MSHQ Podcast Session #10: Interview with the Columbia Postbac
Transcription
MSHQ Podcast Session #10: Interview with the Columbia Postbac
MSHQ Podcast Session #10: Interview with the Columbia Postbac Premed Program show notes at: http://www.medicalschoolhq.net/session10 Intro Announcement: You’re listening to The Medical School HQ Podcast, online at http://www.medicalschoolhq.net, session number 10! Ryan Gray: Hello, and welcome back to another session here at the Medical School HQ podcast. I am your host, Ryan Gray, and we are THE podcast about medical school. From the pre-med process through residency, we hope to take your knowledge of becoming a physician to the next level. I’m excited about today’s podcast for two reasons: #1 – we have an excellent guest interview for you guys today, and #2 – this is our 10th podcast. And in the podcast world, if you make it to #10, there is a good chance that you’re going to go on to a successful and long podcast career. So I’m excited that we’re bringing you 10 podcasts. I’m excited to bring you even more in the future. I hope you guys are enjoying them. We are up over about 1,300 downloads, so I know people are out there listening. If you haven’t yet, go into iTunes and give us a rating, a review, and let us know what you think. 5 stars would be great, and that way other people can find us and start listening to us as well. So let’s get on to the interview. I have a great interview today. I have Dr. Victoria Rosner. She is an Associate Dean and the General Studies Coordinator of Academic Affairs at Columbia University’s Postbac Program. Dr. Rosner leads the premedical advising team in support of postbac pre-med students. She also advises a small number of postbac pre-med students. We began the interview by talking about where most of these postbac pre-med students come from. Dr. Victoria Rosner: Well, most of our students, not all, but a lot of our students go into their undergraduate educations thinking that they’re not going to be doctors, that in fact they’re going to do something else, or sometimes they want to be doctors but they think that for whatever reason they can’t – it’s not a path that’s available to them. So it’s only later that they come to realize that they have this passion and vocation for medicine, and that’s really the origin of a program like ours – of a postbac program. Ryan Gray: And Columbia was the first postbac program ever. Am I correct? Dr. Victoria Rosner: Yes, that’s right. We’re the oldest program in the country and I believe we’re also the largest. Ryan Gray: Wow. And how big are your classes? Dr. Victoria Rosner: Well, you mean the classes within the postbac program? Ryan Gray: Yeah. Dr. Victoria Rosner: We don’t really… it’s hard to define a particular class because students go through the program at different rates, but if you were to ask me how many students are in the program altogether – it's got to be close to 500. Ryan Gray: Okay. Dr. Victoria Rosner: That includes students who are in their application year, who are not actively taking courses, but who are working their way through the application process to medical school. Ryan Gray: Okay. And I’ll get into your program in a little bit, but you had mentioned a lot of the students are people that really didn’t know they wanted to be physicians starting off. Is that the majority of your students? I know if you look at the AAMC, they have their big database of postbac programs, and they’re classified as career changers or people that want to increase their undergraduate grades having taken science courses before. Do you aim toward one of those groups? Dr. Victoria Rosner: Yes. We focus exclusively on the career changers. Most of our students have not taken any science classes before. Some of them have taken a few, but for the most part we’re looking at students who have had a shift in their sense of what they want to do with their lives, which is a very exciting and interesting population of students to be working with because they’re really people who are thinking very seriously about trying to construct a meaningful future for themselves. Ryan Gray: And they are probably very driven as well? Dr. Victoria Rosner: They are extremely driven. They are extremely bright. They are highly motivated. They’re really an incredible group. I have so much regard and respect for the students in this program because they have put everything on the line. Many of them have turned away from their established careers in finance, in the arts, in non-profit work, in law. A number of them have previous graduate degrees. And they realize, "You know what? My path is to be a healer. This is what I need to dedicate my life to doing," and they put everything else aside. Often they have families. They have responsibilities. These are not 18 year olds, these are grownups. And they give themselves over to this incredibly rigorous and demanding program. So you have to, I think, respect that commitment. Ryan Gray: Yeah. When you have applicants coming in, and I’m sure you have discussions