Hopi and other Pueblo Groups “Pueblo” people

10/14/09
Hopi and other Pueblo Groups
1
“Pueblo” people
 “Pueblo” people grouped together because
of similar way of life, but each tribe is
unique. Several different language groups
are represented among the tribes and the
culture is somewhat different.
2
Uto-Aztecan Tewa, Tiwa, Keresan
Towa
Hopi
Nambe
San Ildefonso
San Juan
Santa Clara
Tesuque
Isleta
Sandia
Taos
Jemez
Acoma
Cochiti
Laguna
San Felipe
Santo
Domingo
Zia
Zuni
Zuni
3
1
10/14/09
4
Hopi Background
 Name: “Moqui” – but changed to Hopi.
 Located in N.E. Arizona, surrounded by
Navajo reservation.
 Black Mesa, on 3 projections: First,
Second, and Third mesa.
5
Spanish Contact
 Coronado Expedition of 1540 came to
Hopi.
 Antonio de Espejo, 1583 welcomed at
Hopi.
 Submitted to Spanish authority in 1598.
 Missionaries unsuccessful.
6
2
10/14/09
Hopi Origin Story
 Previous life in 3 underworlds, with search
for a better place, or “center place.”
 Sipapu.
 Hero twins and other figures make journey
safe for humans.
7
Architecture
 Multi-story homes called “pueblos” by
Spanish because they admired the
architecture and considered it quite
advanced.
 Hopi use shaped stone blocks held with
adobe mortar.
8
9
3
10/14/09
Pueblo Architecture
 Rooms entered by ladder through roof.
 Large cross-beams: vigas.
 Secondary beams: latillas.
 Storage rooms accessible only from inside.
 Living areas with fireplaces.
 Construction tasks: men and women.
10
11
Walpi Clan Relations
 First Mesa
 Housed associated by clan membership.
 Each clan house has associated kiva or
ceremonial room.
 Hopi, Zuni Acoma: kivas tend to be
rectangular. Rio Grande: rounded.
12
4
10/14/09
Acoma Mesa
13
Acoma Cistern
14
Acoma Village
15
5
10/14/09
Acoma
Bread Oven
and Bread
16
Pottery
 Perhaps best-known artifact from Pueblos is
pottery.
 Traditional work of women.
 Clay sources cherished; clay gathered with
great care and prayer.
 Coiling method used.
 Dried before firing.
17
Hopi Pottery for tourist trade
18
6
10/14/09
Hopi Seed Jar
Acoma Pottery
Hopi Red
19
20
Acoma Olla
21
7
10/14/09
Laguna Pottery
22
Zuni Pottery
23
Zuni Ceremonial Bowl
24
8
10/14/09
Zuni Olla
25
Zuni Olla
26
Maria Martinez
 Most famous pueblo pottery: Maria
Martinez, who worked with her husband,
Julian.
 San Ildefonso pueblo.
 Created black on black style that has now
become popular.
27
9
10/14/09
Maria Martinez
28
Maria pottery, San Ildefonso
29
Maria Matrtinez
30
10
10/14/09
Maria Martinez
31
Santa Clara pottery
32
San Juan pottery
33
11
10/14/09
Subsistence Activities
 Farming central activity.
 Begins in February, when fields cleared for
planting.
 Men planted and tended crops in their
wives’ fields.
 Crops belonged to the wife’s clan, which
managed food distribution.
34
Farming Methods
 Field watered by seepage through rock or
water flow when rains came.
 Maize, beans, squash grown in same fields.
 Also grew tobacco.
 Women processed grains. Corn stored in
dried cobs and ground later, as needed.
 Piki bread famous Hopi food.
35
Other Foods
 Men also hunted game, especially
pronghorns and rabbits.
 Hunting collective activity, using surround
method.
 Great respect showed for killed animals.
36
12
10/14/09
Kinship and Marriage
 Hopi strongly matrilineal and matrilocal.
 Bifurcate merging terminology: mother and
her sisters all “mother,” father and his
brothers “father.”
 Matrilineal clan most important social tie,
but father’s clan also play role.
37
Hopi Clans
 Each clan has a “mother house,” the center
of clan and home of eldest women.
 Clans have sacred wuya, or ancestral spirit
figures. Some more than one.
