4. Enjinier Dis2005 - school of materials and mineral resources

Buletin Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Bahan dan Sumber Mineral
Bulletin for the School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering
Universiti Sains Malaysia
ENJINIER
JIL.07 - BIL. 02
No. ISSN: 1511-5275
http://www.usm.my
Dis 2005
Participants of the 3rd Centre of Excellence Workshop on Materials Engineering and Green Energy
3rd COE WORKSHOP
ON MATERIALS
ENGINEERING AND
GREEN ENERGY
Penang, 8-9 August - The 3rd
Workshop on regional network
formation for enhancing research and
education on Materials Engineering and
Green Energy was organized by SMMRE
and
Nagaoka
University
of
Technology(NUT) under the 21st
Century COE (Center of Excellence)
program of the Japanese Ministry of
Education, Culture, Sports, Science and
Technology (MEXT). This workshop,
fully sponsored by Nagaoka University
of Technology, was held at Park Royal
Hotel, Ferringhi Beach Penang. The
workshop was officiated by Deputy Vice
Chancellor (Research and Development),
Dato' Professor Muhammad Idiris Salleh
on 8th August 2005.
The aim of COE program at Nagaoka
University of Technology is to establish
mutual collaborations with research
institutions in Asean region to enhance
research and education. This workshop
provided a platform for researchers,
scientists, technologists and industrialists
in the field of engineering materials to
meet and discuss.
This workshop involved technical/
scientific presentation in the form of oral
and poster presentations by renowned
researchers and professors from NUT and
invited speakers from identified ASEAN
Universities
(Thailand,
Indonesia,
Singapore, Philippines and Malaysia). The
number of delegates from NUT were 47
(28 from green energy group and 19 from
materials engineering group) and the
invited delegates from ASEAN were about
27 for both groups plus 13 delegates for
poster
presentations
from
USM.
This workshop was an opportunity for
colleagues from SMMRE, School of
Chemical Engineering and School of
Mechanical Engineering, USM to convene
with other international researchers,
particularly eminent researchers from
Nagaoka University of Technology for
possible future collaborative activities.
During this workshop a Memorandum of
Understanding for exchange students as
well as research collaborations and other
potential activities between Nagaoka
University of Technology and Universiti
Sains Malaysia was signed.
Gold Medal at IENA
2005, Germany
Penang, 5 November - Universiti Sains
Malaysia was among the top performing
teams at the International Trade fair
“Ideas Inventions New OProducts (IENA
2005), 1-6 Nov. 2005, Nuremburg,
Germany.
The university brought home 3 gold
and 3 silver medals for all the six products
displayed. One of the gold medals was for
“OilZob: A Novel and Reactive Oil
Adsorbent From Various Rubber Waste”
invented by Prof. Hanafi Ismail from
School of Materials and Mineral Resources
Engineering. Previously this product won
a gold medal at the International
Invention, Innovation, Industrial Design &
Technology Exhibition (ITEX 2004).
OilZob is ideal for clean-up and removal of
oil spill on land and in water.
Prof. Hanafi explaning to judges about his OilZob invention
Sidang Pengarang
Prof. Hanafi Ismail
(Ketua Pengarang)
Ir. Dr. Mior Termizi Mohd Yusof
Prof. Zainal Arifin Ahmad
Dr. Azura A. Rashid
Encik Samayamutthirian Palaniandy
Encik Mohd Nazri Idris
Penolong Pengarang
Mohd Al Amin Muhamad Nor
Yeoh Cheow Keat
Commitee members of the EMSM 2005
The 14 th Scientific
Conference and 15th
Annual General Meeting of
the Electron Microscopy
Society of Malaysia
(EMSM) 2005
Penang, 5 -7 December - Electron
Microscopy Society of Malaysia (EMSM)
had appointed Universiti Sains Malaysia,
led by the School of Materials and Mineral
Resources Engineering (SMMRE) to
organise their 14th Scientific Conference
and the 15 th annual meeting. The
conference was an annual event and
continually been a success with its main
objective to bring together those
interested in electron microscopy:
students, researchers and professionals
from
academia,
industries
and
government agencies of different
background to share, enhance and
explore the ideas and expertise. Apart
from SMMRE, other academic societies in
Malaysia also took part to co-organise this
conference. They were the Institute of
Materials Malaysia (IMM, Northern
Region), Plastic and Rubber Institute
Malaysia (PRIM, Northern Region) and
X-ray Application Society Malaysia (XAPP).
The working committee was chaired
by Prof. Dr. Hanafi Ismail and consisted of
20 committee members working in their
own allocated division. In the later stage,
several members from the School of
Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden,
Penang and School of Health Science,
Kubang Kerian, Kelantan were invited to
take part in organising the event. Apart
from these selected committee members,
post graduates students from our school
were also invited to help out to ensure
everything went on smoothly. This year's
conference was proven to be a success
with the outstanding plenary lectures by
Prof. Jun-Ichi Matsushita from Tokai
University, Japan and Dr. Sudesh Kumar
from Universiti Sains Malaysia, Dr. Jin Zou
from
Queensland,
Australia,
Prof. Dr. Abdul Rahman Razak from UPM
and Prof. Faizah Sharom from KUSTEM.
The conference was divided into two
broad symposia; Life Science and Physical
Science. Sessions for oral and poster
presentation were found to have covered
a wide spectrum of life sciences and
physical
sciences;
theoretical,
experimental,
simulation
or
the
combination of the three. The number of
participants for the 14 th Conference was
around 160 people indicating that the
conference had indeed received a lot of
attention. We have received 120 papers
that can be found in our Proceeding.
Among other activities that should be
highlighted were the eventful Family Day,
conference dinner and the Poster and
Micrograph
Competitions.
It
was
encouraging to see all participants
benefited from the conference and indeed
the event was a thriving success based on
the positive feedback that we received.
Visit of Mid-term
Evaluation team for
AUN/SEED-Net Project
Nibong
Tebal,
22
NovemberThe evaluation team from AUN/SEED-Net
project were at SMMRE for a mid-term
visit. The evaluation team consists of
Ms. Mitsue Mishima, a Consultant,
Dr. Manabu Tsunoda, academic advisor,
AUN/SEED-Net secretariat, Mr. Naoki
Umemiya,
Program
Coordinator,
AUN/SEED-Net secretariat and Mr. Kenichi
Shirouzu, Program Officer, AUN/SEED-Net
secretariat.
The purpose of the visit was to
discuss the development of the
AUN/SEED-Net project. The evaluation
team also met AUN/SEED-Net students
and visit the SMMRE laboratories.
Salah satu aktiviti yang berlangsung semasa Hari Keluarga PPKBSM
Hari Keluarga di Resort
Safari Sungai Perak
Ipoh, 30-31 Julai - Jawatankuasa
Kampus Sejahtera dengan kerjasama
Kelab Kakitangan PPKBSM sekali lagi
berjaya mengadakan hari keluarga pusat
pengajian bertempat di Resort Safari
Sungai Perak. Program ini yang
dipengerusikan oleh Dr. Syed Fuad Saiyid
Hashim telah berjaya membawa hampir
kesemua warga pusat pengajian beserta
keluarga masing-masing. Beberapa
aktiviti telah disusun di sepanjang
program ini berlangsung. Acara pada hari
pertama bermula dengan aktiviti bebas
sambil melawat beberapa tempat menarik
di sekitar Bandar Diraja Kuala Kangsar.
Bagi mengeratkan lagi jaringan setiap
warga pusat pengajian ini, satu acara
BBQ di tepi Sungai Perak telah
dilaksanakan bermula pukul 8.00 malam.
Acara ini bertujuan memupuk kerjasama
setiap kakitangan sambil menjamu selera.
Pada hari kedua Hari Keluarga ini,
beberapa acara sukaneka telah dijalankan
bagi kanak-kanak dan orang dewasa.
Acara ini merupakan aktiviti wajib hari
keluarga pusat pengajian ini. Di samping
beriadah para peserta turut dapat
merehatkan minda dengan acara-acara
sukaneka yang telah diatur. Keseluruhan
program hari keluarga ini berakhir sekitar
pukul 2.00 petang setelah mendaftar
keluar daripada Resort Safari Sungai
Perak.
Hari Warga Staf Kampus
Kejuruteraan 2005
Nibong Tebal, 16 Disember - Hari Warga
Staf Kampus Kejuruteraan bagi tahun
2005 telah berlangsung dengan gilang
gemilang. Sambutan Hari Warga Staf
merupakan acara tahunan Universiti Sains
Malaysia dalam usaha mengukuhkan
hubungan antara warga universiti.
Sambutan kali ini telah diadakan dalam
tiga sesi bermula jam 8.30 pagi dengan
program
Larian
dalam
Kampus,
Pertandingan Explorace dan Pertandingan
Memancing di dalam kampus. Satu sesi
Sukaneka antara staf dan keluarga telah
diadakan di Padang Kompleks Sukan
Kampus Kejuruteraan pada jam 2.30
petang di mana 11 acara telah
dipertandingkan.
Tahniah dan syabas kepada kontigen
dari PPKBSM, Pusat Islam dan Pusat
Bahasa atas segala kerjasama, komitmen
dan kerja kuat yang diberikan untuk
menjayakan kontigen Anggerik biru
sehingga berjaya memenagi "Khemah
Terbaik" bagi Hari warga Staf Kampus
Kejuruteraan 2005.
Kejayaan yang dicapai adalah berkat
kerjasama dan kerja berpasukan yang
tinggi oleh semua ahli kontigen yang telah
turun padang untuk memberi sokongan
padu kepada kontigen.