with them, people that are solid in their career, making decent money, to give that up for the postbac program and then for 4 years of medical school and then residency – if you do the math, I mean, it’s probably about a million dollar swing in there somewhere. Roughly. Dr. Victoria Rosner: Yes. Well, and that’s why it comes as no surprise that the students in our program for the most part are not going into medicine... it’s not a financial decision for them – it's a passion decision. And along with that, we noticed that many, many, many of our students are going into medicine for altruistic reasons. We have an extremely strong and vibrant student organization called Social Justice Medicine. All of our students are involved in volunteering in a variety of clinical and research settings. These are students who are going into medicine because they want to make the world a better place. And many of them are already engaged in that kind of work. It’s really an amazing, amazing thing. Ryan Gray: That’s awesome. Dr. Victoria Rosner: It’s incredible. Ryan Gray: I wish more people would take some time off and be more nontraditional. I think medicine as a whole would benefit from that. Dr. Victoria Rosner: Well I think one of the reasons that our students are so successful in the application process to medical school is that medical school Deans of Admissions are happy to have students who are a little bit more seasoned, who they know have thought carefully about the decision to commit themselves to an extremely demanding career. And you bring a certain level of maturity and reflection to the process. Not that you can’t find that in a traditional undergraduate, but it’s common in postbac students. Ryan Gray: Yeah. What would you say… actually I’ll get to that later. What is about an average age for your applicants? Dr. Victoria Rosner: The average age of our students is about 27. Ryan Gray: Okay. So significantly older. Dr. Victoria Rosner: But within that we have students who are a great deal older than that. And we have some students who transition directly out of their undergraduate work, but an average would be 27. Ryan Gray: Okay. What’s the oldest you’ve seen go through your program? Dr. Victoria Rosner: Oh my goodness. I don’t think I could tell you off the top of my head, but you know if they're qualified students and they have a good reason for being here, we want to work with them. We don’t practice age discrimination in this program – quite the contrary. Ryan Gray: Yeah, and I think the older the better actually. Dr. Victoria Rosner: (Chuckling.) Ryan Gray: There was a great article in the New York Times back in April that talked about one of your students going through. And they talked a lot about postbac programs as a whole and how they are very popular, and I think now there are 140 – I looked yesterday in the AAMC postbac search. Dr. Victoria Rosner: Oh my goodness. Ryan Gray: Why are they becoming so popular? Dr. Victoria Rosner: Well, with your broad view of premedical students nationally you might be in a better position to answer that than I would. From my perspective I would say that students have a lot of things that they want to do with their undergraduate careers, and they often see that if they’re going to liberal arts colleges, they might not see that as a time to focus on vocational education. They might prefer to defer that part of their training and major in whatever it is – Slavic studies, or history, or anthropology – feeling that that will only enrich their practice as physicians. And then again, there are students who change careers. It's a tough thing to have to decide what you’re going to do for the rest of your life when you’re 19 years old. Ryan Gray: Yeah. Do you think that the economy has any role in that? Dr. Victoria Rosner: You know – it's very hard to say. We’re always trying to figure out if there is some relationship between the economy and postbac programs. And I’m just… I’m not convinced that you can draw any kind of really straight line. I don’t know. Do you think so? Ryan Gray: My gut, without any data behind the answer, my gut says yes. Being a physician is kind of a… Dr. Victoria Rosner: It’s a recession-proof career. Ryan Gray: It is a recession-proof career. And you hear every day in the news that Obama care and our healthcare system is going to be short X number of physicians and you’re not making the big bucks that you used to make, but you live comfortably and it’s a choice I think many people make for that reason. Dr. Victoria Rosner: There is a school of thought that says that when there is a recession people go to graduate school. And they hang out and they try to wait out downturns in the economy, but I have certainly never seen a student come into my office and give that as their reason for coming to the postbac program. For our students, their relationship to medicine is intensely, intensely personal. Some of them have seen a family member go through a very serious medical crisis and that is what has inspired them to change their path. Some