warmomavlobis qali mefisaTvis Seufereblad miiCnies.
laSa-giorgis veliscixel qalTan vaJi (daviTi) SeeZina. didebulebma daviTi taxtis
kanonier memkvidred ar cnes.
1020 wels saqarTveloSi monRolTa marbieli laSqari SemoiWra. monRolTa mizani
qveynis dazverva iyo. maT daamarcxes qarTuli jari, magram qveynis dapyroba ar ucdiaT
da CrdiloeT kavkasiis gavliT Sua aziaSi, Cingiz yaenTan dabrundnen. garTulebuli
mdgomareobis gamo laSa-giorgim veRar SeZlo V jvarosnul laSqrobaSi monawileoba.
rusudanis mefoba. 1223-1245 wlebSi saqarTveloSi laSa-giorgis da rusudani mefobs (1223-1245 ww.). 1225 wels qveyanas axali safrTxe daemuqra. monRolTa mier devnili xorezmis Sahis memkvidrem jalal ed-dinma garnisis brZolaSi daamarcxa qarTuli laSqari, RalatiT aiRo da gaZarcva Tbilisi (1226 w.). wyaroebis mixedviT, jalal
ed-dinma metexis xidze gamoatanina RvTismSoblis xatebi da qristianebs maTi Seuracxyofa ubrZana. wyaros mixedviT, 100 aTasma qristianma siwmindeebis Seuracxyofas
sikvdili arCia. amis Semdeg jalal ed-dini kidev ramdenjerme Semoesia saqarTvelos.
saqarTvelosTan da sxva saxelmwifoebTan gamudmebulma omebma daasusta jalal
ed-dini. man monRolebs veRar gauwia winaaRmdegoba. 1235 wels monRolebi saqarTvelos moadgnen. samefo karma monRolebTan brZolis organizeba ver SeZlo, quTaisSi
gaixizna da aRmosavleT saqarTvelo bedis anabarad miatova.
TavianT cixeebSi gamagrebulma qarTvelma feodalebma ver SeaCeres monRolTa
winsvla. winaaRmdegobas msxverpli da ngreva mosdevda. gamosavals pirvelma saqarTvelos mxedarTmTavarma avag mxargrZelma miagno _ uvnebelobis pirobiT, danebda monRolebs. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi darCenilma sxva didmoxeleebmac mibaZes
amirspasalars da winaaRmdegoba Sewyvites. monRolebs bolomde ebrZoda samcxis
aTabagi yvaryvare jayel-cixisjvareli. araorganizebuli winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad
monRolebs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dasapyrobad Svidi weli dasWirdaT. dasavleT
saqarTveloSi ki maT arc ulaSqriaT.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadaxvewili rusudani 1242 wels monRolebs dauzavda. Se­
Tanxmebis mixedviT, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi monRolTa jari rCeboda, qarTve­lebs
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maTTvis yovelwliurad 50000 perpera (monRoluri oqros fuli) unda eZliaT da
monRolTa laSqrobebSi mieRoT monawileoba. dazavebis Semdeg samefo kari TbilisSi
dabrunda. zavis pirobiT, rusudanis Zes daviTs saqarTvelos mefed yaeni amtkicebda.
daviTi dedis sicocxleSive gaemgzavra jer oqros urdoSi, iqidan ki monRoleTSi _
didi yaenis karze.
ormefoba saqarTveloSi. rusudani 1245 wels gardaicvala, daviTi ki jer ar iyo
saqarTveloSi dabrunebuli. umefod darCenil qveyanaSi gaZlierda monRolTa batonoba, rasac qarTvel didgvarovanTa urTierTmtrobac daerTo: `ganiyvnes mTavarni
saqarTvelosani da winaaRmdgom iqmnes urTierTas~ (JamTaaRmwereli).
monRolebma qveyana rva samxedro-administraciul erTeulad _ `dumnad~ (aTiaTaseulad) dayves. dumnebs saTaveSi adgilobrivi erisTavebi Cauyenes. maT monRolTaTvis
laSqris gamoyvana da gadasaxadis akrefa evalebodaT. umefobis xanaSi dumnebs erTmaneTTan faqtobrivad aRaraferi akavSirebdaT. es ki saxelmwifos wvril administraciul erTeulebad danawevrebas niSnavda. 1246 wels qarTveli erisTavebi koxtasTavis
cixeSi (javaxeTi) Seikribnen da ajanyeba dagegmes. monRolebma SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb
Seityves, monawileni daatyveves, qalaq anisSi waiyvanes da gamosatexad Taflwasmulebi
Takara mzeze dayares. SeTqmulebis monawile samegrelos erisTavi cotne dadiani, romelic datyvevebas gadaurCa, anisSi gaemgzavra, Tavadac icxo Tafli da TanamebrZolebs
SeuerTda. cotnes Tavdadebam qarTveli SeTqmulebi mtanjveli sikvdilisagan ixsna _
monRolebma isini gaaTavisufles da TavianT saerisTavoebSi daabrunes. cotne dadiani
qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis mier wmindanad aris Seracxuli.
Seqmnil viTarebaSi qarTvel mTavrTa erTma nawilma gadawyvita laSa-giorgis ukanono Svili daviTi gaemefebina. am mizniT daviT giorgis Zec monRoleTSi gaemgzavra,
sadac yaenis wyalobis momlodine daviT rusudanis Ze daxvda: `iyvnes orive daviT
yaenis winaSe, iurvebdes (cdilobdnen) ornive mefobasa~ (JamTaaRmwereli).
1248/1249 wlebSi yaenma orive kandidati daamtkica saqarTvelos mefed (isini
qveyanas erToblivad 1259 wlamde marTavdnen). laSa-giorgis Zes daviT VII-s `ulu~
(ufrosi) ewoda, xolo rusudanis Zes daviT VI-s _ `narini~ (umcrosi). mefeebi SeTanxmebulad marTavdnen qveyanas. im drois saxelmwifo dokumentebsac orive mefis
xelwera azis `sigelsa zeda sweria `mefeni bagratoanni~, `nebiTa daviT da daviT~.
saqarTveloSi mefobis aRdgenis Semdeg monRolebma qveynis dumnebad dayofa gaauqmes.
1254-1256 wlebSi monRolebma xarkisa da laSqris raodenobis gansazRvris mizniT
dapyrobili qveynebi aRweres. aRweris mixedviT, qarTvel xalxs gazrdili raodenobiT 14 saxis gadasaxadis gadaxda daekisra. maT Soris: `mali~ _ miwis wliuri Semosavlis 60%; `yafCeri~ _ yovel asi pirutyvidan erTi suli; `damRa~ _ savaWro gadasaxadi xelosnebisa da vaWrebisaTvis; `saiame begara~ _ mosaxleobas monawileoba unda
mieRo monRolTa sagzao sadgurebis (iamebis) mSenebloba-SekeTebaSi da sxva. yvelaze
mZime samxedro begara iyo. yovel mecxre srulfuZian ojaxs erTi meomari unda gaegzavna monRolTa laSqarSi (saqarTvelos 90000 kaciani jaris gamoyvana daekisra).
monRolTa batonobis damZimebas qarTvelma xalxma ajanyebiT upasuxa. 1259 wels
daviT narini ajanyda. ajanyebulebma warmatebas ver miaRwies da dasavleT saqarTvelos Seafares Tavi. 1260 wels monRolTa winaaRmdeg daviT uluc gamovida. is momxreebTan erTad samcxeSi gamagrda da garkveuli drois manZilze winaaRmdegobac gauwia
monRolebs. sabolood, daviT uluc damarcxda da dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida.
damarcxebis miuxedavad, monRolebma mas aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi dabrunebis ufleba
misces. am droisTvis daZabuli urTierToba hqonda or monRolur saxelmwifos: oqros
urdosa (moicavda ruseTis teritorias) da sailxanos (igive, ilxanTa saxelmwifo,
romelSic Sedioda irani, TurqmeneTi, avRaneTis nawili, mcire aziis aRmosavleT nawili da samxreT kavkasia). oqros urdos jari kavkasiis uReltexilebze gadmodioda da
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ilxanTa samflobeloebs awiokebda. daviT ulus sailxanosgan qarTuli da monRoluri
jariT CrdiloeT kavkasiidan gadmosasvlelebis gamagreba daevala. am simagreebs monRolurad `siba~ ewodeboda. aq mdgar monRolur laSqarSi xSirad vrceldeboda epidemiebi, rac adgilobriv mosaxleobas musrs avlebda. 1270 wels swored monRolTa mier
gavrcelebul sneulebas Seewira `sibaze~ mdgari daviT uluc.
demetre II Tavdadebuli. daviT ulus memkvidre demetre II (1270-1289 ww.) mxolod
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mefobda. dasavleT saqarTvelo damoukidebel samefod Camoyalibda. samcxe ki 1266 wlidan uSualod ilxanTa yaens daeqvemdebara. mcirewlovan demetres ilxanTa yaenma meurved (aTabagad) sadun mankaberdeli dauniSna. saduni
mxargZelebis yofili yma iyo da aTabagobas monRolTa erTguli samsaxuriT miaRwia.
1281 wels saduni gardaicvala. mis memkvidres, xutlubuRas, demetrem amirspasalaroba uboZa, aTabagoba ki tarsaiW orbels gadasca. amiT mefem sabolood gadaimtera
monRolTa ndobiT aRWurvili xutlubuRa.
demetre II iZulebuli iyo monawileoba mieRo monRolTa omebSi. 1281 wels egviptis
sulTnis winaaRmdeg laSqrobaSi monRolebTan erTad mravali aTasi qarTveli ibrZoda, romelTagan `umravlesni moisres~. saqarTvelos mefes, misdauneburad, sayaenos
SidabrZolebSiac uxdeboda monawileoba. ilxanTa yaens, arRuns, pirveli veziri buRa
aujanyda. yaenma ajanyebulebi daamarcxa. buRa da misi mokavSireebi ki sikvdiliT dasaja. rogorc Cans, am brZolaSi demetrem buRas mxare daikava, amitom isic daibares
sailxanoSi. rCevisaTvis demetrem darbazs mimarTa. darbazma mefes urCia: `waxvide
simagreTa mTiuleTisaTa, an afxazTasa, viTar qmna mamaman Senman... mravalTa mefeTa
miuridnia da daucavs Tavi Tvisi~. demetre II-m ar miiRo darbazis winadadeba, radgan
urCobis SemTxvevaSi monRolebi mTel samefos aawiokebdnen. sailxanoSi Casuli mefe
1289 wels arRun yaenma sikvdiliT dasaja. wyaros mixedviT, arRun yaeni Tavdapirvelad demetres sikvdiliT dasjas ar apirebda. mefeze ganawyenebulma xutlubuRam yaeni daarwmuna demetres dasjis aucileblobaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi daviT narinis Zes vaxtangs gaamefebdnen, riTac mTeli saqarTvelo (samcxis
garda, romelic isedac monRolebs emorCileboda) isev sayaenos daeqvemdebareboda.
vaxtang II (daviT narinis Ze) aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 1289-1293 wlebSi mefobda.
misi gardacvalebis Semdeg samefo taxti demetre Tavdadebulis ufrosma Svilma daviT VIII-m daikava. saqarTvelos mTianeTSi gamagrebuli daviTi mravali wlis manZilze ebrZoda monRolebs. ramac saqarTveloze maTi batonoba mniSvnelovnad Seasusta.
davaleba
1. SeafaseT samefo karis moqmedeba saqarTveloSi monRolTa Semosevisas.
2. imsjeleT, gamoiRebda Tu ara sasurvel Sedegs organizebuli winaaRmdegoba monRolTa mimarT.
3. ra saSiSroebas qmnida qveynisaTvis umefoba?
4. ratom daamtkica yaenma orive daviTi saqarTvelos mefeebad?
5. CamoTvaleT monRolTa mier dawesebuli gadasaxadebi da imsjeleT, ramdenad Seesabameboda es gadasaxadebi qveynis mosaxleobis SesaZleblobebs.
6. SeafaseT monRolTa laSqrobebSi qarTvelebis monawileobis faqti.
7. SeafaseT demetre II-is gadawyvetileba _ sayaenoSi gamocxadebuliyo.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi
giorgi IV-is mefoba _ 1213/1210-1223 ww.
rusudanis mefoba _ 1223-1245 ww.
garnisis brZola _ 1225 w.
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jalal ed-dinis mier Tbilisis aReba _ 1226 w.
saqarTvelos dasapyrobad monRolTa Semosvla _ 1235 w.
rusudanis dazaveba monRolebTan _ 1242 w.
umefobis xana saqarTveloSi _ 1245-1248/1249 ww.
ormefobis dasawyisi _ 1248/1249 ww.
monRolTa mier dapyrobili xalxebis aRwera _ 1254-1256 ww.
daviT narinis ajanyeba _ 1259 w.
daviT ulus ajanyeba _ 1260 w.
demetre II-is mefoba _ 1270-1289 ww.
$3. saqarTvelos gaTavisufleba monRolTa batonobisagan.
giorgi V brwyinvale
1318 wels aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi giorgi V brwyinvale (demetre II-s memkvidre, 1318-1346 ww.) gamefda. mas mZime memkvidreoba xvda wilad. aRmosavleT saqarTvelo monRolTa gamudmebuli laSqrobebisgan iyo awiokebuli. samefo xelisufleba
wesrigs veRar amyarebda. qveyanaSi gavrcelda ukanonoba, Zarcva, mkvleloba da sxva
danaSaulobebi. gaxSirda feodalTa urTierTbrZolac. monRolebi sul ufro metad
ereodnen qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi.
meore mxriv, dinastiuri brZolebi, dapyrobili xalxebis ajanyebebi da oqros urdos Semosevebi sailxanosac asustebda. aseT viTarebaSi giorgi V-m uari Tqva monRolebis winaaRmdeg ajanyebaze da maTTan urTierTobis mowesrigeba daisaxa miznad. yaeni
abu-saidi mcirewlovani iyo da sailxanos, faqtobrivad, misi meurve, Coban noini
ganagebda. giorgi Cobans rumis sasulTnos damorCilebaSi daexmara, riTac misi ndoba da mxardaWera daimsaxura. arabi istorikosi al-kalkaSandi giorgi brwyinvales
Tvlida noinis `gulwrfel megobrad~, romelsac sailxanos mmarTveli mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebis win eTaTbireboda kidec. swored aseTi urTierTobis
Sedegad miaCnda istorikoss is faqti, rom `yaenis (laSqari) ar iRvreba masSi (saqarTveloSi) da mxedarni ar iWrebian qveyanaSi gamanadgurebeli omis gasaCaReblad~.
giorgi V-m isargebla monRolTa mxardaWeriT da aqtiuri pozicia daikava urCi
feodalebis mimarT. vaxuSti bagrationis (XVIII saukunis I naxevris istorikosi da
geografi) cnobiT, giorgi brwyinvalem kaxeTSi, civis mTaze, sadarbazod Sekriba orguli erisTavebi da sxva didgvarovnebi da moakvlevina. man aseve isargebla daviT
narinis memkvidreebs Soris uTanxmoebiT da daaxloebiT 1330 wels dasavleT saqarTvelo SemoierTa _ `giorgi mefeman... aRixvna (aiRo) cixeni da qalaqni imereTisani...
xolo bagrats (narinis memkvidre) misca Sorapani da mun hyo erisTavad... merme Cavida
odiSs (samegrelo), afxazeTs, Semovlo guria... imerni da amerni gaierTa da daipyra
yoveli saqarTvelo~ (`qarTlis cxovreba~).
saqarTvelos farglebs gareT samcxe-saaTabago rCeboda. samcxe ilxanTa yaens uSualod eqvemdebareboda. amitom mis SemosaerTeblad monRolTa nebarTva iyo saWiro.
samcxis SemoerTebis procesSi giorgi V-s sailxanosagan winaaRmdegoba ar Sexvedria.
aq mefem naTesauri kavSiric gamoiyena. giorgis deda, naTela, samcxis aTabagis beqa
mandaturTuxucesis asuli iyo. demetre II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg mcirewlovani
giorgi swored samcxeSi, babuasTan izrdeboda. 1334 wels, beqa mandaturTuxucesis
gardacvalebis Semdeg giorgim Tavis biZas, sargis II-s `miuboZa aTabagoba da amirspasalaroba~ (vaxuSti bagrationi). es samcxis SemoerTebas niSnavda.
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saqarTvelos gaerTianebis Semdeg giorgi brwyinvalem saqarTvelos yofili ymadnafici qveynebic (rani, Sirvani, darubandi) daimorCila.
qveynis ekonomikuri gaZlierebisTvis mefem axali vercxlis fuli moWra, romelsac `giorgasuls~ (an `giorgaul TeTrs~) uwodebdnen.
giorgi V-m aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTisaTvis Seadgina kanonTa krebuli
`Zeglis dadeba~. krebuls mTis mosaxleobaSi gavrcelebuli `uwesobani~ da `SfoTi~
unda aRmoefxvra da ganemtkicebina centraluri xelisufleba. `Zeglis dadebis~ SemuSavebaSi, samefo karTan erTad, monawileobdnen adgilobriv wes-CveulebaTa mcodne
mTieli `erisTavni, xevisTavni da xevisberni~.
`Zeglis dadebis~ mixedviT, gaxSirebuli danaSaulis aRmosafxvrelad dadginda `sisxlis damZimeba~ anu danaSaulisaTvis msubuqis nacvlad gazrdili sazRauri
(sisxlis fasi) dawesda. sisxlis anazRaureba (`daurveba~) xdeboda rogorc fuliT,
ise qonebiT.
amave periodSi Seiqmna `xelmwifis karis garigeba~, romliTac ganisazRvra samefo
karis etiketi, sxvadasxva moxeleTa uflebebi da movaleobebi.
giorgi V-m politikuri kavSiri daamyara sailxanos mowinaaRmdege qveynebTan: egviptis sasulTnosTan da oqros urdosTan. mefem egviptis sulTans muslimTagan mizgiTad
(meCeTad) gadakeTebuli ierusalimis jvris monastris dabruneba sTxova da sanacvlod
samxedro daxmareba aRuTqva. sulTanma, muslimi sasuliero pirebis winaaRmdegobis
miuxedavad, giorgis Txovna daakmayofila. sulTani sxva daTmobebzec wavida _ qarTveli mlocvelebisaTvis gaauqma qristianTa dasamcireblad SemoRebuli wesi, romliTac
ierusalimSi Sesuli qristiani cxenze, qaliviT, gverdulad unda mjdariyo.
XIV saukunis 20-iani wlebis bolos sailxanoSi politikuri viTareba ukiduresad
daiZaba. yaenma abu-saidma, romelic veRar egueboda Coban noinis SeuzRudav Zalauflebas, moakvlevina igi. sailxano areulobam moicva. Seqmnili mdgomareobiT isargebla giorgi V-m da monRolTa ukanaskneli dumani saqarTvelodan gaaZeva. es ki qveynis
damoukideblobis mopovebas niSnavda.
giorgi V-m romis papTanac, ioane XXII-sTan, daamyara mWidro politikuri kavSiri. papis gadawyvetilebiT, kaTolikuri eklesiis saepiskoposo centri qalaq smirnadan TbilisSi gadmoitanes. Tbilisis pirvel episkoposad dainiSna qarTuli enisa da
`qveynis garemoebebis~ mcodne ioane florencieli. kaTolikur eklesiebSi saeklesio
msaxureba laTinur enaze mimdinareobda. Tbilisis kaTolikur eklesiaSi ki es wesi
daurRveviaT (wirva-locva qarTuladac aRevlineboda).
davaleba
1. rogor sagareo politikas atarebda giorgi V? ramdenad Sedegiani aRmoCnda is?
2. ratom egueboda sailxano saqarTvelos gaerTianebasa da gaZlierebas?
3. ra mizniT Seiqmna `Zeglis dadeba~?
4. imsjeleT, ratom amyarebs sailxanos mokavSire giorgi V politikur urTierTobas egviptis sasulTnosTan da oqros urdosTan.
5. imsjeleT egviptis sulTnis mier religiuri daTmobebis mizezebze da qarTuli
mxarisaTvis maT mniSvnelobaze.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
giorgi V-is mefoba _ 1318-1346 ww.
dasavleT saqarTvelos SemoerTeba _ 1330 w.
samcxe-saaTabagos SemoerTeba _ 1334 w.
monRolTa batonobis dasasruli saqarTveloSi _ XIV saukunis 30-iani wlebi
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$4. saqarTvelo XIV saukunis bolos da
XV saukunis dasawyisSi
saqarTvelos mSvidobiani ganviTareba xanmokle aRmoCnda. XIV saukunis 80-iani
wlebidan Temur-lengis imperiis saxiT qveyanas axali safrTxe daemuqra.
Suaaziel monRlTa STamomavali Temur-lengi istoriaSi usastikesi dampyroblis
saxeliT Sevida. cnobilia, rom misi brZanebiT erT-erTi cixis kedels ori aTasi
xelfexSekruli kaci cocxlad Caayoles; iranis qalaq ispahanis aRebis Semdeg 70
aTasi adamianis moWrili Tavisagan gorakebi aages; sivasSi cocxlad damarxes 4 aTasi
somexi; qvaTaxevis monaterSi (saqarTvelo) berebi dawves... Temur-lengma ar icoda
wera-kiTxva. mas wignis specialuri wamkiTxvelebi hyavda da wignebs sxva nadavlTan
erTad yvela dapyrobili qveynidan ezideboda _ `eklesiaTa da sxvaTa adgilTagan
(miitaca) mravalni saRmrTo da saero wignebi, da gagzavna samaryands... es wignebi mas
aqeT awyvia samaryandis meCeTsa Sina... amisa gamo mravali wignebi daekargaT qarTvelTa~ (`qarTlis cxovreba~).
Temur-lengis mizani Cingiz yaenis imperiis aRdgena iyo. amitom awarmoebda is TiTqmis TxuTmetwlian oms meore monRolur saxelmwifosTan _ oqros urdosTan. am
brZolebSi saqarTvelo oqros urdos yaenis ToxTamiS xanis mokavSired gamodioda,
ramac ganapiroba kidec Temur-lengis Cven qveyanaSi laSqrobebi. saqarTvelo Temurs
sxva mxrivac ainteresebda _ kavkasionis gadasasvlelebis (darialisa da darubandis)
xelSi CagdebiT is sakuTari imperiis sazRvrebsac daicavda da oqros urdosac daemuqreboda.
1386 wels Temuri saqarTveloSi samcxis mxridan SemoiWra, aiRo Tbilisi, daatyveva mefe bagrat V (1360-1393), Tavad ki aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTi dalaSqra.
`ra qoneba igdo xelT Temur lengma, ra xatebi gaZarcva da dawva, ramdeni Tvali
patiosani, margaliti, oqro da vercxli waiRo aravis SeuZlia aRweros~ (miqel panaretosi, bizantieli istorikosi).
gamosazamTreblad yarabaRSi dabanakebulma Temurma bagrat V-s islamis miReba
mosTxova. bagrat V-m tyveobidan Tavis dasaRwevad miiRo islami. Temur-lengma mefe
saqarTveloSi gamoistumra da Tan 12000-iani laSqari gamoayola qveynis `gasaTaTreblad~. bagratma Tavis ufros vaJs, giorgis acnoba yovelive. viwrobebSi Casafrebulma qarTvelebma Temur-lengis mxedroba daamarcxes.
gancdili marcxis Semdeg Temur-lengma kidev Svidjer ilaSqra saqarTveloSi
(1387 w.; 1394 w. _ orjer; 1399 w.; 1400 w.; 1401 w. da 1403 w.). Temur-lengis laSqrobebma
saqarTvelos gamousworebeli Sedegi moutana.
1403 wels Temur-lengma zavi dado saqarTvelos mefe giorgi VII-sTan (1393-1407 ww.).
zavis mixedviT, saqarTvelo Temuris imperiis qveSevrdomi xdeboda, Tumca inarCunebda
samefo xelisuflebasa da qristianobas.
1405 wels Temur-lengi gardaicvala da misi imperiac maleve daiSala. saqarTvelos samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mcxovrebma Turqmanebma Seqmnes Savbatknianebis (yara-yoinlus) da TeTrbatknianebis (aR-yoinlus) saxelmwifoebi. am saxelmwifoTa saxelwodebebi maT droSebze gamosaxuli batknis ferebs ukavSirdeba.
saqarTvelos mefe konstantine I-s (1407-1411 ww.) kargad esmoda, rom TurqmanTa SeCereba kavkasieli xalxebis saerTo ZaliT Tu moxerxdeboda. amitom daexmara qarTveli mefe mezobel Sarvans SavbatknianTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. mtkvris piras dabanakebulma Savbatknianebma mdinare gadacures da moulodnelad daesxnen Tavs SarvanelTa
da qarTvelTa gaerTianebul banaks. mokavSireebi damarcxdnen. mefe konstantine da
samasi warCinebuli qarTveli tyved CauvardaT Savbatknianebs. TurqmanTa mbrZanebel136
ma yara-iusufma isini sikvdiliT dasaja. mogvianebiT, qarTvelebma mefis cxedari samSobloSi gadmoasvenes da varZiaSi dakrZales.
konstantines memkvidris aleqsandre I-is (1412-1442 ww.) mefobis dasawyisSi odiSis
erisTavTerisTavma mamia dadianma afxazeTis samTavros dapyroba scada. magram brZolaSi damarcxda da daiRupa. aleqsandre mefe laSqriT odiSs miadga. mefem gardacvlili mamia dadianis memkvidre lipariti Seiwyala da erisTavTerisTavoba uboZa.
amis Semdeg mefe aleqsandre koxTasTavs miadga da samcxis mTavars ivane jayels morCileba mosTxova. ivanem mefes brZola gaumarTa, magram damarcxda da tyved Cavarda.
ivane jayelma patieba iTxova. mefem is Seiwyala, gaaTavisufla da aTabagoba daubruna.
Temur-lengis Semosevebis dros Turqmanebma lore daisakuTres. es saqarTvelosTvis didi danakargi iyo, qveynis samxreTi sazRvari daucveli rCeboda. 1431 wels qarTvelebma lore daibrunes da Turqmanebisagan qvemo qarTli gaaTavisufles. Semdeg
aleqsandre I-ma anisic SemoierTa da yarabaRis, Saqis da Sarvanis kavkasiuri saxanoebi
ymadnaficobis pirobiT daiqvemdebara.
Turqmenebs somxeTis miwa-wyalic hqondaT dakavebuli. maTgan Seviwroebulma
somxebis nawilma Tavi saqarTvelos Seafara. qarTuli saxelmwifo mfarvelobas uwevda Semoxiznul mosaxleobas.
aleqsandre I-is mefobis bolo wlebSi Savbatknianebma, jahan-Sahis xelmZRvanelobiT, 1440 wels cixe-qalaqi samSvilde da Tbilisi daarbies, mravali aTasi adamiani
daatyveves da gadaasaxles.
aleqsandre mefem Temur-lengis laSqrobebis dros dangreuli cixesimagreebis da
taZrebis aRdgenisaTvis sagangebo gadasaxadi _ ojaxze wliurad 40 TeTri _ SemoiRo. samSvildisa da Tbilisis darbevam aleqsandre I-ze Zlier imoqmeda. is berad aRikveca, xolo mefoba Svils, vaxtangs gadaabara. vaxtangis mefobisas jahan-Sahi kvlav
SemoiWra saqarTveloSi. Tumca amjerad qarTvelebma dampyroblebi ukuagdes. aleqsandre mefes qarTvelma xalxma didi uwoda. ase moixseniebs mas `qarTlis cxovreba~.
davaleba
1. rogor fiqrobT, ratom dauWira saqarTvelom mxari oqros urdos yaens ToxTamiS-xans da ara Temur-lengs?
2. imsjeleT saqarTvelosTvis Temur-lengis laSqrobebis Sedegebze.
3. SeafaseT aleqsandre I-is mefoba (RonisZiebebi qveynis erTianobis SesanarCuneblad, brZola TurqmanTa winaaRmdeg...).
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
bagrat V-is mefoba _ 1360-1393 ww.
giorgi VII-is mefoba _ 1393-1407 ww.
konstantine I-is mefoba _ 1407-1411 ww.
aleqsandre I-is mefoba _ 1412-1442 ww.
Temur-lengis pirveli laSqroba saqarTveloSi _ 1386 w.
giorgi VII-isa da Temur-lengis dazaveba _ 1403 w.
jahan-Sahis laSqroba saqarTveloSi _ 1440 w.
137
testi #9
testis maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 41 qula.
I. teqstis Sesworeba.
instruqcia: winamdebare teqstSi daSvebulia 10 Secdoma. Sesabamis svetebSi CamowereT Secdomebi da swori pasuxebi. yoveli aRmoCenili Secdoma fasdeba 0.5 quliT,
xolo misi Sesatyvisi swori varianti _ 0.5 quliT. jamSi teqstis SesworebisaTvis
gankuTvnilia 10 qula.
1220-1245 wlebSi saqarTveloSi laSa-giorgis da rusudani mefobda. 1224 wels
qveyanas axali safrTxe daemuqra. monRolTa mier devnili iranis Sahis memkvidrem
jalal ed-dinma ananuris brZolaSi daamarcxa qarTuli laSqari, RalatiT aiRo da
gaZarcva quTaisi. wyaroebis mixedviT, jalal ed-dinma didubis xidze gamoatanina
RvTismSoblis xatebi da qristianebs maTi Seuracxyofa ubrZana. wyaros mixedviT, 100
aTasma qristianma siwmindeebis Seuracxyofas sikvdili arCia. amis Semdeg jalal ed-dini kidev ramdenjerme Semoesia saqarTvelos.
saqarTvelosTan da sxva saxelmwifoebTan gamudmebulma omebma daasusta jalal
ed-dini. man Turq-selCukebs veRar gauwia winaaRmdegoba. 1245 wels monRolebi saqarTvelos moadgnen. mefe demetre II-m monRolebTan brZolis organizeba ver SeZlo.
samefo kari fazisSi gaxizna da aRmosavleT saqarTvelo bedis anabarad miatova.
#
Secdomaa
sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
II. upasuxeT kiTxvebs
instruqcia: mocemulia 20 kiTxva oTxi savaraudo pasuxiT. swori pasuxi fasdeba
1 quliT. jamSi, maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 20 qula.
138
1. romeli winadadebaa swori?
a) 1235 wels monRoli tomebi gaaerTiana TemuCinma, romelsac sxvagvarad Cingiz
yaensac uwodebdnen;
b) 1206 wels monRoli tomebi Cingiz yaenma gaaerTiana, riTac saTave daedo maT
dampyroblur laSqrobebs;
g) Cingiz yaenma daasrula monRoli tomebis erT saxelmwifoSi gaerTianeba. man XI
saukunis miwuruls CineTic SemoierTa da saTave daudo axali imperiis formirebas;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
2. visi memkvidreebi atarebdnen „ilxanis“ tituls
a) hulagus;
b) Cingis-yaenis;
g) Coban-noinis;
d) berqa-yaenis.
3. romel wlebSi mefobda rusudani?
a) 1223-1245 ww.;
g) 1235-1245 ww.;
b) 1220-1247 ww.;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
4. rusudanis mefobisas romelma dampyrobelma aiRo Tbilisi?
a) monRolebma;
b) jalal ed-dinma;
g) iranelebma;
d) buRa Turqma.
5. raSi mdgomareobda jalal ad-dinis ZiriTadi politikuri (strategiuli) Secdoma monRolebTan dakavSirebiT?
a) jalal ad-dinma moindoma xorezmis samefos aRdgena, ris gamoc mTeli Tavisi
Zala monRolTa winaaRmdeg brZolas Sealia, ramac Turqebs misi damarcxeba gauadvila;
b) jalal ad-dini TurqeTisa da arabeTis dapyrobas Seudga. mas Zala ar hyofnida
monRolTa winaaRmdeg brZolis gasaaxleblad. amitomac Cingiz yaenTan zavi dado. yovelive aman monRolebs gauadvila jalal ad-dinis damarcxeba.
g) monRolTa winaaRmdeg brZolis dawyebamde jalal ad-dinma gadawyvita daepyro
indoeTi. mas imedi hqonda, rom indoeTis dapyrobis Semdeg SeZlebda CineTSi SeWras da
monRolTa saboloo ganadgurebas.
d) jalal ad-dinma omi gamoucxada im saxelmwifoebs, romlebsac monRolTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi misi mokavSireoba SeeZloT.
6. vin iyo cotne dadiani?
a) samcxis mTavari, monawileobda monRolTa winaaRmdeg mefe demetre II Tavdadebulis mier mowyobil ajanyebaSi.
b) umefobis xanaSi monRolebma maT mxareze gadasuli cotne dadiani aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mmarTvelad daniSnes. male cotne dadiani monRolebs aujanyda, ris gamoc is sikvdiliT dasajes;
g) samegrelos erisTavi, monawileobda garnisis brZolaSi, sadac is, Salva axalcixelTan erTad, gmirulad mokvda;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
7. ra mizniT aRweres monRolebma saqarTvelo?
a) surdaT mmarTvelobis sistemis gaumjobeseba;
b) mosaxleobis raodenobis dasadgenad;
g) gadasaxadebisa da jaris raodenobis dasadgenad;
d) monRolebs saqarTvelo ar aRuweriaT.
139
8. vin iyo daviT ulu?
a) mefe rusudanis ufrosi Svili;
b) monRolTa mier daniSnuli qarTlis noini;
g) demetre II Tavdadebulis ufrosi Svili, swored amitom ewoda mas ulu, rac
monRolurad ufross niSnavs;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
9. ratom dasajes monRolebma demetre II sikvdiliT?
a) monRolTa yaenis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba moewyo. ajanyebulebi damarcxdnen. gamoirkva, rom demetre ajanyebulebs uWerda mxars;
b) demetre mefem uari ganacxada monRolebisTvis xarkis gadaxdaze. man saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebuli monRolebic Seaviwrova da aiZula isini daetovebinaT qveyana;
g) demetre II ar emorCileboda monRolebs da maT winaaRmdeg mezobel saxelmwifoebsac aqezebda. mefem datova Tbilisi da saqarTvelos mTian mxareSi gamagrda, saidanac drodadro Tavs esxmoda da anadgurebda monRolTa laSqars.
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
10. ra mizniT Seqmna giorgi brwyinvalem `Zeglis dadeba~?
a) giorgis mefobis dasawyisSi saqarTvelo ramdenime nawilad iyofoda, axali kanoniT ki kvlav erTmefoba unda aRdgeniliyo;
b) `Zeglis dadeba~ awesrigebda vaWrobisa da gadasaxadebis akrefis saqmes;
g) am kanonTa krebuliT unda mowesrigebuliyo saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris
urTierToba. amieridan saeklesio saqmeebs mefe ganagebda;
d) `Zeglis dadebas~ wesrigi unda aRedgina saqarTvelos mTianeTSi.
11. romeli winadadebaa swori?
a) giorgi V monRolebs aujanyda da saqarTvelodan gandevna;
b) monRolebi saqarTveloSi pirvelad rusudanis mefobis dros gamoCndnen;
g) demetre II-s bralad edeboda yaenis winaaRmdeg ajanyebaSi monawileoba da amis
gamo sikvdiliT dasajes;
d) monRolebma saqarTvelos xarkis sanacvlod 90 aTasi molaSqris gamoyvana daakisres.
12. visi mefobis dros moWril fuls ewoda „giorgauli TeTri“?
a) giorgi III;
b) giorgi V;
g) giorgi XII;
d) giorgi I.
13. saqarTvelos romel qalaqSi gadmoitana romis papma giorgi V-is dros kaTolikuri eklesiis centri smirnadan?
a) quTaisSi;
b) TbilisSi;
g) gorSi;
d) TelavSi.
14. romeli winadadebaa swori?
a) 1220 wels laSa-giorgim daamarcxa monRolebi da aiZula daetovebinaT saqarTvelo;
b) 1225 wels mefe rusudani damarcxda monRolebTan brZolaSi da iZulebuli gaxda dasavleT saqarTvelo daeTmo maTTvis;
g) 1235 wels monRolebi saqarTvelos dasapyrobad moadgnen, mefe rusudani da samefo kari dasavleT saqarTveloSi gaixizna;
d) 1240 wels giorgi brwyinvalem, egviptis sulTnis daxmarebiT, daamarcxa saqarTveloSi SemoWrili monRolebi da gandevna isini kavkasiidan.
140
15. CamoTvlilTagan, ra gaxda Temur-lengis saqarTveloSi pirveli laSqrobis
mizezi?
a) Temur-lengi bizantiis imperiis dasapyrobad ibrZoda, saqarTvelo ki bizantias
jariT exmareboda;
b) saqarTvelos Tavs afarebda Temur-lengis mTavari mowinaaRmdege osmaleTis
sulTani murad II;
g) saqarTvelo Temur-lengis winaaRmdeg oqros urdos yaenis, ToxTamiS xanis mokavSired gamodioda;
d) saqarTvelos samefo karma Temur-lengs Seuwyvita xarki da mis winaaRmdeg
ajanyebis samzadiss Seudga.
16. vin mefobda saqarTveloSi Temur-lengis laSqrobebis dros?
a) maSin erTiani saqarTvelo aRar arsebobda. dasavleT saqarTveloSi bagrati mefobda, romelsac Temur-lengis winaaRmdeg arc ubrZolia. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
ki aleqsandre didi mefobda.
b) Temur-lengis laSqrobaTa dros saqarTveloSi bagrat V da giorgi VII mefobdnen;
g) Temur-lengis pirveli laSqrobis dros saqarTveloSi vaxtang VII mefobda.
Temur-lengma is qristianobisaTvis sikvdiliT dasaja da saqarTveloSi samefo xelisufleba gaauqma;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
17. ramdenjer ilaSqra Temur-lengma saqarTveloSi?
a) rvajer;
b) Svidjer;
g) oTxjer;
d) erTxel.
18. rodis daido zavi saqarTvelos mefesa da Temur-lengs Soris?
a) 1400 w.;
b) 1401 w.;
g) 1403 w.
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
19. romel wlebSi mefobda saqarTveloSi aleqsandre I (didi)?
a) 1412-1442 ww.;
g) 1415-1445 ww.;
b) 1412-1435 ww;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
20. CamoTvlilTagan, romeli RonisZieba ganaxorciela saqarTvelos mefe aleqsandre I-ma (aleqsandre didma)?
a) ganaaxla dampyrobTagan dangreuli eklesia-monastrebi;
b) glexebi gaaTavisufla feodalTa ymobisgan;
g) SemoierTa samcxe da dasavleT saqarTvelo;
d) mfarvelobiTi xelSekruleba gaaforma ruseTTan.
III. wyaros analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 11 qula)
men-da bei-lu (XIII saukunis Cineli istorikosi) monRolTa Sesaxeb:
`egreT wodebuli veluri TaTrebi Zalze Raribebi da Tan primitiulebi arian,
isini aranair Cvevebs ar floben, mxolod cxenze jiriTi ician da marTvis aranairi
sistema ar gaaCniaT.
amJamad maT mmarTveli (Cingizi) hyavT, romelmac saxelmwifo Seqmna da aRmosavleTiTa Tu dasavleTiT damsjel laSqrobebs awyobs, amitom maTi saxelmwifo Zlierdeba
da farTovdeba.
141
roca maTi saxelmwifo warmoiqmna, werilobiTi dokumentebi saerTod ar hqondaT.
yovel SemTxvevaSi brZanebebs elCebis piriT gzavnidnen… magram axla, bolo ori
wlis ganmavlobaSi, cinis saxelmwifosTan urTierTobis Sedegad Cinuri damwerloba
gamoiyeneba, radgan cinis saxelmwifo moxeleebma, romlebic gaiqcnen, Tavis saxelmwifos uRalates da TaTrebs Cabardnen da undodaT maT karze samsaxuri eSovaT,
dokumentebis Sedgena aswavles...
TaTrebi ibadebian da unagirze izrdebian. TviTon swavloben sabrZolo saqmes. gazafxulidan zamTramde nadiroben da es aris maTi saarsebo saSualeba. amitom maT ara
hyavT qveiTebi, yvelani mxedrebi arian. rodesac erTad aiyrebian, xandaxan aseul aTasobiTac, mTavarsardlidan aTaseulis meTauramde, asisTavamde da aTisTavamde aranair werilobiT brZanebas ar gascemen.
yovel jerze, did qalaqze Setevisas, jer patara qalaqs esxmian Tavs, mis mosaxleobas ipyroben, mierekebian da didi qalaqis saalyo samuSaoebze iyeneben...
rodesac salaSqrod midian, Cveulebisamebr, Tan mihyavT colebi da bavSvebi... maTTan karvebs mxolod qalebi dgamen, cxenebs sapalnes xsnian, urmebs tvirTaven...~.
kiTxvebi
1. romel wlebSi SeiZleboda es wyaro daweriliyo?
_____________________________________
(1 qula)
2. ra saxeliT moixseniebs wyaros avtori monRolebs?
_____________________________________
(1 qula)
3. romel damwerlobas iyenebdnen monRolebi dokumentebis Sesadgenad?
_____________________________________
(1 qula)
4. romeli damwerloba iyo gavrcelebuli cinis saxelmwifoSi?
_____________________________________
(1 qula)
5. riT dasturdeba, rom yoveli monRolo mamakaci kargi meomari iyo?
___________________________________________
______________________________________
(2 qula)
6. ra da ra danayofebisagan Sedgeboda monRolTa jari?
___________________________________________
______________________________________
(2 qula)
7. ra xerxs mimarTavdnen monRolebi didi qalaqebis asaRebad?
___________________________________________
______________________________________
(2 qula)
8. ratom mihyavdaT monRolebs laSqrobebSi col-Svili da ra iyo qalebis movaleoba?
_____________________________________
142
(1 qula)
X Tavi. cvlilebebi saqarTvelosa da msoflioSi
XV-XVII saukuneebSi
$1. bizantiis imperiis dasasruli
ganmarteba
legati _ aq, romis papis diplomatiuri warmomadgeneli.
delegati _ aq, saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli.
bula _ romis papis brZanebuleba, werili an sigeli.
burgundia _ mxare (provincia) safrangeTSi.
osmalTa saxelmwifos warmoSoba. Turq-selCukTa dapyrobebisas mcire aziaSi Camosaxlebul Turquli modgmis tomebs Soris yvelaze mravalricxovani oRuzebis
tomi iyo.
XIII saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis isini mcire aziis dasavleT nawilSi cxovrobdnen.
maTi ZiriTadi saqmianoba mesaqoneloba iyo, Tumca aq Camosaxlebis droidan nel-nela
miwaTmoqmedebasac SeeCvivnen.
Turqi oRuzebis erT-erTi sasulTno osman beis (aqedan _ osmalebi) da misi memkvidris orxanis mmarTvelobisas imdenad gaZlierda, rom mcire aziis mTeli dasavleTi
nawili daikava. maTi Tavdapirveli sataxto qalaqi bursa iyo.
Turq-osmalebs Zlieri armia hyavdaT. maTi jari mravalricxovani cxenosnebisa
da qveiTebisgan Sedgeboda. XIV saukunis meore naxevridan maT daematnen e. w. `ianiCarebi~. Turqebi mezobeli an dapyrobili xalxebisgan itacebdnen xolme 8-10 wlis
mozardebs, zrdidnen maT islamis fanatikuri rwmeniT, aswavlidnen samxedro saqmes,
maTgan srulfasovan, profesional meomrebs zrdidnen da `ianiCarTa~ jars qmnidnen
(ianiCari sitvasityviT axal jars niSnavs). es nawilebi male TurqTa rCeul gvardiad
iqcnen. ianiCarTa Soris mravlad iyvnen saqarTvelodan gatacebulebic. male Turqebma artileriac gaiCines da mrisxane Zalad gadaiqcnen.
XIV saukunis Sua xanebSi Turqebma bosfori gadalaxes da balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis dapyroba daiwyes. sulTan murad I-is dros Turqebma daikaves bulgarTa, vlaxebis da serbebis miwebis didi nawili.
Turqebma male mTeli balkaneTi daipyres. konstantinopolis garSemo berZnuli
miwebi TandaTan ileoda da mas Turqebi ikavebdnen.
konstantinopolze pirdapiri ieriSi da bizantiis imperiis dacema Temur-lengis
laSqrobebma Seaferxa. Temur-lengi 1402 wels mcire aziaSi SeiWra, ankarasTan brZolaSi daamarcxa osmalebi, sulTani baiazeT I tyved igdo, rkinis galiaSi Casva mxeciviT, sadac male gardaicvala. Temur-lengi male gaecala mcire azias (mas floti ar
hyavda da evropaSi ver gadavidoda). TemurTan gancdilma marcxma TurqTa ieriSebi
konstantinopolze ramdenime aTeuli wliT gadaswia.
konstantinopolis alya da dacema. jvarosnebis meoTxe laSqrobam bizantias momakvdinebeli laxvari Casca. 1204 wels dacemuli imperia 1261 wels aRadgina mixeil
VIII paleologma. aRorZinebul bizantiis imperias asustebda Sinaomebi, kvlav gaurTulda damokidebuleba kaTolikur evropasTan.
imperiis mesveurTa erTi nawili, imperatoris meTaurobiT, cdilobda gadaedga
nabijebi kaTolikur samyarosTan dasaaxloeblad da sarwmunoebrivi erTianobisaken.
imperatorisa da politikuri wreebis am iniciativas ukmayofilebiT Sexvda marTl143
madidebluri samRvdeloeba da mosaxleobis sagrZnobi nawili. verc ferara-florenciis krebam (1438-45 ww.) moagvara SeTanxmebis saqme. verc evropelebma da verc
bizantielebma ver SeZles, droebiT mainc, uari eTqvaT TavianT poziciebze da gaerTianebuliyvnen saerTo mtris _ osmalebis winaaRmdeg. bizantiaSi imdenad didi iyo
kaTolikeTa mimarT siZulvili, rom aseTi gamoTqmac gavrcelda: `gvirCevnia batonobdes Turqis Calma, vidre papis mitra~.
sulTanma mehmed II-m aRsaydrebisTanave daiwyo mzadeba dedaqalaqis asaRebad. konstantinopolisaken mimavali yvela gza gadaketa. bosforis srutis napirebic daikava
da gaamagra. man daamzadebina specialuri artileria, moamzada bombardebi da didi
Wurvebis msrolelni. TurqTa jari, romelic utevda qalaqs, 160 aTasze meti meomrisagan Sedgeboda.
bizantiis imperator konstantine XI-s sul 10 aTasi kaciRa hyavda, mogvianebiT
mxolod genuelTa mcire razmi SemouerTda. qalaqze pirveli ieriSi 1453 wlis 5
aprils miitanes. berZnebma ukuagdes Turqebi. alya 50 dReze met xans gagrZelda. 28
maisis Rames ukanaskneli Seteva daiwyo. imave saRamos, konstantinopolis yvela eklesiam zarebis reka atexa, isini yvelas, visac ki iaraRis tareba SeeZlo, qalaqis kedlebTan, TurqTagan dasacavad mouwodebda. aravis dauzogavs Tavi, arc moxucs, arc
qals. eklesiebSi muxlmoyriT evedrebodnen ufals exsna maTi samSoblo. imperatori
konstantine qalaqis kedelTan daeca.
diliT Turqebi qalaqSi SeiWrnen. imperatoris sasaxleze Turquli droSa aRmarTes. msoflios uZvelesma imperias arseboba Sewyvita.
mehmed II-m sami dRe aZarcvina qalaqi Tavis meomrebs. mere aia sofios taZarSi SebrZanda, misi meCeTad gadakeTeba brZana, konstantinopols amieridan stamboli uwoda,
xolo Tavad sulTanma `feTixi~, dampyroblis tituli miiRo.
konstantinopolis dacema da qristianuli samyaro. konstantinopolis dacemam
qristianuli samyaros SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia. daiwyo sayovelTao mzadeba qalaqis gamosaxsnelad. sxvaTaTvis magaliTis mimcemi `germaneli eris romis saRvTo imperiis~
imperatori fridrix III aRmoCnda _ man raindebs axal laSqrobaSi monawileobis miReba ubrZana. Semdeg ki (1454 w.) sagangebo yrilobac moiwvia, romelzec evropis sxva
monarqebTan da mTavrebTan erTad unda ganexilaT axali `jvarosnuli laSqrobis~
mowyobis sakiTxebi. yrilobaze bevri imsjeles laSqris organizebaze, laSqrobis dawyebis TariRsa Tu masSi monawile Zalebis raodenobaze, magram ise daiSalnen, rom
konkretuli gadawyvetileba ver miiRes.
axali jvarosnuli laSqrobis mowyobis moTxovna ufro mkveTrad papma pios II-m
gamoTqva. papma legatebi yvela qveyanaSi miavlina, raTa adgilobrivi mmarTvelebi
osmalTa winaaRmdeg saerTo laSqrobaze daeyoliebina. pios II-m qalaq mantuaSi (italia) yriloba moiwvia (1460 w.) da delegatebs sagangebo bulac gaacno, romliTac
osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omi cxaddeboda. omis gamocxadeba arc am SemTxvevaSi niSnavda
omis dawyebas. mefe-mTavarTa dapirebebi kvlavac fuWi aRmoCnda.
1459 wels romis papis elCi ludoviko bolonieli saqarTvelos estumra. qarTvelma mefe-mTavrebma despans mxardaWera aRuTqves. molaparakebebze qarTuli mxare
ufro farTo moTxovnebsac ayenebda _ osmalTagan ara mxolod konstantinopoli
unda gaTavisuflebuliyo, aramed _ mTeli mcire azia, raTa qristianul samyaros
arc momavalSi Seqmnoda saSiSroeba. saqarTvelos mefe giorgi VIII (1446-1466 ww.)
burgundiis mTavars didi jaris gamoyvanas hpirdeboda Turqebis winaaRmdeg: `me TviTon 40000 kaciT unda wavide, daviT trapezuntis imperatori Segvpirda da mzad aqvs
30 xomaldi 20000 kaciT; samegrelos mefe mzad aris mTelis Tavisi jariT; yvaryvare,
saqarTvelos mTavari, modis 20000 cxenosniT; anakofiis mTavari... Segvpirda wamosvlas mTeli Tavisi ZmebiT, TavadebiT da mTeli mxedrobiT; mcire somxeTis batoni
144
berdeki Cveni laSqrobisaTvis Segvpirda 20000 kacs~ (fragmenti giorgi mefis werilidan burgundiis mTavrisadmi).
qarTveli politikosebi varaudobdnen, rom osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omSi Caebmeboda
somxeTi, trapizonis samefo da TviT iranis teritoriaze Camoyalibebuli TeTrbatknianTa islamuri saxelmwifos Sahi uzun-hasanic, romelic SeSfoTebuli iyo osmaleTis gaZlierebiT. uzun-hasanTan molaparakebebs evropeli diplomatebic awarmoebdnen.
sabolood, konstantinopolis gamoxsnis gegma CaiSala. evropeli mefeebi da mTavrebi mzad ar aRmoCndnen TurqebTan mosalodneli mZime brZolebisaTvis.
konstantinopolis dacemis Sedegebi saqarTvelosaTvis. bizantiis dacemam mravalmxriv imoqmeda saqarTveloze. Cveni qveyana moswyda qristianul evropas da islamuri
samyaros rkalSi moeqca. evropisagan izolaciam mZimed imoqmeda qarTul kulturaze,
ganaTlebasa da ekonomikaze. imdroindeli msoflios erT-erTi uZlieresi osmaleTis
imperiis gamezoblebam pirdapiri safrTxe Seuqmna saqarTvelos damoukideblobas da
mSvidobian arsebobas.
konstantinopolis aRebis Semdeg osmalebis xelSi gadavida evropisa da aziis damakavSirebeli gzebi. evropeli zRvaosnebi da vaWrebi aRmosavleTisaken axali gzebis
gakvalvas Seudgnen. rasac Sedegad mohyva didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi, romelTac
mecnierTa nawili kacobriobis ganviTarebis istoriaSi axali etapis dasawyisad miiCnevs.
didi geografiuli aRmoCenis Sedegad Tavisi mniSvneloba dakarga `abreSumis
gzam~, romlis erT-erTi monakveTi saqarTveloze gadioda da romliTac Cveni qveyana
saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi aqtiurad iyo CarTuli.
davaleba
1. ratom ewoda TurqTa axal imperias osmaleTi?
2. visgan Sedgeboda `ianiCarTa~ jari?
3. rodis da ra mizniT moiwvies ferara-florenciis saeklesio kreba?
4. SeafaseT qarTveli mefe-mTavrebis gadawyvetileba, monawileoba mieRoT osmaleTis winaaRmdeg dagegmil laSqrobaSi.
5. imsjeleT konstantinopolis (zogadad, bizantiis imperiis) dacemis Sedegebze saqarTvelosTvis.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi
ferara-florenciis saeklesio kreba _ 1438-1445 ww.
osmalTa mier konstantinopolis aReba _ 1453 w.
$2. evropuli renesansi
renesansi. XIV-XV saukuneebSi saqalaqo cxovrebis ganviTarebam, vaWroba-xelosnobis, fulad-sasaqonlo meurneobis aRmavlobam Secvala adamianTa damokidebuleba,
Sexedulebani sazogadoebaze, bunebaze, saerTod samyaroze. vaWrobisa da mewarmeobis
ganviTarebam pirovnebis roli kidev ufro gazarda. axla gadamwyveti gaxda ara wo145
debrivi mdgomareoba, aramed adamianis pirovnuli unari, niWi, ganaTleba, gambedaoba,
moxerxebuloba da sxva.
adamianis SesaZleblobebis srulad gamovlenas sWirdeboda azrovnebisa da moqmedebis Tavisufleba. gaCndnen swavluli adamianebi, romlebic amtkicebdnen, rom
RmerTma adamiani Seqmna Tavis `saxed da xatad~ da misca mas Tavisufleba, Sromisa da
Senebis unari, goneba da niWi bunebis Sesaswavlad, suliereba RvTis sikeTisa da bunebis mSvenierebis SegrZnebisaTvis, unari siyvarulisa da amqveyniuri sikeTis Seqmnisa.
yuradRebis centrSi moeqca adamiani, pirovneba. gaizarda rwmena adamianis niWisa da
SesaZleblobebisadmi. axleburad moazrovneebs humanistebs uwodebdnen (`homo, humanis~ _ laTinurad adamiani, adamianuri).
axali, humanisturi azrovneba, axali urTierTobebi italiis qalaqebSi Caisaxa da
ganviTarda.
XIII-XIV saukuneebSi bizantiam TandaTan dakarga saqristianos sulieri da kulturuli medroSis poziciebi. ekonomikur daqveiTebasTan erTad, TandaTan daqveiTda
sasuliero da saero mwerloba, arqiteqtura, xelovneba. sulieri cxovrebis centrma evropisaken gadainacvla. bizantielma swavlulebmac amjerad evropas miaSures.
italiis, safrangeTis Tu saRvTo romis imperiis universitetebsa Tu kulturul
centrebSi araerT berZens SexvdebodiT. am adamianebma xeli Seuwyes bizantiuri kulturis evropisaken warmarTvas.
swavlulebma, romlebmac kargad gaiazres, Seiswavles Sua saukuneebis miRwevebi,
yuradReba miapyres antikurobas, Zveli romisa da saberZneTis filosofias, literaturas, xelovnebas, Seiswavles isini da amis meoxebiT cdilobdnen aexsnaT axali
drois problemebi.
italiaSi pirvelebma gaacocxles, aaRorZines Zveli, antikuri xanis miRwevebi,
magram meqanikurad ki ar gadmoiRes, aramed SemoqmedebiTad ganaviTares, axali SinaarsiT gaamdidres isini.
am epoqas aRorZinebis anu renesansis xana ewoda. `renesansi~ franguli sityvaa da
raimes aRdgenas, aRorZinebas niSnavs.
aRorZinebis xanis siaxleebi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi igrZnoboda: azrovnebaSi,
filosofiaSi, xelovnebaSi, literaturaSi, TviT yoveldRiur yofaSic ki.
humanizmisa da renesansis zogadi niSnebi. renesansi anu aRorZineba Suasaukuneobriobas upirispirdeboda, upirveles yovlisa, azrovnebis wesiT, garesamyarosa da
movlenebisadmi damokidebulebiT. brma rwmenas, sqolastikas, saeklesio mamaTa avtoritetebs daupirispirda cdiseuli codna, cdiseuli WeSmariteba da racionalizmi.
adamianis goneba (laT. racio) gadamwyveti gaxda.
garda amisa, aRorZinebis xanis saqmiani adamianebi mixvdnen, rom RvTisagan boZebuli yovelgvari sikeTe, adamianisTvis, misi keTildReobisTvisaa, magram is gamoyenebuli unda iyos racionalurad, pragmatulad, garkveuli angariSianobiT. yvelaferi gaTvlili unda iyos, materialuri sikeTec da droc. swored aRorZinebis xanaSi
warmoiSva aseTi gamoTqma: `vinc batonobs fulze da droze, is yvelaferze batonobs~
(leon batista alberti, maTematikosi) da rom `dro fulia~. amitom daidga qalaqebis
yvela koSkze zaris mrekavi didi saaTebi.
renesansis epoqisaTvis, rogorc aRiniSna, yvelaferi adamianze, mis niWsa da unarze, individualur Tvisebebze iyo damokidebuli da ara wodebriv warmoSobaze. individualizmi, piradi iniciativa yvelaferSi igrZnoboda: poeziaSi (adamiani yuradRebis centrSi), xelovnebaSi, gansakuTrebiT mxatvrobaSi, sadac individis sulieri
mxare, misi gancda-grZnobebis gadmocema, pirovnebis daxasiaTebis mTavari saSualeba
xdeba (mag., donatelos mxedari realuri pirovnebaa. konkretuli pirovnebaa agreTve
leonardos mona liza da a. S.).
146
aRorZinebis xanis erT-erTi mTavari monapovaria patriotizmis, samSoblos axleburi gaazreba. axali adamianebisaTvis samSoblo moiazreba ara rogorc sarwmuneobrivi sivrce, aramed is areali, sadac xdeba pirovnebis, misi bunebisa da interesebis
yvelaze srulyofili realizeba. maT pirvelebma daakavSires individualuri, pirovnuli srulyofa-bedniereba samSoblos, patriotul gancdas.
im siaxleebma, romlebic iSva aRorZinebis epoqaSi, safuZveli Cauyara Tanamedrove
evropul civilizacias.
humanizmisa da renesansis centrebi. italuri renesansis udavo centri, `xelovnebis meqa~, iyo qalaqi florencia. XIV-XV saukuneebSi florenciaSi iqmneba e. w.
platonis saxelobis akademia, universiteti, sadac Tavs iyridnen sxvadasxva dargis
swavlulebi, xelovnebis msaxurni, humanistebi. maT did daxmarebasa da mfarvelobas
uwevdnen florencieli mmarTvelebi mediCebis gvaridan, jer kozimo, Semdeg ki lorenco lamazi.
aq, florenciaSi, moRvaweobdnen iseTi cnobili humanistebi da Semoqmedni, rogorebic iyvnen: mxatvrebi mazaCo da joto, moqandake donatelo, humanistebi leonardo
bruni, nikolo nikoli, saletati, marselino fiCino da sxvebi. aq moRvaweobdnen im
epoqis udidesi moazrovne, maTematikosi da inJineri, mxatvari da xuroTmoZRvari
leon batista alberti, gamoCenili humanisti lorenco vala, romelmac daamtkica
konstantines naboZvrobis sigelis siyalbe; xolo leonardo breniam dawera `florenciis istoria~.
florenciaSi moRvaweobdnen dante alegieri da adreuli aRorZinebis udidesi Semoqmedni: franCesko petrarka da jovani bokaCo. mogvianebiT, florenciaSi moRvaweobdnen da Sedevrebs qmnidnen miqelanjelo da leonardo da vinCi, rafael santi,
ticiani da sxvani.
humanizmisa da renesansis meore centri gaxda qalaqi romi. romis papebi cdilobdnen humanisturi azrovneba eklesiis gansamtkiceblad gamoeyenebinaT. papebi zogjer
araTu ebrZodnen, aramed mfarvelobdnen kidec maT. zogierTi humanisti papic ki gaxda. magaliTad, enei silvia pokomini gaxda papi pius II-is saxeliT.
romSi, papis mfarvelobiT, humanistTa axali centri Camoyalibda. aq moRvaweobdnen udidesi humanistebi pomponio leti da flavio biondo. pomponio samarTlianad
iTvleba romauli `akademiis~ erT-erT fuZemdeblad, xolo misi maswavlebeli flavio biondo SeiZleba axali yaidis istorikosad miviCnioT. man pirvelma dayo istoria
Zvel da Sua saukuneebis periodebad.
renesansis da humanistebis centrebi iyo neapolSi, veneciasa da italiis sxva qalaqebSi. xolo dasavleT evropis sxva qveynebSi humanistur kerebad sauniversiteto
qalaqebi gaxda.
dante aligieri (1265-1321) udidesi florencieli poeti iyo. mis kalams ekuTvnis saxelganTqmuli `RvTaebrivi komedia~. danteze amboben, rom is iyo `Sua saukuneebis ukanaskneli da axali drois pirveli mgosani~. dantes poema `RvTaebrivi komedia~
Targmnilia qarTulad.
poema samnawiliania: jojoxeTi, salxinebeli da samoTxe. TiToeuli nawili 33
simReris anu qebisagan Sedgeba, leqsis formaa tercina anu samstriqoniani strofi.
jojoxeTSi cxra wrea, salxinebelSi cxra safexuri, samoTxeSi cxra zecaa. e. i. dantesTan 3 da 9 ricxvi xSirad meordeba, es erTgvari simboloebia.
germanuli humanizmi XV saukunis meore naxevarSi humanizmi italiidan germaniaSi
gavrcelda. erT-erTma Tanamedrovem moswrebulad uwoda germaniis ori Tvali or
gamoCenil humanists — erazm roterdamels da iohan raixlins.
147
erazm roterdamels saxeli gauTqva `sisulelis qebam~. iumoristul nawarmoebSi
`sisulele~ kaTedridan moqadage gamoyvanilia qalad. `sisulele~ Tavis qadagebaSi
aqebs sakuTar Tavs da amtkicebs, rom adamianebi cxovrebaSi ZiriTadad mis rCevebs
misdeven. amgvari mxatvruli qargis saSualebiT erazm roterdameli amxels kaTolikuri eklesiis msaxurTa mankierebas, Suasaukuneobriv CamorCenilobasa da umecrebas,
gulqva feodalebis omismoyvareobasa da sisastikes.
gamoCenili germaneli humanisti iohan raixlini iyo didad ganaTlebuli pirovneba. gamodioda eretikuli wignebis dawvis winaaRmdeg, moiTxovda azrovnebis Tavisuflebas, icavda humanizms, rogorc mowinave samecniero-literaturul mimdinareobas.
davaleba
1. CamoayalibeT humanizmis Tqveneuli ganmarteba da axseniT misi arsi.
2. rogor fiqrobT, ratom ewoda mocemul epoqas renesansis xana?
3. SeadareT erTmaneTs samyarosadmi Suasaukuneobrivi da renesansis xanis damokidebulebebi.
4. eTanxmebiT Tu ara humanistTa mosazrebas, rom samSoblo ar aris sarwmunoebrivi
sivrce da is arealia, sadac xdeba pirovnebis, misi bunebisa da interesebis yvelaze srulyofili realizeba? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
5. gaamyareT da daasabuTeT mosazreba : `individualizmi, piradi iniciativa, zogjer
gadamwyveti xdeba~. aqve axseniT, ratom iyo individualizmi aseTi mniSvnelovani
renesansis epoqis adamianisaTvis.
6. Tqveni azriT, ratom iqca italia renesansis samSoblod da florencia `xelovnebis meqad~?
7. rogor fiqrobT, ratom mfarvelobdnen papebi humanist moRvaweebs?
8. Tqveni azriT, ra mniSvneloba hqonda xelovnebis centrebis gverdiT ganaTlebis
kerebis ganviTarebas?
$ 3. reformacia
karl V, reformaciis mizezebi. mamis mxriv germaneli eris saRvTo romis imperatoris, xolo dedis mxriv espaneTis kaTolike mefeebis izabelis da ferdinandis
SviliSvilma karl habsburgma 1516 wels memkvidreobiT miiRo espaneTisa da neapolis
samefoebi. 1519 wels igi ekurTxa germaneli eris saRvTo romis imperiis imperatorad
da daeufla niderlandsac.
karl V Seecada ganemtkicebina Tavisi xelisufleba espaneTsa da niderlandSi,
saidanac fuladi saxsrebis ZiriTad nawils iRebda. xazinaSi yovelwliuri Semosavlis 40% Sedioda niderlandidan, xolo espaneTidan — odnav naklebi.
espaneTSi mosaxleoba umTavresad soflebSi cxovrobda, niderlandSi ki mravlad
iyo qalaqebi. gansxvavebuli iyo espaneTisa da niderlandis mxareebis politikuri
wyoba, uflebrivi mdgomareoba, ekonomikuri da wodebrivi struqtura.
karl V orive qveyanaSi waawyda qalaqebis winaaRmdegobas da maT Tavisi risxva
daatexa. Semdeg wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiT dawesebulebebs Seutia: araraobamde
daiyvana kortesebis mniSvneloba espaneTSi, yovelnairad Seecada generaluri da pro148
vinciuli Statebis Seviwroebas niderlandSi. karl V-m espaneTsa da ni­
derlandSi
Tavisi TviTmpyrobeluri xelisufleba ganamtkica.
italiuri omebi da karl V-is sagareo politika. karl V-is mefobisas gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda italiuri omebi, romlebic safrangeTis mefis lui XI-is memkvidreebma wamoiwyes 1494 wels.
safrangeTi miznad isaxavda italiis daqvemdebarebas, TurqeTze galaSqrebas da
palestinis dauflebiT macxovris saflavis gamoxsnas. Zalian male italiur omebSi
safrangeTs daupirispirda espaneTi da germaniis saRvTo romis imperia. omebSi sxva
evropuli saxelmwifoebic ereodnen. omebma gaaCanaga italia, gamofita safrangeTi
da karl V-is mravalerovani saxelmwifo.
safrangeTma sawadels ver miaRwia da ver SeZlo italiis dapyroba, verc karl V-m
Seqmna saerToevropuli qristianul-kaTolikuri monarqia. italiurma omebma gaTiSa
evropuli saxelmwifoebi. safrangeTis gegmebi osmaleTis da palestinis mimarT mxolod gegmebad darCa. karl V-m maroko daiqvemdebara, magram alJirSi marcxi ganicada.
didma geografiulma aRmoCenebma da italiurma omebma CaSala TurqeTis winaaRmdeg
qristianuli saxelmwifoebis erToblivi jvarosnuli laSqrobis SesaZlebloba. amiT
osmaleTi did gansacdels gadaurCa.
italiurma omebma siZneleebi Seuqmna karl V-s germaniaSi. is ara marto Camoscilda germaniis saqmeebs, aramed germanel mTavrebze damokidebulic gaxda, radgan am
ukanasknelTa mxardaWeris gareSe italiaSi bevrs verafers gaxdeboda.
germaneli eris saRvTo romis imperia. karl V-is gamefebis droisaTvis germaneli eris saRvTo romis imperiaSi ar arsebobda saerTo saimperio gadasaxadi da
saerTo saimperio armia — evropis centralizebuli monarqiebis es ori ZiriTadi
dasayrdeni.
germania danawevrebuli iyo samTavroebad. mTavrebi iyvnen rogorc eriskacebi, ise
sasuliero pirebi. saimperatoro xelisuflebis Sesustebam mTavrebi gadaaqcia TiTqmis damoukidebel xelmwifeebad, romlebsac emorCileboda sasamarTlo. isini TavianT sasargeblod krefdnen gadasaxadebs, Wridnen fuls.
mTavrebisagan gansxvavebiT, mkveTrad gauaresda mravalricxovani aznaur-raindebis mdgomareoba. mas Semdeg, rac gamoigones cecxlsasroli iaraRi, gaizarda qveiTi
jaris mniSvneloba da Semcirda raindebisagan Semdgari cxenosani laSqris saWiroeba.
mciremamuliani, gaRatakebis piramde misuli raindebi SuriT Sescqerodnen mTavrebis,
gansakuTrebiT ki sasuliero mTavrebis keTildReobas, maTi politikuri siZlierisa da simdidris zrdas. raindebi TavianTi mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad zrdidnen
maTze damokidebuli glexebis eqsploatacias da ar eridebodnen savaWro qaravnebis
Zarcvasac.
germaniis mosaxleobis yvelaze mravalricxovani nawili glexoba iyo. mcire gamonaklisis garda, glexoba gaTavisuflda batonymobisgan, magram misi damokidebuleba
memamuleebze, mTavrebsa da raindebze Zlieri iyo. nakveTis flobisaTvis glexs mravali begara-gadasaxadi ekisreboda. memamuleebi sul ufro da ufro zrdidnen begara-gadasaxadebs, glexi mTavars uxdida saxelmwifo gadasaxads, xolo kaTolikur eklesias — mosavlis meaTeds. glexebSi Zlierdeboda siZulvili mTavrebis, raindebis,
kaTolikuri samRvdeloebis mimarT.
qalaqebSi gabatonebuli iyvnen SeZlebuli moqalaqeebi — qalaqis aristokratia.
qalaqis mosaxleobis yvelaze mravalricxovani fena iyo biurgeroba. biurgerebs ekuTvnodnen xelosnebi, vaWrebi, aqa-iq Seqmnili manufaqturebis mflobelebi. qalaqis
Raribi mosaxleoba — qarglebi, Segirdebi, dRiuri muSebi, soflidan gamoqceuli
149
glexebi. qalaqelebi aRSfoTebulni iyvnen mTavrebis TviTnebobiT, gaRaribebuli
raindebis mier Saragzebze gamarTuli Zarcva-glejiT, umaRlesi samRvdeloebis fufunebiT da TavgasulobiT.
indulgenciebiT vaWroba. romis papsa da mis garemocvas aRar akmayofilebda germaniidan akrefili gadasaxadebi, farTod gaiSala indulgenciebiT vaWroba. germanuli kaTolikuri samRvdeloeba irwmuneboda, rom, vinc SeiZenda indulgenciebs _ papis mier gacemul mimtevebel sigelebs _ gaTavisufldeboda codvebisagan, romlebic
ukve Cadenili hqonda an momavalSi Caidenda.
gardacvalebis Semdeg RmerTi mas am codvebisaTvis pasuxs aRar mosTxovda.
ufro metic, berebi umtkicebdnen xalxs, rom indulgenciebis yidviT SeiZleba gardacvlilebis gamoxsna jojoxeTidan. germaniaSi, xalxmraval adgilebSi, xSirad gaismoda indulgenciebiT movaWre beris rixiani xma: `gaiReT fuli, ixseniT Tqveni naTesavebi da axloblebi. rogorc ki Cemi yulabis fskerze fuli gaiwkrialebs, codvilis
suli samoTxeSi aRmoCndeba.
swored indulgenciebiT vaWroba gaxda is bolo wveTi, romelmac aavso germaniis
mosaxleobis udidesi umravlesobis moTminebis fiala da biZgi misca uZlieres antikaTolikur moZraobas — reformacias.
davaleba
1. ra gziT ganmtkicda karl V-is TviTmpyrobeluri xelisufleba espaneTsa da niderlandSi?
2. gansazRvreT italiuri omebis miznebi safrangeTis, espaneTisa da germaneli eris
saRvTo romis imperiisaTvis.
3. ra Sedegebi mohyva italiur omebs safrangeTisaTvis, germaneli eris saRvTo romis imperiisaTvis?
4. rogori iyo germaneli eris saRvTo romis imperiis mosaxleobis socialuri Semadgenloba?
5. gansazRvreT, ra gansxvaveba arsebobda evropis centralizebuli monarqiebisa da
germaneli eris saRvTo romis imperiis saxelmwifo wyobas Soris.
6. ra iyo indulgencia? ra ganapirobebda indulgenciebiT vaWrobis masStaburobas?
7. gamoxateT Tqveni damokidebuleba indulgenciebiT vaWrobis Sesaxeb.
$4. reformacia germaniaSi
reformaciis dasawyisi germaniaSi. kaTolikuri eklesiis mier indulgenciebiT usircxvilod vaWrobis winaaRmdeg gamovida qalaq vitenbergis universitetis
RvTismetyvelebis profesori, swavluli beri martin luTeri. 1517 wels man universitetis eklesiis kars miakra `95 Tezisi~, romelSic gmobda indulgenciebiT
vaWrobas.
luTeris mowodebam TanagrZnoba da mxardaWera pova. igi ar dakmayofilda mxolod indulgenciebiT vaWrobis akrZalvis moTxovniT. man miiCnia, rom eklesias papis
gareSec SeuZlia arseboba da mizanSeuwonlad CaTvala romSi fulis gagzavna.
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aRSfoTebulma romis papma germaniaSi gamogzavna sigeli, romliTac vitenbergel
bers mwvalebloba daswama da SeaCvena. magram sigelis gamravleba da gavrceleba ver
moxerxda, radgan germania moicva farTo moZraobam papisa da kaTolikuri samRvdeloebis winaaRmdeg. eklesiis reformaciis (gardaqmnis) moTxovnam sayovelTao xasiaTi miiRo. Tanamemamuleebis mxardaWeram gaamxneva luTeri. papis sigeli man sajarod
dawva koconze da TviT romis papi gamoacxada mwvaleblad.
Tavisi uzarmazari saxelmwifos erTianobis SesanarCuneblad da italiuri omebis warmatebiT sawarmoeblad karl V-s sWirdeboda romis papisa da kaTolikuri
samRvdeloebis mxardaWera, amitom is daupirispirda reformacias. martin luTeri
man vormsSi gamoiZaxa mTavrebis, raindebisa da qalaqis warmomadgenlebis yrilobaze
(raixstagze). luTerma ar uaryo Tavisi Sexedulebebi.
karl V-is cda, daepatimrebina luTeri, uSedegod damTavrda. luTerma Tavi Seafara erT-erTi mTavris cixe-darbazs. sadac man germanulad Targmna biblia. luTers miemxrnen germaniis saero mTavrebis didi nawili da biurgerebis — qalaqis
mosaxleobis udidesi umravlesoba. isini miznad isaxavdnen mSvidobiani, legaluri
(kanonieri) gziT germaniis eklesiis Camocilebas romis papisagan, saeklesio qonebis
sekularizacias (CamorTmevas), reformistuli, iafi eklesiis saero mTavrebisadmi
daqvemdebarebas.
luTeris zomieri gardaqmnebis banaks daupirispirda, erTi mxriv, kaTolikuri samRvdeloebis xelmZRvanelobiT Camoyalibebuli romis papis momxreebis banaki, meore
mxriv, ukiduresi, gadamwyveti RonisZiebebis momxre glexuri reformaciis radikaluri banaki, romlis erT-erTi beladi iyo mRvdeli Tomas miunceri.
Tomas miunceri da misi momxreebi ufro gadamwyvet moTxovnebs ayenebdnen. isini
glexebs mouwodebdnen Seurigeblad ebrZolaT feodaluri wyobilebisa da kaTolikuri eklesiis winaaRmdeg.
glexTa ajanyebis winaaRmdeg gaerTiandnen mTavrebi, raindebi, SeZlebuli biurgerebi, kaTolikeebi da luTeranebi. 1525 wlis miwurulisaTvis CaaxSves ajanyebis ukanaskneli kerebi. aTasobiT ajanyebuli sikvdiliT dasajes. sikvdiliT dasajes Tomas
miunceric.
glexTa omis damarcxebas mohyva batonymuri urTierTobebis damZimeba da jer kidev Tavisufali glexebis mniSvnelovani nawilis ymebad gadaqceva. kidev ufro metad
Sesustda mTavrebis damokidebuleba imperatorze da gaZlierda maTi xelisufleba
qalaqebsa da raindebze. bevri germaneli mTavari ganudga kaTolikobas da miemxro
luTers; maT TavianT samflobeloebSi SemoiRes gamartivebuli, iafi luTeranuli
eklesia. luTerani mTavrebi gaxdnen reformistuli eklesiis xelmZRvanelebi da daepatronnen gauqmebuli kaTolikuri eklesiis mTel mamulebsa da simdidres.
luTeranma mTavrebma da qalaqebma xeli moaweres `protestacias~, dokuments,
romliTac isini protests acxadebdnen luTeranobis gavrcelebis SezRudvis mcdelobis winaaRmdeg. `protestaciidan~ warmodga sityva `protestantoba~. luTeranebs
protestantebi daarqves. SemdgomSi protestantebs uwodebdnen reformaciis Sedegad
warmoSobil sxva qristianuli sarwmunoebis mimdevrebsac.
1555 wlis augsburgis religiuri zavi. karl V-is cda, reformaciis CaxSobis
gziT ganemtkicebina imperatoris xelisufleba germaniaSi, uSedegod damTavrda.
religiuri mrwamsis miuxedavad, mis winaaRmdeg gaerTiandnen germaneli mTavrebi.
karl V iZulebuli gaxda 1555 wels augsburgSi germanel mTavrebTan daedo religiuri zavi, romlis Tanaxmadac, yovel mTavars mieca ufleba aerCia protestantoba
an kaTolikoba; misi qveSevrdomebi ki mTavris mier arCeuli sarwmunoebis mimdevrebi
xdebodnen.
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augsburgis zavma gaaqarwyla karl V habsburgis sanukvari ocneba — Seeqmna germaniaSi Zlieri saimperatoro xelisufleba. imedgacruebuli karl V taxtidan gadadga. germaniis imperatoroba man gadasca Tavis Zmas ferdinand I-s, xolo espaneTis,
samxreT italiis, niderlandis samflobeloebi da amerikis koloniebi — Tavis vaJs
filipe II-s. ase gaiyvnen habsburgebi or Stod — avstriel da espanel habsburgebad.
avstriel habsburgTa xelisufleba germaneli eris saRvTo romis imperiaSi umniSvnelo iyo, amitom maTi uSualo samflobelos — avstriis mixedviT maT xSirad avstriis imperatorebadac moixsenebdnen.
davaleba
1. CamoayalibeT martin luTeris moTxovnebi.
2. raSi sdebda brals luTers eklesia da imperatori?
3. ra sasjels akisrebdnen isini luTers?
4. riT amarTlebda luTeri sakuTar Sexedulebebs?
5. daaxasiaTeT luTeranobis mowinaaRmdege ori banaki.
6. erTmaneTs SeadareT da daupirispireT, erTi mxriv, arqiepiskopos albertis, meore mxriv, luTerisa da miunceris azrebi. ra msgavseba da gansxvavebaa maT azrebs
Soris? gamoTqviT Tqveni mosazreba.
7. imsjeleT, ram ganapiroba luTeranobis gavrceleba germaniaSi.
8. gansazRvreT glexTa omis gamomwvevi da damarcxebis mizezebi.
9. gaaanalizeT glexTa omis Sedegebi.
10.moisazreT: ram ganapiroba augsburgis religiuri zavi da ra Sedegebi mohyva mas
germaniisaTvis.
11. axseniT karl V-is gadadgomis mizezebi.
$5. reformaciis gavrceleba da kaTolikobis brZola
reformaciis winaaRmdeg
reformaciis gavrceleba. XVI saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi luTeranoba gascda germaneli eris saRvTo romis imperiis sazRvrebs. igi gavrcelda daniisa da SvedeTis
samefoebSi. daniis samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda norvegia da islandia, xolo SvedeTis samefos SemadgenlobaSi — fineTi.
daniasa da SvedeTSi luTeranoba gamocxadda saxelmwifo religiad, luTeranuli
eklesiis xelmZRvanelebi gaxdnen daniisa da SvedeTis mefeebi, maT xelSi gadavida
kaTolikuri samRvdeloebis miwebi da sxva simdidre. XVI saukuneSi reformacia gavrcelda SveicariaSic.
germanias, safrangeTsa da italias Soris mdebare Sveicaria XV saukuneSi sabolood Camoyalibda, rogorc samokavSireo saxelmwifo. mas ar gaaCnda erTiani mTavroba. yoveli kantoni TviTon iyo Tavisi Tavis baton-patroni. kantonebi mkveTrad
gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan. maRalganviTarebuli saqalaqo kantonebis: bernis,
ciurixis, Jenevis gverdiT mravlad iyo meurneobrivad CamorCenili, e.w. tyis sasoflo kantonebi.
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Sveicariis mowinave kantonebi reformaciis meSveobiT Seecadnen tyis kantonebis
daqvemdebarebas, magram ciurixis kantonis es wamowyeba uSedegod damTavrda. am wamowyebis iniciatori, reformaciis pirveli gamavrcelebeli SveicariaSi, ulrix cvingli 1531 wels daiRupa tyis kantonebTan brZolaSi.
kalvinizmi. Sveicariis reformacias saTaveSi Caudga protestantobisaTvis samSoblodan devnili frangi Jan kalvini. igi sabolood JenevaSi dasaxlda. 1540 wlidan
gardacvalebamde, 1564 wlamde, is saTaveSi edga adgilobriv protestantul partias
da udides zegavlenas axdenda Jenevis saqalaqo sabWoze.
kalvinma Seqmna luTeranobisagan gansxvavebuli, axali protestantuli mimdinareoba — kalvinizmi. kalvinis mimdevrebi unda yofiliyvnen gamrje, sazriani, Sromismoyvare, momWirne adamianebi. kalvinis swavlebis mixedviT, Tu pirovnebas bedi gauRimebda da misi dauRalavi saqmianoba simdidres daugrovebda, is RmerTis `rCeuli~
yofila.
JenevaSi kalvinma Seqmna da daamkvidra kalvinisturi eklesia, romelic calkeuli Temebisagan Sedgeboda. Temebi irCevdnen xelmZRvanelebs SeZlebuli moqalaqeebis
wridan. kalvinisturi RvTismsaxureba gamartivebuli, sada da iafi iyo. kalvinisturi eklesia mkacrad adevnebda Tvalyurs, rom Jenevelebs ar gaecdinaT dro garTobaze, Semosili yofiliyvnen muqi feris sada tansacmliT, droulad daeZinaT da
dilaadrian Sesdgomodnen saqmes. kalvinistebi kaTolikeebze aranaklebi sisastikiT
uswordebodnen mowinaaRmdegeebs: TavianT Seurigebel mtrebs koconze wvavdnen. amitomac Tanamedroveni kalvinistur Jenevas `protestantul roms~ uwodebdnen, Jan
kalvins ki — `Jenevis paps~. kalvinizmi Jenevidan gavrcelda Sveicariis danarCen
kantonebsa da sazRvargareTis qveynebSi.
1054 wels evropis qristianuli samyaro pirveli didi ganxeTqilebis Sedegad
marTlmadideblebad da keTolikeebad gaiyo, meore, XVI saukunis ganxeTqilebis Sedegad kaTolikur eklesias `protestantuli~ eklesia gamoeyo. protestantul eklesiaSi warmoSobil mimdinareobebs Soris umTavresi iyo ori — luTeranoba da
kalvinizmi.
reformacia inglisSi. Tavdapirvelad henri VIII ewinaaRmdegeboda luTeris protestantul ideebs, radgan eSinoda, rom kaTolikuri eklesiis kritika xalxs monarqis kritikiskenac ubiZgebda da protestantebs devna dauwyo. man wignic ki dawera
papis mxardasaWerad, risTvisac papisagan jildod miiRo sapatio wodeba — `sarwmunoebis mcveli~ (inglisis mefeebis erT-erTi titulia dResac). magram 1534 wels
manac, luTeris msgavsad, gamoTqva protesti papis mimarT.
romis papTan henri VIII-is dapirispireba ganapiroba orma mizezma: pirveli mizezi piraduli xasiaTis iyo. henri VIII-s surda espanel meuRlesTan ganqorwineba da
axalgazrda en (ana) boleinze daqorwineba, rasac winaaRmdegobas uwevda habsburgebze damokidebuli romis papi; meore mizezs safuZvlad edo materialuri mosazrebani: inglisSi kaTolikuri eklesia flobda did Zalauflebasa da simdidres. henri
VIII auracxel Tanxebs xarjavda omebsa da sasaxleebis mSeneblobaze. mas fuli
sWirdeboda. Tu mefe saTaveSi Caudgeboda eklesias, mis xelSi gadavidoda eklesiis
qonebac, rac ganamtkicebda da gazrdida henri VIII-is Zalauflebas. inglisis mmarTvelma wreebma mxari dauWires henri VIII-is dapirispirebas romis papTan. inglisis
parlamentma gamosca aqti, romlis ZaliT henri VIII gaxda inglisis eklesiis uzenaesi meTauri.
henri VIII-m ganaxorciela mTeli rigi saeklesio cvlilebebi, romelTa Soris
yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo monastrebis daxurva.
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im droisaTvis inglisis 800 monasterSi cxovrobda 9 aTasi ber-monazoni. monastrebis mflobelobaSi iyo samefos mTeli miwebis meoTxedze meti. am miwebidan miRebuli wliuri Semosavali aRemateboda mefis Semosavals. 1540 wlisaTvis henri VIII-m
daxura yvela monasteri. mefem samonastro miwebi dauriga an mihyida imaT, visi mxardaWerac esaWiroeboda. amiT samefoSi gaizarda mefis erTguli xalxis raodenoba da
Semcirda romis papis momxreTa ricxvi.
kaTolikuri eklesiisagan Camocilebis Semdeg henri VIII-s aRar sWirdeboda romis
papis nebarTva, is ganqorwinda Tavis pirvel meuRlesTan da colad SeirTo en boleini. maT SeeZinaT qaliSvili elizabeTi.
1547 wels gardaicvala henri VIII. am droisaTvis misi vaJiSvili edvardi VI
9 wlis iyo. ingliss marTavdnen regentebi (meurveebi). edvardi protestantuli
suliskveTebiT iyo aRzrdili, regentebic protestantebi iyvnen. maT gaaRrmaves
reformacia inglisSi: mRvdlebs daqorwinebis neba misces, eklesiebidan gaitanes
qandakebebi da sxva morTuloba, RvTismsaxurebaSi inglisurma enam gandevna laTinuri, gamoica salocavi wignebi inglisur enaze. ramdenime wlis Semdeg edvardi
gardaicvala.
biblia inglisurad. inglisur enaze bibliis Targmnam da mSobliur enaze RvTismsaxurebam gamoiwvia interesi wminda werilis mimarT. wminda pavles taZarSi uamravi
adamiani grovdeboda bibliis kiTxvis dros. saRamoobiT mas ojaxur wreSi kiTxulobdnen. praqtikulad, biblia erTaderTi xelmisawvdomi literaturuli nawarmoebi
iyo rigiTi ingliselisaTvis. misi teqsti salaparako enaSi Sevida.
inglisis taxtze avida henri VIII-is qaliSvili pirveli colisagan — meri. igi
gulmxurvale kaTolike iyo da Seecada aRedgina inglisSi kaTolikoba. am miznis
misaRwevad is uxeS Zaldatanebasac mimarTavda. inglisis mosaxleobis umravlesoba protestantulad iyo ganwyobili, amitom meris kaTolikuri politika gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobas waawyda, mas ki `sisxliani~ meri uwodes. `sisxliani~ meris
mefobam ramdenime wels gastana da xalxis aRSfoTeba mxolod misma gardacvalebam
daacxro.
`sisxliani~ meris gardacvalebis Semdeg inglisis samefo taxti daikava henri
VIII-is da en boleinis qaliSvilma elizabeTma. igi saTaveSi Caudga inglisur (anglikanur) eklesias, romelic unda yofiliyo protestantobisa da kaTolikobis narevi.
kaTolikobis Seteva protestantobaze. reformaciis warmatebebi da swrafi gavrceleba qmnida STabeWdilebas, rom kaTolikobas protestantoba walekavda, magram
ase ar moxda. kaTolikobas protestantobasTan SedarebiT ramdenime upiratesoba aRmoaCnda: danawevrebul protestantobas daupirispirda romis papis xelqveiT myofi
erTiani kaTolikoba, mravali qveynis — espaneTis, portugaliis, germaniis, poloneTis, safrangeTis monarqebma sakuTari Zalauflebis ganmtkicebis mizniT Tanadgoma
gauwies romis paps, magram romis papsac mouxda daTmobebze wasvla: is Seegua zogierT
kaTolikur qveyanaSi eklesiis qonebis nawilobriv sekularizacias da absoluturi
(TviTmpyrobeluri) monarqiebis Zalauflebis gaZlierebas adgilobriv, erovnul kaTolikur samRvdeloebaze.
samRvdeloebis ganaTlebis donis asamaRleblad, rasac misi brZolisunarianoba
unda gaeZlierebina, kaTolikurma eklesiam mkveTrad gazarda sasuliero akademiebis
raodenoba. damyarda mkacri cenzura. kaTolikeebisaTvis Seiqmna `akrZaluli wignebis~ siebi.
gaaqtiurda inkviziciis samsjavro saqmianoba. kaTolikur qveynebSi axali ZaliT
agizgizda koconebi, romlebzedac protestantebs wvavdnen.
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reformaciasTan sabrZolvelad romis papma daafuZna `iesos sazogadoeba~ anu iezuitTa ordeni.
iezuitebis saxelwodeba warmodgeba laTinuri sityvisagan `iesus~, rac iesos niSnavs. misi damaarsebeli iyo kaTolikobis Tavgamodebuli damcveli espaneli aznauri
ignatius loiola (warmoSobiT baski).
sxva ber-monazonTa ordenebisagan gansxvavebiT, iezuitebi saero tansacmels atarebdnen, ar Sediodnen monastrebSi, arafriT amJRavnebdnen, rom `iesos sazogadoebis~
wevrebi iyvnen. maT nabrZanebi hqondaT SeumCnevlad gaTqvefiliyvnen mosaxleobaSi,
yvelgan gaebaT kavSiri, SeeRwiaT umaRles sazogadoebaSi, moepovebinaT ama qveynis
ZlierTa ndoba. kaTolikobisa da ordenis interesebisaTvis samsaxuri iezuitTa umaRlesi mizani iyo. iezuitTa saqmianobaSi dasaSvebi iyo jaSuSoba, moqrTamva, motyueba,
ciliswameba, SeTqmuleba, `saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi~ _ sawamlavi da xanjali.
didi simdidris mflobeli iezuitTa ordeni agebuli iyo umkacres disciplinasa
da urTierTmeTvalyureobis safuZvelze. ordenis saTaveSi idga generali. iezuitTa
generali romis oficialuri papis (TeTri papi) Semdeg, faqtobrivad, meore piri gaxda. amitom mas xSirad Sav paps uwodebdnen.
davaleba
1. CamoayalibeT kalvinizmis arsi.
2. Tqveni azriT, sazogadoebis romeli fenebis miswrafebebs gamoxatavda kalvinizmi?
pasuxi daasabuTeT.
3. SeadareT erTmaneTs kalvinizmi da luTeranoba.
4. Tqveni azriT, ram ganapiroba kaTolicizmis SenarCuneba evropis bevr qveyanaSi?
rukaze aCveneT da CamoTvaleT es qveynebi.
5. rogor daaxasiaTebT da SeafasebT iezuitTa ordenis miznebsa da moRvaweobas?
6. gansazRvreT misi roli kaTolicizmis SenarCunebis saqmeSi
7. daaxasiaTeT, rogori iyo Tavdapirvelad henri VIII-is damokidebuleba romis papTan.
8. ra mizezebma gamoiwvia ganxeTqileba henri VIII-sa da kaTolikur eklesias Soris?
9. ra Sedegebi mohyva henri VIII-is saeklesio reformas?
10.ra cvlilebebi moxda inglisis eklesiaSi edvard VI-is dros?
11. gansazRvreT, ra mniSvneloba hqonda bibliis inglisur enaze Targmnas?
12.Tqveni azriT, ratom iwvevda aRSfoTebas xalxSi meris mier inglisis kaTolikuri
rwmenisaken Semobrunebis mcdeloba da ratom uwodes mas `sisxliani~?
$ 6. saqarTvelos daSla samefo-samTavroebad
erTiani saqarTvelos bolo mefis giorgi VIII-is (1446-1466 ww.) gamefebisTanave
qveyanaSi SidaaSliloba daiwyo. samcxis aTabag aRbuRas misi Zma yvaryvare aujanyda
da aTabagoba waarTva. aRbuRam daxmarebisTvis saqarTvelos mefes mimarTa. giorgi
samcxes gaemarTa da aTabagoba kvlav aRbuRas daubruna. ramdenime wlis Semdeg aRbuRa gardaicvala da mefem aTabagoba yvaryvares uboZa. yvaryvare mefeze iyo ganawyenebuli. gaaTabagebis Semdeg ki man giorgi VIII-is qveSevrdomobisagan gaTavisufleba
ganizraxa.
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mefesa da samcxis aTabag yvaryvares Soris uTanxmoeba SinaomSi gadaizarda. sakuTar warmatebaSi daeWvebulma aTabagma Zlier mokavSires miagno. es iyo TeTrbatknianTa mbrZanebeli uzun-hasani. yvaryvares mowveviT, man 1462 wels qarTlSi ilaSqra.
uzun-hasanis laSqari 35-40 aTasi jariskacisgan Sedgeboda. qarTvelTa laSqarma ver
moaxerxa misi damarcxeba. ivane javaxiSvilis SeniSvniT: `qarTvelTa uZlurebis mTavari mizezi sparsTa laSqris uricxvoba ki ar iyo, aramed Sinauri SeuTanxmebloba,
gankerZoeba da udardeli moumzadebloba~.
giorgi VIII-is TurqmanebTan damarcxebiT isargebla mefis biZaSvilma, samoqalaqos
(quTaisis olqi) erisTavma bagratma da Tavi damoukidebel mmarTvelad gamoacxada.
mefe giorgisa da bagratis momxreebs Soris brZola 1463 wels quTaisis maxloblad,
sofel CixorTan gaimarTa. samegrelos, guriis da afxazeTis mTavrebis daxmarebiT
brZolaSi bagratma gaimarjva.
CixorTan damarcxebulma mefem samcxis damorCileba gadawyvita. magram faravnis tbasTan (1465 w.) damarcxda da yvaryvare aTabagma daatyveva. Seqmnili viTarebiT
isargebla samoqalaqos erisTavma bagratma, quTaisidan TbilisSi gadmovida da 1466
wels Tavi saqarTvelos mefed gamoacxada. samcxis aTabags xels ar aZlevda movlenaTa aseTi ganviTareba. man giorgi tyveobidan gaaTavisufla, radgan imedovnebda, rom
is bagrats daupirispirdeboda. sabolood, erTiani saqarTvelos bolo mefe kaxeTSi
damkvidrda. 1478 wels bagrati gardaicvala. misma memkvidrem qarTli ver SeinarCuna.
Tbilisi giorgi VIII-is ZmisSvilma konstantine II-m daikava da Tavi qarTlis mefed
gamoacxada. bagratis Zes aleqsandres ki dasavleT saqarTvelo ergo. saboloo jamSi,
saqarTvelo sam damoukidebel samefod: qarTlis, kaxeTis, imereTis (dasavleT saqarTvelos) da erT samTavrod _ samcxe-saaTabagod daiyo.
samefo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg brZolis dros yvaryvare aTabagi da samoqalaqos
erisTavi bagrati eklesiuri gankerZoebis gzas daadgnen. maT sakuTari sagamgeblo
teritoriebis eklesiebi gamoyves mcxeTis sapatriarqosgan.
saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi daviTi samcxeSi Cavida da SeaCvena gamdgari
samRvdeloeba. saeklesio kanoniT, SeCvenebulT ekrZalebodaT saeklesio msaxureba da
ziarebis miReba. amis Semdeg samcxis samRvdeloebam Sendoba da SeCvenebis axsna iTxova. maT mefisa da patriarqis winaSe erTgulebis fici dades _ `aw dReisiTgan... Cemad
dRed sikvdilamde viyo Tqveni da Tqvenis saydris erTguli da mefeTa mlocveli da
yovelTa wirvaTa da locvaTa Sina Tqven mogixseniebdeT...~.
ufro rTulad ganviTarda movlenebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi. bagratma isargebla imereTSi Sesawiravis Sesagroveblad Casuli ierusalim-antioqiis patriarqis
mixailis mxardaWeriT da `afxazTa~ sakaTalikoso daaarsa. patriarqma mixailma ki
kaTalikosad caiSel-bedieli episkoposi akurTxa. es faqtobrivad qarTuli eklesiis
erTianobis darRvevas niSnavda.
qarTlSi gamefebuli konstantine II (1478-1505 ww.) cdilobda saqarTvelos erTianobis aRdgenas. daxmarebis saTxovnelad mefem elCoba gagzavna egviptesa da espaneTSi, magram am mcdelobas realuri Sedegi ar mohyolia. TeTrbatknianTa axali
mbrZaneblis iayub yaenis Semosevis dros konstantine II-m daxmarebisTvis sxva qarTvel mefeebs da samcxis mTavars mimarTa, magram amaod. iayub yaenma Tbilisi daikava. male konstantinem qalaqi aiRo da TeTrbatknianebi qarTlidan gareka, Tumca am
laSqrobam sagrZnoblad daasusta qarTlis samefo. saboloo jamSi, Sida dapirispirebisa da sagareo garTulebebis zrdis pirobebSi, konstantine II iZulebuli gaxda
Serigeboda saqarTvelos daSlis faqts. vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT: `(konstantine
mefem) Semokriba kaTalikozi, episkoposni da warCinebulni da ganizraxvida Tu ra
hyon gandgomilebisaTvis qveyanaTa... maSin didebulni ityodnen: `vinaidgan mtkiced
sdgas erTgulebasa zeda TvisTa mefeTa imerni da kaxni da kvalad aTabagisa samcxel156
ni, amisaTvis ara gangizraxavT (girCevT) brZolasa, rameTu Tumca mZle viqmneT erTisa, aRara mogvcems meore nebasa... mefeman, arCia mSvidoba da kidec gaezava (dauzavda)
danarCen qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs~.
saqarTvelos erTianobis darRvevis mizezTagan istorikosebi, ZiriTadad, gamoyofen: dampyrobTa gamanadgurebel Semosevebs, samefo xelisuflebis dasustebasa da
Sinagani imunitetis mqone saTavadoebis (msxvili feodaluri erTeulebis) Camoyalibebas. saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebad daSlas qveynisTvis mZime Sedegebi mohyva _
Seferxda qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba, gaZnelda gareSe mtrebis winaaRmdeg warmatebuli brZola
davaleba
1. riT xsnis istorikosi ivane javaxiSvili TurqmanebTan saqarTvelos damarcxebas?
raze metyvelebs es faqti?
2. gaixseneT, ra raodenobis jaris gamoyvanas apirebda giorgi mefe konstantinopolis gasaTavisufleblad da imsjeleT, SeeZloT Tu ara qarTvelebs uzun-hasanis
damarcxeba.
3. SeafaseT yvaryvare aTabagisa da bagrat erisTavis saeklesio politika. imsjeleT
mis Sedegebze.
4. imsjeleT, ra garemoebebis gamo Tqva uari konstantine II-m saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis brZolis dawyebaze? SeafaseT es gadawyvetileba.
5. imsjeleT saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebad daSlis mizezebsa da Sedegebze.
ZiriTdi moblenebi da TariRebi:
giorgi VIII-is mefoba _ 1446-1466 ww.
uzun-hasanis laSqroba _ 1462 w.
Cixoris brZola _ 1463 w.
faravnis brZola _ 1465 w.
bagratis mefoba dasavleT saqarTvelosa da qarTlSi _ 1466-1478 ww.
$7. didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi.
axali samimosvlo gzebis aRmoCena
didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis wanamZRvrebi. XV saukunis bolos evropasa da dedamiwis sxva kontinentebs Soris daiwyo urTierTobis axali periodi. am droidan
evropul saxelmwifoTa zRvaosnebi gascdnen sakuTar napirebsa da zRvebs, miaRwies
Soreul miwebamde da miagnes sruliad ucxo civilizaciebs. evropelTa warmatebebs safuZvlad daedo ramdenime faqtori: jvarosnuli suliskveTebiT ganmsWvalul
evropelebs, romlebsac ar uneldebodaT simdidris mopovebisa da qristianobis gavrcelebis survili, osmalebis mier konstantinopolis aRebis Semdeg Zalze gauWirdaT
vaWroba indoeTTan da aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebTan. Turqebma xelT igdes aRmosavleTisaken gamavali savaWro gzebi, Soreuli aRmosavleTis brwyinvale nawarmi da
157
saneleblebi evropaSi Zalian gaZvirda. amasTan, evropaSi gamoilia oqro, romelic
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi miedineboda aRmosavleTis qveynebSi, radgan Zvirfas saqonelze icvleboda.
Sinagani uTanxmoebis gamo evropulma saxelmwifoebma ver SeZles osmalTa winaaRmdeg jvarosnuli laSqrobis mowyoba, Tumca aRmosavleTis qristianebi, maT Soris
qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi, did daxmarebas hpirdebodnen.
evropelebma amjobines moeZebnaT aziasTan damakavSirebeli axali komunikaciebi.
amave periodSi evropaSi ganxorcielda didi teqnikuri Zvrebi; kompasis srulyofis
Semdeg mezRvaurTaTvis usafrTxo gaxda Ria zRvaSi gasvla, winandeli mouqneli gemebi Secvala swrafmavalma msubuqma gemebma — karavelebma. evropaSi ganviTarda samxedro teqnikac. XV saukuneSi iyenebdnen rogorc saalyo, ise savele zarbaznebsac.
srulyofili gaxda xelis cecxlsasroli iaraRic. gaCnda mZime Tofebi — muSketebi,
romlebiTac sakmaod zustad isrodnen oras nabijze. amgvarma teqnikurma siaxleebma
evropul saxelmwifoebs okeaneSi gaWrisa da aRmoCenili qveynebis dapyrobis saSualeba misca. maT miznad daisaxes zRvebsa da okeaneebSi gaekvalaT axali gzebi.
evropelebisaTvis ucnob Soreul qveynebamde yvelaze adre portugalielma da espanelma mezRvaurebma miaRwies.
portugalielTa geografiuli aRmoCenebi. axali sanapiroebis kvlevisa da aTvisebis saqmis sulisCamdgmeli iyo portugaliis ufliswuli enrik zRvaosani. man samxreT portugaliis erT-erT koncxze daaarsa sanaosno skola, sadac Tavs iyridnen
astronomebi, rukebis Semdgenlebi, Soreuli zRvaosnobis motrfialeni. isini erTmaneTs uziarebdnen TavianT codnas da marTavdnen eqspediciebs afrikis dasavleT
sanapiros gamosakvlevad. erT-erTi aseTi eqspedicia 1460 wels afrikidan dabrunda oqroTi, spilos ZvliTa da Savkaniani monebiT datvirTuli gemebiT. am droisaTvis portugalielebi akontrolebdnen afrikis dasavleT sanapiros mniSvnelovan
nawils.
1488 wels portugalielTa eqspedicia barTolomeo diasis meTaurobiT afrikis
SemovliT indoeTis okeaneSi gavida, magram daRlilma mezRvaurebma veRar SeZles mogzaurobis gagrZeleba.
indoeTSi mimavali sazRvao gzis saZebnelad 1497 wels portugaliidan gaemgzavra
axali eqspedicia vasko da gamas meTaurobiT. eqspediciam afrikis SemovliTa da indoeTis okeanis gavliT indoeTis qalaq kalkutas miaRwia. portugalielebma Zaladobis
gziT mopovebuli saneleblebiT datvirTes xomaldebi da ukan dabrundnen. Zvirfasi
tvirTis Rirebuleba samocjer aRemateboda eqspediciis xarjebs. 1500-1501 wlebSi
igive marSrutiT imogzaura pedro kabralis eqspedicia.
portugalielTa Semdgomi eqspediciebis dros dapyrobil iqna mniSvnelovani cixesimagreebi indoeTis okeanis napirebze — indoeTsa da aRmosavleT afrikaSi. male
maT mTlianad igdes xelT indoeTis sazRvao gzebi, miaRwies CineTisa da iaponiis napirebamde. portugalielTa eqspediciebs Tan sdevda aRmoCenili qveynebis mcxovrebTa
rbeva da Zarcva. dampyroblebi adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan xarkis saxiT krefdnen,
anda Zalze iafad yidulobdnen saneleblebs. aRmosavluri saqonliT vaWroba portugalielebs did mogebas aZlevda.
qristefore kolumbis mogzauroba. qristefore kolumbi iziarebda im mecnierTa
varauds, romlebic amtkicebdnen, rom dedamiwas sferos forma aqvs da amitom indoeTamde miRweva SesaZlebelia ara mxolod afrikis SemovliT, aramed atlantis okeanis
gavliTac dasavleTis mimarTulebiT.
kaTolike mefeebma izabelma da ferdinandma, samefo sabWos mrCevelTa didi eWvebis
miuxedavad, kolumbs sami karavela gadasces.
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Tvaluwvdenel okeaneSi xangrZlivi, damqancveli mogzaurobis Semdeg kolumbis
erT-erTi gemidan miwa SeniSnes. 1492 wlis 12 oqtombers kolumbi xmeleTze gadavida.
macxovris pativsacemad man kunZuls san-salvadori (wminda macxovari) uwoda. amis
Semdeg man aRmoaCina kuba da haiti. kolumbi fiqrobda, rom man aziis ganapira kunZulebs, `indiebs~ miaRwia, amitom adgilobriv mcxovreblebs indielebi daarqva. 1493
wlis gazafxulze kolumbi espaneTSi dabrunda. mas triumfaluri Sexvedra mouwyves
da `okeanis admiralis~ tituli uboZes.
1493-1502 wlebSi kolumbma kidev ramdenjerme imogzaura amerikaSi da aRmoaCina
karibis zRvis bevri kunZuli. magram kolumbis eqspediciebma espaneTis saxelmwifos
ver moupova zRapruli simdidre, amitom mas CamoarTves yvela tituli da TandaTan
miiviwyes.
italielma mogzaurma amerigo vespuCim daamtkica, rom kolumbis mier aRmoCenili
miwa axali kontinenti iyo. axal kontinents amerigos saxeli — amerika ewoda.
magelanis mogzauroba. dasavleTis gziT indoeTamde miRwevis idea 1519-1522 wlebSi ganaxorciela espanelTa eqspediciam, romelsac saTaveSi edga mamaci pirovneba
ferdinand magelani. misi eqspedicia xuTi gemiT gavida atlantis okeaneSi. flotiliam gaiara samxreT amerikasa da cecxlovan miwas Soris mdebare srute, romelsac
dRes magelanis saxeli hqvia. Semdeg eqspedicia Sevida okeaneSi, romelic im momentSi
imdenad mSvidi iyo, rom magelanma mas `wynari~ uwoda. eqspediciam sam Tveze meti moandoma wynari okeanis gadalaxvas. axal sakvebs da sasmel wyals moklebuli adamianebi suravandiT avaddebodnen, bevri maTgani kvdeboda.
1521 wlis martSi eqspediciam filipinebs miaRwia, sadac magelani daiRupa mkvidr
mosaxleobasTan SetakebaSi. magelanis eqspediciis xuTi gemidan mxolod erTaderTi — `viqtoria~ dabrunda ukan. eqspediciis 265 wevridan mxolod 18 daavadebuli
mezRvauri gadarCa cocxali. `viqtoriaTi~ Camotanili saneleblebisagan miRebulma
mogebam dafara mogzaurobis xarjebi da oTxi gemis dakargviT miRebuli zarali. `viqtoria~ iyo pirveli gemi, romelmac dedamiwis garSemo imogzaura da daadastura,
rom mas sferos forma aqvs.
davaleba
1. Tqveni azriT, ram ganapiroba axali sazRvao gzebis Zieba?
2. imsjeleT espanelTa da portugalielTa dapyrobebis Sedegebze amerikaSi.
3. ra urTierTobebis damyarebis perspeqtiva arsebobda evropelebsa da adgilobriv
mosaxleobas Soris?
4. rogor fiqrobT, icoda Tu ara kolumbma, rom axali kontinenti aRmoaCina? argumentirebulad daadastureT Tqveni mosazreba.
5. ra damsaxureba aqvs magelans XVI saukunis dasawyisis msoflio mniSvnelobis aRmoCenebSi?
6. ra cvlilebebi ganicada evropis ekonomikam didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis Semdeg
da ra mniSvneloba hqonda mas?
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
enrik zRvaosanis erT-erTi eqspedicia afrikaSi _ 1460 w.
portugalielTa eqspedicia barTolomeo diasis meTaurobiT _ 1488 w.
portugalielTa eqspedicia vasko da gamas meTaurobiT _ 1497 w.
kolumbis mier samxreT amerikis kontinentis aRmoCena _ 1492 wlis 12 oqtomberi
espanelTa eqspedicia ferdinand magelanis meTaurobiT _ 1519-1522 ww.
159
$8. qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi XVI saukuneSi
ganmarteba
yizilbaSebi _ wiTelTavianebi. Turqmenuli modgmis tomi, romlis wevrebi wiTelzolebian Tavsaburavs atarebdnen.
XVI saukuneSi qarTuli samefoebis sagareo mdgomareoba ukiduresad garTulda.
Zlierebis zenitSi myofi osmaleTis imperia CrdiloeT kavkasiazec gabatonda da aq
islami gaavrcela. iranis teritoriaze ki Seiqmna yizilbaSuri saxelmwifo, romelsac saTaveSi sefianTa dinastia edga. pirvelma yizilbaSma Sahma ismailma samcxe-saaTabagoSi ilaSqra, `uzomo nadavli aiRo da urdoSi dabrunda~ (hasan rumlu. iraneli
istorikosi, XVI s.). irani qarTl-kaxeTisa da samcxe-saaTabagos aRmosavleT nawilis
damorCilebas cdilobda, osmaleTi imereTis samefosa da samcxis dasavleT nawilis
dapyrobas eswrafoda. ase aRmoCnda erTmaneTis pirispir ori didi saxelmwifo.
mSvidobiani urTierToba arc qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs Soris iyo. kaxeTis taxti,
mamis (aleqsandre I-is) mokvlis Semdeg, avgiorgim igdo xelT. is sistematurad esxmoda Tavs qarTlis mosazRvre regionebs. erT-erTi marbieli laSqrobis dros avgiorgi qarTlelebma daatyveves da cixeSi mokles. 1513-1518 wlebSi qarTl-kaxeTi
erT samefod gaerTianda. Sah ismailis mier qarTlis dalaSqvriT isargebles kaxeTis
Tavadebma da kaxeTis mefed maT mierve gadamaluli ufliswuli levani (avgiorgis Ze)
gamoacxades. qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebma da samcxis mTavarma yizilbaSuri iranis
morCileba aRiares.
qarTlis samefo. 1527 wels qarTlSi luarsab I gamefda. yizilbaSebma ramdenjerme
ilaSqres qarTlSi, aiRes da daarbies Tbilisi. luarsabma gadawyvita gaemagrebina
saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTi zRude, amitom daikava javaxeTi da samcxe-artaanis
didi nawili. samcxis aTabagma daxmarebisaTvis Sah Tamazs mimarTa. Sahi somxeTis gamovliT swrafad SeiWra javaxeTSi, aaoxra da gaZarcva cixesimagreebi, daxoca luarsabis momxre Tavadebi. luarsabis winaaRmdegobis dasaZlevad Sah Tamazi mTeli Tavisi
ZalebiT SeiWra qarTlSi. man aiRo gori, wedisis cixe da miadga atenis cixes, sadac
luarsabis deda iyo Sexiznuli. moRalatis gamcemlobis Sedegad cixe daeca. Sahma
xelT igdo luarsabis deda da mravali tyve. mefe mravalgzis SeebrZola yizilbaSTa
jaris nawilebs, magram dedisa da tyveebis daxsna ver moaxerxa. tyve dedofalma Tavi
moiwamla.
1555 wels amasiaSi iransa da osmaleTs Soris daido zavi, romliTac erayi, dasavleT saqarTvelo da samcxe-saaTabagos dasavleTi nawili (Woroxis auzi) osmaleTs ergo, xolo azerbaijani, somxeTi, qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebi da samcxe-saaTabagos ZiriTadi nawili (mtkvris auzi) irans rCeboda. qarTveli xalxi ar
egueboda amasiis zavis pirobebs da dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg brZolas ganagrZobda.
mefe luarsab I Setevaze gadavida da Tbilisis cixes, sadac yizilbaSuri garnizoni
idga, alya Semoartya. amis sapasuxod qarTlze, Sah Tamazis brZanebiT, yarabaRis
mmarTvelma gailaSqra. brZola 1556 wels mdinare qciis xeobaSi, garisis velze gaimarTa. qarTvelTa laSqars ufliswuli simoni meTaurobda. xandazmuli mefe, sxva
darbaislebTan erTad, brZolis vels gorakidan adevnebda Tvals. brZola qarTvelebis gamarjvebiT dasrulda, magram ukuqceuli mtris erTi razmi SemTxeviT luarsab mefis mcirericxovan banaks gadaawyda. xelCarTul brZolaSi mefe sasikvdilod
daiWra.
