Phases of development of technical devices

Phases of development of
technical devices
mechanization – is the replacement of human effort with the
work of machines;
Environment
automation – is the use of process control devices (e.g.
technological) without or with little human participation
(from Greek: automatos – automatic);
Working
system
robotics – is the use of devices intended for automatic
manipulation with the ability to perform programmable
motions along a number of axes, equipped with grippers or
technological tools (the name "robot" comes from the title
of a science-fiction novel by Czech author Karel Čapka,
from 1920 – Rossum’s Universal Robots).
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m – material
e – energy
i – information
We – entrance
Wy – exit
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Environment
Environment
T – technical object
C - man
human - aggregate
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Environment
Environment
R - robot
human - set of machines
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human - robot
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LOAD
Very large
PRODUCTION PROCESS
Large
Moderate
Research and
development process
Manufacturing
process
Trade and
service process
Small
Very small
TYPE OF
WORK
Technological
process
Using no
tools
Using
hand
tools
Using
machines
Using
automated
machines
Transport
process
Storage
process
Using
robots
FD – dynamic physical load
FS – static physical load
PO – mental strain of operation work
PS – mental strain of service work
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Product life cycle
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Product life cycle
PRODUCTION PHASE
PREPRODUCTION PHASE
Idea
Control
process
Technical preparation of production
Preparation
Processing
cooperation agreements
excess machining
processes
initial assembly
processes
thermal and thermochemical processes
end of assembly
processes
surface machining
processes
other machining and
finishing processes
trials and tests
delivery (parts, resources,
materials, energy)
studies and research,
preliminary design,
identification of needs,
structural design,
formulation of assumptions,
construction and prototype testing,
storage processes
preparatory processes
technological design,
foundry processes
execution of instrumentation,
plastic working processes
organizational design,
execution of a trial run and a start-up series
Assembly
maintenance and
packaging
storage with
manufacturer
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Product life cycle
POSTPRODUCTION PHASE
Trade
export
trade service
retail sales
installation
Exploitation
exploitation
(manufactured and nonmanufactured)
dismantling
handling (prophylactic
and repairing)
recycling of materials
warranty guarantee
Outline of the history of
technology
Liquidation
segregation and
regeneration of parts
utilization and storage
of waste
operational research
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Jericho animal agriculture 10 000
homo sapiens 200 000
humanoid creatures 4 million
dinosaurs 250 – 60 million
insects 300 million
plants 435 million
???
the birth of the
world 4,5 bln.
years ago
anaerobic
bacteria 3,5
billion years ago
Why man?
fish 520 million
multicellular
organisms
750 million
atmospheric
oxygen 2,5 billion
years ago
algae
photosynthesis
3,3 billion years
ago
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Work and technology in primitive societies
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Work and technology in primitive societies
Why man?
Specialization
Competition
Tools
2,5 mln years ago
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Work and technology in primitive societies
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Work and technology in primitive societies
House
500 thousand yrs ago
Fire - 1 mln years ago
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Work and technology in primitive societies
Work and technology in primitive societies
Thrown tools
400 thousand years ago
Clothing
1 - 0,5 mln years ago
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Work and technology in primitive societies
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Work and technology in primitive societies
Flute
37 -30 thousand years ago
What for is music?
Rope
15 thousand years ago
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Work and technology in primitive societies
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Work and technology in primitive societies
Wheel
7 thousand years ago
String drill
10 thousand years ago
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Work and technology in primitive societies
Primitive societies
Dentistry tools
9 thousand years ago
Hydraulic empires – “flood control”
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Work and technology in the Iron Age
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Work and technology in the Iron Age
Smoke shaft furnace in a
hollow
(Dymarski piec szybowy typu
kotlinkowego)
1 – Shaft of the furnace.
2 – Input (charcoal and iron ore).
3 - Hollow filled with dripping slag
during smelting.
4 - Iron slate.
5 - Nozzles.
6 - The original ground level.
7 - Bottom level of the hollow.
1 - Szyb pieca.
2 - Wsad (wę
ę giel drzewny + ruda
żelaza).
3 - Kotlinka wypełłniona ściekają
ą cym
podczas wytopu ż uż
ż lem.
4 - Łupka ż elaza.
5 - Dysze.
6 - Pierwotny poziom terenu.
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7 - Poziom dna kotlinki.
Work and technology in the Iron Age
Cut fragment of iron slate.
1 – Slag (Żużel)
2 - Cut bladder of burned iron. (Przecięty pęcherz spieczonego żelaza.)
