Contenido seminario TÜV Rheinland primera semana.

Transcription

Gestión de huella carbono empresarial;
Capacitación para consultores
Management of Corporate Carbon Footprints;
Training for Consultants
1
San José, Costa Rica, 4-5 and 11-12 June 2012
Norbert Heidelmann; Cesar D. Carreño
TÜV Rheinland en el Mundo
El Grupo TÜV Rheinland es una entidad líder en servicios técnicos a nivel mundial. Desde su creación
en 1872 en Colonia, Alemania, el Grupo ha ido desarrollando soluciones para garantizar un progreso seguro y
sostenible conciliando la Tecnología con el Hombre y el Medioambiente, sin perder su fundamento principal, se
ha especializado en todo tipo de servicios referidos a la calidad, la seguridad técnica e Industrial.
TÜV Rheinland es un
organismo de
certificación e inspección,
con más de 16.000
colaboradores presentes
en más de 500 centros
alrededor del mundo.
2
TÜV Rheinland se encuentra en 65 países, acercándole a las
personas, empresas y organizaciones todo su conocimiento,
brindándoles un servicio objetivo e independiente.
TÜV Rheinland
Nearly 140 Years of Innovation.
1872
1957
2009
Entrepreneurs take the initiative
and set up the DÜV to ensure the
safety of their manufacturing plants
Commitment to environmental
protection: dust register in Cologne
World‘s largest
photovoltaic lab
2006
1918
Activities in the energy
and mining sectors
3
Joined the
UN Global Compact
1926
1975
First material analysis
laboratory
Medical work
1900
1969
2007
Vehicle inspection and driving
license tests
International product
tests and certifications
Represented on all
continents
The Business Units of the TÜV Rheinland
Overall, much more than adding up parts
Industrial Services
Mobility
Products
Life Care
Training and Consulting
Systems
4
TÜV Rheinland Group.
Clear structures for complex tasks.
Alleinaktionär: TÜV Rheinland Berlin Brandenburg Pfalz e.V.
TÜV Rheinland Holding AG
TÜV Rheinland
Industrie Service GmbH
TÜV Rheinland
Kraftfahrt GmbH
TÜV Rheinland
Product Safety GmbH
TÜV Rheinland Leben
und Gesundheit GmbH
TÜV Rheinland Bildung
und Consulting GmbH
TÜV Rheinland
Systeme GmbH
5
TÜV International GmbH
TÜV Rheinland Pension
Fund GmbH
TÜV Rheinland
Immobilien GmbH & Co. KG
weitere Tochter- und
Beteiligungsgesellschaften
Westeuropa
(23 Tochtergesellschaften)
Mittel-/Osteuropa
Asien/Ozeanien
Amerika
Afrika/Mittlerer Osten
TÜV Rheinland Group
Carbon Services provided by:
TEU – TÜV Rheinland Energie und Umwelt GmbH
A Carbon Neutral Company !!
6
Experts for Your Success.
Staff growth 2005 – 2011
16.000
12.980
9.220
6.070
3.950
7
6.600
9.200
Outside Germany
10.300
Germany
12.070
4.700
5.270
5.600
6.000
6.380
6.800
2005
2006
2007
2008
2011
Sales Growth 2005 – 2011.
Revenue in € millions
902
796
244
8
318
985
approx
700
690
approx
700
2008
2011
397
552
584
588
2005
2006
2007
410
Germany
1.100
Outside Germany
1.417
Nuestros Servicios.
Certificación
Inspección
Productos
9
Auditorías
Sistemas
Capacitación
Procesos
Calificación
Personas
Sales by Business (Percent)
9
26
12
Industrial Services
Mobility
Products
5
Life Care
Training & Consulting
Systems
24
10
24
Movilidad y Tránsito
Seguridad y eficiencia en el transporte
11
Movilidad y Tránsito
Las actividades del área de Movilidad y
Tránsito están destinadas a mejorar la
seguridad y eficiencia en el transporte, tanto
de personas como de cargas. Para ello, los
especialistas de TÜV Rheinland ofrecen
diferentes servicios que buscan reducir los
posibles accidentes producidos por factores
mecánicos y humanos, garantizando así la
seguridad de las personas, la protección del
medio ambiente y una mejor calidad de vida.
Servicios para personas y empresas.
 Gestión Integral de Flotas
 Seguridad Ferroviaria
 Auditorías de Reparación y
Estado
 Analisis de Accidentes y
descarrilamientos
 Certificación de Talleres
 Auditorías de
Concesionarios
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 Seguridad Aérea
Servicios Industriales
Valor Agregado
Para la industria.
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Servicios Industriales y Ambientales
La seguridad industrial en equipos e instalaciones es
una actividad que podemos ubicar en los orígenes de
TÜV Rheinland. La creciente cantidad de accidentes en
las calderas de vapor de las primeras industrias del
siglo XIX, hizo necesaria la intervención del Estado
alemán para garantizar la seguridad de las personas a
través del control permanente de las instalaciones por
una tercera parte independiente.
Prestigio y experiencia en servicios industriales.
 Seguridad Industrial
 Certificación de Equipos de
Izaje y Viales
 Energía y Medio Ambiente
 Supply Chain, Expediting
 Gerencia de Proyectos
 Inspecciones Viales,
Ferroviarias y de Aviación
 Inspección de Tanques bajo
Norma API y supervisión
 Auditorías Energeticas
 Validación de MDL y Huella de durante su fabricación.
 Monitoreo de inversión
Carbóno
 Certificación de Andamios y
Ascensores
 Laboratorio de Suelos y
Concretos
 Supervisión de Proyectos
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 Inspección de Materiales y
Equipos
Certificación de Productos
Acceso a Mercados Internacionales.
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Certificación de Productos
TÜV Rheinland evalúa, ensaya y certifica la
seguridad y calidad de productos en una amplia
variedad de categorías. La certificación otorgada
por un organismo internacional reconocido
mundialmente no sólo garantiza a los consumidores
la seguridad del producto, sino que también le
posibilita a las empresas el acceso a los diferentes
mercados.
Servicios globales y flexibles
 Productos Eléctricos y
Electrónicos
 Juguetes
 Telecomunicaciones y
Compatibilidad
Electromagnética
 Eficiencia Energética
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 Servicios de Inspección
Preembarque
 Servicios de Acceso a
Mercados
Sistemas de Gestión
Respaldo en todo el mundo.
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Sistemas de Gestión
La gestión de la calidad, la protección del medio
ambiente, la seguridad e higiene laboral y la
responsabilidad social son elementos esenciales
de la gestión global de una empresa. TÜV
Rheinland garantiza profesionalidad y
reconocimiento mundial de su certificado.
Certificación avalada en todo el mundo
 ISO 9001 - Calidad
 ISO 27001 - Seguridad de la
Información
 ISO 14001 - Medio Ambiente
 SA 8000 - Responsabilidad Social
 OHSAS 18001 - Salud y
Seguridad Ocupacional
 ISO 22000 - Inocuidad de los
Alimentos
 ISO/TS 16949 - Calidad en la
Industria Automotriz
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 ISO 20000 - Servicios de
Tecnología de la Información
 ISO 28000 - Seguridad en la
Cadena de Suministro
 ISO 10012 - Mediciones
 FSC - Certificación Forestal
 ISCC - Sustentabilidad de
Biocombustibles
Servicios Agroalimentarios
Servicios Integrales
Para la Cadena Agroalimentaria.
Our goal, and yours:
Peak performance.
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Servicios Agroalimentarios.
Los servicios de TÜV Rheinland en la actividad
agroalimentaria procuran atender la creciente
demanda global en materia de seguridad y calidad
en los alimentos. Basándose en exigencias,
normativas, acreditaciones y avales internacionales,
asegura el acceso de productos alimenticios a los
distintos mercados del mundo.
Servicios integrales para la cadena agroalimentaria.
 Certificación de Buenas Prácticas
Agrícolas: GlobalGAP y Tesco
Nurture Choice
 Certificación de Trazabilidad
 Certificación de Atributos de
Calidad - Res. SENASA 280/01
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 Certificación de Buenas
 Programa de Certificación
Prácticas de Manufactura
por Etapas en Inocuidad
en Industrias y Servicios de Alimentaria
Alimentos
 Auditorías de Segunda Parte
 Certificación de BRC e IFS  Programa de Monitoreo
 Auditorías de Diagnóstico
en Inocuidad Alimentaria
Voluntario de Control
Sanitario
Capacitación
Experiencia
Que se Transmite
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Capacitación
En la actualidad, las empresas comprenden que la
adecuada calificación de sus empleados es una
pieza fundamental en el éxito futuro de la
compañía. Para lograrlo, pueden encontrar en TÜV
Rheinland un proveedor de servicios de
capacitación con amplia experiencia y
reconocimiento internacional en temas relacionados
con la calidad, la seguridad y el medio ambiente.
Cursos para el desarrollo profesional.
 Sistemas de Gestión: Auditor Interno,
Auditor Líder IRCA, otros
 Servicios Industriales: Seguridad
Funcional, Operación de Equipos
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 Movilidad y Tránsito: Manejo
Proactivo, 4x4
Nuestros Sellos y Marcas
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Nuestra Experiencia y Clientes.
PETROBRAS
Inspección de Equipos y control de Calidad
Planificación y Ejecución de Manufactura de la inspección de los proveedores en
los estados de Sao Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina y Rio Grande do Sul Servicios
de Inspección de Pre-embarque.
Servicio de asistencia técnica en el análisis de los técnicos activos de formación
en la empresa PETROBRAS para la evaluación y la evaluación de las empresas
encargadas de la inspección de los proveedores designados por Petrobras en
Brasil y en el extranjero.
Planificación de Proyectos, Compras y Materiales de seguimiento Monte
(tuberías, calderas, instrumentación, civil y eléctrica para las empresas que serán
ejecutados por las Unidades de Ingeniería y de Operaciones de Cruce REPLAN
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VALE
 Experiencia en el Desarrollo de Ingeniería de Procesos, Gestión y supervisión de
la ejecución de proyectos bajo la responsabilidad de GAEFG y GAIOG.
Gestión de Obras Civiles y Servicios de Implementación de Proyectos de
señalización tipo "Fail Safe" en el Patio de Costa Lacerda y renovación tecnológica
y la expansión de la capacidad EFVM - Estrada de Ferro Vitoria uno Minas
ODEBRECHT S.A
 Servicio de inspección y expediting de los materiales y equipos.
Mantenimiento Base Macaé
Servicio si la inspección de la fabricación y expediting el Proyecto Metro de Los Teques,
Venezuela.
