International Journal of Recent Research and Applied Studies

Original Article
ISSN: 2349
- 4891
ISSN: 2349
– 4891
Murugan, et al. 2014
International
Journal of Recent Research and Applied Studies
Correlations of Biomechanical Characteristics with Ball Speed in Penalty Corner Push-In
Influence of Functional Training on Selected Physical Components among Cricketers
A. Murugan1 & Dr. A.S. Nageswaran2
1
2
Assistant Director of Physical Education, Department of Physical Education, BIT campus, Tiruchirappalli-620 024.
Associate Professor, Department of Physical Education, H.H. the Rajah’s College, Pudukkottai – 622 001, Tamilnadu, India.
Received 26th June 2014,
Accepted 10th July 2014
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to find out the Influence of functional training on selected physical fitness
components namely speed, explosive strength, endurance and flexibility among cricketers. To achieve the purpose of the
study thirty cricketers have been randomly selected from Anna University, BIT Campus – Tiruchirappalli-24, Tamilnadu,
India. The age of subjects were ranged from 19 to 24 years. The subjects had past experience of at least two years in
cricket and only who those represented their respective college teams were taken as subjects. A series physical fitness tests
was carried out on each participant. These included speed assessed by 30mts dash, explosive strength assessed by standing
broad jump, endurance assessed by cooper 12 minutes run, flexibility assessed by sit and reach. The subjects were
randomly assigned into two groups of fifteen each, such as control and experimental groups. The experimental group
participated in the functional training for four sessions per week (2 morning sessions & 2 evening sessions) and each
session will last for 60 to 90 minutes. The control group maintained their daily routine activities and no special training
was given. The subjects of the two groups were tested on selected variables prior and immediately after the training period.
The collected data were analyzed statistically through analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to find out the significance
difference, if any between the groups. The 0.05 level of confidence was fixed to test the level of significance difference, if
any between groups. The results of the study showed that there was significant differences exist between functional training
group and control group. And also functional training group showed significant improvement on speed, explosive strength,
endurance and flexibility compared to control group.
Keywords: Functional Training, Explosive Strength, Speed, Endurance, Flexibility.
© Copy Right, IJRRAS, 2014. All Rights Reserved.
Introduction
An exercise continuum involving balance and
proprioception, performed with the feet on the ground
such that strength is displayed in unstable conditions and
body weight is managed in all movement planes.
Functional training may lead to better muscular balance
and joint stability, possibly decreasing the number of
injuries sustained in an individual’s performance in a
sport (Steven Plisk- NSCA). Functional training, if
performed correctly, will lead to better joint mobility and
stability, as well as more efficient motor patterns.
Improving these factors decreases the potential for an
injury sustained during an athletic endeavour
performance in a sport. Functional training attempts to
adapt or develop exercises which allow individuals to
perform the activities of daily life more easily and
without injuries (Cannone, 2007).
Functional training increasing the strength,
Correspondence
Dr. A.S.Nageswaran,
E-mail: [email protected] , Ph. 094892 50500
speed, endurance, and flexibility has a major factors
impact on performance (Cannone, 2003). Functional
training exercises could serve as an alternative and
potentially more creative method for improving
performance in college student and as well as to be
applied to all the sports persons of all elementary level to
international levels (Alauddin Shaikh and Samiran
Mondal, 2012). Functional training is designed to
specifically enhance the performance of activities of
daily living, recreational pursuits, and sports
performance. It targets the neuromuscular system and
trains movements (muscle groups and the nervous
system) (Boyle, 2004). Functional training programs
have been used in a variety of rehabilitation settings with
documented success. Based on that success, the concept
of functional training has gained popularity in applied
fitness settings to enhance sport performance
(Thompson, Cobb and Blackwell, 2007). A proactive,
functional training approach that decreases injury
through improved performance efficiency will enhance
overall wellness and productivity in many active
populations (Cook and Burton, 2006). Functional
balance activities are cost effective and should be added
19
International Journal of Recent Research and Applied Studies, Volume 1,Issue 2(5) July 2014
Murugan, et al. 2014
ISSN: 2349 – 4891
to any form of strength and conditioning program in an
attempt to enhance program effectiveness and to develop
functional postural activation. Functional postural
activation will not only assist with functional
performance, but also in the prevention of injury (Oliver
and Brezzo, 2009). Cosio-Lima and colleagues (2003)
describe that functional training as the ability of the
neuromuscular system to stabilize the body through
dynamic and isometric contractions in response to
stressors such as gravity, ground reaction forces and
momentum. Considering the principle of specificity,
training that replicates natural daily movements may be
the most effective method at improving muscular fitness.