 Phratries: unnamed groups of clans which
signify linkage in past.
38
Clan Identity
 Clan membership crucial part of identity in
Hopi culture.
 Hopi men obligated to make sacred
journey to bottom of Little Colorado River
forge to gather salt.
 Round trip takes many days and involves
much ceremony.
 One stop: carving clan symbol on rock at
Willow springs.
39
13
10/14/09
Willow Springs, Hopi Clan symbols
40
Political Life
 Multiple levels of leadership traditionally
existed; clans were one unit but political
offices existed, too.
 Oraibi: Bear Clan traditionally led the
village.
 Symbol of office: stick or cane.
 Spanish drew on this in Eastern Pueblos,
also.
41
Hopi Religious Life
 Complex religious system.
 Ceremonial round required precise times
and proper rituals.
 Each individual in society required to play
his or her part.
 Central idea: connection between the
living and the dead.
42
14
10/14/09
Life and Death Connection
 The Hopi believe that the dead continue to
exist as spirit beings and return in the form
of clouds, bringing rain when needed in the
spring and summer.
 Masau’u, the God of Death, is also
responsible for fertility.
43
Masau’u
44
45
15
10/14/09
Hopi Ceremonial Calendar
 Cycle begins at winter solstice, late
December, when days grow longer.
Beginning of summer season.
 Ceremonies performed by secret societies.
 Some more social in nature with dances;
others quite serious with sacred content.
46
Major Ceremonies
 Wuwuchim ceremony.
 Male initiation takes place every four
years with this ceremony.
 Renewal ceremony, “first fire.”
 Soyal, winter solstice.
 Serious ceremony, with prohibitions and
taboos.
 Butterfly (summer), Buffalo Dances
(winter).
 More social in nature.
47
Major Ceremonies
 Powamu: first beans are started in kivas.
 Children initiated into kachina
societies.
 Niman: Kachinas depart.
 Snake/Antelope and Flute ceremonies
alternate years.
48
16
10/14/09
Hopi Ceremony
Fred Kabotie
49
Old Oraibi, 1900: Snake Society
50
Zuni Kivas, 1899
51
17
10/14/09
Tableta Headdress
52
Kachina Mask, Runner
53
Hopi Carver
54
18
10/14/09
Hopi Salako Maiden
55
Hopi Hemis
56
Crow Bride or
Crow Mother
57
19
10/14/09
Crow Mother figures
58
Hopi Bear
Kachina
59
Zuni Snake
Kachina
60
20
10/14/09
Zuni Estevan Kachina
61
Niman Kachina
62
Ogre Kachina
63
21
10/14/09
Morning Kachina
64
Sorcery
 Hopi belief system includes witches,
especially in connection with Spider
Woman.
 Witches can be male or female, have “two
hearts” and can assume the shape of an
animal to do their evil deeds.
 Illness and misfortune attributed to witches.
65
Shamans
 2 types of shamans:
 Some cured physical illnesses with herbs
 Others dealt with supernatural problems
caused by witches.
66
22
10/14/09
Religion at Rio Grande Pueblos
 Some of same symbols used throughout the
Pueblos
 E.g. Tablita headdresses, fertility symbols,
and terrace/cloud symbols for rain.
 Rio Grande pueblo ceremonies associated
with Catholic Saint’s days, often fusing
indigenous and Catholic rituals.
67
Social Life
 Fertility encouraged, and giving birth was a
major event.
 Father’s mother and her sisters handled
naming ceremony, establishing their clan
connection.
 Kachinas served as examples and
disciplinary figures for children.
68
Social Life
 Premarital sex expected; no taboos.
 Marriage regulated by clan and phratry
membership; families had to approve.
 Marriage simple series of steps involving both
families.
 Bride’s marriage robes also served as burial
shroud.
 Social core: female relatives.
 Boys trained in clan duties by uncles and in daily
work by fathers; also some religious connection
with father.
69
23
10/14/09
Contemporary Hopi Life
 Reservation established in 1870, but land
disputes continued.
 Hopi began sheep herding as part of their
subsistence in the early 1900s.
 Oraibi split: conflict between progressives
and conservatives.
 Hopi-Navajo conflict over joint use area.
 Tourism business and jewelry.
70
Hopi Jewelry
71
24