of them have wanted to be doctors all their lives, but have never been in a financial position to pursue the profession, and finally their hour has come. These are the kinds of things we hear. Not so much, "Oh well, it’s a bad economy, so I’ll be a doctor." Ryan Gray: Yeah. That’s interesting. I wonder… I kind of like to play devil’s advocate sometimes. I wonder… obviously they want to put their best foot forward on the application and during the interview process, but nobody will ever know what their true intentions are. But – I think when you get to a program as esteemed as yours; I think you are getting the best of the best that truly want to go through for the right purposes. Dr. Victoria Rosner: Our students are so extraordinary and they bring such an incredible range of interests to their studies. I always say at orientation that I could take any given incoming class of Columbia postbac students and found a small nation. Because we kind of have one of everything – we have opera singers, we have chefs, we have physical therapists, we have lawyers, we have people who are in construction – we have everything. So it’s an extremely diverse and interesting group. Ryan Gray: Wow. I want to focus on you for a little bit, and not necessarily for you, but as you're a pre-med advisor, and your bio says you lead the premedical advising team for postbac pre-med students, but when you look at your background… I mean, you teach graduate and undergraduate courses in late 19th and early 20th century literature and culture. Dr. Victoria Rosner: Yes, I’m also an English professor. I wear many hats. Ryan Gray: And that goes back to my question, or not my question, but my statement earlier, and I don’t think I made that statement earlier here, but pre-med advising as a whole – I wonder how people get into pre-med advising. How did you end up where you are? Dr. Victoria Rosner: Well, for me, I was actually an undergraduate and a graduate student at Columbia. And as a graduate student, as part of your… as a PhD student, as part of your training, you begin teaching classes at the university. You teach… in English, which is my discipline, you teach composition and introductory literature classes. And it was at that point that I was exposed for the first time to the School of General Studies, which is where the postbac program at Columbia is housed. So the School of General Studies is really a very unique college on the undergraduate national scene in the United States, insofar as we are a college for non-traditional students. All of our students have had breaks in their education. Many of them started careers before deciding that they did in fact want to pursue a college degree. We have a large number of student veterans who served the country and then decided when they’re done with their service it’s time for them to get an education. And you can see how the postbac program obviously fits into the School of General Studies, because we’re a program for nontraditional premedical students. But the point is that for me as a graduate student, I started teaching students from the School of General Studies, and I immediately sort of… I fell in love with the school. I went to Columbia College, which is Columbia’s traditional college. But at the School of General Studies I found this… you know… almost this social experiment. We are the only college like this in the Ivy League. We are the destination for non-traditional students who want to have a rigorous, elite, education where they are in the same classes with the same professors and the same curricula as traditional students. So long story short, I loved teaching these students. And when I had the opportunity to make my career advising these students, making policy for the school, I leapt at it. I think it’s an incredible population that is really transformative and very much the direction of where I think American higher education is going. Ryan Gray: Okay. Is there a pre-med advising body out there that pre-med advisors get information from? And this is more for my own knowledge. Dr. Victoria Rosner: advisors. Oh yes. There is a National Association for premedical Ryan Gray: Okay. Dr. Victoria Rosner: We attend the conference. There are 4 full-time advisors in the program, in addition to a range of people at the School of General Studies who offer support services to postbac students. And so the pre-med advisors – we're all active in that organization. Ryan Gray: Okay. Very cool. Dr. Victoria Rosner: Yeah. Ryan Gray: You had mentioned earlier that it’s kind of hard to put a number on each of your classes because they’re kind of in different parts of their studies. Dr. Victoria Rosner: Yes. Ryan Gray: Is there a kind of year-round admission process there? Or are they starting at the same time and then going at their own pace. How does that work? Dr. Victoria Rosner: Most of our students come in in the fall term. They start in September. We do offer an accelerated track through the postbac program and those students begin their work in January. So they spend 