bazelski sporazum ii - finansijska pletisanka dal` od jave il` od sna

Mr Vesna Matić*
UDK 336.71.078.3
005.334:336.71
aktuelno
BAZELSKI
SPORAZUM II
- FINANSIJSKA
PLETISANKA
DAL’ OD JAVE IL’
OD SNA
Ideja vodilja koja ispisuje osnovnu strukturu
ovog teksta, ali i njegovu suštinsku poruku,
simbolično je vezana za pesmu poznatog
srpskog pesnika Laze Kostića “Među javom
i med snom”. Snaga simbolike pronađena je
u značaju preporuka Bazelskog Komiteta,
sadržanih u Bazelskom Sporazumu II, za
rad bankarske industrije i neumornog srca u
pesmi našeg poznatog pesnika, koje dnevno
plete sve što noć ispara, da bi trajalo ono što
je najvažnije - život.
*
Specijalista za monetarno kreditnu politiku, bankarski nadzor i poslovanje banaka sa
pravnim licima u zemlji Udruženja banaka Srbije
4
UDK 336.71.078.3
005.334:336.71
BASEL II - A
FINANCIAL
DREAM-WEAVER,
WHETHER FROM
REALITY OR
FROM DREAM
The guiding idea of the basic structure of
this text, but also its essential message, is
symbolically linked with a poem of the famous
Serbian poet Laza Kostic “Between the reality
and the dream”. The strength of the symbolics
was also found in the importance of the Basel
Committee recommendations, contained in
Basel II, for the work of the banking industry
and the untiring heart of the poem of our
renown poet which weaves during the daytime
everything that the night rips in order for life which is the most important - to last as long as
possible.
*
5
Special Advisor for domestic banking operations, Association of Serbian Banks
state of the art
Vesna Matić, M. Sc.*
I
Foto: www.bis.org
ako se datum početka primene Bazelskog
tržišnoj disciplini.
Sporazuma II u Evropi približava, dilema
Ovako ovuhvatan koncept daje osnov
unutar industrije u pogledu primenljivosti
uverenju da će preporuke koje čine ovaj
globalnog Okvira u realnosti i dalje postoji.
dokument omogućiti daleko čvršću i sigurniju
Razlog dilemi su kompleksnost i složenost
osnovu za preventivno delovanje na planu
Bazelskog Sporazuma II, koji daju posebnu
jačanja finansijske stabilnosti bankarskih
dimenziju i važnost njegovoj konzistentnoj
industrija. I to je i bio cilj izrade Bazelskog
primeni u različitim jurisdikcijama, ali i
Sporazuma II.
predstavljaju veliki izazov za banke koje posluju
Koncipiran na ideji vodilji da poveća
preko granica svojih nacionalnih ekonomija,
osetljivost finansijskih organizacija na rizik,
kako unutar EU, tako i globalno, na svetskom
Bazelski Sporazum II, zahteva od banaka da
nivou.
razvijaju daleko
U p r k o s
robusnije okvire
tome, od 1.
za
obuhvat
januara 2008.
manje likvidnih
godine,
novi
potraživanja
Okvir kapitalne
i progresivno
a d e k va t n o s t i
r a s t u ć e g
preko Direktive
kreditnog rizika
o
kapitalnoj
u trgovinskim
a d e k va t n o s t i
knjigama.
III
postaje
Pa
ipak,
realnost
za
bitno je odmah
10.500 kreditnih
razjasniti
da
institucija
iza
ovakvog
Sedište Sekretarijata Bazelskog
u
zemljama
k o n c e p t a
komiteta za bankarsku kontrolu
članicama EU,
i
zahteva,
je u Banci za međunarodna
poravnanja
u
Bazelu,
Švajcarska.
ali i za njihove,
stoji
čitav
Zaposleni
su
uglavnom
vrlo različite nacionalne kontrolore.
niz pogodnosti za
iz
redova
profesionalnih
banke u odnosu na
kontrolora.
Finansijska pletisanka
postojeća rešenja iz
domena prudencione
Od svesti o potrebi i ideje o kreiranju novog
regulative.