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luarsab I-is mefobas maRal Sefasebebs aZlevdnen rogorc qarTveli, ise iraneli
istorikosebi: `luarsabi saqarTvelos mefeTa Soris gamoirCeoda Tavisi mamacobiTa da guladobiT da arasodes Tavs ar sdebda morCilebisa da moxarkeobis uRelSi~
(isqander munSi, iraneli istorikosi); `ukeTumca mefesa luarsabs esodeni brZola
ar eqmna, axlamca saqarTvelo qmnil iyo srul sarkinoz (gayizilbaSebuli) da raodenica dRes saxelni arian saqarTvelosani, yovelnive xmlisa misisagan arian~ (beri
egnataSvili).
luarsabis gardacvalebis Semdeg qarTlSi simon I gamefda (1556-1600 ww.). 1569
wels erT-erTi brZolis dros yizilbaSebma yorRanaSvilis daxmarebiT mefe tyved
igdes. gadmocemiT, qvemo qarTlis mowinave sadroSos sardalma saCino baraTaSvilma
mefis _ simon I-is gamcems samagiero miuzRo _ Seipyro yorRanaSvili da geliyaris
cicabo kldidan gadaagdo. moRalatis dasjiT gamowveuli sixaruli xalxma ase gamoxata: `yorRanisZes qarafidan xeli kres da gadafrinda!~.
simon I-ma ar miiRo islami, ris gamoc is alamuTis cixeSi gamoketes. Sahma qarTli
mis gamuslimebul Zmas daud-xans gadasca.
1578 wels iransa da osmaleTs Soris omi daiwyo. osmalebi qarTlSi SeiWrnen da
Tbilisi, gori da sxva qalaqebi daikaves. qarTveli xalxis mxardaWeras moklebulma
daud-xanma osmalebs jerovani winaaRmdegoba ver gauwia. iranis Sahma simoni tyveobidan gaaTavisufla. samSobloSi dabrunebulma mefem TurqTa winaaRmdeg axali ZaliT
wamoiwyo omi, magram maT SesaCereblad qarTlis Zalebi sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda. osmalTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi Tavi gamoiCina samcxis gamahmadianebulma aTabagma manuCarma.
osmalebma mas qarTlisken megzuroba daavales. is farulad daukavSirda simon mefes.
manuCaris daxmarebiT qarTvelebma muxranTan dabanakebuli mteri daamarcxes (1582w.).
Semdeg manuCari samcxis antiosmalur ajanyebas Caudga saTaveSi, mtrisagan gawminda
iqauri cixeebi da qarTlis samefosTan kavSiris gansamtkiceblad colad SeirTo simonis asuli elene.
dasustebuli irani osmalebTan marcxs-marcxze ganicdida. iranis axali Sahi abas
I iZulebuli gaxda 1590 wels osmaleTTan zavi daedo da misTvis mTeli aRmosavleT
amierkavkasia daeTmo. amieridan qarTls osmaleTis winaaRmdeg mokavSiris gareSe uwevda brZolis gagrZeleba. qarTvelebma mZime brZolebiT gamostaces Turqebs qalaqi
gori. simoni Tbilisis gaTavisuflebisTvis emzadeboda. sofel naxidurTan brZolaSi
(1600 w.) osmalebma simoni Seipyres da iediyules cixeSi gamoketes, sadac ramdenime
weliwadSi gardaicvala. qarTvelebma mefis neSti gadmoasvenes da sveticxovlis taZarSi dakrZales.
kaxeTis samefo. kaxeTis mefeebma xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis mizniT administraciuli reforma ganaxorcieles. maT gaauqmes saerisTavoebi da qveyana wvril erTeulebad _ samouravoebad dayves. samxedro TvalsazrisiT, kaxeTi oTx sadroSod daiyo.
sadroSoebs episkoposebi meTaurobdnen. episkoposoba memkvidreobiTi Tanamdeboba ar
iyo, mas mefe niSnavda. ase rom, jaris gamoyvana da misi sardloba mefis erTguli saeklesio pirebis movaleobas warmoadgenda.
XVI saukuneSi kaxeTis mefeebi moxerxebuli diplomatiiT, formaluri ymobiTa
da xarkiT iran-osmaleTTan brZolas Tavs aridebdnen. amasTan, iranica da osmaleTic
qarTlis dapyrobas cdilobdnen da kaxeTTan brZolisgan Tavs ikavebdnen.
XVI s-is II naxevarSi kavkasiis asparezze gaaqtiurda ruseTi. kaxeTis mefe levanma
(1520-1574 ww.) elCoba gagzavna moskovSi. qarTvel elCebs ruseTis mTavroba daxmarebas dahpirda. male ruseTma Tavisi jari CrdiloeT kavkasiis cixesimagreebSi Caayena, ramac TurqeTis protesti gamoiwvia. osmaleTis vasalma, yirimis xanma, ruseTSi
ilaSqra da moskovis nawili gadawva kidec. aseT pirobebSi ruseTma TurqeTTan omSi
Cabmas masTan dazaveba arCia da dakavebuli cixesimagreebi dacala.
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kaxeTis momdevno mefe aleqsandre II (1574-1605 ww.) mamiseul politikur kurss
agrZelebda. TanamedroveTa SefasebiT _ `aleqsandre II yovelTvis umjobesad Tvlida iaraRis magier TxovniTa da ZRveniT emoqmeda, riTac man Tavis samefos mSvidoba
moupova~ (tomazo minadoi). 1587 wels xeli moewera `ficis wigns~, romliTac kaxeTi
ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sedioda. amieridan ruseTs unda daecva kaxeTi gareSe mtrebisgan, xolo aleqsandre mefesa da mis memkvidreebs axali mfarvelisTvis, erTgulebis
niSnad, yovelwliurad ZRven-misarTmeveli unda gaegzavnaT.
imereTis samefo da samcxe-saaTabago. XVI saukunis dasawyisSi Turqebma samcxis
gavliT imereTSi ilaSqres. samcxis aTabagma sakuTari samflobelo awiokebisagan rom
exsna, maT morCileba gamoucxada da imereTisken gza gauTavisufla. osmalebma aiRes
quTaisi, gadawves bagratis da gelaTis taZrebi...
imereTis mefe bagratma (1510-1565 ww.) mters saTanado winaaRmdegoba ver gauwia da
jariT miuval cixeebSi gamagrda. Turqebs gauWirdaT mTagorian, Znelad gasavleli
xeobebiT daRarul imereTSi laSqroba da iqaurobas maleve gaecalnen.
imereTis samefos aranakleb safrTxes uqmnida `tyveTa syidva~. mis asakrZalavad
mefem saeklesio kreba moiwvia. krebam danaSaulis Camdenni SeaCvena da mkacri sasjeli
dauwesa.
bagratma samcxe-saaTabagos SemoerTeba gadawyvita. 1535 wels murjaxeTis brZolaSi mefem samcxis mTavari yvaryvare II jayeli daamarcxa da daatyveva. samcxis Tavadebis erTma nawilma, oTar SalikaSvilis meTaurobiT, osmaleTis sulTans sTxoves
daxmareba. sulTanma samcxeSi `gamaTavisuflebeli~ jari gamogzavna.
bagrats qarTlis mefe luarsab I daexmara. brZola soxoistas velze 1545 wels
gaimarTa. brZolis win qarTvelebis banakSi axalma ganxeTqilebam iCina Tavi. bargat mefis momxre mesxebma omSi mewinaveoba moiTxoves. istoriulad asec iyo.
mesxebi qarTuli jaris wina rigebSi ibrZodnen xolme. bagratma maTi moTxovna ar
Seiwynara da jaris wina xazze imerlebi ganalaga. Seuracxyofilma mesxebma brZolaze uari Tqves. uTanasworo brZolaSi osmalebma gaimarjves da samcxe-saaTabago
daikaves. bagrat mefem verc urC mTavrebTan brZolaSi miaRwia warmatebas. odiSis
(am dros mis SemadgenlobaSi samegrelosTan erTad afxazeTic Sedioda) da guriis
samTavroebi, faqtobrivad, imereTis samefosagan damoukidebel erTeulebad Camoyalibda.
osmaleTma XVI saukunis meore naxevarSi xelSi Caigdo jer samcxe-saaTabagos dasavleTi nawili, Semdeg ki mTlianad daepatrona am mxares. 1625 wlidan osmaleTma sabolood mokveTa saqarTvelos es samTavro. samcxe-saaTabagom, romelic saqarTvelos
teritoriis erT mesameds Seadgenda, arseboba Sewyvita. misi ZiriTadi nawili axalcixis safaSoSi, danarCeni mxareebi ki trapizonis, arzrumisa da yarsis safaSoebSi
Sevida.
axalcixis safaSos jayelebis Zveli qarTuli sagvareulos muslimi warmomadgenlebi ganagebdnen. faSis Tanamdeboba aq memkvidreobiT gadadioda. safaSo sanjayebad iyofoda. sanjays sanjay-begi marTavda. axalcixis safaSoSi Turqebma jer
TavadaznaurobaSi, Semdeg ki glexobaSic ZaldatanebiT daiwyes islamis gavrceleba. bevri qristiani qarTveli iZulebuli Seiqna mietovebina mSobliuri mxare da
dasavleT an aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gadaxvewiliyo. kaTolikur safrangeTTan
dadebuli kapitulaciebis gamo Turqebi kaTolike mosaxleobas marTlmadideblebis msgavsad ver aviwroebdnen. amitom zogierTma qarTulma sofelma kaTolikobis
miReba moaswro.
axalcixis safaSos ganapira mxareebSi da trapizonis, arzrumisa da yarsis safaSoebis qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul sanjayebSi mosaxleoba mainc axerxebda mSobliuri
enis, zne-Cveulebebis, erovnuli tradiciebis SenarCunebas.
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XVII saukunis dasawyisidanve afxazeTis, guriisa da samegrelos mTavrebma, xolo
ufro mogvianebiT imereTis mefemac osmaleTisaTvis yovelwliurad xarkis micema
ikisres. XVII saukunis 70-ian wlebSi imerelma moRalate Tavadebma osmalTa jari
quTaisis cixeSi Seiyvanes. 1723 wels Turqebma foTi daipyres, aq faSa dasves da zRvis sanapiros mmarTvelad daniSnes. TurqeTis xelSi iyo baTumi da soxumi. osmalebma
daikaves Sorapnis, baRdaTisa da cucxvaTis cixeebi imereTSi.
osmalebma moxerxebulad gamoiyenes Sinafeodaluri aSliloba, romelmac XVII
saukunesa da XVIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo moicva.
isini yovelnairad uwyobdnen xels Sidafeodaluri omebis gaRvivebas. dakavebuli
cixeebi maT datyvevebuli qarTvelebiT vaWrobis bunagebad gadaaqcies. kaTolike misioneris don justis cnobiT: `iranelebi da Turqebi yvela saSualebas mimarTavdnen,
raTa saqarTvelodan waeyvanaT axalgazrdebi. isini maT iyenebdnen... TavianTi laSqris
gasaZliereblad da amiT did zians ayenebdnen saqarTvelos. aq xom aTeul da aseul
ymawvilze araa laparaki, aramed aTasobiT axalgazrdaze, romlisganac saqarTvelo
ganuwyvetlad icleboda da qveyana nadgurdeboda...~.
davaleba
1. ras iTvaliswinebda amasiis zavi?
2. imsjele iran-osmaleTis winaaRmdeg luarsab I-isa da simon I-is brZolebis mniSvnelobaze qarTlis samefosTvis.
3. Tqveni azriT, ratom ver moipova daud-xanma qarTveli xalxis mxardaWera?
4. SeafaseT kaxeTSi gatarebuli administraciuli reformis mniSvneloba.
5. imsjeleT, ra ganapirobebda kaxeTis mSvidobian arsebobas.
6. SeafaseT kaxeTis samefos sagareo-politikuri kursi.
7. SeafaseT samcxis aTabagis moqmedeba Turqebis imereTSi laSqrobis dros.
8. SeafaseT bagrat mefis momxre mesxebis moqmedeba da soxoistas brZolis Sedegebi
imereTis samefosa da samcxe-saaTabagosTvis.
9. imsjeleT `tyveTa syidvis~ Sedegebze.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
luarsab I-is mefoba qarTlSi _ 1527-1556 ww.
amasiis zavi _ 1555 w.
garisis brZola _ 1556 w.
simon I-is mefoba qarTlSi _ 1556-1600 ww.
yizilbaSebis mier simon I-is datyveveba _ 1569 w.
iransa da osmaleTs Soris omis dawyeba _ 1578 w.
simon I-is datyveveba osmalTa mier _ 1600 w.
levanis mefoba kaxeTSi _ 1520-1574 ww.
aleqsandre II-is mefoba kaxeTSi _ 1574-1605 ww.
`ficis wignis~ gaformeba ruseTTan _ 1587 w.
bagratis mefoba imereTSi _ 1510-1565 ww.
murjaxeTis brZola _ 1535 w.
soxoistas brZola _ 1545 w.
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$9. qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebi XVII saukunis dasawyisSi
1603 wels iransa da osmaleTs Soris omi ganaxlda. iranis Sahma abas I-ma Turqebi
ramdenjerme daamarcxa da aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi dakarguli poziciebi aRidgina.
reformebis gatarebaSi Sah abas I-s mxarSi edga alaverdi-xan undilaZe, romelic,
iraneli istorikosis iskander munSis SefasebiT, `sakiTxebis samarTliani da sazriani gadawyvetiT Tavisi drois yvela brZenze maRla idga, xolo gambedaobiTa da simamaciT Seudarebeli iyo TanamedroveTa Soris~. alaverdi-xani uSualod xelmZRvanelobda samxedro reformas, mis mier iqna agebuli xidi _ `siosefoli~, romelic dResac
isfahanis (iranis maSindeli dedaqalaqis) mTavar mSvenebad iTvleba. alaveri-xanis
gardacvalebis Semdeg iranis jars misi Svili imamyuli-xan undilaZe xelmZRvanelobda. mravali damsaxurebis miuxedavad axalma Sahma sefi I-ma imamyuli-xani, misi
Svilebi da naTesavebi Ralatis braldebiT moakvlevina.
Sah-abasma kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II iranSi daibara da osmaleTis winaaRmdeg
omSi Cabma mosTxova, Tan misi Svili, Sahis karze aRzrdili da gamuslimebuli konstantine gamoayola iranidan samxedro razmis TanxlebiT. qalaq ZegamSi 1605 wels
aleqsandre mefem TaTbiri moiwvia. kaxelebs rTuli amocana unda gadaewyvitaT:
ebrZolaT Tu ara iranis mxardamxar TurqTa winaaRmdeg. mefe omSi Cabmas ayovnebda _ iranis marcxis SemTxvevaSi osmaleTs kaxeTSi laSqrobis sababi miecemoda.
konstantines niSanze iranelma meomrebma TaTbiris monawileni: mefe aleqsandre,
taxtis memkvidre ufliswuli giorgi da sxva didebulebi sicocxles gamoasalmes.
konstantinem Tavi kaxeTis mefed gamoacxada. kaxelebi, aleqsandre II-is rZlis,
qeTevan dedoflis xelmZRvanelobiT, rjulSecvlil da mamismkvlel konstantines
aujanydnen. erT-erT brZolaSi kaxelma Tavadebma daviT jandierma, Tamaz da bebur
vaCnaZeebma konstantine mokles da misi mxardamWeri iranelebi qveynidan gandevnes.
osmaleTTan omi jer kidev ar damTavrebuliyo da Sah-abasma kaxelebze SurisZieba
momavlisTvis gadado. istorikos farsadan gorgijaniZis cnobiT: `roca Sahma gaigo konstantines sikvdili, Turme nametnavad ewyina, magram Tvalis asaxvevad ase
brZana: mamis mkvlels uaresi unda daemarToso~. gamarjvebulma kaxelebma qeTevan
dedoflis vaJi _ Teimuraz I gaamefes. iranis Sahi iZulebuli iyo am ambavsac Segueboda.
osmaleTze gamarjvebis Semdeg, 1614 wels, Sah-abasma kaxeTSi ilaSqra da Teimurazi TavisTan ixmo. Teimurazma Sahs mZevlebad dedamisi, qeTevan dedofali da Svilebi gaugzavna, TviTon ki imereTSi gaixizna. iranelTa laSqrobas kaxeTisaTvis
umZimesi Sedegebi mohyva. maT daarbies daviT garejis monasteric da eqvsi aTasamde
beri sikvdiliT dasajes. amis Semdeg iranelebma kidev ramdenjerme dalaSqres kaxeTi.
1614 wels, pirveli laSqrobis Semdeg, Sahma qarTlisa da kaxeTis qristiani mefeebi gamahmadianebuli qarTveli mmarTvelebiT Secvala. gansakuTrebuli sisastike gamoiCina Sah abasma 1616 wlis laSqrobisas, romelic yizilbaSebis winaaRmdeg kaxeTis
ajanyebas mohyva. abas I-ma kaxeTis soflebi miwasTan gaaswora. yizilbaSebma daangries
kaxeTis eklesia-monastrebi, cixesimagreebi, sacxovrebeli saxlebi. kaxeTma mosaxleobis ori mesamedi dakarga, 100 aTasamde adamiani iranis provinciebSi, maT Soris
fereidanSi, gadaasaxles. aoxrebuli qveyana Sahma yizilbaS feiqar xans Caabara. Sah-abasma Teimurazis ojaxzec iZia Suri. wamebiT gardaicvalnen iranSi mZevlebad myofi
mefis Svilebi. Sahma qeTevan dedofals islamis miReba mosTxova. dedofalma ar uaryo qristianoba da 1624 wlis 12 seqtembers mowamebrivad aResrula. misi wminda nawilebi kaTolike berebma indoeTis, belgiis da vatikanis taZrebSi dakrZales. qeTevanis
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wminda nawilebi maT saqarTveloSic Camoitanes. marTlmadideblurma da kaTolikurma
eklesiebma qeTevan dedofali wmindanad Seracxes.
daundoblad gausworda Sah-abasi qarTlis mefe luarsab II-sac. man mefe iranSi
miiwvia, didi pativiT miiRo, bolos ki gamahmadianeba mosTxova. mefe qristianobis
daTmobas ar apirebda. Sahis brZanebiT luarsabs Tavi mokveTes. qarTulma eklesiam
luarsab II wmindanad Seracxa.
1609 wels qarTlSi osmalebi SemoiWrnen. qarTlis mefe luarsab II cxireTis cixeSi imyofeboda da mtris moulodneli Semoseva jer ver Seetyo. masTan erTad cxireTSi iyvnen cnobili sardlebi giorgi saakaZe da zaza ciciSvili. osmalebma cxireTis cixis adgilsamyofeli ar icodnen da megzuroba kvelTel mRvdels (xucess)
Tevdores ubrZanes. Tevdorem dampyroblebs gza-kvali aubnia, daaSora cxireTis cixes. Turqebi xucess xriks miuxvdnen da mokles. Tevdores Tavdadebas ukvalod ar
Cauvlia. qarTvelebma Seityves mtris adgilsamyofeli. giorgi saakaZem axlomdebare
soflebidan saxeldaxelod Sekriba laSqari da maT gza mouWra. damproblebma gezi
gorisken aiRes da mtkvarze gadebul xids miadgnen. isini adgilobrivma gorelma
somexma SeniSna da xids ficrebi ahyara. ase gadaurCa gori ganadgurebas. amasobaSi
qarTvelTa jaric gamoCnda da yoveli mxridan SeboWili Turqebi sofel taSiskarTan
damarcxdnen.
giorgi saakaZe Tbilisisa da dvaleTis mouravi iyo. mefe luarsabma misi da Tekle
SeirTo colad. Tekles gadedoflebam kidev ufro gazarda giorgis gavlena samefoSi, rac bevr TavadSi Surs aRZravda. moSurneebma mefes Caagones, TiTqos saakaZes
misi mokvla da qarTlSi gamefeba surda. luarsabma irwmuna braldeba. saidumlo
TaTbirze gadawyvites _ saakaZe sanadirod miewviaT da moeklaT. TaTbiris erT-erTma
monawilem, baaka xerxeuliZem, giorgis saidumlo gadawyvetileba Seatyobina. baaka
xerxeuliZe saakaZis mtrebma Seipyres da daasaxiCres _ cxviri moaWres. giorgi ki
col-Svilianad iranSi gadaixvewa. iranSi gadaxvewili giorgi saakaZe Sahis Zalebis
gamoyenebiT mowinaaRmdege didaznaurebis damarcxebas gegmavda.
1625 wels Sah-abasma qarTl-kaxeTis sabolood dasamorCileblad morigi laSqroba
wamoiwyo. martyofis velze dabanakebul mravalricxovan jars yarCixa-xani sardlobda, mis mrCevlad ki giorgi saakaZe daniSnes. Sah-abasi bolomde mainc ar endoboda
saakaZes da mZevlad misi Svili paata daitova. saakaZe farulad daukavSirda qarTvel
Tavadebs da maTTan erTad iranelebis winaaRmdeg brZolis gegma SeimuSava. 25 marts,
uTenia, giorgi saakaZem, misma ufrosma Svilma avTandilma da ramdenime Tanmxlebma
moulodneli TavdasxmiT yarCixa-xani da sxva sardlebi mokles. amasobaSi umeTaurod
darCenil yizilbaSebis banaks qarTuli jari moadga da gaanadgura. gamarjvebulma
qarTvelebma qarTl-kaxeTi yizilbaSebisgan gawmindes da mefed imereTSi gadaxvewili
Teimuraz I moiwvies.
Sah-abasis brZanebiT, giorgi saakaZis vaJs paatas Tavi mokveTes, qarTl-kaxeTis
amosagdebad ki iranelebma 1625 welsve axali laSqroba moawyves. brZola 1 ivliss
marabdis velze gaimarTa. Tavidan qarTvelebma miaRwies warmatebas, mteri ukuaqcies
da alafis ganawilebas Seudgnen. iranelTa sardalma yorCibaSma gaqceuli mebrZolebi Sekriba da marabdisken Semoatriala. maT damxmare Zalac mouvidaT. qarTvelebis
Tavganwiruli winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, marabdis brZolaSi gamarjveba iranelebs
darCaT. gamarjvebulebma brZolaSi 14000 meomari dakarges, qarTvelebma _ 9000. maT
Soris iyvnen sardlebi daviT jandieri, Teimuraz muxranbatoni, baadur ciciSvili...
marabdis brZolas ukavSirdeba cxra Zma xerxeuliZis, cxra maCablis, Svidi ColoyaSvilisa da sxvaTa gmirobis magaliTebi.
gancdili marcxis Semdeg qarTvelebma taqtika Secvales _ viwrobebSi gamagrdnen
da iranelebs qveyanaSi SeWris saSualeba ar misces.
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male mefe Teimurazsa da giorgi saakaZes Soris winaaRmdegobam iCina Tavi. saakaZem saqarTvelos gaerTianebis gegma SeimuSava. am gegmis mixedviT, qarTl-kaxeTSi
imereTis mefis (giorgis) memkvidre aleqsandre unda gamefebuliyo. 1626 wels bazaleTis tbasTan Teimuraz I-ma daamarcxa mowinaaRmdegeebi. osmaleTSi gadaxvewili
saakaZe da misi ramdenime momxre 1629 wels, sulTnis Ralatis braldebiT, sikvdiliT dasajes.
davaleba
1. imsjeleT undilaZeTa damsaxurebaze iranis winaSe.
2. ratom ayovnebda aleqsandre II iranis mxares omSi Cabmas? rogor Seafaseb konstantine-xanis moqmedebas?
3. SeafaseT qristianobisaTvis qaTevan dedoflis Tavganwirvis mniSvneloba.
4. imsjeleT kaxeTSi Sah-abasis laSqrobis Sedegebze.
5. SeafaseT saakaZis gadawyvetileba, iranis Zalis gamoyenebiT gaeZlierebina qarTlis samefo.
6. SeafaseT giorgi saakaZis moqmedeba martyofis da bazaleTis brZolebSi da imsjeleT am brZolebis Sedegebze.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
iransa da osmaleTs Soris omis ganaxleba _ 1603 w.
Zegamis tragedia _ 1605 w.
Sah-abas I-is laSqrobebi kaxeTSi _ 1614-1617 ww.
qeTevan dedoflis wameba _ 1624 w. 12 seqtemberi
taSiskaris brZola _ 1609 w.
martyofis brZola _ 1625 w. marti
marabdis brZola _ 1625 w. 1 ivlisi
bazaleTis brZola _ 1626 w.
$10. qarTuli samefoebi XVII saukunis II naxevarSi
rostom xanis mmarTveloba. iranis Sahma sefi I-ma qarTlis mmarTvelad gamuslimebuli rostom xani daamtkica (1632-1658 ww.) da Tan iranuli jaric gamoayola.
rostomi sparsuli poemis `Sah-names~ (`mefeTa cxovreba~) mTavari gmiris saxelia,
is mamacobis, gonierebis, Seupovrobis gansaxierebaa. swored aseTi Tvisebebis gamo
uwodes qarTvel ufliswuls xosros (bavSvobaSi _ qaixosro) rostomi.
saTanado mxardaWeras moklebulma Teimuraz I-ma rostoms winaaRmdegoba ver
gauwia da kaxeTSi gadavida. rostom xanma qarTlSi swrafad ganimtkica poziciebi.
mowinaaRmdegeTa nawils iranuli jariT gausworda, sxvebi ki Semoiriga.
rostomma qarTlSi aRmSeneblobiTi saqmianobac gaaCaRa. ganaxlda nariyalas, metexis, gorisa da suramis cixeebi; keTilmoewyo savaWro gzebi, TbilisSi aigo samefo sasaxle da qarvaslebi; mdinare mtkvarze gaido xidi (`wiTeli xidi~); aRadgines
adrindeli da gaiyvanes axali sarwyavi arxebi.
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rostom xani ar devnida qristianobas. is xelsac ki uwyobda meuRles _ mariam
dedofals dangreuli eklesiebis aRdgenaSi. mariam dedoflis miTiTebiT gadaiwera
Zveli istoriuli krebuli `qarTlis cxovreba~. amave dros rostomi mtkiced icavda muslimur wesebs, aSenebda meCeTebs, samefo karze awinaurebda muslim qarTvelebs. mis dros TandaTan mkvidrdeboda iranuli wes-Cveulebebi da kultura. rostom
xani Rrmad moxucebulobamde marTavda qarTls. gardacvalebis Semdeg ki, rogorc
`morCili yaenisa da moyvare sjulisa mahmadisa~, iranSi gadaasvenes da qalaq yumSi
dakrZales.
1648 wels rostomma, Sahis brZanebiT, kaxeTic SeierTa, Tumca droebiT. 1656 wels
Sahma kaxeTi ganjis xans gadasca da aq Turqmanebis Camosaxleba daavala. iranelebma
sagangebod gaamagres baxtrionis cixe, cixesimagred aqcies alaverdis taZari. iorisa
da alaznis nayofieri velebi ki saZovrebad TandaTanobiT Turqmanuli modgmis mejoge tomebma _ elebma daikaves.
baxtrionis ajanyeba. kaxeTSi Seqmnili mdgomareoba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis
mosaxleobisTvisac mZime aRmoCnda. isini kaxelebisgan yidulobdnen pursa da Rvinos,
aqve asaRebdnen xorcs, matyls... mTielebi zamTarSi cxvarsa da Zroxas kaxeTis barSi
moerekebodnen. axla ki maT amis saSualeba aRar hqondaT, radgan saZovrebi elebs daekavebinaT. TuSebma, fSavebma da xevsurebma elCebi gagzavnes ruseTSi. `kaxeTis mokavSire da mfarvel rusT xelmwifes~ isini daxmarebas sTxovdnen. magram sxva qveynebTan
omSi Cabmul ruseTs kaxeTisaTvis ar ecala.
kaxelebi, zaal aragvis erisTavis xelmZRvanelobiT, ajanyebisTvis emzadebodnen.
ajanyebaSi monawileobda zaalis vaJi zurabic. kaxelTa sabrZolvelad darazmva biZina ColoyaSvils daevala, xolo Salva da elizbar qsnis erisTavebma qarTlelTa
laSqari daaxmara ajanyebulebs. kaxelebs SeuerTdnen mTielebic. gansakuTrebiT isaxeles Tavi TuSma zezva gafrindaulma, fSavelma gogolaurma da xevsurma nadira
xoSaraulma.
ajanyebulebma 1660 wels (zogierTi monacemiT 1659 wels) alaverdze miitanes ieriSi, imavdroulad TuS-fSav-xevsurebma baxtrionis cixes Seuties. Tavzardacemuli
iranelebi brZolis magier Tavis gadarCenaze fiqrobdnen. baxtrionis cixidan gaqceulebma alaverdisken aiRes gezi, alaverdSi myofebma ki baxtrionisken gaswies. Sua
gzaSi maT qarTvelebi wamoewivnen da alaznis piras daamarcxes. kaxeTSi aRarc elebs
daedgomebodaT. gaxiznuli kaxelebi mSobliur miwa-wyals daubrundnen da gapartaxebuli meurneobis aRdgenas Seudgnen. baxtrionis ajanyebam kaxeTi gayizilbaSebis
safrTxisagan ixsna. Sahis (abas II-is) mrisxanebis dasacxrobad ajanyebis moTaveebi biZina ColoyaSvili, Salva da elizbar qsnis erisTavebi TavianTi nebiT wavidnen iranSi.
Sahma isini baxtrionis ajanyebis dros daRupuli Turqmanebis Tanatomelebs gadasca dasasjelad. gadmocemis mixedviT, biZina ColoyaSvili iranSi myof kaTolikeebs
daukrZalavT. Salva da elizbar erisTavebis neSti ki maTi ojaxis wevrebma samSobloSi gadmoasvenes da ikorTis monasterSi dakrZales. saqarTvelos eklesiam wamebulebi
wmindanebad Seracxa.
qarTl-kaxeTis muslimi mefeebi. rostom-xani umemkvidreod gardaicvala. Sahma
qarTlis taxtze gamuslimanebuli vaxtang V (Sahnavazi) daamtkica.
vaxtangma V-m iranis krizisuli mdgomareobiT isargebla da saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis energiuli moqmedeba daiwyo _ daikava quTaisi da imereTis mniSvnelovani cixesimagreebi, ilaSqra samegrelosa da afxazeTSi, guriis mTavarma ki mas
nebayoflobiT gamoucxada erTguleba. vaxtangma, adgilobrivi feodalebis nawilisa
da osmaleTis winaaRmdegobis gamo, dakavebuli teritoriebis SenarCuneba ver SeZlo
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da imereTis taxtze Tavisi Svili _ arCili dasva. arCilis mefoba imereTSi xanmokle
aRmoCnda. man ramdenjerme kidev SeZlo imereTSi gamefeba, sabolood ki kaxeTSi damkvidrda. arCilis poziciebi arc aq aRmoCnda myari. kaxeTSi mefobas mas Teimuraz I-is
SviliSvili, erekle I (nazarali-xani) ecileboda.
XVII saukunis bolosTvis qarTlSi giorgi XI mefobda. is cdilobda ar yofiliyo
iranze damokidebuli. giorgi XI kaxel TavadebTan erTad iranis winaaRmdeg ajanyebasac gegmavda. Sahma mas qarTli droebiT CamoarTva da erekle I-s (nazarali-xans)
gadasca. 1703 wels Sahma qarTli giorgi XI-s daubruna, xolo erekle I kaxeTis mefed
gamoacxada. qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebi Sahma TavisTan gamoiZaxa, qarTlis mmarTveloba giorgi XI-is Zmiswuls vaxtangs, kaxeTisa ki erekle I-is vaJs daviTs Caabara.
Sahma giorgi XI-s avRanelTa damorCileba, erekle I-s ki sasaxlis gvardiis sardloba
daavala.
iZulebiT gamahmadianebuli bagrationebisa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Tavadaznaurobis moRvaweoba iranSi Cveulebrivi ambavi iyo. iranSi Sahis Semdeg sam upirveles kacad miCneul pirTa Soris qarTlis mefeebic iyvnen. qarTvel gamahmadianebul
Tavadaznaurobas sefianTa saxelmwifoSi maRali samxedro da samoxeleo Tanamdebobebi ekava.
qarTuli kultura. XVII saukuneSi qarTuli kultura aRmavlobas ganicdis, iqmneba literaturul-mxatvruli nawarmoebebi, romlebSic qveynis politikuri mdgomareobac aris asaxuli. mefe-poetma, Teimuraz I-ma dawera: `wameba qeTevan dedoflisa~,
`Sedareba gazafxulisa da Semodgomisa~... sparsulidan Targmna poemebi: `leilmajnuniani~, `vardbulbuliani~ da sxva. qarTlis mefis vaxtang V-is moRvaweobas aRwers
feSangi xiTariSvili poemaSi `Sahnavaziani~. mefe arCils ekuTvnis poema `gabaaseba
rusTavelisa da Teimurazisa~. arCil II Tavis nawarmoebSi politikur sakiTxebTan
erTad socialur problemebsac exeba. misi azriT, ukiduresi siRatake da uufleboba
glexobas Sromis xalissa da interess ukargavda, rac qveynis arsebobas ekonomikur
safuZvels aclida _ `Tu amowydes glexi kaci, saqarTvelo daZabunda~ (arCil II).
arCilsve ekuTvnis didaqtikur-aRmzrdelobiTi xasiaTis nawarmoebebi: `saqarTvelos
zneobani~ da `kacisa da soflis gabaaseba~. arCili mTargmnelobiT saqmianobasac eweoda. moskovSi yofnisas, 1705 wels, man gaxsna pirveli qarTuli stamba, sadac maleve
daibeWda `daviTni~.
davaleba
1. SeafaseT rostom xanis mmarTveloba. miuTiTeT, ra dadebiT da uaryofiT (sarisko)
mxareebs Seicavda is.
2. imsjeleT, ra saSiSroebas uqmnida kaxeTs Turqmenebis Camosaxleba da SeafaseT
baxtrionis ajanyebis Sedegebi.
3. daaxasiaTeT da SeafaseT vaxtang V-is mmarTveloba.
4. SeafaseT mefe arCilis damokidebuleba glexobisadmi.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi
rostom xanis mmarTveloba qarTlSi _ 1632-1658 ww.
rostom xanis mmarTveloba kaxeTSi _ 1648-1656 ww.
baxtrionis ajanyeba _ 1659/1660 w.
168
testi # 10
testis maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 42 qula
I. Secdomebis gasworeba (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 5 qula)
indoeTSi mimavali sazRvao gzis saZebnelad 1499 wels espaneTidan gaemgzavra axali eqspedicia vasko da gamas meTaurobiT. eqspediciam samxreT amerikis SemovliTa da
atlantis okeanis gavliT indoeTis qalaq kalkutas miaRwia. espanelebma Zaladobis
gziT mopovebuli saneleblebiT datvirTes xomaldebi da ukan dabrundnen. Zvirfasi
tvirTis Rirebuleba samocjer aRemateboda eqspediciis xarjebs.
#
Secdomaa
sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
II. upasuxeT kiTxvebs
instruqcia: mocemulia 29 kiTxva oTxi savaraudo pasuxiT. swori pasuxi fasdeba
1 quliT. jamSi, maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 29 qula.
1. rodis daeca bizantiis imperia?
a) 1435 wels; b) 1453 wels; g) 1475 wels;
d) 1490 wels.
2. CamoTvlilTagan, ra Sedegi gamoiRo konstantinopolis (bizantiis imperiis)
dacemam saqarTvelosTvis?
a) konstantinopolis dacemis faqts saqarTveloze mniSvnelovani gavlena ar hqonia;
b) saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTidan gaumezoblda osmaleTis imperia, qveyana
mowyda evropul qristianul samyaros;
g) bizantiis imperiis dacemis Semdeg saqarTvelo yizilbaSuri iranis mier garSemortymuli aRmoCnda, ramac qarTuli kulturis dacema ganapiroba;
d) bizantiis imperia saqarTvelos samxedro-politikuri mokavSire iyo. misi dacemiT isargebla yizilbaSurma iranma da jer qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebi, Semdeg ki
imereTis samefoc miierTa.
3. romel qveynebs ekuTvnis pirveli didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi?
a) germaniasa da ruseTs;
g) safrangeTsa da ingliss;
b) iransa da TurqeTs;
d) espaneTsa da portugalias.
169
4. romeli mogzauris eqspediciam daamtkica, rom dedamiwas sferos forma aqvs?
a) kolumbis;
g) vasko da gamas;
b) magelanis;
d) barTolomeo diasis.
5. romel wels aRmoaCina amerika qristefore kolumbma?
a) 1488 w.;
b) 1492 w.;
g) 1497 w.;
d) 1519 w.
6. vin iyo axali sanapiroebis kvlevisa da aTvisebis saqmis sulisCamdgmeli?
a) enrik zRvaosani;
g) barTolomeo diasi;
b) magelani;
d) qristefore kolumbi.
7. qronologiurad daalageT didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis movlenebi.
__portugalielTa eqspedicia barTolomeo diasis meTaurobiT;
__portugalielTa eqspedicia vasko da gamas meTaurobiT;
__kolumbis mier samxreT amerikis kontinentis aRmoCena.
8. vin iyo romis saRvTo imperiis imperatori martin luTeris moRvaweobis dros?
a) lui XI;
b) Sarl II;
g) eduard III;
d) karl V.
9. rodis daido ausburgis zavi da ras iTvaliswinebda is?
a) 1450 wels; germanuli samTavroebis erT saxelmwifod gaerTianebas;
b) 1510 wels; inglisisa da safrangeTis erTobliv brZolas osmaleTis winaaRmdeg;
g) 1550 wels; Sveicaria cxaddeboda avstriisagan damoukidebel saxelmwifod,
xolo Jan kalvini mis mmarTvelad;
d) 1555 wels; germaniis mTavrebs SeeZloT aerCiaT kaTolikoba an protestantoba.
10.ra Sedegi mohyva faravnis brZolas?
a) samcxis mTavarma yvaryvare jayelma daamarcxa da daatyveva saqarTvelos mefe
giorgi VIII;
b) samcxis mTavarma sargis jayelma daamarcxa imereTis erisTavTerisTavi bagrati
da dasavleT saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani nawili SemoierTa;
g) samegrelos mTavarma levan dadianma daamarcxa imereTis mefe aleqsandre da
quTaisi daikava;
d) kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II-m daamarcxa qarTlis samefosa da samcxe-saaTabagos
gaerTianebuli laSqari da samcxis nawili SeierTa.
11. vin iyo erTiani saqarTvelos ukanaskneli mefe?
a) giorgi V;
b) erekle II;
g) giorgi VIII;
d) Teimuraz II.
12. vin edgnen saTaveSi jars kaxeTis samefoSi?
a) erisTavebi;
b) mouravebi;
g) spasalarebi;
d) episkoposebi.
13. 1555 wels TurqeTsa da irans Soris amasiis zavi daido. am zavis mixedviT:
a) mxareebi SeTanxmdnen kavkasiis ganawilebaze. saqarTvelo TurqeTis interesTa
sferod gamocxadda, somxuri da azerbaijanuli saxanoebi iranis mflobelobaSi gadadioda;
b) es sazavo xelSekruleba saqarTvelos realurad ar Sexebia. TurqeTi da irani ki SeTanxmdnen, rom 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi erTmaneTs oms ar gamoucxadebdnen da
somxeTs Tanabrad gainawilebdnen;
170
g) TurqeTi da irani SeTanxmdnen, rom isini saqarTvelos erTmaneTSi gainawilebdnen. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi irani gabatondeboda, dasavleTSi ki TurqeTi.
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori, radgan, sinamdvileSi, amasiaSi xeli moewera
ruseT-TurqeTis SeTanxmebas Sav zRvaze Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb.
14. rodis gaimarTa soxoistas velze brZola da ra SedegiT dasrulda?
a) 1525 wels; Turq-osmalebma daipyres imereTi da mefe bagrati iZulebiT gaamahmadianes;
b) 1535 wels; qarTlis mefe luarsab I-ma daamarcxa osmalebi da samcxe SemoierTa;
g) 1545 wels; imereTis mefe bagratis jari damarcxda osmalebTan brZolaSi, rasac
SemoerTebuli samcxis dakargva mohyva;
d) samegrelosa da guriis mTavrebis daxmarebiT osmalebma miitaces samcxe da imereTis samefos mniSvnelovani nawili.
15. romeli winadadebaa swori?
a) yizilbaSebma yorRanaSvilis daxmarebiT 1569 wels tyved Caigdes mefe simon I;
b) osmalebma saCino baraTSvilis Ralatis wyalobiT Seipyres simon I da alamuTis
cixeSi gamoamwyvdies;
g) 1570 wels osmalebma daatyveves qarTl-kaxeTis mefe simon I da misi erTguli
TanamebrZoli saCino baraTaSvili;
d) simon I xangrZliv brZolebs awarmoebda yizilbaSebisa da osmalebis winaaRmdeg,
Tumca maT ver moaxerxes qarTlis mefis Sepyroba da damorCileba.
16. romeli winadadebaa swori?
a) osmalebma miitaces samxreT-qarTuli teritoriebi: aWara, guria, WaneTi da aq
Seqmnes samcxis saaTabago, anu „osmaleTis vilaieTi“;
b) XVI saukunis miwuruls osmaleTma miitaca istoriuli qarTuli mxareebi: samcxe, aWara da WaneTi; gaaerTiana isini „gurjistanis vilaieTSi“, romelsac saTaveSi
axalcixis faSa Cauyena;
g) XVII saukunis bolos Sah-abas I-ma kaxeTi dalaSqra da mosaxleobis nawili
iranSi gadaasaxla. qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul iranul provinciebs „gurjistanis vilaieTi“ ewoda;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
17. sad da rodis mefobda simon I ?
a) kaxeTSi, XVII saukunis I naxevarSi;
g) kaxeTSi, XVI saukunis Sua wlebSi;
b) imereTSi, XV-XVI saukuneTa mijnaze;
d) qarTlSi, XVI saukunis II naxevarSi.
18. vin iyo manuCar aTabagi?
a) kaxeli didaznauri, romelmac yizilbaSebis mxare daikava da islami miiRo;
b) samcxis gamahmadianebuli mTavari, romelic osmalebs aujanyda da simon mefes
SeuerTda;
g) mefis erTguli feodali, romelmac moRalate yorRanaSvils samagiero miuzRo
da frialo kldidan gadaagdo;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
19. romel wlebSi mefobda qarTlis mefe simon I?
a) 1486-1503 ww.;
b) 1500-1525 ww.;
g) 1510-1556 ww.;
d) 1556-1600 ww.
171
20. rodis da vin mokla kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II?
a) 1603 wels, iranis Sahis abas I-is mier;
b) 1605 wels, sakuTari Svilis, konstantine xanis mier;
g) 1610 wels, ganZis aTabagis mier;
d) 1610 wels, qarTlis mefis mier migzavnili mkvlelis mier.
21. vis winaaRmdeg ajanyebas xelmZRvanelobda qeTevan dedofali?
a) kaxeTSi Camosaxlebuli Turqmanebis winaaRmdeg;
b) kaxeTSi gabatonebuli osmalebis winaaRmdeg;
g) sakuTari qmris, gamuslimebuli daviTis winaaRmdeg, romelic yizilbaSebis daxmarebiT kaxeTSi gamefda;
d) konstantine xanis winaaRmdeg, romelmac mokla kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II da
Tavi mefed gamoacxada.
22. iranis romeli Sahis karze moRvaweobda giorgi saakaZe?
a) nadir-Sahis;
b) Sah-Tamazis;
g) Sah-ismailis;
d) Sah-abas I-is.
23. dasaxelebuli mefeebidan, romeli dasaja Sah-abas I-ma sikvdiliT?
a) qarTlis mefe luarsab meore;
g) qarTlis mefe simon pirveli;
b) kaxeTis mefe Teimuraz pirveli;
d) imereTis mefe aleqsandre mesame.
24. rodis gaimarTa martyofisa da marabdis brZolebi?
a) 1625 da 1626 wlebSi;
g) 1625 wels; b) 1630 da 1635 wlebSi;
d) 1635 wels.
25. ra SedegiT dasrulda martyofis brZola?
a) osmalTa damarcxebiT;
b) sparselTa damarcxebiT;
g) daRestnelTa damarcxebiT;
d) kaxeTisa da qarTlis gaerTianebulma jarma osmalebi gandevna samcxidan.
26. rodis gaimarTa da ra SedegiT dasrulda bazaleTis brZola?
a) 1620 wels, qarTvelebma mefe Teimuraz I-isa da giorgi saakaZis xelmZRvanelobiT daamarcxes yizilbaSebi;
b) 1625 wels, qarTl-kaxeTis gaerTianebuli laSqari damarcxda osmalebTan brZolaSi;
g) 1626 wels, Teimuraz I-ma daamarcxa giorgi saakaZe;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
27. riT gamoiCina Tavi rostom xanis meuRlem mariam dedofalma?
a) Seadgina samarTlis wigni;
b) moawesriga sagadasaxado sistema, mfarvelobas uwevda vaWrebs;
g) misi brZanebiT gadaweres da Seavses „qarTlis cxovreba“;
d) aRadgina yizilbaSebis mier gadamwvari Tbilisi.
28. romeli ajanyebis moTaveebi iyvnen: biZina ColoyaSvili, Salva da elizbar qsnis
erisTavebi?
a) koxtasTavis;
b) ananuris;
g) baxtrionis;
d) alaverdis.
172
29. rodis da romel saxelmwifoebs Soris gaformda `ficis wigni~?
a) 1525 wels, iransa da qarTlis samefoebs Soris;
b) 1555 wels, osmaleTsa da irans Soris;
g) 1587 wels, ruseTsa da kaxeTis samefos Soris;
d) 1600 wels, qarTlis, kaxeTisa da imereTis samefoebs Soris.
III. problemis analizi da argumentacia (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 4 qula)
qristefore kolumbma atlantis okeanis gavliT indoeTamde miRwevis ideis gansaxorcieleblad kaTolike mefeebs izabelsa da ferdinands mimarTa. samefo sabWos
mrCevelTa nawili ideis momxre iyo, nawili ki mowinaaRmdege.
1. moiyvaneT ori konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argumenti, romliTac ideis momxre sabWos mrCeveli Tavis pozicias daicavda
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________________
(2 qula)
2. moiyvaneT ori konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argumenti, romliTac ideis mowinaaRmdege sabWos mrCeveli Tavis pozicias daicavda.
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________________
(2 qula)
IV. rukis analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 4 qula)
ruka #9-is (danarTi #1) gamoyenebiT gansazRvreT:
1. romeli mogzauris marSrutia aRniSnuli rukaze lurji feriT
_____________________________________
(1 qula)
2. romeli mogzauris marSrutia aRniSnuli rukaze mwvane feriT
_____________________________________
(1 qula)
3. romeli mogzauris marSrutia aRniSnuli rukaze wiTeli feriT
_____________________________________
(1 qula)
4. romeli mogzauris marSrutia aRniSnuli rukaze yviTeli feriT
_____________________________________
(1 qula)
173
XI Tavi. saqarTvelo da msoflio
XVIII saukunesa da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi
$1. aSS-is Seqmna (brZola damoukideblobisaTvis,
damoukideblobis gamocxadeba)
inglisuri koloniebi CrdiloeT amerikaSi. XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi CrdiloeT amerikaSi, atlantis okeanis napiris gaswvriv TandaTanobiT Seiqmna 13 inglisuri kolonia.
inglisis koloniebi CrdiloeT amerikaSi meurneobis xasiaTis mixedviT sam jgufad iyofoda.
CrdiloeTiT mdebare oTx kolonias `axal ingliss~ uwodebdnen. am axalSenebSi
kolonistebi patara soflebad cxovrobdnen. TiToeul ojaxs dasamuSaveblad Tavisi
sakuTari miwis nakveTi hqonda. iqauri mkvidrni meTevzeobas, monadireobas, zRvaosnobas, gemTmSeneblobas misdevdnen, liTons adnobdnen da misgan sxvadasxva nakeTobas
amzadebdnen. CrdiloeT amerikis koloniebis yvelaze didi qalaqi da navsadguri, masaCusetsis centri bostoni swored axal inglisSi mdebareobda.
oTx centralur koloniaSi xorbali, simindi, bostneuli mohyavdaT da mecxoveleobas misdevdnen.
samxreTis xuT koloniaSi gaSenebuli iyo msxvili samiwaTmoqmedo meurneobebi
— plantaciebi, sadac Tambaqo, brinji, mcenareuli saRebavi indigo, mogvianebiT ki
bambac mohyavdaT.
axalSenebi samuSao Zalis naklebobas ganicdidnen. am mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad koloniebSi inglisidan, sasjelis mosaxdelad, iZulebiT gzavnidnen msjavrdadebulebs an nebayoflobiT uSvebdnen Ratakebs, romlebic mzad iyvnen mgzavrobis safasurad ramdenime weli kolonistebis sasargeblod emuSavaT im imediT, rom SemdgomSi atlantis okeanis meore napirze Tavs daaRwevdnen siRatakes. patimrebi sasjelis
moxdis, xolo Ratakebi mgzavrobis safasurisaTvis daTqmuli vadiT muSaobis Semdeg
Tavisufldebodnen da, rogorc wesi, sacxovreblad koloniebSi rCebodnen.
samxreTis koloniebSi farTod iyo gamoyenebuli monebis Sroma. adgilobrivi
indielebis damoneba plantatorebma ver SeZles da radgan muSaxeli ar hyofnidaT,
afrikeli zangebis Sesyidva daiwyes. Savkaniani monebiT vaWrobam uzarmazari masStabi
miiRo.
amerikis inglisur koloniebSi afrikidan ZaldatanebiT Semoyvanili zangebis monoba mTeli sicocxlis manZilze grZeldeboda. monebad rCeboda maTi STamomavlobac.
winaaRmdegobis gamwvaveba metropoliasa da koloniebs Soris. koloniebi metropoliebis bazrebad moiazreboda, amitom amerikis koloniebis sameurneo warmatebebi
vaWrobaSi, xelosnobasa da manufaqturul warmoebaSi inglisis ukmayofilebas iwvevda.
britanuli saqonlis amerikeli metoqeebisagan dacvis mizniT inglisis parlamenti cdilobda koloniebSi SeezRuda vaWroba-warmoebis ganviTareba. metropoliasa da
koloniebs Soris urTierToba gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda 1756-1763 wlebis Svidwliani
omis Semdeg, rodesac inglisi safrangeTis kolonias kvebeks (kanadas) daepatrona.
Svidwliani omis Semdeg inglisis parlamentma koloniebze pirvelad daawesa gadasaxadi. am gadasaxads erqva sagerbo gamosaRebi. kanonma sagerbo gamosaRebis Sesaxeb
amerikis koloniebis yvela mcxovrebis interesebi Selaxa, radgan sagerbo gamosaRe174
biT ibegreboda yovelive is, rac dakavSirebuli iyo qaRaldTan: dabadebisa da qorwinebis dokumentebi, savaWro garigebebi, memkvidreobis damadasturebeli sabuTebi,
wignebi, gazeTis TiToeuli nomeric ki. koloniebis mcxovrebni ambobdnen, inglisis
parlaments ufleba ara aqvs gadasaxadiT dagvbegros, Tu Cveni Tanxmoba ar iqnebao.
maT wamoayenes principi: `araviTari gadasaxadi warmomadgenlobis gareSe~.
amerikul koloniebSi inglisis mcdeloba SemoeRo gadasaxadebi da baJebi, kolonistTa aqtiur winaaRmdegobas waawyda.
inglisis mefem da parlamentma gadawyvites Zalis gamoyenebiT gaetexaT kolonistebis winaaRmdegoba. maT uari Tqves amerikis koloniebis pirvel kontinentur kongresTan molaparakebaze, romelic 1774 wels qalaq filadelfiaSi Seikriba.
1775 wels masaCusetsSi, bostonTan, britaneTis armiasa da kolonistebs Soris
SeiaraRebuli Setakebebi moxda. es iyo CrdiloeT amerikis inglisuri koloniebis
damoukideblobisaTvis omis dasawyisi.
meore kontinenturi kongresi. bostonTan momxdarma SeiaraRebulma Setakebam CrdiloeT amerikis inglisis koloniebSi sabolood gamijna didi britaneTis momxreebi
da mowinaaRmdegeebi _ torebi da vigebi anu loialistebi da patriotebi. torebis
banaki Seadgines _ inglisis mefisadmi loialurad ganwyobilma Zalebma — koloniebSi myofma armiam, moxeleebma, anglikanuri eklesiis samRvdeloebam, aristokratiam,
metropoliasTan saSuamavlo vaWrobaSi Cabmulma e.w. kompradorebma da maTTan daaxloebulma an maTze damokidebulma mosaxleobis jgufebma. patriotuli suliskveTebiT ganmsWvaluli mewarmeebi, vaWrebi, plantatorebi, fermerebi, xelosnebi, qarglebi, dRiuri muSebi vigebis banakSi gaerTiandnen.
1775 wels filadelfiaSi, meore kontinentur kongresze, Seikribnen inglisis cametive koloniis warmomadgenlebi. meore kontinenturi kongresis dadgenilebiT, inglisTan urTierToba Sewyda; moxaliseTagan Seiqmna armia, armiis sardlad dainiSna
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis gamoCenili moRvawe da samxedro saqmis SesaniSnavi
mcodne jorj vaSingtoni. amgvarad, kongresi 13 koloniis warmomadgenlebis saTaTbiro sakanonmdeblo organod — parlamentad gadaiqca.
omi damoukideblobisaTvis da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Seqmna. koloniaTa
damoukideblobis gamocxadeba. meore kontinentur kongresze miiRes dadgenileba,
rom koloniebi `Tavisufali da damoukidebeli Statebi unda iyos~. kongresma 1776
wlis 4 ivliss daamtkica `damoukideblobis deklaracia~, romelic erovnuli moZraobis TvalsaCino warmomadgenelma Tomas jefersonma Seadgina.
`damoukideblobis deklaraciaSi~ ganmartebuli iyo is mizezebi, ramac aiZula koloniebis mosaxleoba gaewyvita politikuri kavSiri metropoliasTan.
deklaraciiT aRiarebuli debulebebi mxolod TeTrkanian mosaxleobas Seexo. monaTmflobel-plantatorebis kategoriuli moTxovniT, deklaraciis proeqtidan amoRebul iqna debuleba Savkanianebis monobisagan gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. deklaraciam
ZalaSi datova Savkanianebis monoba, ar miuRia araviTari gadawyvetileba indielTa
mamapapeuli miwebidan ayrisa da ganadgurebis winaaRmdeg.
amgvarad, meore kontinenturi kongresis mier damtkicebuli `damoukideblobis
deklaraciiT~ inglisis yofilma cametma koloniam Tavi damoukidebel saxelmwifod
_ SeerTebul Statebad gamoacxada. CrdiloeT amerikaSi Seiqmna axali saxelmwifo _
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, SemoklebiT _ aSS.
am didmniSvnelovani movlenis aRsaniSnavad 4 ivlisi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis erovnul dResaswaulad gamocxadda.
aSS-is saxelmwifo droSaze 13 TeTr-wiTeli zoli da lurj fonze 13 varskvlavi
gamosaxes. SemdgomSi, Statebis zrdasTan erTad, aSS-is droSaze varskvlavebis raode175
noba gaizarda, amJamad maTi ricxvi 50-s Seadgens, xolo zolebis raodenoba ucvleli
darCa. amgvarad, amerikis droSaze yoveli Stati varskvlaviT, xolo 13 damaarsebeli
Stati damatebiT TeTri an wiTeli zoliT aris warmodgenili.
omi damoukideblobisaTvis. damoukideblobisaTvis omis dawyebis Semdeg ingliselebma sazRvao desantiT aSS-is teritoriaze, mdinare hudsonis SesarTavTan mdebare
niu-iorki aiRes da CrdiloeTisaken daiZrnen, xolo kanadidan SemoiWra inglisis armia, romelic samxreTisaken, mdinare hudsonis saTavisaken moZraobda. mdinare hudsonis auzSi am ori inglisuri armiis gaerTianebis SemTxvevaSi amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebi orad gayofili aRmoCndeboda, ingliselebi ki am or nawils cal-calke iolad daamarcxebdnen.
1777 wels saraTogasTan amerikelebma kanadidan Semosuli ingliselTa armia daamarcxes da daatyveves. am damarcxebam ingliselebis gegma CaSala: CrdiloeTis Statebis burJuaziisa da fermerobis winaaRmdegoba maT ver gatexes, amitom sabrZolo
operaciebi samxreT StatebSi, ZiriTadad karolinaSi gadaitanes. ingliselebi imedovnebdnen, rom, Tu samxreTSi warmatebebs moipovebdnen, konservatorulad ganwyobil
plantator-monaTmflobelebTan saerTo enas gamonaxavdnen.
saraTogasTan gamarjvebam, aSS-is mier parizSi wargzavnili benjamen franklinis
saerTaSoriso avtoritetma da diplomatiurma Zalisxmevam Zirfesvianad Secvala
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba. Tavdapirvelad inglisis
mTavari metoqe safrangeTi omSi ar ebmeboda da kolonistebisaTvis mxolod samxedro
aRWurvilobis, iaraRis, sursaTisa da fulis gagzavniT kmayofildeboda. saraTogas
brZolis Semdeg safrangeTi darwmunda, rom amerikelebi imarjvebdnen; safrangeTma
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis damoukidebloba cno da did britaneTs omi gamoucxada, male mas sxva evropuli saxelmwifoebic SeuerTdnen.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da safrangeTis gaerTianebulma flotma da armiam
saboloo gamarjveba 1781 wels virjiniaSi, iorkTaunTan saxmeleTo da sazRvao brZolaSi moipova. iorkTaunis brZolebis Semdeg inglisis mTavari Zalebi jorj vaSingtons da mis frang mokavSireebs roSambosa da lafaiets danebdnen. saomari moqmedeba
Sewyda, daiwyo sazavo molaparakeba.
1783 wlis parizis zaviT, ingliselebma koloniebis damoukidebloba cnes. 100 aTasamde loialistma aSS datova da inglisis kolonia kvebekSi (kanadaSi) gadasaxlda.
aSS-is teritoria didi tbebidan floridamde, atlantis okeanis sanapirodan misisipamde gadaiWima.
1787 wlis konstitucia. damoukideblobisaTvis omSi gamarjvebis Semdeg, 1783 wels
amerikelebma moiSores ingliselTa koloniuri uReli. oTxi wlis Semdeg, 1787 wels
filadelfiaSi jorj vaSingtonis TavmjdomareobiT Seikriba sagangebo parlamenti
— konventi. konventma jeimz medisonis (CrdiloeT amerikis damoukideblobisaTvis
omis aqtiuri monawile jeimz medisoni 1809-1817 wlebSi aSS-is prezidentad airCies
(igi aSS-is meoTxe prezidentia) proeqtis safuZvelze, SeimuSava konstitucia, romelic amerikis SeerTebul Statebs respublikad acxadebda.
1787 wlis konstitucia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi dResac moqmedebs, magram
masze meti Zala aqvs konstituciis Sesworebebs. aSS-Si miRebulia sam aTeulamde
Sesworeba, romelTagan pirveli aTi — `uflebaTa bilis (kanonis)~ saxelwodebiT,
ZalaSi Sevida 1791 wels.
aSS-is politikuri cxovrebis centraluri figuraa prezidenti, romelic erTdroulad saxelmwifos, mTavrobisa da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis meTauria. prezidents
oTxi wlis vadiT irCeven. aSS-is pirvel prezidentad 1789 wels jorj vaSingtoni
airCies.
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aSS-Si umaRles sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas axorcielebs parlamenti — kongresi, romelic ori palatisagan Sedgeba. zeda palataSi — senatSi yoveli Stati irCevs
or senators; qveda, warmomadgenlobiT palataSi, adgilebi Statebs Soris nawildeba
maTSi amomrCevelTa raodenobis mixedviT.
didi uflebamosilebani aqvs aSS-is uzenaes sasamarTlos. igi Sedgeba prezidentis
mier senatTan SeTanxmebiT daniSnuli ucvleli wevrebisagan. uzenaesi sasamarTlo
gansazRvravs, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba kanonebi da dadgenilebebi konstitucias. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, kanoni kargavs iuridiul Zalas da moqalaqeebs ufleba aqvT ar
daemorCilon am kanonebs.
1787 wlis konstituciam indielTa miwebi saxelmwifo sakuTrebad gamoacxada da
daiwyo maTi TandaTanobiT gayidva.
1800 wlidan aSS-is dedaqalaqi vaSingtoni (qalaqi vaSingtoni 1791 wels daarsda yvela Statisagan damoukidebel kolumbiis olqis teritoriaze, raTa romelime
Stats upiratesoba ar moepovebina) gaxda.
konstituciam TiToeul Stats mianiWa didi uflebebi adgilobriv mmarTvelobaSi.
maT Tavadve unda gadaewyvitaT SavkanianTa monobis daSveba-ardaSvebisa da saarCevno
uflebis sakiTxebi.
arCevnebSi monawileobisaTvis Tavdapirvelad daaweses qonebrivi cenzi — amomrCeveli unda yofiliyo sakuTrebis mflobeli, XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi ki SemoiRes sayovelTao saarCevno ufleba TeTrkaniani mamakacebisaTvis.
davaleba
1. riT gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan koloniebi da ra gansazRvravda am gansxvavebas?
2. SeadareT, riT gansxvavdeboda Savkaniani monebisa da inglisidan Camoyvanili patimrebisa da Ratakebis mdgomareoba?
3. gansazRvreT, rogori urTierToba iyo koloniebsa da metropoliebs Soris.
4. axseniT, ratom cdilobda inglisi amerikis koloniebSi vaWroba-xelosnobis SezRudvas da ivaraudeT am SezRudvis Sedegebi?
5. gansazRvreT, ra iyo inglisis winaaRmdeg koloniebis mcxovrebTa ajanyebis mizezebi?
6.rogor fiqrobT, samarTliani iyo CrdiloeT amerikis inglisuri koloniebis
swrafva damoukideblobisaken? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
7. daaxasiaTeT amerikis mmarTvelobiTi sistema: CamoayalibeT prezidentis, kongresisa da sasamarTlos funqciebi.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
pirveli kontinenturi kongresis Sekreba qalaq filadelfiaSi _ 1774 w.
filadelfiaSi meore kontinenturi kongresis Sekreba _ 1775 w.
meore kontinenturma kongresma daamtkica `damoukideblobis deklaracia~, romelmac
inglisis yofili cameti kolonia damoukidebel saxelmwifod _ amerikis SeerTebul
Statebad gamoacxada _ 1776 wlis 4 ivlisi
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da safrangeTis gaerTianebuli flotisa da armiis
saboloo gamarjveba virjiniaSi, iorkTaunTan _ 1781 w.
filadelfiaSi jorj vaSingtonis TavmjdomareobiT Seikriba sagangebo parlamenti _
konventi, romelmac miiRo amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia _ 1787 w.
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$2. ganmanaTlebloba
ganmanaTleblobis aRmocenebis mizezebi. samoRvaweo asparezze burJuaziis gamosvlam misi miswrafebebis Teoriuli dasabuTeba moiTxova. es misia mesame wodebis, gansakuTrebiT burJuaziis interesebis damcvelma mwerlebma da mecnierebma ikisres. Tu
privilegirebulni TavianT upiratesobas istoriuli warsulidan gamomdinare amtkicebdnen, burJuaziam axali Sexedulebebi samyaros, adamianis, sazogadoebis Sesaxeb
warmoadgina gonebaze, azrovnebaze, msjelobaze dayrdnobiT.
rTuli politikuri, socialuri Tu ekonomikuri sakiTxebisadmi racionalurma
(gonivrulma) midgomam kritikuli azris gamoRviZeba gamoiwvia. daiwyo arsebuli sarwmunoebis, samarTlis, kanonebisa da saxelmwifoebrivi dawesebulebebis kritika. gamoCenili politologebi, mecnierebi, mwerlebi Tu sazogado moRvaweebi werdnen da farTod msjelobdnen yvela im naklze, romelic uxvad gaaCnda feodalur sazogadoebas.
gaiSala mZlavri saganmanaTleblo moRvaweoba, romelmac Zveli reJimis mankierebaTa
mxileba da adamianebisaTvis ukeTesi momavlis gansazRvra da mopoveba daisaxa miznad.
ganmanaTlebluri moZRvreba safrangeTSi XVIII saukuneSi Camoyalibda. es iyo
progresuli sazogadoebriobis antifeodaluri Teoriebi, romelTa Tanaxmad, sayovelTao bednierebis misaRwevad aucilebelia bunebis mier boZebuli e. w. `bunebiTi
uflebebis~ ganxorcieleba. ganmanaTlebelTa SexedulebiT, es uflebebia: Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, Cagvrisadmi winaaRmdegobis gaweva da sakuTreba.
frangi ganmanaTleblebi _ mwerlebi da mecnierebi: volteri, monteskie, ruso,
didro da sxvebi ulmoblad akritikebdnen kaTolikur eklesias, feodalur sazogadoebas, mefis absolutizms. maTi nawarmoebebis didi nawili mxatvruli Semoqmedebis
SesaniSnavi nimuSebia da didi interesiT ikiTxeba.
fransua mari arue, fsevdonimiT volteri erTnairi siZlieriT flobda literaturis TiTqmis yvela Janrs, werda leqsebs, pamfletebs, romanebs, fantastikur zRaprebs, samecniero statiebs, dascinoda moZvelebul Sexedulebebs, aviTarebda humanur azrebs. aznauris `Tandayolil~ uflebebs maSin davijerebdi, Tu raindi fexebze
dezebmikruli da xalxi ki zurgze unagirdadgmuli daibadebao, _ ambobda volteri.
uZlieresi iaraRis _ maxvili sityvis, basri kalmisa da dauSreteli energiis wyalobiT igi SiSis zars scemda mowinaaRmdegeebs da farTo mkiTxvelis Tayvaniscemas
imsaxurebda.
volteri uaryofiTad ekideboda xalxis masebis revoluciur moqmedebas da mTel
imedebs filosofosi, ganaTlebuli mefis moRvaweobaze amyarebda. volteris azriT,
ganaTlebulma monarqma icis saqmis viTareba, aTvisebuli aqvs mecnierebis ukanaskneli miRwevebi da mizanSewonilad, Tanmimdevrulad moqmedebs aucilebeli gardaqmnebis gansaxorcieleblad. volters saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formad
miaCnda konstituciuri xelisufleba, romelic mefis Zalauflebas SezRudavda.
Sarl lui monteskies mTavari naSromi `kanonTa sazrisi~ avtoris ocdaaTwliani
Sromis nayofi iyo. man am nawarmoebSi gamoxata Tavisi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba
absoluturi, SeuzRudavi monarqiisadmi da xelisuflebis danawilebis Teoria warmoadgina.
monteskies mixedviT, umaRlesi xelisufleba sam nawilad unda iyos dayofili:
sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba xalxis arCeul warmomadgenlebs unda ekuTvnodes, aRmasrulebeli _ monarqs, sasamarTlo xelisufleba ki _ arCeul mosamarTleebs.
`sparsul werilebSi~ monteskie ironiulad moixseniebs safrangeTis samefo kars,
samRvdeloebas, frangul sinamdviles. igi wers: `safrangeTis monarqi yvelaze Zlieri
178
mefea evropaSi, mas ar moepoveba oqros sabadoebi, rogorc mis mezobels — espaneTis
mefes, magram igi ufro mdidaria, vinaidan simdidres qaCavs Tavisi qveSevrdomebidan,
rac ufro dauSreteli wyaroa, vidre sabadoebi~.
monteskies aseTi debulebebis ganxorcieleba burJuaziis sasargeblod mefis xelisuflebis SezRudvas niSnavda. monteskies moZRvreba uzenaesi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis sam nawilad dayofis Sesaxeb SemdgomSi mraval qveyanaSi iqna gamoyenebuli
demokratiuli konstituciebis SemuSavebis dros.
Jan-Jak ruso Tavis naSromebSi yvela ubedurebis dasabamad kerZo sakuTrebis gaCenas miiCnevda, Tumca kerZo sakuTrebis gauqmebas ar moiTxovda. igi mxolod ukiduresi simdidrisa da siRaribis winaaRmdegi iyo. ruso mxars uWerda qonebis gaTanasworebas. misi azriT, TiToeul adamians Tavisi samyofi unda gaaCndes, metismetad bevri
ki aravis ar unda hqondes.
ruso saxalxo suverenitetis anu saxalxo xelisuflebis uzenaesobis Teoriis
fuZemdebelia. misi azriT, uzenaesi xelisufleba monarqs ki ara, mTel xalxs unda
ekuTvnodes. saxalxo suvereniteti ganuyofeli, gausxvisebeli da SeuzRudavia. rusos idea saxalxo suverenitetis Sesaxeb demokratiuli saxelmwifoebriobis erT-erTi safuZvelTagania.
Tavis damokidebulebas Tavisuflebisadmi ruso Semdegnairad gamoxatavda: `roca
xalxi morCilia, is kargad iqceva, magram rogorc ki mas SesaZlebloba eZleva moiSoros borkilebi, igi maTgan Tavisufldeba da kidev ufro ukeTesad iqceva. xalxi
Tavisuflebas igive uflebiT ibrunebs, ra uflebiTac waerTva igi. mas aqvs ufleba
Tavisuflebis dabrunebisa, radgan misTvis misi uflebebis warTmevis araviTari safuZveli ar arsebobda~.
enciklopedistebi. cnobil filosofoss da mwerals denis didros xelisufleba
enciklopediis gamosvlamdec sdevnida. dawves misi wigni `filosofiuri azrebi~,
avtori ki cixeSi Casves. swored cixeSi Seadgina man enciklopediis gamocemis proeqti. didrom enciklopediis miznad imdroindeli samecniero codnis ganzogadeba, feodaluri wyobis mamxilebeli mowinave azrebisa da Sexedulebebis gadmocema dasaxa.
pirveli franguli enciklopediis sulisCamdgmeli da redaqtori deni didro
(1713-1784) iyo. enciklopediaze muSaobisas didrom gars Semoikriba im drois gamoCenili mecnierebi, mwerlebi _ volteri, monteskie, ruso, helveciusi, holbaxi da
sxv.
enciklopediis pirvelsave tomSi gamoqveynda didros statia `politikuri Zalauflebis Sesaxeb~, romelSic vkiTxulobT: `arc erT adamians bunebisgan ara aqvs boZebuli sxvebze batonobis ufleba. Tavisufleba bunebis saCuqaria da yovel individs
Tanabrad ekuTvnis~.
1751-1752 wlebSi enciklopediis pirveli tomebi gamovida. masSi gadmocemuli
azrebis gamo reaqcionerTa gaafTreba imdenad didi iyo, rom samefo sabWom enciklopediis gamoSveba SeaCera. miuxedavad akrZalvisa, enciklopedistebi mainc ganagrZobdnen muSaobas da yovelwliurad TiTo toms amzadebdnen. avtorebi araerTxel moxvdnen
politikur sapyrobileSi _ bastiliaSi, maTi bevri statia cecxls iqna micemuli,
magram, miuxedavad amisa, 1780 wels enciklopediis mravaltomiani gamocema dasrulda. TanamedroveTa SefasebiT, enciklopedia `uzarmazari arsenali iyo, sadac Zveli
safrangeTis damamsxvreveli iaraRi iWedeboda~.
fiziokratebi. frangi ganmanaTleblebi politikuri Teoriebis garda ekonomikis
sakiTxebsac amuSavebdnen. axali, burJuaziuli ekonomikis Teoretikosebi _ fiziokratebi XVIII saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi gamoCndnen.
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fiziokratTa mamamTavari fransua kene mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri traqtatebisa
da saenciklopedio statiebis avtoria. misi mowafeebi tiurgo da kondorse Teoriul
moRvaweobasTan erTad aqtiur politikur saqmianobasac eweodnen.
fiziokratebs ekonomikis gaZlierebis safuZvlad kerZo sakuTreba miaCndaT. maTi
azriT, xelisufleba ar unda axdendes ekonomikis movlenebis regulirebas. fiziokratebi sameurneo saqmianobaSi saxelmwifos Carevis winaaRmdegni iyvnen. Tavisufali
mewarmeoba da vaWroba, saxelmwifos bunebrivi resursebis racionalurad (gonivrulad) gamoyeneba, fiziokratebis SexedulebiT, sazogadoebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sawindaria.
davaleba
1. ras miiCnevda volteri saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formad?
2. ras gulisxmobda monteskies xelisuflebis danawilebis Teoria?
3. SeafaseT rusos damokidebuleba kerZo sakuTrebisa da `saxalxo suverenitetisadmi.~
4. Tqveni azriT, ramdenad marTebulni iyvnen fiziokratebi, roca acxadebdnen, rom
xelisufleba ar unda axdendes ekonomikis movlenebis regulirebas? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
5. rogor fiqrobT, ratom miiCneoda, rom enciklopedia `uzarmazari arsenali iyo,
sadac Zveli safrangeTis damamsxvreveli iaraRi iWedeboda~?
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
Camoyalibda ganmanaTlebluri moZRvreba safrangeTSi _ XVIII s.
gamoica franguli enciklopediis mravaltomeuli _ 1751-1780 ww.
$3. revoluciis mizezebi, samefo xelisuflebis damxoba
lui XVI-is mmarTveloba. safrangeTis savalalo finansurma mdgomareobam 1774
wels gamefebuli lui XVI aiZula umaRles saxelmwifo Tanamdebobaze _ finansTa
generalur kontroliorad fiziokrati tiurgo moewvia. tiurgom politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri xasiaTis reformebis ganxorcieleba moindoma. am reformebs
privilegirebul wodebaTa uflebebi unda SeezRuda. tiurgos winaaRmdeg didebulebi
amxedrdnen. ori wlis samsaxuris Semdeg igi gadaayenes, mis mier wamowyebuli yvela
RonisZieba gaauqmes.
finansTa generaluri kontrolioris Tanamdebobaze tiurgo nekerma Secvala. igi
Tvlida, rom sazogadoebas unda scodnoda saxelmwifos ekonomikuri mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb. safrangeTis istoriaSi saxelmwifo biujeti pirvelad man gamoaqveyna. mefis
ojaxisa da samefo karis Sesanaxad gankuTvnilma uzarmazarma Tanxebma mosaxleobis
aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. mefem nekeri gadaayena, magram es saqmes ver Sveloda. saxelmwifo iseTi finansuri krizisis winaSe idga, rom oficerTa da moxeleTa xelfassac
veRar ixdida. dayovneba aRar SeiZleboda. privilegirebulTa mxridan finansuri daxmarebis miRebis imediT, 1787 wels moiwvies notablebis kreba (notablebs mefe Ta180
vis Sexedulebisamebr niSnavda princebis, hercogebis, prelatebis, perebis, mantiis
aznaurTa Semadgenlobidan). notablebisgan finansuri daxmarebis miRebis imedi ararealuri gamodga. notablebis krebaze markizma lafaietma pirvelma moiTxova generaluri Statebis mowveva, romelic 1614 wlis Semdeg aRar Sekrebiliyo. lafaietis es
winadadeba male sayovelTao moTxovnad iqca.
generalur Statebs samive wodebis warmomadgenlebi irCevdnen. mefe imedovnebda,
rom generaluri Statebi mas finansur daxmarebas aRmouCenda. monarqiis krizisidan
gamoyvanis mizniT lui XVI daTanxmda generaluri Statebis mowvevaze.
generaluri Statebis mowveva. 1789 wlis 5 maiss versalSi Seikribnen generaluri
Statebis deputatebi. generaluri Statebis muSaobis periodSi mesame wodebis deputatebi xalxis mxardaWeras grZnobdnen. xalxi generaluri Statebis SenobasTan
ikribeboda da TavianTi warmomadgenlebisagan maTi moTxovnebis ganxorcielebas moiTxovda.
mesame wodebis deputatebi Tvlidnen, rom isini frangi eris 96%-s ganasaxierebdnen da Tavs mTeli eris WeSmarit warmomadgenlebad miiCnevdnen. amitom erovnul
krebad gamoacxades Tavi. samefo karma gadawyvita urCi generaluri Statebis daSla.
20 ivniss, rodesac deputatebi samuSaod mividnen, mesame wodebis sxdomaTa darbazi
Carazuli daxvdaT. daxuruli karebis win, kokispirul wvimaSi Sekrebilma deputatebma saburTao darbazs Seafares Tavi da miiRes fici ar daSliliyvnen, sanam ar SeimuSavebdnen konstitucias. maT TavianT Tavs damfuZnebeli kreba uwodes.
bastiliis aReba. mefem damfuZnebeli krebis winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyeneba gadawyvita. versalSi jarebis Tavmoyra daiwyo. parizis irgvliv provinciebidan mowveuli
50-aTasiani armia ganalaga. xelisuflebis moqmedebam parizelebi aRaSfoTa, dedaqalaqSi mRelvareba daiwyo. parizis SeZlebulma moqalaqeebma qalaqis axali TviTmmarTveloba Seadgines da erovnuli gvardia Seqmnes.
ivlisis Sua ricxvebisaTvis naTeli gaxda, rom mefis armiis simpaTiebi xalxis
mxareze gadaixara. amiT gamxnevebulma parizelebma 14 ivliss xelT igdes arsenali,
TofebiTa da zarbaznebiT SeiaraRdnen da SeteviT aiRes TviTmpyrobelobis sayrdeni
parizSi, cixesimagre da sapyrobile bastilia.
bastiliis aReba xalxis didi gamarjveba iyo. mefe iZulebuli Seiqna ecno damfuZnebeli kreba da eRiarebina, rom kanonebi damfuZnebel krebas unda gamoeca. amJamad 14
ivlisi safrangeTis erovnuli dResaswaulia.
lui XVI ramdenime dRiT versalidan parizSi Cavida. es niSnavda, rom man revoluciis Sedegebi aRiara. mefisa da parizelebis SeTanxmebis niSnad samefo droSis
TeTri feri da parizis gerbis wiTeli da lurji ferebi SeaerTes. amgvarad, Seiqmna
safrangeTis samferovani saxelmwifo droSa. amiT dasrulda safrangeTSi absolutizmis xana da daiwyo konstituciuri monarqiis periodi.
bastiliis aRebas safrangeTis provinciebis didi gamoxmaureba mohyva. daiwyo adgilobrivi `bastiliebis~ ganadgureba. glexebi xevdnen da wvavdnen feodalur ufleba-valdebulebaTa amsaxvel dokumentebs. imdroindeli gamoTqmiT, memamuleebisaTvis
`didi SiSis~ dReebi dadga. am dros bevrma didebulma datova safrangeTi da sazRvargareT, emigraciaSi gaemgzavra.
damfuZnebelma krebam samefo xelisuflebis SemzRudveli kanonebi SeimuSava.
gauqmda feodaluri privilegiebi — saeklesio gadasaxadi, memamulis sasamarTlo,
glexTa miwaze nadirobis ufleba da sxva `piradi~ damokidebulebis gadmonaSTebi.
26 agvistos damfuZnebelma krebam momavali konstituciis Sesavali nawili —
`adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia~ gamoaqveyna.
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oqtomberSi parizelebma lui XVI versalidan safrangeTis dedaqalaqSi gadmoiyvanes. mefesTan erTad parizSi gadavida damfuZnebeli krebac.
oqtombris Sua ricxvebSi Zveli reJimis mowinaaRmdege deputatebma wminda iakobis
(frangulad Jakobis) monastris SenobaSi daiwyes Sekreba. Sekrebis adgilis mixedviT,
am klubis wevrebs iakobinelebi (frangulad Jakobenebi) uwodes. iakobinelTa klubSi
rigiTi parizelebic gaerTiandnen. iakobinelTa klubis aqtiuri wevri iyo maTi momavali lideri maqsimilian robespieri.
varenis krizisi da 1791 wlis konstitucia. lui XVI ver urigdeboda Zalauflebis
SezRudvas da evropel monarqebs daxmarebas sTxovda. amisTvisve iRvwodnen sazRvargareT myofi mefis Zmebi da emigranti didebulebi. lui XVI-m gadawyvita emigracias
SeerTeboda. 1791 wlis 21 ivniss mefe Tavisi ojaxis wevrebTan erTad parizidan gaiqca.
belgiis sazRvarTan axlos, varenSi igi daapatimres da mravali aTasi SeiaraRebuli glexisa da erovnuli gvardielis TanxlebiT parizSi daabrunes. mefis gaqcevis mcdeloba parizelebma Ralatad aRiqves. saxalxo moZraoba xelaxla azvirTda.
imarTeboda demonstraciebi lui XVI-is damxobis moTxovniT. damfuZnebelma krebam
mefesTan SeTanxmeba amjobina, monarqiis mowinaaRmdegeTa mier mowyobili didi demonstracia ki erovnul gvardias daarbevina.
1791 wlis seqtemberSi damfuZnebelma krebam daasrula konstituciaze muSaoba.
konstitucias xelisuflebis danawilebis principi Semohqonda. mefes mxolod aRmasrulebeli Zalaufleba rCeboda. mefes eniWeboda sakanonmdeblo krebis mier miRebuli kanonebisa da dekretebis droebiT SeCerebis _ `Semakavebeli vetos~ _ ufleba.
omis dasawyisi. samefo xelisuflebis damxoba. konstituciis miRebiT damfuZnebelma krebam Tavisi funqciebi amowura. igi daiSala da 1791 wlis 1 oqtombers axali
konstituciis safuZvelze arCeul sakanonmdeblo krebas dauTmo adgili. sakanonmdeblo kreba ahyva mosaxleobis saerTo patriotul ganwyobilebas, ar gaiTvaliswina
samefo karis kavSiri sazRvargareTis qveynebTan da miuxedavad omisaTvis safrangeTis
moumzadeblobisa, 1792 wlis 20 aprils omi gamoucxada avstriasa da prusias, romelTa TviTmpyrobeli monarqebi ar malavdnen TavianT mtrul damokidebulebas revoluciisadmi da aSkarad emzadebodnen safrangeTis winaaRmdeg saomrad.
omi frangebisaTvis warumateblad daiwyo. mowinaaRmdegis jarebi safrangeTSi
SeiWrnen.
frangma axalgazrdebma samSoblos damcvelTa razmebi Seadgines. provinciebidan
parizisken gaemarTa moxalise damcvelTa _ `federatTa~ 20-aTasiani armia. qalaq
marselidan parizisaken mimavali batalioni strasburgis garnizonis oficris ruJe
de lilis mier axlad Seqmnil patriotul leqsze awyobil simReras mReroda. amJamad
es simRera safrangeTis saxelmwifo himnia. misi pirveli masobrivi Semsruleblebis
_ marselelebis pativsacemad mas `marselieza~ ewoda.
1792 wlis ivlisSi sakanonmdeblo krebam gamoacxada `samSoblo safrTxeSia~.
parizelebs safrangeTis dasacavad iaraRi dauriges. ivlisis miwuruls safrangeTSi gavrcelda prusiis armiis mTavarsardlis manifesti, romelic parizelebs mkacri angariSsworebiT emuqreboda, Tuki isini lui XVI-is winaaRmdeg amxedrdebodnen. manifests sapirispiro Sedegi mohyva. 10 agvistos parizelebi ajanydnen, Seqmnes
saxalxo TviTmmarTveloba _ parizis komuna. komunis mowodebiT xalxma lui XVI
daapatimra. safrangeTSi daemxo monarqia.
davaleba
1. riT iyo mniSvnelovani nekeris ekonomikuri kursi?
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2. Tqveni azriT, dRes ramdenad aris aqtualuri, rom sazogadoebam icodes saxelmwifos ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
3. rogor fiqrobT, ratom iqca 14 ivlisi safrangeTis erovnul dResaswaulad?
4. Tqveni azriT, ratom miiCneva, rom safrangeTSi 1791 wlis konstituciis miRebiT
absolutizmis xana dasrulda da daiwyo konstituciuri monarqiis periodi?
5. gansazRvreT 1791 wlis konstituciis ZiriTadi principebi.
6. ram ganapiroba avstriasTan da prusiasTan omis dawyeba?
7. rogor moxda monarqiis damxoba safrangeTSi?
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
versalSi Seikribnen generaluri Statebis deputatebi _ 1789 wlis 5 maisi
parizelebma SeteviT aiRes TviTmpyrobelobis sayrdeni parizSi, cixesimagre da sapyrobile bastilia _ 1789 wlis 14 ivlisi
damfuZnebelma krebam gamoaqveyna momavali konstituciis Sesavali nawili — `adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia~ _ 1789 wlis 26 agvisto
mefe Tavisi ojaxis wevrebTan erTad parizidan gaiqca _ 1791 wlis 21 ivnisi
damfuZnebelma krebam daasrula konstituciaze muSaoba _ 1791 wlis seqtemberi
axali konstituciis safuZvelze airCies sakanonmdeblo kreba _ 1791 wlis 1 oqtomberi
safrangeTma omi gamoucxada avstriasa da prusias _ 1792 wlis 20 aprili
parizelebma lui XVI daapatimres. safrangeTSi daemxo monarqia _ 1792 wlis 10 agvisto
$4. respublikis damyareba; iakobinelTa diqtatura;
9 Termidoris gadatrialeba
Jironduli konventi. samefo xelisuflebis damxobasa da safrangeTSi prusiis armiis SeWras mohyva gadawyvetileba sakanonmdeblo krebis daSlisa da xelisuflebis axali sakanonmdeblo organos _ konventis sayovelTao saarCevno wesiT arCevis Sesaxeb.
1792 wlis 20 seqtembers patara sofel valmisTan gadamwyvet brZolaSi naxevrad
mSierma, cudad SeiaraRebulma, magram samSoblos dacvis ideiT gulanTebulma jariskacebma, federatebma da parizis erovnulma gvardielebma prusiis gawvrTnili armia ukuaqcies. male frangebma mteri samSoblodan gandevnes, Semdeg ki mTeli belgia daikaves.
valmisTan gamarjveba sayovelTao kenWisyriT arCeuli konventis (laTinurad
`konventus~ _ kreba, Tavyriloba) pirveli sxdomis gaxsnas daemTxva. konventSi Tavidanve sami dajgufeba gamoikveTa: revoluciuri demokratebi _ iakobinelebi, liberaluri demokratebi _ Jirondelebi (politikuri dajgufeba, romlis saxelwodeba
warmodgeba Jirondis departamentis saxelidan, radgan maTi liderebis didi nawili
am departamentis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen) da meryevi deputatebis didi umravlesoba, e.w. `Waobi~, romelic konventis sam meoTxeds Seadgenda. Tavdapirvelad `Waobi~ Jirondelebs uWerda mxars. amitom konventSi Jirondelebi xmebis umravlesobas
iRebdnen da konventsac Jironduls uwodebdnen. konventis pirveli dekretebi mefis
xelisuflebis gauqmebas da safrangeTis respublikad gamocxadebas iuwyeboda.
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1792 wlis miwuruls konventSi daZabuli brZola gamoiwvia lui XVI-is sakiTxma.
mas ucxoel monarqebTan kavSiri da saxelmwifos Ralati edeboda bralad. konventma
mefe gaasamarTla. iakobinelTa zemoqmedebiT igi damnaSaved cnes da 1793 wlis 21 ianvars giliotinaze sikvdiliT dasajes.
mefis sikvdiliT dasjis Semdeg safrangeTis winaaRmdeg mebrZol prusiasa da avstrias SeuerTda evropis TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifo inglisis meTaurobiT. bunebrivia, rom ekaterine II-is ruseTic antifrangul koalicias miemxro da respublikur
mTavrobasTan diplomatiuri urTierToba gawyvita.
safrangeTs yoveli mxridan moZalebuli mtris Semoteva unda moegeriebina. frontebad gadaiqca ara mxolod safrangeTis saxmeleTo sazRvrebi, aramed xmelTaSua
zRvis da atlantis okeanis sanapiroebic, radgan inglisis flotma aqtiuri samxedro
operaciebi gaaCaRa. mdgomareoba gaarTula inglisis flotis mxardaWeriT dasavleTis provinciaSi _ vandeaSi dawyebulma antirespublikurma amboxebam. male vandeas
safrangeTis bretanic SeuerTda.
safrangeTis armia marcxs marcxze ganicdida. pirveli respublika kvlav intervenciis safrTxis winaSe idga. iakobinelebma samxedro warumateblobebis pasuxismgeblad Jirondelebi miiCnies da xelisuflebidan maTi Camocileba moiTxoves.
`Waobma~ sworad gansazRvra, rom Seqmnil kritikul viTarebaSi respublikis Tavdacvis organizacias, xalxis farTo masebze dayrdnobiT, mxolod iakobinelebi SeZlebdnen. `Waobi~ maT miemxro. konventma xmebis umravlesobiT 1793 wlis 2 ivniss
JirondelTa beladebis dapatimrebis dadgenileba gamoitana. xelisuflebis saTaveSi
iakobinelebi moeqcnen.
iakobinelTa diqtatura. Tavdacvis, saSinao da sagareo politikis saqmeebs konventis mier arCeuli sazogadoebrivi xsnis komiteti ganagebda. komitets saTaveSi faqtobrivad maqsimilian robespieri edga. frontebze da provinciebSi mivlinebuli, farTo
uflebebiT aRWurvili konventis wevrebi _ komisrebi angariSs konvents abarebdnen.
1793 wlis Semodgomidan iakobinelTa diqtaturam revoluciur terors mimarTa.
gamoica kanoni `saeWvoebis~ Sesaxeb. monarqistebs, Jirondelebs da robespieris mowinaaRmdege iakobinelebsac ki sikvdiliT sjidnen _ giliotinaze ahyavdaT. cixeebi
`saeWvoebiT~ gaivso, dapatimrebulTa ricxvma 90 aTass gadaaWarba.
iakobinurma konventma safrangeTis revoluciis mniSvnelobis ukvdavsayofad SemoiRo axali kalendari. Tavisuflebis pirvel dRed gamocxadda bastiliis aRebis
TariRi — 1789 wlis 14 ivlisi, xolo Tanasworobis pirvel dRed — 1792 wlis 22 seqtemberi, konventis mier respublikis gamocxadeba. welTaRricxva unda dawyebuliyo
ara qristes Sobidan, aramed am ori TariRidan.
revoluciuri kalendris mixedviT, respublikis gamocxadebis dRe _ 22 seqtemberi
iyo pirveli Tvis (vandemieris) pirveli dRe. weliwadi iyofoda 12 Tved; Tveebis saxelwodebebi gamoiyvanes wlis oTxi drois mniSvnelovani movlenebis amsaxveli franguli
sityvebidan: vandemieri (rTveli), briumeri (nisli), frimeri (sicive), nivozi (Tovli),
pliuviozi (wvima), vantozi (qari), Jerminali (Tesva, gaRviveba), floreali (yvavili),
preriali (mindori), mesidori (mka), Termidori (sicxe), friuktidori (xili).
yoveli Tve Sedgeboda 30 dRisagan. SviddRiani kviris nacvlad SemoiRes aTdRiani
dekadebi. radgan weliwadSi 360 dReze metia, revoluciuri kalendris ukanaskneli
Tvis friuktidoris momdevno ramdenime dRe gamocxadebuli iyo uqme dReebad.
qalaqis mosaxleobis dabali fenebis mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad iakobinelebma farTod gaSales spekulaciisa da siZviris winaaRmdeg brZola. produqtebze
daaweses mtkice fasebi, e.w. `maqsimumi~.
iakobinurma konventma miiRo dekretebi, romelTa ZaliT emigrantTa da saeklesio
miwebi ganvadebiT wvril-wvril nakveTebad unda gayiduliyo. saTemo miwebi glexTa
184
sakuTrebaSi gadadioda, yovelgvari feodaluri gadmonaSTebi usasyidlod uqmdeboda. am sakanonmdeblo aqtebis Sedegad masobrivad Seiqmna wvrili glexuri meurneobebi, romlebic dResac SenarCunebulia safrangeTSi.
iakobinelTa mier ganxorcielebulma RonisZiebebma ganamtkica safrangeTis brZolisunarianoba. 1793 wlis agvistoSi konventma gamosca dekreti armiaSi masobrivi
gawvevis Sesaxeb. miwis nakveTis _ `mamulis~ mesakuTre glexoba didi enTuziazmiT
dgeboda samSoblos _ `mamulis~ damcvelTa rigebSi.
mosaxleobis didi mxardaWeriT sargeblobdnen iakobinelTa beladebi: maqsimilian
robespiers `mousyidvels~ uwodebdnen, Jan-pol marats ki mis mier daarsebuli gazeTis saxelwodebis mixedviT _ `xalxis megobars~. sayovelTao popularobiT sargeblobda dantonis mowodeba _ `gambedaoba, gambedaoba, kidev erTxel gambedaoba da
safrangeTi gadarCeba~.
iakobinelebma yvelaferi iRones milioniani armiis gawvrTnisa da momaragebisaTvis: samxedro inJinerTa da gamoCenil mecnierTa mozidviT maT axali nimuSis
srulyofili iaraRi Seqmnes, ubralo warmoSobis, niWier samxedroTa swrafi dawinaurebiT uzrunvelyves maTi SesaZleblobebis samSoblos samsaxurSi Cayeneba.
iakobinelTa RonisZiebebma male gamoiRo Sedegi. pirveli respublikis armiam raodenobrivad da xarisxobrivad antifranguli koaliciis qveynebis armiebs gauswro.
1794 wlis gazafxulisaTvis damTavrda safrangeTis miwa-wylis gaTavisufleba ucxoelTa jarebisagan. 1794 wlis 26 ivniss fleriusTan avstrielebze brwyinvale gamarjvebis Semdeg ki safrangeTis armias gza gaexsna belgiisken.
sagareo safrTxis Tavidan acilebis Semdeg `Waobma~ gadawyvita Tavidan moecilebina iakobinelebi, romelTa `terori~ da `fasebis maqsimumi~ aferxebda Tavisufali
mewarmeobis ganviTarebas.
1794 wlis 27 ivliss, revoluciuri kalendriT 9 Termidors, robespieri da misi
TanamebrZolebi daapatimres. meore dRes isini sikvdiliT dasajes. iakobinelTa diq­
tatura daemxo.
9 Termidoris gadatrialebis Semdeg Semdgar konvents, romelSic umravlesoba
`Waobma~ miiRo, Termidoruli konventi ewoda.
Termidoruli konventi da direqtoria. 1795 wels, qonebrivi cenzis safuZvelze,
arCeul iqna safrangeTis umaRlesi saxelmwifo organo _ sakanonmdeblo korpusi, romelmac aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba gadasca xuTi kacisagan Semdgar direqtorias.
Termidorul konventis da direqtoriis mmarTvelobis periodSi safrangeTma moimko iakobinelTa mier Seqmnili mZlavri armiis gamarjvebis Sedegebi.
Termidorul konvents saSualeba mieca daedo zavi prusiasTan da espaneTTan. prusiam cno mdinare rainis dasavleTi sanapiros safrangeTTan mierTeba, espaneTTan miRweuli SeTanxmebiT, aRdga safrangeT-espaneTis omamdeli sazRvari.
1796 wlis aprilSi safrangeTis samxreTis armia axalgazrda general napoleon
bonapartis sardlobiT xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiros gavliT italiaSi SeiWra. frangebma daamarcxes daqucmacebuli italiis samefo-samTavroebisa da avstriis jarebi.
avstria iZulebuli gaxda, 1797 wlis zaviT, safrangeTisaTvis italiis mniSvnelovani
nawili gadaeca.
davaleba
1. SeafaseT `Waobis~ poziciis siswore. daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba.
2. Tqveni azriT, lui XVI-is sikvdiliT dasja aucileblobas warmoadgenda? pasuxi
daasabuTeT.
3. ris safuZvelze xdeboda saeWvoTa siebis Sedgena?
185
4. rogor fiqrobT, ra mizezebma ganapiroba revoluciuri terori.
5. Tqveni azriT, ratom daSorda konventis dekretiT saeWvoTa Sesaxeb safrangeTi
revoluciis mTavar monapovars_konstitucias an uflebaTa deklaracias?
6. Tqveni azriT, ratom daiwyo xelisuflebam emigrantTa da saeklesio miwebis ganvadebiT wvril-wvril nakveTebad gayidva?
7. rogor SeafasebT iakobinelTa mier axali kalendris Seqmnis ideas?
8. daasaxeleT da SeafaseT qveynis reformirebis gzaze iakobinelTa mier gadadgmuli
nabijebi. romel maTgans da ratom miiCnevT yvelaze mniSvnelovnad?
9. rogor fiqrobT, ratom dasrulda iakobinelTa mmarTveloba kraxiT?
10.ram ganapiroba safrangeTSi xelisuflebis cvla 1794 wlis ivlisSi?
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
sofel valmisTan gadamwyvet brZolaSi frangebma ukuaqcies prusiis gawvrTnili armia. Semdeg ki mTeli belgia daikaves _ 1792 wlis 20 seqtemberi
lui XVI giliotinaze sikvdiliT dasajes _ 1793 wlis 21 ianvari
xelisuflebis saTaveSi iakobinelebi moeqcnen _ 1793 wlis 2 ivnisi
iakobinelTa diqtatura daemxo _ 1794 wlis 27 ivlisi, revoluciuri kalendriT 9
Ter­midori
arCeul iqna safrangeTis umaRlesi saxelmwifo organo — sakanonmdeblo korpusi,
romelmac aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba gadasca xuTi kacisagan Semdgar direqtorias _ 1795 w.
napoleon bonapartis laSqroba italiaSi _ 1796-1797 ww.
$5. 18 briumeris gadatrialeba;
pirveli imperia; venis kongresi, saRvTo kavSiri
ganmarteba:
kontribucia _ fuladi gadasaxadia, romelsac sazavo xelSekrulebis ZaliT omSi
gamarjvebuli mxare akisrebs damarcxebuls. 18 briumeris gadatrialeba. avstriasTan dadebuli zavis Semdeg safrangeTis winaaRmdeg mxolod inglisi ganagrZobda brZolas. safrangeTis floti zRvaze inglisis
Zlier flots ver uwevda jerovan winaaRmdegobas. miuxedavad amisa, 1798 wlis maisSi safrangeTis 30 aTasianma armiam general bonapartis meTaurobiT xmelTaSua zRvis gavliT
osmaleTis samflobeloSi, egvipteSi SeaRwia. piramidebTan gamarTul brZolaSi mamluqTa cxenosani laSqris damarcxebis Semdeg napoleonma dapyrobil qveyanaSi saokupacio
reJimi daamyara. am dros egviptis napirebTan inglisis eskadram nelsonis meTaurobiT
gaanadgura safrangeTis is gemebi, romliTac frangi jariskacebi egvipteSi Cavidnen.
mdgomareoba garTulda italiaSic. ruseTidan gagzavnilma jarma suvorovis xelmZRvanelobiT italiidan frangebis gandevna moaxerxa, magram safrangeTSi SeWra ver
SeZlo da iZulebuli gaxda alpebis gadavliT avstriisaken daexia ukan.
safrangeTis sazogadoebrivi azri sul ufro da ufro ixreboda Zlieri samxedro
diqtaturis damyarebisken.
186
egvipteSi myofma napoleon bonapartma sworad Seafasa direqtoriis aramyari
mdgomareoba. man armia Tavis generlebs Caabara, TviTon ki xmelTaSua zRvaSi saswaulebrivad dausxlta ingliselTa gemebs da safrangeTSi dabrunda.
1799 wlis 9 noembers, revoluciuri kalendriT 18 briumers, generalma napoleon
bonapartma saxelmwifo gadatrialeba moawyo.
direqtorias xelisufleba CamoerTva. formalurad safrangeTs saTaveSi Caudga
sami konsuli, faqtobrivad ki mTelma Zalauflebam pirveli konsulis napoleon bonapartis xelSi moiyara Tavi.
1800 wels napoleoni SeiWra CrdiloeT italiaSi da marengosTan brZolaSi sastikad daamarcxa avstrielebi. napoleonTan dadebuli zaviT avstriam aRiara safrangeTis Zalaufleba TiTqmis mTel italiaze. germanuli saxelmwifoebis nawilze, belgiasa da holandiaze.
Zlevamosili omebiTa da sabrZolo monapovrebiT ganmtkicebuli sazavo xelSekrulebebi frangi xalxis TvalSi kidev ufro zrdida napoleon bonapartis _ mxedarTmTavrisa da saxelmwifo moRvawis _ avtoritetsa da popularobas.
napoleonis saSinao politika. 1804 wels romis papma pius VII-m parizis RvTismSoblis taZarSi napoleon bonaparti imperatorad akurTxa. safrangeTis respublika
safrangeTis imperiam Secvala. gauqmda revoluciuri kalendari. bastiliis aRebisa
(14 ivlisi) da safrangeTis respublikad gamocxadebis (22 seqtemberi) dReebs sadResaswaulod aRar aRniSnavdnen, sityva `respublika~ TandaTan amovarda xmarebidan.
xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTanave napoleonma gaatara mTeli rigi RonisZiebebi: misi
monawileobiT Seiqmna samoqalaqo, sisxlis samarTlis da komerciuli (vaWrobis) kodeqsebi; kanonTa es krebulebi emsaxureboda sakuTrebis uflebis uzrunvelyofas da
Tavisufali mewarmeobis ganmtkicebas; revoluciis dros SeZenili qoneba mis axal
mflobelebs umtkicdeboda; napoleonis kodeqsebi akanonebda sasamarTlos winaSe moqalaqeTa Tanasworobas.
dapyrobil qveynebSi vrceldeboda napoleonis kodeqsebi da ganamtkicebda Tavisufal samewarmeo urTierTobebs.
Tavad napoleoni did mniSvnelobas aniWebda Tavis sakanonmdeblo moRvaweobas.
xSirad uTqvams: `me istoriaSi Seval ara Cem mier mogebuli ormoci didebuli brZoliT, aramed im kanonebiT, romlebsac safrangeTsa da evropas vutovebo~.
napoleonma SeinarCuna revoluciis dros SemoRebuli safrangeTis administraciuli dayofa Tanabar teritoriebad _ departamentebad, Tumca gaauqma yovelgvari
TviTmmarTveloba _ departamentebi Sinagan saqmeTa ministrisadmi daqvemdebarebul
moxeleebs _ prefeqtebs Caabara, arCeviTi Tanamdebobebi ki Secvala daniSnuli moxeleebiT.
napoleonma Jozef fuSes saSualebiT Seqmna sapolicio zedamxedvelobisa da jaSuSobis rTuli sistema. Jurnal-gazeTebi, Teatri, literatura mkacr cenzuras dauqvemdebara.
napoleonis mier warmoebulma Zlevamosilma omebma safrangeTs iafi nedleulisa
da gasaRebis bazrebi SesZina. ramac, Tavis mxriv, biZgi misca mrewvelobis swraf ganviTarebas. sul ufro da ufro izrdeboda sagareo vaWroba. ekonomikis gasaZliereblad imperatori didad uwyobda xels gzebisa da xidebis mSeneblobas.
didi yuradReba eTmoboda safrangeTis qalaqebis keTilmowyobas, ganaTlebisa da
janmrTelobis dacvis saqmes.
gaumjobesda feodaluri Cagvrisagan gaTavisuflebuli miwis wvrili mesakuTre
glexobis mdgomareoba.
daqvemdebarebul qveynebs bonaparti did kontribucias akisrebda. am udides finansur saxsrebs imperatori samxedro, sameurneo da politikuri miznebisaTvis iyenebda.
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napoleonis ZiriTadi dasayrdeni Zala armia iyo. igi guluxvad asaCuqrebda marSlebs, generlebs, oficrebsa da jariskacebs. jariskacebi mas aRmerTebdnen, misi armia
SeiaraRebiT, sabrZolo momzadebiT, organizaciiTa da discipliniT saukeTesod iTvleboda evropaSi.
TanamedroveTa cnobiT, napoleons hqonda dauSreteli energia da udidesi organizatoruli niWi, rac misi moRvaweobis yvela sferoSi vlindeboda. napoleoni mTlianad flobda imperiis mmarTvelobis sadaveebs. yvelas akvirvebda urTules, metad CaxlarTul saqmeebSi misi uaRresad swrafad garkvevis unari.
napoleoni gaeyara pirvel meuRles Jozefinas da avstriis imperatoris qaliSvilze iqorwina. 1811 wels napoleon bonaparts SeeZina taxtis memkvidre, romelsac mamis
saxeli napoleoni daarqves.
pirveli imperiis omebi. 1805 wels safrangeTis mTavar mowinaaRmdeged kvlav inglisi rCeboda. inglisze TavdasxmisaTvis napoleonma safrangeTis CrdiloeT navsadgurSi — bulonSi gemebi da didi jari moamzada. amave dros bulonisaken miiwevda
safrangeTis xmelTaSua zRvis da safrangeTis mokavSiris _ espaneTis gaerTianebuli
eskadra. gibraltaris srutis CrdiloeTiT atlantis okeanis koncx trafalgarTan
inglisis flotma saxelganTqmul admiral nelsonis meTaurobiT es eskadra gaanadgura. TviT nelsoni brZolaSi daiRupa.
jer kidev trafalgarTan damarcxebamde napoleonma miiRo cnoba safrangeTis winaaRmdeg axali koaliciis Seqmnis Sesaxeb inglisis, ruseTis, avstriisa da neapolitaniis (samxreT italiis samefo) SemadgenlobiT. imperatorma dauyovnebliv ahyara
bulonis banaki da mokavSireebisaTvis warmoudgenlad mokle droSi jari rainis aRmosavleT sanapiroze gadaiyvana.
1805 wlis 2 dekembers venidan 100 kilometrze, austerlicTan napoleonma gaanadgura avstriisa da ruseTis jarebi.
austerlicTan gamarjvebis Semdeg avstriasTan Zlevamosili zavi daido. napoleoni italiis mefe xdeboda, neapolitaniisa da holandiis samefoebs misi Zmebi euflebodnen. mdinare rainis aRmosavleT sanapiros gaswvriv mdebare 16 germanuli saxelmwifosagan napoleonis proteqtorobiT rainis kavSiri iqmneboda, safrangeTis
sasargeblod avstria did kontribucias ixdida. avstriis imperatori franci `germaneli eris saRvTo romis imperatoris~ aTaswlovan tituls ixsnida da amiT danarCeni
germanuli saxelmwifoebis mimarT yovelgvar uflebebs kargavda.
avstriis damarcxebam da rainis kavSiris Seqmnam safrangeTis winaaRmdeg omSi prusiis Cabma ganapiroba. gamoCenili germaneli mwerlis, hainrix haines gamoTqmiT, `napoleonma suli Seubera da prusia gaqra~.
ramdenime dReSi safrangeTis jari berlinSi Sevida. 1806 wlis damlevs napoleonma
varSava daikava, xolo 1807 wels ruseTis armiis orgzis damarcxebis Semdeg aleqsandre I-Tan tilzitis zavi dado. ruseTma aRiara napoleonis dapyrobebi, TviTon ki
osmaleTisa da SvedeTis winaaRmdeg Tavisufali moqmedebis ufleba miiRo. prusiis
teritoria sagrZnoblad Seikveca. poloneTis mesame danawilebis Sedegad prusiis
mier miRebul miwa-wyalze Camoyalibda `varSavis didi sahercogo~ da napoleonis
mokavSires _ saqsoniis mefes gadaeca.
kontinenturi blokada. napoleonis warmatebebi ver iqneboda myari, sanam safrangeTis mTavari metoqe — inglisi uZlieres saxelmwifod rCeboda. imperatorma gadawyvita didi britaneTis ekonomikuri ganadgureba.
1806 wlis 21 noembers berlinSi napoleonma gamoaqveyna dekreti `kontinenturi
blokadis~ Sesaxeb. dekretis Tanaxmad, safrangeTSi, mis mokavSireebsa da damorCilebul qveynebSi ikrZaleboda inglisTan vaWroba. dekretis darRveva sastikad isjeboda.
tilzitis zaviT ruseTi iZulebuli iyo kontinentur blokadaSi mieRo monawileoba.
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kontinenturi blokada efeqtiani mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqneboda, Tuki igi ganxorcieldeboda evropis mTel kontinentze, espaneTi da portugalia ki blokadas
arRvevdnen. am garemoebis gamo napoleonma espaneTisa da portugaliis saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba faqtobrivad gaauqma, rasac am qveynebSi saxalxo ajanyeba
mohyva. espaneTsa da portugaliaSi Cayenebuli safrangeTis mravalricxovani saokupacio jarebis winaaRmdeg araqaTgamomcleli partizanuli omi daiwyo.
kontinenturi blokadis sapasuxod inglisma, Tavis Zlier samxedro-sazRvao
flotze dayrdnobiT, evropis saxelmwifoebs koloniebi mokveTa.
safrangeTis mrewveloba kontinenturi evropis qveynebis moTxovnebs ver akmayofilebda. akrZalvisa da umkacresi administraciuli zomebis miuxedavad, kontinentur
evropaSi inglisuri saqoneli mainc vrceldeboda.
napoleoni darwmunda, rom kontinenturi blokada Tavis mizans ver aRwevda. man
gadawyvita mTeli Zalebi ruseTis winaaRmdeg miemarTa. ruseTis daqvemdebarebis
SemTxvevaSi mas gza exsneboda inglisis umTavresi koloniis — indoeTisaken. amave
dros, ruseTis damoukidebeli giganturi imperiis arseboba napoleonis dapyrobiT
gegmebTan SeuTavsebeli iyo.
napoleonis laSqroba ruseTSi. 1812 wlis ivnisSi napoleonis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis naxevari _ 600-aTasiani armia omis gamoucxadeblad ruseTis imperiis farglebSi
SeiWra. ruseTis dasavleTis sazRvars mxolod 200 aTasi jariskaci da oficeri icav­
da.
napoleonma gadawyvita mTavari dartyma moskovisTvis mieyenebina. `Tu kievs aviReb, _ ambobda igi _ ruseTs fexebSi CavWideb xels, Tu peterburgs daveuflebi, mis
Tavs vigdeb xelT, moskovis dapyrobiT ki gulSi Cavcem laxvarso~.
mowinaaRmdegis Warbi Zalebis winaSe ruseTis jarebma ukan daxeva daiwyes. Seiqmna ruseTis saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis dakargvis safrTxe. aman rusebis
patriotuli grZnobebi uaRresad gaamZafra. omma samamulo xasiaTi miiRo. aseT pirobebSi Sotlandiuri warmoSobis barklai-de-tolis nacvlad SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
saTaveSi rusi mTavarsardlis dayeneba iyo aucilebeli.
ruseTis armiis axlad daniSnulma mTavarsardalma mixeil kutuzovma frangebs
generaluri brZola 1812 wlis 26 agvistos moskovidan 120 kilometrze, sofel borodinosTan gaumarTa. brZolis dros sasikvdilod daiWra ruseTis armiaSi didad
popularuli generali petre bagrationi.
armiis gadarCenis mizniT kutuzovma dedaqalaqis ubrZolvelad datoveba gadawyvita. man Tavis generlebs ganucxada: `moskovis dakargviT jer kidev ar aris dakarguli ruseTi, armiis mospobiT ki moskovica da ruseTic daiRupebao~.
seqtembris dasawyisSi napoleoni mosaxleobisgan daclil moskovSi Sevida. amave
dros qalaqSi xanZari gaCnda.Zlieri qari kidev ufro aRvivebda cecxls. sursaT-sanovages moklebuli safrangeTis armia moskovSi Tavs ise grZnobda, rogorc alyaSemortymul cixesimagreSi.
napoleonma kutuzovTan da aleqsandre I-Tan samjer scada molaparakebis dawyeba
zavis dadebis Sesaxeb, magram pasuxi ver miiRo.
1812 wlis 6 oqtombers safrangeTis jarma darbeuli moskovi datova. napoleonis
cda, tulisa da qveynis sursaT-sanovagiT mdidari guberniebis mimarTulebiT gaWriliyo, sruli marcxiT damTavrda. mas ruseTis gaZlierebuli armia aRudga win. napoleoni iZulebuli gaxda mis mierve gaCanagebuli smolenskis gziT daewyo ukan daxeva.
1812 wlis adre dawyebuli zamTari metad susxiani da uxvTovliani gamodga. gaToSili frangi jariskacebi da oficrebi xangrZliv gadasvlebs ver uZlebdnen da
moyinul gzebze masobrivad iRupebodnen.
1812 wlis dekemberSi napoleonis 600-aTasiani armiis ubadrukma naSTebma ruseTis
sazRvrebi datoves.
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napoleonis pirveli gadadgoma. 100 dRe. 1812 wels ruseTSi gancdilma marcxma napoleonis gegma msoflio batonobis Sesaxeb sabolood daasamara. daiwyo napoleonis
imperiis rRveva. safrangeTis mier dapyrobil qveynebSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba gaiSala. safrangeTs Camoscildnen yofili mokavSireebi. 1813 wlis gazafxulze napoleonis winaaRmdeg kvlav Seiqmna koalicia. gadamwyveti, e.w. `xalxTa
brZola~ gaimarTa 1813 wlis oqtomberSi laifcigTan. ruseTis, prusiis, avstriis,
SvedeTis naxevarmilionianma jarma napoleonis saxeldaxelod Seqmnili armia daamarcxa. frangebma TavianTi sazRvrebisaken daixies, mokavSireebi maT fexdafex misdevdnen da 1814 wlis 31 marts parizSi Sevidnen.
napoleoni iZulebuli gaxda taxtidan gadamdgariyo. igi xmelTaSua zRvis patara
kunZul elbaze gadaasaxles. napoleoni elbis mmarTveli gaxades da aTasi jariskaci
dautoves.
gamarjvebulma saxelmwifoebma safrangeTSi burbonTa dinastia aRadgines da safrangeTis teritoria 1792 wlis sazRvrebiT Semofargles.
napoleonma moxerxebulad gamoiyena frangi xalxis siZulvili burbonTa xelisuflebisadmi. 1815 wlis 1 marts man datova kunZuli elba, aTasi gvardielis TanxlebiT
safrangeTis samxreT sanapiroze gadajda da swrafad gaeSura parizisaken. gzadagza
mas uerTdebodnen mis winaaRmdeg gagzavnili safrangeTis jaris nawilebi. 20 marts
igi ukve parizSi iyo.
napoleonma xelisufleba amjerad mxolod as dRes SeinarCuna. mokavSireebma mis
winaaRmdeg kvlav daZres TavianTi armiebi. 18 ivniss briuselis (belgia) maxloblad,
vaterloosTan ukanasknel did brZolaSi inglisisa da prusiis armiebma napoleonis
jarebi sabolood daamarcxes.
napoleoni ingliselebs Cabarda tyved. bonaparti gadaasaxles atlantis okeanis
samxreTis Soreul wminda elenes kunZulze, sadac 1821 wlis 5 maiss gardaicvala.
venis kongresi. mas Semdeg, rac 1792 wlis 20 aprils safrangeTma prusiasa da avstrias omi gamoucxada, evropa TiTqmis 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi saomar asparezad iqca.
napoleonis gadadgomiT omebis xana dasrulda.