3 traditional semesters and a summer term studying, whereas the students who come in September spend 4 traditional academic semesters – fall, spring, fall, spring. Ryan Gray: Okay. So a year and a half versus 2 years? Dr. Victoria Rosner: Yeah. But people sometimes take longer. You know, a number of our students are working full-time while they’re going to school. And those students may choose to take a couple of classes a semester in the first stage of the program. In the second half of the program we require the students attend full time. Ryan Gray: And why is that? Dr. Victoria Rosner: Because we think it’s important for their applications to be able to demonstrate that they can manage a very serious load of real science courses to demonstrate to medical schools that they’ll be prepared for the full-time curriculum in medical school. Ryan Gray: Okay. That makes sense. Dr. Victoria Rosner: We think so. Ryan Gray: Yeah. Good job. Dr. Victoria Rosner: Thank you. Ryan Gray: Part of the curriculum, actually part of the application process, is showing that you’ve had experience in the medical field, that you’ve been out shadowing physicians, and know what it’s like on a day-to-day basis. Is that stuff that’s built into your curriculum? Do you have affiliations setup with physicians to send students out to hospitals and to clinics? Dr. Victoria Rosner: We, so, it’s a great question. We require that all students in our program complete a minimum of 120 hours of clinical work during the time that they are enrolled in the program. In order to support them in acquiring that experience, we have, well – obviously our students have access to the largest municipal hospital system in the United States – but we have a very active and robust database of clinical opportunities with new things coming in every week. We post them on the websites, students apply, and then we also have standing relationships with programs in a number of New York City hospitals where we place large numbers of students. You know, we want students to be able to pursue their own interests. So we will support them in seeking out the perfect opportunity for them, or of they’re not sure what they want to do, we will help them enroll in, like I said, one of the programs where we maintain standing relationships. Ryan Gray: Okay. Dr. Victoria Rosner: But we think it's essential that students complement their science studies with real time with patients, and getting some exposure to their profession as it's practiced every day. Ryan Gray: Yeah. And partly because, again that’s what makes a good application, but I think there is a large part that you need to know for yourself if you’re going to actually like what you’re doing. It’s well and good to say, "Oh I want to be a doctor," but to actually know what a doctor does every day. Dr. Victoria Rosner: And then I also think for our students it is by and large one of their favorite parts of the program because it gives real context for them to go to biology class and learn about the various organic processes, but then to go to the hospital and see how that science translates into medical research and medical practice. Ryan Gray: Yeah. What percentage of students actually finish the postbac program? Dr. Victoria Rosner: We have – actually we have very, very good retention in this program. Our attrition rate is very low and it's attributable to a number of factors, but it’s a handful of students who leave the program on a semester-by-semester basis. So the vast majority finish. Ryan Gray: Okay. What… Would you say there is a general theme behind the people that drop out or don’t finish? Dr. Victoria Rosner: I would say there are 3 or 4 main reasons that we see. The single biggest one would have to be that life gets in the way. A student will have a parent who develops an illness and needs their care or they get… just life stuff… they get sick, there is an issue with their children, they need to relocate because of a partner, or a kind of life change reason is probably the single biggest reason. Sometimes although we work with the students very closely on financing the program, unfortunately there are sometimes students who are not really financially able to finish the program and they need to transfer to some place that’s less expensive than we are I guess. So we see a little of that. Sometimes we get students who decide, you know what, they don’t want to be doctors. They thought they did, but they really want to do something else. And we are all about helping students find their way. So we don’t see that as a bad outcome. We help… we talk to students and counsel them, and try to help them figure out what the next step is for them. And then there are always a few students who struggle academically in the program and find that this is really not the place for them. So like I said, very low attrition, but that would probably be a good summary of the reasons why someone might leave the program. Ryan Gray: Okay. For students that are coming in maybe fresh out of undergraduate like you said, majoring