Okvira za merenje kapitalne adekvatnosti u
Pogodnosti koje Sporazum nudi kada je
bankama, do njene realizacije, prošlo je pet
u pitanju kvantitativni standard - minimum
godina. Juna meseca 2004. godine, Bazelski
kapitalne adekvatnosti1 u funkciji zaštite od
Komitet za bankarski nadzor objavio je
izloženosti rizicima, su sledeće:
konačnu verziju dokumenta pod nazivom
• obuhvatniji tretman rizika - prvi put se
“Međunarodna merenja kapitala i standardi
pored kreditnog i tržišnog rizika uključuje
o kapitalu”, Revidirani okvir (šire poznat kao
i operativni rizik, kao neodvojivi deo
Bazelski Sporazum II).
imenitelja za izračunavanje minimuma
Potpuno nova, osnovna arhitektura
potrebnog kapitala2,
Novog Sporazuma razvijana je i bazira na
• šira lepeza ponuđenih pristupa za
tri komplementarna koncepta - minimumu
merenje svakog od tri obuhvaćena rizika,
kapitalne adekvatnosti, kontrolnoj funkciji i
mogućnost izbora, ali i evolutivnog puta,
1
2
Stub 1 Sporazuma
Koeficijent adekvatnosti kapitala = ________Kapital____________ = min. 8 %
Rizikom ponder. aktiva za
kreditni rizik + tržišni rizik + operativni rizik
6
Financial
Dream-Weaver
Supervision’s Secretariat is located
at the Bank for International
Settlements in Basel, Switzerland.
Stuff come mainly from professional
supervisor ranks.
Five years have
passed from the
awareness of the need of, and the idea about, the
creation of a new Framework for measuring capital
adequacy in banks and its realization. In June 2004,
Basel Committee for Bank Supervision published
the final version of the document entitled “Internal
Capital Measurements and Standards”, Revised
Framework (more broadly known as Basel II).
A completely new, basic architecture of the
New Agreement was developed and is based
on three complementary concepts - minimum
capital adequacy, supervision function and market
1
2
7
Pillar 1 of the Basel II
Capital adequacy ratio =
discipline.
Such comprehensive concept provides a ground
to believe that the recommendations as contained
in this document will allow a far stronger and safer
base for preventive acting in order to strengthen
the financial stability of banking industries. This
was precisely the objective of Basel II.
Designed upon the
guiding idea to increase
the sensitivity to risk of
financial organizations,
Basel II seeks that
banks develop a much
more robust frameworks
which will embrace less
liquid receivables and
progressively increasing
credit risk on trade
books.
However, it is worth
clarifying
immediately
that behind such concept
and requirement is a set
of advantages for banks
in relation to the existing
solutions in the area of
prudential regulations.
The advantages offered
by the Basel II when
quantitative standard is
concerned - minimum
capital adequacy1 intended to protect against
exposure to risks, are the following:
• a more embracing risk treatment - it is
for the first time that apart from the credit
and market risks the operative risk is included
as an inseparable part of the denominator
for calculation of the minimum capital
requirement2,
• a broader range of offered approaches for
measuring each of the three embraced risks,
possibility of choice, but also that of an evolving
way, from simpler to more complex (internal)
methodologies,
• sophisticated methods for risk measurement
Capital __
= min. 8%
by risk weighted assets for
credit risk + market risk + operative risk
Foto: www.bis.org
A
lthough the date of the start of Basel II
Capital Accord application in Europe
is coming closer, the dilemma within
the industry in terms of applicability of the global
Framework in reality is further present. The reason
for the dilemma is the complexity of the Basel II,
which gives a special dimension and importance to
its consistent application
in different jurisdictions
and also represents a
serious challenge for
banks operating across
the borders of their
national economies, both
within EU and globally, at
world level.
In spite of that, from
1 January 2008 the
new Capital Adequacy
Framework through the
Directive on Capital
Adequacy III will become
a reality for 10.500
credit institutions in EU
Member States, and also
for their highly
different national
The Basel Committee on Banking
supervisors.
od jednostavnijih ka složenijim (internim)
metodologijama,
• sofisticirani načini merenja rizika koje nude
viši pristupi, ili interni metodi banaka za
merenje rizika, omogućuju vrlo precizno
određivanje rizičnog profila banke, a
• ovako obuhvatan koncept znači definitivno
napuštanje pristupa da “jedna mera
odgovara svima”, ali i daje mogućnost
da se u zavisnosti od rizičnog profila
banke, precizno utvrdi i visina potrebnog
ekonomskog kapitala.