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YPFB Transporte S.A
 Inspección en proceso expediting, revisión de la documentación - fabricante de
revestimiento de tuberías para gas natural
ISOLUX CORSAN - IECSA UTE
 Inspección en proceso expediting, revisión de la documentación - generadores
eléctricos y turbinas de gas fabricado por SIEMENS
METRORED TELECOMUNICACIONES, CONSÓRCIO PÉGASUS-ENGEREDESINTELIG & EMBRATEL
Gerencia y Supervisión en la construcción de Redes de Fibra Óptica
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Otros de Nuestros Principales Clientes.
 EEPSA
 RENOVA SAC
 PETRO PERU
 TECNICAS METALICAS INGENIEROS
 SERPEBOLT
 OPTICA SERVAN
 CONIRSA
 VOPAK
 TECHINT
 TIPIEL
 COGA - TGP
 ATE - Transmissora de Energia S.A.
 MINERA ANTAMINA
 ENGEVIX ENGENHARIA S/A
 YANACOCHA
 PERENNE
 PLUSPETROL
 TECHNIP BRASIL ENGENHARIA-
 PESQUERA TECNOLOGICA DE ALIMENTOS
INSTALAÇÕES E APOIO MARITIMO
 MINERA BARRICK
 VALE - CIA VALE DO RIO DOCE
 UNIVERSIDAD CATOLICA
 TRANSPETRO - Petrobras Transporte S.A.
 HIDROSTAL
 COMPANHIA METROPOLITANA DE
 PUCP – SERVICIO DE SALUD
27
HABITAÇÃO DE SÃO PAULO
Nuestros Principales Clientes.
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Identidad Corporativa
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Misión y Visión
Misión
Avalamos el desempeño de nuestros clientes y
promovemos su compromiso con la calidad, la
seguridad y el medio ambiente para beneficio de toda
la sociedad, verificando el cumplimiento de los
requisitos técnicos y legales vigentes y acompañando
el desarrollo compatible de la tecnología con el
hombre y su entorno.
Visión
Ser la empresa de referencia en el ámbito de la
calidad, la seguridad y el medio ambiente en
Sudamérica en colaboración e integración con las
filiales del Grupo en la región.
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Valores
Profesionalismo
Integración y respeto
Brindamos nuestros servicios basados en el
Promovemos la comunicación, colaboración y
cooperación entre departamentos basados en la
confianza y el respeto mutuo, conformando un
equipo con objetivos comunes.
cumplimiento de reglas técnicas, legislaciones
vigentes
y principio éticos con seriedad y
eficiencia.
Independencia
Integramos un equipo interdisciplinario cuyo
objetivo es brindar a nuestros clientes
competencia técnica de forma imparcial y objetiva.
Compromiso y vocación de servicio al
cliente
Asumimos con responsabilidad nuestras tareas en
vistas a satisfacer los requerimientos de nuestros
clientes, buscando soluciones creativas a sus
diferentes necesidades.
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Reconocimiento
Alentamos el trabajo en equipo para potenciar la
contribución de todos sus miembros y hacerlos
partícipes de los logros de la organización.
Responsabilidad
Trabajamos con responsabilidad hacia nuestros
clientes, colaboradores y medio ambiente,
promoviendo el diálogo y respeto hacia nuestros
diferentes interlocutores.
Agenda Day 1 and 2 (4 and 5 June 2012)
 Introduction of TÜV Rheinland
 Strategies of post-Kyoto
 CDM / JI
 Carbon Markets / Emission Trading Schemes
 Voluntary Markets
 Carbon Credits
 Corporate Carbon Footprint / Carbon Offsetting
 ISO 14064 / GHG Protocol
 Energy Efficiency
 Waste Management
 Exercise 1:
CCF development for virtual company xyz
 Exercise 2:
CCF development for Chemistry Department of UCR
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EMISIONES AGREGADAS
El Cronograma de Kyoto:
Emisiones GEI ton/a ño Anexo B
Reducciones GEI Pactadas y Potenciales
META: 1990-5.2%
META 2 ?
ETS
KYOTO
Periodo 1
KYOTO
Periodo 2
2012
1990
MDL
EUETS 05 price
02/07/05
02/06/05
02/05/05
02/04/05
02/03/05
02/02/05
02/01/05
02/12/04
02/11/04
02/10/04
02/09/04
02/08/04
02/07/04
02/06/04
02/05/04
02/04/04
02/03/04
02/02/04
02/01/04
02/12/03
02/11/03
02/10/03
02/09/03
02/08/03
02/07/03
€/tonne CO2
35
140
30
120
25
100
20
80
15
60
10
40
5
20
0
0
Cumulative Traded Volumes
(million tonnes)
Volúmenes comercializados y precios
(antes y después de la entrada en vigor del PK)
EUETS 05
Historical Price & Traded Volumes
Total Traded Volume EUETS 05-07
Source: Barclays Capital
Reducción Potencial de CO2 (2002-2030)
100%
20%
21%
15%
5%
80%
10%
60%
17%
5%
7%
12%
21%
8%
1%
4%
7%
10%
40%
63%
58%
67%
49%
20%
0%
World
OECD
Transition econ Developing countries
 End-use efficiency gains
Fuel switching in end uses
Changes in the fossil-fuel mix in power generation
Increased renewables in power generation
Increased nuclear in power generation
Contribución a las reducciones potenciales de emisiones de GEI: Mejora en la
eficiencia en los sectores de uso-final 67% & Renovables 17%
– Reconocimiento de la necesidad de prever el
próximo período de compromiso y de la
necesidad de hacer algo para lograr cierta
estabilidad en las emisiones.
– En lo demás, el principal consenso es que no hay
consenso.
– Diversas Visiones, apoyadas en distintos criterios
– Diversos compromisos de mitigación, algunos
basados en topes de emisiones, otros en
emisiones específicas o en intensidad de las
emisiones
– Mayor presión a los no Anexo I para asumir
compromisos. En algunos casos enfocados en
los “KDC”.
• Más de 50 propuestas de “Arquitecturas” postKyoto discutidas en la literatura
• Clasificadas de acuerdo con características
comunes
• Algunas de ellas son más difíciles de acordar. En
general responden a diferentes puntos de vista sobre
el Cambio Climático y los enfoques de política
• Enfocadas en estrategias y herramientas de política
que han recibido amplia atención en la literatura
como posibles opciones Post-Kyoto
Características Comunes
• Metas y Cronogramas de Emisiones
de GEI
- Absolutos
- Dinámicos
• Políticas y Medidas
- Domésticas
- Armonizadas
- Suplementarias o Alternativas
• Cooperación, Transferencia y Adaptación de Tecnológica
- CDM
Metas y Cronogramas
(Targets and Timetables)
• Muchas propuestas incluyen T&T permitiendo ET y la ampliación
del MDL y la JI
• Inversiones en tecnologías menos emisoras, dependiendo del
costo del carbono, el período de tiempo y la tecnología
• Nivel de precios del carbono depende de:
-Compromisos de mitigación
-Tamaño y composición del mercado
- Hot Air
-Medidas y tecnologías que se elijan
-Costos de mitigación específicos por tecnología
• Puntos de discusión en el enfoque T&T
- Metas de emisiones absolutas de carácter obligatorio (con/sin
topes, duales)
- Metas no-obligatorias o de no-pérdida
- Metas de Intensidad o Dinámicas / Metas duales de intensidad
- Metas sectoriales / CDM Extendido (Líneas de Base
Sectoriales)
Metas obligatorias en términos absolutos con y sin topes (caps)
• Países se obligan a mantener niveles absolutos de GEI en un
año/período objetivo por debajo de una cantidad fija (relativa a un año
base)
• Cada país puede determinar sus propios instrumentos y estrategia
• Una variación de las metas absolutas (en la que está permitida la ET) es
establecer un precio testigo para los permisos para evitar costos
excesivos para los participantes en el mercado por las fluctuaciones en
el precio
•Permite ET (supuesto de costo-efectividad)
• Certeza en los niveles de emisiones (en caso de cumplimiento)
• Compatible con PK
•Metas en términos absolutos: irreal para DC’s
Metas Obligatorias basadas en la Capacidad de Pago
– Imposición de una restricción de emisiones a
L/P
– Capacidad de pago medida a través del PBI
– Líneas de Base oscilantes
– En el marco de la CMNUCC
– Metas de emisiones y esfuerzo tecnológico
de los países más ricos
– Los DC’s entrarían al esquema una vez que
alcancen cierto nivel de PBI per cápita
Metas Obligatorias Absolutas (con y sin topes)
costo
Nivel de precios de seguridad
Emisiones de GEI
precios
permisos
Emisiones
actuales
tiempo
Compras CRC
Meta obligatoria
Ingresos potenciales por CRC
Fecha de
negociación
Fuente: Weisser (2010)
Período de
compromiso
años
Metas Duales (Absolutas)
•Se definen dos metas
- Meta de venta debajo de la cual los CRC pueden venderse
- Meta de compra encima de la cual los CRC deben comprarse
• La meta se alcanza si las emisiones absolutas caen dentro de estos dos
límites
• Mayor Flexibilidad
• Ajustes Menores respecto de PK
• Menor certeza en nivel de emisiones global
• Definición de dos metas es más complicado que una
Metas Duales (Absolutas) II
Meta de compra
Emisiones de GEI
Compra de CRC
Meta de ventas
Ingresos potenciales
por CRC
Fecha de la
negociación
Período de
compromiso
años
Metas voluntarias / sin pérdidas (I)
• Ayuda a incorporar países sin metas obligatorias
• Metas voluntarias abiertas a la comercialización que permiten
que los países vendan los superávits sobre los topes permitidos
(requiere la existencia de la demanda)
• Un país con metas voluntarias es un vendedor potencial, no un
comprador potencial.
Aspectos importantes a tener en cuenta
• Mayor flexibilidad
• Ajustes menores respecto del PK
• Menor certeza sobre los niveles de emisiones globales
Metas voluntarias sin pérdidas II
Business-as-usual:
sin obligación de
compra
Emisiones de GEI
Meta Voluntaria
Ingresos Potenciales
por CRC
Fecha de
negociación
Período de
Compromiso
años
Intensidad / Metas Dinámicas (I)
• Establecimiento de metas domésticas de intensidad de emisiones
(nacionales/sectoriales) en un período anual dado
• Comúnmente expresados como emisiones/PBI. Para metas sectoriales
puede ser expresado dinámicamente en términos específicos (emisiones
/ toneladas de acero; etc.)
• Mayor flexibilidad si el crecimiento económico no coincide con el
anticipado. No necesariamente limita el crecimiento económico.
Asegura mejora en la intensidad de carbono de la economía.
