Haiti - small hydropower world

World Small Hydropower
Development Report 2013
www.smallhydroworld.org
HAITI
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Published in 2013 by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and International Center
on Small Hydro Power (ICSHP).
2013 © UNIDO and ICSHP
All rights reserved
This report was jointly produced by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and International Center on
Small Hydro Power (ICSHP) to provide information about small hydropower. The document has been produced without formal
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Recommended citation:
Liu, H., Masera, D. and Esser, L., eds. (2013). World Small Hydropower Development Report 2013. United Nations Industrial
Development Organization; International Center on Small Hydro Power. Available from www.smallhydroworld.org.
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refurbishment prior to the earthquake in 2010. In
2011 Haiti received US$20 million to help improve the
conditions of Peligre, from the Inter-American
Development Bank, followed by donations of turbines
in 2012 by French corporation Alstom for restoration
4
of its small hydropower plant to full capacity.
Independent power producers provide electricity to
EDH generated from an available capacity of 76 MW
5
(diesel or fuel-oil generators).
2. Americas
2.1 Caribbean
2.1.6 Haiti
Lara Esser, International Center on Small Hydro Power
Key facts
Population
Area
Climate
Topography
Rain pattern
1
9,801,664
21
27,750 km
Tropical; semiarid where mountains in
1
east cut off trade winds
Rough and mountainous (highest point
1
Chaine de la Selle, 2,680 m)
Mean annual precipitation:
1,461 mm. The southern part of the
country has two rainy seasons: March
to early June, August to October. The
central part has one rainy season:
April to October. The northern part
has one rainy season: September to
June with a maximum peak in
2
November to December. Extreme
phenomena such as droughts, severe
storms or floods are not uncommon.
In 2006, existing grids mainly supplied power to the
main cities such as Port au Prince and Jacmel, while
rural energy supply in Haiti mainly consisted of woody
biomass: wood and charcoal. In addition, there were a
handful of isolated mini-grids being powered by diesel
generators. However, diesel-based mini-grids are
extremely costly in Haiti due to the high cost of
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diesel.
After the earthquake, Haiti received a total of US$24
milion from various donors in order to develop
renewable energy sources within the electricity
4
sector. An Action Plan for National Recovery and
Development over an 18-month timescale included
actions such as rebuilding basic infrastructure i.e.
rainwater drainage, sanitation work, drinking water
8
and the electricity network (see table).
Electricity sector overview
Haiti has one of the highest population densities in the
world. It is also one of the poorest countries in the
Western Hemisphere. According to the World Energy
Outlook 2011, the national electrification rate is 38.5
per cent (based on 2009 electricity access data), which
means that 6.2 million people lack access to
3
electricity. However, a massive earthquake struck
Haiti in January 2010 with the epicenter just south of
the capital, Port-au Prince. This earthquake was
assessed as the worst in this region over the last 200
years. National infrastructure was decimated by the
earthquake and its recovery has proved so far to be a
complex process. During the post-disaster, it is
believed that the electrification rate has further fallen
to a mere 12-per cent causing significant implications
to Haiti’s electricity sector. Hence, total installed
capacity is estimated to have dropped from about 155
4
MW to 107 MW.
Small hydropower sector overview and potential
To maximize the use of alternative energy sources and
reduce fuelwood consumption, the United Nations
helped with the construction of two pilot hydropower
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stations in the South Department.
A feasibility study from 2006 showed that a 100-300
kW mini hydropower plant at the Dufour Plant site,
would need 6 km of transmission lines and could
supply electricity to nearly 1,000 households and
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three processing plants in the surrounding area.
A 2010 Caribbean Regional Electricity Generation,
Interconnection, and Fuels Supply Strategy Report
mentions a minimum small hydropower potential of
50 MW on Haiti, however, it does not mention any
6
source. Thus, there is no verifiable information on the
small hydropower potential available.
Most of the information available was from the period
prior to the 2010 earthquake. The State-owned utility
Eléctricité d’Haïti (EDH) holds the monopoly for
electricity generation, transmission and distribution,
while the main authority of energy still remains the
Ministry of Public Works, Transportation and
4 5
Communications. EDH grid consists of five isolated
areas, of which the metropolitan including Port au
Prince is by far the largest, with 80 per cent of total
demand. Generation, transmission, and distribution
6
facilities are old and need rehabilitation. EDH owns
and operates the only large 54 MW Peligre
hydropower
plant,
which
already
needed
Renewable energy policy
The National Development Plan for the energy sector
provides an overview of the energy sector in Haiti, as
well as options for development for the period 20072032. The country's energy needs are met by about 80
per cent from local biomass and hydropower. The
unsustainable use of biomass has led to tremendous
deforestation, causing severe soil erosion. The
remaining 20 per cent of energy demand is met by
imported petroleum products, which consume more
than 50 per cent of the country's import capacity and
10
weigh heavily on the Haitian economy.
1
Electrification priorities in Haiti
Improve technical and commercial
efficiency
1.
2.
Short term: Improve the management of the distribution network, including reducing illegal
connections and improving network maintenance to reduce technical losses.
Short term: Review electricity generating costs to balance with different consumer’s ability to
pay
Improve the legal framework to support a
financially viable sector
3.