Osim toga, Bazelski Sporazum II
uspostavlja kriterijume za priznavanje
transfera i ublažavanje rizika korišćenjem
kreditnih derivata, ali daje i poseban tretman
sekjuritizovane aktive u odnosu na moguće
izloženosti kreditnom riziku.
Korak dalje predstavlja i namera da se razvije
obuhvatni okvir za stresni scenario, i odrede
reperi koji se žele dostići ovom analizom.
U okviru komplementarnog koncepta
2 - kontrolne funkcije3, dat je značajan
naglasak široj ulozi nacionalnih kontrolora,
3
4
5
i to ne samo u svetlu intenziviranja
dijaloga sa bankama na planu razvoja
internih metoda za ocenu rizika, već
i mogućnosti da kontrolori procene
efekat koji rizici proizvode u odnosu
na različite modele utvrđivanja
ekonomskog kapitala.
Komplementarni koncept 3 Finansijska disciplina4 zahteva od
banaka da javno prezentuju visinu
kapitalnih troškova, kao i procedure
i mehanizme za kontrolu rizika.
Na taj način zahtev za kapitalnom
adekvatnošću, prestaje da bude
samo predmet regulacije od strane
nacionalnih kontrolora, već i faktor
tržišne discipline.
Primena ovako kompleksnog
i obuhvatnog Okvira kapitalne
adekvatnosti, predstavlja ključni izazov za
bankarske industrije u svetu. Vrlo opsežne
pripreme dela svetske bankarske porodice,
potvrdile su da primena Bazelskog Sporazuma
II otvara neke važne dileme i ukazuje na nužnost
intenziviranja dijaloga između bankara, ali i
supervizora, kako bi se prevazišli zajednički
problemi u njegovoj primeni.
... dal’ od jave il’ od sna? ...
Zemlje članice EU implementiraće Bazelski
Sporazum II u svoje zakone preko evropskih
zakonskih propisa. U želji da maksimizira
konzistentnost između zakonodavstva EU
i novog međunarodnog Okvira za merenje
adekvatnosti kapitala, Evropska komisija
uradila je predlog Direktive o kapitalnoj
adekvatnosti III (CAD III)5 koju je izglasao
Evropski parlament 28.09.2005. godine.
Primarni cilj izrade ove Direktive bio je da
se osigura adekvatna primena Bazelskog
Sporazuma II na tržištu EU u smislu da zahtevi
za kapitalom budu mnogo realniji u odnosu
Stub 2 Sporazuma
Stub 3 Sporazuma
Prva verzija Direktive EU, generalno poznata pod nazivom Direktiva o kapitalnoj adekvatnosti kreditnih
institutucija i investicionih kompanija (Capital Adequacy Directive for credit institutions and investment
firms - CAD), usvojena je još 1993. godine sa ciljem da upostavi jedinstvene zahteve za kapitalom kod
univerzalnih bankarskih operacija sa hartijama od vrednosti i nebankarskih institutucija koje rade se hartijama
od vrednosti.
8
offered by advanced approaches,
or internal bank methods for risk
measurement, enable a highly precise
determination of risky profile of a bank,
and
• such inclusive concept means definite
abandonment of the approach that “one
size fits all”, and also offers a possibility
of precise determination, depending on
the risk profile of a bank, the level of
necessary economic capital.
Moreover, Basel II establishes the
criteria for risk transfer recognition and risk
mitigation by the use of credit derivatives,
providing also for a special treatment of
securitized assets with regard to possible
exposure to credit risk.
A step farther is also the intention
to develop an embracing framework for
a stress scenario and determine the benchmarks
wished to be achieved by this analysis.
Within the complementary concept 2 - control
function3, an important accent is placed on the
broader role of national supervisors, not only in the
light of intensified dialogue with the banks about the
development of internal methods for risk assessment,
but also of the possibility for supervisors (controllers)
to estimate the effect provided by the risks with
regard to different models for determination of
economic capital.
