Paper in PDF - Open Science
Transcription
Paper in PDF - Open Science
American Journal of Social Sciences 2014; 2(6): 173-186 Published online December 30, 2014 (http://www.openscienceonline.com/journal/ajss) The effects of green spaces and parks on people in Nicosia - Cyprus Sevinc Kurt*, Jubril Atanda Department of Architecture, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, Cyprus Email address [email protected] (S. Kurt), [email protected] (J. Atanda) To cite this article Sevinc Kurt, Jubril Atanda. The Effects of Green Spaces and Parks on People in Nicosia - Cyprus. American Journal of Social Sciences. Vol. 2, No. 6, 2014, pp. 173-186. Abstract It is obvious that green areas and parks have enormous effects on the community or people who live in that neighborhood. Green spaces and parks help the children to have a playing area around the community, which brings more comfort. Green spaces and parks beautify the community, create a pleasant environment for the people and protect the natural environment. The aim of this article is to investigate the effects of green areas and parks on people in Nicosia considering its influence on the psychology of the community in the residential areas. This research design is a qualitative research. Case studies will be used to show how green spaces and parks affect the psychological side of the community and its environment at large and what benefits it has on the community. Interviews and mapping techniques will also be used in different areas where green spaces and parks are in the Nicosia. Data will be collected from literature sources books, journals. Photographs will be used also for existing green areas and parks in Nicosia. This research study will provide a guide in urban design and the use of green spaces and parks in communities and cities. Keywords Green Spaces, Parks, Nicosia, Psychology of Users 1. Introduction In the world today green spaces and parks are part of our daily life; they affect our moods and behaviors psychologically, and they create another environment for us. Green spaces and parks are the backbone of sustainable and high quality urban environment. They provide places for recreation, leisure and entertainment and they have positive effects on community health. They create suitable environment for various plants and animals as well. Moreover green spaces and parks are necessary to have better climatic conditions. From past researches green spaces and parks have effectively reduced the high rate of obesity in a community. Schroeder shows that a community with vegetation and water surroundings (natural environment) helps the mind to feel relaxed and stress less than a place with no vegetation [1]. From parks in an environment helps provide the community with a sense of peacefulness and enriches the city dwellers [2]. Green areas and parks provide a pleasant environment for the community, which distracts them from the chaos community. 1.1. Problem Definition Green spaces and parks are essential in a community in general; the main essence of this article is to analyze the effects of green spaces and parks in residential areas in Nicosia showing how it psychologically affects the human being and the community at large. 1.2. Aims and Objectives of the Study Green spaces and parks are areas where people relax with their family or friends it creates a cool and fresh environment for the community. The design of some parks welcome people to stay around the area because of the beauty of the parks or the way it was the design, which is pleasant. The main aim is to show how green spaces and parks affect the residential areas in Nicosia and the objectives are: To identify green spaces and parks in a residential area 174 Sevinc Kurt and Jubril Atanda: The Effects of Green Spaces and Parks on People in Nicosia - Cyprus To examine how green spaces and parks effect the human and the community To discuss and evaluate maintenance and management of green spaces and parks 1.3. Methodology of the Study This article is based on how green spaces and parks affect a community. In this article both the qualitative and quantitative methods will be adopted, mapping of the green area and parks, pictorial and chart analyses will be used, and questionnaires will be distributed to areas with and without green spaces to see how effective green spaces are to a community, the retrieved data would be quantitatively analyzed and processed using SPSS 12.0 for windows. 1.4. Scope of the Study The scope of this study will cover definition of terms such as green spaces, parks and other related terms. This article covers how green spaces and parks can be effectively used, managed and created for a community, which should help in creating another environment for relaxation and other activities outdoor. 