3 – Charcoal (Węgiel drzewny)
Iron slate (Łupka żelazna)
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Work and technology in the Iron Age
Kęs – “Bite of iron”
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Work and technology in the Medieval period
Work and technology in the Medieval period
Smoke chimney (Dymiarka)
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Work and technology in the Medieval period
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Work and technology in the Medieval period
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Work and technology in the Medieval period
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Work and technology in the Medieval period
Many ancient inventions were
forgotten and again invented
during the medieval period.
Filon from Byzantium
described in 230 B.C. the
cross joint (przegub
krzyżowy), commonly known
as an invention of Geronimo
Cardano – from 1550
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Work and
technology in the
Medieval period
Work and technology in the Medieval period
The creation of clocks
contributed to the
development of many
mechanical solutions, and
one of the reasons was to
search for perpetual motion
– “perpetuum mobile.”
Three groups:
Those that fight
Those that work
Those that study
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Work and technology in the Medieval period
large influence of small inventions
Work and technology in the Medieval period
Stirrup (strzemiono)
733 - (Poiteries) Franks fight on foot
755 - Large part of the army is the cavalry,
891 - (Dyle) Franks are unused to fighting on foot
Giving land for pledging to the cavalry
Taking away of church property
A new social class – knights
…
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Work and technology of the Reneissance
and Enlightenment
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Work and technology of the Reneissance
and Enlightenment
868 - China, first printed book
whole page stamps
(stemple całostronnicowe)
1187 - monastery in
Engelberg
1445 - Johannes
Gensfleisch, known as
Gutenberg
1447 - 185 copies of the bible
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Work and technology of the Reneissance
and Enlightenment
Work and technology of the Reneissance
and Enlightenment
Besson’s threading
lathe - 1568
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Steam Age
The essence of the craftsmanship (rzemieślniczy) style of production is that
the product is made from start to finish by the same group of people, one of
which - the master - determines the manufacturing process and all the features
of the product. The product has individual characteristics and can be identified
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with a specific style, characteristic of the manufacturer.
Steam Age
The first primitive
steam machine was
patented in 1698 by
Savery.
In 1690 Papin built
the first steam
machine equipped
with a piston (tłok)
and cylinder.
Joining of
Savery and
Papin’s ideas
created
Newcomen’s
steam
engine in
1712.
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Steam Age
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Steam Age
Operating principle of Newcomen’s machine – low-pressure steam
piston
steam fills the
cylinder
pushing the
piston to top
pot
beam
spraying the
cylinder causes
condensation
and pulling the
beam
pomp
issue of accuracy - a half-inch
energy consumption
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James Watt, in 1763, perfected the atmospheric steam engine built earlier
by T. Newcomen
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Steam Age
Steam Age
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Steam Age
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Industrial Age
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Industrial Age
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How do the working conditions appear dangerous?
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Working in the Factories
Faces of Lost Youth:
Youth: How are they “lost”
lost”?
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Would you join a union, go to school, or run away? Why?
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Industrial Age
Mass production of muskets
forced the creation of highspeed, precision machine
tools - milling machines.
The first milling machine
was created in 1818 by
Whitney.
This replaced the work of
highly qualified workers.
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Industrial Age
Industrial Age
Lathe constructed by Maudslay
all-metal machine with a modern cross
slide (suport krzyżowy) and precise
leadscrew (śruba pociągowa)
One of Maudslay’s employees was
Joseph Whitworth.
Since 1833, Whitworth took on his own
development of screw threads (gwinty).
In 1841, he developed a series of
standard threads (still sometimes
called Whitworth threads).
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Industrial Age
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Industrial Age
SUCTION
COMPRESSION
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RINSING
COMPRESSION/
SUCTION
WORK
1. Compression stroke - the first phase of the compression stroke is the ”rinsing" of the engine working space [przestrzeń robocza silnika] (1). Then the gases
generated in the previous cycle are extruded through the exhaust channel [kanał wydechowy] (2), while through the intercompartamental channel [kanał
międzykomorowy] (3) to the working space, poured is a fuel mixture accumulated earlier in the space of the engine crank [przestrzeń korbowa silnika] (4). In a further
stage of the compression stroke, the piston [tłok] (5), also in the role of the valve, closes the exhaust and intercompartamental ducts, also revealing the suction
channel [kanał ssawny] (6). During the compression of fuel in the combustion chamber, a fresh portion of the fuel mixture flows through the suction channel to the
space of the engine crank.
