Nail Polish Remover Waste Characterization

Transcription

Publication Number SQG-NAILS-1(9/03) rev. 4/06
April 2006
Final Report
Nail Polish Remover
Waste Characterization
Alice Chapman, P.E.
Local Hazardous Waste Management Program in King County
Technical Assistance and Pollution Prevention Team
Laurie Foster
Survey Team
This report was prepared by the Local Hazardous Waste Management Program in King
County, Washington. The program seeks to reduce hazardous waste from households
and small quantity generator businesses in King County by providing information and
technical assistance to protect human health and the environment.
For more information or to order additional copies of this report contact:
130 Nickerson Street, Suite 100
Seattle, WA 98109
206-263-3050 TTY Relay: 711
Fax 206-263-3070
www.govlink.org/hazwaste/
Publication Number SQG-NAILS-1(9/03) rev. 04/06
Chapman, Alice and Foster, Laurie. Nail Polish Remover Waste Characterization, Final Report.
Seattle, WA: Local Hazardous Waste Management Program in King County, 2006.
Alternate Formats Available
Voice: 206-263-3050 or TTY Relay: 711
PolishRemoverSummaryReportFinal.doc
Printed on Recycled Paper
CONTENTS
Introduction and Research Objectives .........................................................................................1
Research Objectives...................................................................................................................1
Generating Nail Polish Remover Waste .......................................................................................2
Products Used to Remove Nail Polish .......................................................................................2
Process Description....................................................................................................................2
Regulatory Interpretation – Listed Solvent .................................................................................3
Discarded Chemical Product List ..............................................................................................3
Dangerous Waste Sources List ..................................................................................................3
Waste Designation for Ignitability ................................................................................................5
Waste Designation for Toxicity .....................................................................................................6
Book Designation ......................................................................................................................6
Potentially Toxic Ingredients ..............................................................................................6
Waste Measurements from a Simulation.............................................................................6
Waste Measurements from a Nail Technician.....................................................................6
Static Acute Fish Toxicity Test..................................................................................................7
Final Designation for Toxicity...................................................................................................7
Conclusions .....................................................................................................................................8
Summary of Research Findings .................................................................................................8
Recommendations for Nail Salons.............................................................................................8
Appendix A US EPA Interpretation of “Sole Active Ingredient” in Discarded Chemical
Products.........................................................................................................................................11
Appendix B Letter from Department of Ecology to Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory ..........17
Appendix C Simulated Nail Polish Remover Waste, Toxicity Book Designation..................25
Appendix D Nail Academy Waste, Toxicity Book Designation...............................................37
Appendix E Sample Plan: Fish Bioassay..................................................................................49
Appendix F Static Acute Fish Toxicity Test Results ................................................................55
Bibliography..................................................................................................................................75
King County – Nail Polish Remover Waste Characterization
i
This page was intentionally left blank.
ii
King County - Nail Polish Remover Waste Characterization
INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The Local Hazardous Waste Management Program in King County (LHWMP) provides
education and technical assistance to small quantity generators1 (SQGs) of hazardous
waste. SQGs generate less than 220 pounds of hazardous waste a month (or batch) and
never accumulate more than 2,200 pounds. The limit is 2.2 pounds for certain wastes.
The LHWMP’s Survey Team visits all businesses in selected geographic areas of King
County to identify SQGs, observe their hazardous waste handling practices, answer
questions, assess their needs and provide technical assistance. Data collected by the
survey team are used to develop educational materials and to identify business types for
future program efforts.
Nail salons generate spent cotton balls or cotton cord saturated with nail polish remover.
The Survey Team found that nearly all nail salons were disposing of spent saturated
cotton to the regular garbage. The LHWMP needed to know whether these wastes
designated as hazardous or dangerous under Federal and State regulations to determine
whether disposal to the garbage was an acceptable practice. Technical research and
sampling were needed to answer this question.
This report presents the results of two small studies and regulatory research to
characterize spent saturated cotton waste from nail salons in King County. In addition,
the Survey Team developed a brochure and compiled an extensive file of resource
materials related to nail salons and general information about the nail salon industry.
Research Objectives
Technical research focused on these two objectives:
•
What products are typically used to remove nail polish and how is spent
saturated cotton waste generated?
•
How does spent saturated cotton waste designate under State and Federal
hazardous waste regulations?
A local nail academy provided product information and demonstrated how nail polish
remover waste is generated.
Spent saturated cotton was designated by gathering and quantifying generator knowledge,
researching listed waste regulations, and conducting a fish bioassay for acute toxicity.