Functional users had a 58% greater increase in strength
over the fixed-form group. Their improvements in
balance were 196% higher over fixed and reported an
overall decrease in joint pain by 30% (Spennewyn,
2008).
Methods
To achieve the purpose of the study thirty
cricketers have been randomly selected from Anna
University, BIT Campus – Tiruchirappalli-24,
Tamilnadu, India. The age of subjects were ranged from
19 to 24 years. The subjects had past experience of at
least two years in cricket and only who those represented
their respective college teams were taken as subjects A
series physical fitness tests was carried out on each
participant. These included speed assessed by 30mts
dash, explosive strength assessed by standing broad
jump, endurance assessed by cooper 12 minutes run,
flexibility assessed by sit and reach. The subjects were
randomly assigned into two groups of fifteen each, such
as control and experimental groups. The experimental
group participated in the functional training for four
sessions per week (2 morning sessions & 2 evening
sessions) and each session will last for 60 to 90 minutes.
The control group maintained their daily routine
activities and no special training was given. The subjects
of the two groups were tested on selected variables prior
and immediately after the training period. The collected
data were analyzed statistically through analysis of
covariance (ANCOVA) to find out the significance
difference, if any between the groups. The 0.05 level of
confidence was fixed to test the level of significance
difference, if any between groups.
Functional training program exercises
The functional training program consisted of
multijoint/ multiplanar exercises completed using free
weight and machine modalities. The machine modalities
that were used allowed for free motion during the
exercise and therefore range of motion was not limited to
a specific arc. The following functional exercises were
performed: Wobble board squat, stability ball hamstring
curl, Cable pull front foot defense, Knee lift, tilt and
landing (with ankle weight), single leg cable pully
bowling action (high point pully), reverse bowling action
(Low point pully), wobble board push up ( leg elevated),
Side plank with cable pully (high point pully).
The major muscles or muscle groups that the
functional exercises involved were the Quadriceps and
Core muscles (Wobble board squat), Hamstring group
and lower body stabilization (stability ball hamstring curl
), Deltoid, Triceps and rhomboids, (Cable pull front foot
defense) Hip flexors and hip abductors, (Knee lift, tilt
and landing - with ankle weight) Internal, External
Oblique, deltoid and whole body stabilization (single leg
cable pully bowling action - pully at high point),
Trapezius, Rotator cuff and whole body stabilization
(Reverce bowling action - pully at Low point), Pectoralis
group, Triceps and shoulder stabilization, (wobble board
push up leg elevated) lateral and posterior core muscle
groups and Shoulder adductors. (Side plank with cable
pully - pully at high point)
Table-I. Criterion Measures
S.No
Criterion measure
Test items
Unit of measurement
1
Speed
30mts dash
In seconds
2
Explosive strength
Standing broad jump
In centimeters
3
Endurance
Cooper 12minute run
In distance
4
Flexibility
Sit ad reach
In centimeters
20
International Journal of Recent Research and Applied Studies, Volume 1,Issue 2(5) July 2014
Murugan, et al. 2014
ISSN: 2349 – 4891
Table – II. Descriptive analysis of selected physical components among control and functional training groups
S.No
Variables
1
Speed
2
Explosive strength
3
Endurance
4
Flexibility
CG
Pre-Test
Mean
4.59
FTG
Group
0.07
Post –Test
Mean
4.54
4.57
0.07
SD (±)
0.08
Adjusted
Mean
4.54
4.46
0.04
4.46
SD (±)
CG
183.53
3.33
190.86
6.13
190.89
FTG
183.60
3.37
195.20
4.27
195.17
CG
2241.33
51.66
2305.33
20.65
2305.90
FTG
2243.33
53.00
2390.00
93.88
2389.42
CG
22.19
.452
22.26
0.60
22.27
FTG
22.466
CG= Control group
The tables-II the pre, post-test means, standard
deviations and adjusted means on selected physical
fitness components of cricketer were numerical
0.54
23.83
0.95
23.81
LTG= Functional training group
presented. The analysis of covariance on selected
variables of control group and functional training group
is presented in table – III.