2. Literature Review This chapter illustrates the green spaces and parks providing definition and types of them, also showing the existing parks and green areas in Nicosia and how they affect the community psychologically. playground, landscaped areas, and watercourse (ponds, lakes etc.) to mention and many more. 2.1.2. Parks A park can be defined as an area of land in its natural state, which is used by the public and as different facilities for different purposes like relaxing, recreational and many more. It is controlled and managed by a city, private investor, state or a nation. Parks helps create a natural environment which people meet and relate with within a neighborhood, it also helps increase the use of our outdoor spaces [4]. Parks helps to improve a community with its historical, aesthetic and recreational value, which make the community very attractive for tourist. Presence of trees and grass in outdoor areas which are parks helps develop social ties and from research studies green areas helps reduce stress and aggression and relaxes the mind in the best possible way [5]. 2.2. Types of Green Areas and Parks Green spaces are categorized into two parts the private and public spaces. Private spaces include gardens, school playground etc., public spaces include community parks, national parks, sporting areas etc. they are owned privately and the government. Green spaces can also be classified into the followings: parks and gardens; natural and semi natural green spaces; green corridors; amenity green space; provision for children and young people; outdoor sports facilities; allotments and community gardens; cemeteries and churchyards; mini parks; neighborhood parks; community parks; district parks; metropolitan parks; and special-use parks. 2.1. Definition of Green Areas and Parks Green areas/spaces are areas of grass, trees or vegetation set aside for recreational, sporting or aesthetic purposes in an urban environment. Green areas/spaces helps the town or city to improve the life style of the people physically and health wise, they provide a place for recreation e.g. jogging, walking, cycling, meeting people and also they help reduce the stress of the people in the community from the chaos city. Some examples of such places include higher education campuses, parks/gardens and institutional or corporate grounds. 2.1.1. Green Areas/Spaces Green area/space provides a town/city a relief psychologically and promotes a healthy life style [3]. Green areas/spaces aides the location for living and where to locate a business for a person in a community. Green spaces are multi-functional; they are used in many different ways. Green areas/spaces are owned and managed by either the government or private investors. Green areas/spaces can also be defined as a an area which provides light, air, relaxation and recreational space for a community, which are generally utilized and used by the people to provide landscape features and add up to benefit the community. Green area may include these features such as lawn, planting, and recreational areas including children's 3. Nicosia: History, Geography, Existing Green Areas and Parks Nicosia is located in the center of the island at 35°10' north, 33°21' east (35.1667, 33.35) and it’s also the capital city of Cyprus. Nicosia has a hot subtropical semi-arid climate classification with long, hot and dry summers with relatively wet and mild winters. Nicosia is the capital and the largest city of northern Cyprus. Nicosia is believed to be the political, cultural and social center of Cyprus with a population of around 60,000. Nicosia is the capital city, which is subdivided to the north and the south side of Cyprus Island. This research study will be dealing with Nicosia the north side in Cyprus. Fig. 3.1. The zones in Nicosia American Journal of Social Sciences 2014; 2(6): 173-186 175 In Fig. 3.1 commercial, industrial and residential zones of Nicosia are shown. Fig. 3.2. Nicosia map showing parks Fig. 3.5. Map of Baris - Demokrasi Park Fig. 3.3. Nicosia parks with neighborhood areas covered There are a few numbers of green spaces and parks in Nicosia listed as follows: Baris ve Demokrasi Park; Gonieli Kyrenia Roundabout Park, Kumsal Park, Baris Manco Park, Dr Fazil Kucuk Park, Marmara Park, Kermiya Park, Kugulu Park, Barbaro Bastion, Rota Park, Quirni Bastion, Caglayan Park (Fig. 3.2 and Fig. 3.3) Baris - Demokrasi Park: It’s the biggest park in Nicosia along Dr Burhan Nalbantoglu Street. People use this park in their leisure times. It’s also used for political gatherings (Fig. 3.4 and Fig. 3.5). There is a sculpture, which intends to symbolize the importance of peace and democracy. Recently, the mausoleum of Raif Rauf Denktas who was the famous Turkish community leader is constructed in this park. Fig. 3.6. Gonieli - Kyrenia Roundabout (Photo by: J. Atanda, 2013) Gonieli - Kyrenia Roundabout Park: It’s a green space and a roundabout, which links Nicosia to Omorpho and Kyrenia. Citizens cannot effectively use this green area since there is vehicle traffic around (Fig. 3.6 and Fig. 3.7). Fig. 3.7. Map of Gonieli Kyrenia Roundabout Fig. 3.4. Baris- Demokrasi Park (www.googleimage.com.tr) Kumsal Park: A park in a residential area, which is border 176 Sevinc Kurt and Jubril Atanda: The Effects of Green Spaces and Parks on People in Nicosia - Cyprus around commercial areas (Dereboyu) on the west side, it’s a very long park mostly for recreational purpose (Fig. 3.8 and Fig. 3.9). Fig. 3.11. Map of Baris Manco Park Fig. 3.8. Kumsal Park (Photo by: J. Atanda, 2013) Dr Fazil Kucuk Park: Located in a residential area in Nicosia along Cetin Basar Street It’s for relaxation and recreation for kids in the neighborhood, and also for the older people (Fig. 3.12 and Fig. 3.13). Fig. 3.9. Map of Kumsal Park Baris Manco