Pada sebelah malamnya, satu Majlis
Tahlil Khas telah diadakan pada sesi
ketiga bermula pada jam 7.00 malam dan
majlis kemuncak sambutan Hari Warga
Staf Kampus Kejuruteraan diakhiri dengan
Persembahan Khas Warga Staf USM dari
Kampus Induk, Kampus Kejuruteraan,
Nibong Tebal dan Kampus Kesihatan,
Kelantan yang menampilkan kreativiti staf
USM dari pelbagai bidang. Majlis
Sambutan diakhiri dengan penuh warnawarni dan meninggalkan nostalgia indah
untuk sepanjang tahun 2005. Semoga
semangat kerjasama dan hubungan erat
ini akan diteruskan pada masa akan
datang.
Jutaan terima kasih dan penghargaan
kepada semua warga PPKBSM yang telah
turut sama menjayakan hari warga staf
kejuruteraan 2005 dalam pelbagai aspek
terutamanya kepada Jawatankuasa
Makanan yang diselaras oleh Dr. Norlia,
Jawatankuasa Khemah Kontigen yang di
selaras
oleh
Puan
Susila
(Unit
B a h a s a ) , J a w a t a n k u a s a
Sukaneka/Explorace/Larian/Memancing
yang diselaras oleh En. Kemuridan,
Jawatankuasa
Persembahan
yang
diselaras oleh Dr. Azmin dan semua ahlijawatankuasa atas segala bantuan yang
telah diberikan untuk menjayakan
sambutan hari warga staf ini. Semoga
semangat
kerjasama
dan
kerja
berpasukan dan kekeluargaan ini akan
terus tersemai dalam diri kita untuk
membawa kita ke arah yang lebih
cemerlang, gemilang dan terbilang.
Majlis Sambutan pelajar
baru 05/06
Pelajar-pelajar baru khusyuk mendengar taklimat yang disampaikan oleh Dekan
Nibong Tebal, 4 Julai - Majlis
sambutan bagi mengalu-alukan pelajarpelajar baru sidang akademik 05/06 telah
dilaksanakan di Dewan Kuliah 9 Kampus
Kejuruteran. Majlis ini bertujuan meraikan
pelajar-pelajar tahun satu yang telah
berjaya menjejakkan kaki ke pusat
pengajian
ini
di
samping
memperkenalkan kepada para pelajar
dengan semua warga pusat pengajian.
Sehubungan dengan itu para pelajar
turut diperkenalkan dengan latar
belakang pusat pengajian dan keunikan
pusat pengajian ini berbanding pusat
pengajian lain. Dalam ucapan alu-aluan
Dekan
PPKBSM,
beliau
turut
mengucapkan tahniah kepada semua
pelajar yang berjaya. Dekan juga turut
menyampaikan beberapa nasihat dan
panduan bermakna buat para pelajar
bagi mengharungi kehidupan di kampus
ini. Seterusnya semua pelajar telah
diberikan taklimat berkenaan kursuskursus yang diambil oleh setiap pengerusi
rancangan masing-masing. Di sini para
pelajar diberikan maklumat terperinci
berkenaan sistem pembelajaran dan
pengajaran berkenaan kursus-kursus
yang
diambil.
Majlis
seterusnya
disambung dengan taklimat daripada
Timbalan
Dekan
(Akademik
Dan
Pembangunan Pelajar) dan akhirnya sesi
perjumpaan pelajar-pelajar baru dengan
penasihat akademik masing-masing.
Sambutan Hari Merdeka
peringkat PPKBSM
Nibong Tebal, 14 September - Satu
sambutan sempena sambutan bulan
kemerdekaan yang ke 49 telah diadakan
pada peringkat pusat pengajian di Dewan
Kuliah 6, Kampus Kejuruteraan USM.
Sambutan
sempena
memperingati
perjuangan kemerdekaan para parajurit
tanah
air
dan
menghayati
erti
kemerdekaan pada alaf baru ini telah
mendapat sambutan meriah daripada
warga PPKBSM.
Sambutan kemerdekaan ini telah
dirasmikan oleh Prof. Madya Dr. Khairun
Azizi, Dekan PPKBSM. Antara aturcara
menarik sepanjang majlis sambutan
kemerdekaan ini adalah acara deklamasi
sajak 'Perjuangan belum Selesai' oleh
Exco dekan dan nyanyian lagu patriotik
'Parajurit Tanah air' oleh semua Staf
akademik. Sambutan turut dimeriahkan
dengan persembahan lakonan 'bantu
membantu' oleh pelajar ijazah pertama,
persembahan nyayian lagu patriotik oleh
pelajar tahun 2, persembahan koir oleh
pelajar tahun 3 serta persembahan multi
media erti kemerdekaan oleh pelajar
ijazah tinggi dan deklamasi sajak
'monolog kemerdekaan' oleh wakil staff
sokongan.
Sempena bulan kemerdekaan, satu
pertandingan erti kemerdekaan telah
dijalankan dan dimenangi oleh Nek Mohd
Hamdi dengan erti kemerdekaan
“Kemerdekaan
merupakan
satu
permulaan bagi satu kehidupan tanpa
dibelengu oleh sebarang konkongan dan
penghinaan dari segi pemikiran dan
kelakuan”.
Kehangatan
semangat
kemerdekaan menyelubungi setiap warga
PPKBSM apabila lagu-lagu patriotik
Keranamu Malaysia berkumandang
dengan penuh semangat di samping
kibaran jalur gemilang mengakhiri
sambutan hari kemerdekaan ini. Satu
iktibar yang patut direnungkan ialah
“sukar
untuk
mengekalkan
dan
menghayati erti kemerdekaan daripada
mendapatkan kemerdekaan”. Renungkan
nasib generasi akan datang apabila
kemerdekaan yang dicapai mungkin
hanya pada nama tetapi realitinya minda
kita masih dijajah. Apa yang pasti 'Jalan
mesti ke depan, bukan ke belakang!'.
Upacara Konvokesyen USM
Ke-34
Pulau Pinang, Ogos 2005- Pada upacara
konvokesyen USM ke-34 seramai 41
graduan ijazah tinggi dan 142 graduan
ijazah pertama telah berjaya berijazah
daripada PPKBSM. Pada konvokesyen kali
ini, USM mengeluarkan lebih daripada
1000 graduan ijazah tinggi dan seramai
6,707 graduan ijazah pertama dalam
bidang masing-masing.
Pada sidang pertama yang
berlangsung 8 Ogos, Seri Paduka Baginda
Raja Permaisuri Agong, Tuanku Fauziah
binti Al-Marhum Tengku Abdul Rashid
telah menerima Ijazah Kehormat Doktor
Undang-undang.Pro-Canselor, Tan Sri
Razali Ismail telah menyampaikan Ijazah
tersebut kepada baginda. Baginda
seterusnya mempengerusikan sidang
pertama. Sejurus selepas tamat Sidang
Pertama Upacara Konvokesyen Ke-34,
Seri Paduka Baginda Tuanku Canselor
telah turut menyaksikan Pameran Khas
Tuanku Canselor yang diadakan di Balai
Pesiban Agung, Pusat Pengajian Seni
USM. Pada Konvokesyen ini satu Expo
Konvokesyen dan Hari Terbuka Ke-33
yang dirasmikan oleh Seri Paduka
Baginda Raja Permaisuri Agong turut
diadakan. Orang ramai berpeluang untuk
mengunjungi lebih 200 pameran
usahawan merangkumi pelbagai produk.
PPKBSM pada upacara konvokesyen ini
telah berjaya mengeluarkan 7 graduan
Doktor Falsafah yang salah seorang
daripadanya iaitu Dr. Hasmaliza Mohamad
yang kini menjadi tenaga pengajar di
PPKBSM, 13 graduan sarjana sains
melalui mod penyelidikan dan 21 graduan
sarjana sains melalui mod campuran.
PPKBSM juga turut berjaya mengeluarkan
97 graduan sarjana muda kejuruteraan
Bahan dan 45
graduan sarjana muda
kejuruteraan Sumber Mineral. Pada
upacara konvokesyen ini juga Tee De Inn
telah menerima anugerah hadiah pingat
emas USM untuk pelajar tahun akhir
Kejuruteraan Bahan dan Ee Xun Hong
menerima hadiah pingat emas USM untuk
pelajar tahun akhir Kejuruteraan Sumber
Mineral. Syabas dan tahniah kepada
kecermerlangan terus menjadi agenda
semua warga PPKBSM dan hubungan erat
antara graduan dan pusat pengajian akan
dapat diteruskan melalui alumni PPKBSM.
Pameran Poster Latihan
Industri
Julai 2005 - Seramai 203 pelajar tahun 3
daripada
kejuruteraan
bahan,
kejuruteraan sumber mineral dan
kejuruteraan
polimer
yang
telah
menamatkan latihan industri selama 10
minggu telah mengadakan pameran
poster latihan industri pada 20 Julai 05 di
Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Bahan dan
Sumber Mineral. Pameran poster adalah
sebahagian daripada penilaian untuk
pelajar yang telah menjalani latihan
industri semasa cuti antara sidang
akademik 2004/2005 dan 2005/2006.
Pelajar tahun tiga yang menjalani latihan
industri dikehendaki membentangkan
poster mereka dalam bahasa inggeris dan
pembentangan ini telah dinilai oleh para
pensyarah. Penilaian dijalankan dari segi
kandungan
poster,
kreativiti
dan
penyampaian semasa sesi temuramah.
Acara kemuncak sepanjang pameran
poster ini adalah penganugerahan bagi
10 poster terbaik. Syabas dan tahniah
kepada semua pelajar yang terlibat dan
jutaan terima kasih kepada semua warga
PPKBSM khususnya dan semua warga
kampus kejuruteraan amnya yang datang
memeriahkan pameran poster ini.