1 Under Federal regulations, SQGs are referred to as Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generators
(CESQGs).
1
GENERATING NAIL POLISH REMOVER WASTE
Products Used to Remove Nail Polish
During site visits to nail salons, the Survey Team found that acetone (also called 2propanone) was most often used to remove nail polish. Several other solvents, often as
mixtures with acetone, were also used. Identified solvents were N-butyl acetate,
isopropanol, ethyl acetate and methyl ethyl ketone. A few products marketed as “nonacetone” were reviewed and found to contain ingredients with equivalent or higher
potential risks to safety, health or the environment than acetone. Nail salons should not
assume that “non-acetone” products are more beneficial than acetone. A careful review
of proposed alternatives is necessary before switching to non-acetone products.
Process Description
A local nail academy provided process information and allowed staff to observe a nail
technician removing polish. Nail polish remover was stored in a small flip-top plastic
bottle at the table. The table had a built-in downdraft fan with a small cloth bag filter for
capturing particulates. The nail technician pulled a section of 100 percent cotton coil
from a tabletop dispenser and applied nail polish remover. The technician did not wear
gloves or any other protective clothing or equipment. The same piece of saturated cotton
(now about 1/2 inch in diameter) was used to remove polish from all ten fingers of the
customer. The cotton was rotated during use so that it was evenly soiled with removed
nail polish when done. The spent cotton had no visible dry spots. The nail technician
reported that when removing darker colors, more polish remover is used. The spent
saturated cotton was put into a small garbage can next to the table.
2
REGULATORY INTERPRETATION – LISTED
SOLVENT
Acetone is called a “listed solvent” because it is on two lists of hazardous wastes:
discarded chemical products and dangerous waste sources. After reviewing Washington
State’s Dangerous Waste regulations (Chapter 173-303, WAC) to determine whether nail
salon waste designated as listed hazardous waste, it was concluded that spent nail polish
remover waste is not listed waste. However, nail salons may sometimes generate other
listed wastes.
Discarded Chemical Product List
Discarded chemical products (described at WAC 173-303-081 and listed at WAC 173303-9903) include commercial chemical products, off-specification products, containers
(including inner liners & residue) that held a commercial chemical product, and residue
or contaminated materials resulting from the cleanup of a spill of these items. Acetone
present in spent cotton waste, when generated as described on page two, does not meet
any of these criteria.
However, nail remover product containing acetone as the sole active ingredient (see
Appendix A for a clarification of this term) would designate as a listed hazardous waste
(dangerous waste number U002) under either of the following conditions:
•
The nail salon decided to dispose of a container (either completely or partially
filled) of unused acetone.
•
Sorbents, rags, wash water, contaminated soil or other residues were generated
while cleaning up a spill of unused acetone.
Dangerous Waste Sources List
Dangerous waste sources (described at WAC 173-303-082 and listed at WAC 173-3039904) include dangerous waste number F003, spent nonhalogenated solvents (including
acetone) generated under certain circumstances. A review of regulations and resources
provided by Washington’s Department of Ecology determined that spent acetonesaturated cotton waste is not F003 dangerous waste. The basis for this interpretation is
provided in Appendix B, a letter from Washington’s Department of Ecology to Lawrence
Berkeley Laboratory, under the heading “Step 4”. Like the KimWipe and methanol
cleaning agent discussed in the letter, nail technicians use a mixture of solvent and cotton
material to remove polish. Often the solvent is a mixture of several ingredients. In order
to meet the F003 listing description, nail polish remover before use would need to contain
only F003 solvent (i.e., no cotton material).
Some nail salons may use acetone to remove acrylic nails applied onto natural nails,
soaking the customer’s fingers in a container of acetone until the acrylic nail softens. This
3
waste acetone would meet the F003 listing description and designate as dangerous waste
(DW). A nail salon could not absorb the spent acetone with cotton to avoid the F003
listing.
4
WASTE DESIGNATION FOR IGNITABILITY
Acetone is a listed discarded chemical product and dangerous waste source because it is
ignitable. In this section, the characteristic of ignitability was evaluated based on the
definitions from WAC 173-303-090(5).
Separate ignitability evaluations are made based on whether the waste is liquid, not a
liquid, an ignitable compressed gas, or an oxidizer. The nail salon spent saturated cotton
waste is not a liquid, so WAC 173-303-090(5)(ii) was reviewed:
It is not a liquid and is capable, under standard temperature and pressure,
of causing fire through friction, absorption of moisture or spontaneous
chemical changes and, when ignited, burns so vigorously and persistently
that it creates a hazard;
Cotton saturated with acetone does not meet that definition, so is not ignitable dangerous
waste.
Spent liquid acetone used to soak and soften acrylic nails was evaluated for ignitability
based on WAC 173-303-090(5)(i):
It is a liquid, other than an aqueous solution containing less than 24
percent alcohol by volume, and has a flash point less than 60 degrees C
(140 degrees F), as determined by a Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester...
The Closed Cup flash point test result for acetone (see JT Baker MSDS online at
http://www.jtbaker.com/msds/englishhtml/A0446.htm ) is - 20 degrees C (- 4 degrees F).
Therefore, spent liquid acetone and is ignitable dangerous waste (DW) with waste code
D001.
5
WASTE DESIGNATION FOR TOXICITY
Nail salon spent saturated cotton waste was designated for toxicity using three methods:
book designation with waste measurements from a simulation, book designation with
waste measurements from waste generated by a nail technician, and a static acute fish
toxicity test of waste generated by staff volunteers. Through book designation, the waste
designated as toxic but was so close to the regulatory limit that further testing was needed
to confirm the designation. Based on the results of the more definitive fish test, the waste
did not designate as dangerous waste for toxicity.
The same nail polish remover, provided by the nail academy volunteer, was used for all
designation methods.
Book Designation
Potentially Toxic Ingredients
The nail polish remover used in the study contained three ingredients (acetone, isopropyl