Park: Located in a residential area in Nicosia. It is a relaxation and recreational park for both the old and the young ones. Located around Yusuf Aziz Street and Huseyin Cinka Street (Fig. 3.10 and Fig. 3.11). Fig. 3.12. Dr Fazil Kucuk Park (Photo by: J. Atanda, 2013) Fig. 3.13. Map of Dr Fazil Kucuk Park Fig. 3.10. Baris Manco Park (http://www.panoramio.com) Marmara Park: Located in a residential zone of Nicosia along Marmara Area, 23th Street on the north axis and at the east with Street Oren. It’s a place for relaxation and recreation for the neighborhood (Fig. 3.14 and Fig. 3.15). American Journal of Social Sciences 2014; 2(6): 173-186 177 Fig. 3.17. Map of Kermiya Park Fig. 3.14. Marmara Park (Photo by: J. Atanda, 2013) Kugulu Park: This Park is situated to the west side of the Kyrenia Gate. It’s a traditional park, which has been in existence for the past 40 year and used for recreational purpose. The name originated from the Turkish word Kugu, which means swan in English, because it originally had a pool with swam swimming. It was an area where citizens of Nicosia visited for relaxation and social gatherings. It was renovated in 1993 and has been upgraded ever since then. Although the tourists who came from south part of Nicosia addition to the tourists coming from Turkey recently visit this park, Turkish military soldiers who spend their weekends in the downtown mostly use it. Furthermore the high school and college students also use this park often (Fig. 3.18 and Fig. 3.19). Fig. 3.15. Map of Marmara Park Kermiya Park: Located in front of Eylul Primary School, which is used by the school for sporting activities and also used by the residents for relaxation in the neighborhood (Fig. 3.16 and Fig. 3.17). Fig. 3.18. Kugulu Park (Photo by: J. Atanda, 2013) Fig. 3.16. Kermiya Park (Photo by: J. Atanda, 2013) Fig. 3.19. Map of Kugulu Park 178 Sevinc Kurt and Jubril Atanda: The Effects of Green Spaces and Parks on People in Nicosia - Cyprus Barbaro Bastion: The Turkish military force inhabits this bastion, it also houses the National Struggle Museum, and it is open to the public (Fig. 3.20 and Fig. 3.21). Fig. 3.20. Barbaro Bastion (Photo by: J. Atanda, 2013) Fig. 3.24. Map of Quirini Bastion Caglayan Park: The Caglayan Park is recently reconstructed and re-opened in March 2008. It is situated in the moat area, underneath the city walls of the Bastion, the park provides a space from the chaos and bustling city. The park is for both the young and the old, children’s play areas are they and also seating areas for adults. Fig. 3.21. Map of Barbaro Bastion Rotapark: This is the smallest park in Nicosia; it is between two residential buildings, along Yusuf Kaptan Street (Fig. 3.22). Fig. 3.25. Caglayan Park (Photo by: J. Atanda, 2013) Fig. 3.22. Map of Rotapark Quirini Bastion: Residence of the leader/president of the Turkish Cypriot community is located here. It is beside the Kugulu Park (Fig. 3.23 and Fig. 3.24). Fig. 3.26. Map of Caglayan Park Fig. 3.23. Quirini Bastion (Photo by:P. King. http://www.panoramio.com) American Journal of Social Sciences 2014; 2(6): 173-186 4. Effects of Green Areas and Parks in a Community Green spaces and parks are very important factors of an urban area; they affect and add values to a community in different ways, which makes the environment better. They are listed as follows: 4.1. Social Benefits Green spaces and parks help in a community, research as shown that people who make use of their local spaces have better relationship with their local councils. These spaces such as green spaces and parks create an avenue for passive and active recreational activities and offer an escape from the stress and strain from the urban environment. They are part of an individual’s daily life style, people taking a walk to parks, going for recreational participations and many more. Green spaces and parks has positive effects on the public health in so many ways, [6] just being outside in a green space or environment helps promote mental wellness for an individual, relaxes the stressed mind, alleviate physical problems are reduces isolation in a community. In their research of Mitchell & Popham [7], they observed that living near parks or greens spaces helps reduce health inequalities and that physical or natural environment helps reduces social economic health inequalities. It also helps to reduce the rate of obesity in the community with the use of facilities for recreational opportunities. From basic research it as shown that people who participate in exercise programmes are more likely to continue it than people who go to the gym or leisure centers, and also residents in high greenery environments are likely to take frequent physical exercise than those with low greenery environment [8]. With the increase of noise, traffic and technology in cities, park or green space helps calm stress community members and it helps also patients who are recovering research shows that patients recovering from surgery, recover faster, having green area surrounding them such as trees, grass and water [9]. Green spaces and parks also affect the families and children, they create free spaces, which are highly accessible and provides recreational environment for all ages. They help improve communication link between neighboring families