Lawatan pelajar
ke industri
28-30 November - Dua kumpulan pelajar
daripada pusat pengajian telah membuat
lawatan ke beberapa industri di sekitar
Pasir Gudang dan Lembah Klang.
Keseluruhan
aktiviti
ini
telah
diselenggarakan
sepenuhnya
oleh
Dr. Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif. Lawatan ini
bertujuan memberikan pendedahan awal
kepada para pelajar tentang dunia
pekerjaan sebenar setelah mereka tamat
daripada universiti di samping menimba
ilmu dan pengalaman daripada lawatan
yang dijalankan. Kumpulan pertama yang
terdiri daripada 26 orang pelajar tahun
akhir dan tahun tiga telah membuat
lawatan di sekitar Kawasan Perindustrian
Pasir Gudang. Industri-industri yang telah
dilawati adalah Malaysian Sheet Glass
Sdn. Bhd., Antara Steel Mills Sdn. Bhd.,
BASF (M) Sdn. Bhd. dan SIME Darby
Engineering Sdn. Bhd. Industri terakhir
yang dilawati adalah Maruwa (M) Sdn.
Bhd. yang terletak di Melaka ketika
bertolak balik pada hari terakhir.
Manakala kumpulan kedua yang terdiri
telah mengadakan lawatan di sekitar
kawasan Klang Valley. Sebanyak lima
industri telah dilawati oleh kumpulan ini.
Industri pertama adalah Takanichi Sim
Sdn. Bhd. dan diikuti oleh HICOM
DieCasting Sdn. Bhd., Johnson Suisse (M)
Sdn. Bhd., Automotive Industries Sdn.
Bhd. dan akhir sekali Megasteel Sdn. Bhd.
Aktiviti ini merupakan aktiviti tahunan
pusat pengajian bagi mendedahkan para
pelajar dengan persekitaran luar
pekerjaan. Aktiviti ini juga diharapkan
dapat memberikan hubungan dua hala
yang baik antara pihak universiti dan
pihak industri.
Laporan Kawad
Kebakaran di Pusat
Pengajian Kejuruteraan
Bahan & Sumber Mineral,
Kampus Kejuruteraan,
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Tarikh Kawad Kebakaran Diadakan:
19 Disember 2005
Waktu: 10.00 - 10.30 pagi
Bilangan Penghuni Yang Turun di
Kawasan Perhimpunan:124 orang
Tempoh Yang Diambil Untuk
mengosongkan Bangunan: 6min.38 saat
Kawad kebakaran telahpun diadakan
di Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Bahan &
Sumber Mineral (PPKBSM) dengan
kerjasama Unit Keselamatan dan
Kesihatan Pekerjaan (JKKP), Jabatan
Keselamatan dan Jabatan Pembangunan,
Kampus Kejuruteraan. Pada waktu ini,
tiada pelajar ijazah pertama kecuali
mereka
yang
menjalani
projek
penyelidikan tahun akhir dan terdapat
sekitar 30 orang pelajar ijazah
lanjutan yang berada di PPKBSM serta 5
orang pekerja pencuci bangunan. Pada
waktu ini juga, terdapat satu kursus
jangka pendek untuk kakitangan Intel
seramai 50 orang sedang diadakan di
PPKBSM. Seramai 10 pensyarah dan guru
tiada di PPKBSM kerana menghadiri
persidangan di Kuantan, Pahang dan 5
sedang bercuti tahunan dan 3 orang
sedang berada di luar negara.
Setelah semuanya berada ditempat
perhimpunan, iaitu di kawasan letak
kereta di sebelah kiri bangunan PPKBSM,
Pegawai Pengosongan Bangunan telah
memberikan penerangan mengenai
kawad kebakaran ini. Antara lain, perkara
yang ditekankan ialah berkenaan
kepentingan
mengadakan
kawad
kebakaran sekurang-kurangnya satu kali
dalam satu tahun, pendedahan kepada
semua penghuni bangunan mengenai
laluan kecemasan, penggunaan alat
pemadam api dan pentingnya mendengar
arahan ketua-ketua tingkat sewaktu
proses pengosongan bangunan. Satu
demonstrasi memadam api menggunakan
alat pemadam api juga telah dikendalikan
oleh JKKP.
Ucapan terima kasih kepada semua
yang menjayakan kawad kebakaran ini
terutamanya pihak JKKP, Jabatan
Keselamatan, Jabatan Pembangunan dan
Ketua-ketua dan Penolong Ketua Tingkat.
Kesimpulannya, kawad kebakaran yang
diadakan telah berlangsung dengan
jayanya dan telah mendapat kerjasama
yang baik dari semua penghuni bangunan
PPKBSM
Prof. Dr. Zainal Arifin Ahmad Pegawai Pengosongan Bangunan
Dr. Azlan Ariffin- Penolong Pegawai
Pengosongan Bangunan
Demostrasi memadam kebakaran oleh Dekan PPKBSM
Visit by the External
Examiner
Nibong Tebal, 12-17 December Professor Masahiro Ohshima from Kyoto
University, Japan was at SMMRE acting as
external
examiner
for
Polymer
Engineering. The five days visit began
with the briefing from the Dean and the
Programme Chairman of Polymer
Engineering followed by discussion with
academic staff, postgraduate students
and
undergraduate
students.
Undergraduates reports, assignments,
examination
question papers and the
answer scripts were assessed by
Prof. Ohshima.
Prof. Masahiro Ohshima also gave a
seminar on 'Supercritical CO2 Assisted
Polymer Processing'. At the end of the
visit, further discussion with the dean and
exco members on curriculum revise and
international collaboration between
Universiti Sains Malaysia and Kyoto
University was held.
International Construction
Week 2005
Kuala Lumpur, 15-17 September.
International Construction week (ICW
2005) telah diadakan di dewan pameran
KLCC. ICW 2005 diadakan untuk
mencarta laluan strategik ke arah
pembangunan
industri
pembinaan
Malaysia untuk bersaing dalam sektor
ekonomi global. Bersempena dengan ICW
2005 juga diadakan ekspo bangunan
Malaysia (MALBEX 05). Ekspo terbesar
dan paling berprestij dalam pameran
bangunan turut disertai oleh kumpulan
penyelidik dari PPKBSM yang diketuai oleh
Prof. Dr. Zainal Arifin Ahmad. Semasa
ekspo tersebut pasukan penyelidik USM
telah mengetengahkan hasil penyelidikan
yang bertajuk "Ceramic foams core
sandwich composite for lightweight
building materials" yang juga merupakan
projek usaha sama antara USM-CIDB.
Semasa ekspo berlangsung, produk
penyelidikan
tersebut
mendapat
sambutan menggalakan dari para
pengunjung yang rata-rata merupakan
pemain industri pembinaan. Melalui ekspo
seperti ini, para penyelidik dapat
berkongsi
idea
serta
mendengar
pandangan serta pendapat daripada
pihak industri ke arah menghasilkan
produk
penyelidikan
yang
boleh
dikomersilkan. Ekspo seperti ini diharap
dapat disertai oleh lebih ramai para
penyelidik pada masa-masa akan datang
agar dapat menjalankan penyelidikan
serta menghasilkan produk-produk yang
boleh diterima industri.
SIJIL DEKAN
PUSAT PENGAJIAN KEJURUTERAAN BAHAN DAN SUMBER MINERAL
SEMESTER 1 SIDANG 2005/2006
KEJURUTERAAN BAHAN
Ong Yee Wei
Siew Sok Fun
Wong Gar Shen
Tahun 1
Ahmad Yusri Alias
Deborah Chow Yen May
Khoo Li Jian
Koay Hoay Bin
Lai Chin Wei
Lau Yee Chau
Lee Chen Wen
Leow Cheah Li
Lew Kien Seng
Lim Saw Sing
Lim Way Foong
Ma Phui Ying
Tan Wei Hwa
Yap Hui Chek
Tahun 2
Tahun 3
Cho Swee Jen
Eng Siew Tze
Ho Jung Kit
John Paul Wang Sing Siew
Khoor Siang Tian
Khor Siew Cheng
Lai Kin Theng
Liew Kein Fee
Loh Poh Lin
Ong Chooi Cheow
Ong Lay Lim
Tahun 2
Phua Yi Jing
Tahun 4
Goh Chiou Bee
Ho Kar Fei
Lim Eng Chuan
Lim Ling Ching
Lim Shwu Choo
Lim Soo Wah
Loo Siaw Choon
Lum Sek Yew
Mohana Pria a/p Rainoo Raj
Ng Mei Chan
Ng Soo Bee
Ong Ghee Mei
Ooi Li Ying
Peter Chin Ting Soon
Soon Li Lian
Tan Cheng Hee
Tan Ruo Yee
Wong Goon Heng
Wong Yoong Yoong
Tahun 3
Tay Min Min
KEJURUTERAAN POLIMER
Tahun 2
Chin Chean Yeen
Tahun 1
Gan Teck Wan
Lee Xing Min
Nicholas Ang Soon Ming
Ooi Zhong Xian
Tan Seah Guan
Tahun 4
Chew Siou Lian
Foo Pei Ming
Fua Tai Yee
Lam Seow Fong
Lee See Yin
Ng Lay Ping
Ong Leng Chuan
Ong Soo Shin
Siew Chai Ling
Suganthi a/p Ramarad
Tay Lee Hwa
Yamuna a/p Munusamy
KEJURUTERAAN SUMBER MINERAL
Tahun 1
Tan Kah Wai
Tahun 3
Tahun 4
-
LIST OF VISITORS TO SMMRE DURING PERIOD OF JULY - DECEMBER 2005
NO
1.
DATE
2005.07.07
2.