• Reduce certidumbre en los niveles de emisiones globales
• Requiere conocimiento sobre la relación entre emisiones y PBI
Metas Duales intensidad/dinámica II
Intensidad de GEI
Meta de Intensidad (I): tasa de emisiones contra PBI
PBI: PBI real durante el período de compromiso
Alfa: Coeficiente sobre el PBI – determina cómo
cambia la meta de emisiones en respuesta a los
cambios en el PBI.
Meta de
Intensidad =
Emisiones
PBI 
Emisiones  I1  PBI 
Emisiones  I 2  PBI  , I1  I 2
Compra de CRC
Meta de
compras
(obligatoria)
Fecha de
negociación
Ingresos potenciales
por CRC
Período de
Compromiso
Meta de ventas
(no-obligatoria)
años
CDM Extendido / Línea de Base Sectorial
• Propuesta de contabilizar las reducciones de emisiones
como
resultado de las políticas sectoriales en DC’s - Unilateral
• El límite del proyecto es el propio sector como un todo (generación
eléctrica, transporte, etc.)
• CRC calculados como la diferencia entre la línea de base (sin las
nuevas políticas) y el nivel actual
Aspectos importantes de tener en cuenta
• Voluntario
• Simplificación del MDL
• Puede servir como punto de partida para compromisos obligatorios
• Necesidad de controles para asegurar la efectividad ambiental
CDM Extendido CDM / Línea de Base
Sectorial (II)
Línea de Base Sectorial BAU
Emisiones de GEI
Sin obligación
Estándares
Tecnológicos
Potencial CRC
Fecha de
negociación
Período de
Compromiso
años
Metas Sectoriales
• Metas definidas para sectores elegidos
• Metas de distinto tipo: absolutas, dinámicas, duales, sin-pérdida, etc.
• Metas pueden definirse a nivel global o individualmente
• Puede enfocarse en los sectores más importantes
• Implementadas a nivel global, reducen preocupaciones relacionadas
con la competitividad
• Puede ajustarse al PK
• Requiere información sectorial detallada (no necesariamente
disponible)
• Requiere establecimiento cuidadoso de la meta
• Menor certeza sobre el impacto en el nivel global de emisiones
Metas Nacionales: Criterios Bottom - Up
– Metas nacionales, técnica, económica, social y
políticamente aceptables, definidas por cada país,
basadas en sus circunstancias nacionales, en
lugar de una meta fijada top – down
internacionalmente
– Puede ser en el Marco del PK en el segundo
período de compromiso (2013-2017).
– Paquete de medidas que combinan metas
nacionales de emisiones y políticas y medidas
(PAMS) nacionales.
– Pueden incluirse compromisos de TT
– Los compromisos reflejarían las circunstancias
nacionales de cada país.
Políticas & Medidas (PAM’s) (I)
•Políticas y Medidas basadas en Instrumentos (acciones locales)
•Armonización de políticas y medidas (acciones en el nivel internacional)
PAM’s pueden ser usadas por los países individualmente para cumplir
con sus metas o bien pueden ser implementadas por un grupo de
países para evitar las potenciales desventajas en la competitividad
Ejemplos de PAM’s
• Comando & Control
• Instrumentos Económicos
Políticas y Medidas (PAM’s) II – C&C
• Estándares Tecnológicos
- Especifican métodos (equipos) que las entidades (industrias) reguladas pueden usar a
los fines de alcanzar la reducción de emisiones comprometidas
- Industrias Energo-intensivas que emiten grandes cantidades de GEI
• Estándares de desempeño
- Establecimiento de requerimientos de reducciones de emisiones para todas las
actividades reguladas, pero con flexibilidad en los métodos y/o tecnologías utilizadas
• Costo-Efectividad de C&C e IE
• Dificultad de comprometer políticas domésticas ambiciosas sin previa coordinación
internacional
• Ampliamente usados como herramienta doméstica para diversos objetivos
Políticas y Medidas (PAM’s) III - IE
• Permisos de Emisiones Transables / ETS
- Asignación de Derechos de Emisiones de Carbono
- Cantidad Total de Permisos igual a la Meta
- Permisos asignados de acuerdo con diversos criterios
- Las entidades que emitan menos que sus cantidades asignadas
pueden vender permisos a las entidades que encuentren ese precio
menor que sus propios costos de mitigación
Algunos aspectos importantes a tener en cuenta
- Costo-Efectividad
- Certeza en el resultado final desde el punto de vista de las emisiones
- Número de participantes, volumen del intercambio, costos de transacción,
complejidad,
- Poder de policía, monitoreo, autoridad de aplicación a nivel internacional
- Efectos distributivos varían de acuerdo con el sistema de asignación
inicial
Políticas y Medidas (PAM’s) (IV) - IE
• Carbon-taxes
•Acciones acordadas, coordinadas y armonizadas entre todos los
países
•Aplicables a todos los países. Los DC’s ingresarían en una etapa
posterior
•Impuesto común a los combustibles fósiles basado en el contenido
de carbono de los mismos. Tasa ajustable a intervalos regulares.
Adaptación, cooperación & TT
Enfoque de la Colaboración Tecnológica Internacional
- Incremento de los fondos en I&D para acelerar la
implementación de innovaciones tecnológicas hacia tecnologías
no emisoras o de baja emisión
-Oportunidad para la creación de nichos tecnológicos para la
aplicación de tecnologías de interés mutuo.
Asignación de los compromisos a lo largo
del tiempo entre los participantes
Compromisos de mitigación deben ser diferentes (responsabilidades
comunes pero diferenciadas):
• Responsabilidad histórica
•
•
•
Nivel de Desarrollo
Niveles de emisiones de GHG (absolutos, específicos y per cápita)
Potencial y Capacidad de Mitigar, etc.
UNFCCC / PK : Anexo I
Países No-Anexo I. Sólo tendrían que asumir compromisos una vez que los
Anexo I muestren avances significativos en el cumplimiento de los suyos.
Compromisos diferenciados respecto de los Anexo I de acuerdo con:
responsabilidad, nivel de desarrollo, niveles absolutos y relativos de
emisiones, etc.
ENFOQUE MULTI-ETAPAS
Enfoque Multi - Etapas
Idea Básica: en las primeras etapas de desarrollo (A) los países aumentan sus
emisiones, luego se mantienen (B), y por último declinan (C)
Emisiones de GEI per cápita
The threshold for participation declina en el tiempo (sombreado) a medida que
las tecnologías se vuelven más eficientes
A
B
C
tiempo
(PBI per cápita creciente)
Contracción y Convergencia
– Sendero de L/P para la evolución del régimen climático.
– Las emisiones nacionales de GEI deben converger a un
nivel común de emisiones per cápita
– Dos pasos: (1) especificación de un nivel agregado de
emisiones globales que dé como resultado un nivel
acordado de concentraciones de GEI (2) reparto de
permisos de emisiones entre los países para que las
emisiones per cápita converjan en un año determinado
– Cada país recibe una cantidad de emisiones para realizar en
todo el período. Pueden preverse sistemas de
comercialización de estos permisos a nivel nacional,
internacional e interregional.
– Sistema global en el que entran todos los países
– Las tasas de contracción y convergencia serían
periódicamente revisadas
– GCI (1998-2000)
Contracción & Convergencia
Idea Básica: Metas fijas y obligatorias para todos los países, con un sendero
de emisiones acordado que estabiliza concentraciones de GEI (contracción)
t c per cápita
Giga toneladas de carbono
El presupuesto de emisiones globales para cada año se divide entre los
países para que converjan las emisiones per cápita en un año acordado
(convergencia).
contracción
RDM
tiempo
Europa
U.S
Otros enfoques
“Global Triptych”
- Asignación de metas fijas y obligatorias para todos los países al 2020 y
2050 basadas en tres sectores: eficiencia energética en industrias energointensivas, convergencia de intensidad de GEI en la generación eléctrica y
convergencia de las emisiones per cápita en el sector residencial.
- Las cantidades asignadas localmente resultarían de la suma de las
asignaciones para los tres sectores compatibles con la estabilización de
las concentraciones de GEI.
Igualación de las emisiones per cápita
- Asignación global de permisos de emisiones basada en una estricta
igualdad en términos per cápita Global con niveles fijos de emisiones
totales sobre la base de los niveles estimados para 2015
Propuesta Brasileña
•
Asignación de metas fijas y obligatorias para todos los países
(reparto de la carga de reducir emisiones) de acuerdo con la
responsabilidad histórica en los cambios de temperatura
– Reducción del 30% de los niveles de emisiones del Anexo I
en 1990, para el 2020.
– Fondo para un Desarrollo Limpio. Penalización de U$S 10
por tonelada de CO2 emitido más allá de los límites fijados.
Con ese fondo se financiarían proyectos de desarrollo
limpio en PVD. El 10% del Fondo sería para proyectos de
adaptación.
– En el marco de la CMNUCC
– Metas de emisiones basadas en la responsabilidad histórica
en el aumento de la temperatura
Negociación política
Algunas propuestas tienen más consenso que otras para formar parte de
un régimen climático Post-Kyoto
• Consenso dificultoso:
- Metas de estabilización a largo plazo
- PAM’s armonizadas
- Fórmulas basadas en el reparto de la carga
- Acciones agresivas de corto plazo
• Potencial consenso
- Reducciones paulatinas
- Reducciones modestas en el futuro cercano
- PAM’s bottom-up
- Reparto de la carga en bottom-up
68
Climate Change
Deviation from 1951-1980 mean, C°
Global-Mean Surface Temperature
0,7
0,4
0,2
-0,1
-0,3
-0,6
1880
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
Annual
5-year mean
Source: NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies
• Temperatures are predicted to rise by 1.4 - 5.8 C°
by 2100 if no additional measures are taken(1)
• Sea levels will rise 8 to 88 centimeters by 2100
according to IPCC(1)
1)
69
Changes in GHG from
Ice-core and Modern Data
Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
• Comprehensive action is required to stabilise and
eventually decrease the levels of GHG in the
atmosphere
Source: Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, May 2001
Consequences
70
Floods
Storms / Hurricanes
Droughts
Deluges
Heat Waves
Landslides
Kyoto Gases and their GWPs against CO2e
GHG
GWP
CO2
1
(Carbon Dioxide)
CH4
21
(Methane)
N 2O
310
(Nitrous Oxide)
HFCs
140 – 11.700
(Hydrofluorocarbons)
PFCs
6.500-9.200
(Perfluorocarbons)
SF6
(Sulphur Hexafluoride)
http://unfccc.int/ghg_data/items/3825.php
71
23.900
International Policy Milestones
UNCED
1992 Rio
COP 1
1995
Berlin
COP 2
1996
Genf
COP 3
1997 Kyoto
COP 4
1998
Buenos Aires
COP 5
1999
Bonn
COP 6 ff
2000
COP 6
2001
COP 7
=>
Berlin Mandate
1) Definition of Reduction Targets
2) Definition of Kyoto-Mechanisms
=> Kyoto Protocol
=>
Buenos Aires Action Plan
Den Haag
=>
Operationalität des Kyoto-Protokolls
Bonn
=>
Bonn Decisions
2001 Marrakesh
COP 8
2002
New Delhi
COP 9
2003
Milano
COP 10
2004
Buenos Aires
COP 11 / CMP 1
2005
Montreal
COP 12 / CMP 2
2006
Nairobi
COP 13 / CMP 3
2007
Bali
COP 14 / CMP 4
2008
Poznan
COP 15 / CMP 5
2009
Copenhagen
CMP 6
CMP 7
2010
2011
Cancún
Durban
72
=> UNFCCC
=> Marrakesh Accords
=>
Delhi Declaration
ARA_001_i01.xls
(12) CDM > CERs
(6) JI
> ERUs
(17) IET > AAUs
3) Practical Guidance
for Project Processing
Kyoto Protocol
 Developed 1997
 Entered into force: 2005
 Mandatory for 35 developed countries (Annex B countries)
 Target: Cut emissions by 5.2% by 2008-2012, vs. emissions 1990
 Flexible project mechanisms CDM (Art. 12) and JI (Art. 6):
Investments (technology transfer) against CO2 credits
 Flexible trading mechanism IET (Art. 17)
73
What means CDM ?