1814 wlis seqtemberSi gamarjvebuli saxelmwifoebis warmomadgenlebi venaSi Seikribnen. isini miznad isaxavdnen napoleonze gamarjvebis Sedegebis saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebebiT gaformebas. avstriis dedaqalaqSi evropis qristianuli saxelmwifoebs warmomadgenlebi Cavidnen. islamuri osmaleTi kongresze ar miuwveviaT.
gamarjvebulma qveynebma miiCnies, rom maTTan omSi damarcxda napoleoni da ara
safrangeTi, sadac burbonTa dinastia aRdga. amitom kongresze safrangeTis warmomadgeneli, sagareo saqmeTa ministri taleiranic moixmes.
Sekrebili xelmwifeebis, ministrebisa da elCebisaTvis yoveldRiurad imarTeboda
nadimebi, speqtaklebi, nadiroba, seirnoba, mejlisebi. Tanamedroveni oxunjobdnen:
`kongresi sxdomebs ki ar awyobs, cekvavso~.
sinamdvileSi venaSi kongresis monawileTa Soris farulad gaafTrebuli diplomatiuri brZola mimdinareobda. didi saxelmwifoebis warmomadgenlebi araCveulebrivi gulmodginebiTa da daundoblobiT awyobdnen rTul da daxlarTul intrigebs,
ramac kongresis saboloo Sedegebze gadamwyveti gavlena iqonia.
evropis saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa istoriaSi pirvelad venis kongresze ganisazRvra, rom inglisi, ruseTi, avstria, prusia da safrangeTi `didi saxelmwifoebia~.
maT Soris gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba inglissa da ruseTs ekava. inglisi ekonomikurad yvelaze ganviTarebuli qveyana iyo, ruseTs ki yvelaze mravalricxovani armia
hyavda. es ori qveyana miznad isaxavda: ar daeSvaT erTmaneTis metismetad gaZliereba,
daesustebinaT safrangeTi, kontinentur evropaSi ki SeZlebisdagvarad aRedginaT da
ganemtkicebinaT feodalur-absoluturi reJimi.
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venis kongresis generaluri daskvniTi aqti. yvelaze meti teritoriuli pretenziebi evropaSi ruseTsa da prusias hqondaT, rac inglisisa da avstriis ukmayofilebas iwvevda. safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma wamoayena e.w. `legitimizmis~
(kanonierebis) principi — evropa revoluciuri omebis dawyebamde, 1792 wlamde arsebul sazRvrebs unda dabruneboda. es ewinaaRmdegeboda aleqsandre I-is miswrafebebs, radgan napoleonze gamarjvebis Sedegad ruseTi varSavis sahercogoze acxadebda
pretenzias. aleqsandre I-is am moTxovnis sapasuxod taleiranma ganacxada, rom igi
`samarTlianobas yvelaferze ufro maRla ayenebs~.
venis kongresis gadawyvetilebiT safrangeTi im sazRvrebiT Semoifargla, rac revoluciuri da dapyrobiTi omebis dawyebamde hqonda. `100 dRis~ Semdeg mas 700 milioni franki kontribucia daakisres.
venis kongresis daskvniTi aqtiT safrangeTma Sveicarias daubruna napoleonis
dros mitacebuli strategiuli mniSvnelobis uReltexilebi. venis kongresma Sveicaria mudmivi neitralitetis qveynad gamoacxada.
ruseTma SeinarCuna dapyrobili fineTi da besarabia, poloneTis ganawilebis Sedegad mierTebuli teritoriebi da SeierTa varSavis sahercogos didi nawili.
inglisma miiRo kunZuli malta da niderlandis yofili koloniebi: samxreT
afrikis teritoria da indoeTis maxloblad mdebare didi kunZuli ceiloni.
inglisis mTavari warmateba misi ZvelisZveli metoqis, safrangeTis dasusteba iyo.
avstriam daibruna napoleonTan omebis dros dakarguli teritoriebi. venis kongresma kvlav daaqucmaca napoleonis dros faqtobrivad safrangeTis batonobis
qveS gaerTianebuli italia. kongresma italiis ZiriTadi nawili avstrias dauqvemdebara.
prusiam miiRo varSavis sahercogos aRmosavleTi nawili da mniSvnelovani samflobeloebi centralur evropaSi. prusia sagrZnoblad iqna gaZlierebuli, raTa
mas gaewonasworebina, erTi mxriv, safrangeTi, xolo meore mxriv, avstria. belgia
niderlandis samefos SeuerTes.
venis kongresis daskvniTi aqtiT 38 damoukidebeli germanuli saxelmwifosagan
Seiqmna `germaniis kavSiri~. kavSirSi ori Zlieri saxelmwifo — avstria da prusiac
Sevidnen. maTi urTierTqiSpi arc erT maTgans ar aZlevda germanuli saxelmwifoebis
Tavis garSemo gaerTianebis saSualebas. ekonomikurad da samxedro TvalsazrisiT,
uZlur `germaniis kavSirs~ ki saerTaSoriso asparezze angariSs ar uwevdnen.
`saRvTo kavSiri~. Sua evropaSi erovnuli saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebis Tavidan
acilebisa da kontinenturi evropis saxelmwifoebSi feodalur-absoluturi reJimis
SenarCunebis mizniT 1815 wels monarqebma, aleqsandre I-is winadadebiT, e.w. `saRvTo
kavSiri~ Sekres. kavSiris Seqmnis aqts ruseTis, avstriisa da prusiis xelmwifeebma moaweres xeli. SemdgomSi kavSirs SeuerTda evropis TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifos
monarqi. `saRvTo kavSirSi~ ar Sesula inglisi, magram igi Tavdapirvelad aqtiurad
uWerda mxars mis reaqciul RonisZiebebs.
`saRvTo kavSirma~ 1821 wels avstriis jarebis daxmarebiT samxreT italiaSi CaaxSo liberaluri moZraoba, 1823 wels ki safrangeTis armiis saSualebiT espaneTis
revolucias gausworda.
inglisisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdegobis gamo `saRvTo kavSirma~ evropis farglebs gareT TandaTan dakarga Zala da gavlena. am qveynebis zemoqmedebiT man ver SeZlo 1823 wels espaneTisa da portugaliis koloniuri uRlisagan
gaTavisuflebisaTvis mebrZol laTinur amerikaSi SeiaraRebul Zalebis gagzavna.
1830 wels safrangeTSi burbonTa xelisuflebis saboloo damxoba, niderlandisagan belgiis, osmaleTisagan ki saberZneTis gamoyofa `saRvTo kavSiris~ aRsasruls
niSnavda.
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davalebebi
1. daaxasiaTeT napoleonis 1805-1807 wlebis omebi.
2. ra miznebi hqonda kontinentur blokadas?
3. ratom ver gamoiRo kontinenturma blokadam napoleonisaTvis sasurveli Sedegebi?
4. ra iyo ruseT-safrangeTis omis mizezebi?
5. ram ganapiroba am omSi safrangeTis damarcxeba?
6. ra Sedegebi mohyva napoleonisaTvis ruseTTan omSi damarcxebas?
7. ra safuZveli arsebobda safrangeTSi napoleonis mmarTvelobis 100 dRiT aRdgenisaTvis?
8. SeafaseT napoleonis sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba.
9. rogori iyo venis kongresis Semadgenloba?
10 ra miznebs isaxavdnen venis kongresis monawileebi?
11. rogor gadaanawila teritoriebi daskvniTma aqtma?
12. imsjeleT venis kongresis miznebze, rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad safuZvliani iyo
avstriisa da ruseTis teritoriuli pretenziebi.
13. imsjeleT daskvniTi aqtis Sedegad ramdenad iqna dakmayofilebuli venis kongresze
warmodgenil saxelmwifoTa teritoriuli pretenziebi.
14. Tqveni azriT, romeli gamarjvebuli saxelmwifos interesebi dakmayofilda yvelaze metad.
15. SeafaseT daskvniTi aqtis Sedegebi safrangeTisaTvis.
16. gansazRvreT `saRvTo kavSiris~ miznebi.
17. ram ganapiroba `saRvTo kavSiris~ kraxi?
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
safrangeTis armiis laSqroba egvipteSi general bonapartis meTaurobiT _ 1798 wlis
maisi
generalma napoleon bonapartma saxelmwifo gadatrialeba moawyo _ 1799 wlis 9 noemberi, revoluciuri kalendriT 18 briumeri.
romis papma pius VII-m parizis RvTismSoblis taZarSi napoleon bonaparti imperatorad akurTxa _ 1804 w.
venidan 100 kilometrze, austerlicTan napoleonma gaanadgura avstriisa da ruseTis
jarebi _ 1805 wlis 2 dekemberi
berlinSi napoleonma gamoaqveyna dekreti `kontinenturi blokadis~ Sesaxeb _ 1806 wlis
21 noemberi
napoleonis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis naxevari _ 600-aTasiani armia omis gamoucxadeblad ruseTis imperiaSi SeiWra _ 1812 wlis ivnisi
laifcigTan gaimarTa`xalxTa brZola~ _ 1813 wlis oqtomberi
briuselis (belgia) maxloblad, vaterloosTan ukanasknel did brZolaSi inglisisa
da prusiis armiebma sabolood daamarcxes napoleonis jarebi _ 1815 wlis 18 ivnisi
gamarjvebuli saxelmwifoebis warmomadgenlebi venaSi Seikribnen kongresze _ 1814 wlis
seqtemberi
ruseTis, avstriisa da prusiis monarqebma, aleqsandre I-is winadadebiT, e.w. `saRvTo
kavSiri~ Sekres _ 1815 w.
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$6. vaxtang VI
kulturul-saganmanaTleblo RonisZiebebi. 1703 wels iranis Sahma qarTlis mmarTvelad (janiSinad) daniSna vaxtang VI. vaxtang VI iyo Sahis mier avRanelTa dasamorCileblad gagzavnili qarTlis mefis giorgi XI-is Zmiswuli.
vaxtangma qveynis gasaZliereblad gaatara RonisZiebebi: erTguli TavadaznaurebiT `mcvelTa jari~ Seqmna; kanoniT gansazRvra feodalTa uflebebi ymebze, daadgina
gadasaxadis odenoba, ymisa da didebulis uflebebi da valdebulebebi erTmaneTis
mimarT _ `nura kaci Tavis ymas Zalas nu daatans... glexisaTvis zedmeti gadasaxadis
dakisreba kacis kvlis odeni (tolfasi) ariso~ (`samarTali batoniSvilis vaxtangisa~); vaxtangma sagangebo zomebi miiRo gaxiznuli glexebis dasabruneblad _ `axal
mosul kacebs~ gansakuTrebuli SeRavaTebi mianiWa da erTi wliT gadasaxadebisgan
gaaTavisufla; is mfarvelobda xelosnebsa da vaWrebs; aRadgina Zveli da gaayvanina
axali sarwyavi arxebi; aaSenebina xidebi, gzebi, qarvaslebi, zarafxana... vaxtangma
ganaaxla Tbilisis sionis da naTlismcemlis taZrebi, sveticxoveli, urbnisis eklesia da sxv. mas TbilisSi didebuli sasaxlec augia `saxli patiosani miWvritaniTa
(sarkeebiT) da oqros varayiT Semkuli... amis umSvenieresi saxli arc erans Sina minaxavso~, _ werda istorikosi sexnia CxeiZe.
wesrigis gansamtkiceblad vaxtangma Zveli qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi erT krebulad Sekra da Tavisi kanonebic daurTo. vaxtanis samarTali mTel saqarTveloSi
moqmedebda.
vaxtangi samecniero, literaturul da mTargmnelobiT saqmianobasac eweoda.
sparsulidan Targmna astronomiuli wignebi da Tavadac Seqmna kalendaruli xasiaTis
naSromebi `xelTa~, `kvinklosi~. sparsulidanve Targmna popularuli Txzuleba `qilila da damana~. vaxtangma rusulidan Targmnili romis imperatorTa biografiebi
galeqsa da `sibrZne malaRobeli~ uwoda.
vaxtang VI qimiis saxelmZRvanelos avtoric iyo, romelsac `wigni zeTebis Sezavebisa da qimiis qmnisa~ uwoda. sulxan-saba orbelianis qarTul sityvaTa ganmartebiT
leqsikons swored vaxtangma uwoda `sityvis kona~. misive brZanebiT Seiqmna `swavlul
kacTa komisia~, romelsac `qarTlis cxovrebis~ gadamuSaveba da XIV-XVII saukuneebis istoriis dawera daavala. am saqmeSi vaxtangic aqtiurad monawileobda _ `qarTlis cxovrebis~ gverdebze misi komentarebia SemorCenili. am dros moRvaweobda
cnobili istorikosi da geografi, vaxtang VI-is Svili, vaxuSti bagrationi.
1709 wels TbilisSi pirveli qarTuli stamba daarsda. am saqmeSi vaxtang VI-s
rumineTSi moRvawe qarTveli beri _ anTimoz iverieli daexmara. stamba mtkvris marjvena sanapiroze, anCisxatisa da sionis taZrebs Soris aigo. Cvenamde ocma nabeWdma
wignma moaRwia. maTi umravlesoba sasuliero xasiaTisaa (biblia, saxareba, daviTni da
sxva). 1712 wels vaxtang VI-is redaqciiTa da komentarebiT gamoica pirveli beWduri
`vefxistyaosani~.
vaxtang VI-is dros moRvaweobda sulxan-saba orbeliani. man dawera cnobili igav-arakebis krebuli `sibrZne-sicruisa~. sulxan-saba ZvelberZen ezopesTan da XIX
saukunis rus mweralTan, krilovTan erTad, msoflioSi aRiarebuli meigavea. rogorc
zemoT iTqva, sulxan-saba orbelianma, mravalwliani Sromis Sedegad, Seadgina qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonic.
sagareo politika, urTierToba ruseTTan. 1709 wels qarTlis mefe giorgi XI
ajanyebulma avRanelebma mokles. iranisTvis avRaneTis damorCilebisTvis brZolas
Seewira qarTlis momdevno mefe, vaxtangis ufrosi Zma, qaixosroc (1711 w.). iranis
Sahma vaxtangs qarTlSi gasamefeblad islamis miReba mosTxova. vaxtangma qristiano193
bis daTmobaze uari ganacxada, ris gamoc is daatyveves. vaxtangis biZa da aRmzrdeli
sulxan-saba orbeliani daxmarebis saTxovnelad evropaSi gaemgzavra. igi orjer Sexvda safrangeTis mefe lui XIV-s da didi STabeWdilebac moaxdina masze. frangebi
dainteresdnen sulxan-sabas winadadebiT _ savaWro gzad gamoeyenebinaT saqarTvelos
teritoria. TanagrZnobiT moismines misi Txovnac _ daxmarebodnen vaxtangs iranelTa tyveobidan gaTavisuflebaSi, magram konkretuli moqmedebisgan Tavi Seikaves. uSedego aRmoCnda sulxan-sabas viziti romis papTanac.
ramdenimewliani tyveobis Semdeg (1719 wels) iZulebiT gamahmadianebuli vaxtang
VI qarTlSi dabrunda. mefe iranelTa winaaRmdeg Zlieri mokavSiris povnis imeds ar
kargavda. Tavis mxriv, iranis mflobelobaSi arsebuli kaspiispireTis mimarT sul
ufro met interess amJRavnebda ruseTi. kaspiispireTis xelSi Cagdeba TurqeTsac
surda. aseT viTarebaSi metoqe saxelmwifoebisTvis kavkasieli xalxis mxardaWeras
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda. amas ruseTis xelisuflebac iTvaliswinebda
da iranTan momaval omSi qarTlis samefosTan samxedro kavSiris damyarebas cdilobda.
1722 wels dawyebul iran-ruseTis omSi vaxtang VI-m ruseTis mxare daiWira da
40000-iani jariT ganjasTan dabanakda. samTviani lodinis Semdeg qarTlis mefem Seityo, rom ruseTs iranTan zavi daedo da kavkasiaSi laSqroba Seewyvita. 1723 wels iranis Sahma qarTli kaxeTis mahmadian mefe konstantines uboZa, romelmac lekTa daqiravebuli jariT Tbilisi aiRo. male aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Turqebi SemoiWrnen.
vaxtangsa da mis momxreebs samSobloSi aRar daedgomebodaT. samxedro daxmarebis
saTxovnelad vaxtangi, 1200 kaciani amaliT, ruseTSi gaemgzavra. 1724 wels ruseTsa
da TurqeTs Soris daido xelSekruleba, romliTac TurqeTma aRiara kaspiispireTis ruseTTan SeerTeba, ruseTma ki Tavis mxriv cno TurqeTis uflebebi aRmosavleT
amierkavkasiaze, maT Soris, qarTlzec. vaxtangi ruseTSi, qalaq astraxanSi gardaicvala, dakrZalulia iqve, RvTismSoblis miZinebis taZarSi.
konstantines mefoba qarTlSi xanmokle aRmoCnda _ 1723 wels is osmalebTan brZolas Seewira. `osmaloba~ aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 12 wels gagrZelda. 1735 wlidan `osmaloba~ `yizilbaSobiT~ Seicvala. qarTveli xalxis brZolam `osmaloba~ _
`yi­zilbaSobis~ winaaRmdeg Sedegi gamoiRo. 1745 wels iranis Sahma nadirma Teimuraz
II-s, konstantines umcros Zmas, neba darTo sveticxovelSi qristianuli wesiT kurTxeuliyo qarTlis mefed. amave xanebSi kaxeTSi Teimurazis Svili erekle II gamefda.
es didmniSvnelovani movlena iyo, radgan ukve saukuneze meti xnis manZilze qarTlsa
da kaxeTs gamuslimanebuli mefeebi marTavdnen.
qarTveli emigrantebi ruseTSi. XVII saukunis Sua wlebidan Teimuraz I-ma mefe
aleqsi mixeilis Zis karze qarTveli ufliswuli, Tavisi SviliSvili erekle batoniSvili gagzavna. mogvianebiT iqve imyofebodnen imereTis mefis arCil II-is vaJebi
aleqsandre da mamuka. aleqsandre batoniSvili 1691 wels daarsebuli moskovis qarTuli axalSenis meTauri gaxda. kaspiispireTSi rusTa laSqrobis Semdeg petre didis mokavSire qarTlis mefe vaxtang VI iZulebuli Seiqna didi amaliTurT ruseTSi
gadasuliyo. 1729 wels moskovSi dasasaxleblad qarTvelebs presnias ubani uboZes.
ganaTlebulma qarTvelma saero da sasuliero pirebma intensiur SemoqmedebiT saqmianobas mihyves xeli. moskovSi daaarses qarTuli stamba, dabeWdes `biblia~, `daviTni~
da mravali sxva wigni. moskovelma qarTvelebma male Seiswavles rusuli da dasavleTevropuli enebi. originalur SemoqmedebasTan erTad isini nayofier mTargmnelobiT
saqmianobasac eweodnen.
mravali leqsi Seqmna moskovSi arCil mefem. misma vaJma aleqsandre batoniSvilma
qarTul enaze Seadgina saartilerio wigni. arCilma daasrula germanulidan msoflio istoriis (`qronografis~) Targmna. vaxuSti batoniSvilma saqarTvelosa da
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kavkasiis calkeul mxareTa rukebi Seadgina, Seqmna kapitaluri naSromi `aRwera samefosa saqarTveloisa~. man mecnierul kavkasiologias Cauyara safuZveli.
ukrainis qalaq mirgorodSi dasaxlebulma daviT guramiSvilma ukvdavi `daviTiani~ dawera.
ruseTSi qarTvelTa cxovrebisa da mravalmxrivi moRvaweobis kvali aRbeWdilia
moskovis adgilebis saxelwodebebSi _ `bolSaia gruzinskaia~, `malaia gruzinskaia~,
`gruzinski val~.
davaleba
1. imsjeleT vaxtangis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebis saxelmwifoebriv, socialur
da ekonomikur mniSvnelobaze. SeafaseT misi Rvawli qarTuli kulturis winaSe.
2. Tqveni azriT, ram ganapiroba vaxtang VI-is kavSiri ruseTTan? rogor SeafasebT
qarTlis monawileobas ruseT-iranis omSi?
3. romeli cnobili qarTveli moRvaweebi gadasaxldnen ruseTSi, riT da ra sferoebSi
gamoiCines maT Tavi.
4. SeafaseT qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebis qristianuli wesiT kurTxevis mniSvneloba.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
vaxtang VI-is daniSvna qarTlis mmarTvelad (janiSinad) _ 1703 w.
pirveli qarTuli stambis daarseba TbilisSi _ 1709 w.
pirveli beWduri `vefxistyaosnis~ gamocema _ 1712 w.
qarTlis mefis giorgi XI-is daRupva avRanelebTan brZolaSi _ 1711 w.
vaxtang VI-is dabruneba iranis tyveobidan _ 1719 w.
iran-ruseTis omis dawyeba _ 1722 w.
Teimuraz II-is gamefeba qarTlSi _ 1745 w.
$7. qarTuli samefoebi XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi
qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebi. SeTqmulTa mier nadir-Sahis mokvlis Semdeg
(1747w.) iranSi mcire xniT ali-yuli xani gamefda, romelic qarTlis mefis, Teimuraz
II-is siZe iyo. Sida brZolebis Sedegad, XVIII saukunis 50-ian wlebSi, irani wvril
saxanoebad daiSala. amiT kargad isargebles Teimuraz II-m da erekle II-m. SeTanxmebuli moqmedebiT maT daiqvemdebares ganjis, erevnisa da naxCevanis saxanoebi da
qarTl-kaxeTis moxarkeebad aqcies. 1751-1752 wlebSi ereklem daamarcxa da daatyveva
Tavrizis mflobeli azat-xani, romelic iranis Sahobas eswrafoda. man aseve sZlia
Saqi-Sarvanis xans aji-Calabs.
sagareo warmatebebis miuxedavad aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTvis kvlav dauZlevel
problemad rCeboda daRestnelTa Semosevebi (`lekianoba~). lekebi kavkasionis qedis
sacalfexo bilikebiT gadmodiodnen kaxeTSi, wvril-wvril gundebad iyofodnen da
mosaxleobas Zarcvavdnen. zogjer daRestnelebi kaxeTze did laSqrobebsac awyobdnen. erT-erTi aseTi laSqrobis dros, 1754 wels, lekebma, xunZaxis mflobelis nursal-begis meTaurobiT, alya Semoartyes mWadijvris cixesimagres (mdebareobs duSeTis maxloblad). erekle II-m daamarcxa daRestnelebi. 1755 wels nursal-begma ufro
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didi jariT alyaSi moaqcia yvarlis cixe. daRestnelTa mier yvarlis alya gaWianurda. mecixovneebs tyvia-wamali gamoeliaT. ereklem cixeSi maSveli jaris Segzavna gadawyvita. am rTul saqmeSi monawileebs mefe SeRavaTebs hpirdeboda: Tavad-aznaurebs
Tanamdebobebsa da mamuls, yma-glexebs _ Tavisuflebas, miwas da gasamrjelos. alyis
gasarRvevad 206 moxalise Seikriba, aqedan orasamde glexi iyo, maT Soris, asi qiziyeli. moxaliseebi RamiT mieparnen mtris guSagebs, xmaldaxmal gaikafes gza da cixeSi
didZali tyvia-wamali Seitanes. nursal-begis laSqars meryeoba daetyo, cixis aReba
ukve saeWvo Canda. ereklem kidev erT xerxs mimarTa _ cxenosanTa razmi nursal-begis
mokavSire Warelebis soflebis dasarbevad gagzavna. Warelebma yvarlis cixes Tavi
mianebes da sakuTari soflebis dasacavad gaeSurnen. amis Semdeg nursal-begma kaxeTi
datova. am gamarjvebebis miuxedavad lekTa wvril-wvrili TareSi kvlav grZeldeboda, rac mosaxleobas mSvidi cxovrebis saSualebas ar aZlevda.
qarTveli politikosebi iran-osmaleTisagan mosalodneli safrTxis Tavidan acilebas ruseTis daxmarebiT cdilobdnen. ruseTisagan samxedro daxmarebis miRebis molodinSi Teimuraz II 1762 wels peterburgSi gardaicvala (dakrZalulia astraxanSi,
vaxtang VI-is gverdiT). mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg ereklem qarTli da kaxeTi erT
samefod gaaerTiana. am faqts iranis gaRizianeba rom ar mohyoloda, ereklem Sahs
(qerim-xans) misi metoqe _ datyvevebuli azat-xani gaugzavna.
imereTis samefo. XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi gaZlierda imereTis samefoc. solomon I-ma (1752-1784 ww.) daamarcxa mowinaaRmdege feodalebi, daZlia ojaxis wev­
rTa SeTqmulebebi (solomons taxts biZebi, papa da sakuTari dedac ecilebodnen)
da momxre Tavad-aznaurebze (`ficiskacebze~) dayrdnobiT mniSvnelovnad ganimtkica
Zalaufleba. gaCanagebuli meurneobis aRdgenis mizniT solomon I-ma gadasaxadebisgan
gaaTavisufla glexobis didi nawili da brZola gamoucxada `tyveTa syidvas~. mefis
xelisuflebis gaZlierebas, gansakuTrebiT ki `tyveTa syidvis~ akrZalvas, ver egueboda osmaleTi. sulTnis brZanebiT axalcixis faSa imereTs Seesia. raWis erisTavi
rostomi da misi mokavSire imereli Tavadebi osmalebs miemxrnen. brZola 1757 wels
xresilTan (amJamad tyibulis municipaliteti) gaimarTa da solomonis gamarjvebiT
dasrulda. 1758 wels solomon I-ma, erekle II-m da Teimuraz II-m gareSe mtrebis winaaRmdeg urTierTdaxmarebis xelSekruleba dades.
solomon I-s memkvidre ar hyavda. man sicocxleSive gamoacxada erekle II-is SviliSvili daviTi imereTis momaval mefed. amis miuxedavad, solomonis gardacvalebisTanave (1784 w.), taxtis dasaufleblad SidabrZolebi daiwyo. imereTis, guriisa da
samegrelos warmomadgenlebma qarTl-kaxeTis mefes, erekles, sTxoves gaeerTianebina
saqarTvelo. erekle mefem uari Tqva dasavleT saqarTvelos SemoerTebaze da imereTSi sakuTari SviliSvili gaamefa.
sagareo politika. 1768-1774 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omSi qarTl-kaxeTisa da
imereTis mefeebma ruseTs dauWires mxari. solomon I imedovnebda, rom ruseTis jaris
daxmarebiT daimorCilebda imereTis urC mTavrebsa da Tavadebs, agreTve, dasavleT
saqarTvelodan gandevnida osmalebs. erekle meore ki ruseTis daxmarebiT osmalTagan mitacebuli samcxe-javaxeTis dabrunebas, War-belaqnis damorCilebasa da lekTa
TareSis aRkveTas gegmavda.
ruseTis imperatorma ekaterine II-m qarTveli mefeebis dasaxmareblad graf totlebenis sardlobiT saqarTveloSi mcirericxovani jari (1200 kaci) gamogzavna. gaerTianebuli jariT ereklem axalcixis safaSoze gailaSqra da awyuris cixes Semoartya alya. moulodnelad totlebenma laSqrobaSi monawileobaze uari ganacxada da
gezi Tbilisisaken aiRo. Turqebma gadawyvites gza moeWraT qarTvelebisTvis. aspinZasTan maT rva aTas jariskacs mouyares Tavi da mtkvarze gadmosvla daiwyes. daRame196
bamde Turqebma mxolod naxevari jaris gadmoyvana moaswres. RamiT ki ereklem razmi
gaagzavna xidis asayrelad. 1770 wlis 20 aprilis dilas qarTvelebma mters Seuties.
Turqebis ganaxevrebulma jarma ukan daxeva daiwyo da ayril xids miadga. aspinZis
brZola qarTvelebis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. aspinZasTan gamarjveba erekles axalcixisken uxsnida gzas. magram mefem brZolis gagrZeleba veRar SeZlo. XX saukunis
istorikosebis ivane javaxiSvilis, niko berZeniSvilisa da simon janaSias SefasebiT:
`generals (totlebens) mefis taxtidan Camogdeba da saqarTvelos dapyroba didixania gadawyvetili hqonda... generalma saqme daiwyo: cixe-qalaqebis daWeras da xalxis
ruseTis xelmwifis erTgulebaze daficebas Seudga. magram erekles sapasuxo energiulma moqmedebam totlebeni SeaSina da am ganzraxvaze xeli aaRebina~.
ruseTis xelisufleba TurqeTTan omis pirobebSi moerida qarTul samefoebTan
urTierTobis gafuWebas da generali totlebeni, romelic `ruseTs ufro sircxvils
uxveWda, vidre saxels~, saqarTvelodan gaiwvia.
ruseT-TurqeTis omi 1774 wels quCuk-kainarjis zaviT dasrulda. `sazavo SeTanxmebiT~ ruseTi dasavleT saqarTvelos osmaleTis mflobelobaSi cnobda. Tavis mxriv,
osmaleTi pirobas debda aRar moeTxova imereTis samefosgan xarki da Seewyveta qristianTa devna.
XVIII saukunis 80-iani wlebSi saqarTvelos sakiTxma ruseTis politikur wreebSi
kidev meti aqtualoba SeiZina. ekaterine II-m ereklesTan molaparakebebis warmoeba
gamocdil politikoss, general potiomkins daavala. 1783 wlis 24 ivliss CrdiloeT
kavkasiis rusul cixesimagre georgievskSi qarTl-kaxeTsa da ruseTs Soris mfarvelobiTi xelSekruleba (`georgievskis traqtati~) gaformda. `geogrgievskis traqtatis~ mixedviT:
• qarTl-kaxeTis samefo ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi Sedioda.
• ruseTi daicavda mas gareSe mtrebisgan.
• erekles memkvidreebs ruseTis imperatori amtkicebda da samefo niSnebs: gvirgvins, sigels da droSas ugzavnida. am droSaze ruseTis imperiis gerbi unda
yofiliyo gamosaxuli, Zveli qarTuli gerbi ki masSi Caxatuli.
• ruseTis mTavroba ar Caereoda qarTl-kaxeTis saSinao saqmeebSi.
• qarTveli Tavad-aznaurebi wodebrivad uTanabrdebodnen rus Tavadebs. qarTvel
vaWrebs ki ruseTSi Tavisufali vaWrobis ufleba da sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi
eZleodaT.
• ruseTi erekle meores hpirdeboda, rom daubrunebda iranis da TurqeTis mier
mitacebul teritoriebs.
ruseTis mfarvelobaSi SesvliT qarTl-kaxeTis sagareo mdgomareoba ukiduresad
garTulda. irani, osmaleTi da maTi gavlenis qveS myofi islamuri saxanoebi ar malavdnen TavianT mtrul zraxvebs qarTuli saxelmwifos mimarT. 1785 wels, osmaleTis
waqezebiT, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos 20-aTasiani laSqriT Semoesia xunZaxis mflobeli omar-xani. erekle samcxis mxridan osmalebis SemoWras eloda da omar-xans saTanado winaaRmdegoba ver gauwia. ruseTisgan dapirebuli jaric arsad Canda. omar-xanma
kaxeTisa da qarTlis darbeva ar ikmara da imereTSic gadavida. erekle II iZulebuli
gaxda xunZaxis batonisaTvis yovelwliuri `jamagiri~ (xarki) eZlia 5 aTasi maneTis
odenobiT, xolo omar-xanis mokavSire lekTa beladebisaTvis 10 aTasi maneTi mieca.
movlenaTa ganviTarebis kvaldakval qarTvel politikosebSi sul ufro izrdeboda antirusuli ganwyobileba.
1794 wels iranis mmarTveloba xelT igdo yajarTa sagvareulos warmomadgenelma, aRa-mahmad-xanma. man erekles ruseTTan kavSiris gawyveta mosTxova, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi samefos aoxrebiT daemuqra. ruseTis mTavroba erekles samxedro dax­
marebas dahpirda. daxmarebiT daimedebulma mefem saWirod aRar CaTvala momavali
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brZolisTvis jaris winaswar Sekreba. aRa-mahmad-xani 35 aTasiani jariT swrafad moadga qarTl-kaxeTis sazRvrebs. ruseTisagan Sepirebuli jari arsad Canda. saxeldaxelod Sekrebili qarTuli laSqari mxolod xuTi aTas kacs iTvlida. aqedan TiTqmis
naxevari imereTis mefes, solomon II-s gamoegzavna erekles dasaxmareblad. 1795 wlis
10 seqtembers iranelebma Tbilisze pirveli ieriSi miitanes. qarTvelebma ieriSi moigeries da iranelebs sagrZnobi zarali miayenes. TanamedroveTa cnobiT, aRa-mahmad-xani ukan gabrunebasac apirebda, magram qarTvelTa mcirericxovnoba Seutyvia da 11
seqtembers TbilisisTvis brZola ganuaxlebia. iranelTa jaris simravlem da TviT
aRa-mahmad-xanis vaJkacobam (ar SeuSinda adidebuli mtkvris gadalaxvas) sabolood
gadawyvita brZolis bedi. mxleblebma erekle II-s ZaliT daatovebines almodebuli
Tbilisi. sicocxlis bolo sami weli ereklem TelavSi gaatara da 1798 wels, 78 wlis
asakSi, iqve gardaicvala. dakrZalulia sveticxovlis taZarSi.
erekle II-is Semdeg qarTl-kaxeTSi misi ufrosi Svili giorgi XII gamefda (17981800 ww.). giorgi XII-is gardacvalebis Semdeg ruseTis xelisuflebam qarTl-kaxeTis
samefo gauqmebulad gamoacxada (1801 w.) da miierTa. 1810 wels imereTis samefosac
igive bedi ewia.
davaleba
1. imsjeleT qarTlis, kaxeTisa da imereTis samefoebis mdgomareobaze, maTi gaZlierebis xelSemwyob faqtorebze.
2. SeafaseT qarTl-kaxeTis erT samefod gaerTianebis mniSvneloba.
3. imsjeleT, ra safrTxes uqmnida lekianoba qarTl-kaxeTs.
4. istorikosebi gansxvavebulad xsnian imereTis samefos SemoerTebasTan dakavSirebiT erekle II-is pozicias. nawili Tvlis, rom mefe osmaleTis gaRizianebas moerida, sxvebis azriT ki erekle dedofal darejanis karnaxiT moqmedebda, romelsac
ar surda gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos taxtze misi geri giorgi XII asuliyo. am
Tvalsazrisebis gaTvaliswinebiT Seafase erekle II-is Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba.
5. ra imedebs amyarebdnen qarTveli mefeebi ruseT-osmaleTis 1768-1774 wlebis omze?
6. imsjeleT, ra safrTxes Seicavda totlebenis moqmedeba qarTl-kaxeTis samefosaTvis.
7. SeafaseT 1783 wlis xelSekruleba qarTuli mxarisaTvis.
8. SeafaseT krwanisis brZolis Sedegebi qarTl-kaxeTis samefosaTvis.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
Teimuraz II-is mier azat-xanis damarcxeba _ 1751-1752 ww.
nursal-begis laSqrobebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi _ 1754-1755 ww.
qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebis gaerTianeba _ 1762 w.
xresilis brZola _ 1757 w.
qarTvel mefeTa Soris urTierTdaxmarebis xelSekrulebis dadeba _ 1758 w.
aspinZis brZola _ 1770 w.
quCuk-kainarjis zavis dadeba _ 1774 w.
georgievskis traqtati _ 1783 w.
omar-xanis laSqroba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi _ 1785 w.
krwanisis brZola _ 1795 w.
erekle II-is gardacvaleba _ 1798 w.
giorgi XII-is mefoba _ 1798-1800 ww.
198
testi #11.
testis maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 67 qula
I. teqstis Sesworeba
instruqcia: mocemulia oTxi teqsti. TiToeulSi daSvebulia 5 Secdoma. Sesabamis
svetebSi CamowereT Secdomebi da swori pasuxebi. yoveli aRmoCenili Secdoma fasdeba
0.5 quliT, xolo misi Sesatyvisi swori varianti _ 0.5 quliT. teqstis SesworebisaTvis gankuTvnilia 20 qula.
1. 1778 wels pirvel kontinentur kongresze, inglisis cxrameti koloniis warmomadgenlebi Seikribnen. kontinenturi kongresis dadgenilebiT, safrangeTTan urTierToba Sewyda; moxaliseTagan Seiqmna armia, armiis sardlad dainiSna ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis gamoCenili moRvawe da samxedro saqmis SesaniSnavi mcodne benjamen
franklini.
#
Secdomaa
sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2. avstriasTan dadebuli zavis Semdeg safrangeTis winaaRmdeg mxolod inglisi
agrZelebda brZolas. 1799 wels safrangeTis 10 aTasianma armiam general lafaietis meTaurobiT xmelTaSua zRvis gavliT marokoSi SeaRwia. piramidebTan gamarTul
brZolaSi mamluqTa cxenosani laSqris damarcxebis Semdeg safrangeTma dapyrobil
qveyanaSi saokupacio reJimi daamyara. am dros ruseTis eskadram naximovis meTaurobiT gaanadgura safrangeTis gemebi.
#
Secdomaa
sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
199
3. venis kongresis daskvniTi aqtiT, safrangeTma italias daubruna napoleonis
dros mitacebuli strategiuli mniSvnelobis uReltexilebi. ruseTma SeierTa helsinkis sahercogos didi nawili. inglisma miiRo xmelTaSua zRvis kunZuli korsika.
venis kongresma kvlav daaqucmaca napoleonis dros faqtobrivad safrangeTis batonobis qveS gaerTianebuli espaneTi. kongresma prusiis ZiriTadi nawili avstrias
dauqvemdebara.
#
Secdomaa
sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
4. qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebma, Teimuraz II-m da erekle II-m, SeTanxmebuli moqmedebiT naxCevanis, erevnisa da ispahanis saxanoebi daiqvemdebares, daamarcxes da
Seipyres Tavrizis mflobeli qerim xani. 1765 wels Teimuraz II sparseTSi yofnisas
gardaicvala. ereklem qarTlic SemoierTa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelo gaaerTiana.
ruseT-TurqeTis omis dros ereklem ruseTis mxare daikava. generalma totlebenma
erekles daxmareba ar gauwia. 1774 wels ereklem rusebis daxmarebis gareSe aspinZasTan sZlia Turqebs.
#
Secdomaa
sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
II. upasuxeT kiTxvebs
instruqcia: mocemulia 28 kiTxva oTxi savaraudo pasuxiT. swori pasuxi fasdeba
1 quliT. jamSi, maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 28 qula.
1. ramdeni inglisuri kolonia Seiqmna XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi CrdiloeT amerikaSi, atlantis okeanis napiris gaswvriv?
a) 15; b) 18; g) 13; d) 12.
200
2. vis Sromas iyenebdnen ZiriTadad kolonistebi samxreTis koloniebSi?
a) adgilobrivi indielebis;
b) Savkaniani monebis;
g) sasjelis mosaxdelad iZulebiT Camoyvanili msjavrdadebulebis;
d) inglisidan nebayoflobiT Camosuli Ratakebis.
3. romel wels miiRes amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia?
a) 1777;
b) 1787;
g) 1788;
d) 1789.
4. vin iyo aSS-is pirvel prezidenti?
a) jeimz medisoni;
g) Tomas jefersoni;
b) benjamen franklini;
d) jorj vaSingtoni.
5. qronologiurad daalageT aSS-is Camoyalibebis movlenebi
konstituciis miReba;
sagerbo gamosaRebis daweseba;
damoukideblobis deklaraciis miReba.
6. romeli frangi ganmanaTleblis ideologiaSi vxvdebiT xelisuflebis danawilebis Teorias?
a) volteris;
b) monteskies;
g) rusos; d) arc erTi maTganis.
7. romel sakiTxebs amuSavebdnen frangi fiziokratebi?
a) ekonomikis; b) socialurs;
g) politikurs; d) kulturis.
8. safrangeTis didi revolucia daiwyo:
a) notablebis krebis mowveviT;
b) generaluri Statebis mowveviT;
g) bastiliis aRebiT;
d) mefis xelisuflebis damxobiT.
9. dResdReobiT, romeli TariRia safrangeTis erovnuli dResaswauli?
a) 5 maisi;
b) 14 ivlisi;
g) 10 agvisto;
d) 20 seqtemberi.
10. romelma krebam miiRo safrangeTis 1791 wlis konstitucia
a) erovnulma krebam;
g) sakanonmdeblo krebam;
b) damfuZnebelma krebam;
d) konventma.
11. rogori mmarTveloba damyarda safrangeTSi 1791 wlis konstituciiT?
a) konstituciuri monarqia;
g) saprezidento respublika;
b) SeuzRudavi monarqia;
d) saparlamento respublika.
12. romel movlenas mohyva monarqiis damxoba safrangeTSi?
a) varenis kriziss;
b) monarqiis mowinaaRmdegeTa demonstraciis darbevas;
g) avstriasa da prusiasTan 1792 wlis 20 aprils omis dawyebas;
d) prusiis armiis mTavarsardlis manifestis gamoqveynebas.
201
13. romel qveynebs ebrZoda 1805 wlis dekemberSi austerlicTan safrangeTi?
a) avstriasa da italias;
g) avstriasa da ruseTs;
b) ruseTsa da ingliss;
d) prusiasa da ingliss.
14. romeli saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli kontinenturi blokada.?
a) ruseTis;
b) prusiis;
g) avstriis;
d) didi britaneTis.
15. omSi saboloo gamarjvebis miRwevis mizniT kutuzovma gadawyvita:
a) dedaqalaqSi gaemarTa brZola;
b) ubrZolvelad daetovebina dedaqalaqi;
g) zavi daedo frangebTan;
d) gaemarTa partizanuli brZola.
16. sad gaimarTa e.w. `xalxTa brZola~ 1813 wlis oqtomberSi?
a) borodinosTan;
b) austerlicTan;
g) laifcigTan;
d) vaterloosTan.
17. venis kongresis Semdeg `did saxelmwifoTa~ Soris, romelma qveynebma moipoves
`gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba~?
a) inglisma da avstriam;
g) avstriam da prusiam;
b) ruseTma da prusiam;
d) inglisma da ruseTma.
18. romelma qveynebma Sekres `saRvTo kavSiri~?
a) inglisma, avstriam da prusiam;
b) avstriam, safrangeTma da ruseTma;
g) inglisma, avstriam da ruseTma;
d) ruseTma, avstriam da prusiam.
19. qronologiurad daalageT safrangeTis didi revoluciis periodis saxelmwifo wyobilebebi:
__imperia;
__konstituciuri monarqia;
__respublika;
__SeuzRudavi monarqia.
20. qronologiurad daalageT pirveli respublikis omebi:
__borodinos brZola;
__vaterloos brZola;
__austerlicis brZola;
__ laipcigis brZola.
21. vis mier da ra mizniT Seiqmna `mecnier (swavlul) kacTa komisia~?
a) rostom xanis mier; Zveli qarTuli samarTlebrivi dokumentebis moZiebisa da
ganaxlebis mizniT;
b) mefe arCilis mier; eklesia-monastrebSi gabneuli qarTuli literaturuli Zeglebis Sekrebisa da Seswavlis mizniT;
g) mefe vaxtang VI-is mier; `axali qarTlis cxovrebis~ Seqmnis mizniT;
d) sulxan-saba orbelianis mier; qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis Seqmnis
mizniT.
202
22. romeli abzacia swori?
a) vaxtang VI-m mahmadianoba iZulebiT miiRo, radgan sxva SemTxvevaSi irani mas
qarTlSi gamefebis uflebas ar miscemda. vaxtangis dros TbilisSi pirveli qarTuli
stamba daarsda, Seiqmna kanonebi, iTargmna araerTi nawarmoebi;
b) vaxtang VI-s ar undoda gamahmadianeba, arada iranis Sahi qristian vaxtangs qarTlSi gamefebis uflebas ar aZlevda. sparseTis winaaRmdeg daxmarebis saTxovnelad
vaxtangis aRmzrdeli sulxan-saba orbeliani ruseTSi gaemgzavra. ruseTma 40 aTasi
meomari daaxmara vaxtangs, magram brZola mainc sparseTis gamarjvebiT dasrulda;
g) 1715 wels TbilisSi pirveli qarTuli stamba daarsda. am saqmeSi vaxtangs safrangeTSi moRvawe anTimoz iverieli daexmara. male stambaSi vefxistyaosani da sxva
wignebi daibeWda;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
23. romel wels daibeWda pirvelad „vefxistyaosani“?
a) 1703 wels; b) 1708 wels; g) 1712 wels; d) 1719 wels.
24. vin iyo ruseTis pirveli imperatori da romel qarTvel mefesTan hqonda samxedro kavSiri?
a) ekaterine II, kavSiri hqonda erekle II-sTan;
b) ivane mrisxane, kavSiri hqonda aleqsandre I-Tan;
g) petre I, kavSiri hqonda vaxtang VI-sTan;
d) pavle I, kavSiri hqonda giorgi XII-sTan.
25. rogor ganviTarda movlenebi imereTis samefoSi solomon I-is gardacvalebis
Semdeg?
a) imereTis, guriisa da samegrelos warmomadgenelTa iniciativiT dasavleT saqarTvelo qarTl-kaxeTis samefos SeuerTda.
b) erekle II-m imereTSi Tavisi SviliSvili daviT arCilis Ze gaamefa, romelic solomon II-is saxeliTaa cnobili;
g) imereTis samefoSi daiwyo dinastiuri brZola, riTac isargebla osmaleTma da
es samefo SeierTa;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
26. rodis da vin daamarcxa erekle II-m yvarlis cixesTan brZolaSi?
a) 1755 wels, nursal-begi;
b) 1757 wels, aji-Calabi;
g) 1762 wels, qarTlis meamboxe Tavad-aznaurebi, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebodnen
erekles mier qarTl-kaxeTis erT samefod gaerTianebas;
g) 1785 wels, omar-xani.
27. rodis gaimarTa krwanisis brZola?
a)1780 w.; b) 1783 w.; g) 1795 w.; d) 1798 w.
28. romel wlebSi da sad mefobda giorgi XII?
a) 1775-1798 wlebSi, kaxeTSi;
b) 1786-1795 wlebSi, qarTlSi;
g) 1797-1800 wlebSi, saqarTveloSi;
d) 1798-1800 wlebSi, qarTl-kaxeTSi.
203
III. wyaros analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 8 qula)
... es koloniebi... didxans da moTminebiT itandnen aTasgvar Seviwroebas da mxolod aucilebloba aiZulebs maT Secvalon marTva-gamgeobis uwindeli forma. didi
britaneTis axlandeli mefis istoria aRsavsea ganuwyveteli usamarTlobiT, romlis
aSkara mizani iyo tiraniis damyareba am StatebSi.
amis dasturad miukerZoebeli msoflios samsjavros vudgenT Semdeg faqtebs:
igi, inglisis mefe, uars ambobda saerTo keTildReobisaTvis uaRresad sasargeblo da saWiro kanonebis damtkicebaze...
igi cdilobda xeli SeeSala am Statebis dasaxlebisaTvis.
man... aq gamogzavna uamravi Tavisi moxele, romlebic aCanagebdnen da Zal-Rones
aclidnen xalxs.
man daamtkica aqtebi... romlebic moiTxovdnen Semdeg RonisZiebebs: msoflios yvela nawilTan Cveni vaWrobis Sewyvetas... Cvens dabegvras Cveni Tanxmobis miuReblad...
man uari ganacxada yofiliyo Cveni gamgebeli, ar gvmfarvelobda da omi gamogvicxada.
igi gvZarcvavda zRvaze, aoxrebda Cvens sanapiroebs, wvavda qalaqebs da xocavda
Cvens moqalaqeebs...
`Cven marTebulad miviCnevT Semdeg WeSmaritebas: yvela adamiani Tanabari uflebebiT aris Seqmnili da yvela maTgani dajildoebulia Semqmnelisagan rigi ucilobeli
uflebebiT, romelTa ricxvSia: sicocxle, Tavisufleba da bednierebisken swrafva.
am uflebebis dasacavad dawesebulia xalxs Soris mTavrobebi, romlebic iqiraveben
samarTlian xelisuflebas xalxis TanxmobiT. Tuki mTavrobis es forma damRupveli
xdeba am miznisTvis, xalxs aqvs ufleba Secvalos an gaanadguros igi da Seqmnas axali mTavroba, romelic dafuZnebulia iseT principebze da Zalauflebis iseT organizaciaze, romelic, am xalxis azriT, ufro metad uzrunvelyofs mis usafrTxoebas
da bednierebas. ra Tqma unda, sifrTxile gvirCevs ar SevcvaloT mTavroba, romelic
didi xania arsebobs naklebadmniSvnelovani da droebiTi mizezebis gamo da Cven marTlac vxedavT, rom xalxi ganwyobilia iTminos boroteba ukanasknel SesaZleblobamde, vidre aRadginos Tavisi ufleba, Secvalos samTavrobo forma, romelTac isini
mieCvien. magram rodesac borotmoqmedebis da uzurpaciis grZeli rigi dgeba, romelic isaxavs erT mizans, Seiyvanos xalxi ganuzomeli despotizmis batonobaSi, maSin
mas ara marto aqvs ufleba, aramed valdebulic aris Camoagdos aseTi mTavroba da
samomavlod Caabaros Tavisi usafrTxoeba sxva damcvels...
...amis gamo, Cven, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic SevikribeT saerTo kongresze, viwvevT msoflios umaRles mosamarTles Cveni ganzraxvebis sisworis mowmed, vacxadebT xalxis saxeliT da davalebiT, rom es gaerTianebuli koloniebi samarTlianad unda iyos Tavisufali da damoukidebeli Statebi. am
droidan isini Tavisufldebian britaneTis gvirgvinis yovelgvari qveSevrdomobidan
da yovelgvari politikuri kavSiri maTsa da didi britaneTis saxelmwifos Soris
sruliad wydeba. Tavisufali da damoukidebeli Statebis xarisxSi isini iZenen srul
uflebas gamoacxadon omi, dazavdnen, Sevidnen kavSirebSi, ivaWron da moimoqmedon
yvelaferi, risi uflebac gaaCnia yvela damoukidebel saxelmwifos. mtkiced gvwams
RvTiuri nebis daxmarebisa da vpirdebiT erTmaneTs mxari davuWiroT am deklaracias
sicocxliT, qonebiTa da RirsebiT~.
kiTxvebi:
1. romeli koloniebi igulisxmeba wyaroSi?
___________________________________________
______________________________________
204
(1 qula)
2. ratom afiqsireben wyaros avtorebi zemoT motanil faqtebs?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
_____________________________________
(2 qula)
3. Tqveni azriT, romeli qveyanaa metropolia?
_____________________________________
(1 qula)
4. gamoyaviT dokumentis ZiriTadi principebi
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________________
(2 qula)
5. romeli saukunis romeli naxevris dokumentia mocemuli wyaro?
_____________________________________
(1 qula)
6. Tqveni azriT, romeli dokumentis amonaridia mocemuli nawyveti?
___________________________________________
______________________________________
(1 qula)
IV. problemis analizi da argumentacia (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 8 qula)
1. 1775 wels filadelfiaSi, meore kontinentur kongresze, inglisis cametive
koloniis warmomadgenlebi Seikribnen. isini msjelobdnen inglisTan urTierTobis
Sewyvetis Sesaxeb.
a) moiyvaneT erTi konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argumenti, romliTac aSS-is damoukideblobis ideis momxre kongresis wevri Tavis pozicias daicavda.
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________________
(2 qula)
b) moiyvaneT erTi konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argumenti, romliTac aSS-is damoukideblobis ideis mowinaaRmdege kongresis wevri Tavis
pozicias daicavda.
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________________
(2 qula)
205
2. 1792 wlis miwuruls konventSi daZabuli brZola gamoiwvia lui XVI-is sakiTxma. konventma mefe gaasamarTla. Jirondistebi mefis sikvdiliT dasjis mowinaaRmdegeebi iyvnen, iakobinelebi ki mefis sikvdiliT dasjas moiTxovdnen.
a) moiyvaneT erTi konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argumenti, romliTac xelmZRvanelobdnen Jirondistebi
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________________
(2 qula)
b) moiyvaneT erTi konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argumenti, romliTac xelmZRvanelobdnen iakobinelebi
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________________
(2 qula)
V. rukis analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 3 qula)
ruka #10 (danarTi #1) mixedviT gansazRvreT, ra teritoriuli cvlilebebi ganxorcielda evropaSi 1789 - 1812 wlebSi:
1. romeli teritoriebi miuerTda safrangeTs uSualod?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________________
(1 qula)
2. romeli saxelmwifoebi gaxda safrangeTze damokidebuli?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________________
(1 qula)
3. romel qveyanaSi gaiSala erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________________
206
(1 qula)
XII Tavi. imperializmi da kolonializmi
$1. didi britaneTis koloniuri imperia 1814-1914 wlebSi
inglisi — `msoflio saxelosno~. napoleon bonapartze gamarjvebam ingliss `zRvis mflobelis~ mdgomareoba ganumtkica. mis uZlieres samxedro flots msoflioSi
metoqe ar hyavda. es did britaneTs Tavisi imperiis gafarToebisa da sxva saxelmwifoTa koloniebis daqvemdebarebis saSualebas aZlevda. inglisis udidesi savaWro
floti ara marto didi britaneTis, aramed sxva saxelmwifoTa sazRvao gadazidvebsac axorcielebda. inglisi msoflios safinanso centrad rCeboda, londonis banks
bankTa banks uwodebdnen.
didi britaneTis Zlierebas zRvaze, misi koloniuri imperiis Zlevamosilebas da
finansur simZlavres ganapirobebda inglisis swrafi sameurneo ganviTareba.
XVIII saukunis 60-ian wlebSi inglisSi dawyebuli samrewvelo gadatrialebis, e.i.
industrializaciis Sedegad didi britaneTi msoflio bazars daeufla da mowinave
qveynebs Soris monopoliuri mdgomareoba daikava. magram inglisis ekonomikuri ganviTareba uwyvet xasiaTs rodi atarebda. 1825 wels inglisis mrewveloba daqveiTda.
amis mizezi is iyo, rom fabrikebisa da qarxnebis sawyobebi aivso saqonliT, romelic
ver saRdeboda. fasebi mkveTrad daeca, Cakvda vaWroba, daixura mravali fabrika da
qarxana.
es iyo Warbwarmoebis ekonomikuri krizisi, romelic inglisSi da sxva samrewvelo
qveynebSic, 1825 wlidan moyolebuli, yovel 10-12 weliwadSi erTxel meordeboda.
rodesac dagrovili saqoneli gasaRdeboda, kvlav iwyeboda warmoebis gamococxleba
da ekonomikuri aRmavloba.
ekonomikuri krizisebis dros mkveTrad uaresdeboda muSebis mdgomareoba. fabrika-qarxnebis daxurvis Semdeg bevri maTgani kargavda samuSaos da umuSevarTa mZime
xvedrs iziarebda.
demokratiis gafarToeba inglisSi. inglisis samrewvelo ganviTarebas Tan axlda
muSaTa klasis Camoyalibeba da swrafi zrda. XIX saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis muSaTa
ricxvma inglisSi 4 milions gadaaWarba. amas garda, 1,5 milioni mojamagire (daqiravebuli muSaxeli) soflis meurneobaSi iyo dasaqmebuli. farTod iyenebdnen bavSvTa
Sromasac.
samuSao manqanebisa da orTqlis Zravis gamogonebam marTalia gazarda Sromis nayofiereba da gaaiafa qarxnuli produqcia, magram mcirexelfasiani muSebi iaffasian
saqonelsac ver iZendnen.
XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, msoflioSi pirvelad, inglisSi safuZveli Caeyara
safabriko kanonmdeblobas, romelic krZalavda fabrika-qarxnebSi 9 wlamde bavSvebis
Sromis gamoyenebas da muSebisaTvis amcirebda samuSao dRis xangrZlivobas 10 saaTamde. samuSao dRis zRvruli normac — 10 saaTi Zalian maRali iyo, magram mewarmeebi
cxovrebaSi am wesis gatarebasac aridebdnen Tavs. amitom inglisSi dawesda safabriko
inspeqtoris (zedamxedvelis) Tanamdeboba.
XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis teqnikis miRwevebma inglisis mrewvelobaSi kvalificiur muSebze moTxovnilebis zrda ganapiroba. maTi Sromis maRali nayofiereba
xelfasis gazrdis saSualebas iZleoda. xelfasis gazrdis Semdeg safabriko-saqarxno wesiT damzadebuli iaffasiani saqoneli kvalificiuri muSebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxda. amdenad, inglisis muSebis daaxloebiT erT mexuTeds industrializaciis SedegebiT sargeblobis SesaZlebloba mieca. am garemoebam danarCen muSeb207
sac dausaxa, kvalifikaciis amaRlebis kvalad, cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebis
perspeqtiva.
XIX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan inglisis muSebis gamosvlebSi ekonomikur moTxovnebTan erTad sul ufro xSirad gaismoda politikuri moTxovnebi.
1832 wlidan 1884 wlamde inglisSi samjer ganxorcielebuli saparlamento reformis Sedegad Semcirda qonebrivi cenzi da amomrCevelTa raodenoba 440 aTasidan 4
milionamde, e.i. 9-jer gaizarda.
am reformebis miuxedavad srulwlovani mamakacebis sagrZnobi nawili da yvela
qali moklebuli iyo saarCevno uflebas.
liberalebi (vigebi) da konservatorebi (torebi), romlebic rigrigobiT enacvlebodnen erTmaneTs xelisuflebis saTaveSi, amomrCevlebis gulis mosagebad xSirad mimarTavdnen progresul RonisZiebebs. am reformebis Sedegad XIX saukunis bolosTvis
inglisSi dawesda savaldebulo dawyebiTi ganaTleba da gaumjobesda janmrTelobis
dacvis saqme.
konservatorebs, liberalebisgan gansxvavebiT, miaCndaT, rom saxelmwifos mfarveloba unda gaewia mrewvelobisa da vaWrobisaTvis. aseTi mfarveloba maT dasWirdaT XIX saukunis ukanaskneli meoTxedidan, radgan am dros did britaneTs gauswres
axalgazrda industriulma qveynebma — amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma da germaniam.
aman ganapiroba konservatiuli partiis gaZliereba da liberaluri partiis dasusteba.
1901 wels uelsSi erT-erT rkinigzaze trediunionma (profkavSirma) moawyo gaficva. rkinigzis kompaniam sasamarTlo wesiT moiTxova rkinigzelTa trediunionebs
aenazRaurebinaT gaficvis dros miyenebuli zarali. lordTa palatam, romelic inglisis umaRlesi sasamarTloa, daakmayofila kompaniis es moTxovna.
am faqtma daarwmuna muSebi, rom mewarmeebTan warmatebiT brZolisaTvis saWiroa
ara liberalebTan mikedleba, aramed parlamentSi muSaTa damoukidebeli warmomadgenlobis Seqmna. 1905 wlidan muSaTa warmomadgenlobis komitets ewoda leiboristuli partia.
britaneTis imperia XIX saukunis II naxevarSi. inglisis pirveli kolonia iyo irlandia, romlis dapyrobac ingliselebma XII saukunidan daiwyes.
XVII saukuneSi oliver kromvelis mmarTvelobisas irlandiis sasoflo-sameurneo
miwebi gadaeca inglisel memamuleebs, xolo irlandieli glexebi maT mojamagireebad
gadaiqcnen. am droidan mokidebuli, irlandiis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba gadaexlarTa SimSilisa da siRatakisagan Tavis dasaRwevad irlandieli glexebis
brZolas ingliseli memamuleebis winaaRmdeg.
1870 wlidan irlandielebi moiTxovdnen `homruls~, e.i. avtonomias didi britaneTis imperiis farglebSi. liberalebi Tanaxma iyvnen wasuliyvnen garkveul daTmobebze irlandielebis mimarT, konservatorebs ki Seuvali pozicia ekavaT irlandiis
sakiTxSi. es garemoeba amwvavebda brZolas didi britaneTis parlamentSi da uaRresad
arTulebda urTierTobas inglissa da irlandias Soris.
ilia WavWavaZe da misi Tanamoazreebi (Tergdaleulebi) TanagrZnobas ucxadebdnen
saqarTvelos msgavs mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili irlandieli xalxis ganmaTavisuflebel brZolas. maTi azriT, es brZola samagaliTo unda yofiliyo rusifikaciis saSiSroebis winaSe mdgari qarTvelebisTvisac.
1876 wels didi britaneTis premier-ministris, gaqristianebuli ebraelis, dizraelis iniciativiT, inglisis dedofali viqtoria gamocxadda indoeTis imperatorad.
daaxloebiT am xanebSi dizraelim inglisur enaSi SemoiRo da daamkvidra termini
`britaneTis koloniuri imperia~.
208
XIX saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi samrewvelo pirvelobis dakargvam ingliss
ubiZga gaefarToebina Tavisi koloniuri samflobeloebi _ britaneTis koloniuri
imperia daxuruli iyo inglisis konkurentebisaTvis, romelTa saqoneli sul ufro
da ufro aviwroebda inglisurs msoflio bazarze.
didi britaneTis koloniuri samflobeloebis nawilSi metropoliis uSualo
mmarTveloba iyo dawesebuli. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba eqvemdebareboda inglisidan
Camosul moxeleebs, romlebic didi britaneTis sasargeblod kidev ufro zrdidnen
feodalur begara-gadasaxadebs.
zogierT koloniaSi inglisi arapirdapiri mmarTvelobiT Semoifargla. formalurad mmarTveloba adgilobriv mefe-mTavrebs dautova, Tumca maT didi britaneTis
qveSevrdomebad unda ecnoT Tavi da inglisel `mrCevelTa~ miTiTebebiT emoqmedaT.
pirveli da meore tipis mmarTveloba, klasikuri saxiT, didi britaneTis mier indoeTis samefo-samTavroebSi xorcieldeboda.
didi britaneTis mier indoeTis dapyroba TiTqmis as wels grZeldeboda da XIX
saukunis Sua xanebSi damTavrda. am droisaTvis ingliselebi TiTqmis mTel indoeTSi
gabatondnen.
XIX saukunis Sua xanebamde didma britaneTma indoeTidan ornaxevar miliard oqros
maneTze meti gaitana, ramac didad Seuwyo xeli inglisSi samrewvelo gadatrialebis
daCqarebas. am droidanve iwyeba inglisuri samrewvelo saqonlis didi raodenobiT Setana indoeTSi. adgilobrivi xelosnebi inglisis iaffasian safabriko-saqarxno nawarms konkurencias ver uwevdnen da swrafad kotrdebodnen. samagierod mdidrdebodnen ingliseli mrewvelebi. indoeTi inglisisaTvis nedleulis miwodebis udides wyarod da
samrewvelo saqonlis gasaRebis ufarToes bazrad gadaiqca. koloniuri mmarTvelobis
ganmtkicebis mizniT XIX saukunis Sua xanebidan ingliselebma indoeTSi rkinigzebisa
da arxebis mSenebloba daiwyes. gaiyvanes inglisis indoeTTan damakavSirebeli satelegrafo xazi, romelmac sxvadasxva qveyanaze, maT Soris saqarTvelozec gaiara.
1858 wlidan indoeTi inglisis samefo koloniad gamocxadda. inglisis mefisnacvali londonSi myof indoeTis saqmeTa saxelmwifo mdivans (ministrs) daeqvemdebara.
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobisa da swavlebis ena indoeTSi inglisuri gaxda.
inglisis xelSi iyo didi britaneTisa da indoeTis damakavSirebeli umoklesi sazRvao gzis umniSvnelovanesi strategiuli punqtebi — gibraltaris srute, suecis
arxi, xmelTaSua zRvis kunZulebi: malta da kviprosi.
XIX saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi inglisma daipyro birma da faqtobrivad daiqvemdebara avRaneTi, ramac kidev ufro ganamtkica misi batonoba indoeTSi. am xanebSi
didi britaneTi daeufla nilosis auzSi mdebare egviptesa da sudans, daipyro sxva
mniSvnelovani teritoriebi afrikaSi.
didi britaneTis koloniuri dapyrobebi afrikaSi daasrula inglis-burebis omma
(1899-1902 ww.).
holandielebma 1652 wels samxreT afrikaSi daaarses `kapis~ kolonia. aq Camosaxlebulebs burebi ewodaT, isini protestantebi iyvnen. napoleonTan omebis dros ingliselebma kapis miwa daipyres. venis kongresma iuridiulad daadastura es dapyroba
da igi ingliselebs miakuTvna. ingliselebisgan Seviwroebuli burebi CrdiloeTisaken daiZrnen da zangebisTvis warTmeul teritoriaze transvaalisa da oranJis respublikebi daaarses.
burebis gaafTrebuli winaaRmdegobis gamo ingliselebma ver SeZles maTi respublikebis damorCileba. inglisis eqspansiuri miswrafebebi gaaZliera oranJis teritoriaze almasis, xolo transvaalSi oqros udidesi sabadoebis aRmoCenam.
ingliselebma daipyres burebis respublikebis irgvliv zangebiT dasaxlebuli teritoriebi da alyaSi moqceuli burebis saxelmwifoebis sazRvrebTan didZal
209
jars mouyares Tavi, rasac 1899 wels mohyva inglis-burebis omis dawyeba. 1900 wels
450-aTasianma inglisis armiam 60-aTasiani burebis armia daamarcxa da moaxdina maTi
respublikebis okupacia (burebis mxareze ibrZoda qarTveli — niko bagrationi, niko
buri).
burebma okupantebis winaaRmdeg partizanuli brZola gaaCaRes. ingliselebma sastiki represiebis gziT CaaxSes partizanuli moZraoba. burebiT dasaxlebuli teritoria maT samxreT afrikis dominionis SemadgenlobaSi Seiyvanes.
kanadaSi, avstraliaSi, axal zelandiasa da samxreT afrikaSi Camosaxlebulma ingliselebma TandaTan TviTmmarTvelobis ufleba miiRes da es qveynebi dominionebad
gardaiqmnen.
davaleba
1. ro­gor ges­miT ga­moT­q­ma `in­g­li­si — msof­lio sa­xe­los­no~? imsjeleT inglisis
ekonomikuri Zlierebis mizezebze.
2. rogor gesmiT termini `Warbwarmoebis krizisi~? gansazRvreT misi gamomwvevi mizezebi.
3. rogori iyo didi britaneTis mmarTveloba koloniur samflobeloebSi
4. daaxasiaTeT XIX saukunis ukanaskneli meoTxedis britaneTis koloniuri imperia.
5. ro­gor mim­di­na­re­ob­da in­g­li­sis mier in­do­e­Tis ko­lo­ni­za­ci­is pro­ce­si, ra xer­xebs
mi­mar­Tav­d­nen dam­p­y­rob­le­bi qvey­nis sa­bo­loo da­mor­Ci­le­bi­saT­vis?
6. gan­saz­R­v­reT in­do­e­Tis mniS­v­ne­lo­ba bri­ta­ne­Ti­saT­vis XIX sa­u­ku­ne­Si.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
inglis-burebis omi _ 1899-1902 ww.
$2. qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereTis samefoebis gauqmeba
ganmarteba
manifesti _ umaRlesi xelisuflebis werilobiTi mimarTva mosaxleobisadmi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone movlenis gamo.
egzarqosi _ calke saeklesio olqis an damoukidebeli eklesiis mRvdelmaTavari,
eqvemdebareboda ruseTis eklesiis wminda sinods.
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmeba. erekle II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg samefo taxti giorgi XII-m daikava (1798-1800 ww.). giorgis mefoba xanmokle da rTuli aRmoCnda. irani kvlav cdilobda sakuTari gavlenis qveS moeqcia qarTl-kaxeTis samefo.
mdgomareobas arTulebda ufliswulebis _ giorgi XII-is naxevarZmebis ltolva
samefo xelisuflebisaken. verc giorgi XII aRmoCnda unariani mmarTveli _ `mTel
dros locvebsa da trapezs uTmobdao~, _ werdnen mis Sesaxeb Tanamedroveni. Seqmnili viTarebidan gamosavals mefe ruseTTan kavSiris gaRrmavebaSi xedavda. 1800
wels giorgi XII-m ruseTis imperator pavle I-s Semdegi Sinaarsis `nota~ (igive
`saTxovari punqtebi~) gaugzavna xelmosawerad: `mis udidebulesobas, Cvens xelmwi210
fes, qarTlis, kaxeTis da sxvaTa mefe giorgis, didebulebs, samRvdeloebas da xalxs
surT miiRon ruseTis imperiis samudamo qveSevrdomoba. isini kisruloben SeZlebisdagvarad pirnaTlad aRasrulon ruseTis qveSevrdomTa yvela movaleoba, kanoni da
brZaneba, aRiaron ruseTis imperatori Tavis namdvil xelmwifed... mefe umorCilesad
iTxovs, rom samefos Cabarebis Semdeg is da misi memkvidreni datovil iqnan taxtze
mefis tituliT. mefeebs, romlebsac mTeli samefo ruseTis imperiis qveSevrdomad
gamoacxades, TavianT samefoSi mmarTveloba SeunarCundes. isini qveyanas marTaven im
kanonebis mixedviT, romlebsac ruseTis umaRlesi mTavroba gamoscems. Tavis mxriv
isini (qarTveli mefeebi) gansakuTrebuli nebarTvis gareSe araviTar kanonebs ar miiReben... mefe saqarTvelos Semosavals gadascems xelmwife imperatoris gankargulebaSi survilisamebr gamosayeneblad, kerZod, jarebis Sesanaxad an sxva adgilobrivi
saWiroebisaTvis...~.
ruseTis xelisuflebisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda giorgi XII-is survili SezRuduli TviTmmarTvelobis uflebiT SeenarCunebina samefo xelisufleba. imperator
pavle I-s ukve gadawyvetili hqonda qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmeba. ruseTSi am gegmis gansaxorcieleblad mxolod xelsayrel moments _ giorgi XII-is gardacvalebas elodnen. 1800 wels pavle I kavkasiis xazis sardals, general knorings werda:
`qarTl-kaxeTis mefis janmrTelobis Sesusteba sababs gvaZlevs velodoT mis male
gardacvalebas. amitom dauyovnebliv gagzavne iq Cemi saxeliT gancxadeba, rom umaRlesi brZanebis miRebamde ar dauSvan memkvidris gamefeba~.
giorgi mefis gardacvalebidan maleve, 1801 wlis 18 ianvars, imperatorma pavle
I-ma gamosca manifesti qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebisa da misi ruseTTan SeerTebis Sesaxeb. male imperatori SeTqmulebma mokles. axalma imperatorma aleqsandre
I-ma ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWos daavala sagangebod ganexila qarTl-kaxeTis samefos
ruseTTan SeerTebis sakiTxi. saxelmwifo sabWom mxari dauWira qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebas. sabWos mxolod samma wevrma voroncovma, koCubeim da Cartoriiskim ar
dauWires mxari am gadawyvetilebas. 1801 wlis 12 seqtembers imperatorma aleqsandre
I-ma ganaaxla pavle I-is manifesti qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebisa da aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis Sesaxeb.
aleqsandre I-is manifesti Tbilisis sionis taZarSi Sekrebil qarTl-kaxeTis Tavadaznaurobas 1802 wlis 12 aprils gaacnes. SekrebilTagan mxolod kaxel TavadaznaurTa nawilma moaxerxa rus samxedroTa alyis garRveva da imperatorisadmi ficis
daudeblad Tbilisidan gaqceva.
imereTis samefos gauqmeba. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos SeerTebis Semdeg ruseTis winaSe imereTis samefos gauqmebis sakiTxi dadga. ruseTis xelisufleba kargad sargeblobda imereTis samefoSi Seqmnili viTarebiT _ mefesa da mTavrebs Soris dapirispirebiT da am ukanasknelTa gadabirebas cdilobda. 1803 wels samegrelos mTavarma
grigol dadianma ruseTis qveSevrdomoba aRiara. amieridan grigol dadiani (da misi
memkvidreebi), nacvlad imereTis mefisa, saqarTvelos mTavarsardals an mis mier samegreloSi mivlinebul moxeles unda damorCileboda.
samegrelos SeerTebis paralelurad ruseTis xelisufleba solomon meoresTanac
ganagrZnobda molaparakebebs. 1804 wels mxareebma xeli moaweres `elaznauris traqtats~. traqtati mniSvnelovnad zRudavda imereTis mefis xelisuflebas da is, faqtobrivad, saqarTvelos mTavarsardlis xelqveiTi xdeboda. poziciebis ganmtkicebis
Semdeg ruseTisaTvis imereTis samefos avtonomiuri uflebebic miuRebeli aRmoCnda.
ai ras werda imperatori aleqsandre I generel gudoviCs (1808 w.): `me davrwmundi solomon II-is ruseTisadmi mtrul ganwyobilebaSi da ara marto viziareb Tqvens azrs
misi gadayenebis Sesaxeb, aramed gibrZaneb, rom es saqme dauyovnebliv daiwyo, gevaleba
211
_ imereTis yofili mefe, misi ojaxis wevrebi... gamogzavno ruseTSi; imereTSi daaweso
droebiTi rusuli mmarTveloba, daarwmuno imereTis mosaxleoba, rom daculi iqneba
misi interesebi~.
1810 wels rusebma solomon II motyuebiT (TiTqos mosalaparakeblad iwvevdnen) daapatimres, TbilisSi Caiyvanes da imereTis samefo gauqmebulad gamoacxades. msaxuris
tansacmelSi gamowyobilma solomonma moaxerxa tyveobisgan Tavis daRweva da erTguli Tavadebis TanxlebiT axalcixis safaSoSi gadavida. imereTSi rusuli mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba daiwyo. garkveuli warmatebis miuxedavad ajanyeba marcxiT
dasrulda. solomon II axalcixidan TurqeTSi, qalaq trapizonSi gadavida, sadac 1815
wels gardaicvala. 1990 wels solomon II-is neSti saqarTveloSi gadmoasvenes da gelaTis taZarSi dakrZales.
saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmeba. qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereTis samefoebis SeerTebis Semdeg, 1811 wels, ruseTis xelisuflebam saqarTvelos eklesiis
avtokefalia gaauqma. kaTalikos-patriarqi anton II Tanamdebobidan gadaayena da ruseTSi, qalaq niJni-novgorodSi gadaasaxla. saqarTvelos eklesiis mmarTvelad egzarqosi dainiSna. pirveli egzarqosi, varlam erisTavi, ruseTis wminda sinodma maleve
gadaayena da mis nacvlad Teofilaqte rusanovi dainiSna. Teofilaqte energiulad
Seudga `saeklesio reformis~ ganxorcielebas: saeklesio mamulebi `saxazino~ (saxelmwifo) sakuTrebad gamocxadda, mRvdelmsaxurebs saxelmwifo jamagiri (xelfasi) daeniSnaT (riTac isini ruseTis saero xelisuflebaze aRmoCdnen damokidebulni),
saeklesio msaxurebidan idevneboda qarTuli ena, eklesiisTvis erovnuli saxis mospobis mizniT kiriT SeaTeTres qarTuli freskebi...
ruseTis saeklesio politikis arss daufaravad gadmogvcems dekanozi ivane vostorgovi `saqarTvelos egzarqoss, upirveles yovlisa, unda axsovdes, rom is valdebulia mTeli Tavisi energia moaxmaros qarTvelTa garusebis saqmes religiur safuZvelze~ (mogvianebiT, ivane vostorgovi ruseTis eklesiam wmindanad aRiara).
davaleba
1. gaixseneT `georgievskis traqtatis~ ZiriTadi punqtebi, SeadareT is giorgi XII-is
`saTxovar punqtebs~ da imsjeleT, ramdenad izRudeboda qarTl-kaxeTis Sinaga­ni
damoukidebloba.
2. imsjeleT imereTis samefos gauqmebis ganmapirobebel faqtorebze.
3. imsjeleT saqarTveloSi ruseTis saeklesio politikis miznebze da SeafaseT misi
Sedegebi.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi
imperator pavle I-is mier qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebis manifestis gamocema _
1801 w. 18 ianvari
imperator aleqsandre I-is mier qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebis manifestis ganaxleba
_ 1801 w. 12 seqtemberi
elaznauris traqtatis gaformeba _ 1804 w.
imereTis samefos gauqmeba _ 1810 w.
saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmeba _ 1811 w.
212
$3. rusuli mmarTveloba saqarTveloSi
rusuli mmarTvelobis xasiaTi. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebis Semdeg Seiqmna
`saqarTvelos umaRlesi mmarTveloba~, romelsac saTaveSi mTavarmarTebeli (mTavarsardali) edga. aRmosavleT saqarTvelo daiyo mazrebad da maT saTaveSi rusi oficrebi _ `kapitan-ispravnikebi~ Cauyenes.
pirveli mTavarmarTebeli iyo karl kroningi, romlis uxeSi da mouqneli marTvis
stili mosaxleobaSi imperiis sawinaaRmdego ganwyobas zrdida. 1802 wels aleqsandre I-ma saqarTvelos mTavarmarTeblad pavle cicianovi daniSna. imperators imedi
hqonda, rom qarTuli warmomavlobis cicianovi qarTveli sazogadoebis zedafenebTan
saerTo enas gamonaxavda (misi babua, paata ciciSvili, vaxtang VI-sTan erTad gadasaxlda ruseTSi). 1806 wels cicianovi baqos saxanosTan omSi daiRupa. mTavarmarTeblis Tanamdeboba XIX saukunis 40-ian wlebamde arsebobda.
`saqarTvelos umaRles mmarTvelobaSi~ saqmis warmoeba rusul enaze mimdinareobda, TandaTan amoqmedda ruseTis kanonmdeblobac. xelisufleba absoluturad
ugulebelyofda adgilobriv tradiciebsa da moTxovnilebebs. maRal Tanamdebobebze
rusebi iniSnebodnen. rusuli mmarTvelobisadmi Semrigeblurad ganwyobil qarTvel
Tavad-aznaurebs mxolod umniSvnelo Tanamdebobebi ergoT.
imperiis zogierTi maRalCinosani amasac miuReblad Tvlida. ase fiqrobda senatori meCnikovic: `datovo igi (mmarTveloba) am mdgomareobaSi, xangrZlivi droiT
gadado misi gardaqmna, es niSnavs mtrulad iyo ganwyobili ruseTisadmi da iTmino
politikuri sxeulis avadmyofoba im zomamde, roca misi gankurneba SeuZlebeli iqneba...~.
imperiis zogierTi moxele SedarebiT obieqturad afasebda saqarTvelos mmarTvelobas. mag., grafi pozeni imperator nikoloz I-s swerda: `cvlilebebi mmarTvelobiT sistemaSi ganxorcielda mosaxleobis adaT-CveulebaTa da cxovrebis normebis gauTvaliswineblad. mTeli mmarTveloba baraTebis Sedgenasa da qaRaldebis
usasrulo gadaweraSi gamoixateba. ukmayofilebas zrdida gaWianurebuli marTlmsajuleba~.
1844 wels gauqmda mTavarmarTeblis Tanamdeboba da mefisnacvaloba dawesda. sakmaod didi Zalauflebis mqone mefisnacvali uSualod imperators emorCileboda
da adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis yvela problemis erTpirovnulad gadaWris ufleba
hqonda.
kavkasiis pirveli mefisnacvali moqnili politikosi grafi mixeil voroncovi
(1844-1854 ww.) iyo. is Tvlida, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleobisadmi uxeSi mopyroba,
maTi kulturisa da zne-Cveulebebis abuCad agdeba, xalxs mtrulad ganawyobda rusuli mmarTvelobisadmi. piriqiT, voroncovi rusul mmarTvelobaSi qarTveli da sxva
kavkasieli xalxebis CarTviT, erTgvari daTmobebiT cdilobda ararus mosaxleobaSi imperiisadmi erTgulebis grZnoba gaeRvivebina. am mosazrebiT man mravali kulturuli RonisZieba ganaxorciela. mefisnacvalma qarTvel moRvaweebs neba darTo
aRedginaT qarTuli Teatri, gaexsnaT sajaro biblioTeka, gamoeSvaT Jurnali `ciskari~ da a.S. adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi rusuli enis gavrcelebis mizniT voroncovi
sxva RonisZiebebTan erTad qarTvel Tavad-aznaurTa Svilebs saswavleblad agzavnida
moskovisa da peterburgis saswavleblebSi. voroncovis iniciativiT, daaxloebiT 30
aTasi kacs daumtkices Tavadaznauruli wodeba, rasac maTTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda.
voroncovis Semdeg kavkasiis mefisnacvlebi iyvnen nikoloz muraviovi, aleqsandre
bariatinski da imperatoris Zma mixeil romanovi. 1881 wels teroristebma peterburg213
Si mokles imperatori aleqsandre II. taxti misma Svilma aleqsandre III-m daikava. axali imperatori saxifaTod Tvlida kavkasiis mefisnacvlis avtonomiur mmarTvelobas.
man es Tanamdeboba gaauqma da mTavarmarTebloba aRadgina.
ruseTis imperiis koloniuri politika. imperiis erTianobis SenarCunebis mizniT
xelisufleba ararusi mosaxleobis garusebis (rusifikaciis) politikas axorcielebda. qarTveli xalxis rusifikaciis dasaCqareblad aq rusi samxedro veteranebi
Camoasaxles. maT `ucxo xalxSi... metropoliis (imperiis) wesebi, Cveulebebi da ena...~
unda daenergaT. saqarTveloSi asaxlebdnen rus seqtantebsac: duxoborebs, malaknebsa da sxvebs. 1830-1840 wlebSi sul aTi aTasi seqtanti Camoasaxles. sxvadasxva
wlebSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze dasaxldnen germanelebi, berZnebi da somxebi. xelisuflebis demografiuli politikis Sedegad saqarTvelos mosaxleobis erovnul
SemadgenlobaSi TandaTan Semcirda qarTvelebis xvedriTi wili. 1801 wlisTvis saqarTveloSi mcxovrebTa 79 %-s qarTvelebi Seadgendnen. XIX saukunis miwurulisTvis es
maCvenebeli 69%-mde Semcirda.
saqarTvelos mimarT ruseTs ekonomikuri interesic hqonda. mas ruseTis warmoeba
iafi nedleuliT unda moemaragebina. swored amis Sesaxeb werda baroni gani: `nawarmis
mravalferovneba da simdidre amierkavkasiaSi sul mcire Sromisa da umniSvnelo kapitalis (fulis) dabandebiT Zalian did mogebas gvpirdeba. amitom uTuod sakmarisi
iqneba, rom mTavroba dakmayofildes martooden miwismoqmedebis waqezebiT... rac Seexeba fabrikebisa da manufaqturebis SemoRebas, es wagvarTmevda did Zal-Rones... xels
SeuSlida ruseTis mrewvelobasa da vaWrobas, radgan Cveni fabrikebi mTavrobis brZnuli winaswarxedvis wyalobiT ise momravldnen, rom produqtebis damuSaveba Zviri
ar jdeba da SeuZliaT moixmaron abreSumi, bamba, zeTovani mcenareulobani, saRebavi
nivTierebani da amierkavkasiis sxva mdidari nawarmi~.
davaleba
1. daaxasiaTeT rusuli mmarTveloba, miuTiTeT mis naklovanebebze.
2. CamoTvaleT voroncovis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebi; imsjeleT maT mniSvnelobaze qarTveli xalxis kulturuli da ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis; gansazRvreT da SeafaseT voroncovis politikuri kursi da misi Sedegebi.
3. ra mizniT asaxlebda xelisufleba saqarTveloSi araqarTvel mosaxleobas?
4. imsjeleT ruseTis ekonomikur interesebze saqarTvelos mimarT. miuTiTeT, ratom ar iyo xelisufleba dainteresebuli saqarTveloSi warmoebis ganviTarebiT?
5. imsjeleT, ra Sedegebi mohyva ruseTis mmarTvelobas saqarTveloSi.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
mefisnacvlobis daweseba _ 1844 w.
mixeil voroncovis mmarTveloba _ 1844-1854 ww.
imperator aleqsandre II-is mkleloba _ 1881 w.
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$4. erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolebi XIX saukunis
dasawyisis saqarTveloSi
ganmarteba
avtonomia _ teritoriuli erTeuli, romelic TviTmmarTvelobiT sargeblobs.
konspiracia _ saqmianobis gasaidumloeba, SeniRbva.
TviTmpyrobeloba _ mmarTvelobis forma, rodesac erTi piria (am SemTxvevaSi mefe)
SeuzRudavi, umaRlesi Zalauflebis matarebeli.
1802 wlis saprotesto gamosvla (ajanyeba). qarTveli xalxi ar egueboda saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmebas da Seurigebel brZolebs awarmoebda rusuli mmarTvelobis
winaaRmdeg.
mRelvarebis pirveli kera kaxeTSi (qiziySi) gaCnda. 1802 wels sofel kelmanCurSi ramdenime aTasi adamiani Seikriba. imperatorisadmi mimarTvaSi (xels awerda 69
Tavadi) Sekrebilebi gmobdnen samefos gauqmebis faqts, moiTxovdnen 1783 wlis `georgievskis traqtatis~ aRdgenas da qarTl-kaxeTis mefed iulon batoniSvilis damtkicebas. ruseTis sardloba organizebulad moqmedebda. kaxeli Tavadebi ruseTis
regularul jarTan dapirispirebas moeridnen da Sekrebili mosaxleoba daSales. xelisuflebam saprotesto moZraobis moTaveebi daapatimra.
1802 wlis gamosvlas erekle II-is memkvidreebi, batoniSvilebi xelmZRvanelobdnen. garda iulon batoniSvilisa, aqtiurobdnen imereTs TavSefarebuli farnaoz batoniSvili da iranSi gadaxvewili aleqsandre batoniSvili. xelisuflebam momavali
ajanyebebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT yofili samefo ojaxis wevrebis ruseTSi gadasaxleba gadawyvita. am brZanebis Sesruleba kavkasiis mTavarmarTvel pavle cicianovs daevala. cicianovi samefo saxlis wevrTa winaaRmdegobas waawyda. qarTl-kaxeTis
ukanasknelma dedofalma mariamma, giorgi XII-is meuRlem, ver aitana Seuracxyofa da
generali lazarevi mokla. TanamedroveTa cnobiT, lazarevs fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebiT moundomebia sasaxlidan misi gamoyvana, metic, is dedoflis saZinebel oTaxSic SeWrila. dedofali iZulebis wesiT aRkveces monazvnad da belgorodis dedaTa
monasterSi ganaweses. 1811 wels imperatorma mariam dedofals moskovSi cxovrebis
ufleba misca.
1804 wlis mTianeTis ajanyeba. rusuli mmarTveloba mZime aRmoCnda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis mkvidrTaTvisac. maT ruseT-saqarTvelos damakavSirebeli `samxedro gzis~ gayvana da misi movla evalebodaT. mZime fizikur Sromas rus moxeleTa
sisastikec emateboda, rac 1804 wlis ajanyebis mizezi gaxda. adgilobrivi mosaxleobisadmi rus moxeleTa damokidebulebaze karg warmodgenas gviqmnis mTiulebis saCivari: `...kacisagan TiTqmis mouTmenel siciveSi stefanwmindidan ananuramde saSineli
Tovli gvaxvetines da gza gavwmindeT. gvaWrevines fiCxi da talaxSi gvayrevines; am
dafenil fiCxSi jariskacis cxens fexi Cauvarda, mogvdgnen da maTraxis cemiT ori
kaci mogvikles. movida Tovli da amoavso Cvengan gawmendili gza; isev migviyvanes
gasawmendad, am dros Camowolilma zvavma sami kaci gaWylita. Cvens cxenebs da xarebs
bargis zidviT tyavi aRar SerCaT da qirac ar mouciaT. ori dedakaci uRelSi Seabes,
marxili moubes da jariskacebi maTraxis cemiT mierekebodnen...“.
aragvis xeobaSi dawyebuli ajanyeba male mTel mTianeTs moedo. qarTvelebTan erTad masSi osebic aqtiurad monawileobdnen. ajanyebulebma daikaves stefanwminda,
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larsi, duSeTi da samxedro gzis mniSvnelovani nawili, riTac aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mdgar jars ruseTTan damakavSirebeli gza mouWres. ajanyebam imdenad seriozuli masStabi miiRo, rom mTavarmarTebelma pavle cicianovma erevans alya moxsna da
mTeli Zala mTielTa winaaRmdeg mimarTa. ajanyebulebi damarcxdnen, xelisuflebam
ramdenime moTave sikvdiliT dasaja, 300-ze meti monawile daapatimra, xolo farnaoz
da iulon batoniSvilebi Seipyres da ruseTSi gadaasaxles.
1812 wlis kaxeTis ajanyeba. 1812 wlis kaxeTis ajanyebac imperiis mZarcvelurma politikam gamoiwvia. xelisuflebam kaxelebs puriT da gamwevi pirutyviT jaris momarageba daakisra. rusi moxeleebi purs sabazro Rirebulebaze gacilebiT dabal fasSi
ibarebdnen. saWiro raodenobis xorblis amosaRebad xelisufleba kaxeTis soflebSi
sadamsjelo eqspediciebs (egzekuciebs) gzavnida. soflebs Seseuli jaris moqmedebas
aRgviwers XIX saukunis rusi istorikosi nikoloz dubrovini: `ver naxulobdnen ra
purs glexTa saxlebSi, jariskacebi yovelgvari angariSisa da zomis gareSe xocavdnen glexis saqonels da frinvels. Rvinos, rasac veRar svamdnen, ganuzomlad Rvridnen miwaze, anadgurebdnen baR-bostnebs...~.
kaxeTis ajanyeba ruseTisaTvis rTul dros daemTxva. mis sazRvrebSi napoleon
bonapartis armia SeiWra da dacarielebul moskovsac daeufla. amis paralelurad
ruseTi iran-osmaleTTanac awarmoebda oms. Seqmnili viTareba kaxelebma kargad gamoiyenes. ajanyebulebma axmeta, siRnaRi, duSeTi da Telavi aiRes. saboloo jamSi, ruseTis armiam daamarcxa kaxelebi. ajanyebis xelmZRvanelma, aleqsandre batoniSvilma,
Tavi xevsureTs Seafara. SatilisaTvis brZolas 600 xevsuri Seewira, rusebma sofeli
miwasTan gaaswores, Tumca aleqsandre batoniSvilis dakaveba mainc ver moaxerxes, is
daRestnis gavliT iranSi gaiqca.
1819-1820 ww. imereTis ajanyeba. 1819-20 wlebSi imereTis samefos aRdgenis moTxovniT ajanyeba moewyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi. mefobaze ramdenime kandidati acxadebda pretenzias: ivane abaSiZe (imereTis mefis _ solomon I-is SviliSvili), vaxtang
da aleqsandre batoniSvilebi. ajanyebulebma Tavidan seriozul warmatebas miaRwies.
maT imereTisa da raWis ramdenime cixesimagre daikaves da quTaissac Semoartyes alya.
marTalia, samegrelosa da guriis mTavrebma SeinarCunes ruseTis erTguleba, magram
aman samTavroebis mosaxleobis winaaRmdegoba ver SeaCera. saboloo jamSi, xelisuflebam imereTis ajanyebis CaxSobac SeZlo, magram iZulebuli gaxda garkveul daTmobaze wasuliyo, kerZod, imereTidan gaiwvia egzarqosi Teofilaqte rusanovi da
moxeleTa TviTnebobac ramdenadme Sekveca.
1832 wlis SeTqmuleba. qarTveli xalxis ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis organizebis mizniT 1825 wels peterburgSi, dimitri batoniSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT, Camoyalibda SeTqmulTa pirveli wre. 1826 wels, oqropir batoniSvilis TaosnobiT, aseTive
wre moskovSic Seiqmna. SeTqmulebaSi Caebnen: farnaoz batoniSvili, dimitri erisTavi, giorgi erisTavi, dimitri orbeliani, vaxtang orbeliani, solomon razmaZe... (peterburgis wre), solomon dodaSvili, daviT orbeliani, giorgi erisTavi... (moskovis
wre). erT-erTi SeTqmulis mogonebidan irkveva, rom qarTveli moRvaweebi xSirad saubrobdnen samSoblos bedze, mis momavals ki politikur Tavisuflebas ukavSirebdnen:
`...am saubrebis dros, bunebrivia, ismeboda sakiTxi saqarTvelos momavlis Sesaxeb,
xom araa SesaZlebeli saqarTvelos avtonomiis an sruli damoukideblobis aRdgena.
eZebdnen saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis gzebs...~.
1827-1829 wlebSi SeTqmulTa birTvma TbilisSi gadmoinacvla. farulma organizaciam didi muSaoba gaswia da ajanyebis momxreTa ricxvic sagrZnoblad gaizarda.
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daTqmul dros SeTqmul Tavad-aznaurebs garkveuli raodenobis glexebi unda gamoeyvanaT da winaswar gansazRvruli adgilebi daekavaT. solomon dodaSvils kaxeli
glexebis sabrZolvelad darazmva evaleboda, elizbar erisTavs qarTleli glexebisaTvis, xolo aleqsandre orbelians Tbiliseli xelosnebisTvis unda exelmZRvanela. ajanyebis ideas saqarTvelos sxva mxareebSic hyavda mravali mxardamWeri.
aleqsandre orbelianis cnobiT, `afxazeTis mTavris memkvidre konstantine ServaSiZe
aRtacebuli iyo imiT, rac man SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb icoda da farul sazogadoebas
did daxmarebas (2000 kacis gamoyvanas) hpirdeboda~.
konspiraciis mizniT SeTqmulebi mcire jgufebad _ sameulebad iyofodnen. lider
sameuls: solomon dodaSvili, aleqsandre orbeliani da elizbar erisTavi xelmZRvanelobdnen. mimowerisas isini saidumlo anbans iyenebdnen.
solomon dodaSvilis redaqtorobiT 1832 wels gamoica Jurnali `saliteraturo nawili tfilisis uwyebaTani~. Jurnalis umTavresi daniSnuleba sazogadoebaSi
erovnuli TviTSegnebis amaRleba iyo. solomon dodaSvilis ganmartebiT, Jurnals
mkiTxvelisaTvis unda gaeRrmavebina `siyvaruli qarTuli enisa da sityvierebisadmi~.
mas unda emoRvawa `qarTuli enis gamdidrebisaTvis, mamulis didebisaTvis~.
SeTqmulTa umravlesoba mxars uWerda SezRudul monarqiul mmarTvelobas. maTi
azriT, unda Camoyalibebuliyo orpalatiani parlamenti. zeda palatis Tavmjdomare
mefe iqneboda, wevrebi _ ministrebi. qveda palata arCeuli deputatebisgan unda
Semdgariyo. SeTqmulTa es nawili saqarTvelos mefed aleqsandre batoniSvilis mowvevas gegmavda. gansxvavebuli iyo solomon dodaSvilis pozicia, is umefo, respublikur mmarTvelobas uWerda mxars. respublikis momxreTa Soris samefo saxlis
warmomadgenelic, oqropir batoniSvili, gvxvdeba: `qarTvelebo, _ ambobda is, _
ecadeT saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebas. Tumca saqarTvelos ganTavisufleba me imitom
ki ar minda, rom bagrationTa gvaridan vinme gamefdes, aramed, rom saqarTvelo Seiqmnas respublikismagvar saxelmwifod~.
SeTqmulebs kavSiri hqondaT saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebul dekabristebTan
(dekabristebi ewodaT TviTmpyrobelobis winaaRmdeg mebrZol rus oficrebs).
isini did imedebs amyarebdnen ruseTis winaaRmdeg poloneli xalxis ajanyebaze.
`poloneTis ajanyebis gafarToebasTan erTad Zlierdeboda aqaur borotganmzraxvelTa sazogadoebrivi saqmianoba~, _ naTqvamia erT saidumlo moxsenebaSi. polonelebis brZola TavisuflebisaTvis marcxiT dasrulda. ajanyebulTa nawili
saqarTveloSi gadmoasaxles. isini qarTvel SeTqmulebs TanaugrZnobdnen. SeTqmulebi mokavSireebs xedavdnen ruseTis batonobis winaaRmdeg mebrZol CeCnebsa da
daRestnelebSic.
ajanyebis dawyeba 1832 wlis 20 noembers daigegma. am dRes Tbilisis guberniis
Tavad-aznaurTa kreba unda gamarTuliyo. krebas banketi mohyveboda, romelsac xelisuflebis araerTi maRali moxele daeswreboda. `pirveli Ramis gankargulebiT~,
maTi Sepyroba swored am wveulebaze unda momxdariyo. ajanyebis dawyeba ver moeswro.
SeTqmuleba gasca iase falavandiSvilma. mTavrobam moTaveni daapatimra da maTi umravlesoba sxvadasxva vadiT ruseTSi gadaasaxla.
davaleba
1. ramdenad gamarTlebulad TvliT kaxel Tavad-aznaurTa mizans, `georgievskis
traqtatis~ safuZvelze aRedginaT qarTl-kaxeTisa da ruseTis urTierToba.
2. imsjeleT, ratom gadawyvita xelisuflebam saqarTvelodan bagrationebis gasaxleba?
3. imsjeleT mTianeTis, kaxeTis da imereTis ajanyebebis gamomwvev mizezebze.
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4. 1832 wlis SeTqmulTa romeli idea geCvenebaT ufro realisturi _ saqarTvelos
avtonomiuroba ruseTis imperiaSi Tu misi sruli damoukidebloba?
5. imsjeleT SeTqmulTa saqmianobis, maTi gegmebis Sesaxeb. miuTiTeT, mmarTvelobis
romel formas dauWerdiT mxars da ratom.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
pirveli saprotesto gamosvla (ajanyeba) rusuli mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg _
1802 w.
saqarTvelos mTianeTis ajanyeba _ 1804 w.
kaxeTis ajanyeba _ 1812 w.
imereTis ajanyeba _ 1819-1820 ww.
SeTqmulTa peterburgis wris Camoyalibeba _ 1825 w.
SeTqmulTa moskovis wris Camoyalibeba _ 1826 w.
Jurnal `saliteraturo nawilis~ gamocema _ 1832 w.
$5. `aRmosavleTis sakiTxi~.
ruseTis imperiis omebi iranTan da osmaleTTan
`aRmosavleTis sakiTxi~. `aRmosavleTis sakiTxis~ ZiriTadi Sinaarsi mdgomareobda SemdegSi: evropis didi saxelmwifoebisaTvis naTeli gaxda, rom osmaleTis imperia
dasustda; isini darwmundnen, rom osmaleTis politikuri wyobilebisa da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis qmediTunarianobis daqveiTeba Seuqcevadi procesi iyo; didma saxelmwifoebma gadawyvites osmaleTis imperiis danawileba. TavianTi miznebis ganxorcielebisaTvis isini cdilobdnen gamoeyenebinaT osmal dampyrobTa mier damonebuli qristiani xalxebis ganmaTavisuflebeli brZola.
osmalTa imperiis danawilebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ukve XVIII saukunis miwurulSive warmoiSva mzardi winaaRmdegoba evropis did saxelmwifoebs Soris. XIX
saukunis pirvel naxevarSi am mxriv upiratesoba ruseTis mxareze iyo. viTareba Seicvala yirimis omis Semdeg (1853-1856 ww.), rodesac daiwyo aRmosavleTis sakiTxis
meore etapi da wamyvani mdgomareoba inglis-safrangeTma daikava.
1815 wlis venis kongresis Semdeg evropis didma saxelmwifoebma daiwyes brZola
dasustebuli osmaleTis teritoriebis dayofisa da ganawilebisaTvis. amave dros
gaZlierda osmal dampyrobTa mier damonebuli qristiani xalxebis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba.
serbeTma saSinao saqmeebSi avtonomia moipova, ajanyda saberZneTi. berZnebis winaaRmdeg brZola sulTanma Tavis Zlier vasals, egviptis faSas muhamed alis daavala
da sanacvlod saberZneTis zogierT teritorias dahpirda. 1827 wels inglis-safrangeT-ruseTis gaerTianebulma flotma saberZneTis napirebTan osmaleTisa da egviptis
floti gaanadgura. evropis didma saxelmwifoebma aiZules osmaleTi ecno saberZneTis sruli damoukidebloba. 1828-1829 wlebSi ruseTTan damarcxebam kidev ufro
gaauaresa osmaleTis mdgomareoba. safrangeTma isargeb­la osmaleTis dasustebiT da
daiwyo misi samflobelos — alJiris dapyroba, egviptis faSa muhamed ali ki mokavSired gaixada.
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safrangeTisgan zurggamagrebulma muhamed alim daamarcxa osmaleTis jari da
stambols miadga. inglisma osmaleTs saWiro Tanadgoma ver aRmouCina, amitom sulTanma mahmud II-m daxmarebisaTvis ruseTis imperators — nikoloz I-s mimarTa. amasTan dakavSirebiT man Tavis maxloblebs ganucxada: `ras izam, rodesac ixrCobi, gvelsac ki CaebRauWebio~.
nikoloz I-ma ruseTis armia da floti bosforis sruteSi Seiyvana. egviptis faSa
iZulebuli gaxda sulTans dazaveboda. aRmoCenili daxmarebisaTvis ruseTma osmaleTs Tavs moaxvia kabaluri xelSekruleba.
nikoloz I-is cda, SeiaraRebuli ZaliT daeqvemdebarebina osmaleTis imperia,
uSedegod damTavrda. ruseTi damarcxda osmaleTTan, inglisTan, safrangeTTan da
sardiniasTan 1853-1856 wlebis yirimis omSi. 1877-1878 wlebis ruseTTan omi ki osmaleTisTvis aRmoCnda warumatebeli. man dakarga teritoriebis mniSvnelovani nawili (serbeTi, montenegro, rumineTi, avtonomia miiRo bulgareTma, ruseTma SeierTa
aWara).
1911 wels italielebma iolad daamarcxes susti Turquli garnizonebi da Crdilo afrikuli provinciebi — tripoli da kirenaiki (SemdgomSi libiis saxelmwifo)
daikaves. 1912-1913 wlebis balkaneTis pirvel omSi damarcxebulma osmaleTma imperiis
evropuli nawilidan mxolod stambolis mimdebare olqis SenarCuneba moaxerxa.
ruseTis eqspansiuri politika XIX saukunis dasawyissa da Sua wlebSi. XIX
saukunis dasawyisSi, 1806-1812 wlebis omSi, ruseTma daamarcxa osmaleTi da buqarestSi gaformebuli zaviT aiZula dasavleT saqarTvelo mis mflobelobaSi ecno.
Tumca Turqebi kvlav inarCunebdnen foTs da yofil samcxe-saaTabagos. ruseT-TurqeTis 1828-1829 wlebis omis dros ruseTis jarma aiRo foTi, axalcixe, axalqalaqi,
artaani da general aleqsandre WavWavaZis sardlobiT baiazeTis safaSoc daikava.
am teritoriebis sakiTxi ruseTis sasargeblod gadawyda 1829 wlis adrianopolis
sazavo molaparakebaze. magram imperiis mesveurebis mizani saqarTvelos gaerTianeba rodi iyo. rusuli mmarTveloba muslim mosaxleobas aiZulebda daetovebina
mSobliuri miwa-wyali da osmaleTSi gadasaxlebuliyo. am procesis Sefasebisas
istorikosi ivane javaxiSvili werda: `1828 wlidan moyolebuli, rodesac qarTveli
mahmadianebiT dasaxlebuli samcxe, javaxeTi, eruSeTi da palakacio ruseTma osmaleTs waarTva da mcxovrebni iseT sulier ganwyobilebaSi Caagdo, rom qarTvelma
mahmadianebma TavianTi mamapapeuli samosaxloTagan ayra da osmaleTSi gadasaxleba
irCies, grafma paskeviCma (mTavarmarTebeli) qarTvelebs lixTimereTidgan iq gadasaxlebis neba ar misca da maT magier osmaleTidan gadmosaxlebul somexTagan 30000
mcxovrebi Caasaxla... mesxeTSi, sadac 1828 wlamde qarTvelTa mosaxleoba 90%-s
aRemateboda, 1830 wels ukve, rus moxeleTa wyalobiT, umravlesobad somexni iqcnen~.
imperator nikoloz I-s surda osmaleTis danawevreba, bosforisa da dardanelis
sruteebis xelSi Cagdeba da balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze ganmtkiceba. am mizniT 1853
wels man osmaleTTan axali omi gaaCaRa. ruseTis armiam balkaneTze stambolisaken,
kavkasiaSi ki yarsisaken daiwyo Seteva. inglisi da safrangeTi ver Seurigdnen xmelTaSua zRvaSi ruseTis SeRwevis mcdelobas, amitom isini osmaleTs miemxrnen da omi
gamoucxades ruseTs. mokavSireebs SeuerTda italiis sardiniis samefoc. mokavSireebis zegavleniT avstriam ruseTs mosTxova balkaneTidan jaris gayvana. ruseTma
dakarga stambolisaken winsvlis saSualeba. amave dros mokavSireTa floti Sav zRvaSi Sevida. orTqlisZravian samxedro gemebsa da Zlier artilerias nikoloz I-ma mxolod ialqniani floti da axlos msroleli zarbaznebi daupirispira. safrangeTma,
inglisma, sardiniam da osmaleTma yirimSi didi armia gadasxes da sevastopols alya
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Semoartyes. CamorCenilma, batonymurma ruseTma ver uzrunvelyo sevastopolis dacva. warmatebebi kavkasiaSi da yarsis aReba saerTo suraTs ver cvlida. batonymurma
ruseTma sruli marcxi ganicada.
sevastopolis alyis dros uecrad gardaicvala nikoloz I. 1855 wlidan ruseTSi
misi vaJi aleqsandre II gamefda. 1856 wels igi iZulebuli gaxda daTanxmeboda parizis sazavo xelSekrulebis mZime pirobebs. am zaviT ruseTi dunais SesarTavs da
besarabiis samxreT nawils kargavda. mas CamoerTva Sav zRvaze samxedro flotis yolis ufleba. Savi zRvis sanapiroze ruseTis cixesimagreebi unda dangreuliyo. Savi
zRva yvela qveynis savaWro gemebisaTvis Ria zRvad cxaddeboda. serbeTi, moldaveTi
da vlaxeTi evropis saxelmwifoTa mmarTvelobaSi moeqcnen. ruseTma dakarga Tavisi
upiratesi roli saerTaSoriso politikaSi.
yirimis omSi kavkasiis frontze ruseTs sakmarisi raodenobis jari ar hyavda. aseT
pirobebSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda qarTveli moxaliseebisgan Semdgar
saxalxo laSqars (`milicias~). saqarTvelos emuqreboda ruseTis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli Samilis razmebis SemoWris saSiSroebac. regularuli jarisa da `miliciis~
ZiriTadi nawilebi aleqsandropolSi, axalcixesa da axalqalaqSi iyo Tavmoyrili.
osmaleTTan zRvispira sazRvars ki mcire­ricxovani `guriis razmi~ icavda. kavkasiaSi
omi guriis sofel SekveTilis saguSagoze osmalebis TavdasxmiT daiwyo. kritikuli
viTareba Seiqmna axalcixis frontzec. qalaqis SenarCuneba general ivane andronikaSvilis jaris swrafi da Tavganwiruli moqmedebis Sedegad moxerxda. 1856 wels
osmalTa sardalma omer-faSam 36-aTasiani armia gadasxa afxazeTSi. male man sameg­
reloc daikava. Turqi sardali samegrelos mTavris ekaterine dadianis (aleqsandre
WavWavaZis Svili) gadabirebas Seecada, Tumca uSedegod. sameg­relos mosaxleoba did
winaaRmdegobas uwevda Turqebs. sazavo SeTanxmebis Semdeg Turqebma datoves saqarTvelos teritoria.
yirimis omis Semdeg ruseTma bolo mouRo mis qveSevrdomobaSi myof dasavleT
saqarTvelos samTavroebs. man gaauqma samegrelos samTavro 1857 wels, svaneTis samTavro 1858 wels, xolo afxazeTis samTavro 1864 wels. amgvarad mTel dasavleT
saqarTveloSi ruseTis uSualo mmarTve­loba damyarda.
yirimis omma naTelyo, rom ruseTis imperiis erT-erTi yvelaze susti adgili Crdilo kav­kasiis mTianeTi iyo. aq saxlobdnen daRestnis, CeCneTisa da adiRes mTielebi. aqauri muslimi mosaxleoba Tavisuflebisa da damoukideb­lobis SesanarCuneblad
Seupovar brZolas eweoda carizmis winaaRmdeg. am brZolas 1834 wlidan Samili Caudga
saTaveSi. igi osmaleTs da ingliss daukavSirda da yirimis omis dros azerbaijanisa
da saqarTvelos gavliT osmaleTis armiasTan SeerTebas cdilobda. ruseTis samxedro nawilebisa da qarTvelebis moxaliseTa razmebis winaaRmdegobis gamo Samilma
sawadels ver miaRwia, magram Tavisi samxedro operaciebiT kavkasiaSi ruseTs metad
gaurTula mdgomareoba Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros dacvis saqmeSi. yirimis omis
Semdeg ruseTma gaaaqtiura samxedro moqmedeba. 1859 wels ruseTis jarma daRestnis
dapyroba daamTavra da Samili daatyveva, xolo 1864 wels Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis
tomebsac daayrevina iaraRi.
daiwyo masobrivi muhajiroba _ asi aTasobiT mahmadiani mTieli, maT Soris afxazebic, rusebma ZaldatanebiT gadaasaxles osmaleTSi. maT mamapapeul miwa-wyalze carizmi rusul mosaxleobas _ kazakebs amkvidrebda.
ruseT-TurqeTis 1877-1878 wlebis omi. ruseTma isargebla XIX saukunis 70-ian
wlebSi safrangeTis dasustebiT da miznad daisaxa daeRwia Tavi 1856 wlis parizis
sazavo xelSekrulebis samarcxvino pirobebisagan.
gamomdinare Tavisi politikuri da strategiuli miznebidan, ruseTi mxars uWerda balkaneTis slavi xalxebis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas TurqeTis
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winaaRmdeg da exmareboda kidec maT. magram osmaleTis imperiam, romelsac inglisi
umagrebda zurgs, sisxlSi CaaxSo slavi xalxebis 1875-1876 wlebis gamosvlebi. maSin ruseTi, romelic TurqeTis winaaRmdeg omisTvis emzadeboda, gaurigda avstria-ungreTs, romelmac omSi neitralitetis sanacvlod moiTxova bosnia da hercegovina.
1877 wlis gazafxulze ruseTis armiam gadalaxa mdinare dunai da daiwyo omi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg. omi gaWianurda. ruseTis armiam mxolod wlis miwurulSi gadalaxa balkaneTis mTebi da konstantinopolisaken daeSva. maSin inglisma Tavisi eskadra
Seiyvana marmarilos zRvaSi da ruseTs omiT daemuqra, Tu is konstantinepolis aRebas
Seecdeboda.
amave dros saomari moqmedeba mimdina­reobda amierkavkasiaSic, sadac ruseTis armiam qarTvel moxaliseebTan erTad daamarcxa Turqebi da SeierTa artaani, yarsi,
baiazeTi da aWara. omis Sedegze mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia aWarelTa erovnulma poziciamac, rasac gamoxatavs aqauri Tavadis, Serif-beg ximSiaSvilis sityvebi:
`RmerTma qnas, rom male daiwyos omi, me mzad var, rom maSinaTve Cemi qveynis qarTvel
Svilebs SevuerTde da rogorc adre yofila saqar­Tvelo, dReis Semdeg ise gaxdes~.
qarTvelma moRvaweebma didi Sroma gaswies qristiani da aWaris muslimi qarTvelebis dasaaxloeblad. maT kargad esmodaT, rom ruseTis xelisufleba kvlav ecdeboda
religiur niadagze SuRlis gaRvivebas da axladSemoerTebuli aWarlebis osmaleTSi
gadasaxlebas.
undoblobis gasaRviveblad carizmis warmomadgenlebi muslim aWarlebs Turqebad
acxadebdnen da iq Turqulenovan saswavleblebs xsnidnen. aseT viTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda aWaraSi qarTuli ganaTlebisa da literaturis gavrcelebas. es saqme `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelma sazogadoebam~
iTava _ `erTi upirvelesi saqme, werda iakob gogebaSvili, romelsac `wera-kiTxvis
sazogadoeba~ Seudga... iyo saxalxo skolis daarseba baTumSi~.
1878 wlis martSi daba san-stefanoSi (stambolis maxloblad) xeli moewera sazavo xelSekrulebas ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris. magram san-stefanos xelSekrulebis
Sedegad ruseTis gaZliereba ewinaaRmdegeboda didi saxelmwifoebis interesebs. amitomac maT moiTxoves xelSekrulebis gadasinjva.
1878 wlis zafxulSi berlinSi gaimarTa kongresi, romelzedac ruseTi iZulebuli
gaxda daTmobebze wasuliyo. kongresis gadawyvetilebiT, ruseTs gadaeca dunais SesarTavis CrdiloeTi nawili. amierkavkasiaSi — yarsi, lazeTi da mimdebare mxareebi
isev TurqeTs darCa.