alcohol and methyl ethyl ketone) that classify as Toxic Category D according to the
Toxic Category Table at WAC 173-303-100(b)(i).
Waste Measurements from a Simulation
A simulation was done to obtain the waste measurements needed to compute the
concentration of toxic category D constituents. Other constituents in the waste were
dried nail polish and cotton. To simulate the process, a nail-shaped template was used to
paint glass beakers with one, two or three coats of nail polish. Cotton balls saturated with
nail polish remover cleaned the polish off ten “nails” on the beakers. Mass
measurements of the clean beakers, beakers with nail polish, clean cotton balls and used
cotton balls (wet) were recorded to calculate the concentration of toxic category D
constituents. Several important factors in the simulation differ from actual conditions
(e.g., painted surface porosity). Details of this simulation are provided in Appendix C.
The mass percent of toxic category D constituents ranged from 24 to 65 percent.
Equivalent concentration (see WAC 173-303-100(b)(ii)) ranged from 0.002 to 0.006.
The simulated wastes designated as DW, WT02 because the equivalent concentration
exceeded 0.001 (see WAC 173-303-100(b)(iii)).
One question raised by the simulation was whether the amount of solvent actually used
by technicians was equivalent to that used in the simulation. If the amount of solvent
used in the field were significantly lower than the simulation, waste might not designate;
if the amount were equivalent or higher, waste would more likely designate.
Waste Measurements from a Nail Technician
A nail academy volunteered to remove nail polish from two volunteers and demonstrate
standard practices. The process was observed and mass measurements were recorded to
6
calculate the mass percent of toxic category D constituents. See Appendix D for a full
description of this short study with measurements.
This observation showed that nail technicians fully saturate the cotton with nail polish
remover. Typically, one piece of saturated cotton is used to remove polish from all ten
nails. The spent cotton is heavily soiled with polish and saturated with solvent.
The mass percent of toxic category D constituents in the waste was 51 to 69 percent. The
equivalent concentrations were from 0.005 to 0.007. The waste designated as DW,
WT02 because the equivalent concentration exceeded 0.001 (see WAC 173-303100(b)(iii)).
Static Acute Fish Toxicity Test
Because the book designation process indicated that concentrations of toxic constituents
were near the regulatory limit, a static acute fish toxicity test (Method DOE 80-12) was
conducted to obtain a more definitive designation.
Several volunteers wearing nail polish removed it using the nail technician procedure.
This generated heavily soiled and solvent-saturated cotton which was collected in a
sample container. See Appendix E for the sample plan and a description of the waste
generating process. The sample was analyzed by the King County Environmental
Laboratory (see Appendix F.)
According to the fish bioassay, the spent saturated cotton waste did not designate as
dangerous waste (neither DW, WT02 nor EHW, WT01). The percent survival of the
rainbow trout was 100 percent.
Final Designation for Toxicity
According to designation procedures (see WAC 173-303-100(d)); bioassay data is used
to designate a waste when bioassay data do not agree with book designation. Therefore,
spent saturated cotton waste is not dangerous waste and may be managed as regular
garbage.
7
CONCLUSIONS
Summary of Research Findings
Washington State’s waste designation process (see WAC 173-303-070) was followed to
determine whether spent saturated cotton waste from nail salons was dangerous waste. A
combination of process knowledge and testing was used to complete designation. The
waste clearly did not designate for characteristics (ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity or
toxicity) or for state persistence criteria. After a detailed review of regulations for listed
discarded chemical products and dangerous waste sources, it was determined that the
waste was not listed waste.
Although book designation indicated the waste was DW, WT02, the fish bioassay
determined that the waste was not toxic under Washington State criteria. According to
designation procedures, bioassay data is used to designate a waste when the bioassay data
do not agree with the book designation.
Therefore, spent saturated cotton waste is not dangerous waste and may be managed as
regular garbage.
Recommendations for Nail Salons
Table 1 on the next page summarizes recommendations for several types of nail salon
wastes based on the study results. The LHWMP Survey Team will provide this guidance
to nail salons that have a similar process for nail polish removal. Shops with significant
variations in nail polish remover processes or products may need to conduct a separate
designation.
For more help, contact:
8
•
Business Waste Line, 206-296-3976. Ask any question about nail salon waste
and for a copy of the Hazardous Waste Directory “Yellow Book” with local
vendors who recycle or dispose of hazardous waste and solvent. Also ask for the
short fact sheet titled Nail Salons: How to Handle Nail Salon Wastes in King
County.
•
IMEX, Industrial Materials Exchange, 206-296-4899. Exchange excess materials
(such as unused acetone or polish remover) with other businesses.
•
LHWMP Small Business Web Site. Online versions of the Hazardous Waste
Directory“Yellow Book” and the fact sheet Nail Salons: How to Handle Nail
Salon Wastes in King County.
http://www.govlink.org/hazwaste/business/index.cfm
Table 1. Nail Salon Wastes and Recommendations
Waste
Acetone: liquid in partially or
completely full containers,
unused
Designation
U002, discarded
chemical product
Recommendation
D001, ignitable
Locate another business that needs
unused acetone, so it is product (not
waste).
WT02, state toxic
dangerous waste
Recycle or dispose using a permitted
hazardous waste vendor.
Acetone: sorbents, rags,
washwater, contaminated
soils or other residues from
cleaning up a spill of unused
acetone
U002, discarded
chemical product
Acetone: used to soak
customer’s fingers to remove
acrylic nails
F003, listed
solvent
D001, ignitable
Cannot be put in the regular garbage,
even if absorbed with cotton. Cannot
go down the drain.
WT02, state toxic
dangerous waste
WT02, state toxic
dangerous waste
Nail polish remover with a
mixture of solvents (may or
may not include acetone)
D001, ignitable
WT02, state toxic
dangerous waste
Locate another business that needs
unused acetone so it is product (not
waste).
Removers with low acetone
concentrations, or “acetone-free”
formulas, contained toxic and ignitable
solvents.
Nail polish remover:
sorbents, rags, washwater,
contaminated soils or other
residues from cleaning up a