Art. 12 KP -> Clean Development Mechanism
Emission reduction projects
in non-Annex I countries
Project Financing
CO2 Credits = CERs
Annex B Country
(Investor Country)
Non-Annex B Country
(Host Country)
Global GHG emissions are reduced
74
CDM Macro Structure
Project
Company
Host
Country
Money
AAU
CER
Real Emission
Reduction
Investor
Country’s
Emission
Rights
• Host country is a non-Annex-B country which has ratified the KP
• Project company has emission reduction certified (CER)
• Project company sells CER to investor country (Annex B)
• CER is recorded in registry of investor country
• Investor country is allowed to emit more GHGs
75
JI Macro Structure
Host
Country’s
Emission
Rights
Project
Company
Money
Investor
Country’s
Emission
Rights
ERU
ERU
Real Emission
Reduction
• Host country is an Annex-B country
• Project company obtains Emission Reduction Units from Host Country
• Project company sells ERU to investor country (Annex-B country II)
• ERU is recorded in registry of investor country
• Investor country allowed to emit more, host country forced to emit less
76
JI Overview
Overview
•
Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) can be
acquired from emission reduction projects in
other industrialised countries
•
JI projects are implemented primarily in
Economies in Transition countries
JI project pipeline by countries(3)
Ukraine
22%
Hungary
4%
- Most important host countries Russia and
Ukraine
•
•
1) Source. State and Trends of the Carbon Market 2007, World Bank
2) Coverted from USD to EUR using ECB’s average annual exchange rate
1.2556 for 2006
77
Estonia
2%
Lithuania
2%
Issuance of ERUs commences in 2008
ERUs traded totalled 16.7 MtCO2e in 2006,
(forward basis) corresponding to a value of
EUR 112 million(1)(2)
Bulgaria
9%
Czech Republic
2%
Romania
4%
Poland
3%
Other
1%
Russia
50%
3) Source. UNEP Risoe CDM/JI Pipeline Analysis and Database, August 2007
CDM - JI
CDM
JI
Host Country
Non-Annex B
(mainly Asia, S. America and
Africa)
Annex B
(mainly Eastern Europe)
Investor Country
Annex B
Annex B
Top 3 Countries
Hosting Projects
China, India, Brazil
Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria
Period of Legal
Effectiveness
2000-2012
post 2012 pending
2008-2012
post 2012 pending
Major Administrative
Bodies
CDM EB to the UNFCCC
Track 1
Annex I Host State &
Annex I Investor State
Track 2
JISC to the UNFCCC
78
Timeline Kyoto Protocol and EU ETS
2005 - 2007
2008 - 2012
2013 - 2020
EU-ETS 1
EU-ETS 2
EU ETS 3 -->
pre-Kyoto ---->
Kyoto ----->
post Kyoto
______________________________________________________________________
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
--- CDM Projects (2000-2012) -------------------------------------------->
JI Projects (2008-2012) --------------------->
79
Registered CDM Projects Worldwide by Scope
Registered CDM Projects by Scope
1,16%
0,27%
Agriculture
0,79%
10,23%
5,37%
Afforestation
Biomass energy
1,84%
Landfill
Cement
0,02%
Methane
Avoidance
CO2 usage
0,64%
Coal bed/mine methane
Energy distribution
EE households
EE industry
EE own generation
EE service
EE supply side
26,13%
Fossil fuel switch
Fugitive
23,61%
Hydro
Wind
Geothermal
HFCs
Hydro
Landfill gas
Methane avoidance
N2O
PFCs and SF6
Reforestation
Biomass
0,35%
Solar
EE
0,27%
0,67%
0,40%
11,75%
7,21%
2,01%
0,34%
0,75%
1,10% 1,23%
0,06%
Data source: UNFCCC website, September 2011
80
Tidal
0,02%
Transport
Wind
2,01%
1,60%
0,17%
Amount of Issued CERs in %
Costa Rica
0,06%
Amount of Issued CERs
Ecuador
0,19%
Peru
0,11%
Colombia
0,18%
China
70,31%
Brazil
9,87%
India
19,29%
Datasource:http://cdm.unfccc.int/Statistics/Issuance/CERsIssuedByHostPartyPieChart.html
81
Amount of Issued CERs
(Millions t CO2)
China
70 %
408´919.730
India
19 %
112´173.710
Brazil
10 %
57´377.019
Colombia
0,2 % (31 registered projects)
1´069.716
Ecuador
1´131.968
Peru
619.651
Costa Rica
82
< 0,1 % (8 registered projects)
320.463
Registered CDM Projects in Costa Rica
*
Registered
Title
Host Parties
Other Parties
Methodology
13 Oct 05
Rio Azul landfill gas and
utilization project in Costa Rica
Costa Rica
Netherlands
AM0011
03 Mar 06
Cote small-scale hydropower
plant
Costa Rica
Canada
Netherlands
Finland
France
Sweden
Germany
United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland
Japan
Norway
09 Mar 07
La Joya Hydroelectric Project
(Costa Rica)
Costa Rica
23 Mar 07
Tejona Wind Power Project
(TWPP)
30 Nov 07
Reductions
**
Ref
156084
0037
AMS-I.D. ver. 7
6431
0251
Spain
ACM0002 ver. 6
38273
0541
Costa Rica
Netherlands
ACM0002 ver. 6
12600
0824
Switching of fuel from coal to
palm oil mill biomass waste
residues at Industrial de
Oleaginosas Americanas S.A.
(INOLASA)
Costa Rica
Germany
AMS-I.C. ver. 10
38212
1314
05 Jun 08
CEMEX Costa Rica: Use of
biomass residues in Colorado
cement plant
Costa Rica
United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland
ACM0003 ver. 4
42040
1405
11 Feb 11
Guanacaste Wind Farm
Costa Rica
Netherlands
ACM0002 ver. 11
95225
4147
15 Apr 11
Los Mangos landfill gas capture
and flaring project
Costa Rica
ACM0001 ver. 11
29741
4682
83
* AM L
l
ACM C
lid
dM h d l
i
AMS S
ll
l
Designated National Authority for CDM in Costa Rica
84
Eligible Project Types (Samples)
Waste
Oil, coal and gas
Energy Efficiency
Transport
Eligible under
Gold Standard
85
HFC & N2O
Renewable
Baseline (Livestock Farming)
86
Baseline (Livestock Farming)
system boundary
- Animal Farm MANURE MANAGEMENT
(production, collection,
storage, utilization)
ELECTRICITY
87
HEAT
CH4 emissions
Project Activity (Biogas Plant)
88
E
8
5
6
D
M
4
7
B
3
A
M
1
A
B
C
D
E
89
Manure Input
Co-Substrates (optional)
Digestate
Power
Heat
C
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Receiving / Mixing
Digester
Final Storage
Internal Desulphurisation
Biogas Purification
Gas Tank
Gas Engine
system boundary
remaining
CH4 emissions
- Animal Farm MANURE MANAGEMENT
(production, collection,
storage, utilization
Manure, untreated
Manure,
digested
Electricity
Biogas
CO2 emissions
CHP Installation
Electricity
Heat
90
Emission Reductions
Emissions,
t CO2e
Current
Emissions
Baseline
Estimated Project
Emissions
Realised Project
Emissions
2002
Year
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Realised Emission Reduction
91
CDM Project Cycle
Baseline Study
once
Preparation of (PIN) Preparation PDD
Host Country Approval
DOE
DOE
DOE
DOE
Validation of Project continuously
Operation and Monitoring Verification of ER
Certification of ER
periodically
92
New Meth.
UNFCCC Secretary
Registration
Issuance and Transfer of CERs
NewMeth.
Clarification
4 weeks
Deviation
Revision
4 weeks
4 weeks
8 weeks
Meeting of SSC Working Group, Meth. Panel, Executive Board
~ 2‐4 months
Participant Structure of CDM Cycle
Project Owner
Emission Reductions
Purchase Agreement (ERPA)
Host Country:
e.g. Costa Rica
Cash-Flow
CERs
CER Delivery to
Investor
Host Government
Approval
CDM
Project Registration
Investor Country:
e.g. Germany
CDM
Project
Project
Validation
CER
Verification
Issuance of
CERs
Certification of
Emission Reductions
CDM Executive Board
of the UNFCCC
Designated
Operational Entity (DOE)
93
National AAU
Registry
Crucial Criteria for all Standards: Additionality
“A project activity is
additional
if anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases by
sources are reduced below those that would have
occurred in the absence of the registered CDM project
activity.”
94
CER Risk-Price-Relation
Project
Validation /
Registration of
Identification
Determination
the project
Verification &
Indicative price
Issuance of
level in the
Emission Reductions
market
<- Primery CERs
Secondary CERs ->
Price
Risk
Globally highest
reference price
(currently EUA)
95
Carbon Markets / Emission Trading Schemes
Image Source:
http://www.trust.org/alertn
et/news/world-pondersalternatives-to-troubledcarbon-market
96
Three Principles of Emission Trading Schemes
1. To mitigate climate change effectively, a limit must be placed on rights to
emit greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, and this must be reduced over
time to the level that prevents any net accumulation in the atmosphere.