2005.07.22
-
VISITORS
Mr. Ishihara Shinichi
Ms. Kalayaporn Teungfung
Prof. Dr. Kazuo Tsutsumi
Mr. Remy
INSTITUTION
JICA Office Thailand
PURPOSES
AUN/SEED-Net visit (Secretariat)
3.
2005.07.27
- Dr. Tim Saponas
France
Visiting SMMRE
Collaboration between SMMRE
and INTEL
Visitor to EITD
- Dr. Minoru Umimoto
Worldwide Education Manager INTEL
(USA)
Executive Vice President of Academic
Affairs Dean of Faculty Colorado
School of Mines Golden USA
Toyohashi University
4.
2005.08.02
- Dr. Nigel T. Middleton
5.
2005.08.22
2005.09.06
- Prof. Kazunori Sato
Nagaoka University Technology Japan
7.
2005.09.12
- Prof. Ariga Tadashi
Tokai University Japan
8.
2005.09.27
- Mr. Arjun Kumar Kantimahanzz
Siltera Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.
AUN/SEED-Net Research
Collaboration
AUN/SEED-Net Research
Collaboration
AUN/SEED-Net Research
Collaboration
Visiting SMMRE
6.
9.
10.
2005.10.13
2005.10.24
LGM/TARRC
UP Diliman
Discussion with Polymer Group
Visiting SMMRE
11.
2005.11.22
Kyoto University Japan and
JICA Malaysia Office Kuala Lumpur
Evaluation of AUN/SEED-Net
programme
12.
2005.12.07
Tokai University Japan
13.
2005.12.08
Collaboration with AUN/SEED-Net
programme
Collaboration with SMMRE
14.
2005.12.16
-
15.
2005.12.19
to
- Prof. Kiyohiko Kuroda
- Prof. Shigeru Kato
Dr. Julia Gough
Prof. Gerardo Pario
Prof. Maria Antonia Tanchulig
Ms. Pamela Infante
Dr. Masakazu Kawashita
Mr. Takuya Shimotahi
Ms. Shaliza Hamzah
Mr. Hiroyuki Tanaka
Mr. Kenichi Shzrovzu
Mr. Manabu Tsunoda
Mr. Naoki Umemiya
Mr. Mitsue Mishima
Prof. Jun-ichi Matsushita
Dr. Yasuyuki Miyazawa
Mr. Andy Lusty
Mr. Krish Amirthalingam
Prof. Masahiro Ohshima
Milwaukee
Wisconsin, USA
Kyoto University Japan
Toyohashi University of Technology
ICCEED Japan
External examiner for Polymer
Engineering Programme
Collaboration with SMMRE
J. Anuar , M. Mariatti and H. Ismail
ABSTRACT
Studies on rubber materials for high
conductivity application have been carried
out. The electrical properties of natural
rubber filled with aluminium and zinc
fillers were investigated. The better
electrical conductivity was observed for
the composites filled with aluminium filler.
The investigations showed that the
particle size of both fillers influences the
electrical properties of NR composites.
INTRODUCTION
Rubber materials are always used as
insulators because of their low electrical
conductivity. The introduction of metal
fillers into polymeric material are useful in
many fields of engineering such as
antistatic media, heat conduction,
discharging static electricity, shielding for
electromagnetic
or
radio-frequency
interference of electronic devices1-2 . The
composite made by incorporation of metal
filler into natural rubber combine the
advantageous properties of metal and
rubber such as cost effectiveness and
rapid fabrication rate.
It was observed experimentally that the
electrical conductivity of metal-rubber
composite predominantly depends on the
electrical conductivity, the particle shape
and size, the volume fraction and the
spatial arrangement of the metal
particles. Although there are great
number of publications on the effective
electric al conductivity of composite
materials, few researchers have made
efforts to investigate the size and shape
dependence of the effective electrical
conductivity of composites 3.
In this present study, the effect of
particle size on electrical properties of
aluminium and zinc filled NR composites
were determined.
EXPERIMENTAL
Materials, formulations and mixing
procedures
SMR L grade natural rubber was
purchased from the Rubber Research
Institute of Malaysia (RRIM). Aluminium
and zinc powders were bought from BDH
Ltd, UK and Alfa Aesar. The shape and
average size of metal powders are shown
in Table I. Other compounding ingredients
such as zinc oxide, stearic acid, sulfur,
Ncyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfanamide
(CBS) and N'-phenyl-p-phenylene diamine
(IPPD) were all purchased from Bayer (M)
Ltd. The formulation used is shown in
Table II.
Compounding was carried out on a
laboratory-sized (160×320 mm) two-roll
mill. The compounds were compression
moulded at 150 0 C with force of 10 MPa
and cure times, t90, as determined with
the Monsanto Moving Die Rheometer
(MDR 2000).
Table I. Shape and size of Aluminium
and Zinc powder
Shape
Average Size
Aluminium
Zinc
Flake
65 µm
Flake
45 µm
Table II. Formulation of Aluminium and
Zinc-filled NR composites.
Materials
Natural rubber (NR)
Sulphur
Zinc oxide
Stearic acid
CBS
IPPD
Aluminium
Zinc
phr
100
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.9
2.0
0, 5, 10, 15, 20
phr
100
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.9
2.0
-
-
5, 10, 15, 20
Measurement of electrical properties
Surface resistivity is defined as the
electrical resistance of the surface of a
composites material. It is measured from
electrode to electrode along the surface
of the sample.
Since the surface length is fixed, the
measurement is independent of the
physical dimensions (i.e., thickness) of
the sample. Surface resistivity is
measured by applying a voltage potential
across the surface of the sample and
measuring the resultant current according
to the ASTM D257 standard, a commonly
used test condition is a voltage of 500V
applied for 60 seconds using the R8340
digital ultra-high resistance/micro current
meters.
Environmental factors also affect an
electrical resistivity. In general, the higher
the humidity, the lower the resistivity. To
make accurate comparisons to a specific
test, the applied voltage, electrification
time, and environmental conditions
should be kept constant from one test to
the others.
exhibit better electrical conductivity
compared to the composites containing
zinc filler. This is due to aluminium filler
has
better
electrical
conductivity
compared to zinc filler. The electrical
resistivity of aluminum and zinc are 26.50
nO.m and 59.0 nO.m, respectively 4-5 .
The lower resistivity gives better
conductivity. Besides that, aluminum filler
also has larger average size than zinc
filler. This is in accordance with the
previous work by Boudenne et al 6. It was
reported that the composites filled with
larger particle filler size have a higher
electrical
conductivity
than
the
composites filled with smaller ones. This
is due to an effect of the electrical contact
resistance between surrounding metallic
particle. Nevertheless, the electrical
contact resistance can depend on
numerous factors, like the shape, the
composition, the roughness and the
oxidization of particles and the interface
particle matrix. Figures 2 and 3 show the
morphological of particle size and shape
of aluminium and zinc filled NR
composites.
13.2
13
Log Surface Resistiity
EFFECT OF AL AND ZN
PARTICLE ON ELECTRICAL
PROPERTIES OF NR
COMPOSITES
12.8
12.6
12.4
12.2
12
NR-Al
NR-Zn
11.8
11.6
11.4
11.2
0
5
10
15
20
25
Filler Loading (phr)
Fig. 1 The effect of filler loading on
surface resistivity of NR composites
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Electrical properties
The dependence of electrical resistivity of
aluminium and zinc filled NR composites
versus filler loading is shown in Figure 1.
From figure, it can be seen that the
composites containing aluminium filler
Fig. 2. Aluminium (left) and zinc (right)
powders (Magnification 503×)
CONCLUSIONS
Electrical properties of aluminum and zinc
filled NR composites were investigated.
The incorporation of both fillers improved
the electrical resistivity of NR composites.
Since aluminum has better electrical
conductivity and larger size than zinc
fillers, it gives better electrical
conductivity than that of zinc filled NR
composites.
REFERENCES
1. Thongruang W, Spontak RJ, Balik MC.
Correlated electrical conductivity, and
mechanical property analysis of high
density polyethylene filled with graphite
and carbon fiber. Polymer 2002; 43:227986.
2. Mamunya Ye P, Davydenko VV, Pissis P,
Lebedev EV. Electrical and thermal
conductivity of polymers filled with metal
powders. Eur Polym J 2002; 38:1887-97.
3. Qingzhong X. The influence of particle
shape and size on electrical conductivity
of metal polymer composites. European
Polymer Journal 40 (2004) 323-327.
4. Wikimedia, (2005), Aluminium,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium.ht
m, 7 July 2005.
5.
Wikimedia,
(2005),
Zinc,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc.htm, 2
July 2005.
6. Boudennea A., Ibosa L., Foisa M.,
Majeste´b J.C., Ge´hina E. Electrical and
thermal behavior of polypropylene filled
with copper particles. Composites, 2005;
36; 1545-1554.
EFFECT OF FLUXES AND
TEMPERATURES ON THE
CONTACT ANGLE OF Sn-Zn
BASED LEAD-FREE SOLDERS
Ramani Mayappan, Ahmad Badri
Ismail, Zainal Arifin Ahmad, Tadashi
Ariga* and Luay Bakir Hussain
*Department of Material Science, Tokai
University, Japan
ABSTRACT
The spreading (wettability) of Sn-Pb,
Sn-Zn and Sn-Zn-Bi solders on Copper
(Cu) substrate was studied using
spreading test. Four types of fluxes were
used at three different temperatures. The
spreading of the conventional Sn-Pb
solder was very much higher than that of
solders based on Sn-Zn systems. Among
the four fluxes tested, HCl and TB210
fluxes give good wetting for all the three
solders at all the temperatures and ZnCl
flux gives good wetting at lower
temperature. Generally, the contact
angles improves at higher temperatures.