and meet new people, it creates a leisure time, which helps families unite and have better relationships [10]. These benefits make an individual in a community have a better understanding of his/her area and people surrounding him/her which reduces the time people spend in their various homes and interrelate with the people in the community. It gives children the opportunity to move away from their parent feet. Parks and green space helps support childhood provide a freedom and they can help eradicate the negative effects of urban growth on the public environment, encourage children to become better stewards of the environment in the future [11]. From researches done it was observed that having trees and vegetation near homes helps in children’s self discipline which can be improved by 20% which is mainly affected by 179 girls and it is related to better concentration even when adjusted for all other factors [12]. In the education sector green spaces and parks create an environment where people develop their awareness; it’s an environment for playing and interaction, which creates an outdoor classroom. They help support school curriculum activities by providing interactive areas, resources around the outdoor space [13]. Green spaces and parks help a child in knowing its natural environment. They help create a social interactive space for older people who are lonely, by meeting old friends and reviving memories. Green paces and parks have great effect on the crime rate in a community. A Dirty and dangerous environment encourages vandalism and anti-social behavior and clean areas are the reverse. Green spaces and parks brings out the creativity in an individual, remembers the heritage of the community. They are historically associated with the name of the park, or monument/commemorative feature in the spaces, which tells the story of the community to the young ones by creating that relationship between the community and them, having positive benefits like sense of identity and pride of the community to the individual and also giving the area a unique character that contributes tourism. 4.2. Economic Benefits Green spaces and parks have a significant impact on economical values to a community and urban centers. Parks, gardens, green spaces are economic levers in attracting a retaining business, because spaces with greens attracts high price for houses, attracts spaces where business can be sited i.e. the location of a company. According to Crompton et al., [14], they increase property values, house with green areas are more expensive than houses without and they help redevelops and renew a community, which helps communities reduces waste land and make a better use with it, as creation of a green space or park. Green spaces and parks also provide great values like activities as walking, picnicking, cycling etc. They contribute to the reduction of air pollution in a community, reduction of building heat and cooling cost, absorbing carbon dioxide and producing oxygen, by filtering harmful particles in the atmosphere. A major factor economical benefit of green spaces and parks is that it creates an environment for tourism; by this community revenue increases. It’s also used for hosting events either small or large ones and benefits the community in terms of revenue. Finally green spaces and parks help improve the employment rate in a community, the more the park in an environment the more employment you get from the area. 4.3. Environmental Benefits Green spaces and Parks have great impact on the economic value of a community, it protect and conserve biodiversity. Green spaces and parks are habitat for wildlife. They help keep our air and water clean, counteracting the damaging effects of pollution. Green spaces and parks offer refuges for threatened species and buffers against the impacts of climate change. Green spaces and parks provide habitation for 180 Sevinc Kurt and Jubril Atanda: The Effects of Green Spaces and Parks on People in Nicosia - Cyprus mammals e.g. birds, insect’s plants etc. that should be adequately maintained for different species and meet biodiversity conservation objectives [15]. From research studies green spaces enhances closeness to nature for people who enriches them positively in different ways like health wise and desired pleasure from trees, bird and many more [16]. With green spaces and parks, they improve air quality and reduce pollutants. From research studies a tree helps lower carbon emission in the atmosphere, also when trees are planted for shade cover they acts as wind breakers and tend to generate 10-50% savings in cooling expenses and 4-22% savings of heating costs, by this carbon based fuel used is reduced and therefore the emission that reduces air quality also reduces [17]. Moistures from green spaces and parks (trees) emitted into the air and cool cities and towns and make them comfortable to work and live. Green spaces and parks have a large cover area for soil system and vegetation, which soaks up rainfall. They also help reduce the volume and rate of run-off and contribute to a sustainable urban drainage situation. Green spaces and parks influence the visual appearance and attractiveness of a town or city. The landscape of green spaces and parks contribute to the quality of urban environment