2. The total GHG volume of the market is established by the government
requiring emitters to receive and retire permits if they wish to release
greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.
3. A permit represents a tradeable instrument with inherent market value that
can be exchanged between sellers and buyers in an “emission market”.
Main goal
“To globally reduce emissions through the most economic way“
97
How does it work -> Cap & Trade
•
•
•
Art 17 IET/ International Emission Trading (Cap & Trade)
Art 12 CDM / Clean Development Mechanism
Art 6 JI / Joint Implementation
Baseline
& Credit
project
Baseline
& Credit
project
CO2-Emissions
Allowed Cap
(AAUs)
Allowed Emissions
(AAUs/ Assigned Amount Units)
Real emissionen of Annex B Country
Emission saving (can be sold)
Annex B Countries
Excess demand (must be bought)
Emissions Reduction from KP projects
t
98
Kyoto Commitments vs. Emission Status of Annex I Countries
99
Political Instruments of Annex B Countries to reduce Green House Gas Emissions
•
Tax and regulatory measures on households and traffic
affecting approx. 50% of the emission of the countries
gasoline tax; car emission control; energy certificate houses, etc.
•
EU Emission Trading Scheme (Cap & Trade)
affecting approx. 50% of the emission of the countries
obligotory for Combustion facilities > 20 MW thermalinput capacity
Baseline
CO2-Emissions
project
Allowed Cap
(EUAs)
Baseline
project
Allowed Emissions
(EUAs/ EU Allowances)
Real emissionen of a facility
Emission saving (can be sold)
Excess demand (must be bought)
EU ETS Installations
Emission Reductions from KP projects
t
100
Carbon Trading Market – Basics Installation Compliances
101
Compliance Market Systems
Kyoto Protocol
Int. Emiss.
Trading
CDM
Projects
EU ETS
JI
Projects
Linking Directive;
ProMechG
AAUs
CERs
ERUs
Country compliance
102
EUAs
Installation compliance
Carbon Market Scheme
Image
Source:http://www.car
bonsc.com/cscb/index.
php?option=com_cont
ent&view=article&
amp;id=6&Itemid
=16
103
EU ETS
 The first large scale Green House Gas
trading program.
 Opened for business on January 1st,
2005 the world’s first covering
installations across (at that time) all 25 EU
member states.
 In the first phase (2005–2007), the
EU ETS includes some 12,000
installations, representing approximately
40% of EU CO2 emissions .
104
EU ETS
 In 2007, it was announced that three non-EU members, Norway, Iceland, and
Liechtenstein joined the scheme.
 The second phase (2008–12) expands the scope significantly:
- CDM and JI credits are introduced in second phase through the EU's
'Linking Directive'. Although this was a theoretical possibility in phase I,
the over-allocation of permits combined with the inability to bank them for
use in the second phase meant it was not taken up
 In 2011 the aviation sector was adopted into the EU ETS.
105
EU ETS
106
Carbon Prices EUA OTC Assessment
Point Carbon
107
Carbon Prices sCER OTC Assessment
Point Carbon
108
New South Wales & Australian Capital Territory
Greenhouse Gas Abatement Scheme
Launched: NSW in 2003, ACT in 2005
A mandatory scheme which also includes installations in
Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, and Tasmania.
Target: Cut greenhouse gas emissions to 7.27 tonnes per
capita by 2007, 5 % below 1990 levels
Image Source:
http://www.engineersjournal.ie/
media/engineersjournal/content/
may2010issue/ed_popup.png
109
The New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme (NZ ETS)
 An all-greenhouse gases uncapped emissions trading scheme first legislated
in September 2008 by the Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand.
 The NZ ETS created a specific emission unit for use in New Zealand, the
New Zealand Unit (NZU)
 Participants in the NZ ETS are also able to purchase and surrender
international Kyoto units such as Emission Reduction Units (ERUs), Certified
Emission Reductions (CERs) and Removal Units (RMUs) and Assigned
amount units (AAUs) issued in other countries.
NZ ETS Timeline and inclusions
110
NZ ETS
Image Source:
http://www.scienc
emediacentre.co.
nz/2010/07/01/e
missions-tradingschemelaunched/
111
Compliance Market
 The compliance market is driven by governments and appointed companies
subject to carbon constraints under the Kyoto Protocol, EU regulations, and
other climate policies of developed-country.
 The compliance market follows the „cap-and-trade“ mechanism.
 Substantial disparities of Marginal Abatement Costs (MAC) across the world
have driven demand for Certified Emissions Reductions (CERs) from Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI) project
activities.
112
Carbon Trading Market
The definition of carbon market is a place where carbon credits are exchanged,
much like the stock exchange. These exchanges can occur in a formal
exchange (e.g., CCX, ECX, NordPool, Bluenext, Climex, etc.), or can happen
directly between a buyer and a seller (known as an over-the-counter (OTC)
market or private placement contract).
Image Source:
http://www.climatechangeconnection.
org/Solutions/CapandTrade.htm
113
Global Carbon Market
Global carbon markets saw 3.6 billion
tonnes (Gt) CO2e exchanged over the
six first months of 2011, valued at some
€50 billion (US$71bn)
(Sec Reference: Wikipedia)
Image Source:
http://oneworldgroup.org/2007/10/18/dodgin
g-the-spell-of-intrigue-euro-style-climate
114
Compliance Market vs. Voluntary Market
Compliance Market
(Country or Installation)
Voluntary Market
- Ruled by UNFCCC and state legislation
- Trading Units AAUs, EUAs, etc.
- Strict requirements
- Ruled by Voluntary Programs
- Trading Unit VER & more
- Flexible requirements
Primary Application:
Cap & Trade
-> Legally driven GHG reduction
systems on a macro system
Primary Application:
Marketing / CRS/ Carbon Offsetting
-> Voluntary driven GHG reductions
by individual companies
115
Why Voluntary Market Application?
72% of executives think sustainability is “extremely” or
“very” important to build and maintain brand reputation1
1. McKinsey. “How Companies Manage Sustainability: McKinsey Global Survey Results.” March 2010.
Strong brand recognition
A carbon-neutral company, product or service
differentiates you from competitors
Product differential
Strong and demonstrable commitment to sustainability
helps recruit and retain top talent for your company
Top talent satisfaction
116
Carbon Offsetting Cycle
117
Selected Market Volumes and Values
118
Historic volumes voluntary market
119
Historic value voluntary markets
120
Transaction volume by location (October 2011)
121
Latin America is the 2nd supplier of the Voluntary Market
122
Chicago Climate Exchange
 North America's largest and longest running greenhouse gas emission
reduction program and trading scenario
”Chicago Climate Exchange is North America's largest and longest running greenhouse gas emission reduction program. From 2003 through 2010 CCX operated as a
comprehensive cap and trade program with an offsets component. In 2011 CCX launched the Chicago Climate Exchange Offsets Registry Program to register verified
emission reductions based on a comprehensive set of established protocols.” Source: https://www.theice.com/ccx.jhtml
 Voluntary, legally binding (to local legislation & framework) greenhouse gas
(GHG) reduction and trading system for emission sources and offset
projects in North America and Brazil.
Image Source :
http://www.stopliberallies.com/richar
d-sandor-carbon-could-be-no-1commodity-673.html
123
Chicago Climate Exchange growth
OTC = Over The Counter market, direct trading between only 2 parts
124
Australian Climate Exchange (ACX)
 Launched: 23 July 2007
 A platform for voluntary trade in emissions permits called "Greenhouse
Friendly Approved Abatement" units. A joint venture between the ACX and
the Australia Pacific Exchange Limited (APX)
Source:
http://theworm-skincoat.livingfrenz
y.com/home/?p
=143
125
JVETS - Japan Voluntary Emissions Trading Scheme
 Launched: 2005
 Target: Cut emissions from a 2002-2004 average, using
 government-subsidised clean energy equipment
 32 entities/groups are selected as participants with target and
 8 companies are selected as trading participants.
 Total Amount of Subsidies: JPY 2.6 bn. (FY2005 budget is JPY 3bn.)
 Base-year emissions: Average between 2002-2004
1.3 mil t-CO2/yr.
 Estimated total amount of CO2 emissions reduction pledged
 (FY2006): 276,380t-CO2 (=21% of the total emissions from 32facilities)
 Estimated (Statutory useful life of facilities) total amount of CO2 reduction: 3.7mil tCO2 (based on the pledges)
 Total Subsidies/Estimated (Statutory useful life of facilities) = JPY 692/t-CO2 low
cost emissions reduction!
 Emissions allowances= Base-year emissions – Estimated/pledged reduction amount
(FY2006)
126
Compatibility of Kyoto & JVETS
Image Source:http://www.epa.gov/ies/pdf/workshops/IES_Japan2006/Sudo.pdf
127
World Markets (Voluntary and Compliance)
Source:
http://www.seaat
.org/What-isEmissionsTrading_Q.aspx
128
Outline
 Definition
 Origin
 Calculation
129
Definicion
Los bonos de carbono son un mecanismo internacional de descontaminación
para reducir las emisiones contaminantes al medio ambiente; es uno de los
tres mecanismos propuestos en el Protocolo de Kioto para la reducción de
emisiones causantes del calentamiento global o efecto invernadero (GEI o
gases de efecto invernadero).
130
Valor
Mayoritariamente, cada bono de carbono o carbon credit equivale a la reduccion
de 1 tonelada de CO2eq
Image Source: http://jutexpo.blogspot.com/2009/12/how-big-is-ton-of-co2.html
131
Metodos
Existen 2 metodos para crear carbon credits:
- Capturar
- Reducir
Captura.Siembra de árboles
Reduccion.Uso de gases para generacion
de electricidad, uso de autos
electricos, uso de focos ahorradores
132
Outline
•Definition
•Origin
•Calculation
133
Origen
Inicialmente fue una propuesta lanzada por la
economista argentina Graciela Chichilnisky en 1993
y finalmente fue incluida dentro de los mecanismos
de desarrollo limpio del protocolo de Kioto en 1997.
134
Cual es su valor?
• Cada carbon credit puede ser negociado en el mercado abierto ,
• Inicialmente el precio durante 2008 llego a 25 Euros por tonelada (EUA DEC ’08).
• Con la actual crisis financiera global y la reduccion en los precios del petrole, el
mercado de emisiones se ha visto afectado
135
Quien compra Carbon Credits?
• Los Carbon credits son mayoritariamente adquiridos por gobiernos y
corporaciones que poseen la obligacion legal y moral de reducir su huella de
carbono
• Un creciente numero de individuos tambien esta haciendo uso de la opcion de
compra a cambio de un estilo de vida ‘carbon neutral’.