The result obtained can serve as a bench
mark for evaluating candidate fluxes for
future use in the manufacturing.
INTRODUCTION
Lead-based solders are widely used in the
electronic industries because of their
unique
material
properties
and
low-cost 8 . Unfortunately lead and its
compound are toxic to the human body
and cause serious environmental
problems. Thus, the development of leadfree solders with the same properties as
lead-based solders are in progress 8. For
developing new solder alloys, various
properties
such
as
wettability,
microstructure, mechanical properties as
well as the reliability of
soldered joints
must be taken into account 3 . The first
consideration, in finding a suitable leadfree solder is the melting temperature of
the alloy must be near to the Sn-37Pb
solder, i.e. 183o C2-3 .
Among the Sn-based solder alloys, the
Sn-9Zn has been considered as a suitable
candidate because of its low melting
temperature of 198 oC 5. However, since
Zn-containing alloys have the problems of
oxidation and corrosion, new Sn-Zn based
alloys are still under development 3,6.
Solder spreading on a substrate is
fundamental for the development of new
solders. It is a complex phenomenon
involving joint configuration, flux
selection, substrate finishing and many
other factors4. In a spread test, the
ability of the molten solder to spread over
the substrate is used to measure the
wetting behavior. When the solder melts,
the increase in contact area indicates the
wetting behavior of solder7 . The extent of
wetting is measured by the contact angle
that is formed at the juncture of a solid
and liquid (molten solder), as shown in
Figure 1.
γlg
gas
liquid
γgs
θ
γls
Base metal
Figure 1: Schematic of thermodynamic
equilibrium in wetting
The contact angle is determined from the
balance of surface tension at the junction.
For a non-reacting system, the contact
angle (Y) is predicted by Young's
equation:
gs =
ls +
cos θY =
lg cos Y
(1)
γ gs − γ ls
γ lg
(2)
where gs is the surface tension of the
solid in the particular environment, ls is
the surface tension between the solid and
the liquid, and lg is the surface tension of
the solid in the same environment. When
good wetting occurs, the wetting angle
should be small (i.e. ls and
lg smaller
and gs larger).
The selection of soldering flux plays a
critical role in determining good wetting
of solder on substrate. Fluxes are used to
remove oxides and other contaminants on
the substrate. They also assist in the
transfer of heat. The selection of flux
should depend on properties such as its
ability to remove the (oxides) tarnish film,
activation temperature, corrosiveness,
and the resistivity of post process
residues. The activity level of a flux
influences its ability to clean the oxides on
the specimen's surface and to promote
wetting2.
This research provides an approach to
evaluate the influence of fluxes at
different temperatures in promoting
wetting on Cu substrate through
spreading test. Sn-9Zn and Sn-8Zn-3Bi
lead-free solders were studied and
Sn-40Pb solder was used as a reference.
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
Alloys of Sn-40Pb, Sn-9Zn and Sn-8Zn-3Bi
were used in the present work. Sn-9Zn
alloy were prepared using Sn bar and Zn
granules. Sn was melted in an alumina
crucible at 500o C and followed by the
addition of Zn granules and the mixer was
stirred to homogenize. Sn-40Pb are
commercially available solder and
Sn-8Zn-3Bi are supplied by Nihon Almit
Co. Ltd., Japan.
Sn-40Pb, Sn-9Zn and Sn-8Zn-3Bi solders
were remelted to 400oC and poured into
a mold to make a disc with 6 cm in
diameter and 3 mm thickness. Then the
disc was polished until the thickness is 2
mm. By using a puncher, the disc was
sliced into 5 mm in diameter cylinder with
mass around 0.4 g.
The spreading test was done using
Solder Checker Instrument model
SAT-5100, Rhesha. The solder disc was
placed on the fluxed Cu substrate and it
was placed on top of the Sn-37Pb solder
bath for 60 seconds. ZnCl, MHS TB210
and HCl fluxes were used with
temperatures were set at 220, 250 and
280 o C (Figure 2). Each test was repeated
three times and the flux were cleaned
using hot water. The samples were cross
sectioned by a low speed diamond cutter
and mounted using epoxy. The mounted
samples were polished with silicon
carbide coated papers to smooth the
surface. The cross sectioned samples
were photographed as shown in Figure 3.
The contact angles were measured using
Image J software.
Sn-40Pb
Contact Angle
Solder Disc + Flux
Cu
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
220
MHS flux
TB210 flux
ZnCl flux
250
280
o
63Sn-37Pb Solder Bath
Figure 2: Schematic diagram of the
spread test
HCl flux
Temperature( C)
Figure 4: Contact angle for Sn-40Pb solder
Sn-9Zn
80
Contact Angle
60
HCl flux
MHS flux
TB210 flux
ZnCl flux
40
20
0
220
250
280
o
Temperature( C)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The measured contact angles are shown
in Figures 4 to 6. The contact angles for
Sn-40Pb solder were shown in Figure 4.
Generally the contact angles for this
solder improve at higher temperatures.
The contact angles varied from 4 o to 23o .
The lowest contact angles were obtained
for the all the fluxes at 280 OC and the
highest were obtained at 220o C when
MHS flux was used. The MHS flux gives
drastic drop in the contact angle when the
temperature is increased from 220 to
250 o C.
Contact angles results for the Sn-9Zn
alloy are shown in Figure 5. It was
observed that the contact angles varied
between 32o and 65o . The lowest contact
angles were obtained at 250 oC when HCl
and TB210 fluxes were used. For the ZnCl
flux, the increase in temperature resulted
in the increase in contact angles.
However, the contact angles remained
constant between 36o and 39 o at 250 oC
for the four fluxes. As mentioned earlier,
the MHS flux gives the highest contact
angle at 220o C.
Contact angles results for the Sn-8Zn3Bi alloy are shown in Figure 6. The
contact angles varied between 31 o and
34o when HCl, MHS and TB210 fluxes
were used. The addition of 3% Bi to the
binary Sn-Zn alloy gives the improvement
to the contact angles. But the increase in
temperature from 250o C to 280o C
increases the contact angles except when
ZnCl flux was used were the contact
angles reduces from 45o to 42o ,
respectively.
Figure 5: Contact angle for Sn-9Zn solder
Sn-8Zn-3Bi
80
Contact Angle
Figure 3: Schematic diagram of the
spread test
HCl flux
MHS flux
TB210 flux
ZnCl flux
60
40
20
IEEE/CPMT International Electronics
Manufacturing Technology Symposium,
pp. 344-350.
3. Kim, Y.S., Kim, K.S., Hwang, C.W. and
Suganuma, K., 2003, Effect of
composition and cooling rate on
microstructure and tensile properties of
Sn-Zn-Bi alloys, Journal of Alloys and
Compounds, 352, pp 237-245.
4. Saiz, E., Hwang, C.W., Suganuma, K.
and Tomsia, A.P., 2003, Spreading of SnAg solders on FeNi alloys, Acta Materialia,
51, pp 3185-3197.
5. Shiue, R.K., Tsay, L.W. and Lin, C.L.,
2003, The reliability study of selected SnZn based lead-free solders on Au/Ni-P/Cu
substrate, Microelectronics Reliability, 43,
pp 453-463.
6. Song, J.M., Lan, G.F., Lui, T.S. and
Chen, L.H., 2003, Microstructure and
tensile properties of Sn-9Zn-xAg lead-free
solder, Scripta Materialia. 48, pp 10471051
7. Wu, C.M.L., Yu, D.Q., Law, C.M.T. and
Wang, L., 2004, Properties of lead-free
solder alloys with rare earth element
additions,
Materials
Science
and
Engineering R . 44, pp 1-44
8. Yu, D.Q., Zhao, J. and Wang, L., 2004,
Improvement on the microstructure
stability, mechanical and wetting properties of Sn-Ag-Cu lead-free solder with the
addition of rare earth elements, Journal of
Alloys and Compounds, 376, pp. 170-175.
0
220
250
o
Temperature( C )
280
Figure 6: Contact angle for Sn-8Zn-3Bi solder
CONCLUSION
A study on the effect of fluxes and
temperatures on the contact angles
(spreading) of Sn-40Pb, Sn-9Zn and
Sn-8Zn-3Bi solders on Cu substrate were
conducted. The contact angles improves
at higher temperatures. Sn-40Pb solder
gives good spreading for all the fluxes.
Generally, HCl and TB210 fluxes give good
wetting for all the three solders at all the
temperatures, and ZnCl flux gives good
wetting at lower temperature.
This research provides an approach to
evaluate the influence of the flux at
different temperatures in promoting
wetting through spreading test. The
results obtained can serve as a bench
mark for evaluating candidate fluxes for
future use in the manufacturing.
REFERENCE
1. Chang, T.C., Hon, M.H. and Wang,
M.C., 2003, Intermetallic compounds
formation and interfacial adhesion
strength of Sn-9Zn-0.5Ag solder alloy
hot-dipped on Cu substrate, Journal of
Alloys and Compounds, 352, pp 168-174.
2. Huang, C.-Y., Srihari, K., McLenaghan,
A.J., Westby, G.R., 1995, Flux activity
evaluation using the wetting balance,
STUDY ON
MICROSTRUCTURE OF
POROUS LITHIUM
ALUMINOSILICATE GLASSCERAMIC SYSTEM
Mohd Nazri Idris, Hairol Abdul
Rahman and Sri Asliza Mohd Amin
INTRODUCTION
Lithium aluminosilicate, LAS glass
ceramics attract considerable commercial
interest because they mainly feature low
thermal expension, together with
remarkable chemical resistance and
mechanical strength1. LAS glasses and
glass ceramic are prepared by combining
appropriate quantities of Li2O (usually as
Li2 CO3 ), Al2O 3 and SiO 2 in the required
ratio and then melting the batch mixture
at high temperature to form a glass. If the
glass ceramic is required, the component
undergoes an appropriate heat treatment
to produce the fully crystalline material.