3
Explosive strength
2
Endurance
1
speed
Table – III. Computation of Analysis of Covariance on Selected Physical Fitness Components among Cricketers
Sum of
S.No
variables
Test
Sum of variance
df
Mean square
F ratio
squares
Between groups
0.005
1
0.005
Pre-test
0.91
Within groups
0.16
28
0.006
Between groups
Within groups
0.05
1
0.054
Post-test
0.12
28
0.004
Adjusted
means
Between sets
Within sets
0.03
1
0.03
0.09
27
0.003
Between groups
0.03
1
0.03
Within groups
Between groups
Within groups
Between sets
Within sets
315.33
140.83
784.13
137.69
28
1
28
1
11.26
140.83
28.00
137.69
618.89
27
22.92
Between groups
30.00
1
30.00
76706.66
53763.33
28
1
2739.52
53763.33
Post-test
Within groups
Between groups
Within groups
129373.33
28
4620.476
Adjusted
means
Between sets
Within sets
52289.46
103912.04
1
27
52289.46
3848.59
Between groups
0.56
1
0.56
7.08
18.56
28
1
0.25
18.56
Post-test
Within groups
Between groups
Within groups
17.94
28
0.64
Adjusted
means
Between sets
Within sets
16.49
1
16.49
17.84
27
0.66
Pre-test
Post-test
Adjusted
means
Pre-test
4
Flexibility
Pre-test
12.10*
11.42*
0.003
5.02*
6.00*
0.01
11.63*
13.58*
2.21
28.96*
24.95*
*Significant at 0.05level of confidences
(Table value for df 1 and 28 was 4. 20, Table value for df 1 and 27 was 4.21)
21
International Journal of Recent Research and Applied Studies, Volume 1,Issue 2(5) July 2014
Murugan, et al. 2014
ISSN: 2349 – 4891
endurance and flexibility. The obtained ‘F’ ratio of 11.42,
6.00, 13.58 and 24.95 for adjusted post-test means was
greater than the table value of 4.21 for df 1 and 27
required for significance at 0.05 level of confidence on
speed, explosive strength, endurance and flexibility. The
results of the study indicated that there was a significant
difference among the adjusted post-test means of
functional training group and control group on speed,
explosive strength, endurance and flexibility.
22.19
22.26
22.27
22.466
23.83
23.81
In the table the results of analysis of covariance
on speed, explosive strength, endurance and flexibility.
The obtained ‘F’ ratio of 0.91, 0.003, 0.01 and 2.21 for
Pre-test scores was less than the table value of 4.20 for df
1 and 28 required for significance at 0.05 level of
confidence on speed, explosive strength, endurance and
flexibility. The obtained ‘F’ ratio of 12.10, 5.02, 11.63
and 28.96 for post-test means was greater than the table
value of 4.20 for df 1 and 28 required for significance at
0.05 level of confidence on speed, explosive strength,
25
20
15
10
4.57
4.46
4.46
4.59
4.54
4.54
Pre-Test
Post-Test
5
0
CG
FTG
CG
Speed
FTG
Flexibility
2000
2389.42
2390
2243.33
2305.9
2500
2305.33
2241.33
Figure-I the pre, post and adjusted mean values of speed and flexibility of control group and functional training group are
graphically represented in the figure-I.