• A pesar de que estas organizaciones pueden implementar los cambios en sus
paises de origen apoyando proyectos de reduccion, por una fraccion de la
inversion pueden implementar actividades en paises en via de desarrollo, es
este fenomeno el que impulsa el mercado internacional
136
Que es la compensacion de carbono?
• Es el proceso mediante el cual una exitosa reduccion de emisiones es producida en
un sitio pero efectiva en otro
• Por ejemplo:
• Una planta de generacion Hidroelectrica establecida en sudamerica con la
asistencia financiera del gobierno de Japon desplaza emisiones de combustible
fosil relacionadas directamente a la generacion de energia, entonces, se crea una
reduccion de carbono medible
A cambio de proveer la asistencia tecnologica y financiera, el gobierno Japones
puede proclamar su derecho sobre el volumen de emisiones reducidas, las que le
serviran para cumplir su meta de reducciones
Entonces el pais en desarrollo donde se implemento el proyecto (ej Ecuador),
retendra tecnologia de paises desarrollados, generara empleo, limpiara su medio
ambiente y generar energia para el desarrollo
137
Compensacion de carbono
138
Compensacion de carbono
139
ES UN CARBON CREDIT SIEMPRE DIOXIDO DE CARBONO?
• Un credito de carbono no siempre incluye exclusivamente dioxido de
carbono
• Existen 6 GHGs, clasificados por la UNFCCC como directamente
responsables por acelerar el calentamiento global.
• El Dioxido de Carbono, (CO2), se usa como base paramedir todos los otros
GHGs.
• El „termino toneladas de dioxido carbono equivalente’, o t-CO2e, es usado
para representar el impacto de un gas en particular basado en la equivalencia
de toneladas de CO2 que este gas representaria.
140
Outline
•Definition
•Origin
•Calculation
141
Como se calculan los CC?
Dependiendo del el tipo de reduccion:
1.- Si es con energia renovables entonces es reduccion lo
que implica monitorear el CEF (Carbon Emission Factor)
del pais en cuanto a generacion de energia, esto se
expresa asi:
Kg CO2eq / KwH
Este factor varia dependiendo de que tan actualizada este
la tecnologia.
142
Calculo Sencillo
Entonces, si tenemos que en Ecuador el CEF es de 0.5
KgCO2eq/Kwh y nosotros en nuestro proyecto
generamos 50.000 KwH con energia solar, la formula
seria la siguiente:
0.5 * 50.000 = 25000 Kg /1000 = 25 toneladas
Entonces una vez que esta reduccion sea certificada,
se transformara en
25 Carbon Credits
143
Calculo en Captura
Este varia del tipo de arbol o vegetacion a usar
enproyectos de reforestacion, y se mide por toneladas
por hectares
Proyecto de reforestacion en el Libano
144
Captura/ Reduccion en CO2eq
Si decidimos reducir metano (CH4) debemos considerar
que una tonelada de metano equivaldra a 21 Toneladas
de CO2.
Entonces si reducimos o utilizamos 100 toneladas de
metano esto equivaldra a:
2100 toneladas de CO2!!
Que una vez certificados seran 2100 Carbon Credits
145
Carbon Footprint
Sustainable systems for the industry
Corporate Sustainability
Management and reporting
(e.g., GRI, ISO 14001, ISO 50001,
OHSAS 18000)
Key Performance Indicator (KPI) systems
Corporate Carbon Footprint
Supply Chain Management
Product Sustainability
Life Cycle Assessment
Design for Environment
Product Carbon Footprint
146
Carbon Footprint
Sustainable systems for the industry
Social compliance
Environmental compliance
Complexity
Society’s Expectation
Environmental Ownership
Corporate Social Responsibility
Information Security
Ergonomics & Usability
Water
Footprint
Occupational Safety
Carbon
Footprint
Product Safety & International
Certification
REACH
ISO 50001
ISO 14001
ELV
WEEE
Time
147
Carbon Footprint
Levels
Product Carbon Footprint – PCF
Product-specific carbon footprint:








All GHG Emissions, during the
entire Life Cycle of the Product emitted during
Production,
Use,
Sales and
Disposal of waste. The Emissions are
specific to each stage of life. They are an
Extract from the Eco-balance (LCI, LCA)
Product
Life Cycle
148
Carbon Footprint
Levels
Corporate Carbon Footprint – CCF
Company-specific carbon footprint describes:





the direct and
indirect emissions from a company within a
certain period (e.g. 1 year), due to
business operations and
delivery of products
 The emissions are given in metric tonns of CO2
equivalent (CO2 equivalent means that
 other greenhouse gases have been released, and their effect is
converted to CO2 emissions)
149
Why Carbon Footprint ?
Carbon Footprint indicates
 The direct / indirect CO2 emissions of the
production of a product, and any type of
business processes
 Energy consumption, which means CO2
emissions (fossil / renewable) at the source
of any activity
 The organizations and processes efficiency
 Universal applicability (e.g, materials,
processes)
150
General overview
 Scope I and II Scope.- Mandatory emissions
 Scope III .- Significant share of emissions by sector
 Determining the Scope III emissions is complex, since all upstream and
downstream emissions have be taken into account
SCOPE I
SCOPE II
151
SCOPE III
Benefits
There are several reasons to certify
a Corporate carbon footprint
 Tool to assurance quality and energy
efficiency
 Increase of transparency and
identification of "hot spots"
 Reinforce the position within the
supply chain
 Basis of legal framework
 Pre-requisite for certification as a
climate neutral company
 Improvement of the company image
 Compatibility with other management
systems and certifications
152
Yearly measure
Before increasing the
operational efficiency, the
status quo must be
determined
„You cannot improve what
you do not measure!“
Emissions are an indirect
indicator of energy
consumption
Benefits
efficiency
supply chain
153
Allocation of emissions:
Areas
Processes
Identification of the highest
optimization potential
Benefits
efficiency
supply chain
Your direct emissions are the
indirect emissions of your
customers
Companies choose suppliers based
on the CO2 emissions (01/02/2010)
Berlin - Many companies are adopting measures
to control their total CO2 emissions within the
supply chain.
Their CO2 emissions throughout the production
chain (indirect CO2 emissions, or Scope 3) are
strategically manage and reduce, by choosing
wisely their suppliers.
Source: WWF
154
Benefits
efficiency
supply chain
155
Members of the CDP
Supply Chain Program
Benefits
efficiency
supply chain
156
Determination of the direct
emissions can be analogous to
the EU ETS procedure
In some countries, legal
specifications are already taking
place
Benefits
There are several reasons to certify - Calculation of the Carbon Footprint
efficiency
supply chain
157
-Energy-/ Fuel
-Activities / Materials
+ CO2-Emissions
=0
Compensatory measures
-CO2 Certificates,Carbon mitigation
- CO2-Emissions
Offset Project
Benefits
efficiency
supply chain
158
CO2 emissions
verified
 CO2 neutral
 Annual audit
Benefits
ISO 14000: Records of the
emissions can include part of
efficiency
supply chain
DGNB: Carbon footprint part of
the certification
159
Direct applicability to CDP
Product Carbon Footprint
Boundary Settings
The GHG Protocol Initiative: “Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard”, Draft November 2009
160
The three sustainability steps to become
carbon neutral
1. Determine your emissions
2. Reduce your emissions
3. Offset your remaining emissions
161
How do products become carbon neutral?
Compensatory measures
 „Carbon Offsetting“ and „CO2-Compensation“
 Retirement of registered carbon credits / or rights
Offset Project
Registry
Supplier CO2- neutral
products
Generated certificates Registered certificates Buy and retire the
in metric units
with serial numbers
certificates
162
Atmosphere
Removal of these
emissions
Who provides assurance for
carbon neutral statements?
Carbon Footprint
Calculation
Consultant
Product Suppliers
Certificates
Award
Registry
Program Supplier
Project Standard
Compensation
Retirement
Product Suppliers
Consultant
163
Independent
Test / Certification
Why carbon neutral products?
Environment
Technology
Indirect investment in
climate protection
projects, is actively
supported the
environmental
protection objectives
Climate protection
projects abroad help
to transfer
technology and
promote sustainable
development
164
Image
A positive image is
the good perception
of problems which
means a
multiplication of the
effects
Quality
The Carbon Footprint
calculation shows
potential for
improvements
Relevant Aspects for CCF
Prior to implementation
Determine:
 Purpose
 Boundaries
 Materialisation
Significant degrees of freedom
e.g. ISO 14064-1
165
 Carbon Neutral
transparent conservative approach
 Quality Assurance
scientific approach with details
 Programmatic Standard
possible requests to the materiality
and other conditions
166
Boundaries
 Operational Control
Approach
Consolidation of operations
controlled by the company
 Equity Share Approach
Consolidation of resources in
proportion to the shares
167
Materialisation
 Quantifiable Uncertainty
Factor
Representation in percent of the
determined amount of emissions.
The limit is for instance with max.
5% below the EU ETS settings
 Direct Impact on Costs
Avoid errors in costs (upper-end
of the optimization curve)
168
GHG Emissions calculation
 Identification of GHG sources
and reductions
 Choice of calculation method
 Data collection of activities
 Calculation
169
GHG reports
Information / minimum requirements:
 The company background, its structure,
geographical location, main activities, culture and
environment.
 Company reports and yearly basis inventory, list
of activities and facilities.
 Mainly, for emissions related to Scope 1 and 2,
include the emission factors classified by area
 Classify the emissions data for all relevant GHG
 Description of the methodology for the calculation
 List of the excluded tools / sources and
justification reports
 Separate the reports of emissions associated with
power generation (including emissions, etc.)
170
Verification / Certification
 Test of GHG Report / Audit
 Test reports 14064-3
 Certification included
TÜVdotCOM and a label
according to user agreement
 Test of carbon neutrality
171
CO2 emissions verified
 CO2 neutral
 Annual Audit
The ISO 14064 GHG Standard
Organizations
Greenhouse gases - Part 1: Specification with guidance at the
organization level for quantification and reporting of greenhouse
gas emissions and removals (ISO 14064-1).
Projects
Greenhouse gases - Part 2: Specification with guidance at the
project level for quantification, monitoring and reporting of
greenhouse gas emission reductions and removal enhancements
(ISO 14064-2).
Validation /
Verification
Greenhouse gases - Part 3: Specification with guidance for the
validation and verification of greenhouse gas assertions (ISO
14064-3).
Accreditation
Greenhouse gases - Specification for greenhouse gas validation
and verification bodies for use in accreditation and other forms of
recognition (ISO 14065).