in some kind of English or some other weird romantic language… Dr. Victoria Rosner: (Chuckling) Ryan Gray: (Chuckling) …and they’re coming in. Maybe they knew they wanted to be a doctor and they just wanted to get more diverse studies like you had mentioned earlier. Transitioning into a science-based curriculum, what kind of struggles are they having? Dr. Victoria Rosner: So I think you can think of it in two different ways. First of all there are students who have been out of school for a while and they just need to transition back into being full-time students and reacquiring that student identity. And the other is, as you mentioned, for students who have really never taken… you know, they took their science requirements as undergraduates, but past that they’ve never done any science study. And we try and… we do a lot in the postbac program to support students as they make that transition. We, through our Academic Resource Center, through our Postbac Coaching Program, we have whole seminars on transferable skills. How do you take the skills you’ve acquired studying the humanities or the social sciences and put them to work for you as a scientist? What is the best way to study for the sciences? How do you get used to doing problem sets, to the different modalities of scientific instruction? We have people on our academic resource team meeting with the students. We also have successful postbac students who are mentoring current students and giving them advice on how to be successful in a program like this. We put these students in through a very, very rigorous academic program. But we don’t send them out there alone, we give them a lot of support to try and ensure that they’re successful with us. Ryan Gray: Okay. Along the way, do you guys offer MCAT prep type stuff, or are your classes geared toward MCAT prep? Dr. Victoria Rosner: Our classes are very much geared toward MCAT prep and our faculty, in fact, are just right now doing a pretty serious review to prepare for the advent of MCAT 2015 because we are going to be seeing some serious changes in the test and we need to make sure that our students are prepared for it. And then we also counsel students on strategies for preparing for the MCAT. Every student is assigned a dedicated advisor who stays with them through their time in the program and who can give them suggestions about preparation methods, timing, when is the best time to take the MCAT, what are some ways to prepare. We host panels where previous students who have been successful with the test, come in and share their experiences with current students and talk about the best ways to prepare and how to supplement what they’re getting in the classroom. Stuff like that. Ryan Gray: Okay. Then they take the MCAT, and now it's application time. Is this kind of the period… you had mentioned there is a year off or something, you had mentioned earlier. Dr. Victoria Rosner: Yes, the glide year. And all of our students who don’t apply for linkage admission, have a glide year. Because as you know, I’m sure, the medical school application cycle is lengthy. Ryan Gray: Yes. Dr. Victoria Rosner: It takes more than a year from the time you submit your applications to the time that you hopefully matriculate into the school of your choice. So first of all, we offer glide year counseling so that we maintain a separate database of glide year opportunities because we really urge students to spend that glide year fruitfully doing something that’s related to healthcare and so we place students in really interesting opportunities both locally, nationally, and internationally. And then of course, we’re working with the students very closely through every stage of the admissions process and writing committee letters in support of their applications. Ryan Gray: Okay. You had mentioned linkage. Explain what linkage is for people that might not know that. Dr. Victoria Rosner: So for students who for one reason or another would like to avoid the glide year, or for students who are very, very clear about what their first choice is for where they want to go to school, we have linkage agreements with about a dozen schools and this is sort of like early admission for medical school. You apply to one school, to your linkage school, while you’re still doing coursework, so that you’re eligible to matriculate with no break. You finish your postbac studies in May and you begin medical school in August if you’re accepted to the linkage program. Ryan Gray: That would seem to me to be the kind of the win-win situation. Are the majority of your students doing that, or no? Dr. Victoria Rosner: No, it’s always a minority. It’s a more difficult way to get into medical school because you’re taking your MCATs early; you’re going through the application process while you’re still in coursework. Many students are not willing to commit themselves to just a single institution. They want to apply a little bit more broadly and see what happens, but for the students for whom it's right, it’s really right. It’s one of those