Pre-Test
Post-Test
195.17
195.2
183.6
190.89
500
190.86
1000
183.53
1500
0
CG
FTG
Explosive strength
CG
FTG
Endurance
Figure-II the pre, post and adjusted mean values of explosive strength and endurance of control group and functional
training group are graphically represented in the figure-I.
studies of Quevedo et al. (1999) & Revien & Gabor
Discussion of findings
The results of the study indicate that the
(1981) found that functional training with vision training
experimental group which underwent functional training
group showed significant improvement on agility,
had showed significant improved in the selected
balance, and cardiorespiratory endurance compared to
variables namely such as speed, explosive strength,
control group. Weiss.T et al. (2010) also found similar
endurance and flexibility, when compared to the control
results in 7-weeks of functional training resistance
group. The control group did not show significant
training on muscular fitness outcomes in young adults.
improvement in any of the selected variables. The results
Alauddin Shaikh and Samiran Mondal (2012) observed
of this investigation are also supported by the following
that significant improvement of physical fitness
22
International Journal of Recent Research and Applied Studies, Volume 1,Issue 2(5) July 2014
Murugan, et al. 2014
components (speed, endurance, muscular endurance,
strength, explosive power, flexibility and agility) due to
the 8 weeks of functional training. Shanmugaraja and
Radhakrishnan (2013) functional training with vision
training had significant improvement on the selected
skill related physical fitness variables namely agility,
balance and cardio respiratory endurance due to the 8
weeks of functional training with and without vision
training.
ISSN: 2349 – 4891
6.
7.
8.
Conclusions
From the analysis of data, the following
conclusions were drawn.
1. The experimental group cricketers showed
significant improvement in all the selected
physical fitness components such as speed,
explosive strength, endurance and flexibility.
2. The control group cricketers did not show
significant improvement in any of selected
variables.
9.
10.
11.
References
1. Alauddin Shaikh and Samiran Mondal (2012).
Effect of Functional Training on Physical Fitness
Components on College Male Students-A Pilot
Study. Journal of Humanities and Social Science,
1(2), PP 01-05.
2. Boyle, M. (2004), Functional Training for Sports.
Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; p. 3-4
3. Cannone, Jesse (2003). The Functional Training
Craze.
http://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/jessec4.htm
4. Cannone, Jesse. (2007). "Functional training".
Retrieved
2007-08-26.
http://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/jessec4.htm
5. Cosio-Lima L, Reynolds K, Winter C, Paolone V,
Jones M (2003). Effects of physioball and
12.
13.
14.
conventional floor exercises on early phase
adaptations in back and abdominal core stability
and balance in women. J Strength Cond Res
17:721–5
Gambetta, V., & Clark, M. (1998). A Formula for
Function Training and Conditioning, 25-29.
Oliver, G. D., Brezzo, R. D. (2009). Functional
balance training in collegiate women athletes. J
Strength Cond Res. 23 (7), 2124-9.
Quevedo, L., Solé, J., Palmi, J., Planas, A., Saona,
C. (1999). Experimental study of visual training
effects in shooting initiation. Clinical and
Experimental Optometry, v. 82, p. 23-28,
Shanmugaraja, J., Radhakrishnan, T. (2013). Impact
of functional training with and without vision
training among college men field hockey players.
Star Research Journal, Vol. 1(4) (2013).
Spennewyn,K. 2008. Journal of Strength and
Conditioning Research, January, Volume 22,
Number 1.
Thompson, C. J., Cobb, K. M., Blackwell, J.
(2007). Functional training improves club head
speed and functional fitness in older golfers.
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research /
National Strength & Conditioning Association,
21(1):131-137.
Weiss.T et al. (2010) Effect of functional training
resistance training on muscular fitness outcomes in
young adults. J Ex Erc Sci Fit. 2010;(2): 113-122.
Oliver GD, Di Brezzo R. Functional balance
training in collegiate women athletes. J Strength
Cond Res. 2009; (7):2124-9.
Burton, Craig. What is functional training?
Resistance Training. Body Article.2007; 08-26.
Please cite this article as: A. Murugan & Dr. A.S. Nageswaran, Influence of Functional Training on Selected Physical
Components among Cricketers. International Journal of Recent Research and Applied Studies, 2014, 2 (5), 19 -23.
23
International Journal of Recent Research and Applied Studies, Volume 1,Issue 2(5) July 2014