172
ISO 14064 Principles
Consistency
Relevance
Accuracy
173
Transparency
Consistency
Completeness
Framework for ISO 14064 GHG Standards
Part 1 – ISO 14064
Design and Develop
Organizational GHG
Inventories
Part 2 – ISO 14064
Design and
Implement GHG
Projects
GHG Inventory
Documentation
and Reports
GHG Project
Documentation
and Reports
Verification of the
GHG Assertion
Level of assurance
consistent with needs
of intended user
Validation and/or
Verification of the
GHG Assertion
Part 3 – ISO 14064
Validation and
Verification
Process
Verification
Process
ISO 14065
Specifications for
Validation or
Verification Bodies
Figure Copyright ISO (2006) – modified
174
Conformance with
applicable:
• GHG Program(s) –
CCX, CCAR, US EPA
Climate Leaders
• Legislation – federal,
state/provincial, local
• Protocols/Standards
– industry guidance
(CCAP, IPIECA, etc.),
the GHG Protocol,
CDM, technical and
safety standards/
codes, etc.
ISO 14064 related Linkages
Good Practice Guidance
(eg, recognized criteria,
methodologies, tools and
guidance on how to do it)
eg, GHG Protocol,
INGAA, IPIECA, API,
CAPP, GRI
Relevant Approaches
(eg, recognized criteria,
rules, methodologies,
equipment)
Standard (ie, auditable
general process
requirements)
ISO 14064
The company should
consider these linkages
to plan and implement,
validate, verify,
quantification, monitoring
and reporting
documentation
Markets for GHG Units
175
Applicable GHG
Program/Registry (eg,
additional requirements,
criteria, rules and
policies) eg, CCX, CCAR,
US DOE 1605b,
Canada, Australia,…
Relevant Legislation (eg,
regulatory requirements)
General Benefits of ISO 14064
 Enhance the credibility, consistency, and transparency of GHG accounting and
reporting;
 Increase investor´s and customers´s confidence;
 Identify hot spots to reduce your energy consumption
You cannot improve what you do not measure!!
 Implement a sustainability strategy
 Become carbon neutral!!
 Facilitate the development and implementation of GHG projects.
 Facilitate the certification and trade of GHG emission reductions or removal
enhancements;
 Facilitate the development and implementation of organization GHG management
strategies and plans;
 Allow entities to track performance and progress in the reduction of GHG
emissions and/or increase in GHG removals;
 Assist in the identification of GHG risks or liabilities;
176
ISO 14064 Strategic Benefits
In the absence/uncertainty of government policies
the voluntary application of ISO 14064, together with good practice guidance
established for your sector:
 can help an organization to prepare and act and to provide you with the
capabilities, information and systems for managing risks and creating value for
your organization
 can help an organization to demonstrate /communicate with key stakeholders
(customers, investors, general public)
 can help an organization to implement a sustainability strategy
177
ISO 14064 Operational Benefits
1. Enhance Risk Management
2. Optimize Public Relations
3. Fulfill Compliance/Regulations
4. Disclose your GHGs (i.g. for supply change
management / product carbon footprint)
178
ISO 14064-1:What’s a GHG Inventory?
 ISO’s definition of a GHG Inventory:
An organization’s GHG sources, sinks, emissions and
removals (ISO 14064-1)
 TUV’s Rheinland verification of a GHG Inventory (ISO
14064-3) aims to:
The procedures, methodologies, data, information
systems and reports associated with an organization’s
quantification of GHG emissions and GHG removals.
179
ISO 14064-1 Benefits
Enables organizations to:
1. understand and quantify the GHG emissions for which
they are responsible
2. focus on major GHG sources (priorities/risk)
3. prepare a verifiable, credible GHG emissions report
4. be compared with other organizations that use the same
standard
180
What is a GHG project?
 GHG Project: activity or activities that alter the conditions identified in the
baseline scenario which cause GHG emission reductions or removal
enhancements. Requires the determination/justification of a baseline
(reference case, hypothetical scenario)
181
Situation and Tasks
 Limitation of resources
 Energy cost increase
 Securing of energy supply for future
generations
 Supporting renewable energies
 Supporting Energy Efficiency measures
182
Energy Production Mix Costa Rica
183
Electricity Generation Mix of Costa Rica
184
Power Price Development in Germany [EUR/MWh]
Within 2000 -2008 the power price has doubled for clients from industry
EUR / MWh
+ 100 %
185
Specific Energy Consumptions for Industry
Secondary Reference: Joachim Jansen (TÜV Rheinland)
186
Energy reduction potential of three exemplary plants
Average German
Energy Demand
Reduction Potential
Reduction Potential
187
Company
Silicon Manganese
Producer South Africa
Brick Works
Morocco
(Turnover 10m€/y)
150.000 t/a
500.000 t/a
7,8 Mio. kWh/a
750 Mio. kWh/a
215 Mio. kWh/a
5000 kWh/t SiMn, Power
430 kWh/t, Heat
ca. 60 Mio. kWh/a
ca. 150 Mio. kWh/a
0,4 MWh/t SiMn
ca. 70%
ca. 1 800 000 €/a
ca. 750 000 €/a
ca. 1,55 Mio. kWh/a
ca. 200 000 €/a
13,5 €Cent/kWh (2014)
3 €Cent/kWh
0,5 €Cent/kWh
Approx. Capex: 0,3 Mio €
Approx. Capex: ca. 6,5 Mio €
Approx Capex: 1,2 Mio €
Assessment Matrix of Energy Management
1
2
3
Energy Controlling
› Evaluation of all applied fuels and all energy consuming
plants and technical devices
› Generation and assessment of benchmarks and data
parameter for specific energy consumption
› Screening and evaluation of costs
Forecasts & Energy Strategy Planning
› Forecast of energy demands and costs
› Development of an energy strategy plan
› Development of a GHG abatement curve
Materialization of
Energy Efficiency Measures
›
›
›
›
›
4
188
Pre-Check
Feasibility study
Technical implementation (with partners)
Financing (with partners)
Quality assurance / Certification
Energy Management Systems
› DIN EN 16001 / ISO 50001
1/ Energy Controlling
Possible detailed range of service provision
Datenerhebung
Standort(e)
Screening of current data for
relevant location
(referred to monitoring spots)
+ Energy need
+ Energy usage
+ Production data
+ etc.
Plausibility proof of data
(Input-output-analysis)
Generation of forecast figures
+ Production yield
+ Specific energy usage
+ Data for energy production (run
times gas turbines, boiler
efficiencies, etc.)
+ Energy prices
+ etc.
189
interne
Berichterstattung
1
Internal reporting of energy data
+ Tariff with energy supplier
Evaluation of data
+ Specific heat and power
consumption per plant and per site
(benchmarking)
+ Specific carbon footprint per
product, specific emission factor per
energy source (fuel, power)
+ Power values (gas turbine, etc.)
externe
Berichterstattung
PLAN / FC
Energiebezug,
CO2-Emissionen,
Energiekosten, etc.
2
Planung und Budgetierung
+ monatliche Forecasts
+ Plan / BudgetAbweichungsanalyse
Einsparpotentiale
3
External reporting of energy data
+ EnergieStG (Ökosteuer,
Kohlesteuer, etc.)
+ KWKG, TEHG
+ EEG (§ 40 ff.)
+ statistische Landesämter,
Verbandserhebungen, etc.
Identifizierung von
Einsparpotentialen
+ in Abhängigkeit der Energieziele
+ anhand von internen und externen
Benchmarks
1/ Energy Controlling
Example: Data screen shot for a pulp & paper producer
190
2/ Energy Strategy Plan
The energy strategy plan shall cover the following topics (subject to
changes and specifications, after having performed a pre-assessment):
+ Detailed identification of energy saving approaches to be adopted which includes their
technical applicability, costs and savings, energy and carbon impacts;
+ Detailed identification of renewable energy approaches to be adopted which includes
their technical applicability, costs and savings, energy and carbon impacts;
+ Implementation and/or improvement of both energy controlling and carbon controlling
tools in order to determine the plant specific benchmarks (if applicable);
+ Transfer of energy saving and renewable energy approaches and scenarios identified
and selected into a comprehensive energy strategy plan where, inter alia, energy savings
are to be recorded against their specific CO2 abatement costs/savings, including a
sensitivity analysis for energy prices and legal / political developments and scenarios.
191
2/ Global GHG Abatament Curve
192
2/ GHG Abatament Curve – Production Plant
Identified energy saving measures A-L against specific GHG reduction costs
193
Modules 3-4: Energy Efficiency Measures and
Energy Management Systems
3
194
4
DIN 16001-2009 / ISO 50001
Fonte: DIN 16001:2009
195
Examples for Technical Approaches
Energy Reduction in Buildings
-
-
-
196
Chiller / air conditioning
- Optimization of control, heat recovery, night cooling
Avoidance of heat losses
- Varnishing with low radiation coefficients, insulations, thermal integration of reactors, heat
refeed (economizer, rekuperators)
Power supply
- Reduction of the peak price (P-max cutoff),
Utilization of house tops for photovoltaics
Lighting
- Utilization of daylight, sensory controls, illuminants
User patterns
- Training of the staff
Space heating
- Power demand of the compressors, sensory controls
Heating
- Utilization of space heat, hydraulic allignment, optimization of controls,
Insulation of buildings
- Reduction of heat losses through transmissions and ventilations (entrance/ exits)
Examples for Technical Approaches
Energy Reduction at Chemical Industry
- Point of consumption: Provision of process heat through
heat carrier
Typical applications:
Combustion processes
Air handling
Exhaust gas handling
Handling / distribution of heat carrier
- Point of consumption : Thermo process with direct heat
generation
Typical applications:
Combustion processes
Air handling
Exhaust gas handling
197
Our services at a glance
 Impartial benchmarking, also applicable for
assessment of contractor services
 Energy strategy plan
 Comparison of available technologies and
referencing
 Evaluation of infrastructure, engineering
systems and production processes
 Analysis of energy conversion systems
 Material flow analysis
 Energy balance analysis
 Analysis of energy supply
Our service is not a single measure, it rather contributes to the sustainable development of your energy
management
198
Your advantages at a glance
 Reduce energy costs
 Enhanced transparency of your processes
and hence, better cost control
 Reduction of carbon emissions and
generation of tradable CO2 certificates
 Compliance with management systems
(e.g. ISO 14000, 16000 series)
 Contribution to the CSR standard
 Development of energy strategy plans and
GHG abatement curves
 Combination with EcoIndustry certification,
carbon footprinting, CDM, etc.