Short term: Enable public-private partnerships in the energy sector and accelerate the ongoing
efforts to modernize the business and investment sectors
Rehabilitate the existing electricity
infrastructure
4.
5.
Short term: Repair 8 substations
Short term: Restore electricity distribution networks (medium and low voltage) in Port-au Prince
and other cities
Rehabilitate transmission lines
Restore the power plants at Peligre, Sault-Mathurin, Caracol-Nord, Onde Verte, Drouet, and
Varreux
6.
7.
Build new capacity to increase access to
electricity
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Expand power plant at Varreux
Build the Artibonite C-4 hydropower dam
Build additional power plants to meet requirements from economic development activity
Integrate the national transmission network
Set up various local medium and low voltage networks for the distribution of electrical energy in
Port-au-Prince and other cities
13. Build Tabare substation
Source: United States Government (2011)9
Note: The priorities were set under the Government of Haiti’s Action Plan.
In the field of non-electrical energy, the plan includes
the more efficient use of charcoal and firewood, as
well as
alternative energy sources, the planting of forests for
energy, conversion to diesel, biodiesel and LPG,
financial support to producers of cellulosic briquettes,
the promotion of renewable energies (wind, solar,
biofuels) through the institutional strengthening and
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improvement of energy services to the poor. In the
electricity sector, efforts are concentrated on
improving the service offered by EDH and to promote
alternative energy sources to wood energy and
renewable energy. Hydropower is not specifically
11
mentioned.
2012.
13
Other barriers that prevent the growth of the
electricity sector (thus apply to the small hydropower
sector) are based on the over subsidized EDH which is
further burdened by structural constraints. Private
sector financing for renewable energy projects is nonexistent in Haiti, providing a deficiency of incentives
4
for investors.
Reference
1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World
Factbook. Available from
www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook.
2. United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization
(2000). Irrigation in Latin America and the Caribbean
in Figures: Haiti. ISSN 1020-1203.
3. International Energy Agency (2011). World Energy
Outlook 2011. Paris.
4. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and Multilateral
Investment Fund (2012). Climatescope 2012: Assessing
the Climate for Climate Investing in Latin America and
the Caribbean. New York. Available from
www5.iadb.org/mif/Climatescope/2012/img/content/
pdfs/eng/Climatescope2012-report.pdf.
5. Eléctricité d’Haïti (2012). Production. Haiti. Available
from www.edh.ht/profil-entreprise.php.
6. Nexant (2010). Caribbean Regional Electricity
Generation, Interconnection, and Fuels Supply
Strategy. Final Report submitted to World Bank.
Available from wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServ
er/WDSP/IB/2011/02/08/000112742_2011020814264
6/Rendered/PDF/594850Final0Report.pdf.
7. International Center on Small Hydro Power (2006).
Survey Report on Dufour Hydro Power Plant Site at
Marmelade, Haiti. Hangzhou.
The Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
(2008-2010) (Document de Strategie Nationale pour la
Croissance et pour la Reduction de la Pauvrete,
DSNCRP), indicates that on a technical level, stress
should be placed on the proven potential of
hydropower, wind, solar and even thermal energy.
Such opportunities should be seized, and could well
result in a significant improvement in the overall
situation. DSNCRP is addressing all these issues in a
comprehensive manner by laying out a modulated
12
strategy.
Barriers to small hydropower
The country is subject to a broad range of natural
threats of a hydrometeorological (hurricanes,
droughts) or seismic (earthquakes, tsunamis) origin,
and owing to the steepness of its topography, it suffers
from particularly intense geodynamics which induce
12
frequent flooding, landslides, and rock slides.
Reoccurring natural disasters divert the attention to
other emergency issues, such as the food insecurity of
1.5 million people after Hurricane Sandy hit in October
2
8. Government of the Republic of Haiti (2010). Action
Plan for National Recovery and Development of HaitiImmediate key initiatives for the future. Haiti.
Available from
www.ilo.org/gimi/gess/RessShowRessource.do?ressou
rceId=18481. Accessed December 2012
9. United States Government (2011). Post-Earthquake
United States Government Haiti Strategy-Toward
Renewal and Economic Opportunity. Available from
www.state.gov/documents/organization/156448.pdf.
10. United Nations in Haiti (2012). Haiti moving
forward step by step 2012. Available from
http://haitispecialenvoy.com/download/Report_Cente
r/UN-factsheets-2012-en.pdf.
11. Haiti, Ministry of Public Works, Transportation and
Communications (2007). Le Plan National de
Développement du secteur Energie. Available from
www.mtptc.gouv.ht/accueil/les-defis/page_mines-etenergie.html.
12. Haiti, Ministry of Planning and External
Cooperation (2007). Document de Strategie Nationale
pour la Croissance et pour la Reduction de la Pauvreté
(2008-2010). Port-au-Prince: Imprimerie Deschamps.
Available from www.mpce.gouv.ht/dsncrpfinal.pdf.
13. United Nations Central Emergency Response Fund
(2012). CERF provides US$4 million for storm-affected
people in Haiti, 11 December. Available from
www.unocha.org/cerf/cerf-worldwide/where-wework/hti-2012.
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United Nations
Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
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Austria
International Center
on Small Hydro Power (ICSHP)
136 Nanshan Road, 310002 Hangzhou, Zhejiang
Province, China
[email protected]
[email protected]
www.smallhydroworld.org