2. Work stroke - before reaching the top “dead” position of the piston [górne martwe położenie tłoka], fuel is ignited, which when rapidly expanding causes the
movement of the piston down to the lower extreme position [dolne skrajne położenie]. In the final phase of this stroke, the exhaust channel is uncovered and the
fumes begin to leave the workspace.
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EXHAUST
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Industrial Age
Industrial Age
WORK
Industrial Age
Industrial Age
Frederick W. Taylor
1856-1915
specialization of tasks
Fastest = Best
(steel industry)
•
Select a sample of skilled workers and carefully study the
job being done.
•
Carefully list each operation including extensive detail on
each task being performed.
•
Utilize a stopwatch to time each task being performed.
Repeat this step over a period of time to obtain an average
of the time it takes to perform each task.
•
Identify and eliminate any unnecessary tasks that are
performed to finalize the job.
•
Identify any improvements, tools or techniques that can be
adopted to reduce the time in performing the job.
•
Establish new and informed times and pay-rates for the
job.
•
Lastly, all workers are trained to perform the job in the
“one best way” identified.
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Industrial Age
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Industrial Age
Frederick W. Taylor
1. Replacement of the ways of work based on tradition
and routine by new methods based on experience
and special studies of movements needed to
perform a specific job
2. Selection of workers best suited to the job and
thematic teaching of the new rules of work.
3. The separation of the preparation work from its
implementation, in order to free the workers from
demonstrating any initiative, by passing this step
onto the leadership.
4. The introduction of a pay system based on the
division of profits derived from the surplus of
production.
Karol Adamiecki
1866-1933
Harmonization of workers
and machines
(rolling mills) [walcownie]
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Industrial Age
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Industrial Age
Elton Mayo (1880-1949)
Motivation
Hawthorne Effect
Lilian i Frank Gilbreth
Studies of the way of
performing work
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The major finding of the study was that
almost regardless of the experimental
manipulation employed, the production of
the workers seemed to improve. One
reasonable conclusion is that the workers
were pleased to receive attention from the
researchers who expressed an interest in
them. The study was only expected to last
one year, but because the researchers
were set back each time they tried to
relate the manipulated physical conditions
to the worker's efficiency, the project
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extended out to five years.
Industrial Age
Industrial Age
Douglas McGregor
(1906 - 1964)
Relationship management
Bad worker X and
good Y
Henri Fayol
1841-1925
development of the principles of
rationalization of management work
think – act – control
(myśleć – wykonać - kontrolować)
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Inventiveness - Wynalazczość
ść
Smelting of copper ore (Wytapianie miedzi z rud) around 4000 BC
Casting (Odlewnictwo) around 3700 BC
Wheeled carriage (Wóz kołowy) around 3700 BC
Pulley (Krążek Linowy) around 700 BC
Watermill (Młyn wodny) about 80 BC
Windmill (Młyn wiatrakowy) 105 AD
Ship rudder (Ster okrętowy) 1250 AD
Lathe (Tokarka) 1350 AD
Pig iron (Surówka żelazna) 1400 AD
Smelting of iron on coke (Wytapianie żelaza na koksie) 1717 AD
Watt's steam engine (Maszyna parowa Watta) 1781 AD
Planer (Strugarka) 1820 AD
Water turbine (Turbina wodna) 1827 AD
Turret lathe (Tokarka rewolwerowa) 1845 AD
Bessemer steel (Stal besemerowska) 1856 AD
Automatic lathe (Tokarka automatyczna) 1870 AD
Otto gas engine (Silnik gazowy Otto) 1876 AD
Steam turbine (Turbina parowa) 1884 AD
High-speed tool steel (Stale narzędziowe szybkotnące) 1898 AD
Airplane (Samolot) 1903 AD
Conveyor belt mass production (Taśmowa produkcja masowa) 1913 AD
300
0
3000
620
185
1145
100
50
317
64
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7
18
11
14
6
8
14
5
10
???
Why is inventiveness
variable in time?
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Inventiveness
What’s next?
???
Conquests of Alexander
the Great
Manufacture of articles from iron
End of athenian culture
Tin alloys (stopy cyny)
Caste society (kastowe społeczeństwa)
Cheap labor (tania siła robocza)
Use of machines
known in antiquity
DROP
Feudal
system?
(spadek –
ustrój
Feudalny?)
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What is the impact of
natural disasters, such as
the plague, on
development?
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What’s next?
What’s next?
Incubation
Time
Petroleum
Steam Age
Idea Birth Year
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