things that’s quite self-selecting. And we have a range of institutions that we have agreements with so that students really have a nice choice. Well, we're going through the linkage process now, so it's all very fresh with me, but we have linkage agreements with Brown, with Columbia’s School of Physicians and Surgeons, with Cornell, and then we have a recently incarnated agreement with Columbia’s dental school because we do have pre-dental students as well, so that’s a nice option for the right student. Ryan Gray: Okay. Along with dental students do you have any other pre-health? Dr. Victoria Rosner: Yes we do. We have small but sturdy numbers of students who are interested in doing osteopathic medicine, who are interested in veterinary medicine, students sometimes who want to go into PA programs, physical therapy, occupational therapy – again the numbers are extremely small, but they are part of our pre-health community. Ryan Gray: You had just mentioned osteopathic. Do you guys differentiate between students that want allopathic versus osteopathic? Dr. Victoria Rosner: We don’t differentiate, but we are prepared to advise students who are interested in either or both. Ryan Gray: Okay. And you have students coming in saying, I want to be a DO, I want to be an osteopathic doctor. Dr. Victoria Rosner: Sometimes. They come in and they say that the philosophy of osteopathy is more to their liking than allopathic practice. And we’re open to that. Ryan Gray: Okay. Yeah. Dr. Victoria Rosner: And we have a medical school fair once a year that’s sponsored by our student association, the premedical association, where we bring a whole range of schools in to meet with the students. This year, we’re going to have I think upwards of 50 schools represented and it’s a nice opportunity for the students who aren’t sure what track they’re on or exactly what they want to do to meet a lot of people and get information about a lot of different schools and consider their options. Ryan Gray: Yeah. Very good. So then, the application process is complete and I’m assuming you have some interview advising, and all that fun. Mock interviews, and… Dr. Victoria Rosner: Yes. We do mock interviews and we also have a workshop called "Mastering the Art of the Medical School Interview," that’s very popular with the students. And we’re also beginning to prepare the students specifically for the MMI format, the Multiple Mini Interview, as we see that begin to grow in popularity among medical schools. Ryan Gray: Yeah. And the reason that it's growing in popularity – there is some research that shows that it actually selects a better applicant. Have you seen that research? Dr. Victoria Rosner: I have. I have. Ryan Gray: You disagree with it? Dr. Victoria Rosner: I'm not going to wade into that controversy. Let’s just say that if the medical schools are doing it, we’re going to make sure our students are ready. Ryan Gray: Okay. Dr. Victoria Rosner: And I’m looking forward to doing the mock interviews for the Multiple Mini Interviews. I think that’s going to be great fun. Ryan Gray: Yeah, and for people who don’t know what the Multiple Mini Interview is, it's kind of like speed dating. Dr. Victoria Rosner: Yes, exactly, speed dating for premedical students. You have a whole bunch of different scenarios and a whole bunch of different interviewers and a few minutes to answer each question that’s thrown at you. Ryan Gray: Yeah. I think it’s great. Just like being on rounds. Dr. Victoria Rosner: Did you go through Multiple Mini Interviews? Ryan Gray: I did not. Dr. Victoria Rosner: Okay. Ryan Gray: Luckily. I don’t know how I would handle it. Dr. Victoria Rosner: We get you ready. Ryan Gray: Yeah. So I’m assuming that a large percentage, if not 100%, of your graduates get into medical school somewhere, sometime. Dr. Victoria Rosner: The vast majority, yes, absolutely. Ryan Gray: Okay. Dr. Victoria Rosner: Because they’re wonderful, wonderful students. They are the best and brightest of the premedical community and medical schools are very open to it. Ryan Gray: Yeah, and that brings me to what I want to ask. The students that you’re getting – what are you looking for in the applicants to Columbia’s postbac program? Dr. Victoria Rosner: Well, obviously they need to have strong academic credentials. The average GPA of our students coming in is around 3.6, 3.7. They have very high SAT scores. But more than that, postbac students, they have great stories. And I always look forward to meeting the new students every year because their journeys to get to this point where they’re ready to devote themselves to pursuing a career in healthcare, they’re always very, very compelling to hear. I mean I had an amazing, amazing student last year who grew up in Malaysia and her family didn’t have a lot of money. And she had the opportunity to be educated at a very rigorous school outside her country, and was in a position to really start earning some income, and she went into business and made some money and bought her parents a house and put her