and create a sense of good architecture. Green space and parks reconnect people to nature with all its complexity of line, colors, smells, texture and shape. Lack of natural green spaces creates an unpleasing environment, which discourages people from living or locating their businesses. Green spaces and park play an active role in waste management by natural biological system for waste, which will make the environment more sustainable [18]. Green spaces and parks help the community in making/producing their own local foods, and they benefit from it in so many ways like people producing food acquire new skills, and provide training opportunities, it can also provide health benefits eating fresh food improve nutrition’s, nurturing plant or rearing animal is an exercise. Food, which are grown locally, creates social enterprise, encourages the community to take part in community activities like cooking classes and many more. Green spaces and parks help a community in the mitigation and adaptation of climatic changes; they create an avenue for community to grow their food, which reduces the use of nitrogen fertilizers. Foods produced locally cuts down transportation cost and emission of greenhouse gas. Green spaces and parks make transportation routes easier for the community and they help moderate temperature, through the evapotranspiration and the provision of shade in the spaces. From research studies air under a tree’s canopy can be as much as 5-10ºC cooler compared to full sun [19]. This ensures that towns and city are comfortable for living and working. These green spaces and parks more or less. Finally a basic environmental value of green spaces and parks has on a town or city is that they help improve transport patterns in a area because well designed street encourage walking, cycling and reduces vehicular speed and use. 5. Methodology In this article a qualitative and quantitative approach was used. However it was mainly, a qualitative approach rather than a quantitative one. The data collection methods include the use of questionnaires, personal observations and theoretical investigations for the study. It can also be referred to as a mixed method design. This research focused on green spaces and how they affect the human and community used different methods such as case study. The parks and green spaces in the study area where visited and 50 questionnaires were distributed and retrieved, pictures were also taken in the parks and green areas. A case study is an empirical inquiry that investigates a green spaces and parks phenomenon within its real life context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident [20]. This strategy is very much appropriate for this research problem and thus was effectively used. 5.1. Area of Study As the study area was parks and green spaces in Nicosia, researchers visited most of these study areas for clear understand and observation. 5.2. Participants Selections 50 questionnaires was shared randomly among people in parks, premises of these parks and also within the city of Nicosia (schools). The questionnaires were given to both men and women randomly in no ratio, it was simple and easy to understand so participants were aware of the research problem and voluntarily participated. 5.3. Data Collection Method The data collection method of this study was taking of personal observations, pictures and administering questionnaires, precautions were highly taking into consideration by effectively observing the parks and administering the appropriate and correct questionnaire to aid this study. 5.4. Data Presentation and Analysis 50 questionnaires distributed and collected and their data will be analyzed using the IBM SPSS statistics 20 version and the result will be presented. 6. Data Presentation 6.1. Personal Observation in Parks The research visited parks in Nicosia and observed some details; the details are stated as follows: The park is was mostly visited by the children with their parents for recreational activities (Fig. 6.1) American Journal of Social Sciences 2014; 2(6): 173-186 181 The parks were not highly maintained and over grown grasses and weeds littered the areas (Fig. 6.5) Fig. 6.1. Children in Parks The park had playing areas which aided children to go and make friends (Fig. 6.2) Fig. 6.5. Lack of Maintenance in the Parks They were well design for the neighborhood around them. 6.2. Data Analysis of Demographic Questions Age of the respondents: Table 6.1. Age of the respondents S/N 1 2 3 Fig. 6.2. A Playground for Children in the Park Old people visited the parks for natural fresh air, reading novels and relaxation (Fig. 6.3) Response 15-24 25-40 41 and above Total Frequency 17 23 10 50 Percentage (%) 34 46 20 100 It was observed that all participants dully answered the questionnaires given to them, the highest percentage of the respondent was 46% which fell into the age bracket of 24-40 year of age, the next was 34% respondent who were 15-24 years of age and the least was 20% respondents who were 41 and above (Table 6.1 and Fig. 6.6). Fig. 6.3. Old People in the Parks People were seeing in the park doing sum exercise and joggings which could help reduce obesity (Fig. 6.4) Fig. 6.6. Age of the respondents Sex of respondents: Table. 