TurqeTTan omSi gamarjvebis Semdeg ruseTma scada Tavisi gavlenis qveS bulgareTis moqceva da am qveynis mTavris taxtze moindoma samegrelos ukanaskneli mTavris
niko dadianis ayvana, magram germaniam da avstria-ungreTma SeZles bulgareTis mmarTvelad sakuTari kandidaturis damtkiceba.
davaleba
1. ratom dadga evropis saxelmwifoTa dRis wesrigSi `aRmosavleTis sakiTxi~ da ra
abrkolebda mis saboloo gadawyvetas.
2. SeafaseT evropis did saxelmwifoTa roli osmaleTis mier dapyrobili xalxebis
gaTavisuflebis saqmeSi.
3. imsjeleT 1828-1829 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omis mniSvnelobaze saqarTvelosaTvis da SeafaseT ruseTis koloniuri politikis Sedegebi.
4. imsjeleT ruseTis miznebze yirimis omSi da misi damarcxebis mizezebze. Tqveni
azriT, ra gavlenas moaxdenda yirimis omi ruseTis saerTaSoriso mdgomareobaze?
221
5. SeafseT yirimis omis Sedegebi saqarTvelosTvis.
6. imsjeleT aWaris mosaxleobis erovnuli poziciis Sesaxeb. SeafaseT qarTvel moRvaweTa damokidebuleba aWaris sakiTxis mimarT.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
ru­se­T-ira­nis omi _ 1826-1828 ww.
ru­se­T-Tur­qeTis­ omi _ 1828-1829 ww.
yi­ri­mis omi _ 1853-1856 ww.
$6. ruseTis imperiis koloniuri politika,
aleqsandre II-is reformebi.
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, 1806-1812 wlebis omSi, ruseTma daamarcxa osmaleTi da
buqarestSi gaformebuli zaviT aiZula dasavleT saqarTvelo mis mflobelobaSi
ecno. Tumca Turqebi kvlav inarCunebdnen foTs da yofil samcxe-saaTabagos.
1826 wels ira­nis Sah­ma ru­se­Tis wi­na­aR­m­deg axa­li omi ga­a­Ca­Ra. am omis Se­de­gad 1828
wels ru­seT­ma erev­nis da na­xi­Ce­va­nis sa­xa­no­e­bi Se­i­er­Ta. ama­ve pe­ri­od­Si da­iw­yo omi
os­ma­leT­Tan (Tur­qeT­Tan) (1828-1829), rom­lis Se­de­gad ru­seT­ma Se­i­er­Ta mes­xe­Ti (axal­
ci­xis mxa­re) da Sa­vi zRvis mTe­li aR­mo­sav­le­Ti sa­na­pi­ro.
venis kongresma poloneTis ZiriTadi nawili ruseTs arguna. 1830, 1848 da 1863
wlebis antirusuli ajanyebebi polonelTaTvis tragikulad dasrulda. ajanyebulebi cimbirsa da kavkasiaSi gadaasaxles.
ni­ko­loz I ro­ma­no­ve­bis im­pe­ri­a­Si mcxov­re­bi ara­ru­si erov­ne­be­bis mi­marT did­m­p­
y­ro­be­lur, So­vi­nis­tur-ru­si­fi­ka­to­rul po­li­ti­kas ata­reb­da. Cag­ru­li da da­mo­ne­
bu­li ere­bi Ta­vi­suf­le­bis aR­d­ge­ni­saT­vis brZo­las ar wyvet­d­nen. am mi­zans isa­xav­da
1830 da 1848 wle­bis ajan­ye­be­bi var­Sa­va­Si, 1832 wlis SeT­q­mu­le­ba sa­qar­T­ve­lo­Si, di­di
uk­ra­i­ne­li po­e­tis ta­ras Sev­Cen­kos moR­v­a­we­o­ba. ca­riz­mi sas­ti­kad us­wor­de­bo­da Ta­vi­
su­fa­li ne­bis yo­vel­g­var ga­mov­le­nas. 1849 wels ni­ko­loz I-ma av­s­t­ri­is im­pe­ra­to­ris
da­sax­ma­reb­la­dac ki gag­zav­na ja­re­bi un­g­re­Tis re­vo­lu­ci­is Ca­sax­So­bad.
napoleonTan 1812 wlis om­Si, pat­ri­o­tul grZno­beb­ze day­r­d­no­biT, ru­se­Tis mZlav­ri
ar­mi­is ga­mar­j­ve­bis Sem­deg, ru­se­Ti in­g­lis­Tan er­Tad praq­ti­ku­lad ga­ba­ton­da ev­ro­pa­
Si. Tu eko­no­mi­ku­rad gan­vi­Ta­re­bul­ma, mo­wi­na­ve in­g­lis­ma di­di xniT Se­i­nar­Cu­na Ta­vi­si
upi­ra­te­so­ba da msof­li­os erT-erT uZ­li­e­res qvey­nad iq­ca, ba­ton­y­mur­ma, Ca­mor­Ce­nil­ma
ru­seT­ma yi­ri­mis omis Sem­deg da­kar­ga na­po­le­on­ze ga­mar­j­ve­bis Se­de­gad ev­ro­pa­Si mo­po­
ve­bu­li upi­ra­te­so­ba­ni.
XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi grZel­de­bo­da ru­se­Tis win­s­v­la cim­bir­Si, ya­za­xeT­sa da
Sua azi­a­Si. 1860 wels pe­ki­nis xel­Sek­ru­le­biT ru­seT­ma mdi­na­re usu­ri­dan wynar oke­a­
nem­de far­To te­ri­to­ri­e­bi SeierTa. wyna­ri oke­a­nis sa­na­pi­ro­ze ai­go saz­R­vao ci­xe­si­
mag­re vla­di­vos­to­ki.
ya­za­xe­Tis Crdi­lo­e­Ti na­wi­li ru­se­Tis im­pe­ri­is Se­mad­gen­lo­ba­Si jer ki­dev XVIII
sa­u­ku­ne­Si Se­vi­da. XIX sa­u­ku­nis Sua wleb­Si me­fis mTav­ro­bam da­am­Tav­ra ya­za­xe­Tis da­
mor­Ci­le­ba, Ta­vi­si xe­li­suf­le­ba ga­av­r­ce­la yir­gi­zi to­me­bis mniS­v­ne­lo­van na­wil­ze da
Sua azi­is dap­y­ro­ba da­iw­yo.
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XIX sa­u­ku­nis 60-70-ian wleb­Si ru­se­Tis Se­mad­gen­lo­ba­Si Se­vi­da Sua azi­a­Si ar­se­
bu­li sa­mi msxvi­li sa­xel­m­wi­fo­eb­ri­vi ga­er­Ti­a­ne­ba: ko­kan­di­sa da xi­vis sa­xa­no­e­bi da
bu­xa­ris sa­a­mi­ro. 80-ian wleb­Si ru­seT­ma Ta­vis xe­li­suf­le­bas da­uq­vem­de­ba­ra Tur­q­me­ni
to­me­bic. amiT ca­riz­m­ma da­as­ru­la cim­bi­ris, ya­za­xe­Ti­sa da Sua azi­is da­mor­Ci­le­ba.
batonymobis gauqmebis aucilebloba. XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi ruseTSi ganmtkicda
batonymoba. sabatono glexebisagan saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis akrefa memamuleebs
unda uzrunveleyoT. imperia memamuleebs sabatono glexebze Tvalyuris devnebas da
sapolicio zedamxedvelobas akisrebda. memamules SeeZlo Tavisi survilisamebr gaesamarTlebina, gaecimbirebina da jariskacebad gaemwesebina ymebi, komlebad an suladobrivad gaeyida isini, neba daerTo an aekrZala maTTvis qorwineba.
memamuleebs ar surdaT muqTa samuSao Zalis dakargva, isini uzrunvelad cxovrobdnen da meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis arc ki irjebodnen. Tavis mxriv arc glexebi
iyvnen meurneobis ganviTarebiT dainteresebulni. maTi Semosavlis didi nawili saxelmwifos, memamules, eklesias an mevaxSes mihqonda da amitom gulacruebiT saqmianobdnen. aseTi mdgomareoba sul ufro da ufro aqveiTebda ruseTis soflis meurneobas.
1853-1856 wlebis yirimis omSi damarcxebisa da glexTa masobrivi mRelvarebis Semdeg ruseTSi gardauvali gaxda batonymobis gauqmeba. mxolod am gziT SeiZleboda
ruseTis politikur-sazogadoebrivi viTarebis met-naklebad mowesrigeba, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gadaxaliseba da qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba.
saglexo reformis aucileblobas ganapirobebda ruseTis ekonomikuri CamorCeniloba, winaaRmdegobis gamwvaveba sxvadasxva socialur jgufs Soris da sruliad
ruseTis krizisi.
memamuleebi iZulebulni iyvnen Serigebodnen batonymobis gauqmebis aucileblobas. isini sabatono glexebis TandaTanobiT da Tanac umiwod gaTavisuflebas moiTxovdnen. Tavad-aznaurTa amgvar pretenziebs upirispirdebodnen gamoCenili rusi
mwerlebisa da publicistebis: gercenis, ogariovis, CerniSevskis, dobrolu­
bovis,
nekrasovis irgvliv Semokrebili progresulad moazrovne pirovnebebi. isini glexebis dauyovnebliv gaTavisuflebasa da maTi interesebis maqsimalurad dacvas moiTxovdnen.
batonymobis gadavardna. 1861 wlis 19 Tebervals aleqsandre II-m xeli moawera
manifests da debulebebs `imperiis evropuli nawilis rusuli guberniebis sabatono
glexTa gaTavisuflebis~ Sesaxeb. glexebma miiRes piradi Tavisufleba. maT samoqalaqo uflebebi mieniWaT. amieridan glexi Tavisi survilisamebr qorwindeboda, SeeZlo
meSCanebis, vaWrebis wodebaSi gadasuliyo. mTavrobam ver gabeda glexebis umiwod
gaTavisufleba, radgan am SemTxvevaSi isini saxelmwifo gadasaxadebs ver gadaixdidnen, Tanac usaxsrod darCenil, sasowarkveTilebamde misul glexebs xom sayovelTao ajanyebis mowyobac SeeZloT, rac agrerigad aSinebda xelisuflebas. marTalia,
memamuleebma miwaze kerZo sakuTreba daimkvidres, magram maT glexebisaTvis mudmiv
sargeblobaSi unda gadaecaT sakarmidamo da miwis nakveTi — nadeli. glexs nadelis
damuSavebiT Tavisi yofa-cxovrebac unda uzrunveleyo da saxelmwifosa da memamuleebisTvisac unda gadaexada gadasaxadi. pirveli cxra wlis ganmavlobaSi glexebs
nadelze uaris Tqma ekrZalebodaT. am periodSi glexTa miwaze mimagrebis Zveli batonymuri wesi ZalaSi rCeboda.
sakarmidamos gamosyidva memamulis nebaze ar iyo damokidebuli. nadelis gamosyidva ki memamulesTan SeTanxmebiT an misi calmxrivi moTxovniT xdeboda. memamuleTa
valis gasastumreblad glexebs saxelmwifo aZlevda sesxs. saxelmwifosaTvis vali
glexebs 49 wlis ganmavlobaSi unda gadaexadaT. miwis saboloo gamosyidvamde glexe223
bi droebiTvaldebulad iTvlebodnen da sabatono begara da Rala unda SeesrulebinaT. droebiTvaldebulebis instituti mxolod 1881 wels gauqmda.
1861-1871 wlebSi rusuli guberniebis kvaldakval batonymoba gadavarda imperiis
danarCen nawilebSic: litvaSi, belorusiaSi, ukrainaSi, poloneTsa da kavkasiaSi. am
regionebSi batonymobis gauqmeba 1861 wlis 19 Tebervlis manifestis mixedviT xorcieldeboda, magram, adgilobrivi viTarebis Sesabamisad, manifestisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda.
poloneTis antirusuli ajanyebebis Semdeg imperiis mesveurebi eWviT uyurebdnen
adgilobriv Tavadaznaurobas. amitom batonymobis gauqmebisas TviTmpyrobeloba naklebad uwevda angariSs misTvis arasaimedo klass da glexebis mimxrobis mizniT agrarul reformas maTTvis SedarebiT xelsayrelad axorcielebda.
agrarulma reformam miwa memamuleebis xelSeuxebel sakuTrebad aRiara. maTve gamosasyidis saxiT saxelmwifosagan miiRes glexebisaTvis mizomili miwebis safasuric.
memamuleebs saSualeba miecaT TavianTi saxsrebi piradi Sexedulebisamebr gamoeyenebinaT. memamuleTa sakuTrebisagan gansxvavebiT, rusi glexebis sargeblobaSi gadasuli miwebi, faqtobrivad, saglexo Temis xelSi eqceoda. Temi ixdida droebiTvaldebuli glexebis saxelmwifo valsac. samagierod Tems meTeme glexebs Soris komlebis
suladobis mixedviT saTemo miwebis xelaxali gadanawilebis ufleba hqonda. mxolod
1906-1910 wlebis kanonebiT, stolipinis mTavrobam, glexs misca ufleba Temidan gasuliyo da pirad sakuTrebaSi mieRo Tavisi miwis nakveTi. mas amieridan SeeZlo am
nakveTis gayidvac da memkvidreobiT gadacemac. saglexo reformam ruseTSi mxolod
amis Semdeg miiRo dasrulebuli saxe.
sasamarTlo da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis reforma; samxedro reforma. batonymobis gadavardnam ganapiroba sxva reformebis gatarebis aucileblobac, romelTac
xelisuflebis organoebi da sasamarTlo axali pirobebisadmi SesabamisobaSi unda
moeyvana.
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos Seqmnis mizniT, 1864 wlis reformiT, gamocxadda sasamarTlos damoukidebloba administraciuli xelisuflebisagan. dadginda samarTalwarmoebis sajarooba da samarTalSi micemulTa dacvis ufleba. Seiqmna nafic
msajulTa instituti. magram mefis mTavrobam male daixia ukan. Jandarmeriis (politikuri policiis) uflebebi kvlav gafarTovda, Seiqmna specialuri sasamarTlo
komisiebi, romlebsac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani saqmeebi gadaecemoda.
1864 wels guberniebsa da mazrebSi xelisuflebis axali arCeviTi organoebi —
saerobo dawesebulebebi (erobebi) Seiqmna. am organoebs politikuri Zalaufleba ar
hqonda. isini guberniebsa da mazrebSi sameurneo da kulturul sakiTxebs ganagebdnen.
kanoniT eroba, qonebrivi cenzis safuZvelze, arCeviTi yovelwodebrivi organo unda
yofiliyo. erobebSi wamyvani mdgomareoba mosaxleobis SeZlebulma fenebma da liberalurma inteligenciam daikava.
1870 wels saerobo dawesebulebaTa mixedviT gardaiqmna saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobac. arCeviTi saqalaqo saTaTbiroebi qalaqis keTilmowyobis, janmrTelobis dacvisa
da ganaTlebis sakiTxebs ganagebdnen. saTaTbiroebSi xelmZRvaneli roli SeZlebulma
mosaxleobam daikava.
sasamarTlo da saerobo reforma ZiriTadad uSualod rusuli regionebiT Semoifargla.
1874 wlis samxedro reformiT gauqmda sarekruto gawveva da 21 wels miRweul yvela mamakacs savaldebulo samxedro begara daekisra.
naklovanebaTa miuxedavad XIX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebis reformebma mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi Seitana ruseTis socialur-ekonomikur cxovrebaSi, daCqarda industrializaciis tempi, Camoyalibda axali sazogadoebrivi fenebi.
224
davaleba
1. ro­me­li ome­bis Se­de­gad da ra te­ri­to­ri­e­bi Se­i­er­Ta ru­seT­ma XIX sa­u­ku­nis pir­vel
na­xe­var­Si.
2. imsjeleT 1828-1829 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omis mniSvnelobaze saqarTvelosaTvis da SeafaseT ruseTis koloniuri politikis Sedegebi.
3. imsjeleT ruseTis miznebze yirimis omSi da misi damarcxebis mizezebze. Tqveni
azriT, ra gavlenas moaxdenda yirimis omi ruseTis saerTaSoriso mdgomareobaze?
4. imsjeleT aWaris mosaxleobis erovnuli poziciis Sesaxeb. SeafaseT qarTvel moRvaweTa damokidebuleba aWaris sakiTxis mimarT.
5. SeajameT XIX saukunis iranTan da osmaleTTan warmoebuli omebis Sedegebi ruseTisa da saqarTvelosTvis.
6. SeafseT yirimis omis Sedegebi saqarTvelosTvis.
7. gansazRvreT ruseTis eqspansiuri politikis areali da misi Sedegebi
8. imsjeleT ruseTSi batonymuri urTierTobebis ganmtkicebis mizezebsa da Sedegebze.
9. SeafaseT Tavad-aznaurebisa da xelisuflebis pozicia glexebis gaTavisuflebasTan dakavSirebiT, CamoayalibeT orive mxaris argumentebi.
10.Tqveni azriT, ra principiT tardeboda saglexo reforma imperiis ararusul guberniebSi?
11. ra mniSvneloba hqonda sasamarTlo, samxedro da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis reformebs?
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
aleqsandre II-is reformebi _ 1861-1871 ww.
$ 7 XIX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebis reformebi
saqarTveloSi
saqarTveloSi `saglexo reformis~ gatarebas igive mizezebi ganapirobebda, rac
ruseTSi. batonymobis winaaRmdeg gamosvlebs adgili hqonda goris mazraSi, guriaSi,
afxazeTsa da sxva mxareebSi. xelisufleba SeSfoTebiT acxadebda, rom sul ufro
Zlierdeboda glexebis saprotesto gamosvlebi. quTaisis general-gubernatori kolubiakini aRniSnavda: `...ozurgeTis mazris glexebis ukanaskneli manifestacia ufro
farTo masStabisa iyo da Tavis rigebSi iTvlida 200-mde SeiaraRebul kacs...~. masStaburobiT gamoirCeoda 1856-1857 wlebis samegrelos glexTa ajanyebac. ajanyebulTa
saerTo raodenoba oci aTas kacs aRwevda.
megreli glexebi xelisuflebas Semdeg moTxovnebs uyenebdnen: `kacis kaci ar unda
arsebobdes; aRikveTos ymebiT vaWroba; aikrZalos gadasaxadebis TviTneburi gadideba; mieces glexs yvela adamianuri ufleba; dawesdes kanonze damyarebuli mmarTveloba mebatoneTa ganukiTxavi mmarTvelobis magivrad; moispos tanjva-wvalebis dRemde
arsebuli meTodebi...~
225
qarTveli sazogadoebis mowinave nawilic moiTxovda batonymobis gauqmebas. rafiel erisTavis leqsSi `mTxovneli msajulisadmi~, daniel WonqaZis moTxrobaSi
`suramis cixe~ da sxva mweralTa SemoqmedebaSi cxadad aris gadmocemuli batonymuri weswyobilebis mankiereba. ukompromiso iyo Tergdaleulebis pozicia. sakuTari
ideebis sazogadoebamde mitanisaTvis maT 1863 wels gamosces Jurnali `saqarTvelos
moambe~. Jurnalis pirvelsave nomerSi daibeWda misi redaqtoris _ ilia WavWavaZis
werili, romelic `TergdaleulTa~ socialur mrwams gadmoscemda: `sazogadoebaSi
erTi nawili rom sul ara Sromobdes da sxvis SromiT irCendes Tavsa da im Sromasac
rom Tavisufleba ara hqondes... es mdgomareoba orive nawilisaTvis, metadre mTeli
sazogadoebisaTvis senia... me rom exla Tavisufali kaci ar viyo, fexebSi borkili
gayrili mqondes, xeiriani Sroma, cxadia, ar SemeZleboda... Cemi batonic rom darwmunebuli ar iyos, rom sxvisi Sroma acxovrebs, rasakvirvelia ufro imxnevebda da Tavisufal Sromas gaswevda. ra gamovida aqedam? jer isa, rom Tavisufali Sroma ufro
nayofieria, meore isa, rom mTel sazogadoebaSi yoveli kaci unda iyos mSromeli Tavisuflada da, maSasadame, nayofieradac. da Tu sazogadoebaSi yoveli wevri Sromobs,
sazogadoebac keTil mdgomareobaSi Seva~ (ilia WavWavaZe).
Tavad-aznaurTa umravlesoba batonymobis gauqmebis, gansakuTrebiT glexebis
miwianad gaTavisuflebis, winaaRmdeg gamodioda. isini SiSobdnen, rom ymebis gaTavisufleba maT gaRatakebas gamoiwvevda. xelisflebam Tbilisis guberniis Tavad-aznaurebs batonymobis gauqmebis proeqtis Sedgena daavala. Seiqmna ori, `umravlesobisa~
da `umciresobis~ proeqtebi. orive glexTa umiwod gaTavisuflebas iTvaliswinebda.
amasTan, `umciresobis~ proeqti glexis sakuTrebad aRiarebda misi SromiT Seqmnil
an SeZenil qonebas (mag., saxli, venaxi, samuSao iaraRi, pirutyvi...). miwis sakiTxisadmi radikalurad gansxvavebuli pozicia ekavaT Tergdaleulebs. maT mrwamss gvikonkretebs `kritikuli SeniSvnebis~ saxeliT cnobili dokumenti, romlis avtorad
istorikosebi ilia WavWavaZes Tvlian. am dokumentSi dasabuTebulia batonymobis
gauqmebis gardauvaloba da glexobis miwianad gaTavisuflebis aucilebloba. kerZod, naTqvamia, rom miwis Tavad-aznaurTa sakuTrebaSi datovebis SemTxvevaSi yofil
mebatones ufleba eqneboda glexisTvis mamuli CamoerTmia an TviTneburad gaezarda gadasaxadi. aseTi perspeqtiva ki glexobas meurneobis ukeT gaZRolis stimuls
mouspobda.
saqarTveloSi `saglexo reforma~ 1864-1871 wlebSi ganxorcielda. Tbilisis guberniaSi batonymoba 1864 wels gauqmda, quTaisis guberniaSi _ 1865 wels, samegreloSi _ 1867 wels, afxazeTSi _ 1869 wels, xolo svaneTSi _ 1871 wels.
saqarTveloSi batonymobis gauqmebisas ruseTis TviTmpyrobeloba Tavisi ZiriTadi
dasayrdenis _ qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis interesTa damcvelad gamodioda. amitom aq
`saglexo reforma~ rigi TaviseburebebiT gatarda. xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebiT,
yovel gaTavisuflebul glexze yofil mebatoneebs sakompensaciod misces Tanxa _
25-dan 50 maneTamde. amave dros glexebs mTlianad rodi dautoves is miwa, romelsac
isini batonymobis gauqmebamde amuSavebdnen.
Tavad-aznaurTa nawilma mxari dauWira cnobili moRvawis dimitri yifianis iniciativas da sakompensaciod miRebuli TanxiT `saTavadaznauro-saadgilmamulo banki~
daaarsa. banki 1875 wels amoqmedda da mis Tavmjdomared ilia WavWavaZe airCies. `saTavadaznauro banki~ memamuleebs, meurneobis gafarToeba-gaumjobesebis mizniT, SeRavaTiani pirobiT aZlevda sesxs. male banki saerTo-erovnul, saqvelmoqmedo dawesebulebad iqca. is finansur daxmarebas uwevda qarTul Teatrs, Jurnal-gazeTebs,
`qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas~, xelmokle studentebs. `saTavadaznauro-saadgilmamulo bankis~ SemweobiT aigo Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis pirveli korpusi.
226
saxelmwifos mier SemuSavebul debulebas bevri nakli aRmoaCnda. mowinave sazogadoeba mas mwvaved akritikebda. amis miuxedavad, saglexo reformas didi mniSvneloba hqonda saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis. Tavisufal glexobas SeeZlo
sakuTari meurneobis Seqmna da warmoebis gaumjobeseba, mas ufleba hqonda xeli mieyo
vaWrobisa da xelosnobisaTvis.
XIX saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi, ruseTis msgavsad, saqarTveloSic ganxorcielda
sasoflo da saqalaqo mmarTvelobisa da sasamarTlos reforma. magram es gardaqmnebi,
qveynis koloniuri mdgomareobis gamo, SezRudul xasiaTs atarebda, zogierTi maTgani, magaliTad saerobo reforma, saqarTveloSi saerTod ar gatarebula.
1865 wlis 14 oqtombers saqarTveloSi SemoiRes `sasoflo mmarTvelobebi~. maT
soflis yriloba irCevda da mefis moxeleebi amtkicebdnen. am organoebis saqmianoba
amoiwureboda gadasaxadebis akrefiT da saxelmwifo begara-samuSaoTa Sesrulebaze
Tvalyuris devnebiT.
1874 wels Tbilisze gavrcelda 1870 wlis ruseTis saqalaqo reformis debuleba,
romlis mixedviTac, arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba eZleoda qalaqis yvela mcxovrebs, vinc ki gadasaxads ixdida, miuxedavad imisa, Tu romel wodebas ekuTvnoda
igi.
gansakuTrebiT Sekvecilad gatarda saqarTveloSi sasamarTlo reforma. aq ar SemouRiaT mosamarTleTa arCeva, maT winandeburad mTavroba niSnavda. ar SemouRiaT
nafic msajulTa instituti, rasac didi mniSvneloba hqonda saqmis obieqturi gadawyvetisTvis. mosaxleobis mier arCeuli sasamarTlos magier saqarTveloSi Seiqmna
mTavrobis moxeleTa sasamarTloebi, sadac saqmeebi ganixileboda qarTveli xalxisaTvis gaugebar rusul enaze.
davaleba
1. ganixileT samegrelos glexobis moTxovnebi xelisuflebisadmi da miuTiTeT, romeli maTgani migaCniaT sakvanZo moTxovnad.
2. imsjeleT, ra mniSvnelobas aniWebda ilia WavWavaZe Tavisufal Sromas; gaixseneT
msgavsi Sinaarsis romelime nawarmoebi; SeafaseT mowinave sazogadoebis wvlili
batonymobis gauqmebis saqmeSi.
3. ramdenad gansxvavedeboda miwis sakuTrebis sakiTxSi Tavad-aznaurebisa da Tergdaleulebis poziciebi; romeli migaCniaT ufro progresulad da ratom.
4. SeafaseT `saTavadaznauro-saadgilmamulo bankis~ Seqmnis mniSvneloba.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
samegrelos glexTa ajanyeba _ 1856-1857 ww.
saglexo reformis ganxorcieleba saqarTveloSi _ 1864-1871 ww.
saglexo reformis gatareba Tbilisis guberniaSi _ 1864 w.
saglexo reformis gatareba quTaisis guberniaSi _ 1865 w.
saglexo reformis gatareba samegreloSi _ 1867 w.
saglexo reformis gatareba afxazeTSi _ 1869 w.
saglexo reformis gatareba svaneTSi _ 1871 w.
saTavadaznauro-saadgilmamulo bankis daarseba _ 1875 w.
227
testi #12
testis maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 55 qula
I. teqstis gasworeba
instruqcia: mocemulia ori teqsti. TiToeulSi daSvebulia 5 Secdoma. Sesabamis
svetebSi CamowereT Secdomebi da swori pasuxebi. yoveli aRmoCenili Secdoma fasdeba
0.5 quliT, xolo misi Sesatyvisi swori varianti _ 0.5 quliT. teqstis SesworebisaTvis gankuTvnilia 10 qula.
1. nikoloz I-s surda osmaleTis danawevreba, gibraltarisa da magelanis sruteebis xelSi Cagdeba da balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze ganmtkiceba. am mizniT 1853 wels
man iranTan axali omi gaaCaRa. ruseTis armiam balkaneTze sevastopolisaken daiwyo
Seteva. inglisi da safrangeTi ver Seurigdnen xmelTaSua zRvaSi ruseTis SeRwevis
mcdelobas, amitom maT omi gamoucxades ruseTs. mokavSireebma kavkasiaSi didi armia
gadasxes da baTums alya Semoartyes.
#
Secdomaa
sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2. frangebma 1652 wels CrdiloeT afrikaSi daaarses `kapis~ kolonia. aq Camosaxlebulebs burebi ewodaT, isini kaTolikeebi iyvnen. napoleonTan omebis dros avstrielebma kapis miwa daipyres. venis kongresma iuridiulad daadastura. Seviwroebuli burebi samxreTisaken daiZrnen da zangebisTvis warTmeul teritoriaze marokosa
da alJiris respublikebi daaarses.
#
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
228
Secdomaa
sworia
II. upasuxeT kiTxvebs:
instruqcia: sul mocemulia 25 kiTxva oTxi savaraudo pasuxiT. swori pasuxi fasdeba 1 quliT. jamSi, maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 25 qula.
1. romel saxelmwifos uwodeben `msoflio saxelosnos~?
a) ruseTs;
b) safrangeTs;
g) ingliss;
d) aSS-s.
2. ra ganapirobebda inglisis koloniuri imperiis Zlevamosilebas?
a) swrafi sameurneo ganviTareba;
b) Zlevamosili omebi xmeleTsa da zRvaze;
g) kontinenturi blokada;
d) inglisis konkurenti qveynebis swrafi ganviTareba.
3. romeli iyo inglisis pirveli kolonia?
a) indoeTi;
b) irlandia;
g) Sotlandia;
d) uelsi.
4. romelma omma daasrula didi britaneTis koloniuri dapyrobebi afrikaSi?
a) inglis-egviptis omma;
b) inglis-sudanis omma;
d) ingli-birmis omma.
g) inglis-burebis omma;
5. romel qveynebs Soris mimdinareobda 1853-1856 wlebis yirimis omi?
a) TurqeTsa da safrangeTs Soris;
b) safrangeTsa da sardinias Soris;
g) sardiniasa da ingliss Soris;
d) TurqeTsa da ruseTs Soris.
6. ra periodSi moxda ruseTis eqspansia cimbirSi, yazaxeTsa da Sua aziaSi?
a) XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi;
b) XIX saukunis I naxevarSi;
g) XIX saukunis II naxevarSi;
d) XX saukunis I naxevarSi.
7. romel qveyanaSi ganxorcielda saglexo reformebi 1861-1871 wlebSi?
a) TurqeTSi;
b) inglisSi;
g) ruseTSi;
d) safrangeTSi.
229
8. raSi mdgomareobda `aRmosavleTis sakiTxis~ ZiriTadi Sinaarsi?
a) evropis didma saxelmwifoebma axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebis dapyroba gadawyvites;
b) evropis didi saxelmwifoebisaTvis naTeli gaxda, rom osmaleTis imperia dasustda da misi danawileba gadawyvites;
g) evropis didma saxelmwifoebma gadawyvites, erToblivad elaSqraT iranSi;
d) evropis didma saxelmwifoebma gadawyvites, gaekvalaT axali savaWro gzebi aRmosavleTisaken.
9. qronologiurad daalageT inglisis koloniuri dapyrobebi
__afrika;
__irlandia;
__indoeTi;
__CrdiloeT amerika.
10. ruseTis imperiis romelma imperatorebma gamosces qarTl-kaxeTis gauqmebis
manifesti?
a) nikoloz I, aleqsandre II;
b) pavle I, aleqsandre I;
g) aleqsandre I, nikoloz II;
d) ekaterine II, pavle I.
11. sad moRvaweobda aleqsandre batoniSvili?
a) ruseTSi;
b) osmaleTSi;
g) iranSi;
d) daRestanSi.
12. rodis da romel saxelmwifoebs Soris gaformda elaznauris traqtati?
a) 1804 wels, imereTis samefosa da ruseTis imperias Soris;
b) 1805 wels, ruseTis imperiasa da irans Soris;
g) 1809 wels; osmaleTsa da irans Soris.
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
13. romel wels gauqmda qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalia?
a) 1801 w.;
g) 1810 w.;
b) 1802 w.;
d) 1811 w.
14. rodis ajanydnen aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielebi rusuli mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg?
a) 1802 w.;
g) 1806 w.;
b) 1804 w.;
d) 1812 w.
15. romeli winadadebaa swori?
a) solomon dodaSvili monawileobda saqarTveloSi rusuli mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg mowyobil SeTqmulebaSi;
b) iranis mier mitacebuli tao-klarjeTi, aWara da samcxe saqarTvelos SemouerTda;
g) solomon dodaSvilma gamosca pirveli qarTuli Jurnali `iveria~;
230
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
16. CamoTvlilTagan, vin monawileobda 1832 wlis SeTqmulebaSi?
a) baqar batoniSvili da Tekla batoniSvili;
b) ioane kaTalikosi da pavle cicianovi;
g) solomon dodaSvili da aleqsandre orbeliani;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
17. ras gulisxmobda ruseTis imperiis ekonomikuri politika?
a) qarTveli mosaxleobis gadasaxlebas ruseTis Soreul guberniebSi;
b) saqarTvelos samrewvelo ganviTarebas;
g) saqarTvelos iafi nedleuliT unda moemaragebina ruseTis fabrika-qarxnebi;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
18. romel wlebSi mimdinareobda imereTis ajanyeba?
a) 1811-1813ww.;
g) 1816-1818 ww.;
b) 1815-1816 ww.;
d) 1819-1820 ww.
19. rodis SemoiRes kavkasiis mefisnacvlis Tanamdeboba?
a) 1840 w.;
g) 1855 w.;
b) 1844 w.;
d) 1867 w.
20. vin iyo kavkasiis pirveli mefisnacvali?
a) bariatinski;
b) voroncovi;
g) romanovi;
d) ermolovi.
21. romel wlebSi mimdinareobda `yirimis omi~ da romeli qveynebi monawileobdnen
masSi?
a) 1807-1812 ww. monawileobdnen: ruseTi, osmaleTi, inglisi da prusia;
b) 1828-1829 ww. monawileobdnen: ruseTi, irani da safrangeTi;
g) 1853-1856 ww. monawileobdnen: ruseTi, osmaleTi, britaneTi da safrangeTi;
d) 1877-1878 ww. monawileobdnen: ruseTi, osmaleTi da irani.
22. romeli zaviT cno iranma aRmosavleT saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi?
a) 1828 wlis TurqmanCais zaviT;
b) 1829 wlis adrianopolis zaviT;
g) 1878 wlis san-stefanos zaviT;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
23. CamoTvlilTagan, ra SedegiT dasrulda ruseT-TurqeTis 1877-1878 wlebis omi?
a) ruseTma SeierTa aRmosavleT kavkasiis saxanoebi;
b) TurqeTma daibruna samcxis nawili, sadac aRadgina axalcixis safaSo;
g) aWara Sevida ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
231
24. ras gulisxmobda ruseTis imperator aleqsandre II-is mier gatarebuli „saglexo reforma“?
a) glexobisaTvis miwis Tanabrad ganawilebas;
b) Tavad-aznaurebisa da glexebis qonebriv da uflebriv gaTanasworebas;
g) glexobisaTvis saarCevno uflebis miniWebas;
d) glexebis mebatoneTa ymobisagan gaTavisuflebas.
25. romel wels gauqmda batonymoba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi?
a) 1861 w.;
b) 1864 w.;
g) 1867 w.;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
III. wyaros analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 16 qula)
1. `1. mis umaRlesobas, Cvens xelmwifes, qarTlis, kaxeTis da sxvaTa mefe... didebulebs, samRvdeloebas da xalxs surT miiRon ruseTis imperiis samudamo qveSevrdomoba. isini kisruloben SeZlebisdagvarad pirnaTlad aRasrulon ruseTis qveSevrdomTa
yvela movaleoba, kanoni da brZaneba, aRiaron ruseTis imperatori Tavis namdvil
xelmwifed da TviTmpyrobelad.
2. mefe umorCilesad iTxovs, rom samefos Cabarebis Semdeg is da misi memkvidreni
datovebul iqnan taxtze mefis tituliT... isini qveyanas marTaven im kanonebis mixedviT, romlebsac ruseTis umaRlesi mTavroba gamoscems. Tavis mxriv, isini gansakuTrebuli nebarTvis gareSe araviTar kanonebs ar miiReben.
3. misi udidebulesoba mefe saqarTvelos samefos Semosavals gadascems xelmwife
imperatoris gankargulebaSi survilisamebr gamosayeneblad, kerZod, jarebis Sesanaxad an sxva adgilobrivi saWiroebisaTvis. pirvel xanebSi ki, adgilobriv miwaTmoqmedTa erTgulebis damtkicebis mizniT, ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi sagadasaxado
SeRavaTebis misaniWeblad.
4. qarTveli mefis yvela qveSevrdoms, Tavadaznaurobas, vaWrebs da sxvadasxva xelobis xalxs sxva qveSevrdomebis uflebebi da movaleobebi unda hqondeT~.
kiTxvebi:
1. romeli mefea am werilis avtori?
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(1 qula)
2. aris Tu ara es amonaridi `georgievskis traqtatis~ fragmenti? pasuxi daasabuTe.
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(2 qula)
3. ra pirobas uyenebs qarTveli mefe ruseTis imperators?
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(2 qula)
4. izRudeba Tu ara qarTuli samefos Sinagani da sagareo suvereniteti? pasuxi
daasabuTe.
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(2 qula)
2. amonakrebi debulebidan `batonymobisagan gaTavisuflebuli glexebis Sesaxeb~:
`... memamuleni, inarCuneben ra sakuTrebis uflebas yvela TavianT miwaze, dawesebuli begaris Sesrulebisa da gadaxdis pirobiT aZleven glexebs samudamo
sargeblobisaTvis kar-midamos, garda amisa, maTi cxovrebis uzrunvelsayofad da
mTavrobisa da memamulis winaSe TavianTi movaleobis Sesasruleblad saxnav-saTes
miwas da sxva savargulebs im raodenobiT, rac adgilobrivi debulebebiT ganisazRvreba...
... glexebisaTvis miwisa da sxva savargulebis gamoyofa da agreTve amis samagiero
begara memamulis sasargeblod ganisazRvreba upiratesad memamulisa da glexebis nebayoflobiTi SeTanxmebiT...
... batonymobidan gaTavisuflebuli glexebi Seadgenen sameurneo saqmeebisaTvis
sasoflo sazogadoebebs, xolo marTva-gamgeobisa da sasamarTlo saqmeebisaTvis erTiandebian Temebad. yovel sasoflo sazogadoebaSi da yovel TemSi sazogadoebrivi
saqmeebis gamgebloba ekisreba Tems da mis mier am debulebis safuZvelze arCeulebs...
kiTxvebi:
1. ra pirobiT aZleven memamuleebi glexebs samudamo sargeblobisaTvis kar-midamos,
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(2 qula)
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2. ra mizans emsaxureboda glexebisaTvis saxnav-saTesi miwisa da sxva savargulebis gadacema?
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(1 qula)
3. ra gansazRvravda saxnav-saTesi miwisa da sxva savargulebis raodenobas?
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(1 qula)
4. ra ganisazRvreboda glexTa da yofil mebatoneTa nebayoflobiTi urTierTSeTanxmebiT?
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(1 qula)
5. ra organizaciebi iqmneboda debulebis mixedviT?
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(1 qula)
6. romeli saukunis romeli naxevris dokumentia es debuleba?
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(1 qula)
7. romel qveyanaSi miiRes es debuleba?
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(1 qula)
8. vin iyo am saxelmwifos meTauri im periodSi?
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(1 qula)
V. problemis analizi da argumentacia (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 4 qula)
1. Tavad-aznaurTa umravlesoba batonymobis gauqmebis, gansakuTrebiT glexebis
miwianad gaTavisuflebis, winaaRmdeg gamodioda. ilia WavWavaZe da misi momxreebi
Tvlidnen, rom batonymobis gauqmeba gardauvalia da glexobis miwianad gaTavisuflebis aucileblobas asabuTebdnen.
a) moiyvaneT erTi konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argumenti, romliTac Tavad-aznaurTa umravlesoba Tavis pozicias daicavda.
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(1 qula)
b) moiyvaneT erTi konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argumenti, romliTac ilia WavWavaZe da misi momxreebi TavianT pozicias daicavdnen.
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(1 qula)
2. evropis didi saxelmwifoebisaTvis naTeli gaxda, rom osmaleTis imperia dasustda; isini darwmundnen, rom osmaleTis politikuri wyobilebisa da SeiaraRebuli
Zalebis qmediTunarianobis daqveiTeba Seuqcevadi procesi iyo; didma saxelmwifoebma
osmaleTis imperiis danawileba gadawyvites. osmalTa imperiis danawilebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ukve XVIII saukunis miwurulSive warmoiSva mzardi winaaRmdegoba
evropis did saxelmwifoebs Soris. XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi am mxriv upiratesoba ruseTis mxareze iyo. viTareba Seicvala XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi, rodesac
osmaleTis imperiis danawilebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT wamyvani mdgomareoba evropaSi inglis-safrangeTma daikava.
a) moiyvaneT erTi konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argumenti, romelic daadasturebs TurqeTis imperiis danawilebasTan dakavSirebiT ruseTis upiratesobas XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi.
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(1 qula)
b) moiyvaneT erTi konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argumenti, romelic daadasturebs TurqeTis imperiis danawilebasTan dakavSirebiT inglis-safrangeTis upiratesobas XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi.
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(1 qula)
235
XIII Tavi. revoluciebis, samoqalaqo omebisa da
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraobebis periodi
$1. samoqalaqo omi aSS-Si
ganmarteba:
homstedi _ ingl. nakveTi, kar-midamo, 160 akramde (65 heqtramde) sididis miwis
nakveTi.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis teritoriuli gafarToeba 1803-1860 wlebSi. XVIII
saukunis 80-iani wlebisaTvis aSS vrcel teritorias moicavda: CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken gadaWimuli iyo didi tbebidan da mdinare wm. lavrentis zemo dinebidan
— floridamde, xolo aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken atlantis okeanis napirebidan
— mdinare misisipimde.
1803 wels napoleon bonapartma aSS-s Calis fasad mihyida luiziana, romelic moicavda teritorias misisipidan dasavleTiT kldovan mTebamde. aman aSS-is farTobi orjer gazarda, am teritoriis aSS-isaTvis gadacemiT igi ganamtkicebda safrangeT-amerikis megobrobas da kidev ufro metad amwvavebda winaaRmdegobas amerikasa da ingliss
Soris. marTlac, 1812 wels aSS-sa da ingliss Soris daiwyo omi, romelic damoukideblobisaTvis meore omis saxelwodebiT aris cnobili. omi or weliwads gagrZelda. inglisma ver SeZlo aSS-is gadaqceva koloniad, piriqiT, darwmunda axali sa­xelmwifos
siZliereSi da XIX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi, roca did britaneTsa da aSS-s Soris atyda
dava oregonis teritoriis gamo, inglisma morigeba amjobina da aSS-s Crdilo ganedis
49 gradusis samxreTiT mdebare teritoria dauTmo, riTac dasrulda aSS-is Crdilo
sazRvris formireba okeanidan okeanemde.
1810 wlidan amerikelebma espanelebis Seviwroeba daiwyes, xelT igdes misisipis SesarTavi, floridis naxevarkunZuli da maT Soris gadaWimuli sanapiros viwro zoli.
1836 wels texasSi aSS-dan Camosaxlebulma monaTmflobelma plantatorebma gandevnes meqsikelTa jarebi da Seqmnes damoukidebeli respublika, romelic 1845 wels
amerikis SeerTebul Statebs SeuerTda. aman gamoiwvia meqsikasTan omi, sadac meqsika
sastikad damarcxda da 1848 wlis zaviT iZulebuli gaxda aSS-isaTvis gadaeca axali
meqsika da kalifornia.
aSS miRweuliT ar dakmayofilda da 1853 wels meqsikas Camoacila Crdilo-dasavleTi kuTxe. ris Semdegac aSS-meqsikis sazRvari aRar Secvlila. 1867 wels ruseTma
aSS-s alaska mihyida.
`gardauvali konfliqti~. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis teritoriuli gafarToebis kvaldakval iqmneboda axali Statebi. 1820 wels CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis
Statebs Soris miRweul iqna e.w. `misuris kompromisi~: aSS-is teritoriaze Crdilo
ganedis 36 gradusisa da 30 minutis CrdiloeTiT monoba aikrZala. amieridan aSS-Si
erTdroulad unda Sesuliyo ori Stati: erTi Tavisufali CrdiloeTSi da meore monaTmflobeluri samxreTSi.
XIX saukunis 40-50-iani wlebisaTvis aSS-is CrdiloeT nawilSi wamyvani gaxda
msxvili mrewveloba. samxreT nawilSi ki plantatoruli meurneoba, romelSic Savkaniani monebis Sromas iyenebdnen.
236
XIX saukunis Sua wlebidan aSS-Si sul ufro Rrmavdeboda winaaRmdegoba Tavisufali Sromisa da monobis momxreTa Soris. safuZveli ecleboda misuris kompromiss.
monaTmflobelebi mTel amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi monobis damkvidrebas cdilobdnen. mewarmeebi, xelosnebi, muSebi, fermerebi da Savkanianebi ki monobis akrZalvisaken iswrafodnen.
XIX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan amerikaSi Caisaxa abolicionisturi moZraoba. masSi
monawileobdnen rogorc Savkanianebi, ise TeTrkanianebi. abolicionistebma moawyves
e.w. `miwisqveSa rkinigzebi~ _ fermerebisagan Semdgari saidumlo agentebis qseli.
saidumlo agentebi TavSesafars aZlevdnen Savkanianebs, erTi `sadguridan~ meore
`sadgurSi~ acilebdnen gaqceul monebs da CrdiloeT Statebamde mihyavdaT. aqedan
ltolvili Savkanianebi kanadaSi gadadiodnen, sadac 1834 wlidan gauqmebuli iyo monoba. 1830-1860 wlebSi `miwisqveSa rkinigzebis~ saSualebiT monobisagan gaTavisuflda 60 aTasze meti Savkaniani.
abolicionistebi iaraRiTac cdilobdnen Savkanianebis gaTavisuflebas. am mxriv
sayuradReboa fermer jon braunis gamosvla 1859 wels. man mezobel plantaciebSi momuSave Savkaniani monebis ajanyebis mowyoba scada. mTavrobis jarma TiTqmis mTlianad
gaanadgura misi 23-kaciani razmi, TviT jon brauni sikvdiliT dasajes.
1852 wels gamoqveynda amerikeli mwerali qalis hariet biCer stous wigni `biZia
Tomas qoxi~. wignis avtori cxovrobda monaTmflobeluri Statebis mezobel ohaios
StatSi. biCer stoum SemaZrwunebeli realobiT asaxa is saSineli tanjva-wameba, romelsac mkacri monaTmflobeli mepatroneebi ayenebdnen misi nawarmoebis gmirebs. biCer stous romani pirvelsave wels 300 aTasiani tiraJiT gaiyida da mniSvnelovani
roli Seasrula monobis sawinaaRmdego propagandaSi.
monobis mowinaaRmdegeebma Seqmnes respublikuri partia, romelmac gaimarjva 1860
wlis arCevnebSi. monobis momxre demokratiulma partiam, romelsac 32 wlis ganmavlobaSi epyra xelT prezidentis posti, Zalaufleba dakarga. prezidentad airCies
respublikeli abraam linkolni. linkolnis prezidentad arCevas mohyva monaTmflobeluri Statebis ajanyeba. samxreT karolinas Statma aSS-sgan damoukidebloba gamoacxada. misi pozicia sxva monaTmflobelurma Statebmac gaiziares.
1861 wlis 4 Tebervals Seiqmna samxreTis Statebis konfederacia. konfederaciis
dedaqalaqad gamocxadda riCmondi. konfederaciis prezidentad airCies msxvili
plantatori da monaTmflobeli jeferson devisi. 34 Statidan centraluri mTavrobis erTguli mxolod 23 Stati darCa, 11 Stati ki konfederacias miemxro.
1861 wlisTvis CrdiloeTis Statebis mosaxleoba Seadgenda 22 milions, konfederaciaSi Semaval StatebSi ki 9 milioni cxovrobda, maTgan 4 milioni Savkaniani mona
iyo. konfederacias faqtobrivad ganagebda rva aTasi ojaxi, romelTagan TiToeuli
flobda 50-ze met monas.
samxreTis Statebis ekonomika moklebuli iyo sakuTar mrewvelobas da agrarul
xasiaTs atarebda. CrdiloeTis Statebze modioda aSS-is sabanko kapitalis, rkinigzebis qselis saerTo sigrZis da samrewvelo produqciis daaxloebiT 3/4. CrdiloeTSi
iyo Tavmoyrili aSS-is TiTqmis mTeli metalurgia, safeiqro mrewveloba da iaraRis
warmoeba.
samoqalaqo omis iniciatorad samxreTis konfederacia gamovida. monaTmflobeluri elita bambis vaWrobiT miRebuli uzarmazari mogebis meSveobiT kargad moemzada
samoqalaqo omisaTvis. monaTmflobelebi CrdiloeTze swraf gamarjvebas varaudobdnen.
1861-1865 wlebis samoqalaqo omi. 1861 wlis 13 aprils 7 aTasma meamboxem aiRo samxreT karolinis StatSi mdebare samteris forti, romelsac centraluri mTavrobis
momxre 83 mebrZoli icavda. fortidan Camoxsnes federaluri mTavrobis droSa da
237
konfederaciis droSa aRmarTes. es dRe iTvleba samoqalaqo omis dasawyisad amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi.
1861-1862 wlebSi samxreTelebi orjer gadavidnen moulodnel Setevaze, Crdiloelebma Zlivs moigeries konfederatebis Seteva vaSingtonze. naTeli gaxda, rom moqmedeba Crdiloelebis gegmis mixedviT, rac gulisxmobda samxreTis Statebis yoveli
mxridan alyaSi moqcevas, Seviwroebasa da konfederaciis mospobas, gaWianurebul oms
gamoiwvevda. amasTan, es e.w. `maxrCobela gveliviT garSemortymis~ gegma ver uzrunvelyofda Crdiloelebis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis centrebis dacvas samxreTelebis
moulodneli Tavdasxmebisagan.
CrdiloelTaTvis omSi gamarjvebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo brZolis xasiaTis Zirfesvianad Secvla.
1862 wels aSS-is kongresma miiRo kanoni homstedebis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviT
amerikis srulwlovan moqalaqeebs SeeZloT mieRoT 160 akramde (65 heqtramde) sididis miwis nakveTi.
1862 wlis 22 seqtembers linkolnma xeli moawera `gaTavisuflebis proklamacias~,
1863 wlis 1 ianvridan Savkanianebi monobisagan Tavisufldebodnen.
am RonisZiebebma xeli Seuwyo aSS-is centraluri xelisuflebis momxreTa zrdas
da miswrafebas, swrafad moeRoT bolo amboxebisaTvis. am periodidan daiwyo CrdiloeTis Statebis samxedro-ekonomikuri upiratesobis sruli realizeba.
1863 wlis zafxulSi CrdiloeTis jarebi daeuflnen mdinare misisipis qvemo wels.
es mniSvnelovani strategiuli warmateba iyo, radgan izolirebuli iqna konfederaciis dasavleTi nawili, rac uaRresad aadvilebda saomar operaciebs.
1864 wlis maisSi CrdiloeTis samma armiam general Sermanis sardlobiT daiwyo Seteva jorjiis Statze. Sermanma qalaqi atlanta daikava, dekembris miwurulSi savanas
daeufla da meqsikis yuris sanapiroze gavida.
Sermanma Seasrula dasaxuli sabrZolo amocana _ SeiWra mowinaaRmdegis zurgSi, daikava jorjiis Stati da gadaketa samxreTis umniSvnelovanesi sarkinigzo magistralebi.
savanis dakavebis Semdeg generalma Sermanma Tavisi armiebi daZra Crdilo-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT riCmondisaken, sadac aSS-is SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardals
general grants alyaSi hyavda moqceuli konfederaciis dedaqalaqi. 1865 wlis 3 aprils
centraluri mTavrobis jarebma riCmondi aiRes; ramdenime dRis Semdeg konfederaciis
jarebis mTavarsardali general li Tavisi armiis naSTebiTurT grants danebda.
1865 wlis 14 aprils karolinis StatSi mdebare samteris fortze gamarjvebulebma
samoqalaqo omis damTavrebis niSnad aSS-is saxelmwifo droSa aRmarTes.
amboxebis CaxSobis Semdeg samxreTis StatebSi mwvaved dadga problemebi, romlebic dauyovnebliv moiTxovda socialur-politikuri xasiaTis gardaqmnebs (rekonstruqcias).
plantatorebs kargad esmodaT, rom linkolni am gardaqmnebs iseTive SeupovrobiT
ganaxorcielebda, rogori SeupovrobiTac xelmZRvanelobda samoqalaqo omis bolo
periods. amitom maT moisyides erT-erTi msaxiobi, romelmac 1865 wlis 14 aprils
vaSingtonis TeatrSi sazeimo speqtaklis dros dambaCis tyviiT sasikvdilod daWra
mTavrobis loJaSi myofi abraam linkolni.
1861-1865 wlebis samoqalaqo omma ramdenime aseuli aTasi amerikeli imsxverpla
da udidesi materialuri zarali miayena qveyanas. homstedebis kanoniT da monobis
gauqmebiT samoqalaqo omma Seqmna aucilebeli wanamZRvrebi qveynis swrafi ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis gadaqcevas msoflios uZlieres
industriul-agrarul qveynad xeli Seuwyo mravalma faqtorma: qveynis teritoriis
sididem, mdidarma bunebrivma resursebma, evropidan kapitalisa da kvalificirebuli
muSaxelis gadmosvlam, farTo saSinao bazris Seqmnam, geografiuli mdebareobis gamo
samxedro xarjebis minimumamde dayvanam da, rac mTavaria, amerikelebis Sromismoyvareobam, siaxlis grZnobam da iniciativis unarma.
238
orpartiuli sistema aSS-Si. samoqalaqo omis Semdeg aSS-Si iyo ori partia: demokratiuli partia, romelic sul cota xnis win monaTmflobeluri samxreTis interesebs gamoxatavda da respublikuri partia, romelic monaTmflobelobis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda. samoqalaqo omis damTavrebidan pirveli msoflio omis dawyebamde, 50
wlis ganmavlobaSi, aSS-Si 13-jer Catarda saparlamento arCevnebi. respublikelebma
arCevnebSi 12-jer gaimarjves. respublikelebi warmatebiT iyenebdnen `gasisxlianebuli perangis frialis~ politikas, riTac amerikelebs Seaxsenebdnen, rom swored
demokratebma gaaCaRes samoqalaqo omi da, rom maT surdaT aSS-is daSla da a.S.
1883 wels aSS-Si miiRes kanoni `samoqalaqo samsaxuris Sesaxeb~, romliTac ikrZaleboda Tanamdebobaze daniSvna arCevnebis dros gaweuli TanadgomisaTvis. amis nacvlad SemoRebul iqna sakonkurso gamocdebis sistema, romlis drosac samsaxuris
maZiebeli amtkicebda Tavis kvalifikacias.
espaneT-amerikis 1898 wlis omi. XIX saukunis miwurulisaTvis dasustebul espaneTs mis erT dros udidesi koloniuri imperiidan SemorCa mxolod ramdenime samflobelo, romelTa Soris yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani iyo kuba da filipinebi.
kubelebi da filipinelebi iaraRiT xelSi ebrZodnen espanel kolonizatorebs.
Seqmnili viTarebiT isargebla amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma. 1898 wels espaneTTan xanmokle Zlevamosili omis Sedegad amerikelebi daeuflnen kubas da filipinebs.
kubam formalurad damoukidebloba miiRo. filipinebi ki aSS-is kolonia gaxda. amave
1898 wels aSS-ma SeierTa wynari okeanis centrSi mdebare havais kunZulebi.
davaleba
1. SeafaseT safrangeTisa da aSS-is interesebi da maTi politikuri urTierToba.
2. ras iTvaliswinebda `misuris kompromisi~?
3. SeafaseT abolicionisturi moZraoba.
4. SeafaseT CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis Statebis samxedro-ekonomikuri potenciali
samoqalaqo omis win.
5. romeli mxare flobda upiratesobas da ratom?
6. homstedebis Sesaxeb kanonis safuZvelze aSS-is moqalaqe homstedis mflobeli
xdeboda. ra mniSvneloba hqonda samoqalaqo omis pirobebSi homstedebis Sesaxeb
kanonis gamocemas?
7. ra mniSvneloba hqonda samoqalaqo omis pirobebSi 1863 wlis `monebis gaTavisuflebis deklaracias”?
8. gansazRvreT, ra viTarebam ganapiroba `samoqalaqo samsaxuris Sesaxeb~ kanonis
SemoReba da ra mniSvneloba hqonda mas.
9. SeafaseT samoqalaqo omis Sedegebi.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
aSS-inglisis omi, romelic damoukideblobisaTvis meore omis saxelwodebiT aris
cnobili _ 1812-1813 ww.
CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis Statebs Soris miRweul iqna e.w. `misuris kompromisi~ _ 1820 ww.
meqsikam aSS-s gadasca axali meqsika da kalifornia _ 1848 w.
amerikaSi Caisaxa abolicionisturi moZraoba _ XIX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan
arCevnebSi gaimarjva monobis mowinaaRmdege respublikurma partiam. prezidentad
airCies respublikeli abraam linkolni _ 1860 w.
239
Seiqmna samxreTis Statebis konfederacia _ 1861 w. 4 Tebervali
daiwyo samoqalaqo omi CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis Statebs Soris _ 1861 w. 13 aprils
aSS-is kongresma miiRo kanoni homstedebis Sesaxeb _ 1862 w.
linkolnma xeli moawera `gaTavisuflebis proklamacias~ _ 1862 w. 22 seqtemberi
samoqalaqo omi CrdiloelTa gamarjvebiT dasrulda _ 1865 w. 14 aprili
$2. safrangeTi 1814-1870 wlebSi
restavracia (1814-1830 ww.). napoleonis winaaRmdeg mebrZolma saxelmwifoebma,
misi damarcxebis Semdeg, safrangeTis taxtze burbonTa dinastia aRadgines. es periodi safrangeTis istoriaSi restavraciis saxeliT aris cnobili. samefo taxtze avida
lui XVIII, revoluciis dros sikvdiliT dasjili lui XVI-is Zma.
restavraciis Semdeg samSobloSi dabrunda sazRvargareT gadaxvewili emigranti
Tavadaznauroba, romelic daundoblad ebrZoda revoluciur safrangeTs da napoleons. Tavadaznauroba da kaTolikuri samRvdeloeba revoluciis Sedegad dakarguli
miwebisa da privilegiebis dabrunebaze ocnebobda.
marTalia, lui XVIII-m revoluciis samferovani droSa burbonTa TeTri droSiT
Secvala, magram SesaniSnavad esmoda, rom absolutizmis aRdgena SeuZlebeli iyo. Zveli reJimisaken mibrunebis cdas xelisuflebis damxoba mohyveboda. revolucias safrangeTSi ise Rrmad hqonda fesvebi gadgmuli, rom feodalur urTierTobaTa aRdgena
warmoudgeneli iyo. lui XVIII-s araviTari survili ar hqonda axali revoluciuri
afeTqebis Sedegad kvlav emigraciaSi wasuliyo da ucxo monarqTa kardakar exetiala.
lui XVIII-m 1814 wels safrangeTs qartia (konstitucia) `uboZa~.
lui XVIII-is gardacvalebis Semdeg safrangeTis taxtze misi umcrosi Zma Sarl
X avida. Sarl X-m 1830 wlis zafxulSi deputatTa palata daiTxova, xolo 25
ivliss gamocemuli brZanebulebiT, saarCevno ufleba mxolod msxvil miwaTmflobelebs dautova, SezRuda sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba, gaamkacra cenzura Jurnal-gazeTebze.
parizelebma dedaqalaqis quCebi barikadebiT gadaketes. barikadebs amofarebulebma quCis brZolebSi jarsa da policias sZlies da daamxes aristokrat-TavadaznaurTa
xelisufleba. Sarl X inglisSi gaiqca. ajanyebulebs respublikis damyareba surdaT, magram revoluciis saTaveSi moqceulma liberalebma respublikas SezRuduli
monarqia amjobines, isini monarqis SecvliT dakmayofildnen da safrangeTis taxtze
burbonebis naTesavi lui-filipe orleaneli dasves.
imis gamo, rom lui-filipe 1830 wlis ivlisis revoluciis wyalobiT avida taxtze, amitom misi mefobis xanas ivlisis monarqia ewoda. lui-filipes mmarTvelobis
dros Zalauflebas bankirebi, msxvili mewarmeebi da mdidari miwaTmflobelebi daepatronnen. brwyinvale cxovrebis moyvaruli burbonebisagan gansxvavebiT, `fulis
qisebis~ mefe lui-filipe SeZlebul, magram momWirne parizels hgavda. gamefebamde igi dedaqalaqis quCebSi gacveTili kostiumiT daseirnobda, xelSi qolga eWira,
raTa wvimis dros tansacmeli ar gafuWeboda. lui filipem revoluciuri samferovani droSa aRadgina, SezRuda presis cenzura, arCevnebis ufleba saSualo klasis
warmomadgenlebzec gavrcelda.
240
im mizniT, rom safrangeTis mewarmeebi sazRvargareTidan saqonlis Semotanisagan
daecva, mTavrobam importze gazrdili baJi daawesa, ramac saSinao bazarze fasebis
gazrda gamoiwvia. dRiTidRe autaneli xdeboda dabali fenebis gaWirveba da siduxWire. ubralo adamianebs ar hqondaT arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba, raTa deputatTa
palataSi TavianTi interesebi daecvaT. safrangeTSi sul ufro xmamaRla gaismoda
srulwlovani mamakacebisaTvis sayovelTao saarCevno uflebis miniWebis moTxovna.
1845-1847 wlebi dasavleT da centraluri evropis qveynebSi, maT Soris safrangeTSic, saocrad mousavliani aRmoCnda, rasac ekonomikuri krizisi mohyva. sasursaTo
saqonelze fasebi mkveTrad gaizarda, mSromelTa xelfasebi ganaxevrda, daiwyo masobrivi umuSevroba.
aseT viTarebaSi ivlisis monarqiam uaryofiTi damokidebuleba gamoavlina saarCevno reformisadmi.
1848 wlis TebervalSi parizi kvlav barikadebiT daifara da lui-filipe orleanelsac mouxda inglisSi gadaxvewa.
amjerad parizelma muSebma, xelosnebma, wvrilma vaWrebma revoluciis Sedegad
Seqmnili droebiTi mTavroba aiZules, safrangeTi respublikad gamoecxadebina, koloniebSi monoba gaeuqmebina, SemoeRo srulwlovani mamakacebisaTvis sayovelTao saarCevno ufleba, erTi saaTiT Seemcirebina samuSao dRe (daeyvana 10 saaTamde).
centraluri xelisuflebis gaZlierebis mizniT damfuZnebelma krebam daawesa safrangeTis respublikis prezidentis posti. napoleon bonapartis Zmiswulma lui-na­
poleonma moxerxebulad gamoiyena safrangeTis mosaxleobaSi Tavisi didi biZis popularoba da gaimarjva prezidentis arCevnebSi.
1851 wels lui-napoleonma jarze dayrdnobiT saxelmwifo gadatrialeba moawyo
da erTpirovnuli xelisufleba daamyara. momdevno wels man safrangeTis imperatorad — napoleon III, gamoacxada Tavi (napoleon II bonapartistebisTvis napoleon
I-is vaJi iyo, romelic sruliad axalgazrda avstriaSi gardaicvala). safrangeTSi
meored damyarda imperia.
napoleon III-is winaaRmdegobrivma politikam saSualeba misca prusias 1870 wlisTvis saerTaSoriso izolaciaSi moeqcia omisaTvis moumzadebeli safrangeTi.
davaleba
1. restavrirebuli burbonebis Sesaxeb taleirani ambobda: `maT arc araferi daviwyebiaT da arc araferi uswavliaTo~. rogor SeafasebT am gamonaTqvams?
2. SeadareT erTmaneTs frangi monarqebis lui XVIII-is, Sarl X-isa da lui-filipe
orleanelis mmarTveloba; cxriliT gamosaxeT maT Soris msgavseba-gansxvaveba.
3. imsjeleT 1830 da 1848 wlebis revoluciebis mizezebze da Sedegebze.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
restavracia safrangeTSi _ 1814-1830 ww.
revoluciis wyalobiT lui-filipe avida taxtze, misi mefobis xanas ivlisis monarqia ewoda _ 1830 w. ivlisi
revolucia parizSi, lui-filipe orleaneli inglisSi gadaixvewa. safrangeTSi respublika damyarda _ 1848 w. Tebervali
lui-napoleonma jarebze dayrdnobiT saxelmwifo gadatrialeba moawyo da erTpirovnuli xelisufleba daamyara _ 1851 w.
lui-napoleoni gaxda safrangeTis imperatori _ napoleon III _ 1852 w.
241
$3. italiis gaerTianeba
ganmarteba:
risorjimento — italiurad aRorZinebas niSnavs. am SemTxvevaSi italieli xalxis
brZola erovnuli Tavisuflebisa da qveynis gaerTianebisaTvis.
1848 wlis revolucia. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi napoleon bonapartis omebis Sedegad italia faqtobrivad gaerTianda safrangeTis batonobis qveS. 1815 wels venis kongresma italia kvlav daanawevra. samxreT italiaSi italiel burbonTa absolutizmi
damyarda; romis olqSi papis SeuzRudveli Zalaufleba ganmtkicda; lombardia-veneciis olqi ki uSualod avstriis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida.
italieli patriotebi ver eguebodnen qveynis danawevrebasa da avstriisadmi daqvemdebarebas. ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas juzepe maZini da juzepe garibaldi Caudgnen saTaveSi. italieli xalxis brZolas qveynis Tavisuflebisa da gaerTianebisTvis
risorjimento ewoda.
1848-1849 wlebSi maZinis, garibaldisa da maTi momxreebis brZolis Sedegad italiis udides qalaqebSi — romsa da veneciaSi respublikebi Seiqmna. veneciis respublikas avstrielebma mouRes bolo (veneciis respublikam iarseba 1848 wlis 23 martidan 1849 wlis 30 agvistomde), romis respublikis damxoba ki lui napoleonma iTava.
mis mier gagzavnil aTiaTasian jars SeebrZolnen romis respublikis SeiaraRebuli
Zalebi garibaldis meTaurobiT. orTviani Seupovari uTanasworo brZolis Semdeg garibaldim winaaRmdegoba Sewyvita. romis respublikam mxolod xuT Tves — 1849 wlis
6 Tebervlidan 2 ivlisamde iarseba. safrangeTis jari romSi Sevida da pap pius IX-is
SeuzRudavi saero xelisufleba aRadgina. maZinis da garibaldis samSoblodan gadaxvewa mouxdaT.
kamilo kavuri. 50-iani wlebis dasawyisidan italiis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobas saTaveSi kamilo kavuri Caudga. ganaTlebuli da gamWriaxi italieli
memamule kavuri inglisis politikuri da ekonomikuri wyobilebis didi Tayvanismcemeli iyo.
1852 wels kavuri sardiniis samefos premier-ministri gaxda. italiis gaerTianeba,
misi azriT, progresuli erovnuli saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelobiT unda momxdariyo.
sardiniis mefem vitorio-emanuil II-m, kavuris rCeviT, Tavis samefoSi konstituciuri monarqia daamyara.
kavuri mrewvelobis ganviTarebas, rkinigzebisa da navsadgurebis mSeneblobas
uwyobda xels.
italiis gaerTianeba avstrielTa gandevnis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo. kavuri Tvlida, rom lombardia-veneciis olqis avstrielTagan daxsna mxolod ucxo saxelmwifos
daxmarebiT SeiZleboda. aseT saxelmwifod mas safrangeTi esaxeboda, amasTan lui
napoleoni italiis mimarT did interess iCenda da romSi franguli jaric hyavda
Cayenebuli.
1853 wels inglisi da safrangeTi ruseTis winaaRmdeg yirimis omSi Caebnen, avstriam ki antirusul koaliciaSi monawileobisagan Tavi Seikava. kavuri napoleon
III-is mokavSire gaxda da sardiniis jari yirimSi gagzavna. amiT man safrangeTis imperatoris keTilganwyoba moipova da parizis sazavo konferenciaze sapatio adgili
daikava. parizis sazavo konferenciaze kavurma erTiani italiis samefos Seqmnis sakiTxi daayena.
242
omi avstriis winaaRmdeg. kavuri napoleon III-s nicasa da savoias dahpirda, Tu safrangeTis jari sardiniis samefos daexmareboda lombardia-veneciis olqidan avstrielebis gandevnasa da mis SemoerTebaSi. SeTanxmeba Sedga. 1859 wels daiwyo sardiniis samefosa da safrangeTis omi avstriis winaaRmdeg. saomar kampaniaSi juzepe garibaldic
monawileobda Tavisi moxaliseebiT. igi kavurma miiwvia, raTa omi ufro popularuli
gaexada. mokavSireebi lombardiaSi SeiWrnen da avstrielebi sastikad daamarcxes.
avstriasTan omi toskanis, modenisa da parmis sahercogoebis mosaxleobisaTvis
ajanyebis niSani gaxda. avstriis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis daxmarebiT gabatonebuli adgilobrivi mmarTvelebi gaiqcnen. yofili sahercogoebi sardiniis samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sevida.
italiaSi dawyebulma revoluciam napoleon III SeaSina. man omi Sewyvita. safrangeT-avstriis 1859 wlis sazavo xelSekrulebiT, lombardia, qalaq milaniTurT, sardiniis xelSi gadavida, veneciis olqi ki avstrias darCa. safrangeTma ar Seasrula
Tavisi valdebuleba Crdilo-aRmosavleT italiis avstriis batonobisgan mTlianad
gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad amisa, napoleon III mxolod im SemTxvevaSi daTanxmda sardiniis samefosadmi toskanis, parmisa da modenis SeerTebas, Tu igi savoias
da nicas miiRebda.
1860 wlis aprilSi kunZul siciliaze glexTa ajanyebam ifeTqa. garibaldim aTasze
meti moxalise Seagrova, qalaq genuidan ori gemiT saidumlod samxreTisaken gaemarTa
da Tavisi `aTaseuli~ siciliis dasavleT nawilSi gadasxa.
mosaxleoba aRtacebiT esalmeboda garibaldis da masobrivad uerTdeboda mis
`aTaseuls~. garibaldim oc dReSi gaaTavisufla mTeli sicilia da Tavisi jari samxreT italiaSi gadaiyvana.
1860 wlis agvistoSi garibaldi ukve 25 aTas ajanyebuls meTaurobda. am jariT man
neapolel burbonTa 150-aTasiani armia daamarcxa. seqtemberSi garibaldi neapolSi
Sevida da orive siciliis (neapolitaniis) samefos bolo mouRo.
kavurma saswrafod Seiyvana sardiniis jarebi samxreT italiaSi. saxalxo kenWisyris
Sedegad samxreT italia sardiniis samefos SeuerTda. sardiniis samefom samxreT italiis Semomtkiceba daiwyo.
italiis samefo. 1861 wels sardiniis samefos dedaqalaqSi — turinSi sardinia
da masTan SeerTebuli teritoriebi italiis samefod gamoacxades; nacvlad winandeli xuTmilioniani sardiniisa, mefe vitorio-emanuil II axla 22 milionian samefos
marTavda. italiis samefo erTian konstituciur monarqiad gadaiqca. sakanonmdeblo
krebis arCevnebSi maRali qonebrivi saarCevno cenzi daaweses.
magram italiis samefoSi mTeli italia rodi iyo gaerTianebuli. venecia kvlav
avstrielTa uRelqveS imyofeboda. italiis samefos sazRvrebs gareT rCeboda romis
pa­pis olqic. papma Tavisi samflobeloebis ori mesamedi dakarga, magram napoleon III-is
daxmarebiT qalaqi romi da olqis dasavleTi nawili SeinarCuna.
italiis gaerTianebis procesi germaniis gaerTianebisaTvis gaCaRebul omebs gadaexlarTa.
1866 wels prusia Tavs daesxa avstrias, italiis mTavroba prusias miemxro. kvlav
gamoiyenes garibaldis samxedro niWi. garibaldim moxaliseTa korpusi Seagrova da
warmatebiT ibrZoda avstrielebis winaaRmdeg. marTalia, italiis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi xmeleTzec da zRvazec damarcxdnen, magram omis bedi prusiis jaris mier avstriis armiis ganadgurebam gadawyvita. avstria iZulebuli gaxda veneciaze xeli
aeRo. veneciis olqi italias SeuerTda.
oTxi wlis Semdeg, safrangeT-prusiis omSi, 1870 wels prusiis jarma safrangeTis
armia daamarcxa. papis mfarveli safrangeTis imperatori napoleon III taxtidan Camoagdes. amiT isargebla vitorio-emanuil II-m da 1870 wels romis olqic SeierTa.
243
1870 wlis Semodgomidan italiis samefos dedaqalaqi turinidan romSi gadaitanes.
papi romis erT-erT ubanSi — vatikanSi darCa da ganacxada, rom protestis niSnad
Tavis sasaxlidan ar gamova, sanam mis saero xelisuflebas ar aRadgenen.
italiis gaerTianeba dasrulda, Tumca italielebiT dasaxlebuli bevri teritoria da ori mniSvnelovani qalaqi — triesti da nica samefos sazRvrebs gareT darCa.
italiis samefom didi saxelmwifos saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba moipova. magram
igi Tavisi ekonomikuri da samxedro SesaZleblobebiT did saxelmwifoTa Soris yvelaze susti qveyana iyo.
davaleba
1. imsjeleT sagareo faqtoris rolze italiis gaerTianebisTvis brZolaSi.
2. SeafaseT juzepe garibaldis erovnul-politikuri mrwamsi.
3. SeafaseT kamilo kavurisa da juzepe garibaldis politikuri moRvaweoba, gansazRvreT maTi roli italiis gaerTianebis saqmeSi.
4. imsjeleT, ra roli Seasrula italiis gaerTianebis saqmeSi im dros arsebulma
saerTaSoriso mdgomareobam.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
revolucia italiaSi _ 1848 w.
maZinis, garibaldisa da maTi TanamebrZolebis moqmedebis Sedegad italiis udides
qalaqebSi — romsa da veneciaSi respublikebi Seiqmna _ 1848-1849 ww.
sazavo xelSekrulebiT lombardia, qalaq milaniTurT, sardiniis xelSi gadavida _ 1859 w.
kunZul siciliaze glexTa ajanyebam ifeTqa _ 1860 w. aprili
sardiniis samefos dedaqalaqSi _ turinSi sardinia da masTan SeerTebuli teritoriebi italiis samefod gamoacxades _ 1861 w.
prusia-avstriis omis Sedegad veneciis olqi italias SeuerTda _ 1866 w.
italiis samefos dedaqalaqi turinidan romSi gadaitanes. papi romis erT-erT ubanSi
_ vatikanSi darCa. italiis gaerTianeba dasrulda _ 1870 w. Semodgomidan
$4. germaniis gaerTianeba, franko-prusiis omi, mesame
respublika safrangeTSi
1848 wlis revolucia. napoleon binapartis damarcxebis Semdeg germanul saxelmwifoebSi, ZiriTadad, reaqciuli despoturi wyobileba damyarda. 1815 wels venis
kongresma 38 germanuli saxelmwifo germaniis kavSirSi gaaerTiana, magram arsebiTad
isini damoukidebelni iyvnen, SeinarCunes sakuTari mTavrobebi, diplomatiuri warmomadgenlebi da armiebi.
germaniis progresuli Zalebi erTiani germanuli saxelmwifos Seqmnisaken iswrafodnen. varaudobdnen, rom revoluciis gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi germanuli monarqiebi daemxoboda da Seiqmneboda erTiani germanuli respublika. revoluciis ideas
imediT uyurebdnen avstriis imperiaSi Semavali aragermaneli xalxebi — italielebi, ungrelebi, slavebi. isini damoukidebeli erovnuli saxelmwifoebis Seqmnas
isaxavdnen miznad.
244
1848 wlis mousavlianobam, ekonomikurma krizisma da safrangeTSi mimdinare movlenebma daaCqara 1848-1849 wlebis revoluciebi Sua evropaSi, romelic yvela germanul saxelmwifos moedo.
1848 wlis martis Sua ricxvebSi venisa da berlinis quCebi barikadebiT daifara.
evropuli reaqciis erT-erTi Tavkaci _ avstriis kancleri, Tavadi meternixi venidan
gaiqca da ingliss Seafara Tavi.
avstriisa da prusiis monarqebi iZulebulni gaxdnen, daTmobebze wasuliyvnen, reaqciuli mTavrobebi liberaluri mTavrobebiT SeecvalaT da zogierTi progresuli
reforma gaetarebinaT.
avstriis imperatorma da prusiis mefem 1848-1849 wlebis revoluciis dros SeZles
armiebis erTgulebisa da brZolisunarianobis SenarCuneba, ramac maT saSualeba misca
CaexSoT revoluciuri moZraoba da revoluciis dasawyisSi gatarebuli RonisZiebebis sagrZnobi nawili gaeuqmebinaT. xelisuflebis saTaveSic kvlav reaqciuli mTavrobebi aRmoCndnen.
avstriis imperiis mesveurebs yvelaze metad 1848 wlis martSi ungreTSi dawyebuli
revoluciis damarcxeba gauWirdaT. avstriis imperatorma ungreTis revoluciis damarcxeba sakuTari ZalebiT ver moaxerxa da daxmarebisaTvis ruseTis imperator nikoloz I-s mimarTa. 1848 wlis varSavis ajanyebiT SeSfoTebulma `evropis Jandarmma~
ungreTSi asiaTasiani armia gagzavna. ungreTi kvlav avstriis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi iqna Seyvanili. ungreTis revoluciasTan sisxliani angariSsworebis dros daiRupa
TavisuflebisaTvis Tavdadebuli mebrZoli poeti Sandor petefi.
1848-1849 wlebis revoluciis damarcxebis gamo germaniis gaerTianebisa da avstriis imperiaSi Semavali xalxebis gaTavisuflebis sakiTxi gadauWreli darCa.
bismarki _ prusiis mTavrobis xelmZRvaneli. 1861 wels prusiis monarqma vilhelm
I-ma pirvel ministrad daniSna oto bismarki. pirvel ministrs umniSvnelovanes amocanad miaCnda germaniis gaerTianeba prusiis meTaurobiT. am miznis misaRwevad igi
samxedro Zalis gamoyenebasac ar erideboda.
bismarki amtkicebda, rom germaniisaTvis mTavaria armiis gaZliereba da ara konstituciuri wesebi. aqedan gamomdinare, igi ugulebelyofda prusiis parlaments. dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad bismarki ruseTis keTilganwyobilebis mopovebas Seecada.
amitomac varSavis 1863 wlis ajanyebis dros man poloneT-prusiis sazRvari daketa
da ruseTs samxedro daxmarebac ki SesTavaza. am gziT bismarkma sawadels miaRwia —
Tavisi momavali gegmebis ganxorcielebis saqmeSi ruseTis imperatoris aleqsandre
II-is mxardaWera moipova.
germaniis gaerTianebis dasawyisi; avstria-prusiis omi. prusiis meTaurobiT germaniis gaerTianebas avstrieli habsburgebi nebayoflobiT ar dauSvebdnen. aucilebeli iyo avstriaze samxedro gamarjveba. amisaTvis ki ruseTisa da safrangeTisgan
avstriis izolireba unda momxdariyo. polonelTa ajanyebis CaxSobaSi gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis aleqsandre II-m bismarkis sasargeblod gadawyvita saqme da avstriasTan
omSi prusias neitraliteti aRuTqva.
avstriasTan omis dawyebis neba bismarks safrangeTis imperatormac misca. napoleon III imedovnebda, rom omi gaWianurdeboda da orive mxares daasustebda; amiT isargeblebda safrangeTi da luqsemburgs, belgias da mdinare rainis napirebze mdebare
germanul teritoriebs SeierTebda.
prusias miemxro italiac, romelsac bismarki veneciis olqs dahpirda. avstrias ki mxari germanulma saxelmwifoebma dauWires, raTa prusiis xelSi Cavardnisgan Tavi daeRwiaT.
avstria-prusiis omi 1866 wels daiwyo da prusiis gamarjvebiT damTavrda. vilhelm
I-ma avstriis `daCoqeba~ moindoma. mas surda TeTr cxenze amxedrebuli SeZRoloda
Tavis jarebs venaSi, magram bismarkma xeli SeuSala _ igi safrangeTTan omisaTvis
245
emzadeboda. bismarkis moTxovniT, imave 1866 wels avstriasTan saswrafod daido SedarebiT SeRavaTiani zavi. avstriam italiis sasargeblod veneciis olqi dakarga,
prusias ki mcire kontribucia gadauxada.
mdinare mainis CrdiloeTiT mdebare germanuli saxelmwifoebis nawili bismarkma
uSualod SeuerTa prusias, nawili ki prusiis meTaurobiT Seqmnil `CrdiloeT germaniis kavSirSi~ Seiyvana. avstria germanuli saxelmwifoebis kavSiridan gavida. `CrdiloeT germaniis kavSiris~ gareT rCeboda agreTve samxreTgermanuli saxelmwifoebic
— bavaria, badeni, viurtembergi, heseni.
1859 wels safrangeTTan da sardiniasTan, 1866 wels ki prusiasTan gancdili marcxis Semdeg avstria uaRresad dasustda. imperatori franc-iosebi iZulebuli gaxda,
dualisturi monarqiis Seqmnas daTanxmeboda. habsburgTa saxelmwifoSi ungreTis saxelmwifo Camoyalibda. habsburgTa monarqias avstria-ungreTi ewoda.
1866 wlis Semdeg Seqmnili viTarebiT napoleon III ukmayofilo iyo. safrangeTis
imperatoris varaudi imis Sesaxeb, rom avstriasa da prusias Soris xangrZlivi omi
gaimarTeboda, ar gamarTlda. omi swrafad damTavrda, es ki bismarks saSualebas aZlevda win aRdgomoda napoleon III-is gegmebs, romlis Tanaxmadac, safrangeTis imperiis sazRvrebi belgiisa da rainispira germanuli teritoriebis mierTebis gziT unda
gafarToebuliyo. yvela sadavo sakiTxi oms unda gadaewyvita. safrangeTi da prusia
gamalebiT emzadebodnen erTmaneTTan saomrad.
safrangeT-prusiis omis mizezebi. prusiasTan moaxloebul omSi napoleon III
farTo miznebs isaxavda: mowinaaRmdegis ganadgureba, CrdiloeT germaniis kavSiris
daSla, belgiisa da rainispira germaniis miwa-wylis dapatroneba, rac safrangeTis
imperators sakuTar qveyanaSi Tu saerTaSoriso sarbielze Seryeuli avtoritetis
ganmtkicebis sawindrad esaxeboda.
prusielebi, Tavis mxriv, ver urigdebodnen napoleon III-is miswrafebebs da germaniis gaerTianebisaTvis xelis SeSlis mcdelobas. bismarki safrangeTTan omSi gamarjvebiT germaniis gaerTianebis dasrulebas varaudobda. amave dros, igi safrangeTis
gaZarcvas da misi teritoriebis dauflebasac isaxavda miznad.
XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolos saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba safrangeTisaTvis
araxelsayreli iyo. inglisis mTavroba TanagrZnobiT ekideboda prusiis gaZlierebas, radgan igi metoqis — safrangeTis gamawonasworebel Zalad esaxeboda evropaSi.
ruseTis monarqi aleqsandre II 1863 wlis varSavis ajanyebis CaxSobisas bismarkis
keTilganwyobil pozicias ar iviwyebda, amasTan imedovnebda, rom safrangeTis dasusteba gaaadvilebda parizis 1856 wlis xelSekrulebis pirobis likvidacias, romlis
Tanaxmad, ruseTs Sav zRvaze flotis yola ekrZaleboda. napoleon III-is orpirobiT ukmayofiloni iyvnen italielebic, radgan safrangeTis imperatorma 1859 wlis
avstria-prusiis omis dros italiis mimarT Tavisi dapirebebi ar Seasrula. amgvarad,
safrangeTi izolirebuli aRmoCnda. miuxedavad amisa, napoleon III gazviadebulad
afasebda Tavis Zalebs da prusiasTan omis daCqarebas eswrafoda. Tavis mxriv, bismarkic cdilobda omis daCqarebas.
1870 wlis 19 ivliss safrangeTma omi gamoucxada prusias. bismarki aRtacebuli
iyo: omi ise gaCaRda, rom germaneli xalxisa da msoflio sazogadoebis winaSe Tavdamsxmel mxared safrangeTi warsdga.
omis dawyeba, sedanis brZola. germanul saxelmwifoTa gaerTianebuli armia omisaTvis kargad iyo momzadebuli. napoleon III ki, romelic iolad da swrafad gamarjvebas varaudobda, sruliad moumzadebeli aRmoCnda.
sasazRvro brZolaSi iniciativa germanelTa armiebma igdes xelT. safrangeTis jaris nawilma mecis cixesimagres Seafara Tavi. male aq germanelebma frangebi srul
alyaSi moaqcies.
246
safrangeTis armiis meore nawili, romelSic TviT imperatori napoleon III imyofeboda, qalaq sedanTan germanelebma alyaSi moaqcies da misi ganadgureba daiwyes.
frangma jariskacebma alya ver gaarRvies. 1870 wlis 2 seqtembers 80-aTasiani armia,
imperatori napoleon III da daWrili marSali mak-maoni, germanelebs danebda.
sedanis katastrofam sayovelTao aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia parizSi. meore imperia daemxo. xalxis moTxovniT, 1870 wlis 6 seqtembers safrangeTi respublikad gamocxadda.
safrangeTis mmarTvelma wreebma droebiTi mTavroba Seqmnes. droebiT mTavrobas prusiasTan omi wagebulad miaCnda. magram xelisuflebis SenarCunebis mizniT igi iZulebuli iyo angariSi gaewia xalxis patriotuli ganwyobilebisaTvis _ Tavi `erovnuli
Tavdacvis mTavrobad~ gamoacxada da omi ganagrZo.
germanelTa jarebi safrangeTis siRrmeSi SeiWrnen. seqtembris meore naxevarSi
maTma 230-aTasianma armiam parizs Semoartya alya.
parizelebi mSobliuri qalaqis dasacavad aRsdgnen. yvela mamakaci, visac ki iaraRis tareba SeeZlo _ muSebi, xelosnebi, wvrili vaWrebi da studentebi erovnul
gvardiaSi ewerebodnen. 1870 wlis oqtomberSi gvardielTa odenobam 250 aTass miaRwia. aseT viTarebaSi mdgomareoba ukuduresad gaamwvava cnobam mecis cixesimagreSi
alyaSemortymuli, sursaT-sanovagisa da tyvia-wamlis udidesi maragis mqone safrangeTis uzarmazari armiis danebebam. es aSkara Ralati iyo, ramac safrangeTSi sayovelTao ukmayofiloba gamoiwvia. sul ufro da ufro naTeli xdeboda, rom `erovnuli
Tavdacvis mTavroba~ sinamdvileSi `erovnuli Ralatis mTavroba~ iyo. igi safrangeTis Tavdacvaze naklebad fiqrobda da bismerkTan saidumlo molaparakebis dawyebas
cdilobda.
germaniis imperiis Seqmna; safrangeT-prusiis omis dasasruli. 1871 wlis 18 ianvars
versalis sarkeebian darbazSi germanulma saxelmwifoebma prusiis mefe vilhelm I
gaerTianebuli germaniis imperatorad gamoacxades.
safrangeT-prusiis omis dros dasrulda germaniis gaerTianeba. Seiqmna erTiani
germaniis imperia prusiis monarqiis xelmZRvanelobiT.
1871 wlis 28 ianvars gaerTianebul germaniasa da safrangeTs Soris droebiTi zavi
daido. misi ratificirebis Semdeg germanuli jarebi datoveben parizis sazRvrebs,
agreTve maT mier dakavebul fortebs, romlebic mdebareobs mdinare senas marcxena
sanapiroze.
mogvianebiT, imave wlis 10 maiss mainis frankfurtSi prusiam da safrangeTma xeli
moaweres sazavo xelSekrulebas, romliTac SenarCunebuli iqna winaswari zavis pirobebi. xelSekrulebis ratificirebis mizniT safrangeTis mmarTvelma wreebma, germaniis moTxovniT, saswrafod Caatares erovnuli krebis arCevnebi.
III respublika safrangeTSi. prusiasTan omis wagebiT gaognebul safrangeTSi,
sadac saerTo aRSfoTebis viTarebaSi mosaxleobas uWirda simarTlisa da sicruis
erTmaneTisagan garCeva, kaTolikuri eklesiis xelSewyobiT, 1871 wlis arCevnebSi monarqistebma gaimarjves. 700 deputatidan 450 monarqisti aRmoCnda. erovnuli kreba
bordoSi Seikriba. man Seqmna safrangeTis mTavroba istorikos adolf tieris xelmZRvanelobiT. kreba daeTanxma germanelebis mier SemoTavazebul sazavo pirobebs. krebis
monarqistuli umravlesoba revoluciur parizs ar endoboda. amitom gadawyda, rom
erovnuli krebis sxdomebi versalSi Catardeboda, tieris mTavroba ki dedaqalaqSi
unda gadasuliyo.
parizis erovnulma gvardiam, romelic ZiriTadad muSebisa da xelosnebisagan Sedgeboda, centraluri komiteti airCia. sanam parizis erovnuli gvardia iaraRs inarCunebda, monarqistul erovnul krebas parizelTa mxardaWerisa da safrangeTSi monarqiis aRdgenis imedi ver eqneboda, amitom tieris mTavrobam erovnuli gvardiis
247
ganadgureba moindoma. pirvel rigSi man ekonomikur RonisZiebebs mimarTa. erovnuli
gvardiis wevrebs jamagiris micema Seuwyvita, xolo parizelebisaTvis Tamasuqebisa
da binis qiris gadaxdis gadavadeba gaauqma.
1871 wlis 18 marts tierma regularuli jaris nawilebs ubrZana xelT egdoT erovnuli gvardiis qvemexebi, romlebic parizSi, monmartris maRlobze iyo ganlagebuli.
am mcdelobam amaod Caiara, mTavrobis veragobiT gamowveuli aRSfoTeba ki saxalxo
ajanyebaSi gadaizarda. tieri da misi mTavrobis wevrebi parizidan versalSi gaiqcnen,
sadac erovnuli krebis sxdomebi imarTeboda. versalSi mouyares Tavi dedaqalaqis
samxedro garnizonis nawilebsac.
parizSi mmarTveloba erovnuli gvardiis centralurma komitetma aiRo xelSi. 26
marts man parizis komunis sabWos wevrTa sayovelTao da pirdapiri arCevnebi Caatara.
28 marts erovnuli gvardiis centralurma komitetma Zalaufleba gadasca axlad
arCeul parizis komunis sabWos.
parizis komunis sabWos wevrebad muSebi da revoluciurad ganwyobili patriotebi gavidnen. komunarebi demokrati respublikelebi iyvnen. amdenad, monarqistuli erovnuli kreba, romelic germaniis mTavrobasTan binZur garigebebs ar Takilobda, maTTvis miuRebeli iyo. komunarebis umravlesobas miaCnda, rom xalxis
mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad mizanSewonili iyo mTeli rigi gardaqmnebis ganxorcieleba.
tieri bismarks SeuTanxmda prusielebis mier datyvevebuli frangi jariskacebisa
da oficrebis saswrafod safrangeTSi dabrunebis Sesaxeb. am RonisZiebis wyalobiT
man parizis irgvliv Tavi mouyara 100 aTas jariskacsa da oficers, romelTac safrangeTis marSali mak-maoni meTaurobda. 21 maiss mak-maonis jariskacebi parizSi SeiWrnen. erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi parizi sisxlismRvrelma brZolebma moicva. `sisxlian
kviras~ oci aTasamde komunari Seewira. gadarCenilebi tieris mTavrobam iZulebiT
samuSaoze gaamwesa safrangeTis Soreul koloniebSi.
parizis komunam 71 dRe — 1871 wlis 18 martidan 28 maisamde iarseba. parizis komuna safrangeTis muSebis ukanaskneli cda iyo, revoluciuri gziT gadaeWraT ekonomikuri da politikuri problemebi.
XIX saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi safrangeTSic damTavrda samrewvelo gadatrialeba. Camoyalibda da gafarTovda maRali xelfasis mqone kvalificiur muSaTa
fena.
davaleba
1. SeafaseT oto bismarkis pirovneba da politikuri moRvaweoba.
2. CamoTvaleT avstria-prusiis omSi mebrZol mxareTa mokavSireebi; ganmarteT, ratom uWerdnen isini mxars prusias an avstrias.
3. imsjeleT avstria-prusiis omis Sedegebze prusiisTvis, avstriisTvis da danarCeni
evropisTvis.
4. gansazRvreT safrangeT-prusiis omis mizezebi.
5. gansazRvreT, ramdenad xelsayreli iyo omiswina Seqmnili viTareba dapirispirebuli mxareebisTvis?
6. imsjeleT safrangeTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis momzadebis doneze.
7. SeafaseT safrangeTi, rogorc meomari mxare da imsjeleT misi damarcxebis mizezebze.
8. SeafaseT safrangeT-prusiis omis mniSvneloba da Sedegebi germaniisaTvis, safrangeTisaTvis.
9. ram gamoiwvia tieris mTavrobis mimarT parizelebis aRSfoTeba?
248
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
prusia - avstriis omis Sedegad veneciis olqi italias SeuerTda _ 1866 w.
italiis samefos dedaqalaqi turinidan romSi gadaitanes. papi romis erT-erT ubanSi
_ vatikanSi darCa. italiis gaerTianeba dasrulda _ 1870 w. Semodgomidan
revoluciebi Sua evropaSi, romelic yvela germanul saxelmwifos moedo _ 1848-1849 ww.
revoluciebi venasa da berlinSi _ 1848 w. martis Sua ricxvebi
ungreTSi daiwyo revolucia _ 1848 w. marti
prusiis monarqma vilhelm I-ma pirvel ministrad oto bismarki daniSna _ 1861 w.
avstria-prusiis omi daiwyo da prusiis gamarjvebiT damTavrda _ 1866 w.
safrangeTma omi gamoucxada prusias _ 1870 w. 19 ivlisi
80-aTasiani armia, imperatori napoleon III da daWrili marSali mak-maoni germane­
lebs danebdnen _ 1870 w. 2 seqtemberi
versalis sarkeebian darbazSi germanulma saxelmwifoebma prusiis mefe vilhelm I
gaerTianebuli germaniis imperatorad gamoacxades _ 1871 w. 18 ianvari
gaerTianebul germaniasa da safrangeTs Soris droebiTi zavi daido _ 1871 w. 28 ianvari
parizis komuna (71 dRe) _ 1871 w. 18 martidan 28 maisamde
$5. Tergdaleulebi
ganmarteba
perioduli gamocemebi _ Jurnal-gazeTebi.
cenzura _ saxelmwifos meTvalyureoba beWdviT sityvaze an sajaro gamosvlebze.
XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi saqarTveloSi axali ZaliT gaiSala ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba. erovnuli moZraobis saTaveSi idgnen 60-ian wlebSi asparezze gamosuli swavluli moRvaweebi: iakob gogebaSvili, akaki wereTeli, sergei mesxi, giorgi wereTeli, niko nikolaZe... mogvianebiT maT vaJa-fSavela da aleqsandre yazbegi
SeuerTdnen. `samocianelTa~ dasis aRiarebuli lideri ilia WavWavaZe iyo. qarTvel
moRvaweebs ganaTleba ruseTis universitetebSi hqondaT miRebuli. ruseTSi mimavalT
darialis xeoba unda gaevloT, sadac boboqari Tergi miedineba. amitom maT Tergdaleulebsac uwodebdnen. es saxeli ilias pleadis aRmniSvnel terminad gadaiqca.
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis gaaqtiurebas, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis survilTan erTad, carizmis koloniuri politikac iwvevda.
qarTveli xalxi moklebuli iyo mSobliur enaze saqmis warmoebas saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi. XIX saukunis Sua wlebidan skolebSi sul ufro ikveceboda qarTuli
ena. aleqsandre III-is mmarTvelobis dros ki, erovnuli Cagvris gaZlierebis kvalobaze,
qarTul enaze swavlebasTan erTad qarTulad laparakic ikrZaleboda. idevneboda qarTuli presa, wigni, Teatri, romlebsac carizmis moxeleni bralad sdebdnen `erovnuli
grZnobebis~ gaRvivebas. 1882 wels oficialurad akrZales qarTvelTa samSoblos saxelis _ `saqarTvelos~ sajarod xseneba. qarTveli xalxis erovnulma Cagvram 80-90-ian
wlebSi ukidures zRvars miaRwia. TviTmpyrobeloba aSkarad daadga qarTveli xalxis
ZaldatanebiTi rusifikaciisa da qarTuli kulturis saboloo mospobis gzas.
249
TergdaleulTa erovnuli moZraoba XIX saukunis dasawyisis ganmaTavisuflebeli
brZolebis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda, Tumca saxeSecvlili formiT da SinaarsiT.
Tergdaleulebi ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas mxolod mSvidobiani meTodebiT gegmavdnen. TavianTi moRvaweobis amocanad qarTveli xalxis gamofxizlebas, erovnuli
ideis garSemo mis darazmvas da `Cveni vinaobis aRdgenas~ Tvlidnen. Tergdaleulebi
qveynis TavisuflebisTvis brZolas ukavSirebdnen qarTuli enis reformas, mSobliuri enaze ganaTlebas, erovnuli kulturis dacvas, batonymobis gauqmebas da dromoWmuli feodalur-wodebrivi socialur-ekonomikuri sistemis reformirebas. brZolis
mSvidobiani formebis aRiarebiT Tergdaleulebs samSoblos gaTavisufleba etapobrivad warmoedginaT. Tavdapirveli amocana politikuri avtonomiis mopoveba iyo,
rac, momavalSi, sruli damoukideblobis sawindari unda gamxdariyo.
qarTveli xalxis erovnuli TviTSegnebis amaRlebis saSualebad iqca TergdaleulTa mier gamocemuli Jurnal-gazeTebi. „saqarTvelos moambis“, „droebis“, „iveriis“ da sxvaTa furclebze dabeWdili statiebi, leqsebi da moTxrobebi qarTvel
xalxs ar aZlevda modunebis saSualebas, unergavda momavlis imeds da TavisuflebisTvis sabrZolvelad ganawyobda. am Jurnal-gazeTebis saSualebiT ecnoboda mkiTxveli ucxoeli mwerlebis: Seqspiris, baironis, goeTes... Sedevrebsac.
xelisufleba, `kavkasiis sacenzuro komiteti~, mkacr zedamxedvelobas awesebda
periodul gamocemebze, krZalavda misTvis miuRebeli, `saxifaTo~ Sinaarsis mqone
statiebis gamoqveynebas. `Cems sicocxleSi cxadad Tu sizmrad erTi ram mafrTxobda
yvelaze metad da saflavSiac qarcecxlad mimyveba. me vambob cenzuraze~, _ werda
akaki wereTeli. cenzuris gadawyvetilebiT, daixura gazeTebi „droeba“ da „imedi“.
Tergdaleulebi mkveTrad upirispirdebodnen carizmis saganmanaTleblo politikas. `(saqarTvelos) garusebis mizniT skolam unda SeZlos axalgazrdobis rusuli sulierebiT aRzrda...~ _ aseT mizans uyenebda saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebs
quTaisis samxedro gubernatori f. gerSelmani. `axalgazrdobis rusuli sulierebiT~ aRzrda, pirvel rigSi, skolidan qarTuli enis gaZevebas gulisxmobda. `kavkasiis saswavlo olqis mzrunvelis~, kirile ianovskis 1881 wlis gadawyvetilebiT, rusuli enis swavleba pirveli klasidanve savaldebulo gaxda, qarTuls ki kviraSi
oriode gakveTili eTmoboda. 1885 wlidan qarTuli ena `saojaxo zrunvis sagnad~
gamocxadda da savsebiT ganidevna skolidan. TandaTan inergeboda `munjuri meTodi~
_ maswavlebels rusuli sityvebi moswavleTaTvis qarTuli Sesatyvisebis gareSe,
uxmod, JestebiTa da mimikiT unda aexsna.
aseTi arapedagogikuri praqtika erovnul gadagvarebas uqadda qarTvelobas da
mozardi Taobis gonebriv ganviTarebasac aferxebda.
principulad sxva suliskveTebiT aris agebuli iakob gogebaSvilis saxelmZRvaneloebi: `deda ena~ da `bunebis kari~. isini samSoblos, mSobliuri enisa da istoriis
siyvaruls nergavdnen mozardebSi, riTac xels uwyobdnen maT Camoyalibebas Segnebul
mamuliSvilebad. xolo iakobis saxelmZRvanelo `ruskoe slovo~ qarTuli enis gamoyenebiT gulisxmobda rusulis swavlebas.
xelisufleba qarTvelTa rusifikaciis dasaCqareblad misi erTianobis darRvevasac cdilobda. rusi moxeleebi svan da megrel mosaxleobas oficialurad acxadebdnen araqarTvelebad da maTTvis gansxvavebuli damwerlobis Seqmnas cdilobdnen. svanebi da megrelebi win aRudgnen carizmis aseT ganzraxvas. adgilobriv mosaxleobas
Svilebi gahyavda im skolebidan, sadac xelisuflebis ganzraxvisamebr, swavlebis ena
qarTuli ar unda yofiliyo. carizms aseTive mcdeloba hqonda saeklesio sferoSiac,
magram mosaxleobis winaaRmdegoba aqac aSkara iyo.
rusifikatorebma aseve miitanes ieriSi sasuliero ganaTlebaze. egzarqos pavles
gankargulebiT, Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi aikrZala qarTul enaze swavleba,
daiTxoves qarTveli pedagogebi da garicxes `arakeTilsaimedo~ studentebi. erTma
250
maTganma, ioseb laRiaSvilma, mokla seminariis reqtori Cudecki, romlis dakrZalvazec egzarqosma qarTveli eri dawyevla. mRvdelmTavris am gaugonarma moqmedebam
aRaSfoTa qarTuli sazogadoeba. sayovelTao gamoxmaureba mohyva egzarqosisadmi dimitri yifianis werils, romelSic es cnobili moRvawe qarTveli eris damawyevrisagan
saqarTvelos dauyovnebel datovebas moiTxovda.
amis gamo dimitri yifiani stavropolSi gadaasaxles, sadac 1887 wels carizmis
agentebma veragulad mokles. qarTvelma moRvaweebma dimitri yifiani didi pativiT
gadmoasvenes saqarTveloSi da mTawmindaze dakrZales. swored am faqts miuZRvna akaki
wereTelma leqsi `ganTiadi~. qarTulma eklesiam dimitri yifiani wmindanad Seracxa.
1893 wels did erovnul demonstraciad iqca nikoloz baraTaSvilis neStis ganjidan gadmosveneba da mTawmindaze dakrZalva.
rusifikatoruli politikis sapirispirod 1879 wels daarsda `qarTvelTa Soris
wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba~. misi pirveli Tavmjdomare dimitri yifiani iyo. 1885 wlidan ki am `sazogadoebas~ ilia WavWavaZe xelmZRvanelobda sicocxlis bolomde. `wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~ muSaobaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen _ iakob gogebaSvili, akaki wereTeli, niko cxvedaZe, ekaterine gabaSvili, iona meunargia da sxva mowinave mamuliSvilebi. `sazogadoeba aarsebda
dawyebiT skolebs, romlebSic swavlebis ena qarTuli iyo. aseTi skolebi gaixsna
samegreloSi, svaneTSi, qarTlSi, soxumSi, baTumSi, TbilisSi, kavkavSi (dRevandeli
vladikavkazi), baqoSi da sxvagan.
`wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~ mxardaWeriT gamoica da bevr skolas usasyidlod daegzavna iakob gogebaSvilis saxelmZRvaneloebi, saqarTvelos istoriisa da geografiis sakiTxavi wignebi, literaturuli Txzulebebi. `sazogadoebam~ TbilisSi daaarsa biblioTeka, sadac Zveli qarTuli xelnawerebis Sekreba-damuSavebac xdeboda. araerTi Segnebuli pirovneba Tavis biblioTekas usasyidlod uTmobda am `sazogadoebas~. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia samegrelos mTavris memkvidris
niko dadianis Rvawli _ man `wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas~ umdidresi
piradi biblioTeka uZRvna. TbilisSi mis Casatanad samegreloSi, zugdidSi, TviT ilia
WavWavaZe gaemgzavra.
1881 wels, ilia WavWavaZis TavmjdomareobiT (moadgile _ akaki wereTeli), Seiqmna
`qarTuli dramatuli sazogadoeba~. am „sazogadoebis“ mizani iyo qarTuli TeatrisTvis saxsrebis moZieba, piesebis Targmna da gamoqveyneba. qarTul TeatrSi araerTi
gamoCenili msaxiobi moRvaweobda: mako safarova, vaso abaSiZe, nato gabunia, kote
mesxi da sxv.
davaleba
1. Tqveni azriT, ratom airCies Tergdaleulebma brZolis mSvidobiani gza? ramdenad
Sedegianad TvliT aseT strategias?
2. gansazRvreT eronuli moZraobis miznebi da amocanebi.
3. SeafaseT xelisuflebis saganmanaTleblo politika, gansazRvreT misi savaraudo
Sedegebi.
4. SeafaseT xelisuflebis mcdeloba daeqsaqsa qarTveli eri da ismjeleT, ratom
ver ganxorcielda es Canafiqri.
5. gansazRvreT, ra mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen Tergdaleulebi qarTul Teatrs.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
`qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~ daarseba _ 1879 w.
`dramatuli sazogadoebis~ daarseba _ 1881 w.
251
testi # 13
testis maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 45 qula
I. teqstis Sesworeba
instruqcia: mocemulia ori teqsti. TiToeulSi daSvebulia 5 Secdoma. Sesabamis
svetebSi CamowereT Secdomebi da swori pasuxebi. yoveli aRmoCenili Secdoma fasdeba
0.5 quliT, xolo misi Sesatyvisi swori varianti _ 0.5 quliT. jamSi, teqstis SesworebisaTvis gankuTvnilia 10 qula.
1. 1851 wels lui-filipem jarebis saSualebiT saxelmwifo gadatrialeba moaxdina
da erTpirovnuli xelisufleba daamyara. momdevno wels man safrangeTis imperatorad
— napoleon II-d gamoacxada Tavi. safrangeTSi mesamed damyarda imperia. imperatori
ukmayofilo darCa 1856 wlis avstria-prusiis omis Semdeg Seqmnili viTarebiT. yvela
sadavo sakiTxi oms unda gadaewyvita. safrangeTi da prusia gamalebiT emzadebodnen
erTmaneTTan saomrad. 1870 wlis 19 ivliss prusiam omi gamoucxada safrangeTs.
#
Secdomaa
sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2. monobis mowinaaRmdegeebma Seqmnes demokratiuli partia, romelmac 1862 wlis
arCevnebSi gaimarjva. monobis momxre respublikurma partiam, romelsac 32 wlis ganmavlobaSi epyra xelT prezidentis posti, Zalaufleba dakarga. prezidentad airCies
Tomas jefersoni. mis prezidentad arCevas monaTmflobeluri Statebis ajanyeba mohyva. samxreT karolinas Statma aSS-sgan damoukidebloba gamoacxada. misi pozicia
sxva monaTmflobelurma 23-ma Statmac gaiziara.
#
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
252
Secdomaa
sworia
II. upasuxeT SekiTxvebs
instruqcia: mocemulia 17 kiTxva oTxi savaraudo pasuxiT. swori pasuxi fasdeba
1 quliT. jamSi, maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 17 qula.
1. damoukideblobisaTvis meore omi aSS-sa da ingliss Soris moxda:
a) XIX saukunis II naxevarSi;
g) XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi;
b) XIX saukunis I naxevarSi;
d) XX saukunis I naxevarSi.
2. abolicionisturi moZraoba gulisxmobda:
a) indielebis uflebebis dacvas;
b) Savkanianebis gaTavisuflebas;
g) respublikuri partiis xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlas;
d) aSS-is konstituciuri uflebebis dacvas.
3. samxreTis Statebis konfederacias aSS-is 34 Statidan miemxro:
a) mxolod 23 Stati;
g) mxolod 20 Stati;
b) mxolod 11 Stati;
d) mxolod 15 Stati.
4. romel wels ar moxda revolucia safrangeTSi?
a) 1830;
b) 1848;
g) 1851;
d) 1871.
5. ramdenjer damyarda respublika safrangeTSi 1790-1875 wlebSi?
a) erTxel;
b) orjer;
g) samjer;
d) oTxjer.
6. maT Soris romeli ar iyo safrangeTis imperatori?
a) napoleon I;
b) napoleon II;
g) lui filipe;
d) napoleon III.
7. romel qveyanaSi ar moxda revolucia 1848 wels?
a) italiaSi;
b) inglisSi;
g) germaniaSi;
d) avstriaSi.
8. romeli qveyana ar monawileobda 1853-1856 wlebis yirimis omSi?
a) safrangeTi;
b) sardinia;
g) avstria;
d) inglisi.
9. 1859 wlis safrangeT-avstriis omis Sedegad sardiniis samefom SeierTa:
a) romis olqis dasavleTi nawili;
g) lombardia;
b) veneciis olqi;
d) savoia da nica.
10. ram gamoiwvia safrangeTis saerTaSoriso izolacia safrangeT-prusiis omis
win?
a) safrangeT-avstriis omSi safrangeTis dasustebam;
b) napoleon III-is orpirobam;
g) napoleon III-is imperatorad gamocxadebam;
d) bismarkis gonivrulma politikam.
11. safrangeT-prusiis omis bedi gadawyvita:
a) mecis brZolam;
g) parizis brZolam;
b) sedanis brZolam;
d) versalis brZolam.
253
12. qronologiurad daalageT aSS-Si momxdari movlenebi
__samxreTis Statebis konfederaciis Seqmna;
__aSS-isaTvis axali meqsikisa da kaliforniis gadacema ;
__samoqalaqo omi aSS-Si.
13. qronologiurad daalageT italiaSi momxdari movlenebi:
__romis olqis mierTeba;
__italiis samefos gamocxadeba;
__lombardiis olqis sardiniis xelSi gadasvla.
14. ra mizans isaxavda `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba~?
a) `sazogadoebis~ xelmZRvanelis iakob gogebaSvilis ganmartebiT, saWiro iyo xelisuflebis iZuleba, raTa saxelmwifo skolebSi saswavlo procesi qarTul enaze
warmarTuliyo;
b) vinaidan saxelmwifo skolebSi swavla rusul enaze mimdinareobda, `wera-kiTxvis
gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba~ miznad isaxavda qarTulenovani skolebis gaxsnas;
g) `sazogadoebis~ mizani iyo ucxoenovani literaturisa da saxelmZRvaneloebis
qarTulad Targmna da xalxSi wignierebis donis amaRleba, aseve qarTulenovani saeklesio skolebis daarseba;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
15. rodis gamodioda Jurnali `iveria~ da vin iyo misi redaqtori?
a) XIX saukunis 30-ian _ 40-ian wlebSi, solomon dodaSvilis redaqtorobiT;
b) XIX saukunis 50-ian _ 60-ian wlebSi, ivane kereseliZis redaqtorobiT;
g) XIX saukunis II naxevarSi, ilia WavWavaZis redaqtorobiT;
d) XIX saukunis 60-ian _ 80-ian wlebSi sergei mesxisa da giorgi wereTlis redaqtorobiT.
16. ratom mosTxova dimitri yifianma egzarqos pavles saqarTvelos datoveba?
a) egzarqosma seminariis reqtoris Cudeckis dakrZalvaze dawyevla qarTveli xalxi;
b) egzarqosma akrZala eklesiebSi qarTuli wirva-locva da daxura Tbilisis sasuliero seminaria;
g) egzarqosis brZanebiT daapatimres qarTvel studentTa jgufi, romelic sasuliero saswavleblebSi mSobliur enaze swavlebas moiTxovdnen;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
17.ras gulisxmobda k. ianovskis mier gamocemuli 1885 wlis cirkulari?
a) dawyebiT klasebSi swavleba mSobliur enaze unda warmarTuliyo;
b) damamTavrebel klasebSi mcirdeboda qarTuli enis saaTebi;
g) saswavlo programidan unda amoeRoT saqarTvelos istoriis kursi;
d) qarTuli ena gamocxadda „saojaxo zrunvis“ sagnad. amieridan saswavlo procesi mxolod rusul enaze unda warmarTuliyo.
III. wyaros analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 8 qula)
fragmenti safrangeTis mefe lui XVIII-is sakonstitucio qartiidan:
`1. yvela frangi Tanasworia kanonis winaSe...
5. yoveli aRiarebs Tavis religias erTnairi TavisuflebiT...
254
6. miuxedavad amisa, kaTolikuri religia... iTvleba saxelmwifo religiad.
9. yoveli sakuTreba xelSeuxebelia, isic ki, romelsac nacionalurs uwodeben...
11. yovelgvari devna restavraciamde gamoTqmuli azrisa akrZalulia...
13. mefis pirovneba wmindaa da xelSeuxebeli. misi ministrebi pasuxs ageben mis
winaSe. mxolod xelmwifes ekuTvnis aRmasrulebeli Zalaufleba.
15. sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba xorcieldeba koleqtiurad mefis, perTa palatis
da parlamentis deputatTa palatis mier.
19. palatebs ufleba aqvT sTxovon xelmwifes kanonis miReba.
27. safrangeTis perTa daniSnva ekuTvnis xelmwifes...
33. deputatTa palata yalibdeba saarCevno kolegiaSi arCeul deputatTa ricxvidan...