In glass ceramic, crystal nucleation is an
important theme as well as in glass
technology2-3. The crystal nucleation in
glass technology is undesirable for
producing glass without devitrification but
it is an important process for preparing of
glass
ceramic
via
controlled
4
crystallization . In LAS glass ceramic, the
main crystalline phases are quartz solid
solution (Li2 O-Al2 O3-2SiO2), -spodumene
(Li2 O-Al2 O3-4 SiO2 )
and
lithium
metasilicate (Li2 O-SiO2). Most of these
crystalline can easily extracted by means
of mineral acid or alkaline to form a
porous medium. The different in porous
glass ceramic with controlled pore sizes
and porosities can be prepared by the
successive acidic and alkaline leaching
parameter5 . This work describes a
method to obtain porous lithium
aluminosilicate
glass
ceramic
by
controlling the reagent concentration and
period of leaching time.
EXPERIMENTAL
Glasses were prepared from mixture
containing 60 wt% SiO2 , 31 wt% Li2 O, 6
wt% Al2 O3 and 3 wt% TiO2 as nucleating
agent. The batch mixture was heated at
1250oC for 2 hours in a platinum crucible
followed by water quenching to form a
frit. The frit was subsequently crushed to
fine powder below 75 m. Pressed
cylindrical bar (25MPa) of about 16mm
diameter obtained from humidified (3.5%
water) glass fine powder were used. Heat
treatment involved placing the glass
samples on refractory brick covered with
alumina powder layer, heating at 620 oC
for 1h and continuous to 1000 oC for 3
hours. The heating and cooling rate was
5 o C/min. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
measurements was carried out in order to
identify the phase occurring during the
heat treatment. Leaching process with
0.5M, 1.5M and 3.0M NaOH for 7 days
and 14 `days were studied. Scanning
Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to
analyze the microstructure behaviour on
these samples.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The melting of parent glass was
completely melted at 1250oC after 2h.
The solidified glass was transparent,
colourless and there was no evidence of
crystalline.
After heat treatment on
above temperature, the cylindrical glass
ceramic exhibited a slightly homogeneous
opaque. The nucleation and crystalline
growth temperature which selected in this
procedure is based on DTA analysis
result6.
In order to evaluate qualitatively the
level of devitrification or formation of
crystalline phases in this material, XRD
analysis was performed. XRD results on
this glass ceramic system suggest consecutive transformation of the parent glass
(amorphous) into complete solid solution
crystalline phase. The typical XRD
spectrum peaks were identify as lithium
metasilicate phase6 . The crystalline phase
was dispersed in area of micron size and
precipitated in different regions of the
glass.
Regarding the microporosity of the
samples, fig.1 shows the SEM analysis
resulted on lithium metasilicate phase.
These samples were leaching out with
0.5M, 1.5M and 3.0M of NaOH for 7 and
14 days respectively. In this work, porous
glass ceramic based on lithium
aluminosilicate
system
has
been
developed. The figure shows that
interrelated porous occurred on the
leaching surface with range of 2-10 um.
However, image analysis results indicated that majority of lithium metasilicate
phases is still dominantly presented for
sample 0.5M and 1.5M after 7 and 14
days. On the other side, the microstructure of lithium metasilicate was totally
been effected with 3.0M NaOH on both
period of time. Here, it could be observed
from extending the concentration of
NaOH solution and leaching period, the
percentage in getting highest porosity is
possible. Fig. 1e and fig. 1f proved that
totally most of the phases successfully
been leaching out in order to be higher
degree of interconnectivity. Given that the
most porous of sample in both fig. 1e and
fig. 1f presented a homogeneous range
size below 2 um.
CONCLUSION
In the present work, Leaching process
with NaOH is an interesting method to
obtain porous lithium aluminosilicate
glass ceramic. By controlling the NaOH
concentration and leaching period, the
percentages of porosity, pore size and
percentages of crystallinity can be
modulated. Besides, further studies
should be perform in order to gain a
better understanding of getting porous
lithium aluminosilicate glass ceramic.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors acknowledge the research
grant (6035111) provided by Universiti
Sains Malaysia, Penang that has made
this article possible.
REFERENCES
1. D. U. Tulyaganov, S. Agathopoulos, et
al., (2004) J. Ceramics International 30 pp
1023
2. P. Riello, P. Canto, N. Comelato, et al.,
(2001) J. Non-Crys. Solids 288 pp127.
3. L. Barbieri, C. Leonelli, T. Manfredini, et
al., (1997) J. Am. Cerms. Soc 80
pp3077.
4. K. D. Kim, S. H. Lee, H. K. Ahn, (2004)
J. Non-Crys. Solids 336 pp195.
5. F. Janowski and D. Enki, (2002)
Handbook of Porous Solid, Vol 3 pp 1433.
6. I. M. Nazri, M. A. Asliza, R. Othman
(2005) J. Solid State Sci. & Tech. Letters,
Vol 12, No. 1 (Suppl.) pp 31.
Figure 1: SEM images after leaching process with NaOH (a) 0.5M, 7 days (b) 0.5M, 14
days (c) 1.5M, 7 days (d) 1.5M, 14 days (e) 3.0M, 7 days (f) 3.0M, 14 days
SURFACE MODIFICATION
OF PFA BY ALKALINE FUSION
Suhaina Ismail, Norlia Baharun,
Kamar Shah Ariffin
ABSTRACT
The synthesis of zeolite from fly ash
appears to be one of the alternatives
routes in the utilization of waste
materials. Alkaline fusion of PFA using
sodium hydroxide at 600o C followed by
dissolution in water, sodium aluminates
and hydrothermal treatment were carried
out in this study. The optimum synthesis
condition for fusion method was achieved
at 85 oC at 8 h reaction time. The mixture
of linde type A hydrated zeolite and
faujasite were found to be the dominant
type present. The raw PFA used and the
zeolites
synthesized
have
been
characterized with respect to SEM for
morphological changes and BET for
specific surface area measurement.
Surface modification on the spherical like
PFA particles was observed to occur by
precipitation of cubical particles. Specific
surface area of the modified PFA was
significantly increased over that of the
raw PFA from 3.08m2 /g to 92.32m2/g.
INTRODUCTION
Pulverized fuel ash also known, a "fly ash"
is a residue formed as a result of coal
combustion in electricity power plant. It is
usually
collected
by
electrostatic
precipitators, cyclones or bag filters.
Large quantities of coal are used in
electric power plant throughout the world
every year. The disposal of the huge
amount generated from the combustion
of coal poses a serious environmental
problem. In Malaysia, it is being used by
the concrete and cement industries, and
the remaining PFA is disposed for
reclaimation. A possible alternative to disposal is the use of PFA for the synthesis of
zeolite.
Fly ash is composed primarily of
alumino silicate glass, mullite (Al6Si2O 13 )
and quartz (SiO2 ). These materials
provide a ready source of Al and Si, which
is necessary for the synthesis of zeolites.
Zeolites are a group of over 40 crystalline,
hydrated alumino-silicate species based
on a three-dimensional network of SiO 4
tetrahedral containing exchangeable
alkali or alkali-earth cation.
The conversion of fly ash into zeolite of
this type might prove to be effective for
removing such metals from wastewater
streams, as adsorbent and as a substitute
for conventional detergent phosphate
builder.
Several authors have reported the conversion of fly ash into zeolite by the treatment of ash with concentrated alkaline
and pressures1,2,3. Recently, more
sophisticated treatments including the
use of microwave radiation4 and fusion
with NaOH followed by hydrothermal
treatment have been reported 5-6.
The objective of this study is to
investigate the effect of surface
modification of fly ash on the type of
zeolites produced. In this study, the
conversion of fly ash into zeolite by fusion
with NaOH followed by hydrothermal was
carried out. From the work done by
Shigemoto et al.5 , it was found that
fusion can dissolve more silicates and
alumina silicate from fly ash. Surface
characteristic studies such as surface
morphological and specific surface area
were used to investigate the type of
zeolite produced by surface modification
of fly ash.
EXPERIMENTAL
Fly Ash Characterisation
The fly ash used in this study was
obtained from Sultan Salahuddin Abdul
Aziz Shah Power Plant, Kapar, Selangor.
The fly ash samples were characterized
with respect to SiO2 , Al2O 3, CaO, MgO,
Fe2 O 3 , Na 2O, TiO2 and K 2O. Their
chemical composition were determined by
X-Ray Fluorescence analysis. The
mineralogical
and
microstructural
characteristics of the fly ash were
basically studied by XRD and SEM
respectively.
Zeolite Synthesis
Zeolite were synthesized by fusing 20 g of
fly ash and 24 g sodium hydroxide. A
homogenous fusion was obtained by
grinding fly ash and sodium hydroxide
together. The mixture was heated at a
temperature of 600 o C for 2 hours. The
resultant fused mass was cooled, milled
and mixed thoroughly with water and
simultaneous
addition
of
sodium
aluminates. The slurry so obtained was
subjected to ageing for 8 hours. The
amorphous aluminum silicate gel was
then subjected to crystallization at a
temperature between 85o C at 4 and 8
hour reaction time. Solid crystalline
product was separated by filtration and
drying
(A)X-ray Diffraction Analysis
After drying, powder XRD patterns were
obtained using Cu K a radiation
(a = 1.540564 o). The files shown in the
Joint Committies on powder Diffraction
Standards (JCPDS) were used to identify
various crystalline fly ash and zeolite
phases and other minerals present.