Complementary concept 3 - Financial discipline4
requires that banks publicly present the level
of capital costs, as well as the procedures and
mechanisms for risk control. Thus, the requirement
for capital adequacy ceases to be just the subject of
regulation by national supervisors; it is also becoming
a factor of market discipline.
Application of such complex and inclusive
Framework of capital adequacy is a key challenge for
banking industries worldwide. Very comprehensive
preparations of a part of the world banking family
have confirmed that the preparation of Basel II is
opening up some significant dilemmas, pointing to
3
4
5
9
the need to intensify the dialogue among bankers,
and also among supervisors so as to overcome joint
problems in its application.
… is it from reality or from dream? …
EU Member States will transpose Basel II
into their respective laws through European legal
regulations. Wishing to maximize the consistency
between the EU legislation and the new international
Framework for capital adequacy measurement, the
European Commission has drawn up a draft Capital
Adequacy Directive III (CAD III)5 enacted by
the European Parliament on 28 September 2005.
Primary objective of the Directive was to ensure
adequate application of Basel II in the EU market in
terms that capital requirements be more realistic in
relation to basic risks and allow the institutions more
sensitive to risks introduction of higher standards in
risk management.
Application of the Directive started on 1
January 2007, and it is aimed at allowing reasonable
transitional arrangements, and/or at allowing the
financial institutions to use the existing regulations
Pillar 2 of the Basel II
Pillar 3 of the Basel II
The first version of EU Directive, generally known as Capital Adequacy Directive for Credit Institutions and Investment
Firms - CAD) was adopted back in 1993 in order to establish single capital requirements with banks dealing with universal
banking operations with securities, and with non-banking institutions dealing with securities.
na osnovne rizike i omoguće institucijama sa
većem osetljivošću na rizike uvođenje viših
standarda u upravljanju rizicima.
Primena Direktive počela je od 01.01.2007.
godine sa ciljem da omogući razumne prelazne
aranžmane, odnosno, omogući finansijskim
institucijama da koriste postojeću regulativu
do kraja 2007. godine. Primena viših metoda
za merenje kreditnog rizika i operativnog
rizika po CAD III, predviđena je za početak
2008. godine.
Evropsko bankarsko udruženje6 (EBF) dalo
je ključni doprinos kreiranju okvira za primenu
Bazelskog Sporazuma II u Evropi. Od samog
početka EBF identifikovala je pet strateških
ciljeva koje je trebalo postići Direktivom:
• široka primena - na sve kreditne institucije
i investicione firme u EU, bez obzira na
veličinu i složenost,
• flekstibilnost okvira u smislu mogućnosti
izmena Direktive u relativno kratkom
periodu, a u skladu sa potrebama ubrzanog
razvoja industrije,
• paralelna
primena
sa
Bazelskim
Sporazumom II, u smislu njegove suštine,
ali i vremenskog okvira primene,
• konzistentnost u primeni i usaglašenost
kontrolne funkcije u pogledu primene novog
6
7
Okvira kapitalne
adekvatnosti,
•
jasna podela
odgovornosti
između “domaćih”
kontrolora
i
kontrolora zemalja
“domaćina”
bazirana
na
v o d e ć e m
supervizorskom
modelu, a kao
jedan od ključnih
principa uspešnog
funkcionisanja
međunarodno
aktivnih banaka.
Pravilno ceneći
značaj primene preporuka iz Bazelskog
Sporazuma II, ali i njegovu kompleksnost,
EBF sa svojim članicama kontinuirano radi na
identifikaciji oblasti u Direktivi koje bi mogle
voditi nekonzistentnoj interpretaciji ili koje
su teške za interpretaciju. EBF takođe tesno
sarađuje sa Odborom evropskih bankarskih
kontrolora (CEBS - Commi�ee of European
Banking Supervisors), koji je uradio Vodič
za kontrolu primene Okvira (Supervisory
Disclosure Framework), sa ciljem da se
eliminišu nekonzistentnosti u primeni i razlike
između jurisdikcija.