38. arc erTi deputati ar daiSveba palataSi, Tu man ar miaRwia 40 wlis asaks da
Tu is ar ixdis pirdapir gadasaxads aTasi frankis odenobiT...
40. amomrCevlebs, romlebic monawileobas iRebdnen deputatebis arCevnebSi, ar
aqvT xmis ufleba, Tu ar ixdian pirdapir gadasaxads samasi frankis odenobiT da Tu
ar SeusruldaT 30 weli~.
kiTxvebi:
1. dokumentis mixedviT, rogor iyo ganawilebuli sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba safrangeTSi?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
2. dokumentis mixedviT, rogori tipis monarqiuli mmarTveloba damyarda safrangeTSi?
______________________________________ (1 qula)
3. sazogadoebis romeli fenis warmomadgenlebi SeiZleboda arCeuliyo deputatTa
palataSi?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
4. rogor iyo gadaWrili religiuri sakiTxi?
___________________________________________
_______________________________________ (1 qula)
5. ramdenad aRiarebda qartia yvela frangi moqalaqis Tanasworobas?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
6. ra uflebamosileba eniWeboda mefes?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
255
IV. problemis analizi da argumentacia (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 4 qula)
avstria-prusiis 1866 wlis mosalodnel omSi ruseTma, italiam da safrangeTma
neitraliteti gamoacxades, rac faqtobrivad prusias xel-fexs uxsnida avstriis
winaaRmdeg omis gaCaRebaSi, germanuli saxelmwifoebis umravlesoba ki am omis mowinaaRmdege iyo.
1. moiyvaneT erTi konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argumenti, romelic ruseTis, italiisa da safrangeTis neitralitets axsnis
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
2. moiyvaneT erTi konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argumenti, romelic germanuli saxelmwifoebis umravlesobis pozicias axsnis.
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
V. rukis analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 6 qula)
ruka #11-is (danarTi #1) mixedviT:
1. romeli qveynebis winaaRmdeg mouwia germanias SeteviTi omebis warmoeba 1864-1871
wlebSi?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
2. romeli teritoriebi Sevida 1866-1867 wlebSi Seqmnil CrdiloeT germaniis kavSirSi?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
3. romeli teritoriebi gadaeca germanias safrangeTisagan 1871 wels
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
256
XIV Tavi. pirveli msoflio omi
$1. samxedro blokebis Seqmna da
omis gamomwvevi mizezebi
ganmarteba:
antant kordiala, am franguli sityvidan warmodga saxelwodeba antanta.
samTa kavSiri. safrangeTisgan kontribuciis miRebisa da germaniis jarebis gayvanis Semdeg bismarkma miiCnia, rom mesame respublikis samxedro siZlieris aRdgena mosalodnelTan SedarebiT swrafad xdeboda. amitom moindoma safrangeTTan axali omis
dawyeba, magram amis saSualeba mas ar misces ruseTma da didma britaneTma. sakuTari
interesebidan gamomdinare, maT xels ar aZlevdaT safrangeTis xarjze germaniis Semdgomi gaZliereba.
bismarki Seudga rTul diplomatiur TamaSs. misi mizani iyo didi britaneTisa da
ruseTis urTierTdapirispireba, raTa maTTvis saSualeba moespo mxari daeWiraT safrangeTisTvis germaniasTan omis SemTxvevaSi.
bismarkma ganizraxa samxedro kavSiris Camoyalibeba germaniis xelmZRvanelobiT.
1879 wels germaniam da avstria-ungreTma, romelic Zlieri mfarvelis moZebnas cdilobda, xeli moaweres ruseTis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTul saidumlo samokavSireo
xelSekrulebas.
bismarkma isargebla safrangeTis koloniuri imperiis gafarToebisaken miswrafebiT da waaqeza mesame respublika daepyro tunisi, romelzedac Tvali eWira italias.
safrangeTis mier ganawyenebulma italiam saidumlo warmomadgenlebi gagzavna bismarkTan antifranguli kavSiris dasadebad. bismarkma italiis warmomadgenlebs ganucxada, rom gza romidan berlinisaken venaze gadioda.
avstria-ungreTis mimarT teritoriuli pretenziebis miuxedavad (italiis teritoriul pretenziebs Soris avstria-ungreTis mimarT yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo
pretenzia sanavsadguro qalaq triestze), italia iZulebuli gaxda SeerTeboda germania-avstria-ungreTis kavSirs. 1882 wels germaniasa da italias Soris daido safrangeTis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saidumlo xelSekruleba.
amgvarad, 1879-1882 wlebSi Seiqmna saidumlo samTa kavSiri. amave dros bismarki
yvelafers akeTebda imisaTvis, raTa ar daeSva germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis winaaRmdeg ruseTisa da safrangeTis daaxloeba.
1891-1893 wlebis ruseT-safrangeTis kavSiri. ruseTisa da safrangeTis daaxloeba
mainc moxda, rac daaCqara germaniasa da ruseTs Soris dawyebulma sabaJo omma. germaniam gazarda baJi ruseTis marcvleulze. sapasuxod ruseTma gazarda baJi germaniis
samrewvelo saqonelze.
1890 wels, bismarkis kanclerobidan gadadgomis Semdeg, germaniam uxeSi zewolis
gziT moindoma ruseTis damarcxeba sabaJo omSi. berlinma uari uTxra peterburgs
sesxis micemaze. ruseTs dauyovnebliv misca sesxi safrangeTma. amas mohyva ruseT-safrangeTis swrafi daaxloeba, rac saTanadod iqna kidec gaformebuli. 1891 wels
ruseTsa da safrangeTs Soris daido e.w. sakonsulo paqti, 1893 wels ki — samxedro
konvencia.
257
didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis 1904 wlis `guliTadi SeTanxmeba~. did britaneTs miaCnda, rom mas ar sWirdeboda mudmivi megobrebi da mudmivi mtrebi. mas hqonda
mxolod mudmivi interesebi da amis mixedviT amyarebda urTierTobebs sxvadasxva
qveyanasTan. is ar debda xelSekrulebebs did saxelmwifosTan an did saxelmwifoTa
kavSirebTan, ar iRebda Tavis Tavze valdebulebebs. didi britaneTi darwmunebuli
iyo, rom msoflioSi uZlieresi misi samxedro-sazRvao floti da kunZulovani mdebareoba romelime qveyanasTan moulodnelad omis dawyebis SemTxvevaSic ki uzrunvelyofda mis uSiSroebas. xolo mokavSiris moZebna did saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobebis viTarebaSi omis msvlelobaSic SeiZleboda. aqedan gamomdinare,
didi britaneTi XX saukunis dasawyisamde atarebda e.w. `brwyinvale izolaciis~
politikas.
magram XIX saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi mdgomareoba TandaTan Seicvala. germaniam did britaneTs gauswro samrewvelo produqciis gamoSvebis mxriv, ramac mas
mZlavri saxmeleTo da sazRvao samxedro Zalebis mSeneblobis dawyebis saSualeba
misca.
1883 wels daarsda pirveli germanuli kolonia afrikaSi, rasac mohyva Semdgomi
koloniuri dapyrobebi afrikasa da wynari okeanis auzSi.
cxadi xdeboda, rom germania msoflio batonobisaken miiswrafoda, rac SeiZleboda ganxorcielebuliyo didi britaneTis koloniuri imperiis xarjze.
germanulma safrTxem aiZula didi britaneTi XX saukunis dasawyisSi uari eTqva
`brwyinvale izolaciis~ politikaze da daaxloeboda Tavis uZveles metoqes — safrangeTs.
1904 wels ruseT-iaponiis omma ruseTis Zalebi Soreul aRmosavleTSi miizida da
Tanac naTelyo ruseTis sisuste.
iaponiasTan ruseTis damarcxebis Semdeg safrangeTi germaniis pirispir faqtobrivad mokavSiris gareSe darCa. am garemoebiT isargebla didma britaneTma da safrangeTs egviptis sanacvlod maroko da mokavSireoba SesTavaza.
moxda Zireuli Semobruneba inglis-safrangeTis urTierTobebSi, Zveli mowinaaRmdegeebi megobrebi gaxdnen da 1904 wels dades `guliTadi SeTanxmeba~.
garegnulad iqmneboda STabeWdileba, rom inglisisa da safrangeTis urTierTdapirispirebaTa mospoba ganamtkicebda mSvidobas evropasa da mTel msoflioSi.
1904 wlis xelSekrulebaSi naxsenebic ki ar iyo germania, Tumca am SeTanxmebis
antigermanuli xasiaTi SeuiaraRebeli TvaliTac kargad Canda. berlinSi erTma
didmoxelem moxdenilad SeniSna: `safrangeTi da inglisi erTmaneTs exvevian ara
imitom, rom erTmaneTi uyvarT, aramed imitom, rom orives erTnairad sZuls germaniao~.
inglis-ruseTis 1907 wlis SeTanxmeba. saboloo saxiT antantis CamoyalibebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo momxdariyo SeTanxmeba inglissa da ruseTs Soris, riTac Seivseboda 1891-1893 wlebis ruseT-safrangeTisa da 1904 wlis inglis-safrangeTis SeTanxmebebi. magram inglis-ruseTis SeTanxmebebis miRweva Zalze Zneli iyo, radgan XIX
saukunis meore naxevarSi am ori koloniuri imperiis dapirispireba uaRresad mwvave
xasiaTs atarebda.
inglisi da ruseTi erTmaneTs ebrZodnen aziis ganawilebisaTvis. am brZolaSi gamoikveTa winaaRmdegobaTa sami kvanZi:
Soreuli aRmosavleTis: CineTSi Semaval manjuriis xelSi Casagdebad;
Sua aRmosavleTis: Sua aziaze, avRaneTsa da iranze gasabatoneblad;
aRmosavleTis: osmaleTis imperiis gasayofad.
Soreul aRmosavleTSi didma britaneTma Tavis mizans miaRwia, ruseTi iaponiis
saSualebiT gandevna samxreT manjuriidan da samxreT saxalinidan.
258
koloniur qveynebSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli da revoluciuri moZraobis
aRzevebam, rac Zalze arasasurveli movlena iyo britaneTisaTvis, xeli Seuwyo inglisisa da ruseTis daaxloebas, miT ufro, rom iaponiis mier damarcxebuli ruseTi
aRar iyo Zveleburad saSiSi metoqe didi britaneTisaTvis.
1907 wels inglissa da ruseTs Soris daido SeTanxmeba, romelmac moawesriga am
ori koloniuri imperiis winaaRmdegobebi Sua aRmosavleTSi.
1907 wlis inglis-ruseTis SeTanxmebebiT dasrulda antantis gaformeba, Tumca
Savi zRvis sruteebis sakiTxSi didma britaneTma da ruseTma saerTo enis gamoZebna
ver moaxerxes.
davaleba
1. vis wi­na­aR­m­deg iyo mi­mar­Tu­li ger­ma­ni­a­sa da av­s­t­ria-un­g­reTs So­ris 1879 wels da­
de­bu­li sa­mo­kav­Si­reo xel­Sek­ru­le­ba?
2. ro­gor ga­xa­da bis­mar­k­ma 1882 wels ita­lia ger­ma­ni­i­sa da av­s­t­ria-un­g­re­Tis mo­kav­
Si­red?
3. ram ga­na­pi­ro­ba 1891-1893 wle­bis ru­seT-saf­ran­ge­Tis kav­Si­ris Ca­mo­ya­li­be­ba?
4. ra­tom da­i­do did bri­ta­neT­sa da saf­ran­geTs So­ris 1904 wlis `gu­li­Ta­di Se­Tan­x­me­ba~?
5. ram Se­uw­yo xe­li 1907 wlis in­g­lis-ru­se­Tis xel­Sek­ru­le­bis da­de­bas?
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
germaniam da avstria-ungreTma xeli moaweres ruseTis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTul saidumlo samokavSireo xelSekrulebas _ 1879 w.
ruseTsa da safrangeTs Soris daido e.w. sakonsulo paqti _ 1891 w.
samxedro konvencia _ 1893 w.
inglisma da sarangeTma dades `guliTadi SeTanxmeba~ _ 1904 w.
inglissa da ruseTs Soris daido SeTanxmeba, romelmac moawesriga am ori koloniuri
imperiis winaaRmdegobebi Sua aRmosavleTSi _ 1907 w.
inglis-ruseTis SeTanxmebiT dasrulda antantis gaformeba _ 1907 w.
$2. omis mimdinareoba da misi Sedegebi; revoluciebi ruseTSi,
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba
pirveli msoflio omis dawyeba. ori samxedro blokis — samTa kavSirisa da antantis Seqmnam daaCqara gamalebuli SeiaraReba. msoflio omis dawyeba damokidebuli iyo
mxolod imaze, Tu romel moments miiCnevdnen xelsayrelad Tavisi saxelmwifosa da
samxedro blokisaTvis did saxelmwifoTa mesveurebi.
1914 wlis zafxulSi vilhelm II-m saTanadod ver Seafasa safrangeTisa da ruseTis
samxedro SesaZleblobebi da gadawyvita, rom germaniisaTvis omis dawyebis xelsayreli dro dadga. amasTan mas Seeqmna araswori STabeWdileba, rom didi britaneTi germaniis winaaRmdeg omSi ar Caebmeboda. omis dawyebis sababi gaxda saraevoSi samxedro
259
manevrebze dasaswrebad Casul avstria-ungreTis saimperatoro taxtis memkvidris erchercog franc ferdinandis da misi meuRlis mkvleloba 1914 wlis 28 ivniss.
didi saxelmwifoebis SeiaraRebuli Zalebisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
mcdari Sefasebidan gamomdinare, vilhelm II-m Tavis mokavSire avstria-ungreTs mosTxova, saraevos mkvleloba serbeTTan omis dasawyebad gamoeyenebina.
germaniisgan zurggamagrebulma avstria-ungreTma serbeTs gadasca ultimatumi.
Tavisi mfarvelis, omisaTvis moumzadebeli ruseTis rCeviT, serbeTma miiRo misdami
wayenebuli TiTqmis yvela moTxovna miuxedavad imisa, rom ultimatumi xelyofda
mis saxelmwifo suverenitets. avstria-ungreTma pasuxi arasakmarisad miiCnia da 28
ivliss daiwyo samxedro moqmedeba serbeTis winaaRmdeg.
avstria-ungreTis ultimatums da serbeTTan omis dawyebas agvistos pirvel ric­
xvebSi mohyva jaWvuri reaqcia. ruseTis nawilobriv mobilizacias germaniam omis
gamocxadebiT upasuxa. amas safrangeTis sayovelTao mobilizacia mohyva, rasac germaniam aseve omis gamocxadebiT upasuxa. Tavisi samxedro gegmis Sesabamisad, germaniis
jarebis belgiaSi SeWram didi britaneTis omSi Cabma gamoiwvia. ase daudo saTave saraevos mkvlelobam 1914 wlis agvistos dasawyisSi pirveli msoflio omis gaCaRebas.
Slifenis gegma. germaniis generaluri Stabis ufrosma Slifenma SeimuSava safrangeTTan da ruseTTan omis erTdroulad warmoebis gegma. Slifenis gegmis Tanaxmad,
safrangeTze ZiriTadi dartyma unda ganxorcielebuliyo ara elzas-loTaringiidan,
saidanac frangebi safrTxes moelodnen, aramed belgiidan. saswrafod unda aeRoT parizi, frangebis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi unda moemwyvdiaT da gaenadgurebinaT germanul
armiasa da germaniis sazRvars Soris. am samxedro operacias `mbrunavi karis~ gegma
ewoda.
safrangeTis damarcxebis Semdeg germaniis armiebi gadayvanili iqnebodnen aRmosavleTis frontze, sadac isini SeuerTdebodnen avstria-ungreTis jarebs, romelTa
erTobliv Setevas mohyveboda ruseTze gamarjveba.
Slifenis gegma efuZneboda sam pirobas: 1) belgia nebayoflobiT gaatarebda germaniis jarebs an misi winaaRmdegoba myisierad iqneboda daZleuli da frangebi ver moaswrebdnen TavianTi jarebis gadajgufebas; 2) inglisi SeinarCunebda neitralitets
an minimaluri iqneboda misi monawileoba sabrZolo operaciebSi; 3) ruseTi Tavisi saxelmwifos mouqnelobis gamo swrafad ver Caatarebda samxedro mobilizacias, xolo
misi meCxeri da arasaTanadod gamarTuli sarkinigzo qseli ver uzrunvelyofda ruseTis jarebis swraf gadaadgilebas. aqtiuri samxedro moqmedebis Seyovneba aRmosavleTis frontze germanias saSualebas miscemda jer safrangeTi gaenadgurebina da
Semdeg gasworeboda ruseTs.
omis msvleloba evropaSi 1914 wels. saomari moqmedeba belgiaSi daiwyo 4 agvistos. belgielebma Tavganwiruli winaaRmdegoba gauwies germanelebs da ori kviriT
SeaCeres maTi Seteva. frangebma moaswres jarebis gadajgufeba, ingliselebma saeqspedicio korpusi gadasxes safrangeTSi, rusebi ki SeiWrnen aRmosavleT prusiaSi.
ramdenime dRis gaafTrebuli brZolis Semdeg germanelebma 25 agvistosaTvis SeZles safrangeT-belgiis sazRvris gadalaxva. frangebis ukandaxeva mimdinareobda organizebulad, maTi winaaRmdegoba sul ufro Zlierdeboda, brZolaSi Caeba inglisis
saeqspedicio korpusic. 4 seqtembers frangebis kontrSeteviT mdinare marnis auzSi daiwyo grandiozuli brZola, romelSic orive mxridan 2 milioni jariskaci da
oficeri monawileobda. 9 seqtembers germanelebi iZulebuli gaxdnen ukandaxeva daewyoT. germaniam Tumc SeZlo belgiisa da Crdilo-aRmosavleT safrangeTis SenarCuneba, magram frangebisa da ingliselebis marnasTan brZolaSi gamarjvebam daasamara
Slifenis gegma.
260
dasavleTis frontze brZolebma TandaTan poziciuri xasiaTi miiRo. orive mxarem
daiwyo sangrebis, gamagrebuli xazebisa da kvanZebis mSenebloba, romelTa win naRmavdnen mindvrebs, awyobdnen eklian mavTulxlarTebs.
aRmosavleTis frontze gardamavali upiratesobiT mimdinare brZolebma mniSvnelovnad Seasusta ruseTisa da avstria-ungreTis sabrZolo potenciali da sagrZnobi
ziani miayena germanelebs.
iaponiis Cabma omSi. evropaSi dawyebuli omiT isargebla iaponiam da Seecada gaeZlierebina Tavisi poziciebi wynari okeanis auzSi, gansakuTrebiT CineTSi. 1914 wlis
agvistoSi man omi gamoucxada germanias da ramdenime TveSi xelSi Caigdo misi gamagrebuli punqtebi wynari okeanis auzsa da CineTSi. iaponias saSualeba mieca faqtobrivad ukonkurento vaWroba ewarmoebina CineTTan, riTac man uzarmazari mogeba naxa.
didi mogeba miiRo iaponiam mokavSireebisaTvis iaraRis miyidviTac.
osmaleTis omSi Cabma. 1914 wlis noemberSi osmaleTma omi gamoucxada did britaneTs, safrangeTsa da ruseTs. Seiqmna kavkasiis, palestinis da mesopotamiis frontebi. ruseTma da didma britaneTma TavianTi jarebi Seiyvanes iranSi.
Turqebi 1914 wlis dekemberSi SeiWrnen amierkavkasiaSi, sarayamiSis raionSi. sarayamiSis brZola rusebis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. 1915 wlis ianvarSi TurqeTis jarma
ruseT-osmaleTis sazRvrisaken daixia.
1914 wlis samxedro kampaniis Sedegebi. didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis flotma
moaxdina germaniis, avstria-ungreTis da TurqeTis sanapiroebis blokireba. ruseTis
floti aqtiurad moqmedebda baltiisa da Sav zRvebSi. 1914 wlis sazRvao brZolebma
naTelyo axali sabrZolo saSualebebis — wyalqveSa navebis Zala da mniSvneloba.
wyalqveSa navebs gansakuTrebiT efeqtianad iyenebda germania. 1914 wels Catarebuli
mobilizaciis Sedegad antantis (ruseTis, safrangeTis, didi britaneTis, belgiis,
serbeTisa da Cernogoriis) SeiaraRebuli Zalebi 10,8 milionamde gaizarda. germaniis,
avstria-ungreTis da osmaleTis SeiaraRebulma Zalebma ki 6,7 milions miaRwia.
germaniis jarebi TavianT mowinaaRmdegeebTan SedarebiT ukeTesad iyvnen gawvrTnili. aSkara iyo maTi upiratesoba mZime artileriiT SeiaraRebiTac.
masobrivma mobilizaciam didi saxelmwifoebis saxalxo meurneoba samxedro moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas dauqvemdebara.
omis msvleloba 1915 wels. 1914 wels, Slifenis gegmis CaSlis Semdeg, germania or
frontze xangrZlivi omis winaSe aRmoCnda. man omis dawyebisTanave dakarga koloniebi
da Tavis mokavSireebTan erTad blokadaSi moeqca, rac mas ar aZlevda msoflio bazris
gamoyenebis saSualebas. antantis qveynebs ki metropoliebisa da koloniebis resursebis garda, SeeZloT gamoeyenebinaT msoflio bazris SesaZleblobebi. dro germaniis
winaaRmdeg muSaobda. mas umokles vadaSi unda daemTavrebina omi.
germaniis sardlobam gaiTvaliswina ruseTis susti mrewvelobis SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi, cudad aRWurvili armia, susti aRWurviloba da gadawyvita 1915 wels
omis simZimis centri dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis frontze gadaetana; jer daemarcxebina ruseTi, romlis xarjzec igi Seivsebda misTvis esoden aucilebel resursebs da
Semdeg gaenadgurebina safrangeTi.
1915 wlis maisSi dawyebuli Setevis Sedegad germanelebma gaaTavisufles 1914 wels
rusebis mier okupirebuli avstria-ungreTis teritoria, ruseTs waarTves poloneTi, litva da latviis nawili. moaxloebulma zamTarma ukve seqtembris miwurulSi
dausva wertili germanelebis winsvlas; omma poziciuri xasiaTi miiRo; aRmosavleTis fronti lariviT gadaiWima rigis yuridan rumineTamde. miRweuli warmatebebis
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miuxedavad germanelebma ver SeZles maT winaSe dasmuli ZiriTadi amocanebis gadawyveta, maT ver gamoiyvanes omidan ruseTi.
1915 wels dasavleTis frontze frangebisa da ingliselebis ori Seteva uSedegod
damTavrda. ramdenime dRes grZeldeboda germanelebis poziciebis saartilerio dabombva. isini aswrebdnen saSiSi ubnebis rezervebiT gamagrebas.
1915 wlis aprilSi qalaq iprTan brZolaSi germanelebma gamoiyenes mxuTavi gazi
_ qlori. frangi da ingliseli mebrZolebi panikam moicva. es iyo sruli moulodneloba, radgan, saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebiT, momwamlavi nivTierebis omSi gamoyeneba
akrZaluli iyo. maSveli jarebis swrafi gadmosroliT antantam frontis xazi aRadgina, magram amis Semdeg meomarma mxareebma sabrZolo qimiuri saSualebebis farTod
gamoyeneba daiwyes. amave dros Seiqmna qimiuri momwamlavi nivTierebebisagan Tavdacvis saSualebebi: aerwinaRebi da specialuri tansacmeli.
italiis omSi Cabma antantis mxareze. italia Tavdapirvelad neitralitets icavda. amave dros, misi mTavroba meomar mxareebTan vaWrobda, romeli miscemda meti
teritoriebis dauflebis saSualebas. italiam SeTanxmebas antantis qveynebTan miaRwia da 1915 wlis maisSi Caeba omSi. evropaSi Seiqmna kidev erTi fronti Sveicariidan
adriatikis zRvamde. italielebis Seteva avstria-ungreTis jarebma swrafad SeaCeres. italiis ormilioniani armiis brZolisunarianoba Zalze dabali, xolo samxedro
aRWurviloba susti aRmoCnda.
centraluri saxelmwifoebis mxareze bulgareTis Cabma omSi. aRmosavleTis frontze germaniisa da avstria-ungreTis jarebis warmatebebisa, xolo dasavleTis frontze
safrangeT-inglisis jarebis ori warumatebeli Setevis gamo bulgareTis mTavrobam
gadawyvita, serbeTis winaaRmdeg daewyo omi. amgvarad, centraluri saxelmwifoebis
— germaniis, avstria-ungreTisa da osmaleTis kavSirs Seemata bulgareTic.
1915 wlis oqtomberSi serbeTs CrdiloeTidan Tavs daatyda 350-aTasiani avstria-ungreTisa da germaniis jarebi, xolo aRmosavleTidan — 300-aTasiani bulgareTis armia. serbeTis cudad SeiaraRebuli jari 250 aTasamde jariskacsa da oficers
iTvlida.
serbeTisaTvis samxedro daxmarebis mizniT ingliselebma da frangebma gadmosxes
desanti berZnul navsadgur salonikSi.
serbeTis armiam adriatikis zRvisken daixia, saidanac inglis-safrangeTis xomaldebiT igi salonikSi gadaiyvanes. salonikis navsadgurSi gadmosxdnen rusebis samxedro nawilebic.
amgvarad, inglisis, safrangeTis, serbeTis da ruseTis samxedro SenaerTebma 191516 wlebSi Seqmnes salonikis fronti.
centraluri saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg omSi saberZneTis Cabma antantis saxelmwifoebma mxolod 1917 wels moaxerxes.
meomar mxareTa gegmebi da omis msvleloba dasavleTis frontze 1916 wels. germaniam da avstria-ungreTma 1915 wels ver moaxerxes ruseTis omidan gamoyvana, amitom
germaniis sardlobam mizanSewonilad CaTvala omis simZimis centris kvlav dasavleTis frontze gadatana.
antantis qveynebma gadawyvites, rom maTi miznebi evropis ZiriTad frontebze erToblivi moqmedebiT unda yofiliyo miRweuli.
germanelebs elzas-loTaringiidan swrafi SeteviT rom ver moexerxebinaT parizis
aReba, frangebma jer kidev pirvel msoflio omamde germaniis sazRvarsa da safrangeTis dedaqalaqs Soris Seqmnes mZlavri verdenis cixesimagre, romlis gamagreba aTeuli wlebis manZilze mimdinareobda. Slifenma safrangeTSi belgiidan SeWris gegma
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swored aqedan gamomdinare SeimuSava, raTa gverdi aevlo verdenis gamagrebuli ganStoebebis sistemisaTvis.
dasavleTis frontis gansamtkiceblad 1916 wlisaTvis frangebma verdenidan gaitanes mZime artileriisa da samxedro aRWurvilobis ZiriTadi nawili, mkveTrad Seamcires cixesimagris garnizoni, radgan CaTvales, rom verdenma dakarga Tavisi mniSvneloba. safrangeTis samxedro xelmZRvanelobis am SecdomiT isargebla germaniis
sardlobam da 1916 wlis TebervalSi moulodnelad daiwyo farTomasStabiani Seteva
verdenze. verdenis xelSi CagdebiT germanelebi soliviT SeiWrebodnen frangebis ganlagebaSi. amiT isini SeuZlebels gaxdidnen dasavleTis frontis gaswvriv franguli
da inglisuri SenaerTebis gadaadgilebas da gzas gaixsnidnen parizisaken.
safrangeTis sardlobam araCveulebrivi operatiuloba gamoiCina da umokles vadaSi verdenis cixesimagreSi satvirTo avtomobilebis saSualebiT gadaisrola mZime
artileria da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis saukeTeso nawilebi.
sisxlismRvreli brZolebis miuxedavad germanelebma araTu ver SeZles verdenis
mimarTulebiT Setevis ganviTareba, aramed naxevari wlis Semdeg dakarges kidec cixesimagris mimdebare teritoriebi, romlebic samxedro operaciis dasawyisSi Caigdes
xelSi.
1916 wlis zafxulSi frangebma da ingliselebma wamoiwyes grandiozuli Seteva
mdinare somaze.
1916 wlis seqtemberSi ingliselebma pirvelad samxedro xelovnebis istoriaSi gamoiyenes axali saxis iaraRi — tanki. teqnikuri gaumarTaobis gamo 50-dan naxevarze
metma tankma ieriSis zRudes ver miaRwia. ucnobi sabrZolo saSualebis gamoCenisas
germanelebs elda ecaT, magram male movidnen gons da saartilerio cecxliT 10 tanki
mwyobridan gamoiyvanes.
verdenisa da somas saomarma operaciebma naTelyo, rom dasavleTis frontze arc
erT mxares ar Seswevda Zala gaerRvia mowinaaRmdegis Tavdacva.
omis msvleloba aRmosavleTis frontze 1916 wels. 1916 wlis zafxulSi samxreT-dasavleTis frontze avstria-ungreTis jarebis winaaRmdeg Setevaze gadavidnen ruseTis SenaerTebi, romlebmac karpatis mTian uReltexilebsac ki miaRwies. magram Setevis dawyebidan ori kviris Semdeg avstria-ungreTis da germanelebis SeiaraRebulma
Zalebma rusebis winsvla SeaCeres.
rusebis winsvlam samxreT-dasavleTis frontze italia daicva Setevaze gadasuli
avstria-ungreTis jarebisagan da rumineTis mesveurebs Seuqmna araswori STabeWdileba, rom antanta umokles droSi daamarcxebda germaniasa da mis mokavSireebs.
1916 wlis agvistoSi rumineTma omi gamoucxada avstria-ungreTs. centraluri saxelmwifoebis jarebma erToblivi moqmedebis Sedegad daikaves rumineTis didi nawili; rumineTis jarebma daixies ruseTisaken, mTavroba da samefo kari buqarestidan
iasaSi gaiqca, sadac germanelebisgan mas ruseTis jari icavda.
ruseTs Zvirad daujda rumineTis marcxi. aRmosavleTis fronti 50 kilometriT
gaizarda da rigis yuridan Sav zRvamde gadaiWima.
davaleba
1. ra­tom Se­i­Zi­na gan­sa­kuT­re­bu­li mniS­v­ne­lo­ba mkvle­lo­bam sa­ra­e­voSi?
2. ro­gor ga­a­Ca­Res did­ma sa­xel­m­wi­fo­eb­ma msof­lio omi?
3. ro­me­li fron­te­bi Se­iq­m­na ev­ro­pa­Si 1914 wels?
4. Sli­fe­nis geg­mis mi­xed­viT, ra sa­xi­Ta da ro­go­ri Tan­mim­dev­ro­biT un­da gan­xor­ci­e­
le­bu­li­yo sam­xed­ro ope­ra­ci­e­bi?
5. ro­mel wa­nam­Z­R­v­rebs efuZ­ne­bo­da Sli­fe­nis geg­ma?
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6. ra­tom ver gan­xor­ci­el­da Sli­fe­nis geg­ma?
7. ra mniS­v­ne­lo­ba hqon­da pir­vel msof­lio oms ia­po­ni­i­saT­vis?
8. ra Se­de­ge­bi moh­y­va os­ma­le­Tis Cab­mas om­Si?
9. ro­go­ri iyo 1914 wlis sam­xed­ro kam­pa­ni­is Se­de­ge­bi?
10.ra­tom gad­mo­i­ta­nes ger­ma­ne­leb­ma 1915 wels omis sim­Zi­mis cen­t­ri aR­mo­sav­le­Tis
fron­t­ze?
11. ro­go­ri iyo brZo­lis Se­de­ge­bi ger­ma­ne­le­bi­saT­vis aR­mo­sav­le­Tis fron­t­ze?
12.ro­dis da sad ga­mo­i­ye­nes ger­ma­ne­leb­ma mom­wam­la­vi niv­Ti­e­re­ba?
13.ra Se­de­gi moh­y­va 1916 wels cen­t­ra­lu­ri sa­xel­m­wi­foebis mxa­re­ze bul­ga­re­Tis om­Si
Cab­mas?
14.ra Se­de­ge­bi moh­y­va ru­se­Tis ja­re­bis Se­te­vas sam­x­reT-da­sav­le­Tis fron­t­ze?
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
iaponiam omi gamoucxada germanias _ 1914 w. agvisto
osmaleTma omi gamoucxada did britaneTs, safrangeTsa da ruseTs _ 1914 w. noemberi
germaniam omis simZimis centri dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis frontze gadaitana _
1915 w.
qalaq iprTan brZolaSi germanelebma gamoiyenes mxuTavi gazi _ qlori _ 1915 w.
aprili
italiam miaRwia SeTanxmebas antantis qveynebTan da Caeba omSi _ 1915 w. maisi
$3. saomari operaciebi 1917 w.;
revolucia ruseTSi
daundobeli wyalqveSa omi. germaniam safrangeTi da ruseTi omidan ver gamoiyvana,
amitom misma sardlobam gadawyvita wyalqveSa navebis saSualebiT eqvs TveSi daeCoqebina inglisi da Zlevamosilad daemTavrebina msoflio omi.
1917 wlis 1 Tebervlidan germaniam daiwyo daundobeli wyalqveSa omi, romelic
safrTxes uqmnida neitraluri saxelmwifoebis naosnobasac, amitom amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma diplomatiuri urTierToba gawyvita germaniasTan.
Zalian male gamoirkva, rom germanias ar gaaCnda didi britaneTis sazRvao komunikaciebis gawyvetisaTvis saWiro raodenobis wyalqveSa navebi, amasTan, ingliselebma
SeimuSaves germaniis wyalqveSa navebTan brZolis efeqtiani saSualebebi. satransporto xomaldebi sazRvao qaravnebad moZraobdnen, romelTac Zlieri samxedro badragi
icavda.
1917 wlis Tebervlis revolucia ruseTSi. gaWianurebulma omma ruseTSi 1916 wlisaTvis amoativtiva da gaamwvava didi xnis ganmavlobaSi dagrovili da gadauWreli
siZneleebi: glexebis mciremiwianoba, muSebis umZimesi SromiTi da yofiTi pirobebi,
TviTmpyrobelobis Savrazmuli damokidebuleba imperiaSi Semavali ararusi xalxebisadmi, mosaxleobis politikuri uufleboba.
omiT gamowveulma sirTuleebma, transportisa da mrewvelobis moSlam, saTesi farTobebis Semcirebam ukiduresad gaarTula armiisa da mosaxleobis sursaTiT momarageba.
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qalaqebSi daiwyo mRelvareba, frontze da zurgSi Zlierdeboda jariskacebis ukmayofileba.
nikoloz II-is da misi garemocvis avtoriteti katastrofulad ecemoda ara mxolod liberalur, aramed monarqistul wreebSic.
petrograds (pirveli msoflio omis dawyebis Semdeg peterburgs ewoda petrogradi, araregularulad miewodeboda xorbali, rigebSi xangrZlivad dgomiT gawamebuli
mosaxleoba xSirad ver iRebda purs.
1917 wlis 23 Tebervlidan ruseTis dedaqalaqis mcxovreblebi quCebSi gamovidnen. isini awyobdnen demonstraciebs. demonstrantebi purs moiTxovdnen. Tebervlidan samxedro nawilebma demonstrantebis mxareze daiwyes gadasvla. policia
aRar uwevda winaaRmdegobas demonstraciebs, male petrogradi xalxis xelSi aRmoCnda.
ruseTis gadasarCenad da armiis dasawynareblad fskovSi myof nikoloz II-s frontebis sardlebma 1917 wlis 2 marts taxtidan gadadgoma mosTxoves. nikoloz II gadadga.
Tavad lvovis xelmZRvanelobiT liberalebisagan Seiqmna ruseTis droebiTi mTavroba. droebiT mTavrobaSi Sevida eseri (socialist-revolucioneri) kerenski.
peterburgis muSebma da jariskacebma airCies sabWo. sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis Tavmjdomare gaxda social-demokrati (menSeviki) karlo CxeiZe.
male muSaTa da jariskacTa sabWoebi Seiqmna moskovsa da sxva qalaqebSi. mosaxleobam miiRo beWdviTi sityvis, krebebis mowvevis, kavSirebis Camoyalibebis da sxva
demokratiuli Tavisuflebebi.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Cabma pirvel msoflio omSi. 1917 wlis Tebervlis
revoluciam daaCqara amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Cabma pirvel msoflio omSi.
gaurkveveli iyo, ramdenad brZolisunariani aRmoCndeboda ruseTis demokratiuli
saxelmwifo. gauZlebda igi omis siZneleebs? SeZlebda saboloo gamarjvebamde omis
miyvanas? ara da ruseTis omidan gamosvla mkveTrad Secvlida ZalTa Tanafardobas
germaniis sasargeblod.
aSS ki sisxlxorceulad iyo dainteresebuli germaniaze antantis gamarjvebiT,
radgan antantis damarcxebis SemTxvevaSi aSS kargavda didi britaneTisa da safrangeTisaTvis micemul uzarmazar sesxebs da, rac mTavaria, adre Tu gvian mas mouxdeboda
msoflio pirvelobisaTvis araCveulebrivad gaZlierebul germaniasTan dapirispireba.
aSS-ma germaniasTan omis dawyebis sababad gamoiyena berlinidan meqsikaSi gagzavnili saidumlo depeSa, romlis gaSifvris Sedegad irkveoda, rom germania meqsikas
aqezebda daewyo omi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg. aSS-is poziciaze garkveuli gavlena moaxdina germaniis mier warmoebulma wyalqveSa ommac. 1917 wlis 6
aprils aSS-ma omi gamoucxada germanias.
aSS-is armiis mobilizacias, gawvrTnas da evropaSi gadmoyvanas esaWiroeboda dro.
amitom amerika 1917 wels omis msvlelobaze gavlenas ver moaxdenda, magram 1918 wlisTvis aSS-is SeiaraRebuli Zalebi antantis gamarjvebisaTvis udides mniSvnelobas
iZenda.
omis msvleloba 1917 wels. antantis qveynebis Seteva dasavleTis da aRmosavleTis
frontebze uSedegod damTavrda.
germanelebma aiRes riga, xolo avstria-ungreTis jarebis mier italielebis winaaRmdeg dawyebuli Seteva SeaCeres italiis frontze saswrafod gadasrolilma frangulma da inglisurma diviziebma.
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mniSvnelovan warmatebebs miaRwia antantam osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omSi. 1916 wels
ruseTis kavkasiis frontis jarebma win waiwies 250 kilometriT da daikaves erzerumi
da trapizoni, xolo 1917 wels ingliselebma aiRes baRdadi da ierusalimi.
ruseTis droebiTi mTavroba da bolSevikebi. pirveli msoflio omis dawyebisTanave emigraciaSi myofi ruseTis bolSevikuri partiis beladi vladimer ulianovi-lenini avstria-ungreTidan SveicariaSi gaaZeves.
lenini ver gaerkva pirveli msoflio omis dros ruseTSi mimdinare politikur
procesebSi da 1917 wlis ianvarSi ganacxada: `Cven, Zveli Taoba, ver moveswrebiT
momaval revolucias...~ daaxloebiT erTi Tvis Semdeg man SveicariaSi gazeTebidan
Seityo, rom ruseTSi revolucia moxda da TviTmpyrobeloba daemxo.
leninma igrZno, rom dadga misi dro. man SesaniSnavad auRo alRo, Tu ra SesaZleblobebs uqmnida mas Tebervlis revoluciis Sedegad ruseTSi Seqmnili viTareba.
lenini Tavis TanamoazreebTan erTad germaniisa da SvedeTis gavliT aTwliani emigraciis Semdeg, 1917 wlis 3 aprils, dabrunda ruseTSi.
ruseTSi mas daxvda mcirericxovani, 24 aTasi wevrisagan Semdgari bolSevikuri
partia, romelsac iatakqveSeTidan gamosvlis Semdeg aqtiuri politikis gatarebisa
da Tavisi rigebis swrafad gazrdis saSualeba mieca.
7 aprils gazeT `pravdaSi~ daibeWda leninis `aprilis Tezisebi~.
lenini mouwodebda bolSevikebs, araviTari mxardaWera ar gaewiaT droebiTi mTavrobisaTvis, moepovebinaT sabWoebSi umravlesoba da moeTxovaT sabWoebisaTvis mTeli Zalauflebis gadacema.
lenins aucileblad miaCnda omis Sewyveta, miwebis nacionalizacia, kontrolis
daweseba sabanko saqmesa da produqtebis sazogadoebriv warmoebasa da ganawilebaze.
`aprilis Tezisebis~ gamoqveynebidan 12 dRis Semdeg, 19 aprils moewyo droebiTi mTavrobis sagareo politikiT ukmayofilo muSebisa da jariskacebis mTavrobis
sawinaaRmdego pirveli didi gamosvla. mTavrobam ukandaxeva amjobina da daTanxmda
Tavisi Semadgenlobis gadaxalisebaze.
droebiTma mTavrobam zafxulisaTvis SedarebiT myarad igrZno Tavi da 4 ivliss
petrogradSi demonstrantebs SeiaraRebuli ZaliT gausworda. mTavroba Setevaze gadavida da gasca orderebi misTvis arasasurveli pirebis, maT Soris leninis dapatimrebaze. bolSevikebma lenini Rrma iatakqveSeTSi gadamales.
liberalma lvovma droebiTi mTavrobis xelmZRvaneloba eser kerenskis gadasca.
droebiTma mTavrobam misdami dapirispirebuli Zalebis gasanadgureblad samxedro
diqtaturis damyareba moindoma. diqtatori unda gamxdariyo umaRlesi mTavarsardali generali kornilovi. magram 1917 wlis agvistoSi droebiTi mTavrobis xelmZRvanel kerenskisa da general kornilovs Soris uTanxmoebam, jariskacebisa da muSebis
winaaRmdegobam SeTqmuleba CaSala. kornilovi daapatimres.
ganxeTqilebam kerenskisa da kornilovs Soris da kornilovSCinis damarcxebam sagrZnoblad daasusta bolSevikebis mowinaaRmdegeTa banaki.
1917 wlis oqtombris politikuri gadatrialeba ruseTSi. bolSevikebis poziciebi
mniSvnelovnad gaaZliera maTi erT-erTi xelmZRvanelis lev trockis (bronSteinis)
ruseTis dedaqalaqis sabWos Tavmjdomared arCevam. trockim peterburgis sabWosTan
Seqmna samxedro-revoluciuri komiteti germanelebis mxridan safrTxis warmoSobis
SemTxvevaSi qalaqis Tavdacvis organizebis sababiT. sinamdvileSi droebiTi mTavrobis dasamxobad komitetma 1917 wlis seqtemberSi daiwyo SeiaraRebuli razmebis Camoyalibeba.
1917 wlis 7 oqtombers fineTSi gadaxvewili lenini aralegalurad gadmovida petrogradSi. araqaTgamoclilma droebiTma mTavrobam ver gauwia winaaRmdegoba bol266
Sevikebis mier Zalauflebis xelSi aRebas, peterburgis mosaxleobam ki pasiuri meTvalyuris mdgomareoba daikava.
1917 wlis 25 oqtombris diliT leninma ruseTis moqalaqeebs auwya, rom droebiTi
mTavroba damxobilia da Seiqmna axali, sabWoTa mTavroba.
26 oqtombers Ramis 2 saaTze da 10 wuTze droebiTi mTavrobis wevrebi zamTris
sasaxleSi daapatimres. dapatimrebulTa Soris ar iyo kerenski, romelic qalaqgareT
imyofeboda da petrogradze laSqrobis mowyobas cdilobda. muSebma da jariskacebma
kerenskis 700-kaciani razmi ruseTis dedaqalaqSi ar SeuSves. bolSevikebma yovelgvari msxverplis gareSe aiRes xelisufleba.
sabWoTa mTavrobam daiTxova ruseTis armia da germaniasTan dado droebiTi zavi,
romlis vada 1918 wlis 17 Tebervals iwureboda.
1918 wlis 3 martis brestis zavi da misi Sedegebi. sabWoTa xelisuflebis gansamtkiceblad lenins aucileblad miaCnda germaniasa da mis mokavSireebTan zavis dadeba, magram sabWoTa mTavrobis wevrTa umravlesobisTvis miuRebeli iyo 1917 wlis
noemberSi dawyebul brest-litovskis molaparakebis dros germaniis mier wamoyenebuli moTxovna sabWoTa ruseTisaTvis CamoecilebinaT poloneTi, baltiispireTi da
fineTi. umravlesobas `msoflio revoluciis~ dawyebis imedi hqonda.
brest-litovskSi sabWoTa delegaciis xvelmZRvanelma trockim 1918 wlis 10 Tebervals ganacxada, rom ruseTi oms Sewyvets, magram xels ar moawers sazavo xelSekrulebas.
1918 wlis 18 Tebervals daiwyo germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis Seteva ruseTze.
isini winaaRmdegobas ar xvdebodnen da swrafad miiwevdnen win.
sabWoTa ruseTi iZulebuli gaxda 1918 wlis 3 marts xeli moewera umZimes zavze
germaniasa da mis mokavSireebTan. sazavo xelSekrulebiT, sabWoTa ruseTs xeli unda
aeRo poloneTze, baltiispireTze, fineTze, belorusiasa da ukrainaze. masve unda
gadaexada kontribucia.
brestis zavis dadebis Semdeg sabWoTa ruseTSi bolSevikebis erTpartiuli diqtatura damyarda.
1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelom, ramdenime dReSi somxeTma da azerbaijanmac gamoacxades damoukidebloba.
rumineTi iZulebuli gaxda 1918 wlis maisSi daedo zavi germaniasa da mis mokavSireebTan. buqarestis zaviT, rumineTi kargavda dobrujas (mdinare dunais, Sav zRvasa
da bulgareTs Soris mdebare teritorias). sanacvlod germania mas sabWoTa ruseTisgan miRebul besarabias (moldovas) uTmobda.
pirveli msoflio omis dasasruli. omis msvleloba dasavleTis frontze. miuxedavad ruseTze mopovebuli gamarjvebisa, 1918 wlis gazafxulze germania da misi
mokavSireebi umZimes mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen. mosaxleoba SimSilobda. armiebis
materialur-teqnikuri uzrunvelyofa minimumze iyo dayvanili. katastrofulad ar
kmaroda nedleuli. moiSala mrewveloba da transporti. iwureboda adamianTa resursebi.
saxarbielo arc didi britaneTis, safrangeTisa da italiis mdgomareoba iyo. germanelebis mier gaCaRebuli wyalqveSa omis gamo maTi urTierToba koloniebTan gaZnelda, magram didi britaneTi da safrangeTi koloniuri samflobeloebidan mainc
axerxebdnen nedleulis, sursaTis, muSaxelisa da jariskacebis miRebas da, rac mTavaria, antantas Tavisi uzarmazari adamianTa resursebiTa da udidesi ekonomikuri
SesaZleblobebiT mxarSi amoudga amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi.
ruseTis omidan gamoTiSvis Semdeg germanias omi uxdeboda mxolod erT frontze,
amitom misma sardlobam miznad daisaxa amerikis jarebis Camosvlamde ingliselebisa
267
da frangebis damarcxeba. germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis armiebsa da mosaxleobas
unergavdnen rwmenas: gazafxulze Seteva, zafxulSi gamarjveba da zavi.
gadamwyveti gamarjvebis mosapoveblad germanelebma dasavleTis frontze 1918
wlis 27 martidan 17 ivlisamde ganaxorcieles oTxi didi samxedro operacia, magram
araqaTgamoclil germanias dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad Zala aRar gaaCnda. oTxive
SeteviTi operacia warumateblad damTavrda.
1918 wlis 18 ivlisidan kontrSetevaze gadavidnen frangebi, maT SeuerTdnen ingliselebi, seqtembridan ki — amerikelebi. germanelebi ZlivZlivobiT akavebdnen
mowinaaRmdegeTa Setevebs.
omis daskvniTi etapi. germania katastrofis winaSe daayena balkaneTis frontze
warmoebulma omebma. 1918 wlis 15 seqtembers moulodnelad misi mokavSiris, bulgareTis winaaRmdeg Setevaze gadavidnen salonikis frontze ganlagebuli antantis
jarebi. bulgarelebma ver gauZles Setevas da miatoves fronti. saswrafod gadmosrolilma germaniisa da avstria-ungreTis samxedro nawilebma veRar SeZles mdgomareobis gamosworeba.
1918 wlis 29 seqtembris zaviT, bulgareTs gamohyavda jari serbeTidan, saberZneTidan da rumineTidan; antantam miiRo ufleba, daekavebina bulgareTis yvela punqti
da gamoeyenebina am qveynis yvela satransporto saSualeba.
bulgareTis omidan gamosvlis Semdeg osmaleTi faqtobrivad izolirebuli aRmoCnda germaniisa da avstria-ungreTisagan. oqtomberSi Turqebma sastiki marcxi ganicades ingliselebTan brZolaSi palestinaSi.
1918 wlis 31 oqtombers navsadgur mudrosSi, inglisur xomaldze, Turqebma xeli
moaweres dazavebas. maT jarebs unda daetovebinaT arabeTi, mesopotamia, siria, somxeTi, saqarTvelo da azerbaijani. mokavSireebma miiRes ufleba, esargeblaT osmaleTis
yvela rkinigziTa da navsadguriT, SeeyvanaT jari stambolSi da Sesuliyvnen Sav zRvaSi.
bulgareTSi momxdari katastrofis Semdeg germaniis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis xelmZRvanelma, general-feldmarSalma gindenburgma vilhelm II-s kategoriulad mosTxova mokavSireebTan sazavo molaparakebis dawyeba. molaparakeba gaWianurda. vilhelm II taxtis SenarCunebas cdilobda.
1918 wlis oqtomberSi avstria-ungreTi daiSala damoukidebel erovnul saxelmwifoebad. 1918 wlis 3 noembers paduaSi xelmowerili zaviT, avstria-ungreTma arseboba
Sewyvita.
1918 wlis 7 noembers dasavleTis frontis xazi avtomanqaniT gadakveTa germaniis
TeTrdroSianma delegaciam. germanuli delegacia kompienis tyeSi, retondis sadgurze eaxla mokavSireTa jarebis mTavarsardals, frang marSal foSs mis salon-vagonSi
da dazaveba sTxova.
germanelebs wauyenes dazavebis umZimesi pirobebi da 11 noembris 11 saaTamde misces
vada.
germaniaSi dawyebuli revoluciis gamo vilhelm II holandiaSi gaiqca.
1918 wlis 11 noembers, diliT germaniis delegaciam xeli moawera zavs. germania
mokavSireebs gadascemda mTel Tavis saxmeleTo, sazRvao da sahaero SeiaraRebas. 15
dRis ganmavlobaSi germanias unda daecala rainis dasavleTiT mdebare teritoria,
gamoeyvana jari avstria-ungreTidan da osmaleTidan. uqmdeboda brest-litovskisa
da buqarestis xelSekrulebebi. germanelebs unda gaeyvanaT jari maT mier aRmosavleT evropaSi okupirebuli teritoriebidan maSin, rodesac mokavSireebi mizanSewonilad CaTvlidnen amas.
ase dasrulda pirveli msoflio omi, romelSic monawileobda 33 saxelmwifo 1,5
miliardi mcxovrebiT, rac dedamiwis mTeli mosaxleobis 2/3-s Seadgenda. zogierTi
saxelmwifos monawileoba formalur xasiaTs atarebda.
268
omis msvlelobaSi antantam moaxdina 50 milionamde adamianis mobilizeba, germaniam da misma mokavSireebma ki 25 milionze meti adamianisa.
uzarmazari iyo adamianTa danakargi: sul 13 milioni gardacvlili, maTgan 1 390
000 safrangeTis mxares da TiTqmis 2 milioni germaniis mxares; milionobiT daWrili, dainvalidebuli, samudamod daavadebulni. materialuri danakargi mniSvnelovani iyo: marto safrangeTSi sruliad Tu nawilobriv 700 000-ze meti Senoba
daingra, 2 milioni heqtari miwa gamousadegari gaxda soflis meurneobisTvis, CrdiloeTSi maRaroebi wyliT daifara. omis finansuri xarjis gamoTvla cifrebiT
Zalze rTulia. saxelmwifos valma, ganmeorebiTi sesxebis Sedegad, yvelgan gamolia
biujeti.
mcire ram Seicvala dasavleTiT: safrangeTma daibruna alzas-loreni (elzas-loTaringia); belgiam Seimata ori mcire teritoria, eupeni da malmedi; daniam miiRo Slezvigi. samagierod centraluri da aRmosavleT evropa mTlianad Seicvala:
avstria-ungreTi gaqra; `polonuri derefnis~ Camoyalibebis Sedegad germania orad
gaiyo; ruseTs CamoeWra dasavleTis regionebi; gaCnda axali qveynebi: avstria, ungreTi, Cexoslovakia, poloneTi, fineTi, baltiispireTis qveynebi; mniSvnelovnad gaizarda sxva qveynebi: serbia, romelic iugoslaviad gadaiqca, da rumineTi.
pirvelma msoflio omma zogierT qveyanaSi Seqmna pirobebi totalitaruli, uaRresad agresiuli teroristuli diqtaturis dasamyareblad.
pirveli msoflio omi da saqarTvelo. germaniis waqezebiT 1914 wels osmaleTi
pirvel msoflio omSi Caeba. TurqeTis omSi warmatebas unda mohyoloda otomanTa
(igive osmalTa) `didi imperiis~ aRdgena. masSi unda gaerTianebuliyo amierkavkasia,
yirimi, CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTieli tomebi, volgispireTi da Sua azia.
kavkasiis frontze samxedro operaciebi 1914 wlis oqtomberSi daiwyo. TurqeTis
jarebma Seuties arzrumis, olTisisa da erevnis mimarTulebiT. ZiriTadi brZolebi mimdinareobda sariyamiSSi. `sariyamiSis operacia~ dasrulda TurqTa sastiki damarcxebiT. TurqeTis winaaRmdeg saomar operaciebSi ibrZodnen qarTveli meomrebi.
saqarTvelos im dros rCeuli oficroba hyavda (magaliTad, sariyamiSis operaciaSi
TurqTa erTi divizia gaanadgura general-maior gabaSvilis razmma). sariyamiSis Semdeg kavkasiis frontze omma poziciuri xasiaTi miiRo.
pirvel msoflio omSi saqarTvelodan gawveuli iqna 200 aTasi jariskaci da oficeri. maTi didi nawili omSi daiRupa an dasaxiCrda.
ruseTis imperiaSi dawyebulma ekonomikurma krizisma saqarTvelozec iqonia mZime
Sedegi. Sewyda manganumis, qvanaxSirisa da spilenZis amoReba. TiTqmis ganaxevrda marcvleuli kulturebisa da venaxebis farTobebi, xolo pirveladi moTxovnebis sagnebze fasi oTxjer gaizarda.
msoflio omis dawyebam qarTveli sazogadoebis winaSe praqtikulad daayena samSoblos momavali bed-iRblis sakiTxi. erovnul poziciaze mdgari moRvaweebi omSi ruseTis carizmis marcxis SesaZleblobas iTvaliswinebdnen da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenisTvis gareSe ZalTa mimxrobas cdilobdnen. qarTveli patriotebis
mier stambolSi Seqmnili komiteti cdilobda osmalTa tyveobisagan gaeTavisuflebina qarTveli samxedroebi da maTgan saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli
sajariso nawilebi Seeqmna. `erovnuli komitetis~ Seqmnis cda iyo TbilisSic. am saqmes moTaveobda giorgi maCabeli, magram Jandarmeriis mkacri TvalTvalis viTarebaSi
es wamowyeba ver ganxorcielda.
qarTvel emigrantTa erTma jgufma (petre surgulaZe, leo kereseliZe da sxvebi)
jer kidev 1913 wels JenevaSi Camoayaliba organizacia `Tavisufali saqarTvelo~.
male JenevaSive Camoyalibda `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komiteti~. `komitetma~ saqarTveloSi gamogzavna giorgi maCabeli. man politikur partiebs SesTavaza
269
daewyoT ruseTis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba germaniis daxmarebis imediT. am winadadebas
mxari ar dauWires social-demokratebma. ZalTa arsebuli Tanafardobis pirobebSi, maT ajanyebis idea unayofod CaTvales. amave dros, social-demokratebi eWvis
TvaliT uyurebdnen germaniisagan daxmarebis miRebis SesaZleblobas. maT skeptikur
pozicias sxva faqtoric ganapirobebda _ ruseTis social-demokratiuli partiis
qarTveli warmomadgenlebisTvis brZolis mTavar mizans ruseTis imperiis socialistur saxelmwifod gardaqmna warmoadgenda da ara saqarTvelos damoukidebloba. gansxvavebuli iyo qarTveli socialist-federalistebisa da erovnul-demokratebis pozicia. maT saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena swored germaniis gamarjvebiT warmoedginaT.
XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis asparezs TandaTan
tovebda erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis mesveurTa ufrosi Taoba. 1912
wels gardaicvala iakob gogebaSvili. eris did moamages, qarTuli enis amagdar
qomags xalxma samudamo gansasvenebeli mTawmindaze miuCina. 1913 wels gardaicvala
arCil jorjaZe. 1915 wlis 25 ianvars sofel sxvitorSi samudamod dadumda akakis
qnari. poeti didi pativiT dakrZales mTawmindaze. 1915 welsve wminda ninos saxelobis lazareTSi (axla iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis
Senoba) gardaicvala vaJa-fSavela. `jer kidev ar gacivebula didebuli akakis saflavi, rom Cveni poeziis sakurTxevelze Caqra meore brwyinvale lampari, is lampari fSav-xevsureTis mwvervalTagan uxv naTels fenda mTel saqarTvelos. gafrinda
`mTis arwivi~. vaJa mogvikvda fSavela!~ _ Tqva gamosaTxovar sityvaSi korneli
kekeliZem.
davaleba
1. ra­tom da­iw­yo ger­ma­ni­am da­un­do­be­li wyal­q­ve­Sa omi da ram­de­nad ga­a­mar­T­la man?
2. imsjeleT 1917 wlis Te­ber­v­lis re­vo­lu­ciaze ru­seT­Si.
3. ra­tom Ca­e­ba ame­ri­kis Se­er­Te­bu­li Sta­te­bi om­Si an­tan­tis mxa­re­ze?
4. ro­go­ri iyo omis msvle­lo­ba 1917 wels?
5. ra pi­ro­beb­Si da­i­do bres­tis za­vi; ra Se­de­ge­bi moh­y­va mas?
6. da­a­xa­si­a­TeT 1918 wlis omis msvle­lo­ba da­sav­le­Tis fron­t­ze.
7. ro­dis da­zav­d­nen an­tan­tis sa­xel­m­wi­fo­e­bi bul­ga­reT­Tan, Tur­qeT­Tan, av­s­t­ria-un­g­
reT­Tan?
8. ra pi­ro­be­biT da ro­dis da­i­do za­vi ger­ma­ni­as­Tan?
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
aSS-ma omi gamoucxada germanias _ 1917 w. 6 aprili
sabWoTa ruseTi iZulebuli gaxda, xeli moewera umZimes zavze germaniasa da mis mokavSireebTan _ 1918 w. 3 marti
germaniis delegaciam xeli moawera zavs _ 1918 w. 11 noemberi
270
testi #14
testis maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 33 qula
I. teqstis Sesworeba
instruqcia: mocemulia ori teqsti. TiToeulSi daSvebulia 5 Secdoma. Sesabamis
svetebSi CamowereT Secdomebi da swori pasuxebi. yoveli aRmoCenili Secdoma fasdeba
0.5 quliT, xolo misi Sesatyvisi swori varianti _ 0.5 quliT. jamSi, teqstis SesworebisaTvis gankuTvnilia 10 qula.
1. bismarkma ganizraxa samxedro kavSiris Camoyalibeba avstria-ungreTis xelmZRvanelobiT. 1879 wels avstria-ungreTma da italiam xeli moaweres safrangeTis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTul saidumlo samokavSireo xelSekrulebas. bismarkma isargebla safrangeTis koloniuri imperiis gafarToebisaken miswrafebiT da waaqeza igi
daepyro tunisi, romelzedac Tvali eWira ingliss. 1882 wels avstria-ungreTsa da
ingliss Soris daido safrangeTis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saidumlo xelSekruleba.
#
Secdomaa
sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2. avstria-ungreTis generaluri Stabis ufrosma Slifenma SeimuSava germaniasTan da italiasTan omis erTdroulad warmoebis gegma. Slifenis gegmis Tanaxmad,
ZiriTadi dartyma unda ganxorcielebuliyo ara elzas-loTaringiidan, aramed Sveicariidan. saswrafod unda aeRoT berlini, Semdeg armiebi gadayvanili iqnebodnen
samxreTis frontze.
#
Secdomaa
sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
271
II. upasuxeT kiTxvebs
instruqcia: mocemulia 13 kiTxva oTxi savaraudo pasuxiT. swori pasuxi fasdeba
1 quliT. jamSi, maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 13 qula.
1. samTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen:
a) germania, avstria-ungreTi, iaponia;
b) germania, safrangeTi, italia;
g) germania, avstria-ungreTi, italia;
d) germania, italia, iaponia.
2. antantis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen:
a) safrangeTi, italia, ruseTi;
b) germania, safrangeTi, didi britaneTi;
g) safrangeTi, didi britaneTi, ruseTi;
d) safrangeTi, didi britaneTi, italia.
3. pirveli msoflio omi daiwyo:
a) 1914 wlis agvistoSi;
g) 1914 wlis ivlisSi;
b) 1914 wlis seqtemberSi;
d) 1914 wlis ivnisSi.
4. 1914 wels I msoflio omSi Caebnen:
a) iaponia da osmaleTi;
g) iaponia da rumineTi;
b) iaponia da bulgareTi;
d) iaponia da saberZneTi.
5. germanelebma mxuTavi gazi qlori pirvelad gamoiyenes:
a) iprTan brZolaSi;
g) verdenTan brZolaSi;
b) marnasTan brZolaSi;
d) somasTan brZolaSi.
6. germaniis sardlobam 1915 wels omis simZimis centri dasavleTidan gadaitana:
a) salonikis frontze;
g) kavkasiis frontze;
b) aRmosavleTis frontze; d) palestinis frontze.
7. 1916 wels rumineTma omi gamoucxada:
a) ruseTs;
g) safrangeTs;
b) avstria-ungreTs; d) italias.
8. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi pirvel msoflio omSi Caeba:
a) 1914 wels;
b) 1915 wels;
g) 1916 wels;
d) 1917 wels.
9. I msoflio oms ruseTi gamoeTiSa:
a) 1915 wels;
b) 1916 wels;
g) 1917 wels;
10. brestis zavi daido:
a) ruseTsa da safrangeTs Soris;
b) germaniasa da safrangeTs Soris;
g) ruseTsa da germanias Soris;
d) did britaneTsa da germanias Soris.
272
d) 1918 wels.
11. saboloo zavi germaniasTan daido
a) 1918 wlis oqtomberSi;
g) 1918 wlis noemberSi;
b) 1918 wlis seqtemberSi;
d) 1918 wlis dekemberSi.
12. qronologiurad daalageT I msoflio omis winaperiodis saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi:
__ruseT-safrangeTis kavSiri;
__samTa kavSiri;
__inglis-ruseTis SeTanxmeba;
__didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis `guliTadi SeTanxmeba~.
13. qronologiurad daalageT qvemoT CamoTvlili saxelmwifoebis CarTva I msoflio omSi:
__rumineTi;
__saberZneTi;
__italia;
__iaponia.
III. wyaros analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 6 qula)
dazavebis SeTanxmeba, dadebuli kompienis tyeSi 1918 w. 11 noembers.
`st. 1. samxedro moqmedebis Sewyveta xmeleTsa da haerze dazavebis xelismoweris
Semdeg 6 saaTis ganmavlobaSi.
st. 2. dapyrobili qveynebis: belgiis, safrangeTis, luqsemburgis, iseve, rogorc
elzas-lotaringiis saswrafo evakuacia, ise, rom is ganxorcieldes 15 dRis ganmavlobaSi...
st. 4. germanuli jarebis mier samxedro masalis daTmoba: 5 aTasi qvemexi, 25 aTasi
tyviamfrqvevi, 3 aTasi Wurvmtyorcni da 1700 aeroplani.
st. 5. germanuli armiebis mier rainis marcxena sanapiroze mdebare adgilebis
evakuacia.
rainis marcxena sanapiros midamoebs marTavs adgilobrivi xelisufleba, magram
mokavSireebis saokupacio jarebisa da SeerTebuli Statebis kontroliT...
st. 7. akrZalulia kavSirisa da Setyobinebis saSualebebis da sawyalosno gzebis
dazianeba.
st. 12. ...germaneli jariskacebi, romlebic amJamad imyofebian teritoriebze, romlebic omamde ruseTs ekuTvnoda, unda dabrundnen germaniis sazRvrebSi... maSinve, rogorc ki mokavSireebi aRiareben, rom dadga amis momenti, am teritoriebis Sinagani
mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT...
st. 22. mokavSireebisTvis da SeerTebuli StatebisTvis yvela wyalqveSa navis Cabareba (wyalqveSa kreiserebisa da minebis transportirebis CaTvliT), amJamad arsebuli, maTi SeiaraRebiT da aRWurvilobiT portebSi, romlebic miTiTebulia mokavSireebis da SeerTebuli Statebis mier...
st. 23. germanuli samxedro xomaldebi... saswrafod unda ganiaraRdnen, Semdeg ki
internirebulni iyvnen.
st. 29. germaniis mier Savi zRvis yvela portis evakuacia da Sav zRvaSi dakavebuli
yvela rusuli samxedro xomaldis gadacema mokavSireebisTvis da SeerTebuli StatebisTvis...~.
273
kiTxvebi:
1. ramden saaTSi unda momxdariyo samxedro moqmedebis Sewyveta?
______________________________________ (1 qula)
2. romel qveyanas unda moexdina dapyrobili qveynebis saswrafo evakuacia?
______________________________________ (1 qula)
3. ramden dReSi unda momxdariyo evakuacia?
______________________________________ (1 qula)
4. xelSekrulebis mixedviT, vin unda marTavdes rainis marcxena sanapiros midamoebs germanuli armiebis mier am adgilebis evakuaciis Semdeg?
______________________________________ (1 qula)
5. ras krZalavda xelSekruleba?
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(2 qula)
IV. problemis analizi da argumentacia (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 4 qula)
ruseTis imperiis maRali Tanamdebobis pirTa nawili I msoflio omSi ruseTis monawileobis momxre iyo, meore nawili ko mowinaaRmdege.
1. moiyvaneT konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argumenti/
argumentebi, romelic axsnida I msoflio omSi ruseTis monawileobis momxreTa pozicias.
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____________________________________________
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(2 qula)
2. moiyvaneT konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argumenti/
argumentebi, romelic axsnida I msoflio omSi ruseTis monawileobis mowinaaRmdegeTa pozicias.
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(2 qula)
XV Tavi. saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublika
$1. saqarTvelo Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg
Tebervlis revoluciis gamoZaxili saqarTveloSi. Tebervlis revolucia saqarTvelosTvis moulodneli aRmoCnda. kavkasiis umaRlesi xelisufali _ mefisnacvali nikoloz nikolozis Ze romanovi (imperator nikoloz meoris biZa) da misi moxeleebi yvela
zomas iRebdnen, rom cnoba petrogradSi ganxorcielebuli revoluciis Sesaxeb xalxisaTvis daemalaT da mxareSi simSvide SeenarCunebinaT. Tumca aseTi mniSvnelovani movlenis damalva da xalxis informaciul vakuumSi didxans yola SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda.
moskovis universitetis studentebma gogita faRavam da viqtor nozaZem karlo
CxeiZis davalebiT menSevikuri gazeTis _ `Tanamedrove azris~ redaqcias Semdegi Sinaarsis daSifruli depeSa gamougzavnes _ `mTavrobaZe gardaicvala, acnobeT naTesavebs da nacnobebs~. swored amis Sedegi iyo gavrcelebuli gamonaTqvami: `revolucia
saqarTveloSi `fostiT miviReTo~.
4 martidan presaSi daiwyo petrogradis movlenaTa farTod gaSuqeba. ambavi swrafad moedo warmoeba-dawesebulebebs, quCas. xalxi axal ambavs sixaruliT Sexvda.
Tbilisi sazeimo mitingebisa da manifestaciebis qalaqad iqca.
axali xelisuflebis organizacia maSindel saqarTveloSi yvelaze ufro popularulma social-demokratiulma, igive menSevikurma partiam iTava. 4 marts Tbilisis
saxalxo saxlSi muSaTa warmomadgenloba Seikriba. airCies Tbilisis muSaTa deputatebis sabWo noe Jordanias TavmjdomareobiT. sabWoSi umravlesoba social-demokratiulma partiam moipova. aseve ganxorcielda droebiTi aRmasrulebeli komitetis
arCevnebi. masSi qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis da muSaTa deputatebis sabWos Tanabari raodenobis warmomadgenlebi Sevidnen. xsenebulma komitetma Tavi adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis umaRles organod gamoacxada.
revoluciis Sedegad Seqmnili droebiTi mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT, 1917 wlis
martSi amierkavkasiis mxaris samarTavad Seiqmna `amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli komiteti~, e. w. `ozakomi~, romelSic ruseTis saxelmwifo saTaTbiros wevrebi Sevidnen.
saqarTvelodan es pativi kita abaSiZes da akaki Cxenkels ergoT.
Tebervlis revoluciam ruseTis imperiis ararus xalxebs erovnuli Tavisuflebis mopovebis da saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobisaken swrafva gauZliera. poloneTSi, fineTSi, ukrainaSi amoqmeddnen erovnuli Zalebi da damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis sakiTxi daayenes. ruseTis droebiTi mTavroba dasmuli sakiTxebis
gadawyvetas SeZlebisdagvarad aWianurebda.
Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg saqarTveloSi saxelmwifoebrivi suverenitetis
aRdgenis sakiTxi ar dasmula. politikur sarbielze yvelaze ufro Zlieri poziciebi
social-demokratiul partias gaaCnda. menSevikebi erovnul sakiTxs meorexarisxovnad Tvlidnen da wina planze revoluciis demokratiul monapovarTa SenarCunebas
miiCnevdnen.
Tavidan maT erovnuli problemebisadmi gulgrili da nihilisturi damokidebuleba hqondaT. isini ebrZodnen saqarTvelos avtonomiis momxreebs da arc ruseTis
sxva ganapira qveynebis damoukideblobisaken swrafvas iwonebdnen.
erovnuli avtonomiisaTvis brZolis didi tradiciebi hqonda qarTvel socialist-federalistTa partias, romelic avtonomiis problemas Tavis programaSi mudam wina planze ayenebda. Tebervlis revoluciis Semdgomi viTareba am programis
ganxorcielebis saukeTeso SesaZleblobas qmnida. magram swored am periodidan maTi
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praqtikuli saqmianoba erTgvarad minelda _ revoluciis moulodneli gamarjvebiT
egzaltirebuli xalxis masa revoluciur mowodebebs ahyva da moiTxovda mTavari Setevis warmarTvas socialuri usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg. am dinebam socialist-federalistebic aiyolia. masebisagan izolaciis SiSma isini aiZula socializmis moduri
lozungisaTvis mieniWebinaT upiratesoba.
socialist-federalisturi partiis memarjvene erovnul-demokratiul fraqciaSi
gaZlierda calke gamoyofis, anu damoukidebel politikur partiad Camoyalibebis
tendencia. am miswrafebas frTebi male Seesxa da patriotulad ganwyobilma qarTvel
inteligentTa erTma jgufma 1917 wlis ivnisSi `erovnul-demokratiuli partia~
daafuZna. axali partiis mesveurebi iyvnen: niko nikolaZe, spiridon kedia, giorgi
gvazava, revaz gabaSvili, petre surgulaZe, mixako wereTeli, aleqsandre asaTiani,
daviT(daTa) vaCnaZe, giorgi maCabeli, grigol veSapeli da sxvebi. partiam gaaxmovana
Tavisi politikuri programa, romelic sam mTavar debulebas efuZneboda: erovnuli
suverenoba, socialuri cxovrebis kerZo sakuTrebis niadagze warmarTva da saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis awyoba eris mTlianobisa da demokratiulobis principebze.
Tebervlis revoluciis Semdgomma viTarebam saqarTvelos politikuri cxovrebis
dRis wesrigSi partiaTa SemTanxmebeli organos Seqmnis aucilebloba daayena. swored
am mizniT sxvadasxvsa politikuri partiebis warmomadgenlebma jer `erovnuli komiteti~, xolo Semdeg `interpartiuli kreba~ daafuZnes. airCies aRmasrulebeli komiteti,
romelsac saTaveSi akaki Cxenkeli Caudga. `interpartiulma sabWom~ seriozuli samuSaoebi Caatara. pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia: erovnuli fondis daarseba, qarTuli sajariso nawilebis formirebisa da skolebis gaerovnulebis gzaze gadadgmuli nabijebi;
qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiisaTvis gaweuli Tanadgoma-mxardaWera, dabolos,
erovnuli yrilobis mowveva. imJamad ki sabWom warmomadgenlobiTi delegacia gagzavna petrogradis demokratiuli partiebis TaTbirze, romelic 1917 wlis 14 seqtembers
gaixsna; Tavyrilobas ruseTis imperiis sxvadasxva regionidan Casuli 1200 meti delegati eswreboda. mis muSaobaSi monawileobas iRebda droebiTi mTavroba mTeli SemadgenlobiT. TaTbiris mimdinareobas interesi Semata droebiTi mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris
aleqsandre kerenskis sityviT gamosvlam. demokratiul TaTbirze qarTveli xalxis saxeliT sityva warmosTqva akaki Cxenkelma. man am tribunidan xmamaRla ganacxada, rom
qarTvel xalxs, qveynis politikur partiebs erovnul sakiTxze ukve hqondaT Camoyalibebuli saerTo azri da gamokveTili pozicia. Cven saqarTvelos erovnul-teritoriul
da politikur avtonomias viTxovTo _ xazgasmiT aRniSnavda oratori.
saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena. qarTul marTlmadideblur eklesias ruseTis carizmma avtokefalia 1811 wels gauuqma. mas Semdeg moyolebuli qarTul eklesias warTmeuli damoukideblobis aRsadgenad brZola ar Seuwyvetia. XIX
saukuneSi am mimarTulebiT brZola amao gamodga.
1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis periodSi qarTvelma sasuliero moRvaweebma erovnul-demokratiul ZalTa mxardaWeriT qarTuli eklesiis damoukideblobis aRdgenis
sakiTxi daayenes. am faqtma ruseTis saeklesio wreebis gaafTreba gamoiwvia. presaSi
cxare polemika gaCaRda. ruseTis sasuliero wreebis politikis reaqciuli xasiaTis
gamosavlenad qarTulma mxarem araerTi mamxilebeli dokumenti gamoamzeura. gamoica
masala, Tu rogor eweodnen `wminda sinodis~ msaxurni saqarTveloSi eklesia-monastrebis sistematur Zarcvas, qarTveli eris ganZeulis gatanas, eswrafvodnen qarTveli eris garuseba-gadagvarebas. ruseTis Sovinisturma wreebma Tavis mxriv gangaSi
atexes _ Seecadnen TavianTi `moRvaweoba~ qarTveli xalxisaTvis sasikeTod warmoedginaT da qarTvelebi umadurobasa da mavne separatizmSi daadanaSaules. am mxriv
gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda egzarxosi vostorgovi.
1917 wlis Tebervalis revoluciis Semdgom qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis xelsayreli momenti dadga. 1917 wlis 12 marts
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mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZarSi aTi aTasi adamianis winaSe sazeimod gamocxadda qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena. ruseTis droebiTi mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda
daedasturebina qarTveli samRvdeloebis eklesiis gadawyvetileba, Tumca Sesworeba
Seitana im mxriv, rom avtokefalia ZalaSi unda Sesuliyo ara teritoriuli, aramed
erovnuli mniSvnelobiT. droebiTi mTavrobis am gadawyvetilebiT, avtokefalia vrceldeboda mxolod qarTulenovan eklesia-monastrebze. am fandma qarTveli samRvdeloebis aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. sruli damoukideblobisaTvis brZolam Seupovari
xasiaTi miiRo. 1917 wlis 8-17 seqtembers TbilisSi Catarda sruliad saqarTvelos
saeklesio kreba, romelsac eklesiis msaxurebTan erTad qveynis saero moRvawenic
eswrebodnen (daaxloebiT 600 kaci). krebam SeimuSava da daamtkica saqarTvelos
avtokefaliuri eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis debuleba da airCia sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi. es pativi wilad xvda episkoposs kirions (eriskacobaSi
giorgi saZagliSvils). male sveticxovlis taZarSi moxda axlad arCeuli patriarqis
kirion II aRsaydreba.
saqarTvelos eklesiis mier 1811 wels warTmeuli avtokefaliis aRdgena didi mniSvnelobis movlena iyo da saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisaken pirvel
seriozul nabijs warmoadgenda.
davaleba
1. imsjeleT, ramdenad xelsayreli momenti iyo Tebervlis revoluciis Semdgomi periodi erovnuli damoukideblobis sakiTxis dasayeneblad.
2. ganmarteT da SeafaseT saqarTveloSi moqmedi partiebis politikuri mrwamsi.
3. axseniT, rogor gesmiT eklesiis avtokefalia erovnuli da avtokefalia teritoriuli mniSvnelobiT da imsjeleT, ratom gaaprotesta qarTulma eklesiam rusuli mxaris Sesworeba avtokefaliis erovnuli mniSvnelobiT aRiarebaze?
4. imsjeleT qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis mniSvnelobaze.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
erovnul-demokratiuli partiis Seqmna _ 1917 w.
saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena _ 1917 w.
$2. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgena
ganmarteba
saxalxo komisarTa sabWo _ ruseTis sabWoTa federaciuli socialisturi respublikis (rsfsr) mTavrobis saxelwodeba 1917-dan 1946 wlamde.
saxalxo komisari _ oqtombris gadatrialebis Sedegad Seqmnili sabWoTa mTavrobis
(saxalxo komisarTa sabWos) wevrebi, ministrebi, romlebic xelmZRvanelobdnen
saxalxo komisariatebs (saministroebs).
1878 wlis berlinis traqtati _ saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, romelic gaformda
1878 1(13) ivliss berlinis kongresze. traqtatma ruseTisaTvis sazianod Secvala
adre xelmowerili san-stefanos xelSekrulebis pirobebi.
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1917 wlis oqtombris gadatrialeba da saqarTvelo. 1917 wlis Tebervlis demokratiuli revoluciis Semdeg ruseTSi TandaTan mwvavdeboda politikuri krizisi. droebiT mTavrobas xalxSi ar hqonia avtoriteti, radgan igi praqtikulad ver wyvetda
qveynis demokratiuli ganviTarebis praqtikul amocanebs, amasTan kvlav grZeldeboda omi da sameurneo ngreva.
1917 wlis 25 oqtomberis gadatrialebis Sedegad ruseTSi sabWoTa wyobilebam gaimarjva.
amierkavkasiis demokratiulma partiebma (bolSevikebis garda) oqtombris gadatrialeba Zaladobad monaTles da mis Sedegad xelisuflebaSi mosul Zalebs sruli
undobloba gamoucxades.
1917 wlis 19 noembers TbilisSi muSaobas Seudga sruliad saqarTvelos pirveli
erovnuli yriloba, romelsac 329 sruluflebiani delegati eswreboda.
erovnuli yrilobis Tavmjdomareoba noe Jordanas daekisra. manve gaakeTa mTavari
moxseneba. qarTvel social-demokratTa lideri moxsenebaSi xazgasmiT aRniSnavda,
rom `misi prioriteti didi rusuli saxelmwifos SenarCuneba iyo~.
yrilobam moiwona da miesalma TavadaznaurTa sakrebulos patriotul gadawyvetileba, usasyidlod gadaeca saxelmwifosTvis maT sakuTrebaSi arsebuli miwebi. yrilobam
airCia `erovnuli sabWo~, Camoayaliba seqciebi, Seqmna aRmasrulebeli komiteti. erovnuli sabWos da misi aRmasrulebeli komitetis Tavmjdomared noe Jordania airCies.
amrigad, saqarTvelos erovnuli yriloba iyo meore umniSvnelovanesi movlena saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gzaze; xolo am yrilobaze arCeuli saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo ki am damoukideblobis Semzadebis mesveuri da sulisCamdgmeli.
oqtombris gadatrialebis Semdeg ruseTSi gaurkvevloba da anarqia sufevda. ruseTis demokratiulad ganwyobili mosaxleobis didi nawili damfuZnebeli krebis
mowvevis molodinSi iyo. 1918 wlis 6 ianvars gaixsna damfuZnebeli kreba. es misi
pirveli da ukanaskneli Sekreba iyo. krebam imTaviTve Seurigebeli pozicia daikava bolSevikebis mimarT, riTac maTi guliswyroma gamoiwvia. gadatrialebis Sedegad
xelisuflebaSi mosulma bolSevikebma sayovelTaod arCeuli damfuZnebeli krebis
deputatebi naZaladevad garekes. es ise moxda, rom samxreT kavkasiidan arCeulma deputatebma, irakli wereTlis garda, sxdomaze daswrebac ki ver moaswres.
`amierkavkasiis komisariatSi~ SemuSavda marTebuli azri garekili damfuZnebeli
krebis samxreT kavkasiaSi arCeuli deputatebisagan Seqmniliyo adgilobrivi sakanonmdeblo organo. 1918 wlis 22 ianvars Sedga am deputatebis pirveli sxdoma, romelsac 26 kaci eswreboda. dadginda am SemadgenlobiT Camoyalibebuliyo `amierkavkasiis seimi~ (igive parlamenti) da misi mowvevis dRed 1918 wlis 10 Tebervali dainiSna.
brestis zavi da saqarTvelo. 1918 wlis 3 marts qalaq brest-litovskSi sabWoTa
ruseTsa da germanias Soris xelmoweril iqna sazavo xelSekruleba, romlis pirobebi
ruseTisaTvis umZimesi iyo.
brest-litovskSi molaparakebis dros kavkasiis sakiTxi pirvelad 1918 wlis 18
ianvars daisva. germaniis delegaciam sabWoTa mxares kiTxviT mimarTa _ iyo Tu ara
amierkavkasia sabWoTa ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi, razec mopirdapire mxaris dasturi
miiRo. pasuxis miRebisTanave osmaleTma ruseTis armiis mier dakavebuli teritoriebis, maT Soris yars-ardagan-baTumis olqebis dacla moiTxova im sababiT, rom es
teritoria oTxi saukunis ganmavlobaSi TurqeTs ekuTvnoda da 1878 wlis berlinis
traqtatiT, iZulebiT waarTveso. TurqeTis delegaciis pretenziebs germaniis warmomadgenelmac dauWira mxari. brestis sazavo molaparakebaze amierkavkasiidan aravin
miuwveviaT da misi teritoriebis osmaleTisaTvis gadacemis Taobaze gadawyvetileba
ruseTma ise miiRo, rom maTTvis araferi ukiTxavT. brestis zavis meoTxe muxlis Tanaxmad, ardaganis da yarsis olqebi, aWara baTumiTurT Turqebis xelSi gadadioda.
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TbilisSi ruseT-osmaleTis garigebis Sesaxeb sabWoTa ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa
ministris moadgilis l. karaxanis depeSis Sedegad zavis xelmoweramde erTi dRiT
adre, ukve 2 marts Seityves. imave dRes amierkavkasiis seimisa da mTavrobis saxeliT
nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZem da evgeni gegeWkorma protesti ganacxades da yvela qveyanas
acnobes, rom ar cnobdnen brest-litovskis zavis ukanono gadawyvetilebas.
1918 wlis 10 marts TurqeTma amierkavkasiis mTavrobas mosTxova daecala zaviT
miTiTebuli teritoria da iq Tavisi jarebis Seyvana daiwyo. amierkavkasiis mxridan TurqeTma arsebuli problemebis diplomatiuri gzebiT gadaWris winadadeba miiRo. 14 marts trapizonSi daiwyo sazavo konferencia. TurqeTis mxare molaparakebis
winapirobad brestis xelSekrulebiT miTiTebuli teritoriebs daclas moiTxovda.
amasTan, TurqeTi amierkavkasiis mTavrobasTan molaparakebas SesaZleblad Tvlida
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba iuridiulad iqneboda aRiarebuli. amierkavkasiis seimma delegacia ukan gaiwvia. trapizonis konferenciaze Sesveneba gamocxadda, rac realurad mis CaSlas niSnavda. TiTqmis erTi Tvis
ganmavlobaSi diplomatiuri brZolebiT gadaRlili amierkavkasiis sazavo delegacia
TbilisSi dabrunda. sapasuxod TurqeTis jarebi winsvlas ganagrZnobdnen. saqarTvelos mcirericxovani armia ver axerxebda dampyrobTa moZalebis SeCerebas. Turqebma
baTumi da ozurgeTi daikaves. qveynis mTlianad okupaciis safrTxe savsebiT realuri
iyo. aseT viTarebaSi, seimi iZulebuli Seiqna 1918 wlis 22 aprils amierkavkasiis damoukidebloba gamoecxadebina. aseve garkveuli cvlilebi moxda amierkavkasiis federaciul mTavrobaSic. mas saTaveSi akaki Cxenkeli Caudga. manve SeiTavsa sagareo saqmeTa ministris postic. imave dRes gadawyda TurqeTTan sazavo molaparakebis ganaxleba
baTumSi.
trapizonis molaparakebis CaSlidan baTumis konferenciamde erTi Tve gavida. am
periodSi TurqeTi SeuCerebliv axorcielebda Tavis adrindel Canafiqrs _ samxreT
saqarTvelos teritoriis mitacebas.
baTumSi amerkavkasiis delegacia ganaxlebuli saxiT Cavida. misi xelmZRvaneli
kvlav akaki Cxenkeli iyo. konferenciam mxolod erTi sxdoma gamarTa.
am droisaTvis amierkavkasias imdenad uWirda, rom mTavroba daTanxmda ecno brestis sazavo pirobebi da mis safuZvelze warmarTuliyo molaparakeba. magram TurqeTis mxare am warmatebas ukve aRar sjerdeboda; igi axal-axal pretenziebs ayenebda,
romelTac, saboloo jamSi, TurqeTis mier saqarTvelos okupacia unda mohyoloda.
`amierkavkasiis seimSi~ politikur partiaTa dapirispireba zavis sakiTxma ukiduresobamde gaamwvava. azerbaijanuli musavaturi partia aqezebda TurqTa dampyroblur RonisZiebebs da kavkasiis muslimur mosaxleobaSi TurqeTTan amierkavkasiis
SeerTebis propagandas eweoda. sakuTari teritoriuli pretenziebi hqondaT seimSi
moRvawe somxuri daSnakuri partiis warmomadgenlebsac. aRsaniSnavia, rom baTumis
konferenciaSi Suamavlis statusiT germaniis delegaciac monawileobda.
arsebul kritikul situaciaSi saWiro iyo drouli da energiuli qmedebebi. saqarTvelos gadarCenis iniciativa xelSi erovnulma sabWom aiRo. 19 maiss akaki Cxenkelma
oficialurad mimarTa germaniis delegaciis xelmZRvanels general otto herman fon-losovs Careuliyo amierkavkasia-osmaleTis davaSi, razedac dadebiTi pasuxi miiRo.
meore dResve baTumSi saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos Tavmjdomare noe Jordania Cavida da akaki CxenkelTan erTad molaparakeba gamarTa germaniis delegacis TavkacTan, romlisganac mxardaWeris myari garantiebi miiRo. amis Semdeg noe Jordania
saswrafod dabrunda TbilisSi. Seqmnil viTarebasTan dakavSirebiT noe Jordania mogvianebiT werda: `dRis wesrigSi daisva saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba.
es iyo sruliad moulodneli, arasodes ar gaTvaliswinebuli ambavi. misi gatareba
Cvens revoluciur organizaciebSi gaxda did Tavsamtvrev amocanad. am misiiT davbrundi TbilisSi~.
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am situaciaSi erovnuli sabWos warmomadgenlebis germaniaze orientaciis aReba
qveynis gadasarCenad gakeTebuli erTaderTi swori arCevani iyo. qarTvel diplomatTa marTebuli varaudiT germanias im momentSi TurqeTis Semakavebeli roli unda
Seesrulebina. germaniis baTumis sazavo molaparakebaSi Careva TurqeTis mxarem pirvelad ukanonod aRiara, magram ver SeZlo Zlieri partniorisaTvis winaaRmdegoba
bolomde gaewia.
saqarTvelos germaniasTan urTierTobas myari safuZveli mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
eqneboda, Tu saqarTvelo damoukidebel saxelmwifod Camoyalibdeboda.
1918 wlis 26 maiss TurqeTma amierkavkasiis federaciul mTavrobas wauyena ultimatumi 72 saaTis ganmavlobaSi gadaewyvita axali sazRvrebis, saqarTvelos teritoriaze TurqeTis jarebis gatarebis da samxreT kavkasiaSi referendumis Taobaze
Tanxmobis sakiTxi.
amierkavkasiis seimi 26 maisis dilis sxdomaze daiSala. 5 saaTisaTvis ki dainiSna
saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos gafarToebuli sxdoma. sxdoma noe Jordaniam gaxsna
gancxadebiT: `moqalaqeno! dRes Tqven aq mowame iyaviT erTi istoriulis da imave
dros traRikuli aqtisa. am darbazSi mokvda erTi saxelmwifo da ai axla, amave darbazSi, eyreba safuZveli meore saxelmwifos~.
mokle Sesavali sityvis Semdeg man waikiTxa `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti~
da saqarTvelos damoukidebloba gamoacxada. `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti~
xelmoweriT erovnuli sabWos wevrebma da sxva gamoCenilma warmomadgenlebma daadastures. aqts asze metma erovnulma moRvawem moawera xeli.
mefisnacvlis sasaxlesTan, sadac erovnuli sabWos sxdoma tardeboda, uamravi
xalxi Sekrebiliyo.
damswre sazogadoebas damoukideblobis aqtis teqsti ivane zurabiSvilma gaacno.
xalxi didi sixaruliT Sexvda saxelmwifoebrivi suverenitetis aRdgenas. saxalxo
zeimi gvian Ramemde gagrZelda.
davaleba
1. Tqveni azriT, SeiZleba Tu ara CaiTvalos amierkavkasiis komisariatisa da seimis
Seqmna damoukideblobisaken gadadgmul nabijad.
2. SeafaseT qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis iniciativa.
3. imsjeleT, ramdenad mniSvnelovani iyo `erovnuli sabWos~ Seqmna saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis.
4. SeafaseT brest-litovskis zavis pirobebi ruseTisa da amierkavkasiisaTvis.
5. SeafaseT TurqeTis miznebi saqarTvelos mimarT. imsjeleT, ramdenad daicavda
TurqeTis okupaciisagan saqarTvelos brest-litovskis zavis pirobebis gaziareba.
6. imsjeleT, ratom iyo mniSvnelovani germania-saqarTvelos politikuri urTierTobisaTvis saqarTvelos damoukidebel saxelmwifod gamocxadeba.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
pirveli erovnuli yrilobis mowveva _ 1917 w.
amierkavkasiis seimis gaxsna _ 1918 w.
amierkavkasiis damoukideblobis gamocxadeba _ 1918 w. 22 aprili
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba _ 1918 w. 26 maisi
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$3. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis saSinao politika
mTavrobis pirveli RonisZiebani. 26 maiss erovnuli sabWos sxdomaze Camoyalibda saqarTvelos pirveli mTavroba. mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris posti noe ramiSvilma
daikava. manve SeiTavsa Sinagan saqmeTa ministris Tanamdebobac. mTavrobis wevrebi
gaxdnen: grigol giorgaZe _ samxedro ministri, akaki Cxenkeli _ sagareo saqmeTa ministri, giorgi Juruli _ finansTa da vaWroba-mrewvelobis ministri, giorgi
lasxiSvili _ ganaTlebis ministri, noe xomeriki _ miwaTmoqmedebis ministri, Salva
mesxiSvili _ iusticiis da ivane lorTqifaniZe _ gzaTa ministrebi.
„erovnulma sabWom“ mecnierebs saxelmwifo gerbis da droSis proeqtebis SemuSaveba miando. daarsda e.w. `qarTuli fulis fondi~, romelic momavali qarTuli
valutis simyaris erT-erTi garanti unda yofiliyo. fonds araerTma moqalaqem, maT
Soris qalebmac, Sewires piradi Tanxa da Zvirfaseuloba.
vinaidan erovnuli sabWos deputatTa did umravlesobas social-demokratebi Seadgendnen, mTavrobis Tavmjdomarec maTi warmomadgeneli unda yofiliyo. marTalia,
noe ramiSvili social-demokratiuli partiis erT-erTi gamocdili da gavleniani
figura iyo, magram partiis centralurma komitetma mainc amjobina, rom mTavrobas
saTaveSi qveynis nomeri pirveli social-demokrati Cadgomoda da TxovniT mimarTa
noe Jordanias, raTa mas mTavrobis Tavmjdomareoba ekisra.
1918 wlis 24 ivniss saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis Tavmjdomare gaxda noe Jordania. mTavrobis pirveli Semadgenloba koaliciuri (mravalpartiuli) iyo.
axlad Camoyalibebuli mTavrobis upirveles sazrunavs qveynis usafrTxoebis
uzrunvelyofa Seadgenda. germaniasTan gaformda xelSekruleba samxedro daxmarebis
Taobaze. qveyanaSi germanelebis ori batalioni Semovida, xolo TbilisSi muSaobas
Seudga germanelebis samxedro-politikuri misia general fon kresis meTaurobiT.
imavdroulad, erovnulma sabWom miiRo kanoni SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Seqmnis Taobaze. kanonis Tanaxmad, saxalxo gvardia, romelic social-demokratiulma partiam
jer kidev 1917 wlis mart-aprilSi Camoayaliba (moxaliseTa razmebi) da romelTa
Senaxvac SewirulobebiT xorcieldeboda, unda gadaqceuliyo saxelmwifo-samxedro
organizaciad. misi dafinanseba ki biujetidan unda momxdariyo. aseve icvleboda
gvardiis wyobac da struqturac. unda Seqmniliyo artileria, metyviamfrqvevelTa
razmi, cxenosanTa divizioni.
erovnuli sabWos gadawyvetilebiT, iqmneboda regularuli armiac, romelic saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis ZiriTad birTvs warmoadgenda.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis ideologiur safuZvels evropuli socializmi warmoadgenda. es ki imas niSnavda, rom qveynis marTva demokratiul
principebze unda agebuliyo. dasavlur Rirebulebebze orientirebul qarTvel social-demokratebs misabaZ qveynebad maSindel evropaSi Sveicaria da fineTi miaCndaT.
saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos (parlamentis) da saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis moRvaweoba. saqarTvelos damoukidebeli demokratiuli respublikis uzenaesi,
sakanonmdeblo organo iyo erovnuli sabWo. igi Camoyalibda pirvel erovnul yrilobaze 1917 wels da damfuZnebeli krebis mowvevamde muSaobda. 1918 wlis oqtomberSi
erovnul sabWos „saqarTvelos parlamenti“ ewoda.
„saqarTvelos parlamenti“ ar iyo saerTo-saxalxo arCevnebis Sedegad Seqmnili.
aqedan gamomdinare, igi droebiT miCneuli iyo im sakanonmdeblo organod, romelsac
mTeli Zalaufleba xalxis mier arCeuli damfuZnebeli krebisaTvis unda gadaeca. damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi dainiSna 1919 TebervalSi.
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damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebma sazogadoebaSi sakmaod didi interesi gamoiwvia.
masSi monawileobda15 politikuri partia da organizacia. qveynis umaRles sakanonmdeblo organoSi social-demokratebma yvelaze meti deputati gaiyvanes. maT 130
adgilidan 109 mandati moipoves. erovnul-demokratebma da socialist-federalistebma rva-rva adgili gadainawiles, xolo socialist-revolucionerebi 5 mandats
dasjerdnen.
damfuZnebeli krebis pirveli sxdoma Sedga 1919 wlis 12 marts. krebis Tavmjdomared airCies social-demokrati, gamocdili politikosi da parlamentari nikoloz
(karlo) CxeiZe. krebam Camoayaliba oTxi mudmivi komisia: saredaqcio, sareglamento,
sakonstitucio da safinanso-sabiujeto.
krebis pirvelsave sxdomaze ucvlelad damtkicda `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti~, romlis safuZvelzec 1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos damoukidebloba
gamocxadda. mas xeli moawera damfuZnebeli krebis yvela damswre deputatma. damfuZnebelma krebam daamtkica axali mTavroba. Tavmjdomared kvlav noe Jordania iqna arCeuli. sagareo saqmeTa da iusticiis ministris portfeli evgeni gegeWkors Cabarda.
Sinagan saqmeTa, saxalxo ganaTlebisa da samxedro ministri _ noe ramiSvili gaxda.
aseve mTavrobis wevrebi gaxdnen: noe xomeriki _ miwaTmoqmedebis, Sromisa da gzaTa
ministri, konstantine kandelaki _ finansTa da vaWroba- mrewvelobis ministri.
1921 wlis 21 Tebervals damfuZnebelma krebam miiRo saqarTvelos pirveli konstitucia.
saqarTvelos konstituctia Sedgeboda 17 Tavisa da 149 muxlisgan. zogadi debulebebis Semdeg igi akanonebda respublikis moqalaqeobas da mis uflebebs, parlamentis prerogativas, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis movaleobas, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis Sinaarss anu masSi mkafiod iyo asaxuli xelisuflebis danawilebis demokratiuli principi.
Tavisi moRvaweobis manZilze damfuZnebelma krebam miiRo daaxloebiT 126 kanoni.
maT Soris: moqalaqeobis, adgilobriv organoTa arCevnebis, qveynis Tavdacvis organizaciis, agraruli, sasamarTlo organizaciis, erovnul umciresobaTa, saxalxo
ganaTlebis organoebis gaerovnulebis Sesaxeb.
qveyanaSi TviTmmarTvelobis gaumjobesebis mimarTulebiTac gadaidga seriozuli
nabijebi. Seiqmna erobebi da saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobebi. isini uSualod axorcielebdnen adgilebze mmarTvelobas. xelisuflebis survili iyo centrsa da periferiebs Soris Zalaufleba Tanabrad gadanawilebuliyo.
saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis periodi gamoirCeoda erovnuli energiis aRmavlobiT. swored am dros moxda skolebis gaerovnuleba, qarTuli universitetis
(SemdgomSi ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis), Tbilisis konservatoriis daarseba.
saqarTveloSi bevrjer iyo erovnuli universitetis daarsebis mcdeloba, Tumca
carizmis rusifikatoruli reJimis pirobebSi es mcdelobani warumateblobisaTvis
iyo ganwiruli. didi mecnieri ivane javaxiSvili jer kidev 900-iani wlebidan amzadebda qarTuli umaRlesi saswavleblis gaxsnas.
1918 wlis 26 ianvars, saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos mxardaWeriT, sazeimod gaixsna qarTuli universiteti. niSandoblivia, rom universitetis gaxsna daemTxva daviT
aRmaSeneblis xsenebis dRes. pirvel reqtorad petre meliqiSvili airCies. universitetis profesorebi iyvnen: eqvTime TayaiSvili, Salva nucubiZe, dimitri uznaZe,
andria razmaZe, akaki SaniZe, giorgi axvlediani, korneli kekeliZe da sxvebi.
respublikis mTavrobam universiteti, romelic kerZo saswavlebels warmoadgenda, 1918 wlis 3 seqtembers, avtonomiis sruli SenarCunebiT, saxelmwifo universitetad gadaakeTa.
`qarTuli samusiko sazogadoebis~ TaosnobiT daarsda Tbilisis konservatoria.
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saintereso saxeebiT iyo warmoCenili imdroindeli saxviTi xelovneba. mxatvarTa
Zvel Taobas axalgazrdebic Seematnen, Tavisi xelweriT gamoirCeodnen lado gudiaSvili, daviT kakabaZe, elene axvlediani da sxvebi. mniSvnelovani iyo axalgazrda mxatvrebis parizSi mivlineba. saintereso fenomenad warmoCnda TviTnaswavli mxatvari
niko firosmanaSvili (firosmani), romelic Semdgom mTel msoflioSi aRiares.
mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeoda Teatraluri cxovreba. mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa parizidan dabrunebulma giorgi jabadarma, romelic saTaveSi Caudga qarTul
Teatralur studias. stabilurad muSaobdnen quTaisisa da baTumis Teatrebi.
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas mZime ekonomokuri memkvidreoba ergo. ngrevis saerTo viTarebaSi, roca sagareo da saSinao
vaWrobis gzebi da saSualebani ukiduresobamde iyo daxSuli da SezRuduli, SeuZlebeli gaxda mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis Seuferxebeli funqcionireba. qveyanaSi ar
moipoveboda sakmarisi nedleuli, moZvelebuli da gacveTili iyo samuSao teqnika.
TandaTan Zlierad iCenda Tavs pirveladi moTxovnilebis saganTa nakleboba. gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo sasursaTo mdgomareoba. am viTarebaSi gasaqani mieca spekulacias,
rasac mTavroba energiulad ebrZoda.
ekonomikuri cxovrebis yvelaze mZime periodi damoukideblobis gamocxadebis
pirveli Tveebi iyo. mTavroba Znelad, magram TandaTan mainc arTmevda Tavs arsebul problemebs. Seiqmna specialuri fondi muSebisaTvis. daarsda satarifo palata.
mTavrobam moaxerxa manganumis warmoebis gaerTianeba da misi eqsportis nacionalizacia. aigo axali sawarmoebi. saqarTvelo iyo agraruli qveyana. mosaxleobis umetesoba soflad cxovrobda. aqedan gamomdinare, Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo, Tu rogor
ganxorcieldeboda agraruli reforma. misi gatareba daiwyo jer kidev 1917 wels
„amierkavkasiis komisariatis“ TaosnobiT. reformis Semdgomi srulyofa adgilebze
xorcieldeboda samazro erobaTa mier. reformis Sedegad mTavrobis xelSi gadavida
640.000 heqtari miwa, tye, sazamTro da sazafxulo saZovrebi. gamoica kanoni safondo
miwebis Sesyidvis Sesaxeb. miwis safasuri glexebs ganvadebiT unda daefaraT. agraruli reformis Sedegad garkveuli raodenobis miwa gadaeca umiwo da mciremiwian glexebs. erobebs daekisraT tyeebis movla-patronoba. kerZo iniciativisaTvis gzis micemam soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis pirobebi gaaumjobesa. meurneobis tradiciul
dargebSi (mevenaxeoba-meRvineoba, meabreSumeoba, mexileoba) daiwyo aRmavloba, rac
qveynis ekonomikuri gaZlierebis safuZvlebs qmnida.
respublikis mTavrobam saimedo safuZvelze, axal principebze dayrdnobiT, aawyo
sabanko saqme. Seqmna sakuTari fuli, romlis simtkice 1921 wlisaTvis didad aRemateboda mezobeli saxelmwifoebis, maT Soris rusuli bonebis simtkices. mimdinareobda
saxelmwifos biujetis formireba ise, rom saqarTvelos sxva saxelmwifoebisgan vali
ar auRia.
brZola qveynis erTianobis SesanarCuneblad. saqarTvelos pirveli respublikisTvis mtkivneuli problema iyo afxazeTis sakiTxi. damoukideblobis gamocxadebisTanave TbilisSi Camovida afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos delegacia da Semdgomi urTierTobebis
Taobaze mTavrobasTan gamarTa molaparakeba. 1918 wlis 8 ivniss saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da afxazeTis erovnul sabWos Soris daido xelSekruleba, romliTac afxazeTi
saqarTvelosTan ganuyoflobas adasturebda. saqarTvelos mTavroba ki, Tavis mxriv,
respublikis SemadgenlobaSi afxazeTs farTo avtonomiur uflebebs aRuTqvamda.
afxazeTze mravalTa Soris Tvali eWira denikinsac (anton denikini–TeTrgvardieli generali, romelic samoqalaqo omSi ebrZoda sabWoTa xelisuflebas, iyo erTiani
da ganuyofeli ruseTis momxre, aqedan gamomdinare, iyo saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis mteri). man gagris aRebac daapira, magram wiTelarmielebTan damarcxda.
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1919 wlis 13 Tebervals airCies afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo, romlis Tavmjdomare
gaxda arzayan (dimitri) emuxvari. igi male afxazeTis mTavrobas (komisariats) Caudga
saTaveSi, xolo misi adgili varlam ServaSiZem daikava. am sabWoSi yvela rodi idga
erT poziciaze, magram proqarTuli Zalebi umravlesobaSi iyvnen da swored maTi ZalisxmeviT 1919 wlis 20 marts miiRes `aqti afxazeTis avtonomiis Sesaxeb~.
aseve mosagvarebeli iyo e.w. `saxreT oseTis~, anu igive samaCablos problema. mTavroba maT sTavazobda, msoflioSi arsebuli standartebis gaTvaliswinebiT, kulturul-nacionalur avtonomias. sabWoTa ruseTi aqtiurad ereoda saqarTvelos saSinao
saqmeebSi. is osebs aqezebda saqarTvelos mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego ZirgamomTxreli
saqmianobaSi da sanacvlod jildod politikur-teritoriul avtonomias pirdeboda.
swored am mizniT Crdiloeli mezobeli os separatistebs uxvad amaragebda iaraRiTa
da sxva sabrZolo masalebiT. maTi mizani saqrTvelodan gamoyofa da ruseTTan SeerTeba iyo. am periodSi osebma, kremlis miTiTebiT, sami seriozuli SeiaraRebuli
gamosvla moawyves.
aqedan yvelaze mZime Sedegebi mohyva 1920 wels ganxorcielebul amboxebas. aSkara
iyo qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis xelyofis mcdeloba. ajanyebis CaxSoba mTavrobam valiko juRelis xelmZRvanelobiT saxalxo gvardias daavala. sxvadasxva
wyaroebiT dasturdeba, rom am samxedro operaciis ganxorcielebisas qarTuli SenaerTi zedmeti simkacriTac ki moqmedebda. ajanyeba CaaxSves.
ajanyebis likvidaciis Semdeg samaCablos osuri mosaxleobis nawili (ZiriTadad
SeiarRebuli dajgufebis wevrebi) CrdiloeT oseTSi gaixizna. amdenad `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiis sakiTxi dRis wesrigidan moixsna.
qveynis mTavrobisaTvis aseve mniSvnelovani iyo aWaris (`samuslimano saqarTvelos~) problemis gadawyveta.
1918 wlis 4 ivnisis baTumis xelSekrulebis Sedegad saqarTvelos axlad Seqmnili
damoukidebeli respublika iZulebuli gaxda TurqebisaTvis axalcixisa da axalqalaqis mazrebic daeTmo. osmaleTis xelisuflebam samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi
Caatara referendumi. igi seriozuli darRvevebiT Catarda da Turqebma maTTvis sasurveli Sedegi miiRes. saqarTvelos mTavrobam referendumis Sedegebi ukanonod CaTvala da TurqeTis mTavrobas protestiT mimarTa. male inglisTan dadebuli mudrosis zavis Sedegad (1919 w.) Turqebi iZulebulni gaxdnen okupirebuli teritoriebi
saswrafod daecalaT.
1918 wlis noemberSi samcxeSi adgilobrivma begebma Seqmnes `axalcixis mTavroba~
da misi saqarTvelosgan gamoyofac moindomes. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis davalebiT
generalma abel mayaSvilma axalcixis mxareSi maleve aRadgina wesrigi. adgilobriv
miwaTmflobelebs antisamTavrobo qmedebebisaken server-beg aTabagi mouwodebda.
igi iyo samcxis aTabagTa ukanaskneli warmomadgeneli. serveri cdilobda am mxareSi
`qarTvelobis~ niSanwyali moespo da es ZirZveli qarTuli miwebi TurqeTisTvis mieerTebina.
1919 wels gamocxadda e.w.`yarsis respublikis~ (igive samxreT-dasavleT kavkasiis) mTavroba. axlad gamomcxvari respublika Tavis kuTvnil teritoriad yarsis,
ardaganisa da baTumis olqebs moiazrebda. imave wlis ianvris bolos server-begma
seriozuli ajanyeba wamoiwyo. amboxebulebma SeZles axalcixis aReba. saqarTvelos
mTavrobam am gamocdasac gauZlo. qarTulma jarma general giorgi kvinitaZis sardlobiT separatistuli Zalebi gaanadgura da axalcixe da axalqalaqi daibruna.
aWaraSi antiqarTul qmedebebs zRvari 1919 wlis 31 agvistoss baTumSi mowveulma qarTvel mahmadianTa warmomadgenlebis yrilobam daudo. igi `samuslimano saqarTvelos
ganmaTavisuflebeli komitetis~ mier iqna mowveuli. yrilobam miiRo rezolucia,
sadac sagangebod iyo aRniSnuli, rom `amieridan da samaradisod baTumi da baTumis
olqi SeuerTdes Tavis bunebriv samSoblos, saqarTvelos respublikas~.
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davaleba
1. SeafaseT saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samxedro reforma da misi
mniSvneloba.
2. SeafaseT mis mier ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad gatarebuli RonisZiebebi; romels miiCnevT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnad?
3. SeafaseT saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobis damokidebuleba erovnuli umciresobebis mimarT.
4. gansazRvreT, ramdenad mwvaved idga afxazeTis problema demokratiuli mTavrobis
winaSe da SeafaseT mis mosagvareblad gatarebuli RonisZiebebi.
5. ganmarteT da SeafaseT kremlis roli samaCablos problemis gamwvavebaSi.
6. imsjeleT, ra mniSvneloba hqonda qarTvel mahmadianTa yrilobis mowvevas baTumSi
da mis mier SemuSavebul rezolucias.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damfuZnebeli krebis arCeva _ 1919 w.
saqarTvelos pirveli konstituciis miReba _ 1921 w. 21 Tebervali
$4. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis sagareo
politika
qveynis sagareo-politikuri doqtrina. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi suverenitetis aRdgenis momentSi saerTaSoriso viTareba ukiduresad rTuli da daZabuli
iyo. msoflio omi, marTalia, male dasrulda, magram meomar saxelmwifoTa bed-iRbali jer kidev gadauwyveteli rCeboda. amasTan saqarTvelos CrdiloeTiT mZvinvarebda
samoqalaqo omi, romlis Sedegebs Cveni qveynisTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeboda.
saqarTvelos parlamentma da mTavrobam Tavisi sagareo politikis safuZvlad
neitraliteti gamoacxada. qveyana mxolod TavdacviT poziciaze idga da yvela saxelmwifosTan keTilmezobluri da mSvidobiani urTierTobebis damyareba surda. pirveli rigis amocanas Seadgenda urTierTobis mogvareba mezobel azerbaijanTan da
somxeTTan, romlebic 1918 wlis maisSive damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad Camoyalibdnen. did siZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli sazRvrebis sakiTxi, radgan istoriuli samarTlianoba da faqtobrivi sinamdvile, carizmis mravalwliani batonobis Sedegad,
urTierTSesabamisobaSi ar modioda.
1918 wels saqarTvelos orientacia germaniaze hqonda aRebuli. germania irwmuneboda, rom cnobda saqarTvelos damoukideblobas, daexmareboda mas finansurad saxelmwifo struqturebisa da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis SeqmnaSi. ruseTsa da germanias
Soris brest-litovskis xelSekrulebis damatebiTi punqtebiT, germanelebma sabWoTa
ruseTisagan saqarTvelos damoukideblobis cnobis piroba moipoves. saqarTvelosaTvis am monapovars didi mniSvneloba hqonda. germaniasTan kavSiri, misi mfarveloba
qarTul mxares TurqeTis agresiul zraxvaTa aRkveTis garantias aZlevda.
germaniis mfarvelobaze damyarebuli imedebi gacruvda. 1918 wels noemberSi germaniaSi daiwyo revolucia, romelmac daamxo kaizeruli (saimperatoro) mTavroba.
gauqmda brest-litovskis xelSekrulebac. omSi damarcxebuli germaniis jarebma da285
toves amierkavkasia. mudrosis zaviT, TurqeTsac unda gaeyvana samxedro nawilebi
amierkavkasiaSi mitacebuli teritoriidan. amierkavkasia inglisis gavlenis zonaSi
aRmoCnda. 1918 wlis dekemberSi baqosa da baTumSi inglisis armiis nawilebi Sevidnen.
damoukideblobis mopovebis eqvsi Tvis Semdeg saqarTvelos sagareo politika, misi
bed-iRbali arsebiTad inglis-safrangeTze aRmoCnda damokidebuli. amiT evropasTan
siaxlovis miswrafeba ar Secvlila. saqarTvelo, rogorc damoukidebeli subieqti,
CaerTo evropuli politikuri cxovrebis orbitaSi, amieridan misi momavali parizis
sazavo konferenciis gadawyvetilebebze iyo damokidebuli.
somxeT-saqarTvelos konfliqti. 1918 wlis 7 dekembers saqarTvelos mTavrobisaTvis Seutyobineblad da yovelgvari winaswari molaparakebis gareSe somxeTis SeiaraRebulma razmebma sanaianis da alaverdis teritoriebi daikaves. am aqciis Semdeg
somxeTis mTavrobam saqarTvelos mTavrobas warudgina ultimatumi axalqalaqis da
borCalos mazrebis daclis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos mTavrobis mxriv mSvidobiani molaparakebis mcdelobam nayofi ver gamoiRo.