spill of unused remover with
a mixture of solvents (may or
may not include acetone)
WT02, state toxic
dangerous waste
Nail polish remover: spent
saturated cotton after
removing polish from nails
Not dangerous
waste
Dispose to the regular garbage. Use a
metal container with a tight-fitting lid for
garbage collection.
9
10
APPENDIX A
US EPA INTERPRETATION OF “SOLE ACTIVE
INGREDIENT” IN DISCARDED CHEMICAL
PRODUCTS
11
12
RCRA Online Database
Page 1 of 1
RCRA Online
Contact Us | Print Version
EPA Home > Wastes > Information Sources > RCRA Online > Document Record Detail
Document Record Detail
Full Document:
Title:
RCRA Online Number:
Date:
To:
From:
Organization of Recipient:
Description:
Regulatory Citation(s) :
Statutory Citation(s):
Topic(s):
Approximate Number of Hardcopy
Pages:
EPA Publication Number:
RPPC Number (if applicable):
OSW Policy:
COMMERCIAL CHEMICAL PRODUCT DEFINITION IN §261.33
13530
03/01/1992
NA
NA
NA
Discarded unused commercial chemical product (CCP) with two
active ingredients cannot be P-listed or U-listed waste because the
listed chemical is not the sole active ingredient. Functionally inert
components are not active ingredients.
261.33(e), 261.33(f)
NA Read US Code 42, Chapter 82
Chemicals (RCRA); Hazardous Waste; P-wastes; U-wastes
1
530-R-92-014C
9444.1992(01)
No
EPA Home | Privacy and Security Notice | Contact Us
http://yosemite.epa.gov/osw/rcra.nsf/0c994248c239947e85256d090071175f/4d8560047ac... 6/21/2005
Page 1 of 2
Faxback 13530
9444.1992(01)
RCRA/Superfund/OUST Hotline Monthly Report Question
March 1992
2. Commercial Chemical Product Definition in
261.33
A manufacturer intends to discard an unused
formulation which contains two chemicals that serve as
active ingredients. Only one of the chemicals is listed
in 40 CFR 261.33. A comment in 261.33(d) states that
"[t]he phrase 'commercial chemical product or
manufacturing chemical immediate having the generic name
listed in...' refers to a chemical substance which is
manufactured or formulated for commercial or
manufacturing use and which consists of the commercially
pure grade of the chemical, any technical grades of the
chemical that are produced or marketed, and all
formulations in which the chemical is the sole active
ingredient." (Emphasis added.) Does the term "sole active
ingredient" refer only to chemicals which are listed in
261.33(e) and (f)? If a product contains two active
ingredients, only one of which is listed, would the
discarded product be regulated as a P- or U-listed waste?
The discarded formulation would not be regulated as P- or
U-listed waste when discarded. In order to be regulated as a P- or
U-listed waste, a waste must meet all of the listing criteria. The
listings in 261.33 do not include chemical mixtures where the
listed chemical is not the sole active ingredient, and do not apply
to chemicals that have been used for their intended purpose (54 FR
31335; July 28,1989). In the scenario described above, while the
discarded formulation meets the criterion of being unused, it
contains more than one active ingredient. It is not necessary for
a chemical to be listed in
261.33(e) or (f) in order to meet the
definition of an active ingredient. An active ingredient is defined
as a component or mixture that performs the function of the
product. "Sole active ingredient" means the active ingredient is
the only chemically active component for the function of the
product. If a formulation has more than one active ingredient, the
formulation, when discarded, would not be within the scope of the
listing in 261.33, regardless of whether only one or both active
ingredients are listed.
Generators, however, must be sure to correctly determine
http://yosemite.epa.gov/OSW/rcra.nsf/Documents/F8CBB27E5144E241852565DA006F0...
6/21/2005
Page 2 of 2
whether a particular constituent performs the function of the
product, or only serves an ancillary function, such as mobilizing
or preserving the active ingredient. For example, fillers, solvent
carriers, propellants, and other components with no pesticidal role
are functionally inert in pesticide formulations and therefore are
not active ingredients. In cases where a hazardous constituent from
261.33(e) or (f) is a functionally inert component of a
commercial chemical product, e.g., a solvent carrier, its presence
does not prevent the formulation containing another P- or U-listed
constituent as the sole active ingredient from being a P- or U-list
waste (internal Agency memorandum dated May 3, 1989).
http://yosemite.epa.gov/OSW/rcra.nsf/Documents/F8CBB27E5144E241852565DA006F0...
6/21/2005
APPENDIX B
LETTER FROM DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY TO
LAWRENCE BERKELEY LABORATORY
17
18
APPENDIX C
SIMULATED NAIL POLISH REMOVER WASTE,
TOXICITY BOOK DESIGNATION
25
This page was intentially left blank.
26
Simulated Nail Polish Remover Waste
Toxicity Book Designation Study
June 7, 2001
Objectives
A nail salon nail polish removal process was simulated and resulting wastes were
characterized. The Washington State toxicity criteria were applied to see if waste cotton
balls designated as toxic dangerous waste.
Reference
Washington Dangerous Waste Regulations WAC 173-303-100(5)(b), book designation
procedure for toxic dangerous wastes, Ecology Publication No. 92-91, Amended June
2000
Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemicals (RTECs), October 2000
SAX Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, entry ABC750
Project Date, Staff and Roles
3/19/01; around 12:30 pm to 1:30 pm and 3/20/01; around 2 pm to 4:30 pm
Alice Chapman: set up project, recorded data, and authored report
Laurie Foster: obtained nail supplies, removed polish, and operated balance
Equipment and Setup
The following items were used to conduct this study:
• 12 50 ml glass beakers
• Parade Isopropyl Rubbing Alcohol, 16 fluid oz container
• Plastic nail template made from a plastic “Day-Timer” desk-sized page locator.
• Ohaus Precision Standard Digital Model T5400D (mass balance)
• Nail polish label information, “Street Wear Nail Color, Revlon 12 fluid ounces,
Formaldehyde and toluene free – flammable, 6134 Schmutz 23”
• Johnson & Johnson First Aid Cotton Balls, Sterile
• Gena Polish Remover N/A, Gena Laboratories, Inc., material safety data sheet
attached. Product sample obtained from a beauty school.
• Aluminum weighing pans
Page 1 of 4
Setup
Each glass beaker was turned upside down and wiped clean with a paper towel dampened
with rubbing alcohol. The clean, dry beakers were weighed individually. A pre-punched
keyhole-shaped hole on the plastic page locator was enlarged with scissors to the
approximate size of a thumbnail. This template was placed over the end of the beaker
and painted with nail polish. For the first round, each beaker was painted with one
“nail”, two coats of polish and allowed to dry overnight.