... što se ne daš meni živu
razabrati u pletivu
među javom i med snom”7 ...
I dok mehanizmi za konzistentnu i
sinhronizovanu primenu preporuka Bazelskog
Sporazuma II u zemljama članicama EU, njegovu
realizaciju čine izvesnom i uspešnom, globalna
situacija je mnogo složenija. Posmatrano sa
aspekta krajnjeg cilja, želje Bazelskog Komiteta
da i Bazelski Sporazum II postane svetski
standard u domenu preventivne kontrole, javlja
se problem koji globalno ima tri dimenzije, a
koje bi se mogle definisati kao:
EBF - European Banking Federation je glas Evropskog bankarskog sektora koji čini 5.000 evropskih banaka,
različitih veličina, opšteg tipa ili specijalizovanih, lokalnih ili međunarodno aktivnih banaka.
Laza Kostić “Među javom i med snom”
10
by end of 2007.
Application of more
advanced methods for
credit and operative
risks measurement
according to CAD III
is envisaged for early
2008.
E u r o p e a n
Banking Federation6
(EBF) gave a key
contribution
to
the
creation
of
the framework for
application of Basel
II in Europe. From
the very onset, EBF
has identified five
strategic goals that need to be accomplished by the
Directive:
• a broad application - to all credit institutions and
investment companies in EU, irrespective of the
size and complexity,
• flexibility of the framework in terms of possible
amendment of the Directive in a relatively
short period, in accordance with the needs of
accelerated development of the industry,
• parallel application with Basel II, in terms of its
substance, but also in terms of the time frame of
the application,
• clear delineation of responsibilities between
“home” supervisors and supervisors of “host”
countries based on the leading supervision
model, as one of the key principals for successful
functioning of internationally active banks.
By judging correctly the importance of
application of Basel II recommendations, but also
its complexity, EBF has with its members been on
a continuous basis engaged in identifying the areas
in the Directive that cold lead to non-consistent
interpretation, or which are difficult to interpret.
EFB has also cooperated closely with the Committee
of European Banking Supervisors (CEBS) which has
drawn up the Supervisory Disclosure Framework
aimed at elimination of inconsistencies in application
and differences among jurisdictions.
6
7
11
… why don’t you let me, alive, to
discern
you in the web woven between
the reality and the dream7…
And while mechanisms for a consistent and
synchronized application of Basel II recommendations
in EU Member States make its implementation
certain and successful, global situation is much
more complex. Viewed from the point of view of
ultimate goal, the wish of the Basel Committee that
Basel II also become a world standard in the domain
of preventive supervision, a problem is emerging
which globally has three dimensions that could be
defined as:
• disharmony of timing in terms of readiness for
the application of Basel II recommendations in
developed banking industries of EU Member
States on one side, and developed banking
industries in other parts of the world,
• a problem of different level in the development
of banking industries of EU member states on
one side, and less developed banking industries
in other parts of the world, and as
• a problem of consolidated supervision function
between different jurisdictions, which is of
essential importance for successful functioning
of the banks operating beyond the borders of
EBF - European Banking Federation is a voice of the European banking sector consisting of 5.000 European banks, of
different size, of general type and specialized, locally or internationally active banks.
Laza Kostic “Between the reality and the dream”
• vremenska neusaglašenost u pogledu
spremnosti za primenu preporuka Bazelskog
Sporazuma II u razvijenim bankarskim
industrijama zemalja EU na jednoj strani i
razvijenih bankarskih industrija u drugim
delovima sveta,
• kao problem različitog nivoa razvijenosti
bankarskih industrija zemalja članica EU na
jednoj strani, i manje razvijenih bankarskih
industrija u drugim delovima sveta, i kao
• problem konsolidovane kontrolne funkcije
između različitih
jurisdikcija, koji
je od suštinskog
značaja
za
u s p e š n o
funkcionisanje
banaka
koje
posluju
van
granica
svoje
matične zemlje.
Prvi
aspekt
problema kulminirao
je 2005. godine, kada
je
Supervizorska
Agencija
SAD
donela odluku da se
primena Bazelskog
Sporazuma
II
u
Sjedinjenim
A m e r i č k i m
Državama odloži
do 2009. godine.