younger sister through college and then said, "You know what? I don’t really have a passion for business. What I love is medicine. I’ve spent these years helping my family and now it’s my turn." And she came back to start her premedical education at Columbia and she did linkage and went on to medical school. You know? So it's these incredible, incredible stories that you hear about how people get to this point that make me so excited to greet every year’s incoming class. Ryan Gray: Yeah. Very cool. Dr. Victoria Rosner: Very cool. We had another wonderful student last year who, after the natural disaster in Haiti, made a trip down there to see what was going on and found himself so drawn in to trying to help people that, on his own dime, he started making monthly trips to Haiti in order to volunteer and help out with the repair efforts. And that led him to finally decide the way he could help the most was to become a doctor, and so he applied to start here. Ryan Gray: Wow. Dr. Victoria Rosner: It’s phenomenal. I mean we have to have so much respect for our students. They are wonderful. Ryan Gray: It sounds like it! One final question before we end. And I thank you again for sharing all of this wonderful information. Dr. Victoria Rosner: Oh, it’s my pleasure. Ryan Gray: If you had a general advice for any pre-med out there, not just a nontraditional going through postbac, but kind of any pre-med, since you are a pre-med advisor, what’s kind of a number one thing you would recommend for somebody? Dr. Victoria Rosner: Oh my goodness. Well I do think it’s very hard to give generic advice. I mean the reason that we put so much resources into advising in our program is that all students are different and they have very different needs and they need to hear different things at different times. But, I mean I guess if I had to say one thing that was just generic I would say, you know, I know there are times in premedical education where what you’re learning feels very disconnected from the future that you imagine for yourself as a medical provider. And that is why I think it is very important to find a way to spend time in clinical settings whether that’s through shadowing doctors or volunteering on the wards at your local hospital, but to just… to get yourself out into the world of healthcare and use that as the engine to kind of drive you through your studies. Ryan Gray: I like that advice. I struggled with that myself, even in medical school sitting there learning biochemistry and going, "Uh… I just left the anatomy lab. That’s much more important than this." So I think that’s great advice. Dr. Victoria Rosner: You have to make that connection for yourself I think, to keep your spirits up. Ryan Gray: Yeah, one quick question that just popped into my mind. The breakdown between systems-based learning versus more of a traditional curriculum in medical schools – do you guys cover that at all and do you offer advice to students? Dr. Victoria Rosner: I would say that so many of the medical schools have either gone through an aggressive phase of curriculum reform, whether it’s through systemsbased learning or through trying to integrate clinical experience in early phases, or whether it's by bringing a major research project into the traditional medical school curriculum. And I think students have to find the program that’s right for them. They’ll be reading about different programs on the web or investigating resources and something will click with them and they’ll say, "That’s where I can really imagine myself." Like, I don’t think I’m in a position to say, you know, well this is the one best way to educate medical students. I don’t know if there is a one best way, but I think it’s a very exciting time in medical education in the United States because I really feel that schools are putting so much energy into thinking about how they prepare future physicians, and that seems to me a very good thing. Ryan Gray: Well folks – that was Dr. Rosner. I truly think that if you are a nontraditional student looking for a structured postbaccalaureate program, Columbia is where you want to go. I think from the interview you can tell that the faculty at Columbia truly cares about all of their students and takes great pleasure in seeing them through the program and seeing them get into medical school. It sounds like an amazing environment to be in. So I thank Dr. Rosner for taking the time to give you, the listener, some great information about Columbia the program, but just postbac programs in general. I think there is a lot of great information in that interview if you’re not going to Columbia. As always, if you have any questions for us here at Medical School HQ, you can give us a call on our voicemail feedback line, 617-410-6747, record your question, and we can play it here on the podcast and give you an answer, so everybody can hear it. I hope the information provided today will help better guide you on your path to becoming a physician. Make sure to join us next time here at the Medical School Headquarters.