For the second and third rounds, the beakers did not require cleaning with rubbing
alcohol, because they had been cleaned with polish remover and wiped off with two dry
cotton balls. For the second round, the beakers were repainted with 3 coats of nail polish,
using the “nail” template. For the third round, the beakers repainted with 2 “nails” per
beaker, 3 coats each, using the “nail” template. The second and third rounds were
allowed to air dry and checked for dryness. These changes were made to save time.
Before each mass measurement, the balance was checked to see if it read “0.000” and
reset if it did not. Weighing pans were only used for the wet cotton balls, to avoid
leaving solvent or polish residues on the balance.
Polish Removal Process and Observations
First, the beakers with dry nail polish were weighed individually. The cotton balls were
also weighed individually. A separate weighing pan was put on the balance for each
cotton ball and tared. A small amount of polish remover was poured into another
weighing pan, in this case used only as a container – not for weighing. Polish remover
was soaked up into a cotton ball and immediately used to clean as many “nails” off the
glass beakers as possible. The number of beakers cleaned was recorded. However, we
decided that nail salons were unlikely to transfer a partly used cotton ball from one
customer to another, so only ten “nails” were cleaned per cotton ball later. Three cotton
balls removed 10 “nails”, 1 removed 12 “nails”, 1 removed 4 “nails”, and 1 removed 1
“nail.” After use, the cotton ball was immediately transferred to the pre-tared weighing
pan on the balance and the mass recorded. This process was repeated for 6 cotton balls.
Cotton ball C was discarded because it was accidentally used in round one to clean
beaker “1” before the beaker had been weighed with polish applied.
Cotton ball A absorbed little polish remover and was spent after just one “nail” was
removed. After use, it was still white and fluffy, with one area of red polish visible.
Cotton balls B, D, E and F easily cleaned from 10 to 12 “nails” with 2 or 3 coats. These
cotton balls were well-saturated with solvent and could have cleaned more nails if
possible. However, it was also well-saturated with removed polish which left red
residues on the safety gloves worn during the experiment. The coolness of evaporating
solvent could also be felt through the gloves. Cotton ball G was used to clean only the 4
remaining “nails” on 2 beakers at the end of the experiment.
Page 2 of 4
Raw Data and Calculations
The attached Excel spreadsheet lists the raw data and calculations for equivalent
concentration.
The material safety data sheet (MSDS) for Gena Polish Remover N/A identified the
hazardous components as:
• 75% acetone, Chemical Abstract Service Number (CAS#) 67-74-1;
• 10% isopropyl, CAS# 67-63-0
• 5% methyl ethyl ketone, CAS# 78-93-3
The CAS# listed for acetone (67-74-1) is not a valid CAS#. The correct CAS# for
acetone is 67-64-1. “Isopropyl” is an incomplete chemical name. The CAS# listed next
to this phrase (67-63-0) is for isopropanol, also called isopropyl alcohol. Methyl ethyl
ketone is correctly identified on the MSDS.
The following data were collected from a search of the RTECS database, Sax, and a
DOW Chemical MSDS for synthetic acetone and evaluated for state toxicity criteria
using book designation. For acetone, conflicting toxicity data was found depending on
the source.
Chemical
CAS#
Acetone
67-64-1
Isopropyl alcohol
67-63-0
Methyl ethyl ketone
78-93-3
Acute Toxicity Data
(RTECS unless otherwise noted)
oral rat LD50: 5800 mg/kg (RTECS
and Sax)
oral rat LD50: >5800 mg/kg (Dow
MSDS)
skin rabbit LDLo: 20 mL/kg
(RTECS)
skin rabbit LD50: 20,000 mg/kg
(Dow MSDS)
skin rabbit LD50: 20 g/kg (Sax)
oral rat LD50: 5045 mg/kg
skin rabbit LD50: 12800 mg/kg
oral rat LD50 2737 mg/kg
State Toxic
Category
D
D
D
Page 3 of 4
Conclusions and Discussion of Results
All spent cotton balls designated as toxic dangerous waste, WT02, DW. The equivalent
concentrations were from 2 to 6 times greater (0.002 to 0.006) than the regulatory level
(0.001). It’s possible that the cotton balls in this study were more saturated with solvent
and used longer than would normally be seen in a nail salon. Nail salon employees
probably would not want polish residues on their bare hands and therefore might not turn
over a cotton ball to use all sides. Simple observation of practices in a nail salon could
confirm this.
When the final mass percent of all toxic category D constituents is 10% or greater, the
waste cotton balls designate as dangerous waste (assuming that no constituents of toxic
category X, A, B, or C are present). In this study, the mass percent of toxic category D
constituents ranged from 24 to 65 percent.
Page 4 of 4
Simulated Nail Polish Remover Waste, Toxicity Book Designation Study
Mass Measurements (in grams) of Clean Beakers and Beakers with Dry Nail Polish Applied
Beaker
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Clean Beaker
29.760
28.626
29.195
29.086
29.129
29.045
29.381
28.742
29.360
28.706
29.403
28.867
Round 1
Round 2
Round 3
1 nail per
beaker, 2 coats
polish each
no data
28.637
29.209
29.102
29.146
29.064
29.393
28.765
29.370
28.718
29.418
28.881
1 nail per
beaker, 3 coats
polish each
29.781
28.649
29.213
29.112
29.152
29.072
29.402
28.765
29.382
28.728
29.421
28.887
2 nails per
beaker, 3 coats
polish each
29.807
28.672
29.244
29.123
29.171
29.081
29.432
28.793
29.403
28.754
29.441
28.904
Page 1 of 3
Mass Measurements of Cotton Balls (Clean and Used) with Process Data
Round
Cotton
Ball ID
Clean Cotton
Ball Mass (g)
Beaker
Numbers from
which Polish
was Removed
1
A
0.316
2
0.448
Conditions
Simulated
1 nail, 2 coats
each
1
B
0.327
3 through 12
1.335
10 nails, 2 coats
each
1
C
0.319
1
NA
2
D
0.346
1 through 12
1.429
3
E
0.303
1 through 5
1.511
3
F
0.297
6 through 10
1.875
3
G
0.268
11 and 12
1.011
Used Cotton
Ball Mass (g)
na
12 nails, 3 coats
each
10 nails, 3 coats
each
10 nails, 3 coats
each
4 nails, 3 coats
each
Comments
Lightly soiled, partly dry
Had more realistic amount of solven
beakers cleaned easily, last 2 beak
needed more rubbing and were har
clean, cotton ball was still wet but re
well-used
Discarded because it was used on
beaker 1 before the beaker was we
Red, well-used cotton ball, still wet,
all 12 beakers easily
Cotton ball very soiled, completely r
None
Used less solvent than others, med
soiled
Page 2 of 3
Calculations
Waste solvent remaining on cotton ball = used cotton ball - polish removed - unused cotton ball
Polish removed = beakers cleaned - clean beaker mass
Equivalent Concentration = sum of mass % of toxic category D constituents/10,000
Waste is not toxic if the equivalent concentration is less than 0.001.
Cotton
Ball
Identifier
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Polish
Removed
(grams)