6.2. Sex of Respondents S/N 1 2 Fig. 6.4. Sport area in the Parks Response Male Female Total Frequency 30 20 50 Percentage (%) 60 40 100 182 Sevinc Kurt and Jubril Atanda: The Effects of Green Spaces and Parks on People in Nicosia - Cyprus It was observed that 60% of the respondent was male while 40% were female (Table 6.2 & Fig. 6.7) Data Analysis of Research Questions Question 1: Do you think green space /park in this area improves the social benefits in this community? The chart in Fig. 6.10 showed that 76% of respondents agreed that green space/park improves the social benefits of the community, while 8% disagreed. Fig. 6.7. Sex of Respondents Fig. 6.10. About the Social Benefits Marital status of respondents: The valid percentages as deduced from the chart in Fig. 6.8 showed that 52% was the highest and its respondents were single followed by 20% those are respondents who are married and the lowest valid percentage is that of the divorcee respondents with 8%. Question 2: Do you think the green space/park in this area creates environmental benefits for this community? The chart in Fig. 6.11 shows that 74% of the respondent agreed that green spaces/parks creates environmental benefits to the community, while 26% disagree to this. Fig. 6.8. Marital Status of Respondents Occupations of respondents: The data received shows that 40% of the respondents that filled the questionnaire were students which was the highest, then 16% were business men/women around neighborhood, then 18% were academician, then 14% were staffs working at the parks and the least 12% were other which were housewives (Fig.6.9). Fig. 6.9. Occupations of Respondents Fig. 6.11. About the Environmental Benefits Question 3: Do you think green spaces/parks enhance health benefits in this community? The chart shows that 72% of the respondent agreed that green spaces/parks enhance health benefits in the community while 28% disagree (Fig. 6.12). Fig. 6.12. About the Health Benefits American Journal of Social Sciences 2014; 2(6): 173-186 Question 4: Do you think the green spaces/parks in this area create facility benefits in this community? As seen in Fig 6.13 it was observed that 66% of the respondent agreed to the fact that green space/park creates facility benefits in the community. 183 From the Fig. 6.15 it was deduced that 62% of the respondent agreed that green space/park helps create personal benefits in the community, while 38% disagree to this. Question 7: How often do you visit the green space/park in your area in summer? The pie chart in Fig. 6.16 shows that the highest percentage of respondent who visits the green spaces /parks in their area daily during summer is 28%, then 26% visits weekly, then 26% visits monthly, then the least is 8% who visits annually. It was also observed that 6% failed to answer to this question. Fig. 6.13. About the Facility Benefits Question 5: Do you think the green space/park in this area Fig. 6.16. Use of Parks in Summer improves economic benefits in this community? As seen in Fig 6.14, it was observed that 38% of the Question 8: How often do you visit the green space/park in respondent agreed to the fact that green space/ park improves your area in winter? the economic benefit in the community while a higher level 62% The pie chart in Fig. 6.17 shows that the highest percentage of the respondent disagreed. of respondent visits the green spaces /parks in their area, annually during winter is 32%, then 30% visits monthly, then 16% visits weekly ,then 16% who visits daily. It was also observed that 6% failed to answer to this question. Fig. 6.14. About the Economic Benefits Fig. 6.17. Use of Parks in Winter Question 6: Do you think the green space/park in this area helps create your personal benefits in this community? Question 9: Do this green space /park help reduce crime in this community? Why? As seen if Fig. 6.18, 52% of the respondent agreed that green space/ park reduces crime in the community, while 42% disagree. Fig. 6.18. Decrease in Crime Fig. 6.15. About the Personal Benefits 184 Sevinc Kurt and Jubril Atanda: The Effects of Green Spaces and Parks on People in Nicosia - Cyprus Question 10: How would you rate the green space/park in your area? As seen in fig Fig. 6.19, 22% of the respondent rate the green space /park in their area poor, 34% rates it fair, 36% rates it good and a total of 8% rates in excellent. Question 11: Do you think the design of the green space/park makes it more attractive for people to come? As seen in fig 6.20, 60% agreed that the design of the park makes it more attractive for them to go while 40% disagreed. Fig. 6.19. Rating of the Park in Neighbourhood Fig. 6.20. The Positive Effect of the Design of Park Question 12: How do you explain your mood in the green space/park; relaxed, happy, comfortable, anxious, etc? Why do you feel like that? Fig. 6.21 shows that, 24% of the respondent feel relaxed in the green space/park in their area, 30% feel comfortable, 10% feel anxious, 24% feel happy and 12% feel indifferent. Fig. 6.21. The Mood of Users 7. Analyses and Interpretation of Research This chapter shows the result of the analysis of the questionnaire in the previous chapter and discussions. From the analysis of question 1 it was observed that majority of the respondent in Nicosia feel that green spaces/parks helps improve social benefits