19 dekembers saxalxo gvardias da armias Setakeba mouxda mowinaaRmdegesTan.
somxeTis jari damarcxda da iZulebuli gaxda ukan daexia. somxeTis jars aseTive
warumatebloba xvda javaxeTSic. qarTuli jari Setevaze gadavida da daibruna Sulaveri da sadaxlo. somxeTis terioriaze SesaWreli gza gaxsnili aRmoCnda. swored
am dros konfliqtSi Caeria inglisis mxedrobis amierkavkasiis sardloba. man, pirvel
rigSi, moiTxova is, rom saqarTvelos jars daecala borCalos da axalcixis mazrebi,
romelTac ori saxelmwifos sazavo konferenciamde TviT daikavebda. saqarTvelos
mTavrobis daJinebiTi moTxovniT axalqalaqis mazraSi SeinarCunes qarTuli administracia, xolo borCaloSi dawesda neitraluri zona. SeTanxmebisamebr, misi marTva Sereul administracas unda ganexorcielebina. 1919 wlis Tebervlis dasasruls
Seikriba saqarTvelo-somxeTis warmomadgenelTa konferencia, romelmac daadastura
neitraluri zonis Sereuli mmarTveloba.
saqarTvelos sakiTxi parizis sazavo konferenciaze. sagareo asparezze saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis erT-erT mTavar sazrunavs ucxo saxelmwifoTa mier respublikis damoukideblobis cnoba warmoadgenda. es sakiTxi unda
gadawyvetiliyo parizis sazavo konferenciaze.
igi safrangeTis dedaqalaqSi 1919 wlis 18 ianvridan 1920 wlis 19 ianvramde mimdinareobda. es iyo pirvel msoflio omSi gamarjvebul saxelmwifoTa Sekreba, romelsac damarcxebul qveynebTan samSvidobo SeTanxmeba unda SeemuSavebina. konferenciaSi
monawileobda 27 saxelmwifos aTasze meti delegati. saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenilebiT, konferenciaze gaigzavna delegacia karlo (nikoloz) CxeiZis, noe ramiSvilis, niko nikolaZis, grigol rcxilaZis da spiridon kedias SemadgenlobiT.
saqarTvelos delegaciam konferencias warudgina memorandumi, sadac asabuTebda
qveynis damoukideblobis kanonzomierebas da mokavSireTa sabWosagan moiTxovda damoukideblobis oficialur aRiarebas.
saqarTvelos delegaciis wevrebs, amis garda, calke Sexvedrebi hqondaT inglisis, safrangeTis, aSS-is warmomadgenlebTan. delegacias yvelgan Tavazianad iRebdnen, dapirebebsac ar iSurebdnen, magram realurad saqme win ver midioda. faqtia,
rom amierkavkasiis mimarT sazavo konferenciis monawile TiToeul qveyanas sakuTari
interesebi hqonda. yvela cdilobda Tavisi gavlenis sferoSi moeqcia strategiulad
da ekonomikurad mravalmxriv xelsayreli regioni. swored am periodSi warmoiSva
azri amierkavkasiaze `mandatis~ Sesaxeb, ris mopovebasac aqtiurad eswrafodnen inglisis da aSS-is saxelmwifo mesveurebi. sazavo konferenciis dReebSi inglisisa da
amerikis sagangebo misiebi swavlobdnen amierkavkasias yvela im monacemiT, rac `mandatis~ dawesebis aucileblobas sWirdeboda. aSS-is prezidentis vilsonis miTiTebiT
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somxeTSi sagangebo komisrad dainiSna polkovniki haskeli, romelsac mTeli amierkavkasiis samandato marTvelobisaTvis Semzadeba evaleboda.
1919 wlis maisSi inglisis mTavrobam miiRo gadawyvetileba Tavisi jarebis saqarTvelodan gayvanis Taobaze. inglisi Tavis gankargulebaSi saqarTvelodan mxolod
baTumis olqs itovebda. parizSive gadawyda, rom inglisis adgils saqarTveloSi
italia daikavebda. italia marTlac didad iyo dainteresebuli saqarTvelos bunebrivi simdidreebiT (gansakuTrebiT qvanaxSiriT) da perspeqtivaSi did ekonomikur
gegmebs iTvaliswinebda. Tbiliss 1919 welsve ewvia italiis mTavrobis sagangebo misia polkovnik melkiade gabas meTaurobiT. saqarTveloSi gasagzavnad italiaSi Camoyalibda sagangebo razmebic. magram male italiis mTavrobaSi cvlilebebi moxda
da saqarTvelos mimarTac Seicvala damokidebuleba. mTavrobis axali Tavmjdomare
franCesko saverio niti saqarTvelosTan kavSirisgan Tavs ikavebda.
saqarTvelos delegaciis diplomatiuri mcdelobani parizSi warumateblad dasrulda. evropis politikurma mesveurebma saqarTvelos mimarT didi simpaTiebi gamoavlines da mas moraluri mxardaWerac aRuTqves, magram amaze Sors ar wasulan. mxolod konferenciis bolos gaxda SesaZlebeli saqarTvelos damoukideblobis faqtobrivi aRiareba. pirvelad es nabiji gadadga argentinam (1919 w. 15 seqtemberi), xolo
1920 wlis 20 ianvars saqarTvelo de faqtod cno inglisma, safrangeTma da italiam,
imave wlis 7 Tebervals ki _ iaponiam.
saqarTvelo-ruseTis 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekruleba. 1920 wlis damdegidan saqarTvelos sagareo viTareba garTulda. bolSevikebma denikinis armia ara marto samxreT ruseTis teritoriidan, aramed CrdiloeT kavkasiidanac gandevnes. 1920 wlis
aprilis bolos wiTeli armiis nawilebi baqoSi Sevidnen. azerbaijanSi sabWoTa xelisufleba damyarda.
es faqti saqarTvelosaTvis cudi niSani iyo magram saqarTvelos mTavroba moaxloebul katastrofas mTeli siRrmiT ver iazrebda. mas imedi hqonda, rom dasavleTis qveynebi aRdgebodnen saqarTvelos dasacavad. `Cven ara varT marto, mTeli evropa
ganurCevlad partiisa da mimarTulebisa CvenTan aris~, acxadebda noe Jordania.
saqarTvelos mTavrobam damoukideblobis SenarCunebis saimedo garantad CaTvala
ruseTTan samSvidobo xelSekrulebis dadeba. am misiiT, mTavrobis rwmunebulis rangSi,
damfuZnebeli krebis wevri grigol urataZe yvelasTvis saidumlod moskovSi gaigzavna.
swored grigol urataZisa da sabWoTa ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisris moadgilis lev karaxanis xelmoweriT 1920 wlis 7 maiss ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris daido xelSekruleba. am xelSekrulebis pirvelive muxliT sabWoTa ruseTma yovelgvari
pirobis gareSe cno saqarTvelos saxelmwifos damoukidebloba, xolo xelSekrulebis
meore muxliT man aiRo valdebuleba, ar Careuliyo saqarTvelos saSinao saqmeebSi.
xelSekrulebas axlda e.w. `saidumlo oqmi~, romlis ZaliTac, bolSevikebs saqarTveloSi Tavisufali moqmedebis saSualeba eZleodaT, anu maTi muSaoba sruliad
legalur xasiaTs iRebda.
saqarTvelos sakiTxi `erTa ligaSi~. `erTa liga~ Seiqmna 1920 wels aSS-is prezidentis vudro vilsonis iniciativiT. `erTa ligis~ wevroba sagareo usafrTxoebis
mxriv saimedo garantia iyo saqarTvelosaTvis. amitom iyo, rom saqarTvelos delegaciam parizSi miiRo gadawyvetileba, radac unda dajdomoda, mieRwia `erTa ligaSi“
gawevrianebisaTvis. am axlad Seqmnil saerTaSoriso organizaciis prezidiums saqarTvelos delegaciam memorandumi warudgina.
dokumenti gansaxilvelad gadaeca specialur komisias, romelsac norvegiis warmomadgeneli, cnobili mkvlevari doqtori fritiof nanseni Tavmjdomareobda.
komisiam Seiswavla dokumentTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi da igi gansaxilvelad
gaitana 1920 wlis 16 dekembers Semdgar `erTa ligis~ yrilobaze. TviT fritiof nan287
seni, agreTve, samxreT afrikis warmomadgeneli lord rober sesili mxars uWerdnen
saqarTvelos miRebas `erTa ligaSi~ da `bolSevikuri safrTxisagan~ mis dacvas moiTxovdnen. inglisis warmomadgeneli herbert fiSeri ki eWvs gamoTqvamda, rom `erTa
ligas~ ar hqonda SesaZlebloba materialurad daxmareboda `ruseTis sazRvarze myof
am mamac patara saxelmwifos~ da yrilobas urCevda misi miRebisagan Tavi Seekavebina.
`erTa ligis~ 24 wevridan saqarTevlos miRebas mxari mxolod aTma dauWira.
momavalSi sakiTxi kvlav unda dasmuliyo. manam saqarTvelos ufleba eZleoda monawileoba mieRo `erTa ligis~ saerTo xasiaTis teqnikur organizaciebSi.
davaleba
1. rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad iyo SesaZlebeli saqarTvelos mier gamocxadebuli
sruli neitralitetis aRiareba ucxo saxelmwifoTagan da misi SenarCuneba?
2. ra saxis problemebis warmoSoba iyo mosalodneli saqarTvelos, somxeTsa da azerbaijans Soris, mas Semdeg rac isini damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad Camoyalibdnen?
3. ra roli ekisreboda germanias saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublikis sagareo
politikaSi?
4. istorikosebi miiCneven, rom 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebis `saidumlo oqmi~
damRupveli aRmoCnda respublikis usafrTxoebisaTvis, ratom?
5. Tqveni azriT, ra mniSvneloba eqneboda ruseTTan gaformebul xelSekrulebas saqarTvelos damoukideblobis saerTaSoriso aRiarebisaTvis?
6. Seafase erTa ligis 1920 wlis 16 dekembris gadawyvetileba da misi mniSvneloba
saqarTvelosaTvis.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
somxeT-saqarTvelos samxedro konfliqti _ 1918 w. dekemberi
parizis sazavo konferencia _ 1919-1920 ww.
ruseT-saqarTvelos xelSekruleba _ 1920 w. 7 maisi
erTa ligis Seqmna _ 1920 w.
$5. sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos
pirveli respublikis okupacia
ganmarteba
rkp (b) _ ruseTis komunisturi partia (bolSevikuri).
kavbiuro _ kavkasiis biuro.
1920 wlis 20 ivniss TbilisSi Camovida sabWoTa ruseTis saelCo s. kirovis meTaurobiT. es saelCo 400-ze met TanamSromels aerTianebda, rac Cveulebrivi diplomaturi urTierTobisaTvis uCveulo movlena iyo.
saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebisaTvis brZolis mTavar Stabs im droisaTvis
warmoadgenda baqo, sadac moTavsebuli iyo rkp (b) kavbiuro da me-11 armiis samxedro
revoluciuri sabWo. am organoebs jer kidev 1920 wlis aprilSi, baqoSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebisTanave ewadaT Tbilisisaken gamolaSqreba. am mizniT gamoiwvies
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kidec sasazRvro incidentebi, magram es mcdelobebi warumatebeli gamodga. samxedro
revoluciuri sabWos wevrs sergo orjonikiZes imdenad eCqareboda saqarTveloSi wiTeli armiis Semosvla, rom saqarTvelo-ruseTis xelSekrulebis gaformebac ar aZlevda xels. amitomac iyo, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobis specialuri warmomadgenlis,
grigol urataZis rostovidan moskovSi gamgzavrebas yvelanairad abrkolebda.
rkp (b) kavbiurom saqarTveloSi wiTeli jarebis Seyvana 1920 wlis noemberSi,
somxeTSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebisTanave moiwadina, magram leninma da trockim es aqcia, saerTaSoriso TvalsazrisiT, maSin mizanSeuwonlad CaTvales. 1921 wlis
ianvris damdegs s. orjonikiZe da s. kirovi, kavbiuros saxeliT rkp (b) centralur
komitets kvlav udgenen moxsenebas saqarTvelos dauyovneblivi gasabWoebis Sesaxeb.
XI armiis sardlobas ukve hqonda saqarTvelos dapyrobis gegma, rac lenins 1920 w. 18
dekembers waredgina. kavbiuros pozicias erTgulad icavda i. stalini.
1921 wlis TebervalSi kremlisaTvis xelsayreli dro dadga: wiTelma armiam dasavleTiT moigeria poloneTis Seteva, xolo samxreTSi daamarcxa vrangelis armia.
amasTan momzadda savaWro xelSekruleba inglisTan. inglisis premierma loid jorjma saqarTvelos sakiTxi sabWoTa ruseTis saSinao saqmed CaTvala.
Tebervlis Sua ricxvebisaTvis rkp (b) politbiuro mTlianad iziarebda damoukidebel demokratiul saqarTveloze Tavdasxmis azrs. 15 Tebervlis TariRiT i. stalinma s. orjonikiZes gaugzavna qarTulad daSifruli depeSa `axlave Seutie, dasturia, aiRe qalaqi~.
saqarTvelos okupaciis gegma winaswar iyo dagegmili da igi azerbaijanisa da
somxeTis dapyrobis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda. saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg samxedro
operacia saidumlod da didi sifrTxiliT mzaddeboda.
wiTeli armiis SemoWra saqarTveloSi. saqarTvelos okupacia aseTi scenariT iyo
dagegmili: saqarTveloSi unda momxdariyo arsebuli mTavrobis winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebuli gamosvla. ajanyebulT unda SeedginaT mTavroba, romelic saqarTvelos mSromelTa saxeliT sabWoTa ruseTs daxmarebisaTvis mimarTavda.
ajanyebis inscenireba 1921 wlis 11 Tebervals lores raionSi, e. w. `neitralur zonaSi~, daiwyo. moulodneli Tavdasxmis gamo zonaSi ganlagebuli qarTuli nawilebi
damarcxdnen. 15 Tebervals mterma axali fronti gaxsna. azerbaijanis mxridan sazRvrebi me-11 armiam gadmolaxa. saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi SemoWra ganxorcielda darialis
xeobiT, mamisonis uReltexiliT, Savi zRvis sanapiroze soWis mimarTulebiT. brZolaSi
saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg Caebnen me-8, me-9 da me-13 armiebi. 16 Tebervals saxeldaxelod Sedga saqarTvelos droebiTi mTavroba, _ e. w. `revoluciuri komiteti~ (revkomi), romelic kremlSi Semdegi SemadgenlobiT dakompleqtda: f. maxaraZe (revkomis Tavmjdomare), m. oraxelaSvili, S. eliava, a. gegeWkori, b. kvirkvelia, an. nazaretiani da
sxv. niSandoblivia, rom revkomis arc erTi wevri ar yofila ajanyebis raionSi, xolo
misi Tavmjdomare f. maxaraZe leninma saqarTveloSi okupaciis Semdeg moavlina.
saqarTvelos mTavrobam qveynis TavdacvisaTvis sagangebo zomebi miiRo. 17 Tebervals
samxedro Zalebs saTaveSi axali mTavrsardali generali giorgi kvinitaZe Caudga. 18
Tebervals iaRlujis sanaxebSi qarTvelma meomrebma moipoves TvalsaCino sabrZolo warmateba. tyved igdes 1600 rusi jariskaci da sabrZolo qoneba. rusebs damatebiTi Zalebi
mouvidaT. daiwyo Seteva Tbilisze kojor-tabaxmelas mxridan. am raionSi sami dRe mimdinareobda Seupovari brZolebi, sadac gansakuTrebiT isaxeles Tavi Tbilisis samxedro
skolis iunkrebma. maT mteri qoroRlis cixis, kumisis da vaSlovanis iqeT gandevnes.
Tbilisis karibWesTan gaafTrebuli brZolebi 17-24 Tebervals mimdinareobda.
mxolod 24 Tebervals, RamiT, gaica brZaneba mcxeTisken ukandaxevisa da Tbilisis
ubrZolvelad datovebis Sesaxeb. es gadawyvetileba mTavrobam da sardlobam miiRo
imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom mteri dedaqalaqze sxva mxridanac moiwevda da qarTuli
mxedrobis alyaSi moqcevis realuri saSiSroeba iqmneboda.
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25 Tebervals wiTeli armiis nawilebi TbilisSi ubrZolvelad Sevidnen. baqodan
s. orjonikiZem lenins depeSiT acnoba: `Tbilisze frialebs sabWoTa xelisuflebis
wiTeli droSa. _ gaumarjos sabWoTa saqarTvelos!~
Tbilisis datovebis Semdeg qarTul jars wiTeli armiis nawilebTan brZolebi
hqonda mcxeTasTan, gorTan, osiaurSi, suramis uReltexilze. igi Seupovrad icavda
Tavs kaxeT-zaqaTalis xazze, mdinare bzifTan.
quTaisis molaparakeba. TurqeTis aWaraSi SeWram saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba iZulebuli gaxada sabWoTa ruseTTan molaparakebaze daTanxmebuliyo. mTavrobas pirveli rigis amocanad saqarTvelos TurqeTis mxridan aneqsiis
aRkveTa miaCnda da SesaZleblad Tvlida am sakiTxze sabWoTa mxaresTan molaparakebebi gaemarTa.
es molaparakeba quTaisSi 1921 wlis 17-18 marts Sedga. masSi sabWoTa mxridan abel
enuqiZe, mamia oraxelaSvili da aleqsandre svaniZe monawileobdnen. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis mxridan ki noe Jordanias moadgile da samxedro
ministri grigol lorTqifaniZe. sabWoTa mxarem molaparakebis winapirobad wamoayena saqarTvelos demokratiuli mTavrobis mier kapitulaciis winaswar aRiareba, razec lorTqifaniZem kategoriuli uari ganucxada. davis Semdeg mxareebi SeTanxmdnen,
rom momxdariyo saomari moqmedebis dauyovneblivi Sewyveta. pirveli respublikis
mTavroba sabWoTa ruseTis jarebs nebas rTavda baTumis olqSi Sesuliyo da TurqeTis
samxedro nawilebi gandevna. q. baTumSi, mis raionebSi, rkinigzis xazze baTumidan sajavaxomde rCeboda demokratiuli mTavrobis administracia da xelisufleba, xolo
sabWoTa jari baTumSi Sedioda rogorc demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobisa da
misi mxedrobis `megobruli Zala~. demokratiuli mTavroba, romelic am droisTvis
baTumSi imyofeboda, dapirebas iZleoda, rom gagzavnida cariel vagonebs baTumis olqSi wiTeli armiis nawilebis saCqarod Sesayvanad. am molaparakebaze demokratiuli
respublikis mTavrobam ar aRiara kapitulacia da qveynis Semdgomi bedis gadawyveta
qarTvel xalxs miando. 1921 wlis 17 marts baTumSi Catarda saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis bolo sxdoma, sadac miiRes gadawyvetileba, saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis mTavrobis saswrafod emigraciaSi wasvlaze. 18 marts demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam damfuZnebeli krebis deputatebis erT nawilTan erTad datova
saqarTvelo da konstantinopolis gavliT gezi safrangeTisaken aiRo.
sabWoTa ruseTma warmoebuli omis gziT ganaxorciela saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublikis samxedro intervencia da okupacia, romelic TandaTanobiT
mis srul aneqsiaSi gadaizarda.
sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebiT saqarTvelom dakarga erovnuli damoukidebloba da saxelmwifoebrivi suvereniteti. ganxorcielda misi meored dapyroba amjerad ukve sabWoTa ruseTis mier.
davaleba
1. rogor fiqrobT, raze miuTiTebda ruseTis saelCos TanamSromelTa simravle saqarTveloSi.
2. imsjeleT, ratom CaTvala sabWoTa ruseTma saWirod saqarTvelos okupaciisaTvis
adgilobrivi mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego gamosvlis inscenireba.
3. SeafaseT damfuZvnebeli krebis sapasuxo moqmedebebi ruseTis agresiaze.
4. SeafaseT saqarTvelos demokratiuli republikis mTavroba, romelmac aWaris
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT okupantebTan molaparakeba awarmoa.
5. rogor fiqrobT, ratom ar aRiara qarTulma mxarem kapitulacia?
6. SeafaseT sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciis faqti da misi Sedegi.
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ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
ajanyebis inscenireba lores olqSi _ 1921 w. 11 Tebervali
wiTeli armiis Semosvla TbilisSi _ 1921 w. 25 Tebervali
quTaisis molaparakeba _ 1921 w. 17-18 marti
$6. qarTveli xalxis brZola saokupacio reJimis winaaRmdeg
1921 wlis Teberval-martis omis Sedegad sabWoTa ruseTma moaxdina saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis okupacia. Tavdapirvelad mTeli Zalaufleba revkomebis xelSi gadavida. es iyo droebiTi sagangebo organoebi, romlebic safrangeTis
1789 wlis revoluciis gamocdilebiT pirvelad SemoiRes ruseTSi samoqalaqo omis
dawyebisTanave. revkomebi iniSnebodnen komunisturi partiis mier. maT xelT epyraT
samoqalaqo da samxedro Zalaufleba, mowodebuli iyvnen daeTrgunaT reJimis mowinaaRmdege Zalebi. revkomebis ZiriTad daniSnulebas Seadgenda adrindeli saxelmwifoebrivi struqturebis ngreva da axali xelisuflebis organizaciuli ganmtkiceba.
saqarTvelos revkomi rkp (b) kavbiuros mier 1921 w. 16 Tebervals Camoyalibda
filipe maxaraZis, mamia oraxelaSvilis, Salva eliavas, aleqsandre gegeWkoris, besarion kvirkvelias da sxv. SemadgenlobiT. es organo ganuxrelad axorcielebda
kremlis interesebs. wiTeli armiis saqarTvelos teritoriaze winsvlis kvaldakval
iqmneboda sagubernio, saqalaqo da samazro revkomebi. 1921 wlis 24 marts revkomma
daiTxova saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba. 26 marts ki gamoacxada demokratiuli
respublikis armiisa da saxalxo gvardiis saerTo demobilizacia. 6 marts revkomi aqveynebs brZanebas saxalxo komisarTa sabWos droebiTi Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb.
mis Tavmjdomared dainiSna filipe maxaraZe. sagareo saqmeTa komisris posti ergo
mamia oraxelaSvils, xolo Sinagan saqmeTa komisari gaxda besarion kvirkvelia. 22
martis dekretiT, gauqmda demokratiuli respublikis senati da sasamarTlo dawesebulebani.
xalxma ver igua misTvis ucxo da Zalad Tavsmoxveuli xelisufleba. daiwyo saokupacio reJimis sawinaaRmdego moZraoba.
1922 wels daarsda `damoukideblobis komiteti,~ romelSic gaerTiandnen socialde­mokratiul, socialist-federalistur, erovnul-demokratiul, socialist-revoluciur da `sxivistTa~ partiebis warmomadgenlebi. komitetis Tavmjdomared airCies social-demokrati nikoloz qarcivaZe, xolo misi dapatimrebis Semdeg konstantine andronikaSvili. imave wels Camoyalibda `samxedro centri~ general k. afxazis,
a. andronikaSvilis, v. wulukiZis, g. ximSiaSvilis da r. musxeliSvilis SemadgenlobiT.
saqarTvelos revkomma `kontrrevoluciasTan~ sabrZolvelad 1921 wlis 7 oqtombris dadgenilebiT, saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi Seqmna gansakuTrebuli daniSnulebis
razmebi (`Coni~). razmebi yalibdebodnen samxedro saqmeSi gavarjiSebuli komunistebisagan. maT daurigdaT iaraRi da miecaT davaleba, mTavrobis organoebis daZaxebisTanave CaexSoT yvela antisabWouri aqcia.
svaneTis ajanyeba 1921 wlis zafxulSi daiwyo. mas saTaveSi edgnen mosostr dadiSqeliani, nestor gardafxaZe, biZina pirveli. ajanyebulma svanebma misasvleli gzebi gadauketes wiTeli armiis nawilebs. mimdinareobda mosaxleobis SeiaraReba da
291
mzadeba quTaisze gasalaSqreblad. svaneTidan ajanyeba raWa-leCxumsac gadaedo. mosalodneli iyo dasavleT saqarTvelos erTiani amboxi, manam ki, vidre daiwyeboda
saerTo-sa­xalxo gamosvla, moqmedebdnen calkeuli partizanuli razmebi, romlebic
Tavs esxmodnen xelisuflebis adgilobriv organoebs da angariSs usworebdnen sagangebo razmebis warmomadgenlebs.
seqtemberSi svanebis SeiaraRebulma razmebma daamarcxes da ganaiaraRes iq mdgari
rusuli samxedro nawilebi da 6 Tve umklavdebodnen rusebis dasaxmareblad quTaisidan daZrul axal-axal samxedro nawilebs. svaneTis gamosvlasTan erTad navaraudebi
iyo ajanyeba xevsureTsa da kaxeTSi. kaxeT-xevsureTis ajanyebas ukve `damoukideblobis komiteti~ da `samxedro komisia~ xelmZRvanelobda. ajanyebas saTaveSi edga
qaquca (qaixosro) ColoyaSvili, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos armiis mamaci oficeri,
romelic emigraciaSi ar wasula.
1921 wlis gazafxulidanve qaqucam kaxeTsa da xevsureTSi Camoayaliba Zlieri partizanuli razmi. am razmma, iseve rogorc svanebma, fSav-xevsureTisaken misasvleli
gzebi gadaketa. misive iniciativiT partizanuli razmebi Seiqmna qarTlSi. ajanyebulebs kavSiri hqondaT saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patrirqTan ambrosi xelaiasTan. 1922
wlis agvistoSi qaquca ColoyaSvilis razmma duSeTis raionSi warmatebuli operacia
ganaxorciela. `Seficulebma~ JinvalTan moiges brZola ruseTis jarTan, xolo Semdeg xevsureTSi gadainacvles da iq gamagrdnen. qaqucas da misi SeficulTa razmis
msgavsi qmedebebi mosvenebas ukargavda sabWoTa xelisuflebas.
qaqucas razmebis aRmosaCenad da maT gasanadgureblad isini sistematurad gzavnidnen did diversiul dajgufebebs. maT daapatimres da daxvrites partizanuli razmebis mesveurebi qarTlsa da kaxeTSi. amis Semdeg antisaokupacio moZraoba Senelda
da qaquca ColoyaSvilis razmic iZulebuli gaxda Tavi droebiT xevsureTisaTvis
Seefarebina.
wiTeli armiis nawilebi xevsureTSi Sevidnen da qaqucas razmi alyaSi moaqcies.
qaqucam SeZlo alyis garRveva da Tavis razmTan erTad Tavdapirvelad kaxeTSi, Semdeg ki CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gadavida. ajanyeba xelisuflebam daamarcxa da mis organizatorebs saSineli terori mouwyo. ajanyebis warumateblobas samxedro centris
Cavardna mohyva. samxedro centris wevrebi da erovnuli moZraobis sxva mesveurebi
(15 kaci) daxvrites.
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis did guliswyromas iwvevda bolSevikuri mTavrobis is
RonisZiebebi, romlebic qritianuli eklesiis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. marto 19221923 wlebSi bolSevikebma daangries 1500 eklesia. ganadgurda didZali saeklesio
qoneba, romelTagan bevri erovnul ganZs warmoadgenda.
qarTvelma inteligenciam mtkivneulad aRiqva didi saeklesio moRvawis, erovnulgan­maTavisuflebeli moZraobis sulieri moZRvris ambrosi xelaias dapatimreba. mas
sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutanes, Tumca xalxis winaaRmdegobis gamo male patimrobidan gaaTavisufles. kaTalikos-patriarqis dapatimrebis mizezi gaxda misi memorandumi genuis saerTaSoriso konferenciisadmi, romelSic ambrosi xelaia amxelda
bolSevikebis antidemokratiul mmarTvelobas da evropis qveynebs mouwodebda, mxari
daeWiraT qarTveli xalxis ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolisTvis.
1924 wlis agvistos ajanyeba. `damoukideblobis komiteti~ da `samxedro centri~
sayovelTao SeiaraRebuli gamosvlisaTvis emzadebodnen. 1923 wels parizidan saqarTveloSi aralegalurad Camovidnen valiko juReli da benia CxikviSvili. isini
ajanyebis moTaveebs saerTaSoriso mxardaWeris realuri SesaZleblobiT amxnevebdnen.
ajanyebis uSaualo samzadiss adgilebze e.w. `paritetuli komiteti~ xelmZRvanelobda. 1924 wlis ivnisSi erovnul-demokratuli partiis yrilobam ajanyebis
292
Taobaze moismina `damoukideblobis komitetis~ Tavmjdomaris moadgilis iason
javaxiSvilis moxseneba. gadawyda sayovelTao gamosvla agvistos Sua ricxvebSi,
kerZod, 17 ricxvSi dawyebuliyo. ajanyebis mTavarsardlad generali spiridon Wav­
WavaZe dainiSna.
saqarTvelos `Cekam~ miagno ajanyebis mesveurTa kvals da maT winaaRmdeg saSineli
terori da represiebi daiwyo. daapatimres g. winamZRvriSvili, n. xomeriki, g. faRava,
v. juReli da sxva moTaveebi. ajanyebis warmateba ukve saeWvo gaxda. juRelma cixidan
`damoukideblobis komitets~ miwera kidec, xeli aeRoT ajanyebaze. magram `damkomis~
xelmZRvanelobam CaTvala, rom juRelis rCeva TviT Cekas mier iyo inspirirebuli. 24
agvistos kvlav Seikriba `damkomis~ sxdoma. gadawyda, ajanyeba 29 agvistos diliT,
adre ganTiadze dawyebuliyo.
ajanyebis mesveurTa gegmiT, gamosvlis centri Tbilisi unda yofiliyo. adgilobriv Zalebs qaquca ColoyaSvilis da mixeil laSqaraSvilis razmebi unda daxmarebodnen. ganzraxuli iyo Tavdasxma vazianis saartilerio polkzec.
am operaciis meTauroba polkovnik a. cagurias hqonda davalebuli. aseve dagegmili iyo ajanyeba yvela mazraSi. gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas ajanyebis meTaurni
baTumis placdarms akisrebdnen, magram swored ajanyebis wina dReebSi daapatimres baTumis mTeli saajanyebo Stabi general furcelaZis meTaurobiT. am viTrebaSi ajanyebis warmatebaSi daeWvda `damkomi~ da mTavarsardali spiridon WavWavaZec. partiaTa
Soris gaCaRda dava gamosvlis gadadebis Taobaze. WiaTuraSi ajanyeba dagegmilze
erTi dRiT adre, 28 agvistos daiwyo. swored am faqtma iTamaSa sabediswero roli:
mTavrobis sagangebo organoebs saSualeba miecaT droulad wamoewyoT ajanyebis salikvidacio RonisZiebebi.
1924 wlis ajanyebas mainc masobrivi xasiaTi hqonda. gansakuTrebiT xalxmravali
iyo gamosvlebi Sorapnis, guriis, samegrelos, kaxeTis rig raionebSi, aseve svaneTSi.
qaixosro ColoyaSvilma duSeTis aReba moaxerxa, magram damxmare Zalis gareSe Tbilisze veRar gailaSqra da iZulebuli gaxda TavSesafris saZieblad, Tavis SeficulebTan erTad, TurqeTSi gadasuliyo. wiTeli jari ajanyebulebis winaaRmdeg energiulad ibrZoda. WiaTura-SorapanSi ajanyebis salikvidacio RonisZiebebs samxedro
nawilebi i. talaxaZis meTaurobiT axorcielebdnen. SorapanSi daxvrites rkinigzis
vagonebSi gamomwyvdeuli asobiT udanaSaulo adamiani. represiebi ganxorcielda senakisa da zugdidis mazrebSi. senakis mazris komunisturi razmis meTaur daviTaias
mowodeba zutad asaxavs sabWoeli bolSevikebis damokidebulebas ajanyebulebisa da
saerTod erovnuli Zalebisadmi _ `TviTeul komunists gvwyuroda RvinosaviT gvesva
ajanyebulTa sisxlio~, aRniSnulia masSi. senakSi a. gegeWkoris miTiTebiT 500 kaci
daxvrites. saerTod, oficialuri cnobiT, daixvrita 980 adamiani, araoficialuri
wyaroebiT ki daxvretili iyo 4000 kaci.
1921-1924 wlebSi saqarTvelos revoluciuri da sabWoTa struqturebis saqmianoba
ar Seesabameboda xalxis interesebs. saqarTvelo demokratiuli marTvelobidan erTbaSad aRmoCnda sabWoTa diqtaturis pirobebSi.
davaleba
1. imsjeleT, ra RonisZiebebs mimarTavda saqarTvelos revkomi qveyanaSi poziciebis
gasamtkiceblad.
2. gansazRvreT xevsureTisa da svaneTis ajanyebis mizezebi da miznebi.
3. SeafaseT `SeficulTa~ brZolis meTodebi.
4. rogor fiqrobT, ratom ver SeZlo bolSevikurma xelisuflebam 1924 wlis ajanyebis Tavidan acileba represiebis saSualebiT?
5. imsjeleT, ra faqtorebma ganapiroba 1924 wlis ajanyebis marcxi.
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testi # 15
testis maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 27 qula
I. upasuxeT kiTxvebs
instruqcia: mocemulia 16 kiTxva oTxi savaraudo pasuxiT. swori pasuxi fasdeba
1 quliT. jamSi, maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 16 qula.
1. romeli abzacia swori?
a) social-federalisturi partia, romlis xelmZRvanelic arCil jorjaZe iyo,
nakleb yuradRebas uTmobda erovnul sakiTxs. maT miaCndaT, rom ruseTSi socialisturi revolucia TavisTavad mospobda socialuri da erovnuli Cagvris sistemas;
b) social-demokrati bolSevikebi saqarTveloSi Tavidanve didi popularobiT
sargeblobdnen. xalxSi maTi avtoritetis zrdas isic uwyobda xels, rom bolSevikebi erTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebisaTvis brZoliT faqtobrivad TergdaleulTa ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis gamgrZeleblebi iyvnen;
g) social-demokratiuli partia or nawilad gaiyo: `menSevikebad~ da `bolSevikebad~. maT Soris sadavo gaxda erovnuli sakiTxisadmi gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba.
menSevikebi ruseTSi socialisturi revoluciis mowyobis ideas uWerdnen mxars, bolSevikebi ki socializmisaTvis brZolas momavlis saqmed Tvlidnen da pirveli rigis
amocanad saqarTvelos TavisuflebisaTvis brZolas Tvlidnen.
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
2. romel wels dafuZnda saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partia?
a) 1907 w.;
b) 1914 w.;
g) 1917 w.;
d) 1920 w.
3. rodis aRsdga qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalia?
a) 1907 w.;
b) 1910 w.;
g) 1916 w.;
d) 1917 w.
4. rodis Seiqmna amierkavkasiis seimi?
a) 1916 w.;
b) 1917 w.;
g) 1918 w.;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
5. romeli winadadebaa swori?
a) 1918 wels bolSevikebma mxari dauWires saqarTvelos damoukideblobas da monawileoba miiRes demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis formirebaSi;
b) 1920 wels saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika „erTa ligis“ wevri gaxda.
amis miuxedavad sabWoTa ruseTma saqarTvelos omi gamoucxada da daipyro;
g) 1918 wlis 26 maisis damoukideblobis aqtiT saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika neitralur saxelmwifod gamocxadda;
d) saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam germaniis samxedro daxmarebiT daamarcxa sabWoTa ruseTis „wiTeli armia“ da daikava somxeT–azerbaijanis
mosazRvre olqebi.
294
6. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis himni iyo:
a) ilia WavWavaZis „Cemo kargo qveyanav“;
b) kote focxveraSvilis „dideba“;
g) xalxuri „qarTvelo xeli xmals ikar“;
d) xalxuri „mravalJamieri“.
7. vin iyo saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis pirveli Tavmjdomare?
a) noe Jordania;
b) akaki Cxenkeli;
g) karlo CxeiZe;
d) noe ramiSvili.
8. rodis miiRes pirveli qarTuli konstitucia?
a) 1918 wlis 30 maiss;
b) 1919 wlis 12 marts;
g) 1920 wlis 26 maiss;
d) 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals.
9. rodis gaixsna pirveli qarTuli universiteti?
a) 1918 wels;
b) 1919 wels;
g) 1920 wels;
d) 1922 wels.
10. erTa ligam romel saxelmwifos gadasca saqarTveloze mandati?
a) ingliss;
g) italias;
b) belgias;
d) germanias.
11. 1920 wlis 7 maiss saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris gaformebuli xelSekrulebis
mixedviT:
a) ruseTi cnobda saqarTvelos damoukideblobas. amasTan, mxareebi SeTanxmdnen,
rom afxazeTis sakiTxis saboloo gadawyvetamde eRiarebinaT misi damoukidebloba;
b) ruseTi aRiarebda saqarTvelos damoukideblobas da cnobda mis teritoriul
mTlianobas im pirobiT, Tu saqarTveloSi xelisufleba bolSevikuri partiis xelSi
gadavidoda;
g) ruseTi upirobod aRiarebda saqarTvelos damoukideblobasa da teritoriul
mTlianobas. amasTan saqarTvelos mTavrobas bolSevikuri organizaciebis legalizacia unda moexdina;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
12. saqarTvelos okupaciis dros, vin iyo saqarTvelos revoluciuri komitetis
Tavmjdomare?
a) sergo orjonikiZe;
b) filipe maxaraZe;
g) ioseb stalini;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
13. vin iyo saqarTvelos mTavarsardali wiTeli armiis SemoWris dros?
a) mazniaSvili;
g) maRlakeliZe;
b) kvinitaZe;
d) WavWavaZe.
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14. rodis daikava Tbilisi bolSevikurma wiTelma armiam?
a) 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals;
b) 1921 wlis 23 Tebervals;
g) 1921 wlis 14 marts;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
15. vin meTaurobda „SeficulTa razms“?
a) spiridon WavWavaZe;
b) giorgi kvinitaZe;
g) qaixosro (qaquca) ColoyaSvili;
d) giorgi mazniaSvili.
16. vin mimarTa genuis saerTaSoriso konferencias saqarTvelos TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi daxmarebis aRmosaCenad?
a) saqarTvelos devnili mTavrobis Tavmjdomarem noe Jordaniam;
b) saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqma ambrosi xelaiam;
g) saqarTvelos yofilma mTavarsardalma, generalma giorgi kvinitaZem;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
II. wyaros analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 6 qula)
amonaridi saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobis sxdomis oqmidan (1918 wlis 21
dekemberi):
`Tu moxda ise, rom mokavSireebma miznad daisaxes ruseTis Zvel farglebSi aRdgena, maSin delegacia amis winaaRmdeg unda gamosuliyo. mTavrobas miaCnda, rom saqarTvelos naZaladevad Seyvana `xelovnurad aRdgenil ruseTSi Cvens gasresas moaswavebda: erTis mxriv, bolSevikebisa da meores mxriv, respublikelebis mier~.
`Tu mokavSireebs dasWirdaT ekonomikuri mizniT baTum-baqos rkinigza ise, rom igi
sabaJoebiT ar iyos dayofili, amis winaaRmdeg saqarTvelos araferi eqneboda~.
`Tu Cven ori saqristiano eri (somxeTi da saqarTvelo), ver SevTanxmdiT, es imis
momaswavebeli iqneba, rom saqarTvelo ver SesZlebs sakuTar arsebobas~. saerTod,
strategiulad saqarTvelos mizani unda yofiliyo ori somxeTis _ `osmaleTisa~ da
`ruseTis somxeTis~ SeerTeba. amave dros saqarTvelo somxeTs Savi zRvisaken gasasvlelis povnaSi unda daxmareboda. mTavrobis azriT, am SemTxvevaSi, `somxeTi aRar moawveba saqarTvelos da advilad gadawydeba somex-qarTvelTa gamwvavebuli urTierToba~.
`samSvidobo kongresze delegacia unda ecados samahmadiano saqarTvelos sakiTxis
dayenebas da mis Cvenda sasurvelad gadaWras~.
`rac dagvedeba (saxelmwifo sesxi) unda gadavixadoT, rom damoukideblad iqnes
ganmtkicebuli saqarTvelos respublika~.
`Tu damoukideblobis sakiTxi Zalian gamwvavda da aras gziT ar cnes Cveni damoukidebloba, im SemTxvevaSi, delegacias neba eZleva dauTmos, mxolod erTi gansazRvriT: Tu iqneba proteqtorati, _ mxolod romelime evropul saxelmwifoTa~.
kiTxvebi:
1. romel samSvidobo kongresze (konferenciaze) aris saubari wyaroSi?
______________________________________ (1 qula)
296
2. ra ekonomikur daTmobas sTavazobda evropis saxelmwifoebs saqarTvelos mTavroba?
___________________________________________
_______________________________________
(2 qula)
3. saqarTvelos mTavrobis azriT, ra SemTxvevaSi mogvardeboda saqarTvelo-somxeTis gamwvavebuli urTierToba?
___________________________________________
_______________________________________
(2 qula)
4. ra SemTxvevaSi iqneboda Tanaxma saqarTvelos mTavroba mieRo romelime evropuli saxelmwifos proteqtorati?
___________________________________________
_______________________________________
(1 qula)
III. problemis analizi da argumentacia (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 5 qula)
zogis azriT, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis gasabWoeba gardauvali
iyo. wamoayeneT argumenti am Tvalsazrisis mxardasaWerad an uarsayofad (SegiZliaT
wamoayenioT argumentebi orive poziciis gasaZliereblad).
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297
XVI Tavi. totalitarizmi msoflioSi
$1. sabWoTa totalitarizmi
ganmarteba
nepi _ axali ekonomikuri politika. miiRes sabWoTa ruseTSi 1921 wels. is iTvaliswinebda soflis meurneobaSi, xelosnobasa da vaWrobaSi kerZo sakuTrebis daSvebas.
bolSevikuri partia samoqalaqo omSi (1917-1922 ww.) gamarjvebis Semdeg urTulesi
amocanebis winaSe dadga. ruseTSi krizisi mZvinvarebda. igi pirvel rigSi ekonomikuri
iyo. amas daerTo politikuri krizisi. ekonomikuri krizisi mZimed awveboda muSebs,
glexebs, mosamsaxurebs, isini kargavdnen ndobas partiuli da sabWoTa organoebis
mimarT. xelisuflebis organoebi ki axali moxele-mmarTvelebis interesebs gamoxatavda da ara mSromeli xalxisa. samoqalaqo omis dasrulebis Semdeg saWiro gaxda
wiTeli armiis Semcireba 5 milionidan TiTqmis 2 milionamde, gaTavisuflebulma jariskacebma ver naxes dasaqmebis saSualeba. aman gamoiwvia `wiTeli banditizmis~ zrda.
yvela es movlena iwvevda masobriv SeiaraRebul gamosvlebs, gaxSirda gaficvebi,
glexTa gamosvlebi. amitom bolSevikurma partiam airCia `axali ekonomikuri politika~ (nepi), romelic sabazro ekonomikis elementebs moicavda.
20-iani wlebis Sua periodSi `axali ekonomikuri politikis~ Tavdapirvelma principebma Tavisi SesaZleblobebi amowura, ganmtkicda glexuri meurneobebi, gafarTovda kerZo kapitalis saqmianoba. partiuli liderebi darwmundnen, rom axali ekonomikuri politikis Semdgomi gagrZeleba aucileblad gamoiwvevda bolSevikuri diqtaturis dasustebas, amitom partiam socialur ekonomikuri da politikuri krizisidan
gamosvlis erTaderT gzad glexebze Zalismieri zemoqmedeba da mdidari glexebis _
`kulakebis~ ganadgureba miiCnia. 1928 wels gadawyda, rom kerZo glexuri meurneobebi gaeerTianebinaT koleqtiur meurneobebSi, sadac saerTo (realurad, saxelmwifosi) iqneboda warmoebis ZiriTadi saSualebebi (miwa, muSa pirutyvi, Sromis iaraRebi).
glexebs unarCundebodaT mxolod saojaxo meurneoba. kolmeurneobebis Seqmnas mxars
uWerda mxolod Raribi glexoba. soflad situacia daiZaba. sul koleqtivizaciis
msvlelobaSi gaakulakes 1 mln glexuri meurneoba. gankulakebis Sedegad glexobis
sferodan gandevnes misi yvelaze gamocdili, ganaTlebuli da saqmiani nawili. Zalad
koleqtivizaciam glexTa didi protesti gamoiwvia. marto 1930 wlis ianvar-martSi
moewyo glexTa 2 aTasamde SeiaraRebuli gamosvla. 1937 wels koleqtivizacia didi
SimSilobisa da msxverplis fasad ZiriTadad dasrulda. 243,7 aTas kolmeurneobaSi
gaerTianebuli aRmoCnda saglexo meurneobaTa 93 %. aRmocenda axali tipis meurneoba. formalurad igi iTvleboda korporaciulad, sinamdvileSi ki iyo naxevrad
saxelmwifo sawarmo, romelzedac vrcldeboda saxelmwifo seqtorSi gabatonebuli
meurneobebis principi.
1922 wels Seiqmna sabWoTa kavSiri (sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri). Tavdapirvelad masSi oTxi socialisturi (bolSevikuri) respublika gaerTianda. eseni iyvnen: ruseTi, ukraina, belorusia da amierkavkasiis federacia (am sabWoTa
respublikaSi erTiandeboda saqarTvelo, azerbaijani da somxeTi). sabWoTa saxelmwifoSi sul ufro met Zalauflebas iZenda komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis generaluri mdivnis Tanamdeboba. es Tanamdeboba 1922 wlidan ekava ioseb stalins
(juRaSvili). bolSevikebis beladis v. leninis avadmyofobis Semdeg partiis rigebSi
da saxelmwifoSi yvelaze avtoritetuli pirovneba iyo lev trocki. stalinma daiwyo
298
brZola trockis winaaRmdeg da am miznisTvis gamoiyena partiis sxva avtoritetuli
wevrebi: lev kamenevi, grigori zinovievi, nikolai buxarini. stalinma SeZlo trockis
ganadgureba, Semdeg ki dartyma miayena yofil mokavSireebs da sxva Zvel bolSevikebs.
daiwyo partiis wmenda arasasurveli pirebisgan da qveyanas moedo represiebis farTo
talRa.
20-iani wlebis bolodan sabWoTa kavSirSi ori procesi daemTxva erTmaneTs. erTi
mxriv, gaiSala farTo industriuli mSenebloba, mimdinareobda Zaladobrivi koleqtivizacia, meore mxriv, nadgurdeboda yvelanairi winaaRmdegoba, romelic xels
uSlida bolSevikuri politikis gatarebas. dRiTidRe umniSvnelo xdeboda rigiTi
adamianebis sicocxle. `socialisturi gardaqmnebi~ umowyalod sresda milionobiT
adamianis beds.
komunisturi partiis liderebi qadagebdnen, rom qveynis cxovrebis yvela sfero
gaJRenTili unda yofiliyo klasobrivi brZolis Seurigeblobis suliskveTebiT. mkacri ganaCeni, masobrivi mkvlelobebi qmnida SiSisa da undoblobis atmosferos, samagierod asparezi gaexsna aTasi juris dambezRebelsa da karierists.
sabWoTa xelisufleba Tavdapirvelad axali wyobis mowinaaRmdegeebs daeria. Semdeg modgnen eklesias da sxvadasxva religiur organizaciebs. momdevno dartyma miiRo inteligenciam.
teroris mTavari talRa cnobili partiuli moRvawis s. kirovis mkvlelobis Semdeg, 1934 wlidan daiwyo. 1936-37 wlebSi ganadgurda didi jgufi yofili partiuli liderebisa (zinovievi, kamenevi, piatkovi, radeki, buxarini). yoveli politikuri
sasamarTlo procesis Semdeg represiebi masobrivi xdeboda, xolo ganaCeni sastiki.
1937 wels daxvrites cnobili samxedro moRvaweebi tuxaCevski, iakiri da sxvebi. represiebi Seexo sabWoTa armiis meTaurTa Semadgenlobis TiTqmis naxevars. armiidan
politikuri da sxva motivebiT daiTxoves 40 aTas kacze meti. terorma moicva uklebliv yvela regioni da respublika. zogierTi sabWoTa muSaki ucxoeTSi garboda, magram sabWoTa specsamsaxurebs xeli yvelgan miuwvdebodaT. 1940 w. meqsikaSi dazvervis
agentma mokla lev trocki. zogierTi xelmZRvaneli muSaki ver uZlebda totalur
TvalTvals da Tavs iklavda (magaliTad, s. orjonikiZe).
socializmis mSeneblobis Tanamgzavrad iqca patimarTa iZulebiTi Sroma. aseul
aTasobiT politikuri patimari, romlebic Sroma-gasworebis koloniebSi imyofebodnen, faqtobrivad warmoadgendnen iaf muSaxels. 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi iZulebiTi
Sromis banakebi sokosaviT moedo ssrk-s. am banakebis samarTavad Seiqmna specialuri sammarTvelo `gulagi~, romlis jojoxeTuri saqmianoba aRwera rusma mweralma
solJenicinma romanSi `arqipelagi gulagi~. sul 1930-53 wlebSi am saSinel banakebSi
imyofeboda daaxloebiT 18 mln adamiani, 786 aTas adamians sasjelis umaRlesi zoma
daxvreta miesaja.
represiebis Sedegad 30-ian wlebis bolos ganmtkicda sabWoTa politikuri sistema, moispo gansxvavebuli azri, Camoyalibda stalinis pirovnebis kulti.
davaleba
1. ra TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeboda ruseTis (SemdegomSi sabWoTa kavSiris) totalitaruli reJimi?
2. ras niSnavda soflis meurneobis koleqtivizacia? imsjele, ramdenad Seesabameboda is glexobis interess?
3. imsjeleT, ra ganapirobebda masobriv represiebs sabWoTa kavSirSi?
4. ifiqreT, ra Sedegebs moutanda totalitaruli reJimi sabWoTa kavSirSi Semaval
xalxebs?
299
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
`axali ekonomikuri politika~ (e. w. `nepi~) _ XX saukunis 20-iani wlebi
sabWoTa kavSiris (ssrk) Seqmna _ 1922 w.
$2. saqarTvelo XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi
ganmarteba
totalitarizmi _ antidemokratiuli politikuri wyoba, reJimi, romlis drosac
saxelmwifo srulad aris gabatonebuli sazogadoebasa da pirovnebaze.
industrializacia da koleqtivizacia. ekonomikuri CamorCenilobis daZlevis mizniT sabWoTa kavSirSi dawyebuli industrializaciis procesi saqarTvelosac Seexo.
sabWoTa kavSirSi SemuSavebuli xuTwliani gegmiT (1928-1932 ww.) amierkavkasiis federaciul respublikasa da, uSualod saqarTveloSi, industrializacia daCqarebuli
tempiT unda Catarebuliyo. xuTwlian gegmaSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo mrewvelobis
sxvadasxva dargis ganviTareba da maTTan dakavSirebuli sasargeblo wiaRiseulis
mopovebis gafarToeba. saqarTveloSi industrializaciis procesis dasawyisad iTvleba 1927 wels zemo avWalis hidroeleqtrosadguris (`zahesi~) amoqmedeba. pirvel
xuTwledSi aSenda quTaisis baritis, Tbilisis manqanaTmSenebeli da sxva qarxnebi.
oficialuri statistikiT, am periodis saqarTvelos msubuqi mrewveloba 3,8-jer,
xolo mZime mrewveloba 5,8-jer gadidda.
meore xuTwledSi (1933-1937 ww.) saqarTveloSi amoqmedda rionhesi, zestafonis
feroSenadnobTa qarxana, Tbilisis CarxmSenebeli da sxva qarxnebi; mniSvnelovnad
gaizarda WiaTuris manganumisa da tyibulis qvanaxSiris mopoveba; gaumjobesda sarkinigzo transportis muSaoba. qveynis industriuli ganviTareba momdevno wlebSic
grZeldeboda, Tumca meore msoflio omis moaxloebis gamo ZiriTadi yuradReba sabrZolo iaraRisa da samxedro teqnikis warmoebas eqceoda. amis gamo samrewvelo produqciis mxolod mcire nawili iyo mosaxleobisTvis xelmisawvdomi. seriozul problemad rCeboda saxalxo moxmarebisTvis gankuTvnili produqciis xarisxic. sabWoTa
propaganda xuTwliani gegmebis vadaze adre da gadaWarbebiT Sesrulebaze saubrobda.
sinamdvileSi, saTanado materialuri bazis ararsebobisa da kvalificiuri kadrebis
naklebobis gamo bevri wamowyeba mxolod nawilobriv Tu ganxorcielda. oficialuri monacemebiT, 1913-1939 wlebSi saqarTvelos mZime mrewvelobis produqcia 26-jer,
sabWoTa kavSirisa ki 10-jer gaizarda. samrewvelo produqciis aseTi masStabiT zrda
sawyis etapze saqarTvelos mrewvelobis ukiduresi CamorCenilobiT aixsneba.
industrializacia kolosalur Tanxebs moiTxovda. aseTi SesaZlebloba krizisuli ekonomikis mqone sabWoTa saxelmwifos ar gaaCnda. xelisuflebam industrializaciisTvis saWiro saxsrebis mobilizebis mizniT soflis meurneobis koleqtivizacia
ganaxorciela. es procesi iTvaliswinebda glexobisTvis piradi qonebis _ miwis, Sinauri cxovelebis, sameurneo iaraRebisa da, rig SemTxvevebSi, nagebobebis CamorTmevas da maT gaerTianebas saerTo _ koleqtiur meurneobebSi. koleqtiuri meurneobebi
ki saxelmwifo sakuTrebas Seadgenda. am gzaze pirveli nabiji 1927 wels gadaidga _
SemuSavda koleqtivizaciis gegma, gauqmda `nepi~, SeZlebuli glexebis mimarT daiwyo
mkacri represiebi. xelisuflebas ar akmayofilebda koleqtivizaciis ganxorcielebis tempi _ glexoba did winaaRmdegobas uwevda am process da uars ambobda nebayo300
flobiT gaerTianebuliyo kolmeurneobebSi. sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis
1930 wlis dadgenilebiT, koleqtivizacia daCqarebuli, faqtobrivad, Zaladobrivi
wesiT unda ganxorcielebuliyo, SeZlebuli glexoba (`kulakebi~), rogorc klasi,
unda ganadgurebuliyo.
sabWoTa xelisuflebis dadgenilebisamebr, saqarTveloSic sayovelTao xasiaTi
SeiZina soflis meurneobis ZaldatanebiTma koleqtivizaciam. 1931 wels kolmeurneobebSi gawevrianda glexobis 61%. mowinaaRmdege glexebi ki (saerTo raodenobiT daaxloebiT 10-15 %) `Sav siebSi~ Seiyvanes da maTi umravlesobis winaaRmdeg represiebi
ganaxorcieles.
mosaxleobis winaaRmdegobam, sabWoTa kavSiris rig regionebSi ki glexTa sayovelTao ajanyebebma komunisturi xelisufleba aiZula ramdenadme mainc Seerbilebina
`gankulakebisa~ da iZulebiTi koleqtivizaciis procesi. komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis generaluri mdivnis i. stalinis gancxadebiT, glexTa SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebis gamo `sabWoTa xelisufleba bewvze ekida~.
`ukandaxeva~ droebiTi aRmoCnda. poziciebis ganmtkicebisTanave xelisuflebam
kvlav ganaaxla glexebis kerZo meurneobebis likvidacia da iZulebiTi koleqtivizacia. 1937 wlisTvis koleqtivebSi gaerTianebuli iyo saqarTvelos glexobis 76,5 %,
xolo 1940 wels maTma raodenobam 92%-s gadaaWarba.
koleqtivizaciam garkveuli efeqti marTlac gamoiRo _ gaSenda Caisa da citrusebis plantaciebi, ganxorcielda soflis meurneobis meqanizacia, gaumjobesda sarwyavi sistema, xorblisa da sxva sasoflo produqcis ucxoeTSi gayidviT miRebuli
Tanxebi moxmarda qveynis industrializacias. amasTan aSkara iyo koleqtivizaciis
uaryofiTi Sedegebic: moiSala glexuri meurneobebi; mraval aTas mSromels sxvadasxva sasjeli daekisra, maTi nawili ki gausamarTleblad daxvrites; kerZo sakuTrebis gauqmebam mniSvnelovnad dasca glexTa Sromis nayofiereba.
`kulturuli revolucia~ da qarTuli kultura. sabWoTa xelisufleba gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda xalxSi komunisturi ideologiis ganmtkicebas. am mizniT, erTi mxriv, unda Seqmniliyo `Zveli droebis~ cxovrebis ganmaqiqebeli da, meore
mxriv, sabWouri yofis ganmadidebeli nawarmoebebi. sabWoTa ideologia qarTveli
eris kulturul memkvidreobas warsulis dromoWmul, uabdruk gadmonaSTad acxadebda, erovnuli pozicia ki lamis `sabWoTa samSoblos~ mtrobad aRiqmeboda. amis
nacvlad unda Seqmniliyo axali, `proletaruli kultura~, romelic daundobel
ideur brZolas gaaCaRebda `klasobriv mtrebTan~.
sabWoTa mmarTveloba `mwerlobis moTvinierebis~ mizniT sxvadasxva kavSirebs qmnida da sakuTar Zalauflebas umorCilebda, `urCebze~ mkacr zewolas da represiebs
axorcielebda. amis miuxedavad imdroindeli qarTuli mwerloba mdidari erovnuli
da kulturuli tradiciebis erTguli darCa. am periodSi moRvaweobdnen saxelovani
mwerlebi da poetebi: mixeil javaxiSvili, grigol robaqiZe, konstantine gamsaxurdia, niko lorTqifaniZe, leo qiaCeli, valerian gafrindaSvili, galaktion tabiZe,
paolo iaSvili, tician tabiZe, giorgi leoniZe da sxvani. bevri maTgani XX saukunis
30-iani wlebis represiebis msxverpli gaxda.
XX saukunis I naxevarSi samoRvaweo asparezze gamovida qarTvel TeatralTa axali dasi. eseni iyvnen reJisorebi: kote marjaniSvili da sandro axmeteli; msaxiobebi:
uSangi CxeiZe, akaki xorava, akaki vasaZe, vaso goZiaSvili, veriko anjafariZe, spartak
baRaSvili da sxvani.
am dros moRvaweobdnen msoflioSi cnobili mxatvrebi: iakob nikolaZe, daviT kakabaZe, lado gudiaSvili, elene axlvlediani, mose ToiZe, gigo gabaSvili da sxvebi.
Tbilisis universitetis daarsebam xeli Seuwyo mecnierebis dawinaurebas. asparezze gamovida qarTvel mkvlevarTa pleada, romlis saxelovani warmomadgenlebi
iyvnen: niko musxeliSvili, andria razmaZe, viqtor kupraZe (maTematikosebi), petre me301
liqiSvili (qimikosi), niko kecxoveli (botanikosi), ivane beritaSvili (fiziologi),
ivane javaxiSvili, niko berZeniSvili, simon janaSia (istorikosebi), Salva nucubiZe
(filosofosi), dimitri uznaZe (fsiqologi), akaki SaniZe, arnold Ciqobava, vukol
beriZe, giorgi axvlediani (enaTmecnierebi), korneli kekeliZe, simon yauxCiSvili
(literaturis mkvlevrebi) da sxvebi.
politikuri represiebi. cnobili qarTveli mwerali grigol robaqiZe, romelic
1931 wels emigraciaSi (germaniSi) wavida ase axasiaTebs ioseb stalins: „viwro, sustad ganviTarebuli Subli,… Worfli, romelic misi saxis fers cicars amsgavsebda.
nabijebs katasaviT nela, rbilad adgamda, TiTqos surda raRacas damalvoda, an vinmes
SeumCnevlad Tavs dasxmoda,… ulvaSebSi ironia, dacinva Camaluliyo, TiTqos surda
eTqva: me vxvdebi, risi dafarvac ginda. am mdumare gancxadebas maRla aweuli marcxena
warbi aZlierebda,… sicocxlis mimarT mtrulad iyo ganwyobili da yvelgan mtrebi
elandeboda. mtris dasaZlevad ori ram aris saWiro: TavdaWera da ironia. stalinis
TavdaWera iogebisas hgavda, xolo misi ironia ubadlo iyo. nela, gaunZrevlad, gulgrilad aRizianebda igi mowinaaRmdeges. aqezebda, dascinoda, wyobidan gamohyavda. is
ciliswamebiTa da damcirebiT spobda Tavis mtrebs. amaSi umowyalo da sastiki iyo.
misi civi Wixvina Cacineba xandaxan mkacr, nawyvet-nawyvet sicilSi gadadioda… ar
hyolia arc erTi megobari, radgan aseTi vinme _ megobaric rom yofiliyo _ samudamod mis qveSevrdomad unda darCeniliyo,… aSkarad stanjavda samyaros mravalferovneba. metic: TviT sicocxlis atana ar SeeZlo. mkrexelurad ocnebobda ngrevaze, raTa
Tavisi gamanadgurebeli TviTneboba gamoecada da gaetarebina, is daSorda RmerTs da
TavaSvebul mmarTvelad aRzarda Tavi. is yvelgan cuds xedavda, da sadac keTils Sexvdeboda, damcinavad iRimeboda. civsisxliani sastikad umowyalo gaxda…~.
sabWoTa kavSiri totalitaruli saxelmwifo iyo. mTeli Zalaufleba komunistri
partiis generaluri mdivnis i. stalinis xelSi iyo Tavmoyrili. sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebisTanave aikrZala sxva partiebi, daiwyo politikuri oponentebis sastiki devna. ukiduresad centralizebuli da erTpartiuli sabWouri mmarTvelobisTvis
represiebi _ gansxvavebuli poziciis mqone adamianebis devna, Cveulebriv movlenas
warmoadgenda misi arsebobis manZilze.
politikurma represiebma gansakuTrebiT masStaburi xasiaTi 30-ian wlebSi SeiZina. 1937 weli sabWoTa kavSiris istoriaSic ki `SiSisa da teroris wlad~ iTvleboda.
represirebulTa zusti raodenoba dRemde ucnobia. zogierTi monacemiT, mxolod saqarTveloSi 30000 adamiani daapatimres, romelTa didi nawili sxvadasxva braldebiT
daxvrites, xolo 12000-ze meti patimari sakoncentracio banakebSi moaTavses. arsebobs sxva, ufro Semzaravi statistikac.
gansxvavebuli azris mqoneTa mimarT mkacr angariSworebas meore msoflio omis
moaxloebac ganapirobebda. komunisturi mmarTveloba SiSobda, rom oponentebi, politikuri mdgomareobis garTulebis SemTxvevaSi, sabWoTa reJimis ZirgamomTxrel saqmianobas ganaxorcielebdnen. represiebs sxva mizezic hqonda: ZalauflebisTvis Sidapartiul brZolaSi stalinma gaimarjva; politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebis: trockis,
buxarinis, zinovievisa da sxva partiuli Tu saxelmwifo maRalCinosnebis ganadgurebis
Semdeg, stalini maTi momxreebis likvidacias Seudga. 30-iani wlebis represiebs Seewirnen qarTveli bolSevikebi: budu mdivani, levan RoRoberiZe, samson mamulia da sxvebi,
romlebic wina wlebSi ramdenadme upirispirdebodnen stalinis politikur kurss.
sabWoTa presaSi sul ufro xSirad gaismoda aseTi Sinaarsis mowodebebi: `... araviTari Sebraleba xalxis mosisxle, sazizRar mtrebs“; `Seubraleblad gavanadguroT,
SevmusroT eqspluatatorebi (mCagvrelebi)~; `gavsrisoT qvewarmavlebi! araviTari
Sebraleba xalxis mosisxle, sazizRar mtrebs!~. `sabWoTa samSoblos~ mtrebis mimarT
Seurigebeli brZolis gaaqtiurebisken mouwodebda sazogadoebas i. stalini: `socia302
lizmis gamarjvebis pirobebSi klasobrivi brZola ki ar neldeba, piriqiT mwvavdeba.
klasobrivi mteri Sens gverdiT aris, unda aRmoaCino da gaanadguro~.
`arasaimedo pirebs~ ganusazRvreli uflebebiT aRWurvili, aqtivisti komunistebisgan Semdgari, `sameulebi~ (`troika~) asamarTlebdnen. dakiTxvisas eWvmitanilebs
sastikad awamebdnen da aiZulebdnen, xeli moeweraT `aRiarebiT~ Cvenebebze. maTgan
aseve moiTxovdnen `mavneblobaSi Tanamzraxvelebis~ dasaxelebas. „dakiTxvidan patimrebi sastikad nacemi brundebodnen... amogdebuli TiTebiT, sxeulze Rrma WrilobebiT... es yvelaferi „danaSaulis aRiarebis“ gamo keTdeboda“ (nawyveti represirebulis mogonebidan).
represiebis wlebSi gansakuTrebuli daundoblobiT inteligencia idevneboda.
araerTi mwerali, mecnieri Tu xelovnebis dargis moRvawe daxvrites an gadaasaxles
Soreul SromiT banakebSi. daxvrites poeti tician tabiZe, mwerali mixeil javaxiSvili, kompozitori _ evgeni miqelaZe, reJisori _ sandro axmeteli; Tavi moikla
„xalxis mtrobaSi eWvmitanilma“ poetma paolo iaSvilma; universitetidan gaaZeves
misi damaarsebeli ivane javaxiSvili; daapatimres mecnieri Salva nucubiZe... es represirebul qarTvel moRvaweTa mxolod mcire nawilia.
represirebulebs, romlebsac `gaumarTlaT~ da daxvretis magier gadasaxleba
miesajaT, specialur SromiT banakebSi, autanel pirobebSi gahyavdaT sarkinigzo da
saavtomobilo gzebi, amuSavebdnen xe-tyes, maRaroebidan amohqondaT wiaRiseuli da
a.S. „vmuSaobdiT tyeSi, iyvnen qalebi, eqimebi, pedagogebi, mecnierebi, studentebi...
romlebmac xerxis xmareba ar icodnen. xe rom gadaiqceoda, aucileblad romelime
qali moyveboda mis qveS da iqve gardaicvleboda...“ (nawyveti represirebulis mogonebidan).
davaleba
1. ras iTvaliswinebda qveynis industrializacia?
2. ras niSnavda soflis meurneobis koleqtivizacia?
3. ratom upirispirdebodnen glexebi koleqtivizacias?
4. ra igulisxmeboda `kulturul revoluciaSi~?
5. daaxasiaTeT qarTuli kultura da mecniereba XX saukunis dasawyisSi.
6. imsjeleT, ratom da ramdenad ganapirobebs totalitaruli mmarTveloba politikur represiebs?
7. gamoxateT Tqveni damokidebuleba sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvanelTa samoqmedo mowodebebisadmi „xalxis mtrebis“ mimarT.
8. imsjeleT, ratom uswordeboda xelisufleba gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT inteligencias?
$3. msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi da misi Sedegebi
1929-1933 wlebSi msoflioSi mZvinvarebda ekonomikuri krizisi, romelic uCveulo
aRmoCnda Tavisi siRrmiT, masStabiT da xangrZlivobiT. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom igi
istoriaSi `didi depresiis~ saxeliT Sevida.
msoflio omma xeli Seuwyo amerikis ekonomikis uprecedento zrdas da aSS aqcia msoflio kreditorad. mTeli msoflios ekonomika Camoekida amerikis ekonomi303
kur keTildReobas. 20-ian wlebSi gaizarda amerikis mrewveloba, magram moxmareba
ar gamxdara masobrivi. erovnuli Semosavli araTanabrad nawilleboda. xelfasebi
umniSvnelod gaizarda, xolo korporaciebis mogeba gasammagda; mdidrebi kide ufro
gamdidrdnen. yidulobdnen mdidrul sasaxleebs, limuzinebs, iaxtebs, magram isini
ver Secvlidnen masobriv momxmarebels.
am periodisTvis msoflioSi umsxviles niu-iorkis safondo birJaze arnaxuli
aJiotaJi sufevda. wlebis manZilze sawarmoTa aqciebis kursis matebam fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze uzarmazari kapitali moizida. yvela cdilobda aqciis yidvas, rom
sarfianad gaeyidaT. roca am spekulaciurma bumma miaRwia ukidures zRvars, daiwyo
aqciebis fasis vardna. 1929 wlis 29 oqtomberi _ `Savi samSabaTi~ aRiniSna 10 miliardi dolaris dakargviT. am momentidan moirya aSS-is da masTan erTad danarCeni
msoflios finansuri sistema.
dasavleTis mTavrobebi moumzadebeli aRmoCndnen krizisisTvis. sagadasaxado Semosavlebi Semcirda, gaCnda deficiti biujetSi. yvela mTavrobam mosamsaxureebis daTxovniT daiwyo xarjebis Semcireba. krizisma gamoiwvia umZimesi socialuri Sedegebi.
umuSevroba gaxda masobrivi. vinc samsaxuri dakarga da amowura Tavisi danazogi,
male aRmoCnda arsebobis saxsrebis gareSe. gauaresda fermerebis da glexebis mdgomareoba. daeca moTxovna sursaTze, daiwia masze fasebma, bevri meurneoba wamgebiani
gaxda da gakotrda. krizisis Sedegi iyo sayovelTao siRatake. milionobiT adamiani
SemTxveviTi Semosavlebis imedad adgilidan adgilze gadadioda; cxovrobdnen Tunuqis da muyaos yuTebisgan Sekowiwebul qoxmaxebSi.
krizisi msoflio iyo da, bunebrivia, yvela saxelmwifos SeTanxmebulad unda emoqmeda, magram, sinamdvileSi, yvela sakuTar naWuWSi Caiketa da qmnidnen xelovnul
barierebs sakuTari Tavis dasacavad.
20-ian wlebSi Camoyalibebuli imedebi ukeTesi momavlis Sesaxeb Seicvala pesimizmiTa da imedgacruebiT. gaizarda iseTi partiebis gavlena, romlebic Zireul cvlilebebs moiTxovdnen da aTasgvar populistur programebs warmoadgendnen. ase gaZlierdnen komunistebi da faSistebi.
msoflio ekonomikurma krizisma ganapiroba, rom 20-ian wlebSi gamovlenili tendenciebi sazogadoebriv-politikuri da saxelmwifo ganviTarebaze Camoyalibda ori
modelis saxiT: totalitarul-avtoritaruli da liberalur-demokratiuli.
socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis garTuleba da maTi gadawyvetis gzebis Zieba
kidev ufro afarToebda saxelmwifo regulirebis funqcias. saboloo jamSi, gaCnda
tendencia damyarebuliyo saxelmwifos yovlismomcveli (totaluri) kontroli warmoebis, ganawilebis, gacvlis sferoebSi, sazogadoebis sulier cxovrebaSi da a.S.
pirovnebis roli totalitarizmis pirobebSi reJimis morCilebaa. adamiani unda
mudmivad emsaxurebodes umaRlesi miznis miRwevas, TviTSewirvisTvis mzadyofnamdec
ki; iqmneba mtris xatebi, romelTa intrigebiT aixsneba sirTuleebi miznis miRwevis
saqmeSi. gansakuTrebuli roli totalitarul reJimebSi ekuTvnis liderebs, xdeba
maTi gaRmerTeba, yalibdeba pirovnebis kulti.
davaleba
1. imsjeleT msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis gamomwvev mizezebsa da Sedegebze.
2. gansazRvreT misi roli totalitaruli reJimebis formirebis procesSi.
3. gansazRvreT da SeafaseT totalitarizmis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi _ 1929-1933 ww.
304
$4. totalitaruli reJimebi evropasa da iaponiaSi
italia. faSisturi moZraoba `faSio di kombatimento~ (`brZolis kavSiri~) Seiqmna 1919 wlis martSi. mis wevrebs aerTianebdaT ukiduresi nacionalizmi, Sovinizmi,
antisocializmi, ltolva Zlieri xelisuflebisaken. moZraobas meTaurobda benito
musolini (1883-1945), romelsac im droisTvis didi politikuri gamocdileba hqonda.
1919 wlis Semodgomaze faSistebma daiwyes TavianTi SeiaraRebuli razmebis formireba. isini Tavs esxmodnen muSaTa demonstraciis monawileebs, awyobdnen deboSebs, arbevdnen socialisturi gazeTebis redaqciebs. moZraoba TandaTan izrdeboda da
Zlierdeboda. mogvianebiT musolini amarTlebda Zalismier meTodebs da acxadebda:
`CvenTvis aucilebeli iyo gzis gakvleva ZaladobiT, msxverpliT, sisxliT, raTa dagvemyarebina masebisTvis ase sasurveli wesrigi da disciplina...~.
1921 wlis Semodgomaze moZraoba gaformda faSistur partiad da daiwyo aSkara
brZola xelisuflebisTvis. 1922 wlis 28 oqtombers Sav xalaTebSi gamowyobili faSisturi kolonebi daiZra romisken. (`marSi romze~). xelisuflebam veraferi gaawyo,
mefe vitorio emanuilma musolini daniSna italiis premier-ministrad.
Semdgom wlebSi daiwyo totalitaruli saxelmwifos Seqmna, kerZod 1926 wlidan,
musolinize Tavdasxmis inscenirebis Semdeg faSisturma mTavrobam gamosca sagangebo
kanonebi, romliTac sabolood daasamara demokratiuli Tavisuflebebi italiaSi da
daamyara SeuzRudavi diqtatura. aikrZala yvela politikuri partia, garda faSisturisa. asobiT aTasi antifaSisti cixeebSi Cayares; Seiqmna `sagangebo tribunali~.
saxelmwifo aparatSi yvela Tanamdebobaze dainiSna partiis wevrebi.
musolini gamoscemda dekretebs, romelTac kanonis Zala gaaCnda. man srulad miiTvisa sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba. formalurad italia rCeboda
saparlamento monarqiad, magram sinamdvileSi mefis da parlamentis roli nulamde
iyo dayvanili.
musolinis dros didi yuradReba eqceoda axali Taobis aRzrdas faSisturi suliskveTebiT, raTa Camoyalibebuliyo musolinis epoqis adamiani. am mizniT mozardi
Taoba asakis mixedviT gaerTianda faSistur organizaciebSi.
musolinim daiviwya adre Tavisi urwmunoeba da vatikanTan gaaforma laTeranis
konkordati (xelSekruleba), riTac faSisturi reJimisTvs kaTolikuri eklesiis
mxardaWera uzrunvelyo. totalitaruli reJimis damyarebis Semdeg musolinim sagareo saqmeebisTvis moicala, is Caewera axali msoflio omis gamCaRebelTa ricxvSi.
germania. pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom qariSxlian periodSi germaniaSi gaaqtiurdnen ara mxolod memarcxene Zalebi, romlebmac bavariaSi sabWoTa respublika
gamoacxades, gaCnda aseve memarjvene radikaluri organizaciebi, maT Soris germaniis
muSaTa partia, romelic 1919 wels Seiqmna da Tavidan ramdenime adamians aerTianebda. male partiis xelmZRvaneli gaxda adolf hitleri. partias gadaerqva saxeli,
amieridan iwodeboda nacional-socialisturi germaniis muSaTa partiad. 1921 wels
Seiqmna nacisturi partiis gasamxedroebuli danayofebi _ moieriSeTa razmebi. svastikiani niSniT yavisfer formaSi gamowyobili moieriSeebi Tavs esxmodnen memarcxene
organizaciebs, gazeTebis redaqciebs da a.S.
1923 wlis Semodgomaze hitlerma da misma Tanamoazreebma scades saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mowyoba. e.w. `ludis putCi~ (es saxeli ewoda imitom, rom gadawyvetileba
gadatrialebis Sesaxeb ludxanaSi miiRes) CaaxSves, misi organizatorebi ki daapatimres. hitleri erTi weli ijda landsbergis cixeSi da aq dawera SemdgomSi nacistebis
bibliad wodebuli wignis `Cemi brZola~ pirveli nawili.
msoflio ekonomikurma krizisma gansakuTrebiT daamZima germaniis mdgomareoba.
qveyanaSi ar aRmoCnda lideri, romelic demokratiul safuZvlebze SeZlebda krizi305
sis Sedegebis Semsubuqebas. daiwyo ori totalitaruli da mtruli politikuri Zalis, germaniis komunisturi partiisa da nacisturi (igive nacional-socialisturi)
partiis gavlenis swrafi zrda. nacional-socialistebma kargad Seuxames erTmaneTs
socialuri, nacionaluri da rasistuli lozungebi da SeZles farTo mxardaWeris
mopoveba. 1933 wlis 30 ianvars germanis raixsprezidentma hindenburgma adolf hitleri daniSna kanclerad (premier-ministri).
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis miRebisTanave germaniaSi nacistebma daiwyes demokratiis likvidacia. pirvelad dawves raixstagis (parlamenti) Senoba da daabrales komunistebs. es gaxda komunistebis saparlamento mandatebis gauqmebisa da partiis akrZalvis sababi. SemdgomSi nacistebma aSkara terori gaaCaRes yvela politikuri Zalis mimarT da, saerTo jamSi, aikrZala yvela sxva partia garda nacisturisa.
hitlerma prezidents xeli moawerina specialur brZanebaze `xalxis da saxelmwifos
dacvis Sesaxeb~, romliTac gaauqma moqalaqeTa ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi.
amieridan ganusazRvreli ufleba eZleoda sadamsjelo organoebs. Semdgomi kanoniT
uaryves konstituciis safuZvelSi Cadebuli xelisuflebis danawilebis principebi.
sakanonmdeblo funqcia mTavrobam da uSualod hitlerma miiTvisa. 1934 wels prezident hindenburgis gardacvalebis Semdeg hitlerma xelSi aiRo prezidentis funqciac. amgvarad, mTeli Zalaufleba mis xelSi gaerTianda. amieridan is gaxda `fiureri~ (beladi).
ZiriTadi roli sistemaSi eniWeboda samarTaldamcvel da sadamsjelo organoebs. 1933 wels Seqmnili politikuri policia `gestapo~ axorcielebda totalur
TvalTvals mosaxleobaze. reJimisTvis miuRebeli xalxi, pirvelyovlisa komunistebi, social-demokratebi, ebraelebi sakoncentracio banakebSi igzavnebodnen, sadac an
anadgurebdnen, an iZulebiT amuSavebdnen.
nacisturi saxelmwifo cdilobda kontrolqveS moeqcia ekonomikuri sfero. umuSevrebs anawilebdnen SromiT banakebSi, sadac isini muSaobdnen gzebis, samxedro obieqtebis mSeneblobaze. qveyanaSi SemoiRes sayovelTao SromiTi begara. nacisturi reJimi
iTvaliswinebda axali wesrigis damyarebas ara mxolod politikasa da ekonomikaSi,
aramed sulier cxovrebaSic; yvela germaneli unda damorCileobda faSizmis ideologias. yvelaze zogadi saxiT is gamoixateboda deviziT: `erTi xalxi, erTi raixi, erTi
fiureri~. nacistebma germaneli xalxi gamoacxades umaRles `ariul~ rasad. sxva, arasrulfasovan xalxebs marTebda maTi morCileba. rasobrivi siwmindis gansakuTrebiT saSiS mtrebad nacistebs miaCndaT ebraelebi, amitom devnidnen da anadgurebdnen maT.
umaRles rasasTn iyo dakavSirebuli nacizmis sxva mniSvnelovani idea _ `sasicocxlo sivrcis~ gafarToebis aucilebloba sxvaTa xarjze. ase yalibdeboda hitleruli reJimis dampyrobluri gegmebi.
nacisturi ideologiis gavrceleba-ganmtkicebaze pasuxs agebda propagandis da ganaTlebis saministro i. gebelsis xelmZRvanelobiT. beWduri gamocemebi, radiogadacemebi, kinofilmebi, Teatraluri dadgmebi cenzuras daeqvemdebara. arasasurveli nawarmoebebi aikrZala. nacistebma centralur moednebze aTasobiT wigni dawves. samecniero
dawesebulebebidan, universitetebidan gaagdes daaxloebiT 2000 cnobili mecnieri, maT
Soris 8 nobelis premiis laureati. uamravma mecnierma da xelovanma datova germania
(albert ainStaini, Tomas mani, henrix mani, lion foixtvangeri, berthold brehti, hans
eisneri, marlen ditrixi da sxvebi). gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda axalgazrdobis aRzrdas nacisturi suliskveTebiT da maT momzadebas `sasicocxlo sivrcisTvis~
sabrZolvelad. amis Sesabamisad adgendnen saswavlo programebsa da saxelmZRvaneloebs. mozardebi gawevrianebuli iyvnen axalgazrdul organizacia `hitleriugendSi~.
1939 wlis dasawyisSi masSi daaxloebiT 7 mln 300 aTasi mozardi iricxeboda.
1936 wels germaniaSi miiRes 4-wliani gegma, romlis amocana iyo armiis momzadeba
aqtiuri moqmedebisTvis, ekonomikis ki omisTvis. samxedro mrewvelobis swrafi zrda,
306
ekonomikis militarizacia axdenda samoqalaqo produqciis warmoebis Semcirebas.
oficialuri propaganda mouwodebda germanelebs moeWiraT qamrebi da Zalisxmeva
momavali gamarjvebisken miemarTaT. germania aqtiurad emzadeboda omisTvis.
frankistuli reJimi espaneTSi. espaneTSi totalitaruli reJimis Camoyalibeba
gansxvavebul pirobebSi moxda. aq mas win uswrebda xangrZlivi samoqalaqo omi, romelmac 1 milioni adamiani Seiwira. 1936 wels xelisuflebaSi movida memarcxene partiebis bloki `saxalxo fronti~, romlis politika zrdida ukmayofilebas msxvil
miwaTmflobelebSi, eklesiasa da gansakuTrebiT samxedro wreebSi. 1936 welsve daiwyo
amboxeba, romelic samoqalaqo omSi gadaizarda. amboxebulma Zalebma (isini TavianT
Tavs nacionalistebs uwodebdnen) fransisko frankos meTaurobiT, faSisturi italiis da nacisturi germaniis aqtiuri mxardaWeriT gamarjveba moipoves. omis dasrulebis Semdeg fransisko frankom daamyara erTpirovnuli reJimi. erTaderTi partia
gaxda `espanuri falanga~. daiwyo represiebi. uamravi respublikeli mokles, bevri
moxvda cixeSi, bevrmac emigraciaSi moaswro gaqceva. idevneboda gansxvavebuli azri,
SemoiRes mkacri cenzura. ukve 40-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi frankom represiuli da
avtoritaruli meTodebis gamoyenebiT daamyara kontroli espaneTze. frankistuli
reJimis ideologia espanur nacionalizmze, kaTolicizmze, antikomunizmisa da tradiciul faseulobebze igeboda. man 1975 wlamde iarseba
nacionalizmi da militarizmi iaponiaSi. mebrZolma nacionalizmma iaponiaSi gansakuTrebuli forma miiRo. misi fesvebic ekonomikuri siZneleebidan modioda. mebrZoli nacionalizmis ideebis ZiriTadi matarebeli gaxda samxedro aristokratia,
romelmac Seqmna politikuri klubis msgavsi naxevrad saidumlo sazogadoeba. isini
dakavSirebuli iyvnen finansur samrewvelo jgufebTan.
1927 wels mTavrobis meTauri gaxda generali tanaka, romelic iyo qveynis SigniT
mtkice kursis, xolo saerTaSoriso arenaze agresiuli politikis gatarebis momxre.
tanakas mTavrobam daapatimra opoziciuri, demokratiuli organizaciebis liderebi.
manve miiRo kanoni `saSiSi azrebis~ Sesaxeb, romelic arsebuli wesrigis winaaRmdeg mowodebisTvis sikvdiliT dasjas iTvaliswinebda. iaponiam daCqarebuli tempebiT
daiwo omisTvis mzadeba.
davaleba
1. imsjeleT italiaSi faSisturi partiis xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlis mizezebze.
2. daaxasiaTeT musolinis saSinao politika.
3. daaxasiaTeT nacisturi germaniis saSinao politika.
4. SeadareT erTmaneTs hitlerisa da musolinis mmarTveloba. miuTiTeT msgavseba.
5. imsjeleT espaneTsa da iaponiaSi totalitaruli reJimebis damyarebis ganmapirobebel faqtorebze.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
italieli faSistebis `marSi romze~ _ 1922 w.
musolinis daniSvna italiis premier-ministrad _ 1922 w.
`ludis putCi~ germaniaSi _ 1923 w.
hitleris daniSvna germaniis kanclerad _ 1933 w.
samoqalaqo omi espaneTSi _ 1936-1939 ww.
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XVII Tavi. meore msoflio omi
$1. omis wina periodi
ganmarteba
pacifizmi _mimdinareoba, romelic ilaSqrebs yovelgvari omis winaaRmdeg.
reparacia _ fuladi an naturaluri gadasaxadi, romelsac omSi damarcxebuli qveyana miyenebuli zaralis asanazRaureblad uxdis gamarjvebuls.
winaaRmdegobebi, romliTac xasiaTdeboda saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad gaZlierda.
mTlianobaSi es periodi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi xasiaTdeboda sami tendenciis
SejaxebiT: pirveli, e.w. `revizionistuli~ qveynebi, gamodiodnen omis Semdgomi msoflios mowyobis Zireuli gadasinjvis moTxovniT, rac iuridiulad iyo gaformebuli
parizisa da vaSingtonis konferenciebze. `damcirebuli da Seuracxyofili~ germania,
romelmac omi waago, `damarcxebuli gamarjvebulTa Soris~, rogoradac Tavs italia
miiCnevda da iaponia 30-ian wlebSi moiTxovdnen ara nawilobriv daTmobebs wamyvani
qveynebis mxridan, aramed versal-vaSingtonis sistemis srul likvidacias. maTi sagareo politikuri Zalisxmevis saboloo Sedegi unda yofiliyo `axali saerTaSoriso
wesrigi~, msoflio batonobis damyareba (germania) da regionuli hegemonia (italia,
iaponia), sxva qveynebisa da xalxebis dapyroba-damorCileba. nacisturi germaniis, faSisturi italiisa da militaristuli iaponiis sagareopolitikuri miswrafebebi saSiSroebas qmnida ara marto maTi metoqe didi qveynebisaTvis, aramed mTeli msoflio
civilizaciisaTvisac.
saerTaSoriso politikis meore udidesi centri warmodgenili iyo dokumenturad
gauformebeli, magram faqtobrivad arsebuli koaliciiT, romelSic dasavleTis demokratiuli qveynebi Sediodnen (inglisi da safrangeTi). swored am koalicias unda
gaewia winaaRmdegoba `revizionisti~ qveynebisaTvis, radganac isini icavdnen versalva­Singtonis sistemas. magram axali msoflio omis SiSiT da wiTeli (komunisturi)
safrTxis pirobebSi isini atarebdnen agresorebisadmi daTmobis, e.w. `daSoSminebis~
politikas. mesame tendencia iyo `izolacionizmi~, romelsac aSS avlenda da, riTac,
mTlianobaSi, emxroboda arsebul msoflio wesrigs.
`daSoSminebis~ politikis mizani sxvasTan erTad iyo germanuli agresiis aRmosavleTiT, sabWoTa kavSirisken mimarTva. didi britaneTis premier-ministri nevil
Cemberleni nacistur germanias adarebda damwyvdeul xars, romlis mzerac unda miemarTaT iqiTken, sadac wiTeli alami frialebda.
msoflios pacifisturi sazogadoebis Zalisxmeva, raRac CarCoebSi SeezRudaT gamalebuli SeiaraReba, ejaxeboda aSkarad agresiul ganwyobas didi saxelmwifoebis
mmarTveli wreebis umravlesobis mxridan.
paralelurad mimdinareobda versalis da vaSingtonis pirobebis aqtiuri gadasinjva. 1930 wels iaponiam Tavis sasargeblod miaRwia cvlilebebs xuTi saxelmwifos
xelSekrulebaSi sabrZolo gemebis da wyalqveSa navebis proporciebTan dakavSirebiT
(SeniSvna: xuTi saxelmwifos xelSekruleba gaformda 1922 wlis 6 Tebervals vaSingtonis konferenciaze da adgenda msxvili samxedro xomaldebis tonaJis zRvrul normebs).
1932 wlis dekemberSi JenevaSi ganiaraRebis Sesaxeb konferenciis muSaobis meore
etapze did britaneTi, safrangeTi, aSS, germania da italia SeTanxmdnen usafrTxoebis
sistemis CarCoebSi germaniisTvis Tanaswori uflebis miniWebaze. 1935 wlidan gamalebulma SeiaraRebam miiRo arnaxuli masStabebi.
308
daZabulobis kerebis gaCena. 1931-1932 wlebSi arastabiluri situacia Seiqmna Soreul aRmosavleTSi. swored aq gaCnda axali globaluri konfliqtis pirveli kera,
roca iaponiam moaxdina manjuriis (Crdilo-aRmosavleT CineTi) okupacia. iaponiaCi­
neTis molaparakebebSi erTa ligis Suamavlobam marcxi ganicada, ris Sedegadac,
iaponiam datova erTa liga.
agresiis Semdgomi gafarToeba aRmosavleT aziaSi moxda 30-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi, roca iaponiis jarebma daiwyes mTeli CineTis aSkara dapyroba (1937).
`cxeli wertili~ gaxda damoukidebeli afrikuli qveyana eTiopiac. 1935 italiam
eTiopiasTan wamoiwyo omi, romlis Sedegic winaswar iyo gadawyvetili im upiratesobis fonze, romelic italias hqonda samxedro teqnikasa da SeiaraRebaSi eTiopiasTan
SedarebiT. italielebs gaaCndaT 500 TviTmfrinavi da 300 tanki, eTiopielebs Sesabamisad _ 7 da 5. italiis motomeqanizebul nawilebs ebrZoda eTiopiis kavaleria,
romlis mebrZolebic SeiaraRebulni iyvnen SubebiT, sanadiro TofebiTa da Zveli
modelis SaSxanebiT.
erTa ligis reaqcia italiis agresiaze iTvaliswinebda ekonomikuri sanqciebis
SemoRebas italiis winaaRmdeg, magram es sanqciebi saTanadod ar sruldeboda didi
britaneTis da safrangeTis damTmobi poziciis gamo. amdenad, eTiopia, marTalia mokle droiT, magram gaxda italiis kolonia. 1937 wlis dekemberSi italia gamovida
erTa ligidan.
msofliosTvis yvelaze did safrTxes warmoadgenda hitleris mTavrobis politika, romelmac kursi aiRo versalis sistemis sruli likvidaciisken. 1935 wlamde
berlini sityviT mxars uWerda sazRvrebis urRvevobis princips da gamodioda yvela evropul saxelmwifosTan Tavdausxmelobis paqtis dadebis winadadebiT. aseTi
politikiT hitleri `mesame raixis~ samxedro Zlierebis aRsadgenad drois mogebas
cdilobda.
reparaciebis sakiTxis sabolood dasamarebis, dasavleTidan kreditebis miRebis
da did britaneTTan samxedro-sazRvao xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg hitlerma 1935
wels daarRvia versalis xelSekruleba da germaniaSi gamoacxada sayovelTao samxedro savaldebulo samsaxuri. amrigad aSkarad aiRo kursi omis forsirebuli mzadebisken.
hitlerulma mTavrobam warmatebiT moagvara `SeiaraRebis Sevsebis~ sakiTxi da
daiwyo teritoriul-politikuri problemebis gadawyveta. maT Soris mTavari iyo
ori _ zaaris olqis kuTvnilebis sakiTxi da rainis zonis statusi. pirveli problema sruliad umtkivneulod gadawyda: 1935 w. ianvarSi mowyobil plebiscitze zaaris
olqis mcxovrebTa 90%-ma mxari dauWira `mesame raixSi~ Sesvlas. `rainis sakiTxi~
ufro rTuli gamodga. 1936 wels sami germanuli batalioni Sevida rainis demilitarizebul zonaSi. safrangeTis mxridan mtkice nabijebi ar gadadgmula. safrangeTis
generaluri Stabi gamovida germaniasTan samxedro Setakebis winaaRmdeg. samxedro
moqmedebebis nacvlad, safrangeTi diplomatiuri gziT Seecada problemis mogvarebas, magram uSedegod. mogvianebiT hitleri aRniSnavda _ safrangeTs rom germaniis
winaaRmdeg gamoeyvana 13 divizia, ganlagebuli safrangeT-germaniis sazRvarze, `Cven
mogviwevda samarcxvinod da lanZRva-ginebiT ukandaxeva, radgan Cven susti winaaRmdegobis gawevasac ver SevZlebdiT~.
1936 wlis ivlisSi msoflios yuradReba mimarTul iyo espaneTisaken, sadac daiwyo
samoqalaqo omi. germania da italia mxars uWerdnen meamboxeebs general frankos meTaurobiT. espaneTis omma ufro daaaxlova agresorebi. 1936 wlis 25 oqtombers maT
Soris gaformda kavSiri, e. w. `RerZis“ xelSekruleba, mogvianebiT ki Seiqmna bloki
berlini-romi-tokio, romelmac miznad daisaxa brZola msoflio komunizmis winaaRmdeg (`antikominternuli paqti~).
saerTaSoriso daZabulobis fonze, roca ver xerxdeboda agresiis winaaRmdeg koleqtiuri brZolis organizeba, zogierTi qveyana cdilobda ormxrivi xelSekrulebe309
biT daezRvia Tavi. safrangeTma mimarTa sabWoTa kavSirs, daedoT SeTanxmeba, romelic
SemdgomSi ufro farTo xelSekrulebis safuZveli gaxdeboda. 1935 wels moskovma da
parizma xeli moaweres ormxriv xelSekrulebas urTierTdaxmarebis Sesaxeb, ori kviris Semdeg maT SeuerTda Cexoslovakia. miuxedavad am warmatebisa koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis Seqmnis procesi faqtobrivad CixSi moeqca, ramdenadac wamyvani
saxelmwifoebi, urTierTundoblobis gamo, cdilobdnen iseTi politikis gatarebas,
romelic upasuxebda maT sakuTar erovnul interesebs da ar iTvaliswinebdnen saerTo safrTxes msoflioSi.
versal-vaSingtonis sistemis kraxi. hitlerma SeimuSava `aTaswlovani raixis~ Seqmnis gegma da misi ganxorcieleba avstriis SeerTebiT (`anSlusiT~) daiwyo. 1938
wlis 12 marts germaniis jarebi yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe Sevidnen venaSi.
avstriis respublika gaqra evropis rukidan da uSualod SeuerTda germanias. dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis da erTa ligis mxridan reaqcia avstriis anSlusze faqtobrivad ar yofila. inglisi da safrangeTi formaluri protestiT Semoifarglnen.
hitleris gegmis realizebis meore etapi gaxda mzadeba Cexoslovakiis okupaciisTvis. am saxelmwifos dasavleTi raionebi dasaxlebuli iyo eTnikuri germanelebiT.
Cexoslovakiis mokavSire safrangeTi didi britaneTis daxmarebis gareSe ver bedavda
aSkara konfliqts germaniasTan, cdilobda rac SeiZleba gaeWianurebina misi dawyeba.
Cexoslovakiis bedi wydeboda konferenciaze, romelic mimdinareobda miunxenSi
(1938 wlis seqtemberSi). kulisebSi molaparakebebis Semdeg didi britaneTis premiermi­nistrma n. Cemberlenma da safrangeTis premierma e. daladiem, hitlerTan da musolinTan erTad, Cexoslovakia aiZules nacistebisaTvis sasargeblo pirobebis miRebas.
germanelebiT dasaxlebuli sudetis olqi gadaecemoda germanias. sanacvlod fiureri konfliqturi situaciebis mxolod molaparakebebis gziT mogvarebis valdebulebas iRebda.
ukve 1939 wlis 15 marts hitlerma daarRvia miunxenis SeTanxmeba da moaxdina Cexoslovakiis okupacia, rac moulodneli aRmoCnda inglis-safrangeTisTvis.
hitlerulma germaniam Semdgomi nabijiT poloneTs mosTxova msxvili baltiispira porti gdanski (dancnigi) da daipyro litvis klaipedis olqi, italia imave wlis
aprilSi SeiWra albaneTSi. versal-vaSingtonis sistema Tvalsa da xels Soris daingra da nangrevebSi moyoliT emuqreboda dasavluri demokratiis `SorsmWvretel~
liderebs.
centralur evropaSi situaciis mkveTrma gamwvavebam aiZula safrangeTis da didi
britaneTis mmarTveli wreebi faqtobrivad uari eTqvaT `daSoSminebis~ politikaze
da 1939 wels daiwyes saidumlo molaparakebebi moskovTan urTierTdaxmarebis Sesaxeb. Tumca es mcdeloba faqtobrivad uSedegod dasrulda.
amave dros, inglis-safrangeT-sabWoTa kavSris Soris TavdacviTi kavSiris Sesaxeb
molaparakebebis paralelurad 1939 wlis zafxulSi Sedga germania-ssrk-s konsultaciebis ramdenime raundi. kompromisebis Sedegad 1939 wlis 23 agvistos moskovSi
orive qveynis sagareo saqmeTa ministrebma v. molotovma da i. ribentropma xeli moaweres xelSekrulebas Tavdausxmelobis Sesaxeb, aseve saidumlo protokols, romelSic Sedioda punqtebi ssrk-s da germanias Soris gavlenis sferoebis gayofis Sesaxeb.
berlini cnobda moskovis gansakuTrebul interesebs estoneTSi, latviaSi, fineTsa da
besarabiaSi (moldaveTis nawili). moskovi ki aRiarebda germaniis gavlenas litvaze
da poloneTis dasavleT nawilze.
hitleri male gadavida Tavisi samxedro gegmebis realizebaze da 1939 wlis 1 seqtembers SeiWra poloneTSi. es TariRi Sevida istoriaSi rogorc meore msoflio
omis dasawyisi. germania-ssrk-s saidumlo SeTanxmebiT (e.w. `ribentrop-molotovis
paqtiT~) ssrk-m miiRo gadawyvetileba, 17 seqtembers jarebi Seeyvana poloneTSi da
310
daekava misi aRmosavleTi teritoriebi. axali realobis iuridiuli gaformeba iyo
ssrk-germaniis axali xelSekruleba 1939 wlis 28 seqtembers, romelic amtkicebda
axal sazRvrebs da aformebda megobrul urTierTobebs or qveyanas Soris. poloneTis operaciis dros sabWoTa tyveobaSi Cavarda aTasobiT poloneli samxedro mosamsaxure da policiis TanamSromlebi. faqtobrivad Sepyrobil iqna mTeli oficerTa
koprusi. aTasobiT adamianis bedi tragikulad dasrulda. isini katinis tyeSi daxvrites sabWoTa specsamsaxurebma.
am movlenebis gagrZeleba iyo sabWoTa mxaris mier latviis, litvis da estoneTisadmi ultimatumis wayeneba, sabWoTa kavSirTan daedoT xelSekruleba urTierTdaxmarebis Sesaxeb. xelSekrulebebis samxedro nawili iTvaliswinebda am saxelmwifoebSi
sabWoTa samxedro bazebis Seqmnas. baltiispira saxelmwifoebisgan iZulebiTi Tanxmobis miRebis Semdeg ssrk Tavs daesxa fineTs. moskovi cdilobda gadaewia ssrk-fineTis
sazRvari leningradidan (dRevandeli sankt-peterburgi). stalini fineTs sTavazobda
teritoriis gacvlas: fineTs unda daeTmo Tavisi nawili da sanacvlod mieRo orjer
meti teritoria sabWoTa kareliaSi. msgavsi qceva aixsneba sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis
SiSiT, germania-fineTs Soris ssrk winaaRmdeg ar gaformebuliyo xelSekruleba da
omis SemTxvevaSi ar momxdariyo leningradis swrafi dapyroba. ssrk-fineTis warumatebeli molaparakebebis Sedegi iyo omi am qveynebs Soris.
1939 wlis 30 noembers sabWoTa jarebma daiwyes Seteva fineTze. qalaq teriokSi
Seiqmna marionetuli mTavroba fineli komunistis j. kuusinenis meTaurobiT, magram
gaTvla swraf gamarjvebaze da fineTis damokidebul saxelmwifod gadaqcevaze ar
gamarTlda. sabWoTa kavSir-fineTis omi gaWianurda. aman ssrk daayena did britaneTsa
da safrangeTTan konfliqtis winaSe. dasavleTis qveynebis samxedro xelmZRvaneloba
ssrk-s aRiqvamda germaniis `aramebrZol mokavSired~ da masTan omisTvis emzadeboda.
daiwyo mzadeba samxedro moqmedebebisTvis kavkasiaSi, iq unda gagzavniliyo saeqspedicio korpusi fineTis dasaxmareblad. aman aiZula ssrk 1940 wlis martSi zavi daedo.
didi danakargebis miuxedavad strategiuli mizani, romelic daisaxa sabWoTa mxarem,
miRweul iqna. fineTi iZulebuli gaxda wasuliyo sabWoTa SeTavazebaze. fineTTan
omis gamo ssrk gairicxa erTa ligidan.
davaleba
1. gansazRvreT dapirispirebuli blokebis samxedro-politikuri miznebi.
2. SeafaseT inglis-safrangeTis pozicia germaniis militarizaciis mimarT.
3. SeafaseT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis izolacionisturi pozicia.
4. imsjeleT, ramdenad samarTliani iyo germaniisa da italiis moTxovnebi, gadasinjuliyo versal-vaSingtonis xelSekrulebis pirobebi.
5. SeafaseT ribentrop-molotovis 1939 wlis xelSekruleba.
6. imsjeleT meore msoflio omis gamomwvev mizezebze. SeafaseT germaniisa da sabWoTa kavSiris moqmedeba omis sawyis etapze.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
italiis mier `erTa ligis~ datoveba _ 1937 w.
germaniis mier avstriis dapyroba _ 1938 w.
`miunxenis konferencia~ _ 1938 w.
germania-ssrk-s Soris Tavdausxmelobis xelSekrulebis dadeba _ 1939 w. 23 agvisto
ssrk-s Tavdasxma fineTze _ 1939 w.
ssrk-s garicxva `erTa ligidan~ _ 1939 w.
311
$2. meore msoflio omis pirveli etapi
ganmarteba
vermaxti _ faSisturi germaniis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi.
blickrigi _ germaniis agresiuli, dapyrobiTi omis warmoebis avantiuristuli Teoria, romlis mizani iyo mowinaaRmdegis damarcxeba umokles droSi.
maJinos xazi _ germaniis agresiis mogeriebis mizniT franguli TavdacviTi nagebobebis kompleqsi germaniis sazRvarze.
omi dasavleT evropaSi. 1939 w. 1 seqtembers, diliT adre germaniis jarebi omis
gamoucxadeblad SeiWrnen poloneTSi. 1939 w. 3 seqtembers inglisma da safrangeTma
omi gamoucxades germanias. ingliss mibaZes misma udidesma koloniam indoeTma da yvela dominionma: kanadam, samxreT afrikis kavSirma, avstraliam da axalma zelandiam.
daiwyo meore msoflio omi.
omis pirvel etapze (1939-1941) germaniam mimarTa mokavSireebisTvis uCveulo `blickrigs~ (elviseburi omi), sadac mTavari damrtymeli Zala satanko da meqanizebuli
SenaerTebi iyo. isini gamagrebuli sazRvrebis gverdis avliT soliseburad utevdnen
mowinaaRmdeges. aseTi strategiiT germaniam Tavis kontrolqveS moaqcia TiTqmis mTeli dasavleT evropa. sabWoTa kavSirma, romelic `megobrul neitralitets~ icavda
germaniis mimarT, isargebla omiT, aRmosavleT evropaSi Tavisi sazRvrebi 250-300
kilometriT gadaswia da ganamtkica sakuTari samxedro Zliereba.
poloneTze gamarjvebis Semdeg germaniam dasavleTis frontze daiwyo jarebis gadasrola. inglisma da safrangeTmac daiwyes germaniis sazRvrebTan samxedro Zalebis
Tavmoyra. frangi da ingliseli samxedro specialistebi mxars uWerdnen TavdacviT
strategias im imediT, rom, I msoflio omis msgavasad, kvlav ganmeordeboda poziciuri omi. germania-safrangeTis sazRvarze `maJinos xazis~ arsebobis pirobebSi unda gaTvaliswinebuliyo belgiasa da luqsemburgTan safrangeTis sazRvrebis dacvis sakiTxi. am or qveyanas, marTalia, neitraliteti hqonda gamocxadebuli, magram aSkara iyo,
rom hitleri maT neitralitets daarRvevda. saerTo jamSi, inglis-safrageTis jarebi araviTar sabrZolo operaciebs ar awarmoebdnen germanelebis winaaRmdeg. swored
amitom ewoda mokavSireebis aseT moqmedebas `ucnauri omi~.
marTalia, safrangeTis armias da safrangeTis teritoriaze myof britaneTis saeqspedicio korpuss mniSvnelovani upiratesoba gaaCndaT cocxal Zalasa da teqnikaSi,
magram isini arc ki cdilan wamoewyoT Setevebi germanelebis winaaRmdeg. mogvianebiT
germaniis umaRlesi mTavarsardlobis operatiuli xelmZRvanelobis Stabis ufrosi, generali iodli aRiarebda: `Cven Tu jer kidev 1939 wels ar vigemeT damarcxeba,
es mxolod imitom, rom daaxloebiT 110 franguli da inglisuri divizia, romlebic
Cveni poloneTTan omis dros upirispirdebodnen dasavleTSi germaniis 23 divizias,
absoluturad umoqmedoni iyvnen~.
mowinaaRmdegeTa umoqmedobiT waxalisebulma germaniis mTavarsardlobam gadawyvita daniis da norvegiis dapyroba, raTa saimedo bazebi hqonoda CrdiloeTSi
momavali sazRvao operaciebisTvis. miuxedavad am qveynebis neitralitetisa, 1940
wlis 9 aprils hitlerelTa jarebi SeiWrnen daniasa da norvegiaSi. daniis mTavrobam imave dRes gamoacxada kapitulacia, norvegiis mTavrobam ki armia mzadyofnaSi
moiyvana da ingliss mimarTa daxmarebisTvis. magram ZalTa upiratesoba germanelebis mxares iyo, romlebmac qveynis didi nawili igdes xelT da xelisufleba adgilobriv faSists vidkun qvislings gadasces. norvegiis mefem da mTavrobam ingliss
Seafara Tavi.
312
1940 wlis maisSi daiwyo Seteva safrangeTze. safrangeTs omi gamoucxada italiamac. safrangeTis mTavrobam parizi Ria qalaqad gamoacxada da 14 ivniss uomrad gadsca germanelebs. 1940 wlis 22 ivniss kompienis tyeSi xeli moewera safrangeT-germaniis dazavebas. safrangeTis CrdiloeT nawili okupirebul iqna germanelebis mier.
araokupirebul teritoriaze ki iqmneboda marSal petenis marionetuli mTavroba,
romelic mzad iyo eTanamSromla germaniis xelisuflebasTan (rezidencia ganTavsda
patara sakurorto qalaq viSiSi).
frangebi ar Serigebian damarcxebas. maT brZolis gagrZelebisken mouwodebda generali Sarl de goli, romelic gadavida inglisSi da iq Seqmna komiteti `Tavisufali safrangeTi~.
safrangeTis damarcxebam Secvala situacia evropaSi, romelic TiTqmis srulad
moeqca germaniis kontrolqveS. germanelebma minimaluri danakargebiT SeierTes teritoriebi 27 milioni mosaxleobiT, xelT igdes didi odenobiT SeiaraReba. 1940
wlis seqtemberSi xeli moewera samTa paqts _ SeTanxmebas samxedro kavSiris dadebis
Sesaxeb germanias, italias da iaponias Soris, male am kavSirs SeuerTda ungreTi, rumineTi, slovakeTi da bulgareTi.
erTaderTi mebrZoli saxelmwifo evropaSi iyo didi britaneTi. germaniam ingliss
iaraRis dayra SesTavaza. inglisma, romelsac saTaveSi uinston CerCili edga, dazavebaze uari ganacxada. sapasuxod, germanelebma TiTqmis mTeli aviacia gadaisroles CrdiloeT safrangeTSi da daiwyes inglisis umowyalo dabombva. dabombvaSi monawileobda germanelTa 2500 TviTmfrinavi. inglisma gauZlo am mkacr gamocdas. mas kapitulacia ar gamoucxadebia. es iyo pirveli gamarjveba hitleris winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.
jer kidev 1940 wlis zafxulSi germaniis mmarTvel wreebSi ganisazRvra Semdgomi
moqmedebebis strategiuli mimarTulebebi. generaluri Stabis ufrosma f. galderma
Tavis dRiurSi CainiSna `mzera mimarTulia aRmosavleTisken~. hitlerma erT-erT samxedro krebaze ganacxada: `ruseTi unda ganadgurdes~.
safrangeTis elviseburi ganadgureba moulodneli iyo ssrk-s xelmZRvanelobisTvis,
romelic pirveli msoflio omis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare Tvlida, rom omi miiRebda gaWianurebul xasiaTs. Secvlil situaciaSi sabWoTa kavSirma daCqarebuli tempiT
daiwyo kontrolis damyareba teritoriebze, romlebic mis interesTa sferoSi Sedioda. 1940 wlis 14 ivniss ssrk-m daadanaSaula baltiispira qveynebi urTierTdaxmarebis
Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis pirobebis darRvevaSi, romelic sabWoTa kavSirma maT 1939 wels
moaxvia Tavs da miaRwia maTgan Tanxmobas, jarebi ganeTavsebina am saxelmwifoTa teritoriebze. ssrk-m erT TveSi litvis, latviisa da estoneTis okupacia moaxdina da es
saxelmwifoebi sabWoTa respublikebad gamocxadda. safrangeTis kapitulaciis Semdeg
sabWoTa kavSirma didi Zalis koncentrireba moaxdina rumineTis sazRvarzec.
1940 wels sabWoTa diplomatia isev aRmoCnda rTuli arCevanis winaSe. 1940 wlis
noemberSi, ssrk-is sagareo saqmeTa ministris v. molotovis berlinSi vizitis dros,
mas SesTavazes sabWoTa kavSiri mierTeboda samTa paqts. es niSnavda, rom ssrk-s monawileoba unda mieRo inglisis winaaRmdeg omSi, riTac gza gaexsneboda mis eqspansias
iranisa da indoeTis mimarTulebiT. sabWoTa kavSirma uari Tqva am SeTavazebaze.
germaniis Tavdasxma ssrk-ze. Setakeba ssrk-s da germanias Soris gardauvali Canda,
ramdenadac hitlerisTvis dasavleT evropis damorCileba iyo Sesavali mTavari ideis
gansaxorcieleblad _ Seeqmna `sasicocxlo sivrce~ aRmosavleTSi. 1940 wlis ivlisSi vermaxtis sardlobam hitlerisgan miiRo davaleba SeemuSavebina sabWoTa kavSiris
sawinaaRmdego samxedro kampaniis gegma. dekemberSi gegma, romelsac mieca koduri saxelwodeba `barbarosa~, damtkicda. gegmis Tanaxmad, germaniis armiis sam jgufs `CrdiloeTi~, `centri~ da `samxreTi~ unda gaerRvia sabWoTa kavSiris fronti da xelT
egdoT sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani centrebi: baltiispireTi, leningradi, moskovi,
313
ukraina, donbasi. garRveva unda momxdariyo mZlavri satanko SenaerTebis da aviaciis
ZalebiT. `blickrigi~ zamTris dadgomamde gamarjvebiT unda dasrulebuliyo. 22 ivniss germania moulodnelad, omis gamoucxadeblad daesxa Tavs ssrk-s.
1941 wlis dasawyisSi, rogorc aSS-is da didi britaneTis, aseve sabWoTa dazverva
afrTxilebda stalins germaniis ssrk-ze Tavdasxmis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb. es gafrTxileba eWviT iqna miRebuli. faSisturi propagandis oficialuri versiiT, ssrk
centralur evropaSi SesaWrelad emzadeboda, germaniis moqmedeba ki TavdacviT xasiaTs atarebda. ssrk-m daiwyo omisTvis aqtiurad mzadeba. sabWoTa samxedro doqtrina amodioda iqidan, rom pasuxi nebismier dartymaze iqneboda gamanadgurebeli
kontrdartyma, romlis Sedegadac omi gadatanil iqneboda agresoris teritoriaze.
moulodneli Tavdasxmis Sedegad sabWoTa aviaciis mniSvnelovani nawili aerodromebzeve ganadgurda, dairRva momarageba. amasTan, armia dasustebuli iyo 193738 wlebis represiebiT, ra drosac man gamocdili sardlebis umravlesoba dakarga.
ssrk-is Zvel sazRvrebze gamagrebebi moSlili iyo, xolo axali sazRvrebi jerac ar
iyo safuZvlianad gamagrebuli.
davaleba
1. ramdenad mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa sabWoTa kavSiris neitralurma poziciam
germaniis samxedro agresiis warmatebaSi?
2. rogor fiqrobT, rom ara ribentrop-molotovis SeTanxmeba, SesaZlebeli iqneboda, saomari moqmedeba sxvagvarad warmarTuliyo? rogor?
3. imsjeleT, ramdenad mniSvnelovani iyo faSisturi germaniisaTvis safrangeTis
swrafi damarcxeba.