0.011
0.152
NA
0.264
0.221
0.229
0.075
Waste Solvent Mass % Acetone
Mass %
(grams)
(D)
Isopropanol (D)
0.121
20.3
2.70
0.856
48.1
6.41
NA
NA
NA
0.819
43.0
5.73
0.987
49.0
6.53
1.349
54.0
7.19
0.668
49.6
6.61
Mass %
MEK (D)
1.35
3.21
NA
2.87
3.27
3.60
3.30
Equivalent
Concentration
0.002431
0.005771
NA
0.005158
0.005879
0.006475
0.005947
Desi
WT
WT
WT
WT
WT
WT
Page 3 of 3
APPENDIX D
NAIL ACADEMY WASTE, TOXICITY BOOK
DESIGNATION
37
38
Nail Academy Waste Designation Study
Toxicity Book Designation
August 13, 2001
Objectives
Nail polish was removed from two subjects at Cascade Nail Academy and resulting
wastes were characterized. The Washington State toxicity criteria were applied to see if
waste cotton designated as toxic dangerous waste. Pollution prevention ideas for removal
of artificial nails were also recorded.
Reference
Washington Dangerous Waste Regulations WAC 173-303-100(5)(b), book designation
procedure for toxic dangerous wastes, Ecology Publication No. 92-91, Amended June
2000
Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemicals (RTECs), October 2000
SAX Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, entry ABC750
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, June 1997.
Project Date, Staff and Roles
5/15/01; around 1:30 pm to 4:00 pm
Location: Cascade Nail Academy, 17060 116th Ave SE Renton, WA 98058, phone
425-226-2457
Alice Chapman: study subject, recorded data, operated balance and authored report
Laurie Foster: collaborated with the academy to conduct study, study subject, recorded
data and operated balance, reviewed report
Linda Newman: Cascade Nail Academy owner, collaborated with LHWMP to conduct
study, provided supplies and background information, applied and removed nail polish
Equipment and Setup
The following items were used to conduct this study:
• Basecoat: Color Madness, Luscious Nail Lacquer, clear, contains butyl acetate, ethyl
acetate, nitrocellulose, dibutyl phthalate, polyester
Page 1 of 5
•
•
•
•
•
•
Color coat: Cotton Candy (pale iridescent pink)
Topcoat: clear
Ohaus Precision Standard Digital Model T5400D (mass balance)
Intrinsics 100% cotton coil, extra thick, economy pack, Barnhardt Mfg, 800-2770377, www.intrinsics.net
Ziploc sandwich bag, with locking strip torn off (plastic used as a “weighing pan”)
Polish Remover (Green) manufactured by Styling Technology, material safety data
sheet attached, dispensed using a flip-top plastic bottle.
Setup
Ms. Newman applied nail polish to Ms. Foster first, then Ms. Chapman. Ms. Foster had a
small amount of old polish already on her nails and this was simply painted over. Several
coats were applied: one basecoat, two color coats, and one topcoat. Basecoat functions as
a “primer” to improve adherence of the subsequent layers. Topcoat protects the color
coats and provides the final finish. Nail polish dried quickly between coats and after the
final topcoat was applied so the flow of work was virtually uninterrupted.
The mass balance was set up on an adjacent ventilated table and sandwich bags prepared
for use as makeshift weighing pans to protect the balance. The bags also contained a
paper label inside to identify the cotton ball resting on top. Before each mass
measurement, the balance was checked to see if it read “0.000” and reset if it did not.
Polish Removal Process and Observations
A section of cotton coil was pulled from a tabletop dispenser and weighed. Nail polish
remover was applied to the cotton. The solvent-saturated cotton was used to clean all ten
nails on the subject and weighed. A total of two sections of cotton were used (A and B),
one for each subject.
The used cotton was allowed to dry. To speed drying, the cotton was placed first under a
lamp, then directly on the ventilated area of the table with the fan turned on under a lamp.
Cotton waste was confirmed dry when mass measurements over a period of 10 to 15
minutes were identical.
Cotton A was less saturated with solvent than Cotton B. Cotton A is typical of what is
used to remove light colored polish, while the amount of solvent on Cotton B represents
what is used to removed darker-colored polish. Cotton B required a much longer drying
time.
As nails were cleaned of polish, the cotton was turned and compressed through use until
it formed a compressed wad. Nail technicians directly contact the solvent and removed
polish on the cotton. If color gets on the technician’s fingers, the same piece of cotton is
rotated and used to clean them. The table ventilation is not used to control solvent fumes
from polish application or removal. The ventilated table has an open grate in the top. A
fan in the table draws air down through the grate and through a small cloth bag attached
Page 2 of 5
to the end of the duct. The bag collects sanding dust when acrylic nails are applied. The
bag is periodically emptied and replaced.
Pollution Prevention Ideas for Artificial Nail Removal
Artificial nail application and removal was outside the scope of this study. However, the
academy owner reported an effective pollution prevention technique for this process and
during a visit to another nail salon in August, Ms. Foster learned of a second technique.
At most nail salons, the customer’s fingers are immersed in an open container of pure
acetone for several minutes to loosen the acrylic nails. The acetone is disposed of after
each use because it is not reused on other customers for hygiene reasons. However, the
LHWMP survey team has seen some nail salons that reuse the same container of acetone
for all customers and never dispose of acetone. The customer and nail technician are
exposed to acetone through vaporization and skin absorption.
A successful pollution prevention alternative reported by Ms. Newman was to apply a
few drops of acetone to a small section of cotton coil (or a cotton ball), pressed onto each
nail and each nail is individually wrapped in foil. After a few minutes, the nail adhesive
was loosened sufficiently that the foil, cotton and acrylic nails could be removed.
Virtually no acetone remained. Solvent evaporation was significantly reduced and the
customer’s direct contact exposure was reduced. No hazardous waste was generated and
the cost of purchasing acetone was reduced because less was used.
A nail salon visited by Ms. Foster in August reported a similar technique. Again, a few
drops of acetone were applied to cotton and pressed onto each nail. Instead of wrapping
each finger in foil, the entire hand was placed inside mitts normally purchased for
pedicures.
This salon noted that the nails they apply are very thin and one application of acetone
works to remove nails. However, many customers have come in with acrylic nails
applied too thick at other salons and the nail technician needs to use this technique two or
three times to remove the nails.