which bores down to a fact that, it helps people have that environment for social interaction with neighbors and creation of community awareness (see Fig. 6.10). Analysis of question 2 shows that most of the respondent agreed that green spaces/parks create environmental benefits to the community, the reason behind this result can be traced to that closeness to nature helps the health of an individual an also green spaces and parks helps improve the air quality of an environment [21] (see Fig. 6.11). In the analysis of question 3 it was observed that most respondent agreed that green spaces/parks helps enhance health benefit in Nicosia this bores down to the fact that, it is a place for exercise, relaxation from the chaos city and it was observed from research [22] that green spaces/parks help patient recovery quickly from surgery. (See Fig. 6.12). In question 4 it was observed that the green spaces/park in Nicosia creates that facility benefit for the occupants in it having a place to go, children playing out door and a place for recreation (see Fig. 6.13). In the analysis of question 5 most respondent disagreed that green spaces /parks improves the economic benefits of Nicosia, the result of this can be traced to the fact that green spaces/parks are limited in this community, not highly maintained and regarded as a place for tourist and it does affect the rate/value of land purchase, and events are not been organized to create that social gathering for the community or city at large (see Fig. 6.14). In the analysis of question 6 it was clear that the green space/park in Nicosia created personal benefits to the people, having seen in Fig. 6.15 that 31 respondent said yes. From the analysis of question 7and 8 it was observed that respondents visit the parks during the summer season daily than weekly or monthly, but during the winter season they visit the parks annually and monthly than daily or weekly, this shows that weather conditions also affect visitation of green spaces/parks in an environment (see figure Fig. 6.16 & Fig. 6.17) ratio of the respondent to this question was slightly on a balanced figure, 52% of respondent agreed that green space/park reduces crime rate while 42% disagreed, this result can be traced to the fact that the level of crime rate in Nicosia is low, and the space creating a positive mind for the user which also helps reduce crime (Fig. 6.18). Data retrieved and analysis shown in question10, most of the respondents rated the green space/park as good and fair (see Fig. 6.19). Analysis of question 11 shows that most of the respondent felt that the green space/park in the environment makes it attractive for them to go. In the analysis of question 12 (Fig. 6.21) it was observed that most respondent felt comfortable, relaxed and happy in the green spaces/parks in the neighborhood, this bores down to the fact that, it makes them forget about the chaos city, meeting with friends, and American Journal of Social Sciences 2014; 2(6): 173-186 they have positive feeling of the surroundings by walking, eating, drinking etc. From the results, this shows that this research also support theories of other researches stated in the literature reviews on how green spaces/ parks help to benefit a community. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S027249440580185 9 [2] Kaplan, R., 1983. The analysis of perception via preference: a strategy for studying how the environment is experienced. Landscaping. Urban Planning. 12, 161–176. [3] Springgate, L., (2008). Defining Parks and Park Systems. Recreation to Re-creation. American Planning Association. [4] Coley, R. L., Sullivan, W. C., & Kuo, F. E. (1997). Where Does Community Grow?: The Social Context Created by Nature in Urban Public Housing.Environment and Behavior. [5] Kuo, F. E., Bacaicoa, M., & Sullivan, W. C. (1998). Transforming Inner-City Landscapes: Trees, Sense of Safety, and Preference. Environment And Behavior, 30(1), 28-59. Sage Publications. Retrieved from http://eab.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/0013916598301002 [6] CABE Space. (2009). [ARCHIVED CONTENT] Future health: sustainable places for health and well-being | Publications | CABE. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110118095356/ht tp:/www.cabe.org.uk/publications/future-health [7] Mitchell, R., & Popham, F. (2008). Effect of exposure to natural environment on health inequalities: an observational population study. Lance, 372(9650), 1655-1660. The Lancet Publishing Group. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61689-X [8] Ellaway, A., Macintyre, S., & Bonnefoy, X. (2005). Graffiti, greenery, and obesity in adults: secondary analysis of European cross sectional survey. BMJ British Medical Journal, 331(7517), 611-612. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38575.664549.F7 [9] Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science, 224(4647), 420-421. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved from http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.6143402 8. Conclusion Nicosia is a city that is growing year in year out with an increase rate of tourist, therefore the creation of an outdoor space, which makes the city more attractive, and effects the community positively has to be present. The environment as to be friendly, calm and nature as to be felt with the use of green space and parks this can be adequately achieved. From results observed it has shown that this research has support from other researches and theories given that green space/parks has a great effect on people with different benefits (socially, economically, environmentally, and physically) in a community. As seen in question 5 (see Fig. 6.14) that green space/parks has not been effective in improving the economic benefit in Nicosia, with adequate implementation and knowledge of what a green space and park are, this can boost the community dwellers and the government on creation of an area/ space that will add up to the economic value of the community, which could be used as a tourist center because Nicosia is already known as an area for tourism having ancient structure, by adding up a well maintained and standard green spaces/parks it will be a perfect match for tourism and economic growth. The research as demonstrated that a quality green space/ park could improve social benefit in a community, crime reduction, reduction of obesity, health improvement and also foster unity within neighborhood and the community at large. With green space and park it improves the natural environment, which helps aide’s good air quality, fresh air and the use of landscaping to aesthetically beautify the environment. A major environmental benefit is the production of local food, here in Nicosia there is a large production rate of fruits with people having gardens to grow and sell fruits. A surrounding with green space and park helps cool the environment and also improves the health standard of the people in the community from Kuo's research [23] humans prefer a natural environment with landscapes, because it is an key factors in human habitation, and helps improve their psychological and social health, and has an great effect on blood pressure, mood, daily effectiveness, social behavior, heart rate, cognitive functioning, and work performance. With the government providing green space and park in each residential location in Nicosia good quality air, crime rate and improved health will be present in the city and food production rate will increase drastically. References [1] Schroeder, H. W. (1991). Preference and meaning of arboretum landscapes: Combining quantitative and qualitative data. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11(3), 231-248. Elsevier. Retrieved from 185 [10] Couchman (1988). as cited in Canadian Parks/Recreation Association, (1997). Canadian Parks/Recreation Association., Canada., Ontario Parks., & RETHINK (West) Inc. (1997). The benefits catalogue. Gloucester, Ont.: Canadian Parks/Recreation Association. [11] Urban Parks Forum. (2002). Your Parks: the benefits of parks and green space. Retrieved from http://www.csd.org.uk/uploadedfiles/files/value_of_green_spa ce_report.pdf [12] Taylor A,F., Kuo F,E. and Sullivan W,C. (2002). Views of nature and self-discipline: evidence from inner city children. Journal of Environmental Psychology 22(1) pp.49-63 [13] Urban Parks Forum. (2002). Your Parks: the benefits of parks and green space. Retrieved from http://www.csd.org.uk/uploadedfiles/files/value_of_green_spa ce_report.pdf [14] Crompton, J., Love, L., and More, T. (1997). An Empirical Study of the Role of Recreation, Parks, and Open Space in Companies' (Re) Location Decisions. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 15(1), pp. 37-58. [15] XI World Forestry Congress. (1997). Volume 1, Topic 3: Significance of Green Areas to Biodiversity and the Environment 186 Sevinc Kurt and Jubril Atanda: The Effects of Green Spaces and Parks on People in Nicosia - Cyprus [16] CABE Space. (2004). [ARCHIVED CONTENT] The value of public space: how high quality parks and public spaces create economic social and environmental value | Publications | CABE. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110118095356/ht tp:/www.cabe.org.uk/publications/the-value-of-public-space [17] Relf, D. 1996. Plants actually clean the air! Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. [18] CABE Space. (2009). [ARCHIVED CONTENT] Making the switch from Grey to Green | News | CABE. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110118095356/ht tp:/www.cabe.org.uk/news/switch-from-grey-to-green [19] Barton, S. (2008). Adapted from the lecture “The healing garden: social research” PLSC100: Plants and Human Culture. November 18. [20] Groat, L. N., & Wang, D. (2002). Architectural research methods. New York: J. Wiley. [21] CABE Space. (2004). [ARCHIVED CONTENT] The value of public space: how high quality parks and public spaces create economic social and environmental value | Publications | CABE. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110118095356/ht tp:/www.cabe.org.uk/publications/the-value-of-public-space [22] Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science, 224(4647), 420-421. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved from http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.6143402 [23] [Kuo, F. E. (2001). Coping with Poverty: Impacts of Environment and Attention in the Inner City. Environment And Behavior, 33(1), 5-34. Sage Publications. Retrieved from http://eab.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/0013916012197284