Statua slobode - simbol
Agencija
je
Njujorka
obrazložila svoju
odluku namerom
da obuhvatno sagleda uticaj primene Bazelskog
Sporazuma II na ekonomiju zemlje i visinu
regulatornog kapitala banaka. Međutim, ovaj
stav imao je utemeljenje i u političkom pritisku
koji je usledio nakon rezultata primene
Kvantitativne studije o izvodljivosti (QIS4)
u Sjedinjenim Državama, koja je pokazala
značajnu neusaglašenost u potrebnom nivou
kapitala i portfolija u bankama.
Ovakav stav Agencije otvario je dve grupe
problema:
• Iako je namera da se sa primenom
Bazelskog Sporazuma II u SAD krene tek
od 2009. godine, i to po principu “korak po
korak”, neizvesnost u pogledu mogućnosti
pristupa pojedinih banaka u toj zemlji
višim metodama za merenje rizika i dalje je
prisutna, bez obzira što su ispunile potrebne
uslove za primenu internih metodologija za
upravljanje rizicima.
• Godina gepa (2008.) u primeni Bazelskog
Sporazuma II u zemljama EU i SAD, stvara
zabrinutost kod evropskih banaka koje
imaju banke ćerke u SAD, a nameravaju
da primene više pristupe merenja rizika
od 1. januara 2008. godine, obzirom da se
može dogoditi da
“banka roditelj” ili
vodeća filijala koja
postaje u SAD i dalje
primenjuje Bazelski
Sporazum I.
E v r o p s k i
kontrolori trenutno
vode vrlo intenzivne
dijaloge sa američkim
kolegama kako bi
se našlo rešenje
za zainteresovane
banke u godini gepa.
Banke pozdravljaju
ove
napore,
ali
ipak ukazuju da je
neophodno da ovi
dijalozi budu detaljni
u meri u kojoj je to
moguće, kako bi i
zaključci bili realni i
održivi.
S l i č n a
razmišljanja o vremenskom okviru i početku
primene preporuka iz Bazelskog Sporazuma
II, postoje i među nacionalnim kontrolorima
u Rusiji, što će takođe rezultirati njegovom
kasnijom primenom u bankarskoj industriji
ove zemlje sa već pomenutim problemima koje
može izazvati na globalnom nivou.
Drugi aspekt problema vezan je za manje
razvijene ekonomije i bankarske industrije.
U želji da pomogne u njihovim pripremama
i planovima za postupni prelaz na Bazelski
Sporazum II, Bazelski Komitet formirao
je Radnu grupu od predstavnika zemalja
koje nisu članice G-10. Zadatak Grupe je da
pomogne nacionalnim kontrolorima iz ove
grupe zemalja, u donošenju odluke, da li i
12
their home country.
The first aspect of the problem culminated in
2005 when the US Supervisory Agency rendered a
decision to postpone the application Basel II in the
United States until 2009. The Agency explained the
decision by its intention to study from all angles the
impact of Basel II application on all economies in the
world, and the level of regulatory capital of banks.
However, this attitude also resulted from the political
pressure which followed after the disclosure of the
results of the application of Quantitative Feasibility
Study (QIS4) in the
United States which
showed a significant
disharmony in the
necessary level of
capital and portfolios
in banks.
Such attitude of
the Agency opened
two sets of issues:
• A l t h o u g h
application of Basel
II is intended to
start in the United
States only in
2009, on a “step
by step” basis,
the
uncertainty
with regard to
the possibility of
approach of certain
banks in that
country to more
sophisticated risk
measurement methods is further present,
regardless of the fact that they have met the
conditions necessary for application of internal
risk management methodologies.
• The gap year (2008) in the application of
Basel II Agreement in EU Member States and
in the United States is creating concerns with
European banks having daughter banks in the
United States, and intend to apply advanced
measurement approaches from 1 January 2008,
as it may happen that the “parent bank” or a
leading branch operating in the United States is
further applying Basel I Capital Accord.
European supervisors are currently conducting
intensive dialogues with their American colleagues
so as to find a solution for interested banks in the
13
gap year. Banks welcome these efforts; however, they
are emphasizing the need for these dialogues to be as
specific as possible in order for the conclusions to be
realistic and sustainable.