The attached Excel spreadsheet lists the raw data and calculations for equivalent
concentration.
The business owner contacted her local supplier for a copy of the polish remover MSDS.
The copy she received was out of date. The listed manufacturer, Gena Laboratories, Inc.
is now called Styling Technology (phone number 480-609-6000). Also, the same MSDS
lists “Polish Remover (Green)” as product name and “Gena Polish Remover N/A” as
trade name. When updated MSDSs were received from Styling Technology, it was clear
that these were two separate products with different formulations, one with acetone and
one without. The container in the shop listed “2-propanone”, a synonym for acetone, on
Page 3 of 5
the label and the product was green, so “Polish Remover (Green)” correctly identifies her
product. Copies of these MSDSs are attached.
The material safety data sheet (MSDS) for Polish Remover (Green) identified the
hazardous components as:
• 75% acetone, Chemical Abstract Service Number (CAS#) 67-74-1;
• 10% isopropyl, CAS# 67-63-0
• 5% methyl ethyl ketone, CAS# 78-93-3
The CAS# listed for acetone (67-74-1) is not a valid CAS#. The correct CAS# for
acetone is 67-64-1. “Isopropyl” is an incomplete chemical name. The CAS# listed next
to this phrase (67-63-0) is for isopropanol, also called isopropyl alcohol. Methyl ethyl
ketone is correctly identified on the MSDS.
Another problem area on the MSDS was under the heading “Toxicity Data.” Toxicity
data usually refers to chronic or acute exposure data known to cause injury or death to
test subjects (for example, oral rat lethal dose, inhalation rat lethal dose, skin rabbit lethal
dose, etc.) The concentrations listed under this heading on the MSDS are not toxicity
data, but are exposure limits. Exposure limits are concentrations intended to be
protective of human health and prevent injury or death. Concentration alone is not
sufficient to describe an exposure limit; the organization that established the limit and
relevant time factor (for example, whether the limit is for short-term exposure, timeweighted average (TWA), etc.) are also necessary. Organizations in the United States that
may establish exposure limits are the National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH), Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) or American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Multiple organizations
based in countries around the world also establish exposure limits.
For example, acetone has a NIOSH TWA of 250 ppm, OSHA TWA of 1,000 ppm,
ACGIH threshold limit value TWA of 500 ppm and ACGIH threshold limit value shortterm exposure limit (STEL) of 750 ppm. Washington State requires employers to meet
NIOSH exposure limits. This MSDS lists ACGIH TLV-TWA data for isopropyl alcohol
and methyl ethyl ketone, and ACGIH TLV-STEL for acetone. An employer using
information from this product MSDS would not know the Washington State standards.
This MSDS data review highlights the difficulties small businesses experience in getting
reliable information about potentially hazardous products that they use.
Page 4 of 5
The following data were collected from a search of the RTECS database, Sax, and a
DOW Chemical MSDS for synthetic acetone. The data were evaluated for state toxicity
criteria using book designation. For acetone, conflicting toxicity data were found
depending on the source.
Chemical
CAS#
Acetone
67-64-1
Isopropyl alcohol
67-63-0
Methyl ethyl ketone
78-93-3
Acute Toxicity Data
(RTECS unless otherwise noted)
oral rat LD50: 5800 mg/kg (RTECS
and Sax)
oral rat LD50: >5800 mg/kg (Dow
MSDS)
skin rabbit LDLo: 20 mL/kg
(RTECS)
skin rabbit LD50: 20,000 mg/kg
(Dow MSDS)
skin rabbit LD50: 20 g/kg (Sax)
oral rat LD50: 5045 mg/kg
oral rat LD50 2737 mg/kg
State Toxic
Category
D
D
D
Conclusions and Discussion of Results
Cotton waste A and B designated as toxic dangerous waste, WT02, DW. The equivalent
concentrations (0.005 and 0.007) were 5 and 7 times greater than the regulatory level of
0.001.
When the final mass percent of all toxic category D constituents is 10 percent or greater,
the waste cotton designates as dangerous waste (because no constituents of toxic category
X, A, B, or C are present). In this study, the mass percent of toxic category D
constituents was 51 to 69 percent.
Nail technicians don’t keep polish remover or polish off their own hands. The cotton is
fully saturated with polish remover and used to clean all of the customer’s fingers at
once.
Page 5 of 5
Nail Academy Waste Designation Study
Mass Measurements (in grams)
Cotton ID
Clean Cotton
Mass (g)
Used (Wet)
Used (Dry)
Cotton Mass (g) Cotton Mass (g) Comments
A
0.278
1.063
0.455
Less solvent, dried in about 50 minutes; dropped on the
and forgot to use plastic on the balance for the used (w
measurement
B
0.364
1.938
0.443
More solvent, dried in about 95 minutes
Cotton ID
A
B
Polish
Removed
(grams)
0.177
0.079
Waste Solvent Mass % Acetone
Mass %
(grams)
(D)
Isopropanol (D)
0.608
42.9
5.72
1.495
57.9
7.71
Mass %
MEK (D)
2.86
3.86
Equivalent
Concentration
0.005148
0.006943
Desi
WT
WT
Page 1 of 1
APPENDIX E
SAMPLE PLAN: FISH BIOASSAY
49
50
Sample Plan: Nail Polish Remover Waste Fish Bioassay
Project Description
Small amounts of waste are generated in nail salons when old nail polish is removed.
The waste consists of cotton saturated with solvent-based polish remover and old nail
polish. In a prior book designation study, the solvent concentrations were just high
enough to designate as Washington State toxic waste. This study will designate the waste
with a fish bioassay.
Sampling Objectives
• Designate acetone-based nail polish remover waste with results from a static acute
fish toxicity test.
• Project participants will receive a lab tour and informal training about fish bioassay
testing from the Environmental Lab Aquatic Toxicity section.
Project Organization and Responsibilities
Alice Chapman and Laurie Foster coordinate the sampling project and generate waste.
Staff volunteers from the Local Hazardous Waste Management Program in King County
will generate polish remover waste. Fran Sweeney manages testing for the Aquatic
Toxicity section at King County’s Environmental Lab.
Staff Volunteers: Chris Guardiano, Lisa Niehaus, Debra Oliver, Will Perry, Liz Tennant
Waste Generating Process
The nail technician gathers a small amount of cotton from a supply of cotton coil, applies
polish remover to the cotton and wipes the polish from all ten fingers of the client. The
technician turns and compresses the cotton as it was used until it formed a compressed
wad. Nail technician’s fingers directly contact the cotton, solvent and removed polish; no
gloves are used. If polish color gets on the technician’s fingers, the same piece of cotton
is rotated and used to clean them. The amount of solvent applied to the cotton may be
greater when dark polish is removed than if light polish colors are removed.