4. SeafaseT germaniisaTvis inglisTan gancdili marcxis mniSvneloba.
5. imsjeleT im faqtorebze, romlebmac ganapiroba omis dasawyisSi germanelebis
warmateba sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
germaniis Tavdasxma poloneTze da meore msoflio omis dawyeba _ 1939 w. 1 seqtemberi
inglisisa da safrangeTis mier germaniisTvis omis gamocxadeba _ 1939 w. 3 seqtemberi
germanelebis Sesvla parizSi _ 1940 w. 14 ivnisi
safrangeTis kapitulacia germaniis winaSe _ 1940 w. 22 ivnisi
litvis, latviisa da estoneTis mierTeba sabWoTa kavSiris mier _ 1940 w.
germaniis Tavdasxma ssrk-ze _ 1941 w. 22 ivnisi
$3. meore msoflio omis dasasruli
antihitleruli koalicis Seqmna. samTa paqtis qveynebis agresiuli politika gansxvavebuli interesebis mqone saxelmwifoebs Soris kavSiris ganmtkicebam gamoiwvia, rac sxva situaciaSi SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
germaniis ssrk-ze TavdasxmasTan dakavSirebiT didi britaneTis premier-ministrma
u. CerCilma da aSS-is prezidentma f. ruzveltma solidaroba gamoucxades ssrk-s.
aSS-is mmarTveli wreebi SeaSfoTa evropaSi mimdinare movlenebma. maTi azriT, germaniis gamarjvebas evropaSi axlo momavalSi amerikisTvisac SeeZlo safrTxis Seqm314
na. miuxedavad izolacionisturi ganwyobilebisa, 1941 martSi, aSS-is senatma miiRo
`lend-lizis~ kanoni. es gulisxmobda aSS-is mier faSisturi germaniis winaaRmdeg
meomari qveynebis daxmarebas SeiaraRebiT, nedleuliT, sursaTiT da sxva saWiro saqonliT, aseve maTTvis sesxis gamoyofas. `lend-lizis~ farglebSi amerikam gasca 50.1
miliardi dolaris Rirebulebis daxmareba. aqedan, 31.4 miliardi didma britaneTma,
11.3 miliardi sabWoTa kavSirma, 3.2 miliardi safrangeTma da 1.6 miliardi CineTma
miiRes.
1941 agvistoSi aSS-m da inglisma xeli moaweres deklaracias omis dros da omis
Semdeg TanamSromlobis principebze (`atlantikuri qartia~). es dokumenti avaldebulebda mxareebs, uari eTqvaT teritoriul an sxva saxis monapovarze, pativi ecaT
erebis uflebisTvis Tavisuflad aerCiaT mmarTvelobis forma. aRedginaT im xalxebis suverenuli uflebebi, romlebmac es dakarges Zaladobrivi gziT. mxareebi emxrobodnen yvela qveynis mier vaWrobisa da msoflio nedleulis wyaroebisadmi Tanabari
wvdomis principebs, xalxebisTvis maRali cxovrebis donis, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da socialuri uzrunvelyofis principebs. 1941 wlis seqtemberSi sabWoTa kavSirma miiRo `atlantikuri qartiis~ principebi, noembridan ki masze gavrcelda `lendli­ziT~ gaTvaliswinebuli daxmarebis programa.
aSS-is omSi CarTva da antihitleruli koaliciis saboloo formireba iaponiis
mier wynar okeaneSi omis dawyebam daaCqara.
1941 wlis 7 dekembers iaponuri sazRvao aviaciis 360 TviTmfrinavi Tavs daesxa
aSS-is samxedro-sazRvao bazas perl-harbors (havais kunZulebze). 2 saaTSi TiTqmis
srulad iqna ganadgurebuli amerikis wynari okeanis flotis samxedro gemebi da aviacia. daiRupa 2400 da daiWra 1100 adamiani. momdevno dRes aSS-is kongresma miiRo gadawyvetileba iaponiisTvis omis gamocxadebis Sesaxeb, sami dRis Semdeg germaniam da
italiam aSS-s omi gamoucxades.
1942 wlis 1 ianvars mokavSire saxelmwifoebma da im qveynebis mTavrobebma, romlebic ebrZodnen samTa paqts, xeli moaweres 26 saxelmwifos deklaracias. is moicavda
valdebulebas, gamoeyenebinaT yvela resursi mterze gasamarjveblad, ar daedoT separatuli zavi, gansazRvravda, rom omis Semdgomi mSvidobiani daregulireba unda
momxdariyo atlantikuri qartiis principebze.
gza gamarjvebisken. aSS-is omSi CarTvis Semdeg antihitleruli koaliciis saxelmwifoebma moipoves udavo upiratesoba materialuri da adamianuri resursis mxriv.
magram gardatexa omSi uceb ar momxdara. 1941 wlis dekemberSi germanulma jarebma
ganicades pirveli seriozuli marcxi, waages brZola moskovTan. da mainc, maTi SeteviTi garRvevis SeCereba jer kidev ver xerxdeboda. 1942 wlis gazafxulidan Semodgomamde germanuli jarebi gaiWrnen mdinare volgisken, gavidnen CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi.
afrikaSi germania-italiis armia jerac emuqreboda egviptes, iaponiam daipyro malai,
birma, filipinebi, indonezia. misi jarebi idga indoeTis misadgomebTan da avstraliasTan.
1942 weli gardamtexi aRmoCnda omis ZiriTad frontebze. ivnisSi iaponiis flotma
ganicada pirveli warumatebloba midueis kunZulTan. aman saSualeba misca aSS-s TanadaTanobiT gamoedevna iaponuri jarebi maT mier dapyrobili wynari okeanis kunZulebidan. 1942 wels noemberSi sabWoTa jarebi gadavidnen kontrSetevaze, stalingradTan
alyaSi moaqcies da gaanadgures volgaze gasuli germanuli jarebis umsxvilesi dajgufeba _ 22 divizia. 1943 wlis TebervalSi stalingradis brZola sabWoTa kavSiris
gamarjvebiT dasrulda. stalingradTan gancdili marcxi katastrofuli iyo samTa
paqtisTvis. germaniam sruli mobilizacia gamoacxada, raTa aRedgina armiis brZolisunarianoba. aRmosavleTis frontma STanTqa germaniis mTeli rezervi. amdenad,
mokavSireebma SeZles 1943 wlis maisSi srulad ganedevnaT italia-germaniis jarebi
afrikidan.
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1943 wels samTa paqtis qveynebma kvlav scades iniciativis aReba. sabWoTa kavSiris axali Setevis SiSiT germaniis sardlobam gadawyvita daeswro misTvis da Seteva
wamoewyo kurskis raionSi, sadac sabWoTa jarebis didi dajgufeba iyo ganlagebuli.
operaciis gegmis mixedviT, romlis koduri saxelic iyo `citadeli~, germanelTa
sardloba miznad isaxavda alyaSi moeqcia kurskis Sverilze myofi sabWoTa jarebis
dajgufeba.
kurskis Sverilze SetevisaTvis germanelebma Tavi mouyares 50 divizias, maT Soris
16 satankos anu sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebuli germaniis tankebis 70%-s da TviTmfrinavebis 65%-s.
sabWoTa dazvervam winaswar Seityo germanelTa Setevis dro da dartymis mTavari
mimarTulebebi. faSistTa Seteva, romelic 1943 wlis 5 ivliss daiwyo, CaifuSa. sastiki brZolebis Sedegad sabWoTa jarebma gaanadgures mowinaaRmdegis damrtymeli
dajgufebebi da wyobidan gamoiyvanes maTi teqnika. gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT gamoirCeoda meore msoflio omis istoriaSi udidesi satanko brZola sofel proxorovkasTan, romelSic orive mxridan 1200 tanki da TviTmavali qvemexi monawileobda.
kurskis gamarjvebis Semdeg sabWoTa jarebi kontrSetevaze gadavidnen.
1943 wlis seqtemberSi mokavSireebma italias Seuties. daemxo musolinis mmarTveloba. qveynis axalma mTavrobam, marSal badolios meTaurobiT, omi gamoucxada germanias. amis sapasuxod, germanelebma moaxerxes tyveobidan musolinis gaTavisufleba.
maTi daxmarebiT CrdiloeT italiaSi aRdga musulinis faSisturi reJimi.
1944 wels ssrk-m srulad gaaTavisufla Tavisi teritoria. misi jarebi Sevidnen
aRmosavleT evropaSi. omidan gamovida fineTi, bulgareTi, rumineTi. sabWoTa jarebma
miaRwies varSavis da budapeStis misadgomebs, brZolebi warmoebda aRmosavleT prusiaSi. ivnisSi mokavSireTa jarebis normandiaSi (CrdiloeT safrangeTSi) gadmosxmiT
gaixsna meore fronti evropaSi (operacia `overlordi~). maT gaaTavisufles safrangeTi da belgia. omi miuaxlovda germaniis sazRvrebs. germaniis mcdeloba, gadasuliyo kontrSetevaze, warumateblad dasrulda.
CerCilis piradi TxovniT, stalinma 1945 wlis 12 ianvars mTel aRmosavleT frontze wamoiwyo Seteva, ramac germania aiZula mTeli rezervi gadaesrola wiTeli armiis
winaaRmdeg. ZiriTadi Zalebis saboloo ganadgurebis, berlinis aRebisa da hitleris
TviTmkvlelobis Semdeg, 1945 wlis 7 maiss, generalma iodlma reimsSi, general eizenhaueris (aSS-is jaris mTavarsardali) StabSi, xeli moawera aqts germaniis usityvo
kapitulaciis Sesaxeb. stalinma aseTi calmxrivi kapitulacia arasakmarisad CaTvala. misi azriT, kapitulacia unda momxdariyo berlinSi antihitleruli koaliciis
wevri yvela saxelmwifos umaRlesi sardlobis winaSe. 8-9 maiss, RamiT, berlinis
SemogarenSi, karlshorstSi general feldmarSalma kaitelma aSS-is, ssrk-is, didi
britaneTis da safrangeTis umaRlesi sardlobis winaSe xeli moawera aqts, germaniis
usityvo kapitulaciis Sesaxeb.
germaniis kapitulaciis miuxedavad, meore msoflio omi jer kidev grZeldeboda.
1945 wlis agvistoSi ssrk-m, romelic asrulebda Tavis valdebulebas mokavSireebis
winaSe, omi gamoucxada iaponias da manjuriaSi daamarcxeba misi saxmeleTo Zalebi.
iaponiasTan omis dasruleba daaCqara aSS-is mier 6 da 9 agvistos iaponiis qalaqebSi: hirosimasa da nagasakSi atomuri bombis Camogdebam. am dabombvis Sedegad srulad
ganadgurda es qalaqebi, daiRupa aTiaTasobiT mSvidobiani moqalaqe. hirosima da nagasaki SemTxveviT ar yofila SerCeuli. aq mdebareobda mniSvnelovani samxedro obieqtebi. 1945 wlis gazafxulze aSS-Si Seqmnilma `samizneebis gansazRvris komitetma~
wamoayena aseTi piroba _ `afeTqeba unda iyos sakmarisad sanaxaobrivi, raTa iaraRis
mniSvnelobam miiRos saerTaSoriso aRiareba, roca masala moxvdeba presaSi~. iaponiis imperator xiroxitos moTxovniT, qveynis mTavrobam kapitulacia gamoacxada.
1945 wlis 2 seqtembers oficialurad dasrulda meore msoflio omi.
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didi sameulis Sexvedrebi meore msoflio omis dros. mokavSireebs Soris mniSvnelovani samxedro-politikuri sakiTxebi wydeboda ssrk-is, aSS-sa da didi britaneTis
liderebis, e.w. `didi sameulis~ Sexvedrebze. omis ganmavlobaSi moewyo sami aseTi
Sexvedra: TeiranSi, ialtaSi da potsdamSi.
saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg erToblivi moqmedebis aucilebloba `didi sameulis~
saxelmwifoTa Soris sadavo sakiTxebze kompromisuli gadawyvetilebis moZebnis saSualebas iZleoda. amis miuxedavad, mokavSireebi erTmaneTis mimarT srul ndobas ar
ganicdidnen da es did gavlenas axdenda maT TanamSromlobaze.
pirveli Sexvedra didi saxelmwifoebis liderebis, ioseb stalins, franklin delano ruzveltsa da uinston CerCils Soris Sedga TeiranSi 1943 wlis 28 noemberidan
1 dekembramde. Sexvedraze gadawyda, rom evropaSi meore fronti 1944 wlis maisSi
gaixsneboda.
rigiT meore konferenciaze ialtaSi (yirimSi), romelic 1945 wlis 4-11 Tebervals
mimdinareobda, gadawyda, rom germaniis saboloo damarcxebis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiri iaponiis winaaRmdeg omSi Caebmeboda. yirimis konferenciam daadgina, 1945 wlis 25
aprils san-franciskoSi moewviaT gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis damfuZnebeli
konferencia.
rigiT mesame Sexvedra potsdamSi (berlinis maxloblad) gaimarTa 1945 wlis 17
ivlisidan 2 agvistomde. masSi monawileobdnen ioseb stalini, aSS-is axali prezidenti hari trumeni da uinston CerCili, romelic maleve Secvala didi britaneTis
axalma premier-ministrma klement etlim. konferenciaze ganixiles omis Semdgomi
mowyobis sakiTxebi. reparaciebis saerTo raodenoba ganisazRvra 20 miliardi amerikuli dolariT, aqedan naxevari unda mieRo ssrk-s, germania daiyofoda 4 saokupacio
(sabWoTa, amerikul, britanul da frangul) zonad. zonebad dayofa berlinsac exeboda. gaTvaliswinebuli iyo saerTaSoriso samxedro tribunalis daweseba nacisti damnaSaveebis gasamarTlebis mizniT, dgindeboda saxelmwifoTa axali sazRvrebi da a.S.
davaleba
1. ra safrTxes uqmnida evropaSi germaniis samxedro warmatebebi amerikas?
2. SeafaseT lend-lizis kanoni.
3. imsjeleT aSS-is II msoflio omSi CarTvis mniSvnelobaze.
4. SeafaseT atlantikuri qartia da misi principebi.
5. SeafaseT hirosimasa da nagasakis dabombvis gadawyvetileba.
6. imsjeleT didi sameulis mier TeiranSi, ialtasa da potsdamSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis mniSvnelobaze.
7. SeafaseT faSizmis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli TiToeuli qveynis roli gamarjvebaSi.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
`atlantikuri qartiis~ SemuSaveba _ 1941 w.
iaponiis Tavdasxma `perl-harboris~ aSS-is sazRvao bazaze _ 1941 w.
moskovTan brZola _ 1941 w. dekemberi
stalingradis brZola _ 1942 w. noemberi _ 1943 w. Tebervali
kurskis brZola _ 1943 w. ivlisi
Teiranis konferencia _ 1943 w.
evropaSi meore frontis gaxsna _ 1944 w. maisi
ialtis konferencia _ 1945 w. Tebervali
potsdamis konferencia _ 1945 w. ivlis-agvisto
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$4. meore msoflio omis Sedegebi. niurnbergis procesi
ganmarteba
glosteri _ gmiri Seqspiris tragediidan, igive riCard III.
meore msoflio oms yvelaze mZime da sisxlismRvrelad miiCneven kacobriobis istoriaSi. omis dros daiRupa daaxloebiT 60 mln adamiani, aTobiT milioni daiWra da
dasaxiCrda. omma gaanadgura bevri qveyana, nangrevebad aqcia qalaqebi da soflebi.
germanelebis mier specialurad mowyobil sikvdilis banakebSi hitlerelebma mospes
11 mln adamiani, maT Soris 6 mln ebraeli.
meore msoflio omis Sedegad ZalTa Tanafardoba saerTaSoriso asparezze Seicvala. germania, italia da iaponia, romlebic omamde did saxelmwifoTa rigebs miekuTvnebodnen, okupirebuli iqnen gamarjvebuli qveynebis mier. maTi ekonomika omis Sedegad daingra da garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi konkurenciis gaweva yofili metoqeebisaTvis aRar SeeZlo.
safrangeTma droebiT dakarga `didi saxelmwifos~ mdgomareoba. didma britaneTma
warmatebiT daamTavra omi, magram misi poziciebic metad dasustebuli aRmoCnda. ekonomikurad da samxedro TvalsazrisiT igi bevrad CamorCeboda aSS-s da damokidebuli
iyo amerikul daxmarebaze.
aSS omidan mniSvnelovnad gaZlierebuli gamovida. amerikam, romlis teritoriazec ar warmoebula sabrZolo moqmedebebi, samxedro ngreva da didi adamianuri danakargebic aicila, bevrad gauswro danarCen qveynebs samxedro da ekonomikuri Zlierebis TvalsazrisiT. marto aSS-s gaaCnda atomuri iaraRi. misi floti da aviacia
uZlieresi iyo msoflioSi. aSS-is samrewvelo warmoebis moculoba sul ufro metad
izrdeboda, vidre yvela danarCen qveyanaSi erTad aRebuli. aSS gadaiqca gigantur
zemZlavr saxelmwifod, demokratiuli samyaros liderad.
meore zemZlavr saxelmwifod gadaiqca ssrk. germaniasTan omSi gamarjvebiT sabWoTa kavSiris gavlena da prestiJi arnaxulad gaizarda. omis dasasrulisaTvis
ssrk-is SeiaraRebuli Zalebi imyofebodnen centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis
qveynebSi, aRmosavleT germaniaSi, CrdiloeT koreaSi. ssrk-s usityvod uWerdnen
mxars komunistebi da msoflios sazogadoebis nawili, romlebic masSi xedavdnen ara
marto faSizmis damamarcxebels, aramed qveynas, romelic `ukeTesi momavlisaken~
miikvlevda gzas.
Tu aSS warmoadgenda kapitalisturi (da demokratiuli) samyaros liders, ssrk
piriqiT, saTaveSi edga sazogadoebriv Zalebs, romlebic kapitalizmis sawinaaRmdegod socializms uWerdnen mxars. amrigad, Seiqmna ori mTavari polusi, romlebsac
pirobiTad aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs uwodebdnen. maT Soris metoqeobam mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba omis Semdgomi msoflios mowyoba.
omis Semdgomi mowyobis gegmebi. omis Semdgomi procesebis mSvidobiani mogvarebis
gzebi antifaSisturi koaliciis qveynebma jer kidev omis wlebSi daisaxes. aSS-is,
ssrk-is da didi britaneTis xelmZRvanelTa TaTbirze TeiranSi, ialtasa da potsdamSi SeTanxmebul iqna sakiTxebi teritoriuli cvlilebebis, damarcxebuli faSisturi qveynebisadmi damokidebulebis da samxedro damnaSaveTa dasjis, saerTaSoriso
mSvidobis dacvisa da usafrTxoebisaTvis specialuri saerTaSoriso organizaciis
Seqmnis Sesaxeb. mokavSireebma gadawyvites, rom moexdinaT germaniis, italiisa da iaponiis okupacia militarizmisa da faSizmis amosaZirkvad. maT daadgines, rom mTavari
samxedro damnaSaveebi gadaecaT saerTaSoriso tribunalis sasamarTlosaTvis.
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gadawyda, rom germaniasa da poloneTs Soris sazRvari gavlebuliyo mdinareebis
oderisa da neises xazze. poloneTis aRmosavleTi sazRvari unda gadasuliyo dasavleT ukrainisa da dasavleT belorusiis sazRvarze kerzonis xazis gaswvriv. q. keningsbergi mimdebare teritoriebiT unda gadascemoda sabWoTa kavSirs (es qalaqi,
kaliningradis saxelwodebiT, dRes ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSia). 6 milionze meti germaneli da ungreli, romlebic im teritoriaze cxovrobdnen, romlebic
gadaeca poloneTs, Cexoslovakias da ssrk-s, gamosaxlebuli iqna maTi sacxovrebeli
adgilebidan. germaniasa da mis mokavSireebs unda gadaexadaT reparaciebi qveynebisaTvis, romlebic faSisturi agresiis msxverplni gaxdnen.
gadawyda, iaponias gaeTavisuflebina yvela teritoria, romelic `man Zalis daxmarebiT daipyro~ da misi suvereniteti Semofargluliyo mxolod oTxi umTavresi kunZuliT. korea xdeboda damoukidebeli. Crdilo-aRmosavleT CineTi (manjuria),
kunZuli taivani da CineTis sxva teritoriebi ubrundeboda CineTs. sabWoTa kavSiris
Rebulobda saxalinis samxreT nawils da kurilis kunZulebs.
koreaSi gaivlo gamyofi xazi. CrdiloeT korea (38-e paralels CrdiloeTiT) unda
gaeTavisuflebina sabWoTa jarebs, samxreT korea _ amerikelebs.
Tavdapirvelad gamyofi xazebi moiazreboda rogorc droebiTi samxedro RonisZieba, magram sul male igi gadaiqca faqtobriv sazRvrad sabWoTa da inglis-amerikis
gavlenis sferoebs Soris.
omis damTavrebisa da faSistur saxelmwifoTa mxridan safrTxis mospobis Semdeg
winaaRmdegobebma ingliss, amerikasa da ssrk-s Soris mkveTrad moimata.
ssrk-is stalinuri xelmZRvaneloba, romelic socializmis kapitalizmze gamarjvebis ideiT xelmZRvanelobda, kontrols amyarebda sabWoTa armiis mier okupirebul qveynebze da TandaTanobiT spobda kapitalistur wesrigs, riTac msoflio kapitalisturi sistemisaTvis dartymis miyenebas cdilobda.
Tavis mxriv aSS mmarTveli wreebi cdilobdnen, _ rogorc aSS-is prezidentma hari
trumenma ganacxada kongresisadmi mimarTvaSi 1945 wels, _ `SeenarCunebinaT yvela
eris xelmZRvanelis roli~. Tvlidnen, rom gamarjvebam amerikas daakisra `msoflios
xelmZRvanelobis pasuxismgeblobis didi tvirTi~, cdilobdnen SeeCerebinaT sabWoTa
eqspansia da centraluri da aRmosavleT evropa ar gadasuliyo ssrk-is kontrolqveS. ar surdaT komunizmis gavrceleba axal teritoriebze.
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis (gaeros) Seqmna. omis Semdgomi wlebis umniSvnelovanes saerTaSoriso movlenas warmoadgenda gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis
Seqmna, romlis umTavresi mizani iyo saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis dacva, xalxebsa da saxelmwifoebs Soris TanamSromlobis ganviTareba.
ssrk-is, aSS-is da didi britaneTs winaswari SeTanxmebis Sedegad, romelic miRweul iqna sami didi saxelmwifos meTaurTa ialtis konferenciaze, gaeros damfuZnebeli konferencia gaixsna 1945 w. aprilSi san-franciskoSi (aSS). masze moiwvies
antifaSisturi blokis qveynebi. konferenciam miiRo gaeros wesdeba, sadac dafiqsirebuli iyo saerTaSoriso samarTlis mniSvnelovani principebi: erTa Soris megobruli urTierTobebis ganviTareba Tanasworuflebianobisa da erTa TviTgamorkvevis
safuZvelze, saxelmwifoTa saSinao saqmeebSi Caurevloba, saerTaSoriso sadavo sakiTxebis gadawyveta mSvidobiani gziT, Zalis gamoyenebis muqarisagan Tavis Sekaveba da
sxva.
niurnbergis procesi. ssrk, aSS, inglisisa da safrangeTis omisdroindeli SeTanxmebebis safuZvelze dawesda saerTaSoriso samxedro tribunali mTavar samxedro
damnaSaveebze sasamarTlos mosawyobad. sasamarTlo procesi nacisti samxedro damnaSaveebis winaaRmdeg mimdinareobda niurnbergSi 1945 wlis 20 noembridan 1946 wlis
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1 oq­tombramde. sasamarTlos gadaeca cocxlad darCenili 24 nacisti samxedro damnaSave. gansasjelis skamze aRmoCnda nacisturi germaniis TiTqmis mTeli mmarTveli fena
_ wamyvani germaneli politikosebi, mrewvelebi, sardlebi, diplomatebi. maT bralad
wauyenes SeTqmuleba msoflios winaaRmdeg agresiuli omis momzadebis da ganxorcielebis gziT, samxedro da kacobriobis winaaRmdeg danaSaulebebSi monawileoba (xelmZRvaneloba), rac gamoixateboda politikuri, rasobrivi an religiuri motivebiT
mSvidobiani mosaxleobis ganadgurebaSi.
damnaSave organizaciebad cnes nacisturi partia (NSDAP), moieriSeTa razmebi
(SA), damcveli razmebi (SS), usafrTxoebis samsaxuri (SD), saxelmwifo saidumlo
policia (gestapo), faSisturi germaniis samTavrobo kabineti da generaluri Stabi.
sul Catarda 403 sasamarTlo mosmena, sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare iyo didi britaneTis warmomadgeneli j. lourensi. procesze warmodgenili iqna sxvadasxva mtkicebulebebi, maT Soris, pirvelad gamoCnda molotov-robentropis paqtis saidumlo
protokoli, romliTac germaniam da sabWoTa kavSirma gaiyves gavlenis sferoebi aRmosavleT evropaSi (warmodgenili ribentropis advokat a. zaidlis mier). ssrk da
dasavleTs Soris urTierTobebis gafuWebis gamo procesi daZabulad mimdinareobda,
es braldebulebs procesis CaSlis imeds aZlevda. amitomac isini Tamamad iqceodnen,
aWianurebdnen dros da a.S.
gamoZiebisTvis da braldebis mxardasaWerad Seiqmna mTavar bralmdebelTa komiteti: didi britaneTis mxridan h. Soukrosi, ssrk _ r. rudenko, aSS _ r. h. jeqsoni,
safrangeTidan _ f. de mentoni, Semdeg S. de ribi.
1946 wlis 16 oqtombris saRamos, 1946 wlis 30 seqtembers da 1 oqtombers gamocxadebeli ganaCeni sikvdiliT dasjis Sesaxeb moyvanil iqna sisruleSi (geringma
moaswro Tavis mowamvla). geringma, hesma, ribentropma, zaukelma, iodlma, keitelma,
zeis inkvartma, funkma, denicma, neiratma Sewyaleba iTxoves. Tu es Txovna ar dakmayofildeboda, geringi, iodli, keiteli iTxovdnen CamoxrCobis Secvlas daxvretiT. rederma samudamo patimrobis Secvla iTxova sasikvdilo ganaCeniT. arc erTi es Txovna
ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli.
mTavari iaponeli samxedro damnaSaveebi aseve gadaeca saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo
tribunals, romlis sxdomebic mimdinareobda iaponiis dedaqalaq tokioSi 1946-1948 ww.
brali wauyenes 28 damnaSaves. 7 braldebuls, maT Soris yofil premier-ministrebs toZiosa da hirotas gamoutanes sasikvdilo ganaCeni CamoxrCobiT, danarCenebs sxvadasxva
vadiT patimroba miesajaT.
davaleba
1. gansazRvreT da erTmaneTs SeadareT aSS-isa da ssrk-is politikuri Zlierebis ganmapirobebeli faqtorebi omis Semdgom periodSi.
2. SeafaseT aSS-isa da ssrk-is SesaZleblobebi, SeesrulebinaT msoflio lideris
roli.
3. SeajameT msoflio omis Sedegebi.
4. msoflioSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobebis pirobebSi, ramdenad mniSvnelovani iyo gaerTianebul erTa organizaciis Seqmna?
5. SeafaseT niurnbergis procesi, imsjeleT, ramdenad samarTliani iyo gansasjelebis mimarT wayenebuli braldebebi da ganaCeni.
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$5. qarTvelebi meore msoflio omSi
meore msoflio omSi saqarTvelodan gawveuli iqna daaxloebiT 700000 kaci, rac
respublikis mosaxleobis mexuTeds Seadgenda. maTgan TiTqmis naxevari omSi daiRupa an daiWra. mosaxleobaSi patriotuli suliskveTebis gasaZliereblad sabWoTa
xelmZRvanelobam aRadgina 1938 wels gauqmebuli erovnuli samxedro SenaerTebi.
1942 wlisTvis ukve arsebobda ramdenime qarTuli divizia, romlebic sxvadasxva
frontze mZime brZolebs awarmoebda germaniis jarebis winaaRmdeg. qarTveli mosaxleobis umravlesobisaTvis sabWoTa kavSirsa da germanias Soris omi samamulo omad
iqca.
saqarTvelos daevala sabWoTa armiis iaraRiT da sursaTiT momaragebac. aq mzaddeboda Wurvebi, sxvadasxva saxis cecxlsasroli iaraRi da samxedro TviTmfrinavebi. saqarTvelos teritoriis gavliT iRebda sabWoTa kavSiri iranidan Semosul amerikul daxmarebas. frontze wasul mamakacebs qarxnebsa da kolmeurneobebSi qalebi
da bavSvebi cvlidnen.
1941 wels Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis studentebisa da axalgazrdebis
erTma jgufma Seqmna saidumlo organizacia, _ `saqarTvelos erovnuli Tavdacvis
komiteti~. misi erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli iyo levan goTua, SemdgomSi cnobili mwerali. SeTqmulebi saqarTvloSi germanelebis Semosvlis SemTxvevaSi, maT sardlobasTan
molaparakebis gziT, qveynis damoukideblobis aRdgenas gegmavdnen. saidumlo organizaciis wevrebi (33 monawile), sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis
organizebis mcdelobis braldebiT, daapatimres. maTgan Cvidmets daxvreta miusajes,
danarCenebi ki sxvadasxva vadiT sakoncentracio banakebSi gadaasaxles.
didi raodenobiT qarTveli daiRupa 1942 wlis gazafxulze yirimis naxevarkunZulisaTvis brZolaSi. sabWoTa sardlobis mier dagegmili kontrSeteva Cavarda.
germanelebma qalaqi sevastopoli aiRes. aq mebrZoli 224-e qarTuli divizia TiTqmis mTlianad ganadgurda. 1942 welsve germanelebma wamoiwyes operacia `edelvaisi~, rac kavkasiis uReltexilebis xelSi Cagdebas, samxreT kavkasiaSi SeWrasa da
kaspiis zRvis navTobiT mdidari raionebis dakavebas iTvaliswinebda. maT daikaves
qluxoris da maruxis uReltexilebi da soxums 30 kilometrze miuaxlovdnen, dabombes qalaqebi soxumi, foTi, baTumi da sxva dasaxlebuli punqtebi. germanelTa
saqarTveloSi Semosvlis safrTxe imdenad realuri iyo, rom sabWoTa sardlobam
respublikis mTavrobis evakuaciisa da samxedro sawarmoebis ganadgurebis gegma
SeimuSava.
1943 wlis dasawyisSi sabWoTa armiam warmatebuli kontrSeteva ganaxorciela da
germanelTagan mTeli kavkasia gaaTavisufla. am brZolebSi gansakuTrebiT gamoiCina
Tavi 42-e armiam, romelsac generali konstantine leseliZe meTaurobda. regularul
jarTan erTad saqarTvelos CrdiloeT sazRvars qarTveli moxaliseebic icavdnen.
mniSvnelovan sadazvervo davalebebs asrulebdnen svanebi, romlebmac SesaniSnavad
icodnen mTis bilikebi da jariskacebs megzurobasac uwevdnen. es damsaxureba umaRlesi mTavarsardlis (stalinis) araerTi madlobiT aRiniSna.
qarTveli jariskacebi aseve TavgamodebiT ibrZodnen: moskovis, leningradis da
stalingradis dasakavad, ukrainis, belorusiis, aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis germanelTagan gasaTavisufleblad. 1945 wlis 1 maiss berlinSi, raixstagze gamarjvebis
droSa qarTvelma meliton qanTariam aRmarTa rus sergei egorovTan erTad.
omSi bevrma qarTvelma meomarma gamoiCina Tavi. SoTa gamcemliZe belorusiaSi
xelyumbarebis koniT germanelTa mewinave tanks Seuvarda, romlis afeTqebiTac Seferxda mtris Semoteva. kievisTvis brZolebSi 42 qarTvel meomars mieniWa gmiris
wodeba.
321
qarTveli meomrebi monawileobdnen poloneli, italieli, frangi da sxva xalxebis
ganmanTavisuflebel brZolebSic. fore mosuliSvili italiel mebrZolebTan erTad
germanelebis alyaSi moeqca. sicocxlis SesanarCuneblad germanelebma maT meTauris gacema mosTxoves. forem yvelas daaswro, razmis meTauroba „daibrala“ da tyvia
daixala. ase gadaarCina man TanamebrZolebi. italiis mTavrobam fore mosuliSvili
saxalxo gmirad aRiara.
germanelebis mier dapyrobil poloneTSi moRvaweobda beri grigol feraZe. man
germanelTagan devnili bevri ebraeli Seifara da sikvdils gadaarCina. amis gamo igi
daapatimres da osvencimis „sikvdilis banakSi“ gadaiyvanes. gadmocemis mixedviT, grigol feraZe ar moSorda sasikvdilod ganwirul ebrael bavSvebs da maTTan erTad
daiRupa gazis kameraSi. igi wmindanad aris Seracxuli.
safrangeTis winaaRmdegobis moZraobaSi Tavis gamoiCina oficerma dimitri amilaxvarma. parizSi mis saflavs aseTi warwera amSvenebs: „dimitri amilaxvari iyo Rirseuli Svili Tavisi samSoblo saqarTvelosi da erTguli safrangeTisa“.
qarTul politikur emigracias araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba hqonda germaniasab­WoTa kavSiris omis mimarT. social-demokratebi (noe Jordania, irakli wereTeli,
akaki Cxenkeli da sxv.) faSisturi germaniis gaZlierebas saxifaTod Tvlidnen da mis
winaaRmdeg mebrZol dasavlel mokavSireebs (aSS, inglisi da safrangeTi) uWerdnen
mxars. sapirispiro poziciaze idgnen erovnul-demokratebi da maTi Tanamoazreebi
(spiridon kedia, revaz gabaSvili, zurab avaliSvili, sabWoTa kavSiridan emigrirebuli mwereli grigol robaqiZe da sxv.). maT faSizmi droebiT, uperspeqtivo movlenad
miaCndaT, xolo omSi germaniis gamarjvebas saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena
unda mohyoloda.
1941 wlidan qarTveli emigrantebisa da samxedro tyveebisgan germanelebma ramdenime qarTuli batalioni Camoayalibes: Tamar I, Tamar II, `ostlegioni~ (poloneTSi,
general Salva maRlakeliZis xelmZRvanelobiT) da sxva. kavkasiaSi brZolebisaTvis
Seiqmna specialuri samxedro formireba `bergmani~ (`mTieli~), romelsac SeuerTes
batalioni Tamar II.
1945 wels germaniis sardlobam erT-erTi qarTuli batalioni holandiis kunZul
teqselze gadasxa. maT inglisis desantisagan kunZulis dacva evalebodaT. germaniis
kapitulaciamde ramdenime dRiT adre qarTveli jariskacebi ajanydnen. maTi imedi,
rom daxmarebas ingliselebisgan miiRebdnen, ar gamarTlda. germanelTa sadamsjelo
eqspedicia ajanyebul qarTvelebs da kunZulze mcxovrebT sastikad gausworda.
omis dasrulebis Semdeg legionerTa nawili, sabWoTa mTavrobis mowodebiT, samSobloSi darunda. xalisuflebam daiviwya Tavisi dapireba da isini, germanelTa tyveobaSi namyof qarTvel (sabWoTa) jariskacebTan erTad, cimbirSi gadaasaxla.
davaleba
1. imsjeleT, ramdenad iyo meore msoflio omi qarTvelTaTvis samamulo.
2. SeafaseT qarTvelTa wvlili faSizmis winaaRmdeg omSi.
3. SeafaseT germaniisadmi qarTveli emigrantebis damokidebuleba.
322
testi #16
testis maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 33 qula
I. Secdomebis gasworeba:
instruqcia: winamdebare teqstSi daSvebulia 10 Secdoma. Sesabamis svetebSi CamowereT Secdomebi da maTi Sesatyvisi swori pasuxebi. yoveli aRmoCenili Secdoma
fasdeba 0.5 quliT, xolo misi Sesatyvisi swori varianti – 0.5 quliT. jamSi, teqstis
SesworebisaTvis gankuTvnilia 10 qula.
1939 w. 5 seqtembers germaniis jarebi omis gamoucxadeblad SeiWrnen poloneTSi.
inglisma da espaneTma omi gamoucxades germanias. daiwyo meore msoflio omi.
amis miuxedavad, inglis-safrageTis jarebi araviTar sabrZolo operaciebs ar
awarmoebdnen germanelebis winaaRmdeg. swored amitom ewoda mokavSireebis aseT moqmedebas `elviseburi omi~.
1942 wlis maisSi daiwyo germaniis Seteva safrangeTze. safrangeTis mTavrobam parizi Ria qalaqad gamoacxada da uomrad gadasca germanelebs. katinis tyeSi xeli
moewera safrangeT-germaniis dazavebas. safrangeTis samxreT nawili okupirebul iqna
germanelebis mier. araokupirebul teritoriaze ki iqmneboda marSal de golis marionetuli mTavroba, romelic mzad iyo eTanamSromla germaniis xelisuflebasTan.
1943 wels germania Tavs daesxa sabWoTa kavSirs. sabWoTa kavSiris, inglisisa da aSS-is meTaurebma 1943 wels postdamis konferenciaze miaRwies SeTanxmebas faSisturi
qveynebis winaaRmdeg erToblivi moqmedebis Sesaxeb. aqve gadawyda meore frontis
gaxsnis sakiTxic. saboloo jamSi, antifaSisturma koaliciam daamarcxa germania da
misi mokavSireebi. meore msoflio omi 1945 wlis seqtemberSi, italiis kapitulaciiT
dasrulda.
#
Secdomaa
sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
323
II. upasuxeT kiTxvebs
instruqcia: mocemulia 17 kiTxva oTxi savaraudo pasuxiT. swori pasuxi fasdeba
1 quliT. jamSi, maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 17 qula.
1. rodis Seiqmna sabWoTa kavSiri da romeli respublikebi Sedioda Tavdapirvelad
masSi?
a) 1921 wels. Tavdapirvelad masSi Sedioda: ruseTi, ukraina, saqarTvelo da yazaxeTi;
b) 1922 wels. Tavdapirvelad masSi Sedioda: ruseTi, ukraina, belorusia da amierkavkasiis federaciuli respublika;
g) 1923 wels. Tavdapirvelad masSi Sedioda: ruseTi, ukraina, saqarTvelo da somxeTi;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
2. gaecaniT Tvalsazriss sabWoTa kavSiris soflis meurneobis koleqtivizaciis
Sedegebis Sesaxeb: `... soflis koleqtivizaciiT sabWoTa xelisuflebam miiRo qalaqis mosaxleobisa da armiis soflis meurneobis produqciiT stabiluri momaragebis
garantia, aseve samrewvelo sawarmoebis nedleuliT uzrunvelyofa... yovelive amis
Semdeg sabWoTa xelisuflebas SeeZlo ezruna mZime mrewvelobis ganviTarebaze. mZime
mrewvelobis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli ucxouri valuta puris eqsportiT Semodioda qveyanaSi...~ (v. guruli, m. vaCnaZe).
am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT:
a) koleqtivizaciis ZiriTadi mizani iyo nedleuliT da finansurad uzrunveleyo
sabWoTa kavSirSi dawyebuli industrializaciis procesi;
b) koleqtivizaciis ZiriTadi mizani iyo meore msoflio omis Sedegad dangreuli
mrewvelobis aRsadgenad saWiro finansuri da adamianuri resursebis mobilizeba da,
agreTve, sasursaTo krizisis daZleva;
g) koleqtivizaciis mizani iyo glexuri meurneobebis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba da
nameti produqtis realizaciiT miRebuli SemosavliT qveynis samrewvelo potencialis amaRleba;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
3. XX saukunis 30-iani wlebis represiebs Seewirnen:
a) konstantine gamsaxurdia, giorgi leoniZe, galaktion tabiZe;
b) kolau nadiraZe, Salva dadiani, geronti qiqoZe;
g) galaktion tabiZe, leo qiaCeli, SoTa niSnianiZe;
d) tician tabiZe, mixeil javaxiSvili, evgeni miqelaZe.
4. romeli winadadebaa swori?
a) faSisturi germaniis samxedro daxmarebiT italiaSi general francisko frankos
diqtatura damyarda;
b) 1922 wels, benito musolinis xelmZRvanelobiT, espaneTSi faSisturi diqtatura damyarda;
g) 1930-1941 wlebSi germaniaSi hitleris xelmZRvanelobiT faSisturi reJimi iyo
gabatonebuli;
d) arc erTi winadadeba ar aris swori.
5. romeli movlenaa cnobili „ludis putCis“ saxeliT?
a) 1923 wels miunxenSi faSistebis gamosvla Zalauflebis xelSi Casagadebad;
b) 1933 wels hitleris daniSvna germaniis kanclerad;
324
g) 1939 wlis „miunxenis SeTanxmeba“, sadac germaniis sasargeblod gadawyda Cexoslovakiis danawevrebis sakiTxi;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
6. vin iyo „nacional-socialisturi muSaTa partiis“ lideri?
a) generali franko;
g) hitleri;
b) germaniis prezidenti hinderburgi;
d) marSali peteni.
7. ras ewodeba pacifizmi?
a) masStabur saomar moqmedebebs;
b) mimdinareobas, romelic ilaSqrebs yovelgvari omis winaaRmdeg;
g) samSvidobo molaparakebebs, romlis mizania saerTaSoriso molaparakebebis
gziT moagvaron eTnikuri konfliqtebi;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
8. romeli qveynebi awarmoebdnen daSoSminebis politikas?
a) germania da ssrk;
g) inglisi da safrangeTi;
b) inglisi da ssrk;
d) safrangeTi da italia.
9. ras aRniSnavs termini „avstriis anSlusi“?
a) avstriis gamocxadebas neitralur saxelmwifod;
b) avstriis gaerTianebas faSistur saxelmwifoTa blokSi;
g) avstriaze germaniisa da italiis proteqtoratis damyarebas;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
10. romeli saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli „miunxenis garigeba“?
a) avstriis;
b) poloneTis;
g) fineTis;
d) Cexoslovakiis.
11. ra faqtis gamo garicxes 1939 wels erTa ligidan ssrk?
a) katinis tragediis gamo;
g) germaniis mokavSireobis gamo;
b) fineTTan omis gamo;
d) poloneTTan omis gamo.
12. rodis daiwyo meore msoflio omi?
a) 1939 wlis 30 noembers, rodesac sabWoTa kavSiri Tavs daesxa fineTs;
b) 1940 wlis 10 maiss, rodesac germaniam Seteva daiwyo belgiis, daniisa da luqsemburgis mimarTulebiT;
g) 1941 wlis 22 ivniss, rodesac faSisturi germania Tavs daesxa sabWoTa kavSirs;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
13. romeli mmarTvelebi Sediodnen „did sameulSi“?
a) stalini, CerCili, ruzvelti;
g) stalini, molotovi, CerCili;
b) stalini, musolini, ruzvelti;
d) CerCili, ruzvelti, musolini.
14. meore msoflio omis romel etaps ewodeba „ucnauri omi“ ?
a) dasasrul (bolo) etaps;
g) omSi gardatexis periods;
b) dasawyis etaps;
d) ssrk-germaniis omis periods.
15. vis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli germanelTa samxedro operacia „barbarosa“?
a) inglisis;
b) safrangeTis;
g) balkaneTis qveynebis;
d) sabWoTa kavSiris.
325
16. vin iyo fore mosuliSvli?
a) qarTveli generali. ibrZoda sabWoTa kavSiris armiaSi, Tavi gamoiCina stalingradis brZolaSi;
b) kompozitori, romelic bolSevikuri reJimis damyarebis Semdeg germaniaSi gadasaxlda da nacisturi partiis aqtiuri wevri gaxda;
g) italiis „saxalxo gmiri“. is monawileobda italieli xalxis brZolaSi faSisturi reJimis winaaRmdeg, ra drosac gmirulad daiRupa;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
17. romeli qveynis usityvo kapitulaciiT dasrulda II msoflio omi 1945 wels?
a) germaniis;
b) iaponiis;
g) italiis;
d) ssrk-is.
III. wyaros analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 5 qula)
rusi mwerlebis mimarTva msoflios mwerlebisadmi, 1927 weli.
`... Tqven mogmarTavT msoflios mwerlebo!... rusuli mxatvruli literaturis
udidesi mimarTuleba _ idealizmi _ axla saxelmwifo danaSaulad iTvleba. am mimarTulebis Cveni klasikosebis literaturuli nimuSebi yvela biblioTekidan amoRebulia. maTi bedi gaiziara agreTve im istorikosTa da filosofosTa naSromebma, vinc materialistur Sexedulebebs uaryofs... biblioTekebidan da wignis maRaziebidan iReben
mTels revoluciamdel sabavSvo literaturas, xalxuri eposis yvela nawarmoebs...
es aris borkildadebuli Tavisufali sityvis cixis pirveli kedeli. amis iqiT
meore kedelia. yoveli xelnaweri stambaSi gadacemamde winaswar unda waredginos
cenzors. dabeWdvis Semdeg ki is kvlav cenzorTan midis xelmeored wasakiTxad da
gasasworeblad... cenzoris Semowmebas emorCileba yoveli nawarmoebi, TviT qimiis,
astronomiis, maTematikis dargSic ki... aris cixis mesame kedelic _ mavTulxlarTis
mesame xazi da miwayrili... Cveni erTaderTi iaraRi _ kalami _ xelidan gagvagdebines. literatura, romliTac Cven vsuldgmulobT, wagvarTves, TviT Cven ki cixeSi
varT gamomwyvdeulni... Cven ukve viRupebiT...~.
kiTxvebi:
1. mxatvruli literaturis romeli mimdinareoba ikrZaleboda sabWoTa kavSirSi?
___________________________________________
_______________________________________ (1 qula)
2. ra saSualebebs iyenebda sabWoTa xelisufleba misTvis miuRebeli mxatvruli da
samecniero literaturis winaaRmdeg?
___________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
3. ra procedura arsebobda wignis (nawarmoebis) gamosacemad?
___________________________________________
_______________________________________ (1 qula)
4. ra eloda urC avtorebs?
___________________________________________
_______________________________________ (1 qula)
326
XVIII Tavi. civi omi
(orad gaxleCili msoflio)
$1. msoflios gayofa or banakad
ganmarteba
eqspansionizmi _ gavlenis sferos gafarToeba, axali teritoriebis dapyrobisken
miswrafeba.
civi omi _ am terminiT aRiniSneba mwvave politikuri da ideologiuri dapirispireba
erTi mxriv, aSS-sa da dasavleTis sxva saxelmwifoebs, xolo meore mxriv, sabWoTa
kavSirs da mis mokavSireebs Soris.
civi omis dawyeba. sabWoTa kavSirsa da dasavleTs Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobebis gamo atlantikur qartiasa da gaeros wesdebaSi Cadebuli principebi liton sityvebad rCeboda. erebis TviTgamorkvevis ufleba, maTi politikuri arCevanis
Tavisuf­leba, Zalismieri politikis uaryofa da a.S. sxvadasxvagvarad ganimarteboda
aSS-sa da ssrk-is mier. sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba, rogorc wesi, dasavleTis qveynebis mier ga­eros wesdebis principebis moxmobas Sirmad Tvlida sakuTari `muxanaTuri zraxvebis~ gansaxorcieleblad. stalini, sityviT cnobda erTa TviTgamorkvevis
uflebas, magram erTaderT kanonzomierebad maT mier arCevanis komunizmis sasargeblod gakeTebas miiCnevda.
Tavis mxriv dasavleTis qveynebis liderebi Tvlidnen, rom aRmosavleT da centralur evropaSi komunistebis warmatebebi ar iyo erebis Tavisufali nebis gamovlenis
Sedegi, aramed pirdapir ukavSirdeboda aq sabWoTa jarebis yofnas _ sabWoTa kavSiri
sargeblobda gamarjvebuli saxelmwifos mdgomareobiT da samxedro ZaliT avrcelebda sakuTar gavlenas.
1945 wlis Semodgomaze dasavleTis qveynebis liderebi Seecadnen SeecvalaT bulgareTisa da rumineTis mTavrobebis Semadgenloba. maTi ZiriTadi argumenti iyo is,
rom am qveynebis mmarTvelobebi ar asaxavda sazogadoebis politikur ganwyobas. realurad ki dasavleTi balkaneli xalxebis antisabWoTa-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas
uWerda mxars. sabWoTa xelmZRvanelebam es moTxovnebi aRmosavleT evropis xalxebis
politikuri arCevanis Tavisuflebaze Tavdasxmad miiCnia.
seriozuli konfliqti gaCnda iranSi sabWoTa gavlenis gamo. sabWoTa kavSiri aWianurebda jarebis gamoyvanas CrdiloeT iranidan. male sabWoTa jarebis mier dakavebul
teritoriaze, iranis azerbaijansa da qurTistanSi Seiqmna xelisuflebis organoebi,
romlebmac avtonomia gamoacxades da daiwyes miwis reformis gatareba. dasavleTis
qveynebma daayenes sakiTxi iranis teritoriuli mTlianobis safrTxis Sesaxeb. aSS-is
mxridan pirvelad gaJRerda muqara birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebaze.
1946 wels gazafxulze ssrk-m daiwyo jarebis gamoyvana iranidan, maTi gasvlis Sem­
deg iranma moaxdina xsenebuli avtonomiebis likvidacia da gaauqma xelSekruleba,
romliTac sabWoTa kavSirs 50 wliani ijariT gadascemda navTobis sabadoebs.
aSS-is oficialur politikas sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT `Sekavebis doqtrina~ daedo safuZvlad. misi avtori iyo amerikeli diplomati jorj kenani. kenanis azriT,
ssrk-is aSkara teritoriuli eqspansia dasavleTs da kerZod aSS-s unda Seekavebina
Zalismieri politikiT.
aSS-is mTavrobam `komunizmis SesaCereblad~ mimarTa `atomur diplomatias~, e.i.
atomuri iaraRis gamoyenebis muqaras. magram aSS-is monopolias birTvul iaraRze
327
male moeRo bolo. sabWoTa kavSirma daaCqara samuSaoebi birTvuli iaraRis Sesaqmnelad, romelsac xelmZRvanelobdnen l. beria da v. kurCatovi. 1949 w. 29 agvistos
sabWoTa kavSirma gamoscada Tavisi pirveli atomuri bombi.
1952 w. noemberSi aSS-m moawyo pirveli miwiszeda gamocda ufro mZlavri iaraRis
_ TermobirTvuli bombisa wynar okeaneSi, bikinis kunZulze. sabWoTa kavSirma Tavisi
TermobirTvuli iaraRi gamoscada 1953 w. 12 agvistos.
`civi omis~ pirvel propagandistul aqts warmoadgenda didi britaneTis yofili
premier-ministris u. CerCilis sityva, romelic man 1946 w. 5 marts aSS-is prezidentis h. trumenis TanadaswrebiT warmoTqva amerikis qalaq fultonSi. CerCili am
gamosvlaSi xazgasmiT miuTiTebda msoflios winaSe mdgar axal safrTxeze, romelic
sabWoTa kavSiris mxridan emuqreboda demokratiul samyaros.
mdgomareoba kidev ufro garTulda 1946 wlis Semodgomaze. sabWoTa kavSirma TurqeTs ultimatumis saxiT moTxovnebi warudgina Savi zRvis sruteebis erToblivi dacvis Sesaxeb, rac iTvaliswinebda sabWoTa jarebis ganTavsebas sruteebis raionSi.
1946 wlis bolos saberZneTSi, sadac inglisis jarebis daxmarebiT aRdgenil iqna
konstituciuri monarqia, berZenma komunistebma daiwyes SeiaraRebuli brZola xelisuflebisTvis. aseT pirobebSi dasavleTis qveynebis liderebs gauZlierdaT SiSi, rom
ssrk SeZlebda gavlenis sferos gaafarToebas da masSi axal-axal qveynebs CarTavda.
saberZneTma da TurqeTma daxmarebisTvis mimarTes dasavleTis qveynebs da aSS-s.
aSS-s prezidentma hari trumenma kongresisadmi gagzavnil werilSi 400 mln dolaris gamoyofa iTxova TurqeTisa da saberZneTisaTvis samxedro-ekonomikuri daxmarebis gasawevad (specialistebiTa da amerikuli iaraRiT momarageba, aSS-is samxedro
bazebis Seqmna). aSS-is prezidentis mxardaWera am SemTxvevaSi mxolod saberZneTsa
da TurqeTs ar exeboda, aramed komunizmis winaaRmdeg mebrZol yvela xalxs. amrigad
Camoyalibda aSS-is politikuri amocanebi, romelsac ewoda `trumenis doqtrina~.
marSalis gegma da evropis gayofa. Sekavebis politikis kidev erTi saSualeba dasavleT evropis dangreuli ekonomikis aRdgena iyo. 1947 wlis ivnisSi aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivanma a. marSalma wamoayena evropis ekonomikuri aRdgenis programa. daxmarebis
mimReb qveynebs unda warmoedginaT monacemebi TavianTi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis,
moTxovnebis da miwodebuli daxmarebis gamoyenebis gegmis Sesaxeb, ris safuZvelzec
aSS gansazRvravda daxmarebis odenobas.
`marSalis gegma“ erTi mxriv, unda daxmareboda evropas omis damangreveli Sedegebis daZlevaSi, meore mxriv, ki is saSualeba miscemda aSS-s Tavidan moeSorebina Warbi
kapitali, Seeqmna msyidvelobiTunariani bazrebi produqciis gasasaReblad.
marSalis gegma SesTavazes ssrk-s da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebsac, magram ssrk-m
uaryo igi, rogorc aRmosavleT evropaSi dasavleTis gavlenis mopovebis morigi safrTxe, rogorc amerikuli kapitaliT evropis dakabalebis mcdeloba da a.S. rogorc
dasavleT evropis qveynebis Semdgomma ganviTarebam aCvena, es Sefaseba Sors iyo realobisgan, maT SeZles aSS-is daxmarebis gamoyeneba ara mxolod normaluri ekonomikuri
cxovrebis aRsadgenad, aramed TviT aSS-sac gauwies konkurencia msoflio bazarze.
SemuSavda kompleqsuri ekonomikuri proeqti, rac gulisxmobda 1948-1952 ww. programis monawile qveynebisTvis 16 miliardi amerikuli dolaris Rirebulebis nedleuliT, produqciiT da kapitaliT daxmarebas.
ssrk-is gavleniT aRmosavleT evropis qveynebma da misma yvela mokavSire-megobarma
uari Tqves daxmarebaze da wamoayenes lozungi daecvaT TavianTi qveynis ekonomikuri
damoukidebloba. protestis niSnad komunistebi gamovidnen italiis da safrangeTis
mTavrobebidan. aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi ki gaCenili politikuri krizisebi dasrulda komunisturi reJimebis damyarebiT, romlebmac daiwyes `axali sazogadoebis
mSenebloba~ da gansxvavebuli azris winaaRmdeg masobrivi represiebi. marSalis geg328
mam saboloo xazi gaavlo `civi omis~ frontze, dasrulda evropis gaxleCa saxelmwifoebis or jgufad. erTi mxriv, romlebmac gaakeTes arCevani marSalis gegmis miRebis
da aSS-Tan daaxloebis sasargeblod, meore mxriv, romlebmac airCies socialisturi
ganviTarebis gza da ssrk-sTan TanamSromloba.
davaleba
1. imsjeleT `civi omis~ dawyebis mizezebze.
2. ra gziT cdilobdnen sakuTari gavlenis damyarebas aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi
ssrk da dasavleTis saxelmwifoebi?
3. SeafaseT `trumenis doqtrina~.
4. SeafaseT marSalis gegma, imsjeleT, ra mniSvneloba hqonda mis ganxorcielebas
aSS-sa da evropisaTvis.
5. imsjeleT, ra roli unda eTamaSa `marSalis gegmas~ komunisturi reJimis SekavebaSi.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
ssrk-is mier birTvuli iaraRis gamocda _ 1949 w.
marSalis gegmis ganxorcieleba _ 1948-1952 ww.
$2. nato da varSavis paqti
sabWoTa kavSirsa da dasavleTis qveynebs Soris urTierTobebi ukiduresad gaamwvava `berlinis krizisma~. meore msoflio omis Semdeg germania oTx saokupacio
zonad daiyo. britanuli, amerikuli da franguli zonebi male gaerTianda da ewoda
`trizonia~. 1948 wels am teritoriaze savaluto reforma gatarda. amis sapasuxod
ssrk-m Caketa sazRvari Tavis saokupacio zonasTan, raTa daecva igi gaufasurebuli
fuliT walekvisagan. sabWoTa mxarem yofil mokavSireebs brali dasdo sabWouri zonis ekonomikis moSlis mcdelobaSi da sapasuxod blokadaSi moaqcia dasavleT berlini. 1948 wlis zafxulSi daiwyo e.w. `berlinis krizisi~.
ssrk-is xelmZRvanelobam dasavleTis qveynebs SesTavaza problemis molaparakebebis gziT mogvareba. is imedovnebda, rom Seqmnil mdgomareobaSi isini daTmobaze wavidodnen, magram aSS-m kategoriulad gamoricxa molaparakebebi. blokada dasavleT
berlinTan sahaero xidis damyarebiT iqna garRveuli, romliTac qalaqSi sursaTi
SehqondaT. aSS-is jarebis sardloba ar gamoricxavda pirdapir samxedro konfliqts,
Tu ssrk Seecdeboda xeli SeeSala amgvari momaragebisaTvis. `berlinis krizisis~ Sem­
deg germaniis gaerTianebaze laparakic zedmeti iyo. 1949 wlis Semodgomaze germaniis
teritoriaze aRmocenda ori saxelmwifo sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi da politikuri
wyobiT _ dasavleT (federaciuli respublika) da aRmosavleT (demokratiuli respublika) germania.
dapirispireba dasavleT da aRmosavleT samyaroebs Soris sul ufro izrdeboda.
dRis wesrigSi dadga erT blokSi moxvedrili qveynebis konsolidaciisa da samxedropo­litikuri kavSiris Seqmnis aucilebloba.
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1948 wels didma britaneTma, safrangeTma, belgiam, luqsemburgma da niderlandma
briuselSi piroba dades evropaze SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi urTierTdacvis da daxmarebis Sesaxeb. briuselis xelSekrulebis gaformebidan erT TveSi xelmomwerma mxareebma mxardaWera aSS-s sTxoves. xangrZlivi molaparakebebis Sedegad
1949 wlis 4 aprils vaSingtonSi xeli moewera Crdilo-atlantikur xelSekrulebas,
romlis safuZvelzec Seiqmna samxedro-politikuri bloki _ nato (Crdilo-atlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizacia. North Atlantic Treaty Organisation).
Crdilo atlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciis ZiriTadi muxlebi:
muxli 1. xelSekrulebis monawile mxareebi, gaerTianebuli erebis wesdebis Sesabamisad, valdebulni arian, daareguliron saerTaSoriso konfliqtebi mSvidobiani
gziT, raTa safrTxe ar Seeqmnas saerTaSoriso mSvidobas, usafrTxoebasa da samarTlianobas da Tavi Seikavon saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi muqarisa da Zalismieri
meTodebis gamoyenebisagan, rac ewinaaRmdegeba gaeros miznebs.
muxli 2. xelSekrulebis amocanebis efeqturi ganxorcielebisaTvis, xelSekrulebis monawile mxareebma sakuTari ZalebiTa da urTierTdaxmarebiT unda gaaZlieron
samxedro potenciali.
muxli 3. xelSekrulebis monawile mxareebi Tanxmdebian, rom evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi erT-erT an ramdenime mxareze ganxorcielebuli SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma miiCneva rogorc Tavdasxma yvelas winaaRmdeg da arsebul SemTxvevaSi, samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT isini daxmarebas gauweven safrTxeSi myof mxares an mxareebs,
raTa SeinarCunon Crdilo-atlantikuri regionis usafrTxoeba. nebismieri amgvari
saxis SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmisa da mis mimarT ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb dauyovnebliv unda ecnobos uSiSroebis sabWos. uSiSroebis sabWo miiRebs zomebs,
rac aucilebeli iqneba saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis SenarCunebisa da
aRdgenisaTvis.
nato Tavisi wevri saxelmwifoebis gziT dakavSirebuli iyo iseTi organizaciebis SeqmnasTan, rogorebicaa e.w `balkanuri paqti~ _ iugoslaviis, saberZneTis da
TurqeTis SemadgenlobiT (1953 w.); `baRdadis paqti~ _ TurqeTis, iranis, pakistanis,
erayis, didi britaneTis SemadgenlobiT; samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis xelSekrulebis
organizacia (seato, 1954 w.) _ avstraliis, didi britaneTis, safrangeTis, axali zelandiis, pakistanis, tailandis, filipinebis SemadgenlobiT. am organizaciebSi aSS-s
damkvirveblis statusi hqonda, Tumca umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobda Seiqmna sxva
blokebic, romlebic faqtobrivad natos filialebi iyvnen da maTi saqmianobis ZiriTad princips `komunizmis Sekaveba~ warmoadgenda.
natos gafarToeba:
• saberZneTi, TurqeTi _ 1952 w.
• germaniis federaciuli respublika _ 1955 w.
• espaneTi _ 1982 w.
• ungreTi, poloneTi, CexeTi _ 1999 w.
• bulgareTi, litva, latvia, rumineTi, slovakeTi, slovenia, estoneTi _ 2004 w.
• albaneTi, xorvatia _ 2009 w.
natos Seqmnis Semdeg sabWoTa liderebmac gadawyvites socialisturi banaki samxedro blokis SeqmniT gaemyarebinaT. 1955 wels ssrk-is iniciativiT varSavaSi gaimarTa
aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis da sabWoTa kavSiris warmomadgenelTa TaTbiri, romelmac samxedro-politikuri bloki _ `varSavis xelSekrulebis organizacia~ daafuZna.
misi mizani iyo ar daeSva evropaSi natos gaZliereba. organizaciis wevri qveynebi iyvnen: ssrk, albaneTi, bulgareTi, Cexoslovakia, germaniis demokratiuli respublika,
ungreTi, poloneTi, rumineTi. gawevrianeba SesTavazes fineTsac, magram man uari ganacxada, 1956 w. ungreTma scada paqtidan gamosvla, magram uSedegod, 1968 wels albaneTma datova igi oficialurad. organizacia arsebobda 1991 wlis ivlisamde.
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sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis ganmavlobaSi nato-s umTavresi roli iyo misi wevrebis dacva mosalodneli safrTxisgan. sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT gaqra aliansis tradiciuli mowinaaRmdege, ramac ganapiroba usafrTxoebis Tavdapirveli principebis
Secvla da aliansis rolis xelaxali gansazRvra. 1999 wels gamoqveynebulma nato-s
axalma strategiulma koncefciam ZiriTadi amocanebi Semdegnairad Camoayaliba:
• iyos stabilurobis bazisi mTels evro-atlantikur arealSi;
• iyos forumi konsultaciebisaTvis usafrTxoebis sakiTxebze;
• iyos Semakavebeli da damcveli nebismieri wevri saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg agresiis, yovelgvari safrTxisa;
• xeli Seuwyos konfliqtebis efeqtian prevenciasa da krizisebis mowesrigebas;
• ganaxorcielos partnioroba da dialogi evro-atlantikuri arealis qveynebTan.
aliansis strategiuli koncefcia aseve aRniSnavs, rom, usafrTxoebis mxriv, garemo ZiriTadad pozitiurad Seicvala, Tumca, amavdroulad, saxelmwifoebi aRmoCndnen
sxva riskis winaSe. esenia: eTnikuri konfliqtebi, adamianis uflebaTa xelyofa, politikuri arasaimedooba da ekonomikuri krizisi. seriozul SeSfoTebas iwvevs birTvuli, biologiuri da qimiuri iaraRebis gavrcelebis safrTxe. momdevni wlebSi,
gansakuTrebiT SeerTebul Statebze 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers ganxorcielebuli teroristuli aqtis Semdeg, natom gaiTvaliswina axali riski da terorizmis winaaRmdeg
brZolas usafrTxoebis prioritetTa nusxis saTaveSi miuCina adgili.
davaleba
1. gansazRvreT Crdilo-atlantikuri aliansis Seqmnis mizani.
2. ratom iyo mniSvnelovani dasavleT germaniis gaerTaneba natos organizaciaSi?
3. SeafaseT natos aliansis Seqmnis mniSvneloba amerikis, evropisa da saerTaSoriso
usafrTxoebisaTvis.
4. SeafaseT natos funqciebi 1999 wlis koncefciis mixedviT.
5. imsjeleT terorizmTan da koncefciaSi CamoTvlil sxva safrTxeebTan brZolisaTvis ramdenad mniSvnelovania Zlieri saxelmwifoebis urTierTTanamSromloba.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
`Crdilo-atlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciis~ (nato) Seqmna _ 1949 w.
`varSavis xelSekrulebis organizaciis~ Seqmna _ 1955 w.
$3. msoflios koloniuri sistemis daSla
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi globaluri procesi, romelic daiwyo meore msoflio
omis Semdeg da gagrZelda TiTqmis saukunis bolomde, iyo dekolonizaciis procesi
anu aziis da afrikis xalxebis gaTavisufleba koloniuri da naxevrad koloniuri
damokidebulebisgan.
XX saukunis 40-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi aziis da afrikis qveynebSi erovnul
ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas saTaveSi edgnen yvelaze avtoritetuli politikuri
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da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweebi, romelTac devnida koloniuri xelisufleba. mahaTma
gandi _ indoeTSi, xo Si mini – vietnamSi, kvame nkruma (gana) da jomo keniata (kenia)
_ afrikaSi da a.S. brZolis ZiriTad formad, romelsac mimarTavdnen patriotebi,
rCeboda winaaRmdegobis araZaladobrivi meTodebi: metropoliidan Semotanili saqonlis boikoti, saprotesto demonstraciebi, SimSiloba da gaficvebi, periodulad,
socialur-ekonomikuri sirTuleebis periodSi an kolonizatorTa sastiki represiebis sapasuxod, mSvidobiani brZola gzas SeiaraRebul meTodebs uTmobda. dro gadioda, magram TviTmmarTvelobis gafarToeba da koloniis mcxovrebTaTvis samoqalaqo
uflebebis miniWebas saSveli ar adgeboda.
meore msoflio omis msvlelobisas da Semdgom periodSi Sesustda metropoliebis
kavSiri koloniebTan. didi britaneTi, safrangeTi da, miT umetes, belgia da niderlandebi veRar inarCunebdnen kontrols aziis da afrikis qveynebis farTo da mWidrod dasaxlebul teritoriebze. garda amisa, Sesasrulebeli iyo koloniebisaTvis
micemuli piroba, rom faSizmis winaaRmdeg Tanadgomis sanacvlod gaiTvaliswinebdnen
maT politikur moTxovnebs. magaliTad, did britaneTs sxva araferi rCeboda, garda
imisa, rom gamoecxadebina Tavisi koloniuri imperiis `margalitis~ _ indoeTis damoukidebloba 1947 wels.
indoeTis ganamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRiarebuli lideri iyo mahaTma gandi (1869-1948 ww.). swored misi xelmZRvanelobiT moipova indoeTma damoukidebloba.
mahaTma gandi uaryofda terorizmsa da Zaladobas. misi mesveurobiT warmoebuli ganmaTavisuflebeli brZola mSvidobian xasiaTs atarebda.
indoeTis mosaxleobaSi religur niadagze izrdeboda konfliqti muslimebsa da
indusebs Soris. 1947 wels indoeTi gaiyo or nawilad: indoeTad (mosaxleobis umravlesoba indusia) da pakistanad (mosaxleobis umravlesoba muslimia).
meore msoflio omis Semdeg, 1948 wlidan, mmarTvelobis specifikuri sistema Camoyalibda samxreT afrikis respublikaSi. Seqmnili reJimi cnobilia aparteidis saxeliT. aparteidis periodSi samxreT afrikis respublikis Savkanian mosaxleobas,
romelic umravlesobas warmoadgenda, ar hqonda arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba.
mmarTvelobis yvela ZiriTadi rgoli mxolod TeTrkaniani umciresobiT iyo warmodgenili. rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg Savkaniani mosaxleobis xangrZliv brZolas saTaveSi edga nelson mandela. mandelam aparteidis winaaRmdeg brZolis gamo
27 weli gaatara cixeSi. 1993 wels mas mieniWa nobelis premia mSvidobis dargSi.
aparteidis winaaRmdeg xangrZlivma brZolam Sedegi gamoiRo. 1994 wels respublikis ukanasknelma TeTrkanianma prezidentma de klerkma pirveli Tavisufali arCevnebi
Caatara. xmaTa umravlesobiT prezidenti nelson mandela gaxda. swored es movlena
iTvleba aparteidis dasasrulad.
davaleba
1. ram ganapiroba meore msoflio omis Semdeg koloniuri reJimebis msxvreva?
2. vin iyo indoeTis ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis lideri?
3. rogor reJims ewodeba aparteidi? ra movlena iTvleba aparteidis dasasrulad?
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
indoeTis mier damoukideblobis mopoveba _ 1947 w.
samxreT afrikis respublikis prezidentad nelson mandelas arCeva _ 1994 w.
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$4. politikuri krizisebi civi omis dros
ganmarteba
embargo _ saqonlis, iaraRis da a.S Sezidvisa da gazidvis akrZalva romelime saxelmwifoSi.
50-iani wlebis dasawyisSi msoflios or mtrul banaks Soris dapirispireba ukuduresad gamwvavda. 1949 wels CineTSi samoqalaqo omi dasrulda komunistebis gamarjvebiT, ssrk da CineTs Soris xeli moewera xelSekrulebas megobrobis, TanamSromlobis da urTierTdaxmarebis Sesaxeb. aSS-is mier CineTis bazris dakargva, ssrk-is mier
birTvuli iaraRis gamocda vaSingtonSi antisabWoTa talRis azvirTebis safuZveli
gaxda. aSS-Si daiwyes komunisturi agenturis Zebna, romelmac ssrk-is gadasca birTvuli iaraRis saidumlo. antisabWoTa talRis iniciatori senatori makarti gaxda.
saerTaSoriso situaciis Sefasebisas aSS-is mmarTvel wreebSi darwmunebuli iyvnen,
rom socialisturi banakis Semdgomi gafarToeba ZalTa TanafardobaSi msoflio masStabiT katastroful cvlilebebs gamoiwvevda ssrk-is sasargeblod.
koreis omi 1950-53 ww. aRniSnul pirobebSi gaCnda konfliqti koreis naxevarkunZulze. iaponiis kapitulaciis Semdeg korea or saokupacio zonad daiyo. 1948 wels CrdiloeTSi Seiqmna koreis saxalxo demokratiuli respublika, samxreTs avtokratuli saprezidento reJimi marTavda li si manis xelmZRvanelobiT. Crdilo koreis komunisturma
reJimma sabWoTa kavSiris waqezebiT da mxardaWeriT scada iaraRis ZaliT aRedgina qveynis mTlianoba. gaeros uSiSroebis sabWom CrdiloeT korea agresorad cno. aman aSS-sa
da mis mokavSireebs samarTlebrivi safuZveli misca jarebi gaegzavnaT koreaSi. operacias amerikeli generali duglas makarturi xelmZRvanelobda. maT gaaTavisufles samxreT korea, gadalaxes sazRvari da ganagrZes brZola CrdiloeT koreis teritoriaze.
aseT viTarebaSi CrdiloeT koreis dasaxmareblad CineTidan 300 000 moxalise daiZra.
generali makarturi da aSS-is gavleniani politikosebi mkveTri zomebis miRebas moiTxovdnen, makarturi arc atomuri iaraRis gamoyenebas gamoricxavda. saboloo jamSi,
moxda frontis stabilizacia da 1953 wlis panminjonis zaviT aRdga Zveli mdgomareoba.
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis SedarebiTi daTboba. 1953 w., stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg, romelsac dasavleTSi ukompromiso lideris reputacia hqonda, `civi omi~
axal fazaSi Sevida. mxareebma TiTqmis erTnairi daskvnebi gaakeTes koreSi Seqmnili
situaciidan. birTvuli iaraRis gamoyeneba moskovsa da vaSingtonSi ganixileboda
rogorc miuRebeli riski. misi alternativa iyo kompromisi, TamaSis gansazRvruli
wesebis miReba.
ssrk-Si urTierobis axali formula, romelic kompromisebs iTvaliswinebda, miRebul iqna partiis XX yrilobaze, rogorc `mSvidobiani Tanaarseboba~. es koncefcia
gulisxmobda, rom ori sistemis metoqeoba ar wydeba, magram SeiZleba is mimdinareobdes mSvidobiani formiT, dasaSvebi iyo SeTanxmeba im SemTxvevebSi, Tu is urTierTsasargeblo iqneboda. aSS-Sic popularuli gaxda mosazrebebi, romlis Tanaxmadac,
birTvuli konfliqtis SesaZlebloba ssrk-s da aSS-s Soris qmnis situacias, romlis
drosac isini iZulebuli arian awarmoon dialogi.
miuxedavad daZabulobis erTgvari Senelebisa, 50-ian wlebis meore naxevarSi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi araerTxel aRmocenebula mwvave krizisebi, romlebic
zrdida omis safrTxes. erT-erTi iyo suecis arxis gamo atexili konfliqti egvipteSi.
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suecis krizisi 1957 wels 1956 w. 26 ivliss egviptis prezidentma gamal abdal
naserma gamoacxada suecis arxis kompaniis nacionalizacia (saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi gadasvla). amas mohyva inglisisa da safrangeTis mxridan mwvave reaqcia, maTTan
winaswari saidumlo molaparakebis safuZvelze, israelis armia gadavida egviptis sazRvarze da sinas naxevarkunZulis gavliT gaemarTa suecis arxisaken. daiwyo arabeTis­raelis omi.
dasavlurma saxelmwifoebma ganacxades, TiTqos maT surdaT meomari mxareebis SeCereba suecis arxis zonaSi inglis-safrangeTis jarebis SeyvaniT, magram roca egviptem uaryo amgvari gegma, maTma aviaciam dabomba egviptis qalaqebi. 5 noembers jarebi
gadasxdnen egviptis qalaq port-saidSi. egviptis jarebma ukan daixies.
inglis-safrangeT-isarelis Tavdasxmebma egvipteze didi mRelvareba gamoiwvia.
gaeros generaluri asambleis sagangebo sesiaze, 2 noembers miRebuli iqna rezolucia
cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb, magram omi grZeldeboda, 5 noembers sabWoTa mTavrobam
moiTxova sabrZolo moqmedebebis dauyovnebliv Sewyveta da egviptis teritoriis gaTavisufleba. man ganacxada, rom mzadaa daexmaros egviptes moxaliseebis gagzavniT
da ar gamoricxa birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebac. 7 noembers RamiT Sewyda sabrZolo moq­medebebi. dekemberSi inglis-safrangeTis jarebi gayvanil iqnen arxis zonidan,
1957 w. martSi ki dasrulda egviptis teritoriidan israelis jarebis gayvana.
suecis krizisis dros aSS-ma gaafrTxila Tavisi mokavSireebi, rom vaSingtonis
mxardaWera ar iqneboda avtomaturi. aman aiZula inglisi da safrangeTi ukan daexiaT.
amasTan maTi urTierTobebi aSS-Tan mniSvnelovnad gauaresda. orive saxelmwifom daaCqara muSaoba sakuTari birTvuli iaraRis Sesaqmnelad. safrangeTi gamovida natos
samxedro organizaciidan.
berlinis krizisi 1961 wels. 1961 wlisaTvis kvlav daiZaba situacia berlinis garSemo. zafxulSi gdr-m (germaniis demokratiuli respublika) SemoiRo mkacri sasazRvro reJimi dasavleT berlinTan. dasavleT berlini SemosazRvruli iqna ekliani
mavTulxlarTebiT da aRmarTuli iqna Robe. daiwyo berlinis kedlis mSenebloba,
romelic 1962 wels. dasrulda.
berlinis SemosazRvris sapasuxod aSS-s prezidentma jon kenedim saswrafod gaagzavna 1500 jariskaci dasavleT berlinisaken. daiwyo dapirispirebis axali faza. 27
oqtombers dasavleT berlinsa da aRmosavleT berlins Soris gamSveb punqtze orive
mxridan ganlagebuli iqna tankebi. paralelurad mimdinareobda molaparakebebi, romlebsac Sedegebi ar mohyolia. male ki mTeli msoflios yuradReba miipyro `karibis
krizisma~, ase rom, berlinis sakiTxi miviwyebulic ki iqna. saboloo jamSi, 1971 w.
3 seqtembers dasavleT berlinis Sesaxeb mainc iqna dadebuli oTxmxrivi SeTanxmeba
(ssrk, aSS, didi britaneTi da safrangeTi), romelmac gansazRvra dasavleT berlinis
gansakuTrebuli statusi.
karibis krizisi 1962 wels. 1959 wels kubaze revoluciis gamarjveba fidel kastros meTaurobiT, romelic ssrks-Tan TanamSromlobis kursis erTguli iyo, vaSingtonSi gansakuTrebul gaRizianebas iwvevda. sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobam kubaze 1962
wels ganaTavsa saSualo radiusze moqmedi birTvuli raketebi, romelTa uaxloes
samizneebs aSS-is sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis centrebi warmoadgenda.
sahaero dazvervis saSualebiT, es faqti aSS-Si male gaxda cnobili. vaSingtonma
moiTxova kubidan raketebis dauyovneblivi gayvana. 1962 w. 22 oqtombers prezidentma
jon kenedim kubis sazRvao da sahaero blokada gamoacxada. kubis irgvliv Tavi moiyara aSS-is sazRvao da sahaero Zalebma. sabWoTa kavSirma da kubam sazRvao blokadis
moxsna moiTxoves. srul sabrZolo mzadyofnaSi iqna moyvanili aSS-is floti, strategiuli aviacia. analogiuri RonisZiebebi gaatara ssrk-m, kubisa da varSavis xel334
Sekrulebis monawile qveynebis mxardaWeriT. Seiqmna pirdapiri samxedro Setakebis
saSiSroeba. saboloo jamSi, konfliqti aSS-is da ssrk-is liderebis, j.kenedisa da
n. xruSCovis mSvidobiani SeTanxmebiT dasrulda. dapirispirebuli saxelmwifoebis
liderebi SeTanxmdnen, rom ssrk kubidan gaitanda birTvul raketebs, xolo aSS _
TurqeTidan.
vietnamis omi (1965-1973). vietnami, iseve rogorc korea, or nawilad iyo gayofili, CrdiloeT vietnamSi komunisturi reJimi damyarda. 1960 wels samxreT vietnamSi
Seiqmna erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli fronti, romelic CrdiloeT vietnamidan iRebda daxmarebas, CrdiloeT vietnams ki sabWoTa kavSiri exmareboda. vietnamis mTel
teritoriaze Seiqmna komunizmis gavrcelebis safrTxe. aseT pirobebSi aSS-m gadawyvita gaaqtiureba samxreT vietnamSi da samxedro moqmedebebi CrdiloeT vietnamis
winaaRmdeg. 1965 w. Tebervlidan aSS-m daiwyo sistematuri masirebuli bombardireba
haeridan da zRvidan. samxreT vietnamSi gagzavnili aSS-is didZali samxedo nawilebi
awarmoebdnen sabrZolo operaciebs meamboxeebis winaaRmdeg. 1965 wlis ivnisSi aSS-is
SeiaraRebulma Zalebma samxreT vietnamSi 70 aTas kacs gadaaWarba, 1966 wels maTma
raodenobam 400 aTas, xolo 1968 wels 550 aTas kacs miaRwia.
vaSingtonis omSi Cabma dagmo sabWoTa kavSirma, romelic TviTon uwevda materialur da samxedro daxmarebas CrdiloeT vietnams. gaWianurebul omSi aSS did zarals
ganicdida, magram brZolis bedis Tavis sasargeblod Semobrunebas ver axerxebda.
vietnamSi aSS-is agresiis winaaRmdeg moZraobam mTeli msoflio moicva da gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda Tavad aSS-Si.
1973 w. 27 ianvars parizSi samSvidobo molaparakebaze miRweul iqna SeTanxmeba
vietnamSi sabrZolo moqmedebebis Sewyvetisa da samxreT vietnamidan aSS-is jarebis
gayvanis Sesaxeb. gadawyda, vietnamis mSvidobiani gaerTianeba sayovelTao arCevnebis
safuZvelze. 1976 w. aprilSi vietnamis mTel teritoriaze Catarda erovnuli krebis
arCevnebi, romelmac CrdiloeT da samxreT vietnamis gaerTianeba gamoacxada erTian
vietnamis socialistur respublikad.
helsinkis deklaracia. 1975 wlis 1 agvistos 35-ma saxelmwifom xeli moawera helsinkis deklaracias _ maT Soris, evropis TiTqmis yvela qveyanam, kanadam, amerikis
SeerTebulma Statebma da sabWoTa kavSirma.
helsinkis deklaraciiT, msofliom erTgvarad cno evropis dayofa dasavlur da
sabWoTa gavlenis sferoebad. am dokumentis mixedviT, misi xelmomwerni cnobdnen
evropas iseTs, rogoric is meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg iyo, rac TavisTavad niSnavda sabWoTa kavSiris kontrols latviis, litvisa da estoneTis respublikebze, Tumca amerikis prezidentma jerald fordma dokumentis xelmoweramde
xazgasmiT ganacxada, rom ar cnobda baltiispireTis respublikebis aneqsias.
helsinkis aqti Seicavda 10 punqts: saxelmwifoebis teritoriuli mTlianoba, Caurevloba saSinao saqmeebSi da ase Semdeg. meSvide punqti ki gansazRvravda adamianis
uflebebs, maT Soris, sityvis, sindisis da gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebas.
helskinis aqtis xelmoweras ssrk-sa da varSavis blokis qveynebSi disidenturi moZraobebis gaaqtiureba mohyva. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1976 wels adamianis uflebaTa damcveli araformaluri (disidenturi) gaerTianeba „helsinkis kavSiri“ saqarTveloSiac
Seiqmna. am gaerTianebis lideri iyo zviad gamsaxurdia. „helsinkis kavSiris“ Seqmna
mniSvnelovani movlena iyo saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis istoriaSi.
politikuri krizisebi da winaaRmdegobebi 1970-80-ian wlebSi. saerTaSoriso
mdgomareobaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda arabeT-israelis konfliqti. israelis
saxelmwifos daarsebidan moyolebuli (1948), aq daiwyo omi maTsa da mezobel arabul
335
saxelmwifoebs Soris, romlebic ar cnobdnen israelis saxelmwifos. egviptesa da
siriaSi nacionalisturi samxedro reJimebis mosvlis Semdeg, romlebic cdilobdnen
ssrk-is daxmarebiT gadaewyvitaT ganviTarebis amocanebi, israeli gaxda aSS-is ZiriTadi mokavSire axlo aRmosavleTSi. omebi 1967 da 1973 ww. israelsa da mis mezoblebs
Soris mTavrdeboda arabuli qveynebis damarcxebiT. ssrk da aSS samxedro teqnikiT
exmarebodnen TavianT mokavSireebs. amave dros gaeros saSualebiT TanamSromlobdnen,
raTa SeezRudaT konfliqtis masStabebi.
axali daZabulobis kera gaCnda avRaneTSi, sadac ssrk-m 1979 wels jarebi Seiyvana.
SeerTebulma Statebma avRaneTSi sabWoTa intervencias ssrk-sTvis gankuTvnil amerikul agrarul eqsportze embargos dawesebiT upasuxa, xolo 1980 wels moskovis
olimpiadas boikoti gamoucxada. aSS-is prezident karteris mimarTvaSi kongresisadmi gamoikveTa ssrk-is mimarT gasatarebeli politikis ZiriTadi amocanebi: samxedro
upiratesobis miRweva da sabWoTa eqspansiis ZaliT aRkveTa. karteris winadadebiT
gadawyda samxedro biujetis da SeiaraRebis gazrda.
1981 wels aSS-is xelisuflebaSi respublikeli prezidenti ronald reigani movida, romelmac wamoayena msoflio mSvidobis dacvis axali devizi _ `Zalismieri
mSvidoba~. reiganma sabWoTa kavSiri `borotebis imperiad~ gamoacxada da dasavleTs
mis winaaRmdeg jvarosnuli laSqrobisken mouwoda. misi daxasiaTebiT ssrk-s iseTive
ganusazRvreli midrekileba hqonda eqspansionizmisken, rogorc faSistur germanias.
prezidenti ar zogavda saxsrebs SeiaraRebis gazrdis da misi gaumjobesebisaTvis. 1983
wlis gazafxulze gadawyda kvleviTi samuSaoebis dawyeba srulyofili raketsawinaaRmdego TavdacviTi sistemis Sesaqmnelad, rac iTvaliswinebda kosmosSi TavdacviTi
faris Seqmnas, amitom am programas zogjer `varskvlavur omsac~ uwodebdnen. aSS-m
gadawyvita win aRdgomoda sabWoTa kavSiris interesebs msoflios nebismier regionSi.
am gadawyvetilebas SeerTebuli Statebi axorcielebda sxvadasxva formiT _ SeiaraRebis zrdiT da srulyofiT, antikomunisturi reJimebis mxardaWeriT da a.S. amrigad,
80-iani wlebis I naxevrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo Semobruneba ganmuxtvidan konfrontaciisken. viTareba Seicvala XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis II naxevarSi, roca ssrk-is
saTaveSi movida axali xelmZRvaneloba `axali politikuri azrovnebiT~. amas mohyva
xelSekrulebebi ganiaraRebis sferoSi da, saboloo jamSi, civi omis dasasrulic.
davaleba
1. SeafaseT koreis sakiTxis mimarT aSS-sa da ssrk-is damokidebuleba.
2. imsjeleT, ramdenad myari garanti iyo mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad birTvuli omis
safrTxe.
3. gansazRvreT aSS-is roli suecis problemis mogvarebaSi.
4. rogor fiqrobT, ratom iwvevda kubaSi sabWoTa kavSiris mxardamWeri reJimis gamarjveba aSS-is gansakuTrebul gaRizianebas?
5. SeadareT erTmaneTs koreis, suecis, berlinis, karibis da vietnamis krizisebi, ipoveT msgavseba da gansxvaveba.
6. Tqveni azriT, romelma maTganma miiRo yvelaze mwvave xasiaTi da ratom?
7. rodis Seiqmna birTvuli omis gaCaRebis yvelaze didi safrTxe?
8. imsjeleT, ras gulisxmobda `Zalismieri mSvidoba~ da SeafaseT prezident reiganis RonisZiebebi ssrk-is mimarT.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
koreis omi _ 1950-1953 ww.
suecis krizisi _ 1957 w.
336
berlinis krizisi _ 1961 w.
karibis krizisi _ 1962 w.
vietnamis omi _ 1965-1973 ww.
helsinkis deklaraciis miReba _ 1975 w.
sabWoTa jaris Sesvla avRaneTSi _ 1979 w.
$5. sabWoTa kavSirisa da socialisturi banakis daSla
ganmarteba
`perestroika~ _ igive gardaqmna, 80-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi sabWoTa kavSirSi dawyebuli da gatarebuli politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri xasiaTis
cvlilebebi , rac sabolood sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT damTavrda.
`xaverdovani revolucia~ _ politikuri reJimebis mSvidobiani, usisxlo cvla adamianuri msxverplis gareSe. termini damkvidrda 1989 wlis praRis cnobili movlenebis Semdeg.
meoce saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sabWoTa kavSirSi mcxovreb adamianTa
umetesoba grZnobda, rom qveyana absoluturi degradaciis gzaze idga da ufskrulisaken mieqaneboda. sabWoTa diqtaturis pirobebSi, garda disidentebisa, amis Tqmas
veravin bedavda. aSkarad gamoikveTa, rom komunisturi partia, rogorc politikuri
Zala, sazogadoebis xelmZRvanel da warmmarTvel rols kargavda.
1985 wels sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis generalur mdivnad mixeil gorbaCovi airCies. imave wlidan man daiwyo `perestroikis~ procesi, rac niSnavda seriozul da Zireul gardaqmnebs ekonomikisa da politikis sferoSi.
gardaqmnebis dawyebam sazogadoebriobas saSualeba misca Rrmad Caexeda sabWour
warsulSi da sajarod emsjela da gaeanalizebina gamovlili gzis av-kargi.
`perestroikas~ imTaviTve, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, gamouCndnen seriozuli
mowinaaRmdegeebi. konservatorebi Zvel dros mistirodnen da socializmis gadarCenis sababiT kritikis qarcecxlSi atarebdnen dawyebul reformebs.
kritikosTa meore mxare socialisturi sistemis sruli demontaJis aucileblobas xedavda da gorbaCovs meti gabedulobisaken mouwodebda.
aRmosavleT evropis umetes qveynebSi XX saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi warmoiSva komunisturi xelisuflebisaTvis saSiSi da maT mierve akrZaluli opoziciuri organizaciebi. am organizaciebSi wamyvan rols inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi TamaSobdnen.
mZlavr opoziciur organizaciebs warmoadgendnen CexoslovakiaSi `qartia-77~,
poloneTSi _ `solidarnost~-i, bulgareTSi e.w. `ekologistebi~. am organizaciebs
kargad esmodaT, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi Zireuli cvlilebebis gareSe maT qveynebSi
raime seriozuli gardaqmnebis cxovrebaSi gatareba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. amitomac
iyo, rom isini sabWoTa kavSirSi dawyebul `perestroikis~ kurss mxardaWeras ucxadebdnen.
am periodSi msoflio politikisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi procesebi maSin swored
sabWoTa kavSirsa da aRmosavleT evropis regionSi mimdinareobda. aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi iyo radikaluri cvlilebebis erTi ZiriTadi strategiuli veqtori.
pirvel rigSi, es iyo sabWoTa zegavlenisagan Tavis daRweva da qveynis SigniT komu337
nisturi reJimebis demontaJi. Tumca, adgilobrivi situaciebidan gamomdinare, yvela
qveyanaSi procesebi Taviseburad mimdinareobda.
1989 wels CexoslovakiaSi moxda e. w. `xaverdovani revolucia~, ramac komunisturi reJimis demokratiuli xelisuflebiT usisxlod Secvla gamoiwvia.
Cexoslovakia, rogorc erTiani saxelmwifo, msoflio politikur rukaze pirveli
msoflio omis Semdeg gaCnda. CexeTi da slovakeTi erT saxelmwifod 1918 wels gaerTianda. meore msoflio omis Semdeg igi socialisturi sistemis ganuyofeli wevri
gaxda. qveyana sabWoTa imperiis zegavlenis qveS moeqca. am zegavlenis SenarCunebis
ZiriTadi faqtori ki, iseve rogorc regionis bevr qveyanaSi, aqac sabWoTa saokupacio
jarebis yofna iyo.
sabWoTa kavSirSi `perestroikis~ da `axali azrovnebis~ egidiT dawyebul gardaqmnebs Sedegad aRmosavleT evropis bevr qveyanaSi sabWoTa poziciebis da misi zegavlenis seriozuli Sesusteba mohyva.
1989 wlis 17 noembers praRaSi mSvidobiani studenturi manifestacia daiwyo. manifestacia policiam daSala. aman sazogadoebis studentebisadmi mxardaWera kidev
ufro gazarda da maTdami solidarobis niSniT quCaSi 250 aTasi adamiani gamovida.
amis Semdeg qveyanaSi sayovelTao gaficva daiwyo. komunisturi xelisufleba iZulebuli gaxda gadamdgariyo. xalxma gaimarjva. es movlena istoriaSi `xaverdovani
revoluciis~ saxeliT Sevida. am revoluciis erT-erTi organizatori da sulisCamdgmeli vaclav haveli iyo.
revoluciis warmatebiT dasrulebis saqmeSi gadamwyveti roli `samoqalaqo forumma~ iTamaSa. mTavrobis iZulebiTi gadadgomis Semdeg forumis iniciativiT prezidentis uflebamosileba swored havels gadaeca.
vaclav havels sazogadoebaSi didi avtoriteti hqonda. igi, rogorc mwerali da
dramaturgi, yovelTvis ibrZoda politikaSi moraluri faseulobebis dasamkvidreblad. haveli didi xnis manZilze iyo komunisturi reJimis ukompromiso mowinaaRmdege. igi jer kidev 1968 wlis e. w. `praRis gazafxuli~-is (antikomunisturi, antisabWoTa gamosvla) aqtiuri monawile iyo. havelma daafuZna uflebadamcveli erT-erTi
seriozuli organizacia `qartia-77~. am organizaciis lideris rangSi, igi dauRalavad ibrZoda adamianis uflebebis dasacavad. komunisturma reJimma represiebiT scada
misi modreka. igi ramdenjerme iyo dapatimrebuli.
1990 wels CexoslovakiaSi saprezidento arCevnebi Catarda. amomrCevlebma ndoba
da mxardaWera swored vaclav havels gamoucxades da prezidentad airCies.
xelisuflebidan komunistebis CamoSorebis Semdeg axali mTavroba Seiqmna. mis winaSe amjerad nacionaluri xasiaTis problemam iCina Tavi. slovakeTSi Zlieri iyo
separatistuli tendenciebi. am mxaris nacionalistebi politikur damoukideblobas
iTxovdnen. xelisuflebam 1990 wlis konstituciaSi specialurad Seitana slovakeTisa da CexeTis ekonomikuri avtonomiis muxli, Tumca slovaki nacionalistebisaTvis
es sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda. 1992 wels slovakeTma miiRo axali konstitucia, romlis
ZaliTac, man Tavi damoukidebel politikur subieqtad gamoacxada.
noemberSi daiSala Cexoslovakiis parlamenti. amis Semdeg daiwyo CexeTisa da slovakeTis mTavrobebis molaparakebebi, rac 1992 wlis 21 dekembers CexeTisa da slovakeTis damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad gadmocxadebiT damTavrda.
80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi poloneli opozicionerebis wreSi gaCnda Tavisufali
profkavSirebis dafuZnebis idea. igi warmatebiT ganxorcielda da 1980 wels dafuZnebul am tipis organizacias `solidarnosti~ ewoda. mis Tavmjdomared muSaTa moZraobis lideri, lex valensa airCies. lex valensas politikuri karieris dasawyisi
gdanskis gemTsaSenis muSebis sagaficvo komitets ukavSirdeba. valensa, rogorc poloneTSi komunisturi reJimis winaaRmdeg dauRalavi mebrZoli, 1980 wels saTaveSi
Caudga Tavisufali profkavSirebis organizacia `solidarnost~. 1983 wels igi xdeba
338
nobelis premiis laureati mSvidobis dargSi. xelisuflebam mas jildos misaRebad
qveynis datovebis ufleba ar misca. profkavSiruli organizacia `solidarnosti~
qveyanaSi didi popularobiT sargeblobda. masSi 10 milionamde adamiani iyo gaerTianebuli. igi komunisturi reJimis winaaRmdeg brZolis simbolod iqca.
1982 wels mTavrobam akrZala solidarnosti, xolo valensa daapatimra. qveynis
specsamsaxurebi oficialuri propagandis gziT mis diskreditacias cdilobdnen. Tumca uSedegod, radganac lex valensa, 80-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, didi popularobiTa da, rac politikosisaTvis yvelaze mTavaria, xalxis ndobiT sargeblobda.
mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda axali saparlamento arCevnebi daeniSna. 1989 wlis 4
ivniss poloneTSi Catarda saparlamento arCevnebi, romelSic `solidarnostma~ gamarjveba moipova. amiT poloneTSi sabolood dasrulda komunizmis xana. 1990 wels
poloneTis prezidentad lex valensa airCies. `solidarnost~-is liders es posti
1995 wlamde ekava.
seriozuli Zvrebi xdeboda germaniis demokratiul respublikaSic. xalxSi komunisturi diqtaturisa da maTi specsamsaxurebisagan gaTavisuflebis survili ganuzomeli iyo. 1989 wels SesaZlebeli gaxda berlinis kedlis moSla, ris Sedegadac
germania gaerTianda.
1989 wlis dekemberSi rumineTSi saxalxo ajanyeba azvirTda. CauSeskuebis ojaxis
diqtatura daemxo.
sxvagvarad warimarTa movlenebi ungreTSi. iq mmarTveli xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebsa da opoziciur erovnul Zalebs Soris Sedga molaparakeba da xelisufleba
mSvidobiani gziT Seicvla.
iugoslavia ki, romelic am saxelmwifoebs Soris yvelaze mravalerovani qveyana
iyo, daiSala. xorvatiam, makedoniam, sloveniam da bosnia-hercogovinam damoukidebloba gamoacxades.
davaleba
1. rogor fiqrobT, iyo Tu ara SesaZlebeli socialisturi sistemis sruli ngrevis
gareSe axali demokratiuli saxelwifos aSeneba, romelic samarTlebriv principebze iqneboda dafuZnebuli. daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba.
2. SeafaseT Cexoslovakiis disidenturi moZraoba, misi brZolis meTodebi da Sedegebi.
3. imsjeleT mizezebze, ramac aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi XX saukunis 80-90-ian
wlebSi komunisturi reJimis sawinaaRmdego moZraobis aRmavloba gamoiwvia.
4. Tqveni azriT, ra roli Seasrules opoziciurma organizaciebma komunisturi rejimebis ngrevaSi.
5. berlinis kedlis dangrevas istorikosebi civi omis dasasrulis simbolod miiCneven, rogor fiqrobT, ratom?
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
mixeil gorbaCovis arCeva sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis pirvel mdivnad _
1985 w.
gardaqmnis (perestroikis) procesis dawyeba _ 1985 w.
`xaverdovani~ (usisxlo) revoluciebi evropaSi _ 1989-1990 ww.
CauSeskus reJimis damxoba rumineTSi _ 1989 w.
berlinis kedlis dangreva da germaniis gaerTianeba _ 1989 w.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSla _ 1991 w. dekemberi
339
$6. saqarTvelo XX saukunis 50-80-ian wlebSi
represiebi da protesti. meore msoflio omis dasrulebisTanave sabWoTa xelisuflebam kvlav ganaaxla represiebi. 1951 wels yazaxeTsa da Sua aziaSi saqarTvelodan
gadaasaxles daaxloebiT 20 aTasi adamiani. amjerad represiebi Seexo im sabWoTa jariskacebs, romlebic omis dros germanelTa tyveobaSi aRmoCndnen da im ojaxebs, romelTa naTesavebi ucxoeTSi cxovrobdnen. amave dros xelovnurad SeiTxza `megrelTa
saqme~. sabWoTa Cinovnikebis erT jgufs bralad edeboda samegrelos sabWoTa kavSiridan gamoyofis mizniT ucxoeTis dazvervasTan TanamSromloba.
gaZlierda ideologiuri wnexic. kvlav idevnebodnen gansxvavebuli azris mqone
Semoqmedi adamianebi. dagmobil iqna daviT kakabaZisa da lado gudiaSvilis Semoqmedeba. maT bralad dasavleli mxatvrebis `brma mimbaZveloba~ wauyenes. lado gudiaSvils danaSaulad CaeTvala qaSueTis taZris moxatva. `axali musikaluri formebisa
da saSualebebis Ziebis~ braldebiT kompozitorTa kavSiridan garicxes andria balanCivaZe, oTar TaqTaqiSvili da sxva cnobili musikosebi.
1953 wlidan, stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg, komunisturi partiis axalma generalurma mdivanma, nikita xruSCovma (1921 wels is `wiTeli armiis~ rigebSi ibrZoda saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis winaaRmdeg) scada politikuri reJimis ramdenadme Serbileba. daiwyo stalinuri represiebis msxverplTa reabilitacia. `sakoncentracio banakebidan~ gaTavisuflda aTasobiT patimari. 1956 wels komunisturi
partiis XX yrilobaze warmoTqmul sityvaSi xruSCovma mkacrad gaakritika stalinuri mmarTvelobis kursi, dagmo `pirovnebis kulti~. fragmenti nikita xruSCovis
gamosvlidan partiis XX yrilobaze: `...stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg partia mtkiced
da Tanmimdevrulad ganmartavda, rom marqsizm-leninizmTan SeuTavsebelia da dauSvebelia erTi pirovnebis gandideba, misi gadaqceva erTgvar zekacad, RmerTis msgavsad,
romelsac raRac zebunebrivi Tvisebebi aqvs. am kacma TiTqos yvelaferi icis, yvelafers xedavs, yvelas magier fiqrobs, yvelafris gakeTeba SeuZlia, is Tavis moqmedebaSi ucodvelia... Cven erTxel da samudamod unda vamxiloT pirovnebis kulti da
saWiro daskvnebi gamovitanoT...~.
`pirovnebis kultis~ xruSCoviseul Sefasebas yvela rodi iziarebda. stalini bevri sabWoTa moqalaqisTvis kvlav rCeboda `did beladad~. stalinis kritika gansakuTrebiT mwvaved aRiqva qarTulma sazogadoebam. raSiac garkveuli roli misma
qarTvelobam iTamaSa. 1956 wlis 5 marts, `beladis~ gardacvalebis mesame wlisTavze,
TbilisSi, stalinis dasacavad, saprotesto aqcia daiwyo. xalxmravali mitingebi
moewyo gorSi, baTumSi, quTaissa da sxva qalaqebSi. TbilisSi momitingeebi mtkvris
marjvena sanapiroze, stalinis ZeglTan ikribebodnen. isini xruSCovis gadadgomasa da
stalinis erTguli TanamebrZolis, viaCeslav molotovis xelmZRvanelobiT, axali
mTavrobis Seqmnas moiTxovdnen.
demonstrantebis moTxovnebi ufro da ufro radikaluri xdeboda. gaCnda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis moTxovnac. 9 marts, RamiT, sabWoTa armiis nawilebma ieriSi miitanes momitingeebze, dauzustebeli monacemebiT, mokles 150-ze meti monawile,
daapatimres 375 kaci. xelisuflebam 9 martis tragedia miaCumaTa. ojaxebs daRupulebis datirebis saSualebac ar misces. isini dabeWdili cinkis kuboebiT pirdapir
morgidan damarxes.
komunisturma mmarTvelobam xalxSi gaRvivebuli protestis Cakvla mainc ver SeZlo. 1956 welsve Seiqmna aralegaluri organizacia `gorgasliani~, romelSic moswavleebi da studentebi iyvnen gaerTianebuli. organizaciis wevrebi iyvnen: zviad gamsaxurdia, merab kostava, guram doCanaSvili, vladimer sixaruliZe da sxvebi. maT
dabeWdes da gaavrceles antisabWoTa Sinaarsis werilebi.
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aralegaluri muSaoba gamococxlda 60-70-ian wlebSi. am dros farulad ibeWdeba
da vrceldeba Jurnalebi „oqros sawmisi“, „saqarTvelos moambe“ da sxva. 1976 wels
zviad gamsaxurdiam da merab kostavam saqarTveloSi daaarses adamianis uflebaTa
damcveli organizacia „helsinkis kavSiri“.
breJnevis mmarTvelobis wlebSi kidev ufro SeizRuda sabWoTa respublikebis moCvenebiTi suvereniteti. axali sabWoTa konstituciis mixedviT saqarTvelos ssr uzenaesma sabWom SeimuSava respublikis konstituciis gegma, romelSic qarTuli saxelmwifo enad ukve aRar iyo gamocxadebuli. qarTuli enis statusis Secvlis mcdelobam mosaxleobis ukiduresi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. 1978 wlis 12–14 aprils TbilisSi
moewyo masobrivi gamosvlebi, romlebSic gansakuTrebiT studentebi aqtiurobdnen.
amjerad sabWoTa xelisuflebam veRar gabeda 9 martis tragediis gameoreba da respublikas ufleba misca qarTuli enisTvis SeenarCunebina saxelmwifo enis statusi.
erovnuli Zalebis am didi gamarjvebis aRsaniSnavad 14 aprili dedaenis dRed gamocxadda.
1985 wels sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis generaluri mdivnis posti mixeil gorbaCovma daikava. misi „axali kursis“ mTavari postulatebi iyo: `gardaqmna~,
`sajarooba~ da `politikuri sistemis demokratizacia~. xelisufleba cdilobda
reformebiT SeenarCunebina sabWoTa saxelmwifos erTianoba da Tavi daeRwia saerTaSoriso izolaciisagan.
komunisturi mmarTvelobis dasasruli. demokratizaciis procesma xeli Seuwyo
erovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobas. aTwleulebis manZilze xalxSi dagrovili protestis CaxSobas xelisufleba Zalismieri meTodebiTac veRar axerxebda. 1987 wlidan
TbilisSi masobrivi aqciebi daiwyo. demonstrantebi Tavidan ekologiuri problemebis gadaWrasa da qarTuli kulturis Zeglebis ganadgurebisagan dacvas moiTxovdnen.
male saprotesto gamosvlebma politikuri xasiaTi miiRo _ mTavar moTxovnad saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena iqca. politikur procesebs aralegaluri partiebi da organizaciebi xelmZRvanelobdnen. es iyo: helsinkis kavSiri, ilia WavWavaZis
sazogadoeba, erovnul-demokratiuli partia, erovnuli damoukideblobis partia da
sxva.
1989 wlis 18 marts sofel lixnSi gaimarTa afxaz separatistTa mitingi, romelmac miiRo mimarTva afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis saqarTvelodan gamoyofisa
da ruseTTan SeerTebis Sesaxeb. analogiuri mimarTva miiRes samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi mcxovrebma osebmac. am moTxovnebma aRaSfoTa qarTveli xalxi. 4 aprils
TbilisSi masobrivi mitingebi da demonstraciebi daiwyo. mTavrobis sasaxlis win
ramdenime aseulma axalgazrdam saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis moTxovniT
SimSiloba gamoacxada. universitetebSi swavla Sewyda, gaificnen Tbilisis fabrikaqar­xnebis muSebi. sabWoTa xelisuflebam momitingeTa samagaliTod dasja gadawyvita.
9 aprils, Ramis 4 saaTze, TbilisSi sagangebod Camoyvanilma specialuri daniSnulebis razmebma mTavrobis sasaxlesTan da televiziasTan sastikad daarbies mSvidobiani
demonstrantebi. darbevis Sedegad gardaicvala 20 momitinge, ramdenime aseulma sxeulis dazianeba miiRo. mitingis darbevisas gamoiyenes akrZaluli qimiuri nivTiereba.
xelisufleba daJinebiT uaryofda am faqts, ramac daayovna mowamluli adamianebis
mkurnaloba. mitingis darbevis Semdeg Tbilisi samxedro teqnikam daikava, gamocxadda komendantis saaTi.
9 aprilis tragediam sabWoTa xelisuflebis molodinis sruliad sapirispiro Sedegi gamoiRo. erovnuli moZraoba aramcTu minelda, aramed aqamde arnaxuli gaqaneba
SeiZina. imave wlis 26 maiss sazeimod aRiniSna saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dRe.
1990 wlis martSi sxvadasxva politikur partiaTa mier Seiqmna erovnuli forumi.
mas xelmZRvaneloba unda gaewia erovnuli moZraobisTvis. erovnuli forumi male
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datova zviad gamsaxurdiam da TanamoazreebTan erTad Camoayaliba axali politikuri gaerTineba `mrgvali magida _ Tavisufali saqarTvelo~. forumis wevrebma ki, gia
Wanturiasa da irakli wereTlis xelmZRvanelobiT, erovnuli kongresis arCevnebi
Caatares. imave wels kongresma moiTxova ruseTis jarebis saqarTvelodan gayvana da
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena.
erovnuli moZraobis zewoliT 1990 wlis 28 oqtombers dainiSna sabWoTa saqarTvelos (da mTeli kavSiris) istoriaSi pirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebi. arCevnebSi
politikur partiaTa blokma `mrgvali magida _ Tavisufalma saqarTvelom~ gaimarjva. uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomared zviad gamsaxurdia airCies. Seicvala saqarTvelos
respublikis simbolika _ aRdga 1918-1921 wlebis demokratiuli respublikis droSa,
gerbi da himni. saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom saqarTvelos gasabWoebis faqti cno,
rogorc ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupacia da qveynis damoukideblobis aRdgenamde
gardamavali periodi gamoacxada.
davaleba
1. vis Seexo 50-iani wlebis dasawyisis represiebi? rogor fiqrobT, ra Sedegs gamoiRebda `megrelTa saqme~? Tqveni azriT, ramdenad logikuria xelovans braldebad
waeyenos `axali musikaluri formebisa da saSualebebis Zieba~?
2. ganmarteT, ras niSnavs `pirovnebis kulti~ da imsjeleT, ramdenad gamarTlebulia
mis winaaRmdeg galaSqreba.
3. SeafaseT 1956 wlis 9 martis movlenebi.
4. ratom gamoiwvia axali konstituciis proeqtma saxalxo mRelvareba? ramdenad
iziarebT imdroindeli sazogadoebis suliskveTebas?
5. SeadareT erTmaneTs 1956 da 1978 wlebis movlenebi da imsjeleT, Seicvala Tu ara
am xnis manZilze qarTveli xalxis politikuri ganwyoba.
6. ra faqtorebma ganapiroba ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRmavloba 1980-iani
wlebis bolos.
7. Tqveni azriT, ratom ver SeinarCunes komunistebma mmarTveloba saqarTveloSi?
SeafaseT 1990 wlis arCevnebis mniSvneloba.
$7. damoukidebeli saqarTvelo
ganmarteba
primati _ upiratesi mniSvneloba, upiratesi mdgomareoba, pirveloba.
prerogativa _ saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organos an Tanamdebobis piris gansakuTrebuli ufleba, upiratesoba.
separatizmi _ swrafva gamoyofisaken, gancalkevebisaken.
plebisciti _ kenWisyriT saerTo-saxalxo gamokiTxva gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan
saxelmwifoebriv sakiTxebze amomrCevelTa an misi nawilis azris gasagebad.
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena. saqarTvelos mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT, 1991 wlis 31 marts Catarda referendumi. mosaxleobas pasuxi unda gaeca kiTxvaze „xarT Tu ara Tanaxma aRdges saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba
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1918 wlis 26 maisis aqtis safuZvelze?“. referendumSi monawileoba miiRo samxreT
oseTis avtonomiuri olqisa da afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis mosaxleobamac,
referendumSi monawileTa raodenoba Seadgenda 3.302.572 adamians (amomrCevelTa 90,3
procenti). monawileTa 98,9 procentma mxari dauWira saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
aRdgenas.
referendumis Sedegad, 1991 wlis 9 aprils, saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom miiRo
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti.
1991 wlis 26 maiss saqarTveloSi Catarda pirveli saprezidento arCevnebi, romelSic xmebis didi upiratesobiT (87 %) zviad gamsaxurdiam gaimarjva.
yovelives miuxedavad, saqarTvelo jer kidev rCeboda sabWoTa kavSiris politikur sivrceSi. mixeil gorbaCovi ukanasknel ZalRones ar iSurebda erTiani saxelmwifos SesanarCuneblad. mokavSire respublikebis liderebisgan is axal samokavSireo
xelSekrulebaze xelmoweras iTxovda. saqarTvelos respublikis pozicia uryevi iyo.
damoukideblobis gamocxadebiT Cvenma qveyanam sabolood Tqva uari ganaxlebuli sabWoTa kavSiris wevrobaze. urCi respublikis dasasjelad kremlma separatistuli
Zalebi waaqeza. jer kidev 1990 wlis dekemberSi, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis protestis miuxedavad, `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiur olqSi Catarda arCevnebi. axlad
arCeulma sabWom `samxreT oseTi~ damoukidebel respublikad gamocxadda. amis pasuxad, saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqi gaauqma. 1991
wlis 23 marts daba yazbegSi zviad gamsaxurdiasa da ruseTis prezident boris elcins
Soris xelmowerili dokumentiT, Sida qarTlis (samaCablos, yofili samxreT oseTis
avtonomiuri olqis) sakiTxis gadawyveta saqarTvelos xelisuflebis prerogativad
gamocxadda.
saxelmwifoTa Soris miRweuli SeTanxmebis miuxedavad, ruseTis waqezebiT, kidev
ufro daiZaba samaCabloSi qarTul-osuri urTierTobebi. qarTveli mosaxleoba tovebda sacxovreblebs da qveynis sxvadasxva regions afarebda Tavs. aranakleb garTulda mdgomareoba afxazeTSi. 1990 wels afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis uzenaesma sabWom afxazeTis damoukidebloba gamoacxada. saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom
es aqtic ukanonod cno.
SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba da saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis darRveva. opoziciisa da xelisuflebis dapirispireba 1991 wlis 22 dekembers SeiaraRebul
konfliqtSi gadaizarda. ramdenimedRiani brZolis Semdeg, 1992 wlis 6 ianvars, zviad
gamsaxurdiam saqarTvelo datova da jer somxeTs, Semdeg ki CeCneTs Seafara Tavi. kanonieri xelisuflebis damxobis Semdeg Seiqmna samxedro sabWo, romelSic Sediodnen:
Tengiz sigua (yofili premier-ministri), Tengiz kitovani (gamsaxurdias mowinaaRmdege gvardiis xelmZRvaneli) da jaba ioaseliani (gasamxedroebuli formirebis _
„mxedrionis“ xelmZRvaneli). prezidentis gandevnis miuxedavad, gamsaxurdias mravalricxovani momxreebi, maT Soris erovnuli gvardiis SenaerTebi, akontrolebdnen
dasavleT saqarTvelos mniSvnelovan nawils. kanonieri xelisuflebis aRdgenis moTxovniT Tbilissa da sxva qalaqebSi ewyoboda mitingebi.
sazogadoebis nawili Seqmnili viTarebidan gamosavals eduard SevardnaZis saqarTveloSi dabrunebasa da misTvis Zalauflebis gadacemaSi xedavda. 1992 wlis 7 marts
SevardnaZe TbilisSi dabrunda da axlad Seqmnil saxelmwifo sabWos Caudga saTaveSi.
1992 wlis oqtomberSi Catarda saqarTvelos parlamentis arCevnebi, sadac gamarjveba
SevardnaZis momxre politikurma Zalebma moipoves.