Similar thinking about the time framework and
the start of application of Basel II recommendations
prevails as well among national supervisors in Russia,
which will also result in their later application in the
banking industry of this country, with the already
mentioned problems it may cause at the global
level.
The second aspect
of the issue is linked
with less developed
economies and banking
industries. Wishing to
help their preparation
and plans for a gradual
transition to Basel II,
the Basel Committee
set up a Working
Group composed of
representatives of the
countries that are not
G-10 members. The
task of the Group
is to help national
supervisors from this
group of countries in
making their decision
whether and when
to apply Basel II, as
well as to provide
Wall Street, New York
practical
advice
for shifting to the
new Framework.
The Group was set up in 2003 and it prepared
a document where all suggestions applicable to
different jurisdictions are summarized.
The essential recommendation of this document
is that national supervisors from this group of
countries carefully think and consider the advantages
offered by the Framework, but also to assess correctly
the position of the banking sector in their country
and find, on that basis, a balance between the Basel
II application and other priorities in the area of
supervision. It would mean, concretely, that national
supervisors will in some countries decide to keep the
prevailing capital adequacy principle, and/or that
application of Basel II will not be national priority
in the years to come but will, instead, focus on some
kada da primene Bazelski Sporazum II, kao i
jedini mehanizam koji obezbeđuje efikasno
da obezbedi praktične savete za prelaz na novi
supervizorsko okruženje za međunarodno
Okvir. Grupa je osnovana 2003. godine i uradila
aktivne banke. On podrazumeva postojanje
je dokument u kome je sumirala sve sugestije,
saradnje i sinhronizovanosti u radu nacionalnih
koje su primenljive za različite jurisdikcije.
kontrolora i kontrolora zemlje domaćina.
Suštinska preporuka ovog dokumenta je
Bazelski Komitet je prepoznao značaj
da nacionalni kontrolori iz ove grupe zemalja
konsolidovanog pristupa, kada je u Novom
pažljivo razmisle i razmotre prednosti koje
Sporazumu o kapitalnoj adekvatnosti
Okvir nudi, ali i da pravilno ocene poziciju
primenio tri komplementarna koncepta na
bankarskog sektora u svojoj zemlji, i da na tim
konsolidovanoj osnovi, tri stuba na kojima
osnovama, pronađu balans između primene
bazira ovaj dokument. Razvijajući ovaj koncept,
Bazelskog Sporazuma II i drugih prioriteta
Bazelski Komitet je i sam nastavio da radi na
u domenu nadzora. Konkretno, to bi značilo,
planu davanja detaljnih preporuka u funkciji
da će nacionalni kontrolori u nekim zemljama
kreiranja efikasnog supervizorskog okruženja,
odlučiti da zadrže važeći princip kapitalne
koje bi baziralo na konsolidovanoj kontrolnoj
adekvatnosti,
funkciji u svetskim
odnosno
da
razmerama. Značajan
Bazelski komitet za bankarsku kontrolu
primena Bazelskog
doprinos rešavanju
je telo koje obezbeđuje javnu raspravu
Sporazuma II neće
ovog pitanja daje
i saradnju po pitanjima kontrole
biti
nacionalni
i EBF, ali i Odbor
poslovanja banaka. Njegovi članovi
prioritet u narednim
evropskih bankarskih
su predstavnici centralnih banaka i
godinama, već će
kontrolora (CEBS).
drugih regulatornih tela odgovornih
se, fokusirati na
I tako, finansijska
za preventivnu kontrolu bankarskog
neke druge ključne
pletisanka tka novu
poslovanja iz najrazvijenijih zemalja
elemente preventivne
osnovu za upravljanje
sveta.
kontrole, kao što
k a p i t a l n o m
je izgradnja okvira
adekvatnošću
robusne kontrole i njegovo usaglašavanje sa
u bankama. To je realnost, potvrđena u
Osnovnim principima efektivnog bankarskog
ambicioznim i širokim pripremama bankarske
8
nadzora .