(B) Morphological Characterization
The morphological changes that took
place in the ash during the zeolite
synthesis were studied by scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), model
Cambridge Stereo Scan S200.
(C)Surface Area Measurements
Surface area measurements were
determined using a Micromeritic Flowsorb
II 2300 Single- point Analyzer and
nitrogen gas was used as adsorbent.
Table 1: Chemical composition of fly ash
% wt
SiO2
Al2 O3
Fe2 O3
TiO2
CaO
MgO
Na2O
K2O
SO3
LOI
Fly
ash
52
20
3.4
0.7
11.0
1.6
2.2
0.61
1.2
10.23
M
Q
M
M
a
M
M
Figure 1 : X-ray diffractogram of fly ash ( M= Mullite, Q= Quartz and Ma= Magnetite)
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Fly Ash Characterisation
As shown in Table 1, the major element
present in fly ash are SiO 2 (52%), Al2O 3
(20%). Other oxides present are CaO,
MgO, Fe 2O 3 and Na 2O. Also the major
mineral phases determined by X-Ray
diffraction as shown in Figure 1, revealed
that the major crystalline phases in the fly
ash are quartz, mullite and magnetite.
The intensity peak of quartz and mullite
shown are very low which means that the
major elements in the fly ash exist in the
amorphous
phase.
However,
the
amorphous component in fly ash cannot
be detected by X-ray diffraction. Mullite
and quartz are produced during the
decomposition of clay minerals such as
kaolinite.
Characterisation of the Modified Fly
Ash
The XRD patterns of the modified fly
ash are shown in Figure 2. The fused fly
ash was synthesized at 85o C for 4 and 8
h reaction time. PFA were fused with
sodium hydroxide at 600o C followed by
and Faujasite [K9 NaCaAl12 Si240 O 72
(15H2 O)],. It can be deduced that the
disappearance of quartz and mullite peak
in the modified fly ash showed that both
the quartz and mullite in the fly ash have
reacted with NaOH resulting in zeolitisation.
Morphological Changes
Figure 3 shows the scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) images of the raw PFA
compared to the modified PFA. The fly
ash comprises of smooth spherical
particles. These particles are formed from
the cooling of molten products of the
combustion of clay compounds in the
original coal 7 . A marked change in
surface morphology can be observed
when the modified PFA samples are
compared with the fly ash.
By contrast, the surface of the modified
PFA product is cubical. The covering of
the spherical particle with cubical
crystallites become apparent after the
Figure 3: Scanning electron micrographs of (a) PFA and (b) Modified fly ash obtained
at 85oC for 8 h reaction time
modification process. Samples treated by
fusion
followed
by
hydrothermal
o
treatment at 85 C for 8 h produces
Zeolite A crystals. However, the
crystallization of zeolite A is obviously still
not complete. The presence of impurities
in the reactants could also affect the
crystal formation and chemical properties
of the zeolite formed where they also
increase the nucleation rate at the
expense of crystal growth8.
Elemental composition data of PFA and
the modified PFA samples are detailed in
Table 2. The data shows that the PFA is a
ready source of Al and Si for forming
zeolites. There was a decrease in the
concentration of Si during modification
due to the Si compounds being more
reactive in the NaOH. Reactivity of Al in
NaOH are less compared to Si. With the
addition of sodium aluminates, there was
an increased in the percent weight of Al in
the modified ash. The possibility of using
sodium aluminate as a source of alumina
enrichment in maintaining SiO2 /Al2O 3
ratio was found to be favorable in the
synthesis of Zeolite A.8
Figure 2: X-ray diffraction pattern of modified PFA obtained at 85 oC for (a) 4 h and
(b) 8 h reaction time (A= Zeolite A/ Linde Type A Hydrated;
F= Faujasite, HS=Hidroxy-sodalite)
Table 2: Elemental composition data for PFA and modified PFA (SZA31;
temperature = 85o C and reaction time = 8 hours)
dissolution in water, sodium aluminates
and hydrothermal treatment. The X-ray
diffractogram showed the presence of
crystalline phases of zeolite A/Linde Type
A
Hydrated
(Na92 Al92 Si100 O384 )
% wt
SiO2
Al2 O3
Fe2 O3
TiO2
CaO
MgO
Na2O
K2O
SO3
LOI
Fly
ash
52
20
3.4
0.7
11.0
1.6
2.2
0.61
1.2
10.23
The use of sodium aluminates also
improve the crystallinity of the product.
From Table 2, it is clearly shown that the
alkaline fusion treatment leads to the
inclusion of sodium in the zeolite. The Na
was taken up from
solution during the
zeolitilisation process. This is reflected in
the increase of Na to Si ratio.
Awards Received
(June - December 2005)
Staff
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Azizan Aziz
Surface Area Measurement
The alkaline hydrothermal treatment of
PFA was found to increase the surface
area of the raw ash. This is most
significant with the modified ash obtained
at 85 oC for 8 h reaction time whose
surface area was measured to be 92.32
m2 /g. This is significantly higher than the
surface area of the raw ash (3.08 m2 /g).
The increased in surface area is brought
about by the crystallization of the many
zeolite crystals on the originally smooth
ash spheres.
disappearance of quartz and mullite in the
modified fly ash could be due to the
quartz and mullite having reacted with
the NaOH resulting in zeolitisation. A
marked change in surface morphology
can be observed in the modified fly ash.
By varying the temperature and
crystallization time, control over the type
of zeolite formed was achieved. Samples
treated
by
fusion
followed
by
hydrothermal treatment at 85 o C for 8 h
produces Zeolite A crystals. Surface
modification on the spherical like PFA
particles was observed to occur by
precipitation of cubical particles. The
product has a significantly increased
surface area as compared to the raw ash.
Specific surface
area of the modified PFA was significantly
increased over that of the raw PFA from
3.08m2/g to 92.32m2 /g.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to University
Science Malaysia and USM Short Term
Grant for supporting and funding this
research.
Title
IPTA
R&D
Expo
“Prosperity Through
Research & Innovation”
2005
Global
“Vanadium Oxide
Nanotubes”
Silver Medal
Pusat Dagangan Dunia Putra,
Kuala Lumpur
30 September – 2 October 2005
Prof. Hanafi Ismail
International Trade Fair - ideasInventions-New Products
Gold Medal
Nuremberg, German
3 – 6 November 2005
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Baharin
Azahari
Kecemerlangan
Penyelidikan
Kejuruteraan USM (Yayasan
Perak)
“OilZob A Novel and
Reactive Oil Adsorbent
From Various Rubber
Wastes”
“Optimization of
Polymeric Materials
Through Recycling”
Dewan Utama, Kampus Kej.,
USM
16 December 2005
CONCLUSION
Surface modification of PFA with alkaline
fusion showed the presence of crystalline
phases of zeolite A/Linde Type A Hydrated
(Na 92 Al92 Si100O 384) and Faujasite
[K 9 NaCaAl 12 Si 240O 72 (15H 2 O)].The
Awards
REFERENCES
1. Poole, C., Prijatama, H. and Rice, N.M.
(2000). Synthesis of Zeolite Adsorbents
By Hydrothermal Treatment Of PFA
Waste: A Comparative Study. Minerals
Engineering. Vol. 13(8-9), 831-842.
2. Holler H. and Wirshing U. Fortschr.
Zeolite formation from Fly Ash. Mineral,
1985, 63 (1), 21-43.
3. Querol, X., Plana F., Alastuey A. and
Lopez-Soler A. (1997). Synthesis of Nazeolites from Fly ash. Fuel, 76 (8), 793799.
4. Chang, H.L. & Shih, W.H. (1998). A
General Method for the Conversion of Fly
Ash into Zeolites as Ion-Exchangers for
Cesium. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 37, 71-78.
5. Shigemoto N., Shirakami S., Hirano S.
and Hayashi H. (1992). Preparation and
Characterisation of Zeolites from from
Coal Fly Ash. Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, (5),
484-492.
6. White, S.C., Case, E.D., (1990).
Characterization of fly ash from coal-fired
power plants. J. Mater. Sci. 25, 52155219.
7. Rayalu, S.S., Vdhoji, J.S., Munshi, K. N.
& Hasan, M.Z. (2001). Highly crystalline
zeolite - a from fly ash of bituminous and
lignit coal combustion. Journal of
Hazardous Materials. B88, 107-121.
8. Rayalu, et al. (1999). Process for the
Synthesis of fly ash based Zeolite-A.
United States Patent. 5965105
Sidang Pengarang Enjinier menjemput
semua staf, pelajar-pelajar dan
graduan PPKBSM memberi sumbangan
rencana dan pandangan mereka
kepada:
Sidang Pengarang Enjinier,
Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Bahan
dan Sumber Mineral,
Kampus Kejuruteraan,
Universiti Sains Malaysia,
14300 Nibong Tebal.
The Enjinier Editorial Board invites all
staff, students and graduates of the
School of Materials and Mineral
Resources Engineering to contribute
articles and views to: (Articles must be
not more than 3 A4 pages font 12
single spacing)
Enjinier Editorial Board,
School of Materials and Mineral
Resources Engineering, Engineering
Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia,
14300 Nibong Tebal.
LIST OF 2005 GRANT
(JULY - DECEMBER 2005)
PROJECT TITLE
RESEARCHERS
New Academic Staff 2005
BUDGET
AUN/SEED-Net/JICA
“Influence of Tungsten Nano Particle Size
on Copper Alloy Produced via Equal
Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP)”
“Dissolution Phenomenon and Reaction
Phase Formation of Lead Free Solder with
Different Plated Substrates”
“Development of Bioactive Glass-Ceramic
for Bone Graft”
“Dispersion-Strengthened Copper-Niobium
Composite”
Synthesis of Nanosized β-TCP Bioactive
Material”
“Development of Bagasse Fiber Reinforced
Polymer Composites”
“Using Waste Gypsum from Slip Casting
Moulds and Rice Husk in Improving
Properties Such As Strength and Durability
of Cement”
“Chemical Synthesis of Nanocrystals of
Semi-Conducting
Doped
Tetragonal
Zirconia”
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Luay Bakir
Hussain
Dr. Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Luay Bakir
Hussain
Mr. Ahmad Badri Ismail
Profesor Radzali Othman
RM7,113.60
RM10,670.40
Profesor Radzali Othman
RM14,163.86
Profesor Radzali Othman
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmad Fauzi
Mohd Noor
Dr.