1992 wels, rkinigzis dacvis mizniT, saqarTvelos xelisuflebam afxazeTSi policia Seiyvana. provokaciebis Sedegad qarTuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebi afxaz separatistebTan saomar moqmedebaSi Caeba. afxazeTSi omi daiwyo. qarTulma jarma soxumi
daikava. 1992-1993 wlebSi gaimarTa ramdenime qarTul-afxazur-rusuli samSvidobo
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molaparakeba. miRebuli dadgenilebebi ar sruldeboda. rusuli iaraRiT aRWurvilma afxazma mebrZolebma, ruseTisave samxedro Zalebis uSualo daxmarebiT, aiRes gagra, oCamCire, soxumi, gali da mTeli afxazeTi sakuTar kontrols dauqvemdebares.
am oms aTasobiT qarTveli meomari da mSvidobiani moqalaqe Seewira. daaxloebiT 300
aTasi qarTveli ki sakuTar samSobloSive devnilad iqca.
afxazeTSi datrialebuli tragediis paralelurad ganaxlda samxedro dapirispireba gamsaxurdiasa da SevardnaZis momxre SeiaraRebul Zalebs Soris. xelisuflebam
samxedro daxmarebisTvis ruseTs mimarTa. gamsaxurdias momxreebi damarcxdnen. 1993
wlis 31 dekembers walenjixis raionis sofel xibulaSi TavSefarebuli zviad gamsaxurdia gardaicvala. am faqtis gamoZieba dRemde mimdinareobs.
1995 wels saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo axali konstitucia. dainiSna prezidentisa da parlamentis arCevnebi. prezidentad airCies eduard SevardnaZe, saparlamento umravlesoba moipova misma politikurma partiam _ `moqalaqeTa kavSirma~. parlamentis Tavmjdomare gaxda zurab Jvania. 1999 wlis saparlamento arCevnebic imave
SedegiT dasrulda.
1992 wlis ivlisSi saqarTvelo gawevrianda gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaSi. ruseTTan politikuri urTierTobebis mowesrigebis mizniT 1993 wels saqarTvelo gaxda „damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis“ wevri, romelSic wamyvani
roli ruseTis federacias akisria. 2008 wlis agvistos ruseTis gamoucxadebeli
omis Semdeg saqarTvelom Tanamegobroba datova. 1994 wels saqarTvelom xeli moawera Crdilo-atlantikuri kavSiris (natos) programas „partnioroba mSvidobisTvis“.
1999 wels saqarTvelo evropis sabWos (evrosabWo) sruluflebiani wevri gaxda. sxvadasxva wlebSi saqarTvelo gawevrianda msoflios savaWro, evropis uSiSroebisa da
TanamSromlobis (euTo) da sxva organizaciebSi.
nawilobriv daZleul iqna Sida problemebic. ailagma ukanono SeiaraRebuli formirebebis TareSi, 1995 wels SemoRebuli iqna erovnuli fulis erTeuli– lari. 1999
wels amoqmedda baqo-sufsis navTobsadeni da a.S.
saqarTvelo XXI saukuneSi. garkveuli warmatebebis miuxedavad kvlav mougvarebeli rCeboda ekonomikuri da socialuri sakiTxebi. ver xerxdeboda eleqtroenergiis
miwodebis grafikis dacvac ki. mZvinvarebda korufcia. umuSevroba da mizeruli pensiebisa da xelfasebis dagvianebiT gacema Cveulebriv ambad iqca. saxifaTo niSnuls
miaRwia emigraciis donem, iklo Sobadobam... yovelive es masobrivi protestis safuZvels qmida.
2001 wels rRveva daiwyo `moqalaqeTa kavSirma~. is axalgazrda reformatorebma
datoves. politikurma krizisma piks miaRwia 2003 wlis 2 noemberis saparlamento
arCevnebis Semdeg. xelisuflebis mxridan arCevnebis gayalbebis mizeziT saqarTvelo
saprotesto aqciebma moicva. 22 noembers momitingeebma parlamentis Senoba daikaves.
meore dRes eduard SevardnaZe prezidentobidan gadadga. es movlenebi saqarTvelos
istoriaSi „vardebis revoluciis“ saxeliT Sevida.
2004 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi xmebis 96%-ze meti mixeil saakaSvilma miiRo.
mixeil saakaSvilis prezidentobis pirvel wlebSi daiZaba urTierToba saqarTvelos
centralur da aWaris avtonomiuri republikis xelmZRvanelobas Soris. 2006 wlis
6 maiss aWaraSi dawyebul mRelvarebas aslan abaSiZis gadadgoma mohyva. 2004 wels
SeiaraRebuli dapirispirebiT dasrulda xelisuflebis Zalisxmeva daebrunebina `samxreT oseTi~ saqarTvelos iurisdiqciaSi. 2008 wlis riggareSe saprezidento arCevnebSi saakaSvilma gaimarjva. amave dros gamarTul plebiscitSi amomrCevelTa 77%-ma
mxari dauWira saqarTvelos gawevrianebas Crdilo-atlantikuri xelSekrulebis or­
ga­nizaciaSi.
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saqarTvelos kursma dasavleTis qveynebTan integraciaze ruseTis xelisuflebis
gaRizianeba gamoiwvia. saerTaSoriso normebis uxeSi darRveviT man 2008 wlis agvistoSi saqarTvelos teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawilis okupacia moaxdina.
saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenisa da saxelmwifoebrivi usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi mxars uWers msoflios demokratiuli Tanamegobroba. am mxriv
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania aSS-is Tanadgoma.
2012 wlis saparlamento arCevnebze xmebis umravlesoba koalicia `qarTulma ocnebam~ moipova. Seiqmna axali mTavroba. parlamentma saqarTvelos premier-ministrad
biZina ivaniSvili airCia.
saqarTvelos xelisuflebis sagareo politikis ZiriTadi prioritetia saqarTvelos natoSi gawevrianeba. 2004 wels saqarTvelo natos `individualuri patniorobis samoqmedo gegmas~ SeuerTda. 2006 wlis seqtembridan igi natosTan `intensiuri
dialogis~ etapze gadavida, rac ukve qveynis am organizaciaSi gawevrianebis mTavari
winapirobaa. qarTveli jariskacebi monawileobdnen natos samSvidobo operaciebSi
kosovosa da eraySi. isini amJamadac asruleben avRaneTSi mSvidobismyofel misias.
natos sainformacio centris ganmartebiT: `nato CrdiloeT amerikisa da evropis 28
saxelmwifosgan Semdgari samxedro-politikuri aliansia, romlis mizans Crdilo­
atlantikuri xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli miznebisa da amocanebis Sesruleba warmoadgens.
Crdilo-atlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizacis ZiriTad amocanaa aliansis wevri qveynebis Tavisuflebisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa rogorc politikuri,
ise samxedro TvalsazrisiT. nato icavs mokavSireebis demokratiis saerTo faseulobebs, pirovnebis Tavisuflebas, kanonis uzenaesobasa da uzrunvelyofs konfliqtebis
mSvidobianad mogvarebas. nato aris saerTaSoriso organizacia, romlis wevri qveynebi inarCuneben srul damoukideblobasa da suverenitets~.
davaleba
1. SeafaseT 1991 wlis 31 martis referendumis Sedegebi.
2. imsjeleT damoukidebeli saqarTvelos winaSe mdgar problemebze.
3. SeafaseT SeiaraRebuli gziT xelisuflebis damxobis faqti; imsjeleT mis Sedegebze.
4. imsjeleT afxazeTsa da `samxreT oseTSi~ separatistuli Zalebis gamarjvebis mizezebsa da Sedegebze.
5. gansazRvreT da SeafaseT saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri kursi.
6. imsjeleT, ramdenad mniSvnelovania saqarTvelosTvis natoSi gawevrianeba.
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
referendumi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis Taobaze _ 1991 w. 31 marti
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba _ 1991 w. 9 aprili
samxedro gadatrialeba saqarTveloSi _ 1991 w. dekemberi _ 1992 w. ianvari
saomari moqmedebebi afxazeTSi _ 1992-1993 ww.
zviad gamsaxurdiis gardacvaleba _ 1993 w.
saqarTvelos gawevrianeba `gaerTianebul erebis organizaciaSi~ _ 1992 w.
saqarTvelos gawevrianeba evropis sabWoSi _ 1999 w.
ruseT-saqarTvelos omi _ 2008 w. agvisto
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testi #17
testis maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 22 qula
I. upasuxeT kiTxvebs
instruqcia: mocemulia 16 kiTxva oTxi savaraudo pasuxiT. swori pasuxi fasdeba
1 quliT. jamSi, maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 16 qula.
1. CamoTvlili saxelmwifoebidan, romeli ar iyo „natos“ damfuZnebeli?
a) aSS;
g) safrangeTi;
b) inglisi;
g) germania.
2. rodis Seiqmna „varSavis paqti“ da vis winaaRmdeg iyo is mimarTuli?
a) 1949 wels; axlo aRmosavleTis saxelmwifoebis antikomunisturi mTavrobebis
winaaRmdeg;
b) 1955 wels; „natos“ winaaRmdeg;
g) 1961 wels, laTinur amerikaSi aSS-is politikuri gavlenis zrdis winaaRmdeg;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
3. varSavis paqti anu megobrobis, TanamSromlobisa da urTierTdaxmarebis varSavis xelSekrulebis organizacia aerTianebda centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis
komunistur qveynebs. es qveynebia:
a) ssrk, italia, safrangeTi, Cexoslovakia, gdr, ungreTi, poloneTi, rumineTi;
b) ssrk, albaneTi, bulgareTi, Cexoslovakia, gdr, ungreTi, poloneTi, rumineTi;
g) ungreTi, rumineTi, poloneTi, safrangeTi, italia, albaneTi;
d) ssrk, italia, albaneTi, bulgareTi, Cexoslovakia, ungreTi.
4. romel wlebSi mimdinareobda koreis omi?
a) 1945-1949 ww.;
b) 1950-1953 ww.;
g) 1962-1967 ww.;
d) 1973-1975 ww.
5. ram gamoiwvia `karibis krizisi~?
a) kubis revoluciam da mis saTaveSi fidel kastros mosvlam;
b) kubaSi amerikuli jaris SeWram da maT mier sabWoTa kavSiris samxedro bazebis
dakavebam;
g) sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvanelobasa da kubis lider fidel kastros Soris urTierTobis gamwvavebam, rasac am or saxelmwifos Soris samxedro dapirispireba mohyva;
d) sabWoTa kavSiris mier kubaSi atomuri raketebis ganlagebam.
6. CamoTvlilTagan, romeli saxelwifoebis sazRvari gadis 38 paralelze?
a) vietnamisa da kambojis;
b) pakistanisa da indoeTis;
g) CrdiloeT koreisa da samxreT koreis;
d) avRaneTisa da pakistanis.
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7. romeli saxelmwifoebi daupirispirdnen erTmaneTs karibis krizisis dros?
a) aSS, ssrk;
g) aSS, kuba
b) aSS, germania;
d) aSS, italia.
8. ris winaaRmdeg ibrZoda nelson mandela?
a) inglisis koloniuri sistemis winaaRmdeg;
b) samxreT afrikis respublikaSi sabWoTa kavSiris intervenciis winaaRmdeg;
g) aparteidis winaaRmdeg;
d) kapitalisturi wyobilebis winaaRmdeg.
9. rodis iqna miRebuli „helsinkis deklaracia“?
a) 1973 w.;
b) 1975 w.;
g) 1978 w.;
d) 1983 w.
10. romel saxelmwifoSi Seiyvana sabWoTa kavSirma jari 1979 wels?
a) vietnamSi;
g) pakistanSi;
b) egvipteSi;
d) avRaneTSi.
11. vin uwoda sabWoTa kavSirs „borotebis imperia“?
a) inglisis premier-ministrma CerClma;
b) safrangeTis prezidentma Sarl de golma;
g) koreis omSi aSS-is jaris mTavarsardalma makarturma;
d) aSS-is prezidentma roland reiganma.
12. rodidan iwyeba „gardaqmnis“ (perestroika) procesi sabWoTa kavSirSi?
a) XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi;
b) XX saukunis 70-iani wlebis bolos;
g) XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi;
d) XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi.
13. CamoTvlilTagan, romeli movlena iTvleba `civi omis~ dasrulebis simbolod?
a) `karibis krizisis~ mSvidobiani mogvareba;
b) vietnamidan aSS-is jaris gamoyvana;
g) berlinis kedlis dangreva;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
14. ram gamoiwvia 1978 wlis saprotesto aqciebi TbilisSi?
a) afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis avtonomiurma respublikebma ruseTis komunisturi mTavrobis waqezebiT saqarTvelosgan damoukidebloba gamoacxades;
b) sabWoTa xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebiT, qarTul enas unda CamorTmeoda saxelmwifo enis statusi;
g) qarTveli xalxi moiTxovda demokratiuli arCevnebis Catarebas da komunisturi
partiis gauqmebas;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
15. ra sakiTxs exeboda 1991 wlis 31 martis referendumi?
a) saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxs;
b) afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis statusis gansazRvris sakiTxs;
g) saqarTvelos natoSi gawevrianebis sakiTxs;
d) saqarTvelos evrosabWoSi gawevrianebis sakiTxs.
347
16. ra moxda 1991 wlis 9 aprils saqarTveloSi?
a) referendumis safuZvelze aRdga saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba;
b) Catarda pirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebi;
g) erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis yvelaze masStaburi saprotesto gamosvla;
d) Catarda saprezidento arCevnebi.
II. wyaros analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 6 qula)
es wyaro asaxavs aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSiris urTierTobebs konkretul etapze
„amJamad sabWoTa kavSirisTvisac TandaTanobiT naTeli xdeba Tavisuflebis mniSvneloba. moskovidan bevri cnoba modis axali politikis da sajaroobis Sesaxeb.
zogierTi politpatimari gaTavisuflebulia... Sesustda saxelmwifo kontroli samewarmeo saqmianobaze... niSnavs ki es Zireul cvlilebebs sabWoTa saxelmwifoSi?
batono generaluro mdivano, Tu Tqven mSvidobas eswrafviT, Tu sabWoTa kavSirisa
da aRmosavleT evropisaTvis keTildReoba gsurT... maSin mobrZandiT aq, am karibWesTan da gaaReT is... daamsxvrieT es kedeli...“
kiTxvebi
1. romel wlebSi SeiZleboda es mimarTva daewera aSS-is prezidents?
___________________________________________
_______________________________________
(1 qula)
2. aSS-is romeli prezidenti iyo am mimarTvis avtori?
___________________________________________
_______________________________________
(1 qula)
3. sabWoTa kavSiris romel liders mimarTavs aSS-is prezidenti?
___________________________________________
_______________________________________
(1 qula)
4. ra igulisxmeba „kedlis damsxvrevaSi“?
___________________________________________
_______________________________________
(1 qula)
5. sabWoTa kavSirSi mimdinare romel movlenebs afasebs aSS-is prezidenti dadebiTad?
___________________________________________
_______________________________________
348
(2 qula)
XIX Tavi. sazogadoeba da kultura XX saukuneSi
$1. sazogadoeba da kultura XX saukunis I naxevarSi
XX saukunis I naxevarSi evropuli inteligenciis wreSi gaCnda krizisis da samyaros ganadgurebis SegrZneba, mosalodneli clilebebisa da axali wesrigis Camoyalibebis winaTgrZnoba. daingra evropis istoriis optimisturi warmodgenebi, rwmena
usasrulo progresisa da kacobriobis mzardi keTildReobis Sesaxeb.
kulturaSi es ganwyoba gamovlinda realizmis ideebisgan daSorebaSi, rac XIX
saukuneSi umaRles miRwevad miiCneoda. XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze mxatvrulma mimarTulebam axali saxelwodeba _ `modernizmi~ SeiZina, romelic mis Tanamedroveobas
usvamda xazs. masSi warmodgenili iyo sxvadasxva mimdinareoba da jgufebi, romelTac
Zveli xelovnebis safuZvlebis da ideebis uaryofa da axali mxatvruli formebisa da
saSualebebis Zieba axasiaTebdaT.
`modernis~ stili TiTqmis mTel evropaSi gavrcelda. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo miRwevebi arqiteqturaSi, sadac Seiqmna garegnulad uCveulo Senobebi moxerxebuli Sida dagegmviT. moderni mainc `rCeulTa~ stili iyo da man male dauTmo
adgili sxva mimarTulebebs.
axali mxatvruli formebisa da gamosaxvis xerxebis ZiebaSi meti siTamamiT xasiaTdeboda avangardistuli (frangulad niSnavs mewinaves) mimdinareoba. aq poetisTvis
eqsperimentebis sagani iyo leqsis zoma da forma, mxatvrisTvis ferebi da suraTis
kompozicia. fermwerebis amocana ar iyo obieqtis realobasTan Sesabamisi gamosaxva,
maTi suraTebi xSirad iyo moklebuli siuJets. gadamwyveti iyo TviTon mxatvris xedva da grZnobebi. am dros cnobili mimdinareobebi iyo fovizmi (momdinareobs franguli sityvidan fauve, rac niSnavs velurs), primitivizmi, eqspresionizmi, kubizmi,
abstraqcionizmi. or-sam aTwleulSi isini gadasxvaferdnen, gadaizardnen sxva mimdinareobebSi. bevri cnobili mxatvari, romelTa saxelebi dakavSirebuli iyo sxva
mimdinareobasTan, magaliTad, anri matisi fovizmTan, mark Sagali primitivizmTan,
pablo pikaso kubizmTan, sinamdvileSi ver Tavsdebodnen am viwro da sakmaod pirobiT
CarCoebSi. isini ar emorCilebodnen ama Tu im mimarTulebis kanonebs, srulyofdnen
TavianT stils da xatvis maneras.
eqspresionizmi. eqspresionizmi gulisxmobda subieqturobis gamovlinebas, rac
miznad isaxavda realobis deformirebas, raTa sazogadoebaSi emociuri reaqcia gamoiwvia. es yovelive iyo pesimisturi Tvalsazrisis Sedegi, romelic eqspresionistebs TavianTi epoqis Sesaxeb gaaCndaT, konkretulad ki pirveli msoflio omis mimarT.
eqspresionistuli nawarmoebebi xSirad warmoaCenen fsiqoanalitikur simboloebs.
eqspresionizmi arsebul realobas Semoqmedis sulier mdgomareobas umorCilebda. igi
agresiuli xasiaTiT, Zlieri ferebiT, mkveTri xazebiT xasiaTdeboda.
kubizmi. me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi kubizmma revolucia moaxdina evropul mxatvrobasa da skulpturaSi. kubistur namuSevrebSi obieqtebi daSlilia, analizirebuli da
xelaxla awyobili abstraqtul formaSi — obieqtTa raime kuTxidan aRweris nacvlad xelovani subieqts aRwers mravali kuTxidan erTbaSad, raTa warmoaCinos sagani ufro Rrma konteqstSi. xSirad zedapirebis gadakveTa imdenad CaxlarTulia, rom
is raime Sinaarsis siRrmes ar gadmoscems. ukana foni da Tavad obieqtis an figuris
sibrtyeebi erTmaneTSi ireva, rac kubizmisTvis damaxasiaTebel aramkafio, gamWvirvale sivrces qmnis.
349
abstraqcionizmi. abstraqcionizmis mimdevarTa azriT, axali xelovneba mxolod maSin SeZlebda mayurebelze zegavlenis moxdenas, Tu ferebs da formebs sruli Tavisufleba miecemoda, anu isini konkretul sagnebs ar gamosaxavdnen. am dros warmoSobili
ferebis da formebis kombinaciaTa raodenoba usazRvrod bevri SeiZleba iyos, iseve,
rogorc adamianSi warmoSobili emociebisa da gancdebis simravle. abstraqcionizmi
miznad isaxavs mxatvruli elementebis (feris, xazis, moculobis) meSveobiT emociisa
da qveSecneuli impulsebis, sulieri mdgomareobis gamoxatvas. abtraqcionisti vasili
kandinski Tvlida, rom „axalma ferweram xilulad unda aqcios is, rac uxilavia“.
fovizmi. fovizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo kaSkaSa ferebi da martivi formebi.
fovistebis STagonebad iqcnen postimpresionisti van gogi da gogeni, romlebic upiratesobas intensiur fers aniWebdnen, impresionistebis rbili da bunebrivi palitris
nacvlad. am skolis damaarseblad iTvleba anri matisi, romelic sruliad ganudga
optikur fers. mis suraTze qalis cxviri savsebiT SesaZlebeli iyo mwvane feris yofiliyo, Tu es mas gamomsaxvelobasa da kompoziciurobas SesZenda.
primitivizmi. am termins aqvs ori mniSvneloba. erTi mxriv, aRiniSneba mxatvroba akademiuri codnis gareSe, anu Sedian TviTnaswavli mxatvrebi, xalxis wiaRidan gamosuli
xelovanebi da a.S. meorenairad amas hqvia naivizmi anu naivuri xelovneba, qarTulad
_ gulubryvilo xelovneba. primitivizmi modernistul mimdinareobasac ewoda xelovnebaSi, romelic gulisxmobda ganzrax gamartivebul, Zvels mimsgavsebul, miamitur
formebs, TiTqos bavSvis naxatebs rom waagavda. aseTi stiliT mxatvrebi cdilobdnen
Cawvdomodnen im gulubryvilobas, im sisufTaves rac, maTi azriT, Zvel droSi gaaCndaT.
pirvelma msoflio omma da omis Semdgomma movlenebma milionobiT adamians moutana ubedureba, moirya sazogadoebrivi wyobis safuZvlebi, biZgi mieca revoluciur
gardaqmnebs. am periodSi gamovlinda winaaRmdegobebi, rac ar SeiZleba ar asaxuliyo
Semdgomi aTwleulebis kulturaze.
omis Semdgom literaturaSi mniSvnelovani adgili daikaves e.w. `dakarguli Taobis~ mwerlebma, germanelma erix maria remarkma, amerikelma ernst hemingueim, ingliselma riCard oldingtonma da sxvebma. isini omis veteranebi iyvnen, kargad axsovdaT
omis simware da TavianT nawarmoebebSi aprotestebdnen oms, xalxis uazrod xocvas
da a.S. `dakarguli Taobis~ mwerlebis Txzulebebi araerTgvarovan reaqcias iwvevda,
zogs moswonda, zogs ki aRizianebda. magaliTad, erix maria remarkma romanis `dasavleTis fronti ucvlelia~ (1929 weli) gamo dakarga germaniis moqalaqeoba.
`dakarguli Taobis“ mwerlebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebTanac Warbobda dakarguli idealebis da Rirebulebebis gamo wuxilis grZnoba, dasavluri kulturis sxva
moRvaweebi XX saukunis I naxevris qariSxlian movlenebSi xedavdnen axali socialur-politikuri ideebis gamovlinebas. maT izidavda xalxis aqtiuri brZola Tanasworobisa da usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg. brZola socialuri da erovnuli TavisuflebisTvis. maT rigebSi iyvnen frangi mwerlebi anri barbiusi, romen rolani, germaneli henrix mani, amerikeli Teodor draizeri da sxvebi. maTi gmirebi uaryofen,
akritikeben burJuaziuli sazogadoebis faseulobebs. erTni ibrZvian am sazogadoebis
winaaaRmdeg, rogoric iyo barbiusis roman `cecxlis~ gmiri, meoreni, rogoric iyo
klaid grifitsi draizeris `amerikul tragedia~-Si, cdiloben yvelanairad SeaRwion
am sazogadoebaSi, magram iRupebian Sua gzaze.
XX saukunis I naxevris istoria iZleoda mdidar masalas gansakuTrebuli literaturuli Janrebis gasaCenad. erT-erTi aseTi iyo socialuri fantastika. am JanrSi
avtorebi cdilobdnen gamoegonebinaT ararealuri adgili da dro, warmoedginaT sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis axali modelebi da a.S. 1921 wels evgeni zamiatinma dawera
350
fantastikuri romani `Cven~. mogvianebiT gaCnda am Janris romanebi _ oldos leonard
haqslis `mSvenieri axali qveyana~ (1932 w.) da jorj oruelis `1984~ (1949 w.).
`mxatvruli winaswarmetyvelebis~ magaliTi gaxda Cexi mwerlis karel Capekis
Txzuleba `salamandrebis omi~. masSi moTxrobilia fantastikuri istoria imis Sesaxeb, rom raRac arsebebi Semodian adamianebTan kontaqtSi, sul ufro ipyroben sasicocxlo sivrces, Semdeg ki isev xalxisgan miRebuli iaraRiT iwyeben oms kacobriobis gasanadgureblad.
siurrializmi. 20-30-iani wlebis modernistul moZraobaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda. omisa da ngrevis mowme misi bevri warmomadgeneli cdilobda gaqceoda sinamdviles, damaluliyo sakuTar samyaroSi. isini samyaros Tvlidnen sastikad,
umarTavad, uazrod. maT gadawyvites, rom xelovneba ar unda asaxavdes da miT umetes
srulyofdes mas, ufro metic, xelovneba iracionaluria (is ar SeiZleba emorCilebodes gonebas). es ideebi safuZvlad daedo 20-ian wlebSi aRmocenebul siurrealizms
(zerealizms). misi warmomadgenlebi amtkicebdnen, rom xelovneba, upirveles yovlisa, asaxavs mxatvris qvecnobier grZnobebs.
siurrealistebi cdilobdnen sazogadoebis Sokirebas TavianTi SemoqmedebiT da
eqscentriulobiT. maTi ideologi, frangi poeti andre bretoni acxadebda: `umartivesi siurrealisturi moqmedebebi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom gaxvide quCaSi revolveriT
xelSi da sadamdec geyofa Zala isrolo umisamarToT xalxSi~. siurrealizmis erTe­rTi udidesi warmomadgeneli salvador dali Tavis meTods uwodebda `kritikulad
paranoiduls~ (Tumca 30-iani wlebis bolos siurrealistebma dali garicxes TavianTi wridan, mis mxatvrobaSi `zedmeti akademiurobis~ gamo).
siurrealistebis mizans warmoadgenda WeSmariti cxovrebis gamoxatva, romelic
arc realobaSi iyo da arc ideaSi, aramed aracnobierSi mdebareobda. amitomac maT
SemoqmedebaSi swored es aracnobieri iyo win wamoweuli. amisaTvis ki moxsnilia
gonebis, logikisa Tu moralis mxriv yovelgvari kontroli. siurrelizmi Semoqmedis ukontrolo sulieri mdgomareobis gamoxatvaa naxatis an Canaweris saxiT.
mimdevrebi emociebisa da sulieri mdgomareobis gadmosacemad xSirad mimarTaven
sizmrebs, miTiur elementebs, SeSlilobas, iumorsa da ironias, rac aracnobieris
SecnobaSi exmareba adamians. igi uaryofda tradiciul xelovnebas, yovelive Cveulebrivs, arsebuls.
arqiteqtura. am periodSi axali Strixebi gaCnda arqiteqturaSic. Camoyalibda
ori mimdinareoba _ racionaluri da konstruqtivistuli. axal stilis gaCenas hqonda rogorc teqnikuri, ise socialuri winapirobebi. samSeneblo teqnikaSi damkvidrda
rkinabetonis konstruqciebi, kedlebis Seminva da a.S. socialuri SekveTa masiur qalaqTmSeneblobaSi, ganaSenianebaSi mdgomareobda. Tu omamdeli wlebis arqiteqtura
did mniSvnelobas aniWebda administraciuli Senobebis, bankebis, sasaxleebis proeqtirebas, axla CamonaTvali Seivso mravalbiniani sacxovrebeli saxlebis, sauniversiteto qalaqebis, samrewvelo nagebobebis, stadionebis mSeneblobis proeqtebiT.
bevri arqiteqtori dakavebuli iyo sacxovrebeli kompleqsebis SeqmniT, romelSic Cveulebriv sacxovrebel saxlebTan erTad ganTavsebuli iyo sazogadoebrivi
da sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis obieqtebi. konstruqtivizmSi pirvel adgilas iyo
ubraloeba, Senobis forma Seesabameboda mis daniSnulebas, SigniT dagegmili iyo racionalurad.
kinematografia. XX saukunis I naxevarSi kinematografia masobrivi gaxda. es kinos
Camoyalibebis droa, yovel wels siaxle mohqonda am dargSi. maSindeli kinos gamorCeuli warmomadgeneli iyo cnobili msaxiobi da reJisori Carlz spenser Caplini.
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Carlz spenser Caplini daibada londonSi, msaxiobebis ojaxSi. igi bavSvobidan
mSoblebis kvals gahyva. axalgazrda msaxiobi aSS-Si Cavida, sadac komediuri filmebis dadgma daiwyo los anJelesis erT-erT kinostudiaSi. 1919 wels man ramdenime
msaxiobTan da reJisorTan erTad daaarsa damoukidebeli kinokompania `iunaiTed arTisTsi~. Caplinis cnobili filmebia `biWuna~ (1920) `oqros cieb-cxeleba~ (1925),
`didi qalaqis CiraRdnebi~ (1931), `axali droeba~ (1936). maTi gmiri iyo patara adamiani sasacilo qudiT da didi zomis fexsacmliT, joxiT xelSi. mayurebeli TanagrZnobiT uyurebda mis Tavgadasavlebs, icinoda da Tan cremlebi ereoda.
20-iani wlebis bolos munji kino alaparakda. pirveli xmovani filmi aSS-Si gadaiRes 1927 wels. munji kinos varskvlavebma gza axal varskvlavebs dauTmes, romelTa
umravlesoba Teatridan movida. msaxiobTa TamaSi ufro bunebrivi da gasagebi gaxda.
filmebSi aJRerda musika, romelic mayurebels exmareboda mxatvruli Canafiqris garkvevaSi da xazs usvamda moqmedebis dinamikas. aSS-Si kinomrewvelobam gansakuTrebuli
gaqaneba pova. aRniSnuli periodi Sevida istoriaSi, rogorc holivudis oqros saukune.
musika. am periodis kulturis mniSvnelovani niSania musikis farTo gavrceleba.
musika ismoda radiodan, gramfirfitebidan. ZiriTadad es iyo klasikuri musika, saopero simfoniuri Canawerebi (pirvel rigSi, e. karuzos, f. Saliapinis Canawerebi),
magram gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobda saestrado sacekvao musika. es
periodi iTvleba jazis Casaxva-ganviTarebis xanad, romelic amerikidan gavrcelda
mTel msoflioSi. mis safuZvels SavkanianTa xalxuri musikis improvizirebuli ritmebi Seadgenda. jazis winamorbedi iyo regTaimi da bluzi.
aRniSnul periodSi Caisaxa miuzikli _ upiratesad komediuri Janris musikaluri
scenuri nawarmoebi, sadac Sexamebulia: saubari, cekva da simRera.
davaleba
1. imsjeleT, ra iyo modernizmis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi.
2. imsjeleT, ram gamoiwvia xelovnebaSi realobis uaryofis moTxovnileba?
3. rogori iyo `dakarguli Taobis~ xelovneba, SeafaseT misi Tavisebureba, raze
werdnen isini da ratom?
4. imsjeleT, ra movlenebi ubiZgebda fantastikuri Janris aRmocenebas mwerlobaSi
da ra Taviseburebebi axsiaTebda mas?
5. ra problemebma Seuwyo xeli surrealizmis aRmocenebas da ra TaviseburebebiT
xasiaTdeboda is?
6. ra faqtorebma Seuwyo xeli xelovnebis xelmisawvdomobas mosaxleobis farTo
fenebisaTvis?
7. ra cvlilebebi ganicada 20-30-iani wlebis arqiteqturam da ratom?
8. SeafaseT 20-iani wlebis kinematografia.
$2. sazogadoeba da kultura XX saukunis II naxevarSi
XX saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi xelovnebis ZiriTadi Tema iyo meore msoflio omi.
am Temaze xelovnebis araerTi nimuSi Seiqmna. omma sazogadoeba daafiqra adamianis
daucvelobasa da ususurobaze, sicocxleze, rogorc umaRles faseulobaze.
italiur kinoSi gaCnda neorealisturi mimdinareoba, romelic omis Semdeg evropas gansakuTrebulad xiblavda. mas saTave daudo roberto roselinis filmma `romi
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Ria qalaqi~ (1945). neorealizmSi gmirebi iyvnen Cveulebrivi adamianebi, TavianTi yoveldRiuri sazrunaviT, warmatebisa da bednierebis mopovebis surviliT. mayurebeli xarobda da tiroda personaJebTan erTad. roselinis, vitorio de sikas, lukino
viskontis filmebi gaxda kinoklasikis nimuSebi. am stilSia federiko felinis pirveli filmebi `gza~, `kabirias Rameebi~.
msoflio omma, omis Semdgomma Zaladobam da daZabulobam, bevrma akrZalvam adamianebSi, ufro metad ki axalgazrdebSi, warmoSva protesti. daZabul 60-ian wlebSi
imedgacruebis, yuradRebis miqcevisa da arsebuli wesrigis Secvlis survili axalgazrdobis mniSvnelovan nawils aiZulebda farTomasStabian gamosvlebSi mieRoT monawileoba (mag., studnetebis gamosvla safrangeTSi), zogi axalgazrda erTiandeboda jgufebSi, romlis Sedegad Seiqmna `asocialuri~ axalgazrduli subkulturebi
(subkultura aris mcire kulturuli qvejgufi, romelic gamoirCeva Tavisi statusiT, eTikiT, gansxvavebuli religiiTa Tu SexedulebebiT).
hipebis, pankebis, rokerebis da a.S. protesti gaCnda musikaSic. protesti nawilobriv igrZnoboda rokjgufis `biTlzebis~ SemoqmedebaSi. maT erT-erT simReraSi iyo
aseTi sityvebi `mieciT msoflios Sansi~.
axalgazrduli subkulturebi. 1957 wels amerikelma yofilma samxedro mezRvaurma jek keruakma dawera wigni saxelwodebiT `gzaze~, romelsac ar hqonda gamokveTili
siuJeti. es wigni aRwerda moxetiale cxovrebis romantikas, bunebiT tkbobas. naSromi bestseleri gaxda, keruaks ki gauCnda mimdevarTa mTeli armia _ `bitnikebi~. eseni
iyvnen axalgazrdebi, romlebic protests ucxadebdnen korumpirebul sazogadoebas,
tradiciul Rirebulebebs; gamodiodnen materializmis, erTferovnebis winaaRmdeg.
isini uzrunveli cxovrebis nacvlad upiratesobas aniWebdnen moxetiale cxovrebis
wess. gaCnda avangarduli musikis axali mimarTulebebi, romlebic uaryofda musikaluri xelovnebis klasikur, akademiur formas.
hipebis moZraoba warmoiSva aSS-Si XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi. hipebi protests
ucxadebdnen Zaladobas da sazogadoebis mier dawesebul normebs. tovebdnen oja­
xebs, zurgs aqcevdnen fufunebasa da simdidres, radgan Tvlidnen, rom es yvelaferi
Zalmomreobis gziT iyo dagrovili. isini Caketilebi iyvnen TavianT viwro samyaroSi,
cxovrobdnen komunebad, etanebodnen alkohols da narkotikebs, qadagebdnen seqsualur Tavisuflebas, emxrobodnen pacifizms da deviziT _ `dakavdi siyvaruliT da
ara omiT~ _ uars acxadebdnen emsaxuraT jarSi; bevrs mogzaurobdnen, gatacebuli iyvnen aRmosavluri mistikiT, ZiriTadad iyvnen vegetarianelebi. yvavilebisadmi
siyvaruli gamo maT `yvavilebis Svilebic~ ki uwodes. hipebma Seqmnes Cacmulobis
stili: daxeuli jinsebi, muxlamde sviteri, Zvelmoduri palto, samajurebis da beWdebis simravle, feradi kedebi da a.S.
70-iani wlebis bolos, roca hipurma moZraobam amowura SesaZleblobebi, daiwyo
pankebis moZraoba. es iyo hipebis ideis ufro agresiuli gamovlineba. isini orientirebuli iyvnen sazogadoebis Sokirebaze; hqondaT ucnauri varcxniloba, iparsavdnen
Tmas da mxolod Txemze itovebdnen da maRla mimarTuli eklebis formas aZlevdnen;
saxe grimiT hqondaT dafaruli da a.S. pankebis devizi iyo Soki da uwesrigoba. isini
usmendnen axal musikalur mimdinareobas pank roks. pankebis epoqa male dasrulda.
maT didi nawili Camocilda da Camoyalibda axali subkultura, romelsac ewoda goTika. swored maT SemoiRes pirvelad pirsingi.
60-ian wlebSi aSS-sa da evropis qalaqebSi gaCnda rokerebis moZraoba. isini skandaluri qceviT ipyrobdnen sazogadoebis yuradRebas. tyavis Sav qurTukebsa da rkinis CafxutebSi gamowyobilebi motocikletebs daaqrolebdnen qalaqis quCebSi. 80-ian
wlebSi gaCndnen metalistebi.
axalgazrduli moZraobis paradoqsi is iyo, rom, Tu pirvelad iwvevda gabatonebuli kulturisadmi mkveTrad uaryofiT damokidebulebas, male am kulturis nawili
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gaxda. evropisa da amerikis samodelo saxlebma momgebian biznesad aqcies maTi samosis da atributikis warmoeba.
masobrivi kultura. XX saukuneSi 50-iani wlebidan kultura dRiTidRe masobriv
xasiaTs iZenda. `masobrivi kultura~ terminis avtoris, deniel belis ganmartebiT,
`aris sulieri faseulobebis kompleqsi, romelic Seesabameba masobrivi momxmareblis dones da gemovnebas~. `maRali~ kulturisgan gansxvavebiT, maskultura ganixileba rogorc produqti, romelic akmayofilebs masebis moTxovnas. gaCnda cneba
`kulturuli industriac~, rac gasarTob literaturas, deteqtivebs, filmebs da
a.S. gulisxmobda.
masobrivi kulturis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa garToba, tkboba, mZafri SegrZnebebi,
drois mokvla. mas farTo masebi moixmars. masobrivi kulturis Semadgeneli nawili
gaxda 50-ian wlebis amerikuli mimdinareoba pop-arti (popularuli xelovneba) _
pop-artis mimdinareobis mixedviT, nebismierma nivTma SeiZleba dakargos Tavisi sayofacxovrebo daniSnuleba da moipovos mxatvruli, esTetikuri Tvisebebi. pop-arti
iyenebs nebismier sagans _ qaRaldis naglejebs, mavTulebs, damtvreul avtomobilebs, avejs, sakveb produqtebs. pop-arts miekuTvneba aseve `graf-fitebi~, quCis warwerebi da naxatebi kedel-Robeebze. masobriv kulturaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba kinos eniWeba. italiuri neorealizmis Semdeg evropaSi, gansakuTrebiT frangul
kinoSi, 60-iani wlebSi alaparakdnen axal talRaze. misi warmomadgnelebi Jan lui
godari, alen rene, fransua triufo iyvnen.
gansakuTrebuli adgili kinematografSi 50-80-iani ww. daikava filosofiurma da
fsiqologiurma filmebma, romlis aRiarebuli ostatebi iyvnen ingmar bergmani, miqelanjelo antonioni, federiko felini da sxvebi (es mimarTuleba gaagrZeles anjei
vaidam, iStvan sabom, miloS formanma, pedro almadovarma).
60-70-ian wlebSi kinemtografiaSi aqtualuri gaxda filmebi politikuri da socialuri TematikiT. erTi warmoadgenda moTxrobas cnobil movlenaze da adamianebze, meoreSi reJisoris ganxilvis sagani iyo xelisuflebis da samarTlianobis
problema, mesame iqmneboda rogorc politikuri deteqtivi. mniSvnelovani adgili
aSS-is kinematografiaSi daikava vietnamis omma. mas mieZRvna mravali filmi: hel
eSbis `saxlSi dabruneba~, frensis kopolas `apokalifsi dRes~, oliver stounis
`razmi~ da a.S.
XX saukunis meore naxevari telemauwyeblobis erad iTvleba. televizia asrulebs sxvadasxva funqcias _ informaciuls, gasarTobs, sareklamo-agitaciurs, saganmanaTleblos da a.S. sociologebi xazs usvamen, rom cisferi ekrani ara mxolod emsaxureba, aramed ayalibebs mayurebels. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani satelevizio programa aris axali ambebis gadacema. aSS-is mTavari sainformacio programebis wamyvanebi
popularuli adamianebi arian. maTze nadiroben telekompaniebi. informaciis SerCeva
da misi warmodgena udides gavlenas axdens sazogadoebriv ganwyobaze, aranaklebi
mniSvneloba aqvs gadacemis komerciul mxares.
davaleba
1. rogor fiqrobT, riTi xiblavda sazogadoebas neorealisturi kinoxelovneba?
2. imsjeleT, ra faqtorebi ganapirobebda axalgazrdobaSi imdgacruebisa da protestis gancdas.
3. SeadareT erTmaneTs axalgazrduli subkulturebi, ipoveT maT Soris saerTo da
ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi.
4. rogor gesmiT cneba elitaruli xelovneba da ra ganasxvavebs mas masobrivisgan?
5. SeafaseT masobrivi kulturis Taviseburebebi.
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Semajamebeli testi # 1
testis maqsimaluri Sefaseba 100 qula
I. teqstis Sesworeba
instruqcia: winamdebare teqstSi daSvebulia 10 Secdoma. Sesabamis svetebSi CamowereT Secdomebi da maTi Sesatyvisi swori pasuxebi. yoveli aRmoCenili Secdoma
fasdeba 0.5 quliT, xolo misi Sesatyvisi swori varianti – 0.5 quliT. jamSi, teqstis
SesworebisaTvis gankuTvnilia 10 qula.
1090 wels inglisis qalaq klermonSi gaimarTa saeklesio kreba. krebis mTavar idead iqca romis episkoposis, urban II-is mowodeba, monRolTa batonobisagan gamoexsnaT
qristianTa wminda qalaqi meqa da uflis saflavi.
1092 wels jvarosnebma aiRes qalaqi ierusalimi da daaarses asureTis samefo.
muslimebma SeZles ierusalimis dabruneba. jvarosnebma kidev ramdenime laSqroba moawyves TavianTi yofili samflobeloebis dasakaveblad. erT-erTi aseTi laSqrobis
dros, 1201 wels, maT genuelTa waqezebiT aiRes qalaqi konstantinopoli da daaarses
italielTa imperia.
#
Secdomaa
sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
II. upasuxeT kiTxvebs
instruqcia: mocemulia 52 kiTxva oTxi savaraudo pasuxiT. swori pasuxi fasdeba
1 quliT. jamSi, maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 52 qula.
1. vin aris avtori naSromis: „saxeobaTa warmoSoba bunebrivi gadarCevis gziT, anu
ukeT Seguebuli jiSebis gadarCena sicocxlisaTvis brZolaSi“.
a) frensis bekoni;
g) Carlz darvini;
b) devid iumi;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
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2. ra ewodeba adamianTa uZveles gaerTianebas?
a) gvari;
b) jogi;
g) tomi;
d) Temi.
3. romel saxelmwifos marTvadnen argiST I da sardur II?
a) iranis;
b) urartus;
g) asureTis;
d) babilonis.
4. romel saukuneSi mefobda kiros II?
a) qr.S-mde VIII;
b) qr.S-mde IX;
g) qr.S-mde VII;
d) qr.S-mde VI.
5. ra funqcia SeiZines kolxeTSi daarsebulma berZnulma axalSenebma?
a) maT isargebles kolxuri saxelmwifos sisustiT da adgilobriv mosaxleobaze
gabatondnen;
b) kolonistebma SavizRvispira teritoriebi moswyvites kolxeTs da aq berZnuli
saxelmwifo _ fazisis samefo daaarses;
g) kolonistebma ver moaxerxes kolxeTis bolomde dapyroba, kolxeTis mefe maT
nebayoflobiT xarks uxdida: yovel xuT weliwadSi 100 vaJsa da qals;
d) axalSenebi kolxeTis politikuri gavlenis qveS moeqcnen, isini savaWro qalaqebad (faqtoriebad) iqcnen.
6. ra SedegiT dasrulda mdinare isosTan brZola?
a) sparseTis mefe kiros didma daamarcxa aTeni da misi mcireazieli mokavSireebi;
b) aleqsandre makedonelma sZlia ajanyebul sardlebs, romlebsac saTaveSi selevkosi edga;
g) darios II-m daikava egvipte, qalaqi aleqsandria gamoacxada sparseTis samefo
qalaqad da omi gamoucxada makedonias;
d) aleqsandre makedonelma daamarcxa sparseTis mefis darios III-is jari.
7. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, ra reformebi ganaxorciela farnavazma:
a) saspaspetoebad dayo qveyana, Seqmna qarTuli mwignobroba, aago qalaqebi mcxeTa
da quTaisi;
b) aRmarTa armazis kerpi, Seqmna qarTuli mwignobroba, saerisTavoebad da erT
saspaspetod dayo qveyana;
g) Seqmna axali jari, romliTac daamarcxa aleqsandre makedonelis sardlebi azo
da quji;
d) aRmarTa armazisa da zadenis kerpebi, saqarTvelo dayo saerisTavoebad, aago
qalaqi ufliscixe, Seqmna qarTuli ena da damwerloba.
8. ras warmoadgenda `limesi~?
a) romaelebsa da germanelebs Soris gaformebul sazavo xelSekrulebas;
b) gamagrebul sasazRvro xazs, romelic romis imperiis sazRvrebs icavda germanelebisagan;
g) wess, romliTac romaelebi germanel razmelebs qiraobdnen;
d) germanel beladTa uflebas, daekavebinaT romis imperiaSi garkveuli Tanamdebobebi.
9. vin iyo romis imperiis pirveli qristiani imperatori?
a) adriane,
b) konstantine;
g) antoninus piusi;
d) oqtaviane.
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10. `xalxTa didi gadasaxlebiT~ moixsenieben:
a) germaneli tomebis gadasaxlebas CrdiloeT evropidan samxreTisaken, romis imperiis sazRvrebisaken;
b) Soreuli aRmosavleTidan hunebis gadasaxlebas dasavleT evropaSi, ramac romis imperiis dacema gamoiwvia;
g) keltur-germanuli tomebis gadasaxlebas dasavleT da CrdiloeT evropaSi, romis imperiis provinciebSi;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
11. romel wels daeca romis imperia?
a) 472 w.;
b) 475 w.;
g) 476 w;
d) 487 w.
12. rodis gaiyo qristianuli eklesia kaTolikur da marTlmadideblur eklesiebad?
a) 945 wels;
b) 970 wels;
g) 1030 wels;
d) 1054 wels.
13. romeli winadadebaa swori?
a) muhamedi meqaSi gardaicvala, romelic arabTa da yvela muslimanTa wminda qalaqad iqca;
b) muhamedma safuZveli Cauyara arabul saxelmwifos, sadac gaerTianebuli iyo
saero da sasuliero xelisufleba;
g) muhamedma islamis garSemo gaaerTiana arabi tomebi da erTiani saxelmwifo Seqmna. muhamedi am saxelmwifos sulieri lideri iyo, mis marTvaze (mefobaze) ki uari
ganacxada;
d) yvela muslimani valdebuli iyo locvisas piriT ierusalimisa da meqasaken
mdgariyo.
14. romelma dampyrobelma daawesa pirvelad saqarTveloSi `jizia~ da `xaraja~?
a) Turq-selCukebma;
g) osmalebma;
b) arabebma;
d) monRolebma.
15. ra erqva kaxeTis samTavros mmarTvels?
a) erisTavTerisTavi;
g) qorepiskoposi;
b) mTavarepiskoposi;
d) cnobili araa.
16. rodis gardaicvala taos mefe daviT III kurapalati?
a) 979 wels;
b) 986 wels;
g) 1001 wels;
d) 1010 wels.
17. ra SedegiT dasrulda 1071 wels manaskertis brZola?
a) Turqebma daamarcxes bizantiis armia da daikaves anatoliis naxevarkunZuli;
b) Turqebma daamarcxes bizantia, tyved igdes imperatori da anatoliis naxevarkunZulTan erTad saqarTvelosac daeuflnen;
g) brZolaSi bizantielebis damarcxebiT isargebles Turqebma da iransa da wina
aziaSi gabatondnen. xolo baRdadis xalifam alf-arslans didi sultnis tituli
uboZa;
d) Turqebma daamarcxes bizantielebi, daatyveves maTi imperatori, ris Sedegadac
bizantiis imperiam arseboba Sewyvita, berZnulenovani mosaxleoba ki TandaTanobiT
gaTurqda.
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18. romeli qarTuli samefoebi SemoierTa daviT aRmaSenebelma?
a) tao-klarjeTi da qarTli;
g) afxazeTi da kaxeT-hereTi;
b) kaxeT-hereTi;
d) egrisi da afxazeTi.
19. ra moTxovna wamoayena yuTlu-arslanma?
a) mefes unda CamorTmeoda kanonis gamocemis ufleba;
b) mefes unda CamorTmeoda kanonis gamocemisa da misi Sesrulebis (aRsrulebis)
ufleba;
g) mefes unda CamorTmeoda Zalauflebis memkvidreobiT gadacemis ufleba;
d) mefes unda CamorTmeoda kanonis gamocemisa da eklesiis marTvis ufleba.
20. rodis gaimarTa da ra SedegiT dasrulda garnisis brZola?
a) 1225 wels, qarTuli jari damarcxda jalal ed-dinTan brZolaSi;
b) 1220 wels, qarTvelebma daamarcxes xorezmelebi da Semoimtkices aRmosavleT
amierkavkasiis saxanoebi;
g) 1235 wels, monRolebma aiRes Tbilisi da daiqvemdebares aRmosavleT saqarTvelo;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
21. ra erqva gadasaxadebis amkref monRol moxeles?
a) baskaki;
g) nomarqosi;
b) dumnisTavi;
d) zustad cnobili ar aris.
22. ra Sedegi mohyva saqarTveloSi Temur-lengis pirvel laSqrobas?
a) aiRes Tbilisi da Seipyres saqarTvelos mefe bagrati;
b) daipyres saqarTvelo da aq sakuTari mmarTveloba daamyares;
g) qarTvel mosaxleobas daakisres mZime gadasaxadebi da samxedro begara;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
23. vin iyo saqarTvelos mefe bizantiis imperiis dacemis (1453 w.) dros?
a) konstantine II;
g) aleqsandre I didi;
b) giorgi VIII;
d) bagrat V.
24. rodis gaimarTa da ra SedegiT dasrulda garisis brZola?
a) 1540 wels, qarTvelebma daamarcxes osmalebi;
b) 1545 wels, imereTis mefe bagrat III damarcxda samcxe-saaTabagosaTvis brZolaSi;
g) 1556 wels, qarTlis samefos jarma simon I-is meTaurobiT daamarcxa yizilbaSebi;
d) 1584 wels, kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II damarcxda TurqmanebTan brZolaSi.
25. romel wlebSi ilaSqra Sah-abas I-ma kaxeTSi?
a) 1590-1603 ww.;
b) 1603-1610 ww.;
g) 1611-1613 ww.;
d) 1614-1617 ww.
26. ra moxda 1605 wels?
a) mcxeTaSi Seikriba samefo darbazi, sadac gadawyda qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebis gaerTianebis sakiTxi;
b) ZegamSi gamarTul TaTbirze ufliswulma konstantinem mokla mama, kaxeTis mefe
aleqsandre II da sxva didebulebi;
g) kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II-m mfarvelobiTi xelSekruleba – „ficis wigni“ gaaforma iranis Sah abas I-Tan. Tumca es xelSekruleba Sahma maleve daarRvia;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
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27. CamoTvlilTagan, ra gaxda `didi geografiuli~ aRmoCenebis ganmapirobebeli
faqtori?
a) orTqlisZraviani gemebis ageba, ramac gaaadvila saokiano mimosvla;
b) osmaleTis mier Zvel saqaravno gzebze kontrolis damyareba;
g) amerikis aRmoCenisa da iq koloniebis daarsebis survili;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
28. ris Sesaxebaa saubari qvemoT mocemul teqstSi?
`ar arsebobs codva, ... rom ar gamoiyidebodes. iyideT ... da migetevebaT momakvdinebeli codva... moitaT! moitaT! gadmoalageT fulebi! isargebleT SemTxveviT! ixseniT Tqveni naTesavebi da axloblebi jojoxeTSi tanjvisagan~.
a) indulgenciis; b) locvisa da sinanulis; g) bibliis; d) wminda miwidan Camotanil saeklesio nivTebis Sesaxeb.
29. ram gamoiwvia marabdis brZola?
a) kaxeTis mefe Teimuraz I-is kavSirma ruseTTan;
b) martyofis brZolaSi qarTvelebis gamarjvebam;
g) qarTlis mefis luarsab II-is kavSirma osmaleTTan;
d) qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebis: luarsab II-isa da Teimuraz I-is erToblivma laSqrobam iranis mokavSire azerbaijanul saxanoebze.
30. romeli qarTuli mxareebi (provinciebi) Sedioda `gurjistanis vilaieTSi~?
a) samcxe, aWara da WaneTi;
g) qvemo qarTli da hereTi;
b) odiSi, guria da samcxe;
d) afxazeTi da odiSi.
31. romel ajanyebaSi monawileobdnen Salva da biZina qsnis erisTavebi?
a) cixisZiris;
b) baxtrionis;
g) yvarlis;
d) alaverdis.
32. CamoTvlilTagan, romeli ar iyo ganmanaTlebeli?
a) monteskie;
b) kolberi;
g) ruso;
d) didro.
33. romel qalaqSi Seikriba I da II kontinenturi kongresebi?
a) bostonSi;
b) filadelfiaSi;
g) niu-iorkSi;
d) iorkTaunSi.
34. rodis gaimarTa krwanisis brZola?
a) 1790 wels;
b) 1795 wels;
g) 1797 wels;
d) 1801 wels.
35. ras iTvaliswinebda 1801 wlis manifesti?
a) saqarTvelos samefos gauqmebas;
b) qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereTis samefoebis gauqmebas;
g) qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebas;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
36. romeli ajanyebis mizezad iqca saqarTvelo-ruseTis damakavSirebeli „samxedro gzis“ gayvana?
a) 1804 wlis mTianeTis ajanyebis;
b) 1812 wlis kaxeTis ajanyebis;
g) 1819-20 wlebis imereTis ajanyebis;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
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37. CamoTvlilTagan, romeli ajanyeba atarebda antibatonymur xasiaTs?
a) 1812 wlis kaxeTis ajanyeba;
b) 1819 wlis imereTis ajanyeba;
g) 1850 wlis qsnis xeobis glexTa ajanyeba;
d) 1856-1857 ww. samegrelos ajanyeba.
38. romel qveyanaSi laSqrobda napoleon bonaparti 18 briumeris gadatrialebis
wina periodSi?
a) italiaSi;
g) prusiaSi;
b) avstriaSi;
d) egvipteSi.
39. samoqalaqo omi aSS-Si mimdinareobda:
a) 1856-1861 wlebSi;
g) 1865-1871 wlebSi;
b) 1861-1865 wlebSi;
d) 1871-1875 wlebSi.
40. romel wels daarsda „saadgilmamulo-saTavadaznauro banki“?
a) 1866 w.;
b) 1875 w.;
g) 1881 w.;
d) 1890 w.
41. avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg, vin gaxda saqarTvelos pirveli kaTalikos-pat­
riarqi?
a) aleqsandre;
b) leonide;
g) kirioni;
d) antoni.
42. vin iyo Tbilisis universitetis pirveli reqtori?
a) ivane javaxiSvili;
g) niko mari;
b) daviT CubiniSvili;
d) petre meliqiSvili.
43. Slifenis gegmis Tanaxmad, safrangeTze ZiriTadi dartyma unda ganxorcielebuliyo:
a) elzas-loTaringiidan;
g) italiidan;
b) belgiidan;
d) Sveicariidan.
44. 1914 wlis saomari kampaniis pirveli didi brZola gaimarTa:
a) marengosTan;
g) somasTan;
b) marnasTan;
d) iprTan.
45. romel wlebSi mZvinvarebda msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi?
a) 1923-1934 ww.;
b) 1929-1933 ww.;
g) 1930-1941 ww.;
d) 1941-1945 ww.
46. romeli partiis lideri iyo generali franko?
a) saxalxo frontis;
b) espaneTis nacionalisturi partiis;
g) generalTa klubis;
d) espanuri falangis.
47. ra SedegiT dasrulda „miunxenis garigeba“?
a) germaniam SeierTa avstria;
b) italiam daipyro eTiopia;
g) germaniam miierTa sudetis olqi;
d) ssrk-m miierTa fineTis sazRvrispira teritoriebi.
360
48. romeli brZolebi iTvleba gardatexis wertilad II msoflio omSi ssrk-s sasargeblod?
a) stalingradis da kurskis;
g) sevastopolis da qerCis;
b) moskovis da qerCis;
d) moskovis da kurskis.
49. ras iTvaliswinebda marSalis gegma?
a) evropis ekonomikur daxmarebas;
b) sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg samxedro operaciebis dafinansebas;
g) varSavis blokis saxelmwifoebisadmi ekonomikuri embargos SemoRebas;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
50. romeli saxelmwifo gamoeyo indoeTs 1947 wels?
a) bangladeSi;
b) nepali;
g) pakistani;
d) avRaneTi.
51. vin iyvnen amerikisa da ssrk-is meTaurebi „karibis krizisis“ dros?
a) breJnevi, fordi;
g) gorbaCovi, reigani;
b) kenedi, xruSCovi;
d) karteri, elcini.
52. romel wels daiSala sabWoTa kavSiri?
a) 1989 wels;
b) 1990 wels;
g) 1991 wels;
d) 1992 wels.
III. faqtebi da istoriul pirTa moRvaweoba daalageT qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 5 qula)
1. droSi Tanmimdevrulad daalage Semdegi brZolebi (1 qula):
__ baxtrionis;
__ didgoris;
__ aspinZis;
__Samqoris;
__ krwanisis.
2. rogori TanmimdevrobiT marTavdnen qveyanas mefeebi (1 qula):
__ erekle meore;
__ Tamari;
__ bagrat mesame;
__ giorgi merve;
__ daviT aRmaSenebeli;
__ simon pirveli;
__ demetre meore.
3. CamoTvlili brZolebidan, romeli dasrulda qarTvelTa gamarjvebiT da damarcxebiT (1 qula)?
basianis______________
martyofis______________
taSiskaris______________
marabdis______________
baxtrionis______________
aspinZis______________
krwanisis______________
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4. droSi Tanmimdevrulad daalageT (2 qula):
1. __reformacia; __jvarosnuli laSqrobebi; __elinizmi; __ ganmanaTlebloba.
2. __sasanianTa dinastia iranSi; __sefianTa dinastia iranSi; __aqemenidTa
dinastia iranSi; __yajarTa dinastia iranSi.
IV. istoriul pirTa moRvaweobas daukavSireT faqtebi
instruqcia: swori pasuxi fasdeba 0.5 quliT. maqsimaluri Sefaseba 5 qula.
1. erekle II
2. roberspieri
3. lui XIV
4. didro
5. vaxtang VI
6. giorgi saakaZe
7. napoleoni
8. kenedi
9. aleqsandre II
10. nelson mandela
_brZola aparteidis winaaRmdeg
_ batonymobis gauqmeba
_ enciklopediis gamocema
_ aspinZis brZola
_ 18 briumeris gadatrialeba
_ fasebis maqsimumi
_ versalis ageba
_ martyofis brZola
_ qarTuli stambis daarseba
_ karibis krizisi
V. wyaros analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 11 qula)
1. herodote aqemenianTa iranis Sesaxeb:
`...(dariosma) sparselTa (sabrZanebeli) dayo 20 sagamgeblod, romlebsac TviTon
sparselebi uwodeben satrapiebs. sagamgebloebad rom dayo da saTaveSi gamgeblebi
dauyena, daawesa xarki calkeuli xalxis mixedviT...
...mxolod sparseTis qveyana ar momixseniebia daxarkulTa Soris, radganac sparselebiT dasaxlebuli qveyana Tavisufalia xarkisagan. Semdeg xalxebs xarki ar hqondaT dawesebuli, magram saCuqrebi ki mohqondaT. eseni arian... eTiopelebi... kolxebmac nebayoflobiT daiweses saCuqrebi da aseve maTma mezoblebmac vidre kavkasiis
mTebamde (radgan am mTebamde vrceldeba sparselTa Zalaufleba, xolo kavkasiidan
CrdiloeTisken mdebare qveynebs araferi aqvT sazrunavi sparselTa mimarT). amaT saCuqrebi daiweses da es grZeldeba Cvens dromde, rom yovel mexuTe wels gadaixadon
100 yrma da 100 qalwuli. arabebi 1000 talant gundruks ixdidnen yovelwliurad.
esaa saCuqrebi, romelsac Rebulobs mefe (satrapiebidan Semosul) xarks garda.
kiTxvebi:
1. ramden teritoriul erTeulad dayo dariosma iranis imperia da ra ewodebodaT
am erTeulebis gamgeblebs?
___________________________________________
_______________________________________ (1 qula)
2. ra evaleboda dapyrobil mosaxleobas?
___________________________________________
_______________________________________ (1 qula)
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3. riT gansxvavdeboda sparselebis mdgomareoba imperiaSi Semavali sxva xalxebis
mdgomareobisagan?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
4. iranis gavlenis qveS myof xalxTagan, romeli ar ixdida xarks?
___________________________________________
_______________________________________ (1 qula)
5. raSi gamoixateboda iranisadmi maTi damokidebuleba?
___________________________________________
______________________________________
(1 qula)
2. gaecaniT monteskies Tvalsazriss saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaze (amonaridi wignidan `kanonTa gonis Sesaxeb”):
`saxelmwifoSi sami saxis xelisuflebaa: sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo... Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis Tavidan asacileblad, erTma xelisuflebam meore unda moTokos. roca sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
erTi pirovnebis an mmarTvelobis organos xelSia gaerTianebuli, maSin ar arsebobs
Tavisufleba, radgan Cndeba safrTxe, rom mmarTveli tiranul kanonebs miiRebs...
... vinaidan did saxelmwifoebSi SeuZlebelia mTeli xalxi (marTavdes qveyanas),
xalxma sakuTari warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT unda ganaxorcielos is (mmarTveloba)... yvela moqalaqes ufleba unda hqondes misces xma Tavis warmomadgenels~.
kiTxvebi:
1. ra da ra saxelisuflo Stoebs gamoyofs monteskie?
___________________________________________
_______________________________________ (1 qula)
2. ratom Tvlis saWirod xelisuflebis danawevrebas?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
3. wyaros mixedviT, ra gziT (saSualebiT) monawileobs xalxi mmarTvelobaSi?
___________________________________________
_______________________________________ (1 qula)
4. ra aris saWiro mmarTvelobaSi xalxis daubrkolebeli monawileobisaTvis?
___________________________________________
_______________________________________ (1 qula)
363
VI.problemis analizi da argumentacia (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 6 qula)
1. 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis momzadebis procesSi gamoikveTa ori sapirispiro azri.
erTni mxars uWerdnen ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis gegmas da swamdaT, rom
warmatebis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelo SeZlebda mopovebuli damoukideblobis SenarCunebas. zogi ki miiCnevda, rom qarTveli xalxi jer kidev ar iyo mzad damoukideblobisaTvis da, amdenad, ajanyebis winaaRmdeg gamodioda.
davaleba
1. SearCieT TqvenTvis sasurveli pozicia da daasabuTeT misi siswore.
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
___________________________________ (Sefaseba 2 qula)
2. argumentirebulad uaryaviT Tqveni poziciis sapirispiro azri
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
___________________________________ (Sefaseba 2 qula)
2. Sua evropaSi 1815 wels monarqebma, aleqsandre I-is winadadebiT, e.w. `saRvTo
kavSiri~ Sekres. kavSiris Seqmnis aqts ruseTis, avstriisa da prusiis xelmwifeebma
moaweres xeli. inglisisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdegobis gamo
`saRvTo kavSirma~ evropis farglebs gareT TandaTan dakarga Zala da gavlena.
davaleba
1. moiyvaneT erTi konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argumenti, romliTac xelmZRvanelobdnen ruseTis, avstriisa da prusiis xelmwifeebi
___________________________________________
_______________________________________ (1 qula)
2. moiyvaneT erTi konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argumenti, romlis gamoc ewinaaRmdegebodnen maT inglisi da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi
___________________________________________
_______________________________________ (1 qula)
364
VII. karikaturis analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 3 qula)
kiTxvebi:
1. romeli qveynis agresiul politikas
gamoxatavs karikatura?
_________________ (1 qula)
2. romeli qveynebis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli es agresia?
_________________ (1 qula)
3. romeli saukunis romel naxevars asa­
xavs karikatura?
_________________ (1 qula)
VIII. rukis analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 8 qula)
ruka #12-is (danarTi #1) gamoyenebiT:
1. CamoTvaleT antantis momxre qveynebi
___________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
2. CamoTvaleT germaniis momxre qveynebi
___________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
3. CamoTvaleT neitraluri saxelmwifoebi
___________________________________________
_______________________________________ (1 qula)
4. romel wels Caebnen omSi osmaleTi, italia, bulgareTi, rumineTi?
___________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
5. romel wels Seiqmna salonikis fronti?
___________________________________________
_______________________________________ (1 qula)
365
Semajamebeli testi # 2
testis maqsimaluri Sefaseba 122 qula
I. teqstis Sesworeba
instruqcia: winamdebare teqstSi daSvebulia 10 Secdoma. Sesabamis svetebSi CamowereT Secdomebi da maTi Sesatyvisi swori pasuxebi. yoveli aRmoCenili Secdoma
fasdeba 0.5 quliT, xolo misi Sesatyvisi swori varianti – 0.5 quliT. jamSi, teqstis
SesworebisaTvis gankuTvnilia 10 qula.
1951 wels, samoqalaqo omis dasrulebis Semdeg, CineTis xelisuflebaSi movidnen
komunistebi Can kai Sis xelmZRvanelobiT. komunizmis gavrcelebis safrTxe aziis sxva
qveynebsac daemuqra. erT-erTi aseTi qveyana iyo korea. samxreT koreaSi sabWoTa kavSiris gavleniT komunisturi reJimi arsebobda. koreel komunistebs surdaT maTi
mmarTveloba mTel qveyanaze ganevrcoT. koreis omSi amerikis jars generali duglas
harvardi xelmZRvanelobda. koreeli komunistebis dasaxmareblad vietnamma 300 aTasi moxalise gaagzavna. saboloo warmatebas verc erTma mxarem ver miaRwia. 1953 wels
or koreul saxelmwifos Soris zavi daido.
viTareba gamwvavda kubaSic. aq 1959 wels daemxo batistas diqtatura da xelisuflebis saTaveSi moeqca raul kastro. kastros TanxmobiT kubaze sabWoTa kavSirma
atomuri iaraRi ganalaga. 1966 wels daiwyo „havais krizisi“ _ msoflio atomuri
omis realuri saSiSroebis winaSe dadga. krizisi mSvidobianad dasrulda. sabWoTa
kavSirisa da aSS-s xelmZRvanelebma: breJnevma da reiganma urTierTdaTmobebis gziT
ganmuxtes situacia.
#
Secdomaa
sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
II. upasuxeT kiTxvebs
instruqcia: mocemulia 55 kiTxva oTxi savaraudo pasuxiT. swori pasuxi fasdeba
1 quliT. jamSi, maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 55 qula.
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1. ras niSnavs `homoereqtusi~
a) mosiarule adamians;
b) gonier adamians;
g) civilizebul adamians;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
2. romeli saxelmwifos mefe iyo sargon II?
a) urartus; g) asureTis;
b) iranis; d) diaoxis.
3. romel saukuneebSi arsebobda kolxeTis (kolxas) Zveli samefo?
a) Zv.w. XII-X ss.;
g) Zv.w. XI-VIII ss.;
b) Zv.w. XI-IV ss.;
d) Zv.w. IX-VI ss.
4. rodis gaimarTa salaminis brZola da visi gamarjvebiT dasrulda is?
a) Zv.w. 490 wels, gaimarjves sparselebma;
b) Zv.w. 440 wels, gaimarjves berZnebma;
g) Zv.w. 378 wels, gaimarjves makedonelebma;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
5. vin iyo aleqsandre makedonelis maswavlebeli (aRmzrdeli)?
a) platoni;
g) aristotele;
b) arqimede;
d) evklide.
6. `moqcevai qarTlisais~ mixedviT, vin iTvleba qarTlis pirvel mefed?
a) farnavazi;
b) azo;
g) qarTlosi;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
7. gadmocemis mixedviT, vin iyo romis pirveli mefe?
a) remi; g) romulusi;
b) tarqviniusi; d) serviusi.
8. romeli imperatorebi marTavdnen roms qarTlis mefe farsman meoris dros?
a) pompeusi da traiane;
b) adriane da keisari;
g) adriane da antonine piusi;
d) oqtaviane avgustusi da diokletiane.
9. romeli winadadebaa swori?
a) nikeas saeklesio krebaze qristianebis devna aikrZala;
b) imperatorma Teodosiusma qristianobis garda yvela sxva religia akrZala;
g) imperatorma konstantinem qristianoba erTaderT nebadarTul religiad gamoacxada;
e) nikeas saeklesio krebam dagmo imperator Teodosiusis qristianTa sawinaaRmdego moqmedeba da morwmuneebs mouwoda ajanyebisaken. SeSinebulma imperatorma Sewyvita qristianTa devna da saxelmwifo religiad gamoacxada is.
367
10. ratom aujanydnen vestgoTebi romis imperias?
a) romaelebma vestgoTebi imperiis ganapira, unayofo miwebze daasaxles, ris gamoc
isini Tavs ver irCendnen;
b) imperatorma vestgoTebs didi xarki daakisra da mis gadaxdamde mZevlebi aiyvana; g) vestgoTebi imperiis samxedro samsaxurSi Cadgnen da sazRvris gamagreba ikisres, Tumca wlebis ganmavlobaSi dapirebuli anazRaureba ver miiRes;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
11. romel wlebSi mimdinareobda `didi omianoba~ egrisSi?
a) 528-534 ww.;
g) 525-535 ww.;
b) 510-540 ww.;
d) 542-562 ww.
12. arabeTis ZiriTadi savaWro qalaqebi iyo:
a) antioqia da meqa;
b) ierusalimi da medina;
g) dubai da meqa;
d) iasribi da meqa.
13. ra moxda 732 wels?
a) arabebi saqarTvelos Semoesivnen, maT jars cnobili sardali murvan ibn muhamedi (murvan yru) xelmZRvanelobda;
b) arabebma alya Semoartyes da xangrZlivi brZolis Sedegad aiRes bizantiis dedaqalaqi konstantinopoli;
g) arabebma daaarses qalaqi baRdadi, romelic, amieridan, saxalifos politikuri
da religiuri centri gaxda;
d) arabebi damarcxdnen puatiesTan brZolaSi, ramac safrangeTi ixsna maTi laSqrobebisagan.
14. rodis ilaSqra buRa-Turqma saqarTveloSi da ra Sedegi mohyva amas?
a) 853 wels, aiRo Tbilisi da sikvdiliT dasaja qarTlis erismTavari guaram II;
b) VII saukunis bolos, daikava kaxeTis cixesimagreebi da sikvdiliT dasaja qorepikoposi aRsarTani;
g) IX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi, sikvdiliT dasaja Tbilisis amira sahaki;
d) 735-738 wlebSi, qarTlidan gaaZeva erismTavari stefanozi da arabTa batonobis
gansamtkiceblad TbilisSi daawesa amiras Tanamdeboba.
15. CamoTvlilTagan, romeli winadadebaa swori?
a) aSot kurapalatma sZlia arabebs da qarTlSi erismTavroba aRadgina;
b) qarTlis erismTavari aSot kurapalati gamoeqca arabebs da tao-klarjeTis
samTavro daaarsa;
g) aSot kurapalatis dros gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda tao-klarjeTis samTavro,
razec metyvelebs aSotisaTvis bizantiis mier „qarTvelTa mefis titulis“ miniWeba;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
16. ram gamoiwvia konfliqti mefe bagrat IV-sa da liparit baRvaSs Soris?
a) TbilisisaTvis brZolam. mefem liparitis daukiTxavad alya moxsna qalaqs;
b) liparit baRvaSis survilma saqarTvelos taxtze aeyvana bagrat IV-is mcirewlovani naxevarZma da amiT samefoSi sakuTari gavlena gaezarda;
368
g) liparit baRvaSma aiRo Tbilisi da sakuTar kldekaris saerisTavos SemouerTa.
bagrat IV-m erTguli didaznaurebis daxmarebiT daamarcxa lipariti da TbilisSi
amiras xelisufleba aRadgina;
d) liparit baRvaSi ibrZoda samefo taxtis xelSi Casagdebad. mefobisaTvis brZolaSi mas Tbilisis amira da bizantiis saimperatoro kari exmareboda.
17. rodis daiwyo pirveli jvarosnuli laSqroba?
a) 1090 wels;
g) 1099 wels;
b) 1096 wels;
d) 1012 wels.
18. romeli qalaqis SemoerTebiT daasrula daviT IV aRmaSenebelma saqarTvelos
gaerTianeba?
a) Tbilisis;
g) dmanisis;
b) rusTavis;
d) lores.
19. ra funqcia (uflebamosileba) hqonda „samefo darbazs“?
a) „samefo darbazi“ sakanonmdeblo organo iyo;
b) „samefo darbazi“ umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli organo iyo, mas sxvagvarad „savazirosac“ uwodebdnen;
g) „samefo darbazs“ mefisTvis rCevis micema SeeZlo, mefe ar iyo valdebuli mieRo
darbazis rCeva;
d) „samefo darbazi“ sasamarTlo organo iyo. mas mwignobarTuxucesi xelmZRvanelobda da sxvagvarad „saajo karic“ ewodeboda.
20. romeli wlidan daiwyo ormefobis xana saqarTveloSi?
a) 1249;
b)1261;
g) 1258;
d) 1247.
21. romeli samarTlis Zeglebi ekuTvnis giorgi V brwyinvales?
a) „dasturlamali“;
b)`Zegliswera~;
g) „mcire sjulis kanoni“;
d) „Zeglisdeba“.
22. CamoTvlilTagan, vin ilaSqra saqarTveloSi aleqsandre I-is mefobis bolo
wlebSi?
a) jahan-Sahma;
g) sulTanma suleiman III-m;
b) Sah-abasma;
d) nadir-Sahma.
23. ra marSruti ganvlo vasko da gamam?
a) man afrikis gavliT miaRwia evropelTaTvis aqamde ucnob avstraliis kontinents;
b) pirvelma gadalaxa atlantis okeane da miadga samxreT amerikis sanapiros;
g) gadalaxa atlantis, wynari da indoeTis okeaneebi, pirvelma imogzaura dedamiwis garSemo;
d) afrikis SemovliT miadga indoeTis sanapiros.
24. romeli winadadebaa swori?
a) 1465 wels faravnis brZolaSi samcxis mTavarma yvaryvare jayelma daamarcxa da
daatyveva saqarTvelos mefe giorgi VIII;
369
b) quTaisis erisTavTerisTavma bagratma daamarcxa mefe giorgi VIII, daikava samcxe da Tavi imereTis damoukidebel mefed gamoacxada;
g) quTaisis erisTavTan, bagratTan CixorTan brZolaSi damarcxebis Semdeg yvaryvare jayeli daukavSirda Turq-osmalebs da maTi daxmarebiT imereTis samefo taxti daikava;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
25. ratom mokla konstantine xanma mama – kaxeTis mefe aleqsande II?
a) aleqsande II iran-osmaleTis omSi osmaleTis mxares ibrZoda, konstantine xani
ki iranis Sahis erTguli iyo;
b) konstantine xans kaxeTSi gamefeba surda, aleqsandre II-s ki samefo taxtze
umcrosi Svilis giorgis ayvana undoda, Tanac konstantine ewinaaRmdegeboda gamahmadianebuli mamis proiranul politikas;
g) konstantine osmaleTis sulTnis davalebiT moqmedebda. man aleqsandre II-s islamis miReba mosTxova, razec kaxeTis mefem kategoriuli uari ganacxada da Svilis
Sepyroba scada. konstantinem saSvelad Turq mxedrebs uxmo da mamis mokvla ubrZana;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
26. ra Sedegi mohyva martyofis brZolaSi qarTvelebis gamarjvebas?
a) kaxeTSi Sewyda daRestnelTa TareSi (lekianoba);
b) qarTlis samefos SemouerTda samcxe-saaTabago;
g) droebiT gaerTianda qarTl-kaxeTis samefoebi;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
27. vin xelmZRvanelobda baxtrionis ajanyebas da ra SedegiT dasrulda is?
a) zaal aragvis erisTavi. ajanyebulebma kaxeTidan gandevnes aq Camosaxlebuli
Turqmanebi;
b) giorgi saakaZe. qarTlSi aRdgenil iqna samefo xelisufleba;
g) qeTevan dedofali. ajanyebulebma mokles kaxeTis gamahmadianebuli mefe konstantine xani.
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
28. romel brZolaSi daiRupa cxra Zma xerxeuliZe?
a) marabdis;
g) bazaleTis;
b) martyofis;
d) krwanisis.
29. vis uwodebdnen `Jenevel paps~?
a) Tomas miuncers;
g) ignatius loiolas;
b) martin luTers;
d) Jan kalvins.
30. ra mizniT Seiqmna `iezuitTa ordeni~?
a) ordeni Seqmnes frangma hugenotebma, raTa daecvaT protestantebi kaTolikeTa
Zalmomreobisagan;
b) ordeni daafuZna baskma aznaurma ignatius loiolam kaTolikuri eklesiis
ganmtkicebisaTvis;
g) am ordenSi gaerTiandnen holandieli vaWrebi da xelosnebi, raTa kaTolicizmisagan daecvaT sakuTari protestantuli mrwamsi;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
370
31. kenWisyris rogori wesiT iRebdnen generalur Statebis sxdomaze gadawyvetilebas?
a) generaluri Statebis sxdomebze gadawyvetilebas iRebdnen deputatTa xmebis
umravlesobiT;
b) generalur StatebSi monawileobda sami wodeba. TiToeul wodebas hqonda TiTo xma;
g) generaluri Statebis gadawyvetileba miiReboda kenWisyris safuZvelze, romelSic mxolod sasuliero wodeba da Tavadaznauroba monawileobda. mesame wodebas
ki kenWisyraSi monawileobis ufleba CamorTmeuli hqonda;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
32. romeli faqti iTvleba safrangeTis revoluciis dasawyisad?
a) 1789 wlis 14 ivlisi, bastiliis aReba;
b) 1789 wlis 17 ivnisi, erovnuli krebis Sekrebis dRe;
g) 1789 wlis 9 ivlisi, rodesac Seikriba safrangeTis damfuZnebeli kreba da daiwyo
konstituciaze muSaoba;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
33. romeli frangi ganmanaTleblis ideologiaSi vxvdebiT saxalxo suverenitetis
ideas?
a) volteris;
g) rusos;
b) monteskies;
d) arc erTi maTganis.
34. romel wels miiRes `damoukideblobis deklaracia”?
a) 1773 w.;
g) 1776 w.;
b) 1774 w.;
d) 1779 w.
35.`geogrievskis traqtatis~ mixedviT:
a) qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereTis samefoebi ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen; qarTl-kaxeTis mefe saSinao saqmeebSi damoukideblobas inarCunebda;
b) ruseTs qarTl-kaxeTis samefosaTvis samxedro daxmareba unda gaewia;
g) erekle meoris gardacvalebis Semdeg qarTl-kaxeTis da imereTis samefoebi erT
saxelmwifod unda gaerTianebuliyo;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
36. rodis gaerTianda qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebi?
a) 1762 wels;
g) 1770 wels;
b) 1767 wels;
d) 1783 wels.
37. vin iyo imereTis ukanaskneli mefe?
a) solomon I;
g) bagrat VI;
b) aleqsandre V;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
38. romeli zavis Tanaxmad SeierTa ruseTis imperiam axalcixis safaSo?
a) 1823 wlis ganjis zaviT;
b) 1828 wlis TurqmanCais zaviT;
g) 1829 wlis adrianopolis zaviT;
d) 1832 wlis erevnis zaviT.
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39. romel qveyanaSi moxda antirusuli ajanyebebi 1830, 1848 da 1863 wlebSi?
a) saqarTveloSi;
b) baltiispireTSi;
g) moldaveTSi;
d) poloneTSi.
40. kanoni homstedebis Sesaxeb gulisxmobda:
a) Savkaniani monebis Tavisuflebas;
b) moqalaqeebisTvis miwis nakveTebis micemas;
g) samxedro reformebis ganxorcielebas;
d) socialur-politikuri reformebis Catarebas.
41. romeli omis Sedegad dasrulda germaniis gaerTianeba:
a) avstria- prusiis omis;
b) safrangeT-avstriis omis;
g) safrangeT-prusiis omis;
d) yirimis omis.
42. CamoTvlilTagan, TergdaleulTa ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis erT-erTi
umTavresi mizani iyo:
a) skolebSi saswavlo procesis mSobliur (qarTul) enaze warmarTva;
b) qarTveli xalxisaTvis saarCevno uflebis miniWeba da saqarTvelos parlamentis daarseba;
g) socialuri reformebis gatareba – memamuleebisaTvis miwis CamorTmeva, kerZo
sakuTrebis gauqmeba;
d) kavkasieli xalxebis gaerTianeba da ruseTisagan damoukidebeli erTiani kavkasiuri saxelmwifos Seqmna.
43. 1915 wels omSi Caebnen:
a) antantis mxares bulgareTi, xolo centraluri saxelmwifoebis mxares italia;
b) antantis mxares italia, xolo centraluri saxelmwifoebis mxares bulgareTi;
g) antantis mxares bulgareTi, xolo centraluri saxelmwifoebis mxares saberZneTi;
d) antantis mxares italia, xolo centraluri saxelmwifoebis mxares saberZneTi.
44. 1916 wels dasavleTis frontze ZiriTadi brZolebi gaimarTa:
a) somasTan da verdenTan;
b) somasTan da sarayamiSTan;
g) verdenTan da sarayamiSTan;
d) sarayamiSTan da salonikTan.
45. ra moTxovniT gamodioda saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partia?
a) saqarTvelos damoukidebloba, kerZo sakuTrebis dacva;
b) saqarTvelos avtonomia ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi, mesakuTreebisTvis
miwis konfiskacia;
g) ruseTis socialistur revoluciasTan SeerTeba, saqarTveloSi sabWoTa reJimis damyareba;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
372
46. rodis Catarda saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damfuZnebeli sabWos
arCevnebi da romelma partiam moipova gamarjveba?
a) 1918 wels, social-demokratiulma partiam;
b) 1918 wels; socialist-federalistebis partiam;
g) 1919 wels, social-demokratiulma partiam.
47. sad da rodis moaxdina bolSevikurma ruseTma saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis inscenireba?
a) 1920 wlis 11 noembers, yazaxis olqSi;
b) 1920 wlis 23 dekembers, zaqaTalis olqSi;
g) 1921 wlis 18 ianvars, sofel SulaverSi;
d) 1921 wlis 11 Tebervals, lores olqSi.
48. rodis damyarda faSisturi mmarTveloba italiaSi?
a) 1919 wels;
b) 1920 wels;
g) 1922 wels;
d) 1925 wels.
49. romeli saxelmwifoebi monawileobdnen „miunxenis garigebaSi“?
a) ssrk, germania, italia, safrangeTi;
b) germania, safrangeTi, inglisi, italia;
g) italia, avstria, espaneTi, germania;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
50. romeli winadadebaa swori?
a) meore msoflio omi 1941-1945 wlebSi mimdinareobda da sabWoTa ruseTis gamarjvebiT dasrulda;
b) meore msoflio omi 1939-1945 wlebSi mimdinareobda. am omSi sabWoTa kavSirma
daamarcxa mowinaaRmdegeebi: germania da inglisi;
g) meore msoflio omi 1946 wels aSS-is, iaponiisa da sabWoTa kavSiris gamarjvebiT dasrulda;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori
51. CamoTvlilTagan, romelma movlenam daaCqara meore msoflio omis dasruleba?
a) 1945 wlis 6 da 9 agvistos iaponiis qalaqebSi hirosimasa da nagasakSi amerikelTa mier atomuri bombebis Camogdebam;
b) 1945 wlis 30 ivniss hitleris TviTmkvlelobam;
g) 1945 wlis potsdamis konferenciaze miRweulma SeTanxmebam sabWoTa kavSiris, inglisisa da aSS-is SeiaraRebul Zalebs erToblivi Seteva ganexorcielebinaT berlinze;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
52. rodis Seiqmna „nato“?
a) 1945 wels;
b) 1947 wels;
g) 1949 wels;
d) 1950 wels.
53. qvemoT CamoTvlili omebidan, romeli ar iyo „civi omis“ periodSi.
a) avRaneTis omi;
g) karibis zRvis krizisi;
b) vietnamis omi;
d) II msoflio omi.
54. vin iyo vaclav haveli?
a) ungreTis ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis lideri;
373
b) Cexi disidenti; Cexoslovakiis respublikis ukanaskneli prezidenti;
g) profkavSiruli moZraobis _ „solidarnostis“ lideri;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
55. rodis gaxda saqarTvelo gaeros wevri?
a) 1990 wels;
g)1992 wels;
b) 1991 wels;
d) 1993 wels.
III. faqtebi da istoriul pirTa moRvaweoba daalageT qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 9 qula)
1. droSi Tanmimdevrulad daalage Semdegi brZolebi (1 qula):
__ borodinos, __ martyofis, __ garnisis, __verdenis, __ stalingradis.
2. rogori TanmimdevrobiT marTavdnen qveyanas mefeebi (1 qula):
__ rostom xani, __ laSa giorgi, __ daviT narini, __ vaxtang meeqvse,
__ daviT aRmaSenebeli, __ Teimuraz meore, __ giorgi meore.
3. TariRebi daakavSire movlenebTan
instruqcia: swori pasuxi fasdeba 0.5 quliT. maqsimaluri Sefaseba 5 qula
1. 1991 w.
2. 1979 w.
3. 1949 w.
4. 1962 w.
5. 1985 w.
6. 2003 w.
7. 1953 w.
8. 1955 w.
9. 1939 w.
10. 1943 w.
Seiqmna „varSavis bloki“
„didi sameulis“ Sexvedra TeiranSi
gaformda ssrk-germanias Soris Tavdausxmelobis paqti
Seiqmna „nato“
„vardebis revolucia“
sabWoTa kavSirma jari Seiyvana avRaneTSi
sabWoTa kavSiris generaluri mdivani gaxda gorbaCovi
dasrulda omi koreaSi
daiSala sabWoTa kavSiri
„karibis krizisi“
4. droSi Tanmimdevrulad daalage (2 qula):
1. _ potsdamis konferencia; _ ribentrop-molotovis paqti; _ Teiranis konferencia; _ venis kongresi; _ parizis samSvidobo konferencia.
2. _ bastiliis aReba; _ iakobinelTa mmarTveloba; _ enciklopediis gamocema;
_ 18 briumeris gadatrialeba.
IV. CamoTvlili pirebis moRvaweobas daukavSireT faqtebi da procesebi
instruqcia: swori pasuxi fasdeba 0.5 quliT. maqsimaluri Sefaseba 5 qula
1. napoleon bonaparti
2. marSali
3. stalini
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__ ekonomikuri daxmarebis gegma
__ italiis gaerTianeba
__ „kontinenturi blokada“
4. kenedi
5. gamsaxurdia
6. gorbaCovi
7. musolini
8. vilsoni
9. linkolni
10. garibaldi
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
gardaqmnis kursi
koleqtivizacia
„marSi romze“
monobis gauqmeba
1991 wlis referendumi
„erTa ligis“ Seqmna
„karibis krizisi“
V. wyaros analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 26 qula)
wyaro 1
a) bizantiis imperatoris iustinianes novela xelisuflebasa da eklesiaze:
`umaRlesi kacTmoyvareobis gamo, RvTisagan, adamianebs naboZebi aqvT udidesi wyaloba _ eklesia da mefoba.
pirveli saRvTo saqmes emsaxureba, meore _ amqveyniurs. orive erTi wyarodan moedineba da amSvenebs cxovrebas. amitom mefeni, upirveles yovlisa, zrunaven sasuliero pirTa keTildReobaze, romelnic Tavis mxriv, mudmivad loculoben maTze uflis
winaSe.
_ roca SeubRalavia samRvdeloeba, xolo xelisufleba ki kanonieri, maT Soris
sufevs keTili Tanxmoba, rasac adamianebisaTvis didi sargebloba moaqvs.
_ adamianis msgavsad, saxelmwifoc Sedgeba nawilebisagan da organoebisagan; udidesni da umTavresni arian mefe da patriarqi. qveSevrdomTa sulieri da xorcieli simSvide damokidebulia samefo xelisuflebasa da eklesias Soris Tanxmobaze da azrTa
erTianobaze~.
b) nawyveti bizantieli istorikosi prokopi kesarielis (VI s.) `saidumlo istoriidan~:
`gegonebodaT, rom rwmena RvTisa iustinianeSi iseTi cocxali da mtkice, magram
ara, esec qveSevrdomTa dasaqcevad iyo.
aman xom misca ufleba sasulieroT CaedinaT yovelnairi umsgavsoeba da Zaladoba
saeroTa mimarT da Zalian uxaroda, roca isini (sasulieroni) Zarcvavdnen maT axlos
mcxovrebT, vinaidan saRmrTo saqmed miaCnda yovelive es.
aseTi ubedurebisas mas samarTlianad miaCnda Tu vinme RvTismsaxurTa saxeliT miitacebda imas, rac ar ekuTvnoda da Tan sasamarTlo saqmesac moigebda. Tavad is, itacebda cocxalTa da gardacvlilTa qonebas da Seswiravda xolme romelime monasters
an eklesias. amasTan RvTismosaobis niRbiT ifareboda, raTa arasodes daebrunebina
CamorTmeuli qoneba dazaralebulisTvis~.
kiTxvebi:
1. wyaro a-s safuZvelze:
a) ras Tvlida iustiniane samefo xelisuflebisa da eklesiis movaleobad?
__________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
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b) ratom iyo aucilebeli maT Soris Tanxmoba?
___________________________________________
_______________________________________ (1 qula)
g) ras aniWebda imperatori upiratesobas _ samefo Tu saeklesio xelisuflebas?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________________________ (1 qula)
d) ratom miawers imperatori RmerTs imperatoris Zalauflebis boZebas, roca ambobs: umaRlesi kacTmoyvareobis gamo, RvTisagan, adamianebs naboZebi aqvT udidesi wyaloba _ eklesia da mefoba? xom ver gaixsenebdiT msgavs SemTxvevebs da riT aixsneba es?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
2. wyaro b-s safuZvelze:
a) rogor axasiaTebs prokopi kesarieli iustinianes mmarTvelobas?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
b) ratom ewodeboda mis am naSroms `saidumlo istoria~?
___________________________________________
_______________________________________ (1 qula)
g) ramdenad esadageba iustinianes Sexedulebebi samefo xelisuflebis Sesaxeb
prokopi kesarielis Sexedulebebs iustinianes mefobaze?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
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____________________________________________
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(3 qula)
wyaro 2
`a. adamianebi Tavisufalni da Tanasworuflebianni ibadebian. sazogadoebrivi
sxvaobani SeiZleba efuZnebodes mxolod saerTo sargeblobas.
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b. yovelgvari politikuri kavSiris mizania SeinarCunos adamianis bunebiTi da
xelSeuvali uflebani. am uflebaTa arsia: Tavisufleba, sakuTreba, uSiSroeba da
Cagvrisadmi winaaRmdegoba.
g. mTeli umaRlesi xelisuflebis wyaro mudam xalxSia. arc erT dawesebulebas, arc
erT pirovnebas ar ZaluZs marTos qveyana, Tu igi uSualod xalxis wiaRidan ar modis.
d. Tavisufleba niSnavs moimoqmedo yvelaferi, rac ar vnebs meores...
e. kanoni saerTo neba-survilis gamoxatulebaa... kanoni yvelasaTvis Tanabari unda
iyos...
v. aravin ar unda daisajos Tavisi, Tundac religiuri rwmenisaTvis, Tuki misi gamovlena kanoniT dadgenil sazogadoebriv wesrigs ar arRvevs...
z. radgan sakuTreba uryevi da wmidaTawmida uflebaa, amitom aravis ar unda CamoerTvas igi, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac amas aSkarad moiTxovs kanoniT dadasturebuli sazogadoebrivi aucilebloba, amasTan, samarTliani da winaswari gasamrjelos pirobiT~.
kiTxvebi:
1. romeli saukunis romeli naxevris dokumentia mocemuli wyaro?
______________________________________ (1 qula)
2. romeli dokumentis amonaridia mocemuli nawyveti?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
3. raSi xedaven dokumentis avtorebi sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis sawindars?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
4. ras niSnavs gamoTqma `bunebiTi uflebebi~?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
5. dokumentis avtorebis azriT, ra zRudavs adamianis Tavisuflebas?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
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6. moqalaqeTa ra uflebebs uzrunvelyofs dokumenti?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
7. romeli moazrovneebis ideebi udevs safuZvlad mocemul dokuments?
______________________________________ (1 qula)
8. romel uflebas gamohyofs dokumenti gansakuTrebiT?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
VI.problemis analizi da argumentacia (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 6 qula)
1. arsebobs mosazreba, rom 1939 wlis agvistoSi ssrk-sa da faSistur germanias
Soris dadebulma `Tavdausxmelobis paqtma~ (e.w. ribentrop-molotovis xelSekrulebam) waaqeza germania daewyo meore msoflio omi. zogis azriT ki, germanias isedac
gadawyvetili hqonda poloneTze Tavdasxma da, amdenad, meore msoflio omis dawyeba.
davaleba
a) SearCieT TqvenTvis sasurveli pozicia da daasabuTeT misi siswore.
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
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___________________________________ (Sefaseba 2 qula)
b) argumentirebulad uaryaviT Tqveni poziciis sapirispiro azri
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
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____________________________________________
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378
2. didi britaneTi XX saukunis dasawyisamde atarebda e.w. `brwyinvale izolaciis~
politikas. mas miaCnda, rom ar sWirdeboda mudmivi megobrebi da mudmivi mtrebi. mas
hqonda mxolod mudmivi interesebi da amis mixedviT amyarebda urTierTobebs sxvadasxva qveyanasTan. is ar debda xelSekrulebebs did saxelmwifosTan an did saxelmwifoTa kavSirebTan. magram XX saukunis dasawyisSi mdgomareoba TandaTan Seicvala,
didma britaneTma uari eTqva `brwyinvale izolaciis~ politikaze da dauaxlovda
Tavis uZveles metoqes — safrangeTs.
davaleba
1. moiyvaneT erTi konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argumenti, romelic axsnida didi britaneTis `brwyinvale izolaciis~ politikas.
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
___________________________________ (Sefaseba 1 qula)
2. moiyvaneT erTi konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argumenti, romelic axsnida didi britaneTis daaxloebas Tavis uZveles metoqesTan —
safrangeTTan.
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
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___________________________________ (Sefaseba 1 qula)
VII. karikaturis analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 4 qula)
kiTxvebi:
1. romeli politikuri moRvaweebi arian gamosaxuli karikaturaze?
__________________ (1 qula)
2. ras niSnavs maTi es Jesti?
_______________________
__________________ (1 qula)
3. romeli periodis romel procesebs asa­
xavs es karikatura?
___________________________________________
______________________________________ (2 qula)
379
VIII. rukis analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 7 qula)
ruka #13-is (danarTi #1) gamoyenebiT:
1. romeli periodis procesebia asaxuli rukaze?
______________________________________ (1 qula)
2. SeavseT cxrili (3 qula):
a) cxrilis zeda grafaSi CawereT saxelmwifoebi, romlebmac SeierTes sxva teritoriebi;
b) qveda grafaSi CawereT maT mier mierTebuli teritoriebi
3. romeli kongresis gadawyvetilebis Sedegad Seiqmna germaniis kavSiri?
______________________________________ (1 qula)
4. gaixseneT, ra procesebi uswrebda win evropis teritoriebis aseT gadanawilebas.
___________________________________________
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_______________________________________ (2 qula)
380
danarTi #1
rukebi
ruka #1. qvis xanis Zeglebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze
381
382
n i S n e b i
didi berZnuli kolonizaciis Sedegad kolxeTis mier dakarguli teritoria
finikuri kolonizaciiT moculi teritoria
berZnuli kolonizaciiT moculi teritoria
metropolia _ koloniebis damaarsebeli berZnuli qalaq-saxelmwifo
qalaqi
likia
p i r o b i T i
ruka #2. finikiuri da berZnuli kolonizacia Zv.w. XI-VI saukuneebSi
romis mier mierTebuli karTagenis
teritoria (Zv. w. 146 w.)
romis mier SeerTebuli
teritoria (Zv. w. 146 w.)
romis mier kontrolirebadi
teritoria (Zv.w. 264 w.)
karTagenis mier kontrolirebadi
teritoria (Zv.w. 264 w.)
ZiriTadi brZola
scipioni
hanibali
ruka #3 punikuri omebi
383
ruka #4. romis imperia da barbarosebi
dasavleT romis mimperia
aRmosavleT romis imperia
monebisa da kolonebis
gamosvlebi
barbarosTa moZraobis mimarTulebani
hunebi
ostgoTebi
vestgoTebi
frankebi
alan-vandalebi
burgundebi
anglebi, saqsebi da iutebi
avarebi
slavebi
mniSvnelovani brZolebis adgilebi
384
385
386
langobardebis samefo
`-~ omaianebis mier 750 w-mde
arabebis jaris banakebi
saxalifos mniSvnelovani qalaqebi
bizantia
imperiis sazRvrebi 565 w-mde
imperia 700 w-Tvis
vestgoTebis samefo
saxalifos gafarToeba 656 w-mde
635 qalaqis aRebis TariRi
frankTa samefo
muslimTa teritoria 632
arabTa dapyrobebi
ruka #5. arabTa dapyrobebi
ruka #6. qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi
387
ruka 7. saqarTvelo daviT IV aRmaSeneblis mefobis dros
388
ruka #8. saqarTvelo Tamar mefis dros
389
ruka 9. didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi
390
391
ruka #10. safrangeTis imperia 1812 wels
392
ruka #11. germaniis gaerTianeba
saxelmwifo sazRvari 1864 wlisaTvis
1866-1867 wlebSi Seqmnili Crdilo germaniis kavSiris sazRvari
prusiis jarebis Seteva omSi daniasTan (1864 w.); avstriasTan (1866 w.);
safrangeTTan (1870-1871 ww.)
1871 wels Seqmnili germaniis imperiis sazRvari
safrangeTisgan gadaeca germanias 1871 wels
393
394
4.VIII.1914
23.V.1916
4.VIII.1914
7.VIII.1914
30.VI.1917
28.VII.1914
28.VII.1914
cifrebiT aRniSnulia: 1 _ niderlandi; 2 _ Sveicaria; 3 _ belgia;
4 _ dania; 5 _ rumineTi; 6 _ bulgareTi; 7 _ fineTi
9.III.1916
3.VIII.1914
4.VIII.1914
14.X.1915
27.VIII.1916
1.VIII.(19.VII).1914
29.X.1914
4.VIII.1914
romi
200
0
200
400 km
serbiis frontis xazi 1915 w.
noemberSi
serbiis armiis evakuacia korfus
kunZulze 1915 w. dekemberSi
salonikis frontis xazi 1915 w.
bolosaTvis
salonikis frontis xazi1918 w.
SemodgomisTvis
omi balkaneTis n-k-ze
aRmosavleTis fronti 1918 wlis
brestis zavis droisaTvis
1917 wlis oqtombris politikuri
gadatrialeba ruseTSi
1917 wlis Tebervlis revolucia ruseTSi
ruseTis armiis Tanamimdevruli mdgoma­reoba kavkasiis frontze Setevis dros
frontis xazi 1917 wlis oqtombrisaTvis
samxreT-dasavleTis da rumineTis
frontebi 1916 wlisaTvis
poziciuri fronti 1915 wlis oqtombrisTvis
(germania-avstriis jarebis Setevis Semdeg)
frontis xazi 1914 wlisaTvis
ruseTis meore armiis ori korpusis
daRupvis adgili
ruseTis jarebis winsvlis sazRvrebi
aRmosavleT prusiaSi
ruseTi 1914-1917 wlebis omSi
neitraluri saxelmwifoebi
germania da misi momxreebi
antanta da misi momxre qveynebi
calkeul saxelmwifoTa omSi
Cabmis TariRebi
saxelmwifoTa sazRvrebi 1914 wlisaTvis
saxelmwifoTa dedaqalaqebi
ruka #12. 1914-1918 wlebis pirveli msoflio omi
ruka #13.
395
danarTi #2
testebis swori pasuxebi
testi # 1
1-a; 2-b; 3-b; 4-d; 5-g; 6-g; 7-a; 8-g; 9-g; 10-d; 11-d; 12-b.
testi #2
I. teqstis Sesworeba
Secdomaa
#
sworia
1.
Zv.w. meToTxmete saukuneSi
Zv.w. meTormete saukuneSi
2.
xeTebis
asureTis
3.
CrdiloeTidan
samxreTidan (emezobleboda)
4.
diaoxis
miierTa
5.
skviTebi
teritoria
kolxam teritoriis
miierTa
nawili
kolxam
kimerielebi
II. upasuxe kiTxvebs:
1-g; 2-b; 3-d; 4-b; 5-b; 6- g; 7-d; 8-b; 9-a; 10-b; 11-a; 12-g; 13-b; 14 -kiros II,
kambizi, darios I; 15-g; 16-g; 17-a; 18-b; 19-b; 20-a
testi #3
I. teqstis Sesworeba
#
Secdomaa
sworia
1.
„matiane qarTlisai“
„qarTlis cxovreba“ (an „moqcevai qarTlisai“)
2.
azo
aleqsandre makedoneli
3.
samara
azo
4.
pirineis mTebi
kavkasionis mTebi
5.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelo
dasavleT saqarTvelo
397
6.
saurmagi
quji
7.
eqvsi saerisTavo
Svidi saerisTavo
8.
marzpani
spaspeti
9.
Tbilisis
mcxeTis
10.
Zv.w. VI-V saukuneebis mijna
Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebis mijna
II. upasuxe kiTxvebs
1-a; 2-a; 3-d; 4-a; 5-a; 6-d; 7-d; 8-d; 9-b; 10-a; 11-b; 12-d; 13-d.
testi #4.
I. teqstis Sesworeba
Secdomaa
#
sworia
1.
selevkosi
miTridate pontoeli
2.
parTiis
somxeTis
3.
qr.S-mde 79 wels
qr.S-mde 65 wels
4.
tigrani
artagi
5.
kargavda Sinagan damoukideblo- ar kargavda damoukideblobas
bas
6.
darubandis kari
darialis kari
7.
albaneTi
somxeTi
8.
arSaki
miTridate
9.
tiberiusi
adriane
10.
traiane
antonine piusi
II. upasuxe kiTxvebs:
1-b; 2-b; 3-a; 4-b; 5-a; 6-a; 7-keisari, oqtaviusi, traiane, diokletiane; 8-g; 9-g; 10-a
testi # 5
1-g; 2-a; 3-d; 4-b; 5-b; 6-g; 7-d; 8-d; 9-a; 10-b; 11-g; 12-b; 13-a; 14-a; 15-b; 16-b; 17-b; 18-a;
19-d; 20-g; 21-g.
398
testi #6
1-b; 2-d; 3-g; 4-b; 5-a; 6-a; 7-g; 8-b; 9-abu baqri, omari; osmani, ali; 10-a; 11-d; 12-b;
13-d; 14-a; 15-g; 16-d.
testi #7
1-b; 2-b; 3-b; 4-d; 5-g; 6-b; 7-a; 8-b; 9-a; 10-d; 11-g; 12-g; 13-g; 14-d; 15-b; 16-b; 17-b; 18-g;
19-b; 20-d.
testi #8
I. teqstis Sesworeba.
Secdomaa
#
sworia
1.
1101 weli
1104 weli
2.
aTabagi
mwignobarTuxucesi
3.
kaTalikosi
Wyondideli
4.
1115 weli
1101-1104 ww.
5.
mstovarTa aparati
saajo kari
6.
samcxis erisTavi
kldekaris erisTavi
7.
1122 weli
1121 weli
8.
rusTavi
dmanisi
9.
`Sen xar venaxi~
`galobani sinanulisani~
10.
sveticxoveli
gelaTi
II. upasuxe kiTxvebs
1-d; 2-b; 3-g; 4-b; 5-a; 6-g; 7-a; 8-g; 9-d; 10-d; 11-b; 12-d; 13-b; 14-d; 15-a; 16-b; 17-a; 18-g
testi # 9
I. teqstis Sesworeba.
Secdomaa
#
sworia
1.
1220-1245 ww.
1223-1245 ww.
2.
1224 w.
1225 w.
3.
iranis
xorezmis
399
4.
ananuris brZola
garnisis brZola
5.
quTaisi
Tbilisi
6.
didubis xidi
metexis xidi
7.
Turq-selCukebi
monRolebi
8.
1245 w.
1235 w.
9.
demetre II
rusudani
10.
fazisi
quTaisi
II. upasuxe kiTxvebs
1-b; 2-a; 3-a; 4-b; 5-d; 6-d; 7-g; 8-d; 9-a; 10-d; 11-g; 12-b; 13-b; 14-g; 15-g; 16-b; 17-a; 18-g;
19-a; 20-a.
testi #10
I. teqstis Sesworeba
Secdomaa
sworia
1499
1497
espaneTidan
portugaliidan
samxreT amerikis
afrikis
atlantis okeanis
indoeTis okeanis
espanelebma
portugalielebma
II. upasuxe kiTxvebs
1-b; 2-b; 3-g; 4-b; 5-b; 6-a;
7. 1. portugalielTa eqspedicia barTolomeo diasis meTaurobiT
3. portugalielTa eqspedicia vasko da gamas meTaurobiT.
2. kolumbis mier samxreT amerikis kontinentis aRmoCena.
8-d; 9_d; 10_a; 11_g; 12_d; 13_g; 14_g; 15_a; 16_b; 17_d; 18_b; 19_d; 20_b; 21_d;
22_d; 23_a; 24_g; 25_b; 26_g; 27_g; 28_g; 29_g.
testi # 11
I. teqstis Sesworeba
Secdomaa
#
400
sworia
1.
1778 w.
1776w.
2.
pirveli
meore
3.
cxrameti
cameti
4.
safrangeTTan
inglisTan
5.
benJamin franklini
jorj vaSingtoni
Secdomaa
#
sworia
1.
1799w.
1798w.
2.
lafaieti
bonaparti
3.
maroko
egvipte
4.
ruseTi
inglisi
5.
naximovi
nelsoni
Secdomaa
#
sworia
1.
italia
Sveicaria
2.
helsinki
varSava
3.
korsika
malta
4.
espaneTi
italia
5.
prusia
italiis
Secdomaa
#
sworia
1.
ispahani
ganja
2.
qerim xani
azat xani
3.
1765 w.
1762 w.
4.
sparseTi
ruseTi
5.
1774 w.
1770w.
II. upasuxe kiTxvebs
1-g; 2_b; 3_b; 4_d;
5. 3. konstituciis miReba;
1. sagerbo gamosaRebis daweseba;
2. damoukideblobis deklaraciis miReba.
6_b; 7_a; 8_g; 9_b; 10_b; 11_a; 12_d; 13_g; 14_d; 15_b; 16_g; 17_d; 18_d;
401
19. 4. imperia; 2. konstituciuri monarqia; 3. respublika; 1. SeuzRudavi monarqia.
20. 2. borodinos brZola;
4. vaterloos brZola;
1. austerlicis brZola;
3. laipcigis brZola.
21_g; 22_a; 23_g; 24_g; 25_b; 26_a; 27_g; 28_d
testi #12
I. teqstis gasworeba
Secdomaa
#
sworia
1.
gibraltarisa da magelanis
bosforisa da dardanelis
2.
iranTan
osmaleTTan
3.
sevastopolisaken
stambolisaken
4.
kavkasiaSi
yirimSi
5.
baTumi
sevastopols
Secdomaa
#
sworia
1.
frangebma
holandielebma
2.
kaTolikeebi
protestantebi
3.
avstrielebma
ingliselebma
4.
samxreTisaken
CrdiloeTisaken
5.
marokosa da alJiris
transvaalisa da oranJis
II. upasuxe kiTxvebs
1_g; 2_a; 3_b; 4_g; 5_d; 6_g; 7_g; 8_b;
9. 4. afrika;
1. irlandia;
3. indoeTi;
2. CrdiloeT amerika.
10_b; 11_g; 12_a; 13_d; 14_b; 15_a; 16_g; 17_g; 18_d; 19_b; 20_b; 21_g; 22_a;
23_g; 24_d; 25_b.
402
testi #13
I. teqstis Sesworeba
Secdomaa
#
sworia
1.
lui-filipe
lui-napoleoni
2.
napoleon II-d
napoleon III-d
3.
mesamed
meored
4.
1856 w.
1866 w.
5.
prusiam
safrangeTma
Secdomaa
#
sworia
1.
demokratiuli
respublikuri
2.
1862
1860
3.
respublikurma
demokratiulma
4.
Tomas jefersoni
abraam linkolni
5.
23
10-ma
II. upasuxe kiTxvebs
1-b; 2-b; 3-b; 4-g; 5-g; 6-g; 7-b; 8-g; 9-g; 10-d; 11-b.
12. 2. samxreTis Statebis konfederaciis Seqmna;
1. aSS-isaTvis axali meqsikisa da kaliforniis gadacema;
3. samoqalaqo omi aSS-Si.
13. 3. romis olqi mierTeba;
2. italiis samefos gamocxadeba;
1. lombardiis olqis sardiniis xelSi gadasvla;
14_b; 15_g; 16_a; 17_d.
testi #14
I. teqstis Sesworeba
#
Secdomaa
sworia
1.
avstria-ungreTis
germaniis
2.
avstria-ungreTma da italiam
germaniam da avstria-ungreTma
3.
safrangeTis
ruseTis
403
4.
ingliss
italias
5.
avstria-ungreTsa da ingliss
germaniasa da italias
Secdomaa
#
sworia
1.
avstria-ungreTis
germaniis
2.
germaniasTan da italiasTan
safrangeTTan da ruseTTan
3.
Sveicariidan
belgiidan
4.
berlini
parizi
5.
samxreTis
aRmosavleTis
II. upasuxe kiTxvebs
1-g; 2-g; 3-a; 4-a; 5-a; 6-b; 7-b; 8-d; 10-g; 11-g.
12. 2 ruseT-safrangeTis kavSiri;
1 samTa kavSiri;
4 inglis-ruseTis SeTanxmeba;
3 didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis `guliTadi SeTanxmeba~.
13. 3 rumineTi;
4 saberZneTi;
2 italia;
1 iaponia.
testi #15
upasuxe kiTxvebs
1-d; 2-g; 3-d; 4-g; 5-g; 6-b; 7-d; 8-d; 9-a; 10-g; 11-g; 12-b; 13-b; 14-d; 15-g; 16-b
testi # 16
I. teqstis Sesworeba
Secdomaa
#
404
sworia
1.
5 seqtemberi
1 seqtemberi
2.
espaneTma
safrangeTma
3.
elviseburi omi
ucnauri omi
4.
1942 w.
1941 w.
5.
katini
kompieni
6.
samxreTi
CrdiloeTi
7.
de golo
peteni
8.
1943 w.
1941 w.
9.
potsdami
Teirani
10.
italia
iaponia
II. upasuxe kiTxvebs
1-b; 2-a; 3-d; 4-d; 5-a; 6-g; 7-b; 8-g; 9-d; 10-d; 11-b; 12-d; 13-a; 14-b; 15-d; 16-g; 17-b
testi #17
upasuxeT kiTxvebs
1-g; 2-b; 3-b; 4-b; 5-d; 6-g; 7-a; 8-g; 9-b; 10-d; 11-d; 12-g; 13-g; 14-b; 15-a; 16-a
Semajamebeli testi #1
I. teqstis Sesworeba
Secdomaa
#
sworia
1.
1090 w.
1095 w
2.
inglisi
safrangeTi
3.
episkoposi
papi
4.
monRolTa
TurqTa
5.
meqa
ierusalimi
6.
1092 w.
1099 w.
7.
asureTis samefo
ierusalimis samefo
8.
1201 w.
1204 w
9.
genuelTa
venecielTa
10.
italielTa imperia
laTinTa imperia
405
II. upasuxeT kiTxvebs
1-g; 2-b; 3-b; 4-d; 5-d; 6-d; 7-b; 8-b; 9-b; 10-a; 11-g; 12-d; 13-b; 14-b; 15-g; 16-g; 17-a; 18b; 19-a; 20-a; 21-a; 22-a; 23-b; 24-g; 25-d; 26-b; 27-b; 28-a; 29-b; 30-a; 31-b; 32-b; 33-b; 34-b;
35-g; 36-a; 37-d; 38-d; 39-b; 40-b; 41-g; 42-d; 43-b; 44-b; 45-b; 46-d; 47-g; 48-a; 49-a; 50-g;
51-b; 52-g.
III. faqtebi da istoriul pirTa moRvaweoba daalageT qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT:
1. droSi Tanmimdevrulad daalage Semdegi brZolebi:
3. baxtrionis, 1. didgoris, 4. aspinZis, 2. Samqoris, 5 krwanisis.
2. rogori TanmidevrobiT marTavdnen qveyanas mefeebi:
7. erekle meore, 3. Tamari, 1. bagrat mesame, 5. giorgi merve,
2. daviT aRmaSenebeli, 6. simon pirveli, 4. demetre meore.
3. CamoTvlili brZolebidan, ro