K.M.Joshi Department of Economics, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji

K.M.Joshi
Department of Economics,
Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar
India is Complex………….
1.2 Billion people
 29 States and 6 Union Territories set upon
linguistic basis
 22 (Modern) Indian languages coexist; 1576
other mother tongues
 3592 Newspapers in 35 different languages
 Radio broadcasts in 146 Languages and
Dialects
 Education in the concurrent list of
Constitution- both Centre and State have a
stake

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Higher Education Institutions in India
TYPES OF UNIVERSITIES
UNIVERSITIES
STATE
GOVERNMENT
CENTRAL
PRIVATE
DEEMED
GOVERNMENT
PRIVATE
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Structure of Higher Education
Institutions and the Degrees
 Three
types of Universities:

Central Universities,

State Universities &

‘Deemed Universities’.
 Central Universities - Act of Parliament
 State Universities - State Legislation
 Deemed Universities - Gazette Notifications
of Central Government.
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Structure contd…

The universities are of unitary type with single or
even multiple campuses or of affiliating type.

The concept of an affiliating university is unique
to South Asia where a university affiliates
colleges. These colleges conduct teachinglearning under the academic supervision of the
university to which they are affiliated. The
colleges do not award their own degrees, but
award the degree of the university to which
they are affiliated.

Universities and Colleges- Government, Private
aided and Private unaided.
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Region Wise % of Institutions
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Faculty Wise Enrolment
- 2005 and 2011
3% 1% 2%
Arts
1% 7%
Science
2005
18%
2011
46%
20%
Commerce/Management
Education
20%
1%
2%
4%
Engineering/Technology
36%
Medicine
4%
Agriculture
17%
18%
Others
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Household Expenditure on Higher
Education
Uniform
4%
Other Expenses
6%
Private Coaching
10%
Tuition & other fees
41%
Stationery
11%
Transportation
12%
Books
16%
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GER- Future Projections
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Demand Influencing Factors
Economic Development- Urbanization etc.
 Social Status
 Equity- State Policies
 Quality

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Trends in Urbanization in India (1961-2011)
Levels of Urbanization- 2011
Unemployment Rate In India -Year 2011-2012 – Top 15 States (Ranked
with lowest unemployment rate on top)
Rank
State
Unemployment Rate
1
Mizoram
0.3
2
Daman & Diu
0.6
3
Gujarat
0.9
4
Chattisgarh
1
5
Himachal Pradesh
1.3
6
Rajasthan
1.4
7
Meghalya
1.5
8
Punjab
1.6
9
Madhya Pradesh
2.1
10
Tamil Nadu
2.1
11
Uttar Pradesh
2.2
12
Karnataka
2.4
13
Odisha
2.4
14
Manipur
2.5
15
Maharashtra
2.6
Unemploment rising with rise in education
ladder
 Overall unemployment in higher education
around 9.9
 Graduate Unemployment around 9.6
 Postgraduate Unemployment around 10.3
 Unemployment level higher in States with
higher GER.

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Emergence of Private Institutions- Demand
Resultant
By the 1980s, improvements in basic education and
Indian society’s growing aspirations had resulted in a
huge capacity gap in higher education.
 The changing structure of the economy demanded
new skills which the public institutions were not able
to provide.
 Growing fiscal deficit and reforms laid foundation for
private higher education.
 Most of the private institutions were colleges in the
initial period, followed by deemed Universities and
then Private Universities.

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



Many of these institutions set up by various religious and
linguistic minorities enjoy certain privileges under law.
Private institutions are usually established and operated under
the provisions of charitable societies or trusts. There are
genuine not for- profit private institutions, many even funded by
the government (private aided institutions) or supported by
charitable and religious trusts.
A large number of private institutions run self-financing
programmes that meet all of their expenses from tuition
revenue, reinvesting any surpluses in programmes and facilities.
In contrast to these not-for-profits, a significant number of
private institutions are run as business enterprises, many
among them owned by powerful families
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Institutions and Enrolment
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Public and Private Institutions- Professional
Programme
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Growth of State Private Universities
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Public and Private Deemed Universities
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Distance Education
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Quality Issues
48% of universities and 69% of colleges
have infrastructure deficiencies.
 Poor academic standards: The system is
plagued with outdated curricula and illequipped libraries
 As of March 2011, only 161 universities
and 4,371 colleges had been accredited
by NAAC

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Access and Equity
 Indian
society is highly stratified on the basis
of - Economic lines, Social Groupings, UrbanRural divide and Gender
 The GER for indigenous people is found to
be 13.1 for males and 7.5 for females, and
the aggregate GER of ST students it is 10.3.
Disparities across tribal regions visible.
States like Jharkhand have 5.1 %.
 Scheduled Castes the second largest socially
deprived group too has low access.
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Access and Equity
 Other
social backward groups too reveal low
GER.
 Gender disparity in access existing in majority
of the states. The disparity is more visible
amongst the disadvantaged groups.
 High drop out and low completion rates
amongst these segment of population.
 Access to higher education is constrained by
poverty, lack of resources, high opportunity
cost, inadequate infrastructure, and low
emphasis on education.
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Gender Parity Index- All India
All Categories
INDIA
0,74
Uttarakhand
1,64
Uttar Pradesh
0,79
Tripura
0,71
Tamil Nadu
0,83
Sikkim
0,86
Rajasthan
0,64
Punjab
Odisha
1,03
0,36
Manipur
0,76
Maharashtra
0,67
Madhya Pradesh
0,79
Kerala
1,18
Karnataka
Jharkhand
0,82
0,51
Jammu & Kashmir
0,94
Himachal Pradesh
1,07
Gujarat
0,72
Chhattisgarh
Bihar
Assam
Andhra Pradesh
0,66
0,53
0,54
0,58
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Region Wise GER
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Government Policies for Enhancing
Access
22.5% quota/seats
reserved for Schedule Caste
and Schedule Tribe students. An additional
quota of 27% for other backward castes in
federal educational institutions.
It means 49.5% seats reserved for the
marginalized social groups. Effective caste
based seats crosses 65 %.
Many States of India already have reservation
above 50% since long.
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Government Policies for
Enhancing Access
Various
study reveals that relatively better off
segment among the marginalized social group
gain largely because of this quota.
Admission and equality criteria gets distorted
on a larger pattern.
No government capable of reducing the quota
because of political reasons.
Other financial assistance schemes
insufficient.
Is this an appropriate affirmative action?
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Accreditation & Assessment Scenario
NAAC has not been able to cover even 40 % of the
institutions.
 The accreditation of NAAC has focused on
institutional accreditation rather than programme
evaluation.
 It looks difficult that just one agency like NAAC will
be able to address the quality assurance issues in
India.
 Accreditation is voluntary but many State
governments have made it mandatory for all
institutions.

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The Story so far………







State government withdrawing from higher
education – Funding and Sustainability
Quality assurance outcome not influential in
selection of institutions and demand
Private institutions proliferation- Absence of Control
and Regulation
Private higher education – Urban agglomeration
and Disparity in Quality
State policies for enhancing the demand for
deprived group not effective
Unemployment more in urbanized regions and
those with high GER in higher education
State run institutions in deplorable state
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The story so far………






Private higher education has enhanced the access
and participation.
Increase in the professional courses. A shift of
students from traditional to professional programme.
Private providers less interested in running traditional
courses.
Pure and natural science losing talented students.
This will hamper the basic science research in future.
Except few majority of the providers function for profit
motive.
Similarly the quality of programmes not of acceptable
level.
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