Mariatti
Jaafar
@
Mustapha
RM7,720.00
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khairun Azizi
Mohd. Azizli
Profesor Zainal Arifin Ahmad
RM7,113.60
Mrs. Nooraida Naser
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmad Fauzi
Mohd Noor
Dr. Zainovia Lockman
RM7,113.60
Technical Staff 2005
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Luay Bakir
Hussain
Mr. Ahmad Badri Ismail
Mr. Ahmad Badri Ismail
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Luay Bakir
Hussain
Dr. Mariatti Jaafar
RM51,300.00
Dr. Hazizan Md. Akil
RM30,000.00
Dr. Mariatti Jaafar
Ms. Teh Pei Ling
RM20,000.00
RM14,163.86
Dr. Hasmaliza Mohamad
New Administrative Staff 2005
RM7,113.60
INTEL GRANT
“The Influence of Dopant on the
Properties of SnAgCu Lead Free Solder”
“Development of Low Temperature
Ternary Solders System Ranging from 60
to 80oC”
“Conductive Polymer Comp osites for
Electronic Packaging”
“Assessment of Various Mineral and Oxide
Fillers for Epoxy Substrate in Order to
Improve Rigidity and Reduce CTE
Mismatch”
“Preparation and Study of Low CTE
Substrate Materials”
(INTEL Fellow Ship Grant)
RM49,000.00
RM30,000.00
TIN TECHNOLOGY Ltd. UK AND THE TIN INDUSTRY (R&D) BOARD
“Tin in Metal Matrix Composites (MEMAX)”
“Tin Alloy Plating For Automotive &
Electronic Applications (TAPAMEA)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Luay Bakir
Hussain
Dr. Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif
Dr. Zuhailawati Hussain
Mr. Ahmad Badri Ismail
Prof. Zainal Arifin Ahmad
Dr. Sunara Purwadaria
Dr. Ahmad Azmin Mohamad
Mr. Mohamad Zaini Saari
RM61,480.00
RM64,725.00
Mr. Mohd Farid Abd. Rahim
METSO MINERALS (NEW ZEALAND)
“High
Technology
Aggregates
Manufactured Sand Technology”
Mr. Muhammad Fitri Ab Hadi
&
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khairun Azizi
Mohd. Azizli
Dr. Hashim Hussin
Dr. Syed Fuad Saiyid Hashim
Mr. Samayamutthirian
RM62,500.00
Prof. Madya Ahmad Fauzi
Mohd Noor
RM37,643.45
NIPPON SHEET GLASS
“Synthesis of Ultrafine Ba0.7Sr 0.3TiO 3 by
Mechanically Activating Process”
Mrs. Haslina Zulkifli
NEW PRODUCTS FROM SMMRE
POEM
COUPLING
It was under an oak tree
When it hits me
On the origin of superconductivity
Where the electrons will not just be
Singly
In a pair they must be
moving liberally
with no resistivity
with fairness of equality
with mutual attraction only they both
can see
resulting in immense current as they
flee
In the sea of super fluidity
If the electron can be in three
Chaos would it be
Turmoil among the pairs causing
distress and agony
And indeed there won't be any
superconductivity
No endless flow explains by the super
fluidity
No movement with no resistivity
They defy the cerebral racking theory
and reverts to its own repulsive
individuality
Why does everything in harmony
Ought to be in partners especially
Not individually
And no no, not in three
Duo is a good number for these
electrons to be
If super conductivity
is their desitiny
Superbly behaved they shall be
Once the pairs made arrangements to
promise to be
Together perpetuity, stable
thermodynamically
Till eternity…
##SupernovaZ
THE MALAYSIAN
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
EXCELLENCE AWARD 2004 :
R & D PROJECT OF THE YEAR
AWARD : 1 ST RUNNER-UP
HIGH QUALITY SHAPE
AGGREGATES
(HIQSA)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khairun Azizi Mohd
Azizli,
Dr. Hashim Hussin,
Dr. Syed Fuad Saiyid Hashim,
Dr. Megat Azmi Megat Johari
Mr. Samayamutthirian Palaniandy,
Mr. Fiesal Musa
Ms. Sri Raj Rajeswari Munusamy,
Ms. Roshazita Che Amat
Mr. Mahathir Amir,
Mr. Raphuel Saravana Prakash Babu
& Metso Minerals (New Zealand)
Aggregates occupy more than 70% of the
concrete’s volume. As such, variability in
terms of shape grading and surface
texture of aggregates will affect the
strength, workability and final cost of
concrete.
Producing higher quality
aggregates in terms of improvement in
the physical characteristics of the final
aggregate product; particularly its shape
and surface texture could add value to the
aggregate products particularly in the
production of higher strength in concrete
for high
technology construction
application.
There is also the need to find
alternative material to replace the natural
sand which is being exhausted. Churning
of more than 20% of quarry waste from
the quarry operation into manufactured
fine aggregates could mean adding value
to quarry waste and be a viable
alternative to natural sand.
Thus, ‘shape factor’ or ‘shape grading’ of
aggregates is of great importance, apart
from its size distribution and textural
characteristics.
‘HIQSA’ is geometrically more cubical
and equidimensional in shape and
mechanically more stronger; with an
aggregate crushing value {ACV} of
13.89% and aggregate impact value
{AIV}
of
11.50%.
Strength of the concrete was improved by
the usage of shaped aggregates.
Concrete cubes with less than 10% of
cubically shaped particles possessed an
average
compressive
strength
of
27.2N/mm2; whereas concrete mixes with
almost 50% of cubical particles attained
similar 28 days strength of 36.8N/mm2 .
‘HIQSA’ also has the ability to decrease
the overall cement utilization and hence
the cost of concrete production. Concrete
cubes which consisted of shaped
aggregates could tolerate an overall 5%
cement reduction with a compressive
strength of 27.51N/mm2. By substituting
the natural sand with manufactured fine
aggregates; a compressive strength of
27.31N/mm2 could be achieved compared
to 27.20N/mm2 for natural sand.
Poorly shaped normal aggregate with ‘spongy’ like
texture and pits and pores
a : soft ‘spongy’ like texture
b : pits and pores
c : more uniform and homogeneous texture
Geometrically more cubical and equidimensionally
shaped aggregates with more homogeneous texture
c : more uniform and homogeneous texture
Concrete with normal aggregates
A = feed aggregates
B = cementing medium
C = shape aggregates
D = voids and porosity
E = effective bonding & interlocking
WON BRONZE MEDAL AT
ITEX 2005
alternative route are using VOCl3, V2 O5 ,
or HVO3 as vanadium sourse. We have
developed a faster and cheaper process.
In this process (VOx - NTs) are produced
via gelation of V2O 5 followed by 2 days
of hydrothermal treatment using a
solvent. At present, the process takes 7
days of hydrothermal treatment.
Applications
Vanadium oxides nanotubes
are
important in technological applications
such as catalysts for oxidation-reduction
reactions,
semiconductors,
optical
devices, and coatings.
Environment Friendly High
Density Fishing Weights
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Luay Bakir Hussain,
Mr. Ahamad Badri Ismail
Mr. Kharul Nasrin Abas
Introduction
Most of fishing weights and accessories
made of lead element due its high
density and low cost. However, Lead and
lead compounds have been cited by the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
as one of the top 17 chemicals posing the
greatest threat to human life and the
environment. In this invention innovation,
choices of high density elements for the
products should satisfy the following;
Non-toxic, Acceptable cost, not too low in
density and sufficient world resources to
accommodate the application.
Mixing these elements via melting,
casting and/ or technology of powder
metallurgy are implemented with proper
portions. Design die of casting and
compaction to produce a dense
composite core structure of the products.
Chemical surface treatment of dense core
structure applies to improve the surface
wet ability. Coating is applied on surface
of dense products for better surface
finish, Long life lasting and corrosion
protection. Fishing weight tackles can be
designed to any shapes that can fit with
day and night fishing applications.
WON SILVER MEDAL AT
IPTA 2005
Fast Synthesis of
Vanadium Oxide
Nanotubes
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Azizan Aziz
Introduction
Nanotubes belong to a promising group of
nanomaterials, the building blocks of
nanotechnology. They are single phase or
multiphase polycrystals with a typical
crystallite size of 1 to 100 nm in at least
one dimension.. The interest in these
nanoscale objects is due to the exhibition
of novel electronic, optical, magnetic,
transport,photochemical,
electrochemical, catalytic and mechanical
behaviour depending on composition,size
and shape of the particles. Vanadium
oxide nanotubes are one of these exciting
materials and has high promise as
catalyst material and template
for
making nano-pored polymer membrane
because
of
easy
recovery
and
recylelibility.
Our Process
Currently Vanadium oxide nantubes (VOx
- NTs) are produced using soft chemistry
route from vanadium alkoxides and
primary amines followed by hydrothermal
treatment. But this is an expensive
synthesis route. Other alternative three