Constituents of Concern/Preliminary Designation
The constituents of concern are acetone, isopropyl alcohol, and methyl ethyl ketone.
Because polish remover solvent is applied to cotton before use, the waste is not listed
F003 solvent waste. Prior LHWMP studies on this waste were done by weighing the
amount of polish remover used and book designating for Washington State toxicity (see
WAC 173-303-100(5)). The June 2001 LHWMP study determined that polish remover
constituents are toxic category D. The August 2001 LHWMP study found that waste
generated at a nail salon had an equivalent concentration of 0.005 to 0.007 and book
designated as DW, WT02. If the equivalent concentration were less than 0.001 the waste
would not designate as hazardous.
Local Hazardous Waste Management Plan in King County
Alice Chapman, 206-263-3058
page 1 of 3
7/29/02, revised 8/7/03
Analytical Method
The method is: Department of Ecology Biological Testing Methods, Publication #80-12,
Static acute fish toxicity test. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are the test
organism. First the sample is extracted. Then the trout will be exposed to two
concentrations (10 mg/L and 100 mg/L). The test provides an estimated 96-h LC50 value
(the estimated concentration at which half of the exposed rainbow trout are expected to
die). If the result is less than or equal to 10 mg/L, the waste is EHW, WT01. If the result
is less than or equal to 100 mg/L, the waste is DW, WT02. If the result is greater than
100 mg/L, the sample is not classified as regulated waste.
Quality Assurance Objectives
Testing will be conducted in accordance with the method, including quality assurance
requirements for test validity.
Sampling Log and Chain of Custody
A Sample Background Information form will be completed to document actual sampling
activities. The Environmental Lab’s Laboratory Work Order form will also be
completed, including the chain of custody documentation.
Sampling Equipment
• Johnson & Johnson cotton balls
• acetone-based nail polish remover (Polish Remover (Green) manufactured by Styling
Technology) and material safety data sheet
• solid volatiles sampling jar
• balance to confirm sample quantity is sufficient (about 20 grams)
• Nail polish (3 types)
• basecoat (not found)
• color coat
• topcoat
Sampling Procedure
• To save time it is preferred that staff sampling volunteers apply nail polish prior to
the sampling date. If necessary, nail polish may be applied and removed on the
sampling date.
• Standard practice for a professional manicure is to apply one basecoat, two color
coats, and one topcoat. Basecoat functions as a “primer” to improve adherence of the
subsequent layers. Topcoat protects the color coats and provides the final finish.
• Weigh the pre-labeled empty sample jar and record tare weight.
• Pull a small portion of cotton from the cotton coil. It should weigh approximately 0.3
grams when unused (in a prior study the range was 0.28 to 0.36 grams).
page 2 of 3
7/29/02, revised 8/7/03
•
•
•
•
•
•
Apply a small amount of polish remover to the cotton coil, sufficient to wet it
thoroughly.
Using the same piece of wetted cotton, remove all layers of nail polish from all ten
fingers of one person.
Place all the used cotton waste from all participants into one VOA sample jar and
close the lid immediately. Avoid reopening the jar to add more sample, as this will
allow acetone vapors to escape. Only one sample is to be analyzed with the bioassay.
Weigh the filled sample jar to ensure sufficient waste has been generated to meet test
requirements (6 grams minimum).
Package the sample jar in a cooler with ice and deliver to the Environmental Lab
sample receiving area. Complete the chain of custody form.
The aquatic toxicity section will provide a short tour of their operations.
Sampling Notes
Sampling occurred on the morning of July 31, 2002. Samplers applied polish on the
following dates: one on 7/24/02, three on 7/29/02 and three on 7/30/02. Polish colors
used were clear, fire engine red, white pearl, moonlight and roses, iridescent lavender,
fuschia, and wet and wild iridescent purple. A total of five decals had been applied. Five
samplers used a clear topcoat product as a substitute for basecoat (these tended to peel
easily) and two samplers used no basecoat. Five samplers applied two coats of color, one
applied three coats of color and one applied no color. All seven samplers applied one
coat of clear topcoat, with an additional topcoat added onto decals.
A 40 ml volatile organic analysis sample container was filled with polish remover and
used to apply solvent to cotton balls. Four samplers were not able to remove all the
polish with a single well-saturated cotton ball. After polish removal, color residues were
still visible on the samplers’ fingers so additional cleaning with a fresh cotton ball was
necessary. All saturated cotton waste and removed decals were collected in one sample
jar (tare weight 157.8 grams). The final sample weight exceeded 20 grams. The sample
was placed in a cooler with ice and transported to the lab immediately after sample
collection.
References
Chapman, Alice I. Nail Academy Waste Designation Study Local Hazardous Waste
Management Program in King County, August 13, 2001.
Chapman, Alice I. Nail Polish Remover Waste Designation Study Local Hazardous
Waste Management Program in King County, June 7, 2001.
Washington Department of Ecology Chemical Testing Methods for Designating
Dangerous Waste, Publication # 97-407 February 1998.
Washington Department of Ecology Dangerous Waste Regulations Chapter 173-303
WAC, Publication No. 92-91 amended June 2000.
page 3 of 3
7/29/02, revised 8/7/03
APPENDIX F
STATIC ACUTE FISH TOXICITY TEST RESULTS
55
56
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Lewis, Richard J. Sax’s Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, Ninth Edition. New
York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Registry of Toxic Effects of
Chemicals (RTECs), Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000.
Washington Department of Ecology. Washington Dangerous Waste Regulations Chapter 173303 Washington Administrative Code, Publication No. 92-91, Amended June 2000.
Olympia, WA: Department of Ecology, 2000.
Washington Department of Ecology. Publication 80-12, Part A: Static Acute Fish Toxicity Test
Protocol, Revised August 1999. Olympia, WA: Department of Ecology, 1999.
75

Nail Polish Remover Waste Characterization

Transcription

Similar documents

the future of anti-aging

7 - 90323 LCN Acrylic Nail Extension Products

Dr. LeWinn`s - Vibe Village

with Leah Light, celebrity nail stylist and founder of Leah Light Nails

spring summer 2012

Simple Toe-Nail Cutting Service Leaflet March 2013

ss Nail Polish

gelcolor aftercare

Sin título-2 - CAMACHO Cosmetics

The Knot Beauty Awards: Skin