industrije, kao i značajnim finansijskim
Ovaj pristup blizak je i definisanju
ulaganjima za primenu Bazelskog Sporazuma
nacionalnog prioriteta u domenu preventivne
II. Široko podržan od strane članica EBF i EU,
kontrole nacionalnih kontrolora u Srbiji.
novi Okvir kapitalne adekvatnosti ocenjen je
Oba aspekta problema primene Bazelskog
kao velika prednost, posebno za banke koje
Sporazuma II međutim, upućuju na centralni
koriste više pristupe za merenje izloženosti
problem i izazov njegove primene, a to je
rizicima, obzirom da će im oni omogućiti manje
konsolidovana kontrolna funkcija. Problem
troškove ekonomskog kapitala.
je identifikovan kao potrebno usaglašavanje i
Ali posle dana dolazi noć, i sneni deo
bliska koordinacija u sprovođenju kontrolne
pletisanke koji preti da prekine vezu u pletivu.
funkcije između različitih jurisdikcija, što je od
To su one niti koje moraju biti istkane kako bi
suštinskog značaja za uspešno funkcionisanje
se prevazišle dileme koje je potvrdila praksa,
međunarodno aktivnih banaka.
a svetska bankarska porodica u potpunosti
Bankarskim grupama upravlja se na
povezala i primenila uspešno preporuke
integrisani i centralizovani način. Rizik mora
Bazelskog Komiteta iz Bazelskog Sporazuma
biti agregiran da bi se njime upravljalo efikasno
II, koje bez sumnje predstavlju supstrat
upravljačkim mehanizmom koji bazira na
najsavremenijih znanja iz oblasti upravljanja
osnovi šire grupacije. Zbog svega toga, postoji
rizicima.
uverenje da je konsolidovana supervizija
8
BCP - Basel Commi�ee Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision, oktobar 2006
14
other key elements of preventive supervision, such
is based. By developing this concept, the Basel
as the building of a robust supervision framework
Committee also continued to work further in the
and its harmonization with the basic principles of
area of providing detailed recommendations for
8
effective banking supervision .
creation of an efficient supervisory environment that
This approach is also close to the definition of the
would be based on consolidated supervision function
national priority in the domain of preventive control
worldwide. Important contribution to the settlement
of national supervisors in Serbia.
of this issue also comes from EBF and the Committee
Both aspects of the issue relating the application
of European Bank Supervisors (CEBS)
of Basel II point, however, to the central problem
And thus, the financial dream-weaver is weaving
and challenge of its application - the consolidated
a new base for managing capital adequacy in banks.
supervision function. The problem was identified as
It is the reality confirmed by ambitious and broad
necessary harmonization and close coordination in
preparations of the banking industry, as well as by
implementing the control function among different
important financial investments for the application of
jurisdictions, which is of essential importance for
Basel II. Widely supported by EBF and EU members,
a successful functioning of internationally active
the new Framework of Capital Adequacy has been
banks.
assessed as a great
Banking groups are
advantage, particularly
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
managed in integrated
for
banks
using
provides a forum for cooperation on
and centralized way.
more
sophisticated
banking
supervisory
matters.
It’s
members
The risk must be
approaches
for
are the central banks representatives and the
aggregated in order to
measuring exposure to
authorities with formal responsibilities for
be managed efficiently
risks, as it will bring
prudential supervision on banking business,
by the managing
along smaller costs of
from
the
most
development
countries.
mechanism based on
economic capital.
a broader group. It
However,
after
is believed for all of
the day comes the
the above reasons that consolidated supervision
night and the dreamy part of the dream-weaver
is the only mechanism which ensures an efficient
threatening to break the loop in the knitting.
supervisory environment in the work of home
These are the threads which have to be woven so
country supervisors and supervisors of the host
that the dilemmas confirmed in practice could be
country.
overcome and which will make the world banking
The Basel Committee has identified the
family get fully united and apply successfully the
importance of consolidated approach and in the
recommendations of the Basel Committee from
New Framework on Capital Adequacy it applied
Basel II which represent, no doubt, a substratum of
three complementary concepts on a consolidated
the most up-to-date knowledge in the area of risk
basis, the three pillars on which the document
management.
8
15
BCP - Basel Committee Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision, October 2006