Our service is not a single measure, it rather contributes to the sustainable development of your energy
management
199
Outline
Waste Definition
Waste Types
Industrial Waste Management
Strategies
Policies
200
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TÜV Rheinland Training & Education, Energy Efficiency Assistant
Waste Definition
Unwanted or useless materials also known as:
• Rubbish,
• Trash,
• Refuse,
• garbage,
• junk,
• litter
• ort
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Waste Definition (II)
Waste is directly linked to human development, both
technologically and socially.
The compositions of different wastes have varied over time and
location, with industrial development and innovation being
directly linked to waste materials. An example of this includes
plastics and nuclear technology.
Image Source: http://pwmglobal.com/pwm2/solid.html
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Waste Definition (III)
• Waste is sometimes a subjective concept,
• Items that some people discard may have value to
others.
• Waste materials are a valuable resource,
• There is debate as to how this value is best realized.
Image Source: http://blog.equitrac.com/blog/?Tag=Reduce%20Print%20Waste
203
15 August 2011
European legal definition of waste
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1d/European_legal_definition_of_waste.png
204
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EU definition
The Ronchi Decree, (EU Waste Directives) defines waste as
any substance or object
(i) which is listed in the categories set out in Annex A of
Decree 22/1997 (objective requirement),
(ii) which the owner discards, or intends or is required to
discard (subjective requirement).
A substance or object is regarded as waste for these purposes only
when it complies with both requirements(Article 6 and Annex A of the
Ronchi Decree).
Source: http://www.internationallawoffice.com/Newsletters/detail.aspx?g=f205cb60-0596-45a7-8f53-15d45709e679
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EU definition (cont d´)
A substance which is a residue of a production or consumption process should not
be regarded as waste if:
(i)
(ii)
206
it can be reutilized in the same or another process without being processed
prior to reuse
it can be reutilized in another process after being treated prior to reuse, as long
as no recovery operation is needed.
15 August 2011
"One man's trash is another man's treasure."
Image Source: http://curiousphotos.blogspot.com/2010/01/how-to-use-wasted-things-creatively.html
207
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"One man's trash is another man's treasure.„ (II)
Image Source: http://curiousphotos.blogspot.com/2010/01/how-to-use-wasted-things-creatively.html
208
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Outline
Waste Definition
Waste Types
Strategies
Policies
Case Study
209
15 August 2011
Types of waste
There are many waste types defined by modern systems of
waste management, notably including:
• Municipal Waste includes household waste, commercial
waste, demolition waste
• Hazardous Waste includes Industrial waste
• Bio-medical Waste includes clinical waste
• Special hazardous waste : Explosive, e waste, radioactive
210
15 August 2011
Municipal Waste
Commonly known as:
• trash or garbage (US),
• refuse or rubbish (UK)
Is a waste type consisting of everyday
items we consume and discard
211
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Municipal Waste (cont´d)
It predominantly includes food wastes, yard wastes, containers
and product packaging, and other miscellaneous inorganic
wastes from residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial
sources
Image Source: http://www.cleanearth.com.sg/?page_id=7
212
15 August 2011
Hazardous Waste
Hazardous waste is waste that poses substantial or potential
threats to public health or the environment. hazardous wastes
fall into two major categories:
• Characteristic wastes
• Listed wastes.
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15 August 2011
Hazardous Waste
Characteristic hazardous wastes are materials that are
known or tested to exhibit a hazardous trait such as:
• Ignitability
• Reactivity
• Corrosion
• Toxicity
Image Source: http://www.zerowastewa.com.au/disposal/government/hhweducationkit/
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15 August 2011
Hazardous Waste
Hazardous waste includes:
- Clinical Waste
- Industrial Waste
- Explosive, Toxic waste
215
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Outline
Waste Definition
Waste Types
Strategies
Policies
Case Study
216
15 August 2011
The Importance of Industrial Waste Management.
• Set of strategies and approaches that aim to eliminate,
reduce, reprocess or dispose of waste
• It takes a lot of valuable energy and materials to create and
manufacture products
Image Source: http://www.aggregatepros.com/DefinitionsWasteManagement.html
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Industrial Waste Management (cont d´)
• Industrial waste can be toxic,
chemical, solid, liquid,
or nonhazardous.
• Industrial waste management is
concerned with the proper
disposal of industrial byproducts
Approach for developing an industrial wastewater
treatment system
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• Approaches to industrial waste management include
emphasis on recycling programs, incineration, and
landfills.
219
15 August 2011
• The resulting industrial waste can be difficult to manage.
• Countries have put new laws into place to heavily tax
companies
• The extra taxes help to offset the environment damage
220
15 August 2011
• Companies need to be responsible with their industrial
waste management and specifically their hazardous
waste.
• Local governments provide counseling, consulting and
recommendations
• Includes reducing harmful emissions into the
environment over a period of time and correctly disposing
of waste materials.
221
15 August 2011
Outline
Waste Definition
Waste Types
Strategies
Policies
222
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Waste Prevention
Includes the 3 Rs concept
223
15 August 2011
A us Datenschutzgründen wurde das automatische Herunterladen dieses Bilds v on PowerPoint gesperrt.
Waste Prevention (cont d´)
Resource optimisation
• Minimising the amount of waste produced by organisations or
individuals
• Optimising their use of raw materials.
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Advantages of 3Rs
Reuse has certain potential advantages:
• Energy and raw materials savings as replacing many single use products with
one reusable one reduces the number that need to be manufactured
• Reduced disposal needs and costs
• Refurbishment can bring sophisticated, sustainable, well paid jobs to
underdeveloped economies
• Cost savings for business and consumers as a reusable product is often
cheaper than the many single use products it replaces
• Some older items were better handcrafted and appreciate in value
225
15 August 2011
Disadvantages
•Reuse often requires cleaning or transport, which have environmental costs
• Some items, such as freon appliances or infant auto seats, could be hazardous or
less energy efficient as they continue to be used.
• Reusable products need to be more durable than single-use products, and hence
require more material per item. This is particularly significant if only a small
proportion of the reusable products are in fact reused.
• Sorting and preparing items for reuse takes time,
which is inconvenient for consumers and costs
money for businesses
226
15 August 2011
Waste-to-energy
• Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) is
the process of creating energy in the form of electricity
or heat from the incineration of waste source.
• WtE is a form of energy recovery.
• Most WtE processes produce electricity directly through
combustion, or produce a combustible fuel
commodity, such as methane, methanol, ethanol or synthetic
fuels.
227
15 August 2011
Waste To Energy Technologies
Thermal technologies:
Incineration
Gasification
Thermal Depolymerization
Pyrolisis
Plasma arc gasification
Non-thermal technologies:
Anaerobic digestion
Fermentation
MBT (Mechanical Biological Treatment)
228
15 August 2011
Incineration
Incineration : the combustion of organic material
such as waste with energy recovery is the most
common WtE implementation
Modern incinerators reduce the volume of the
original waste by 95-96 %
Incinerators have electric efficiencies on the order
of 14-28%
rest of the energy can be utilized for e.g. district
heating
Ashes can be mixed with cement formula
229
15 August 2011
Gasification
Gasification is a process that converts organic or fossil based carbonaceous materials
into carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and methane
Achieved by reacting the material at high temperatures (>700°C), without combustion
resulting gas mixture is called syngas (from synthesis gas or synthetic gas) or producer
gas and is itself a fuel
Image Source: http://www.gec.jp/WASTE/data/waste_C-1.html
230
15 August 2011
Thermal Depolymerization
Thermal depolymerization (TDP) is a depolymerization process using hydrous
pyrolysis forthe reduction of complex organic materials (usually waste products of
various sorts often biomass and plastic) into light crude oil
Image Source: http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2010/ph240/mendez2/images/f1big.gif
231
15 August 2011
Pyrolisis
Pyrolysis is a thermochemical decomposition of organic material at elevated
temperatures without the participation of oxygen
Anhydrous pyrolysis can also be used to produce liquid fuel similar to diesel from
plastic waste
Image Source: http://www.btg.cz/en/about-biomass/fast-pyrolysis/btg-s-pyrolysis-technology
232
15 August 2011
Plasma arc gasification
Plasma arc gasification or Plasma
Gasification Process abbreviated PGP is
a waste treatment technology that uses
electrical energy and the high
temperatures created by an electric arc
gasifier.
This arc breaks down waste primarily
into elemental gas and solid waste
(slag), in a device called a plasma
converter.
The process has been intended to be a
net generator of electricity, depending
upon the composition of input wastes,
and to reduce the volumes of waste
being sent to landfill sites.
Image Source: http://th-th.facebook.com/plasma.arc.kku
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Anaerobic digestion
Anaerobic digestion is a series of processes in which microorganisms break down
biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen, used for industrial or domestic
purposes to manage waste and/or to release energy.
There are four key biological and chemical stages of anaerobic digestion:
Hydrolysis / Acidogenesis / Acetogenesis / Methanogenesis
Image source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stages_of_anaerobic_digestion.JPG
234
15 August 2011
Fermentation
Fermentation is the process of
extracting energy from the oxidation of
organic compounds, such as
carbohydrates, using an endogenous
electron acceptor, which is usually an
organic compound
Sugars are the most common substrate
of fermentation, and typical examples of
fermentation products are ethanol, lactic
acid, lactose, and hydrogen.
Image source: http://bio8.wikispaces.com/3%29+The+Cell
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15 August 2011
MBT (Mechanical Biological Treatment)
A mechanical biological treatment
system is a type
of waste processing facility that
combines a sorting
facility with a form of biological
treatment such as
composting or anaerobic digestion.
MBT plants are
designed to process mixed
household waste as well as
commercial and industrial wastes.
Image source: http://www.warwickshire.gov.uk/web/corporate/pages.nsf/WebPrint/98DE73315ED09D40802573210038769E?opendocument
236
15 August 2011
Final Recommendations
• Each type of waste must be separated according to its source
• Measure your waste (what is measured can be managed)
• Reduce the resources demand = Reduce Waste
• Re use = Reduce
• Always ask for support from local authorities
• Plan in advance
• Find environmentally friendly solutions for waste you cannot re use
• Waste is not waste, is a valuable good, find its inherent value
• Find a way to diversify your products or to include by-products in your
production chain
•Remember, every man´s waste is another man´s treasure
237
15 August 2011
Manejo de desechos en universidades.
Estudio de caso:
Instituto Tecnológico
de Costa Rica
Caso de estudio acerca del manejo de desechos que realiza el Instituto
Tecnológico de Costa Rica (ITCR) mediante la actividad permanente
“Manejo de Desechos Institucionales”
(MADI)
MADI cuenta varias baterías (sistema de recipientes) para la
recolección y recuperación de estos desechos
Se creó un centro de acopio institucional, donde se recopilan los
desechos y son clasificados a mano para su posterior venta
Productos recuperados y clientes
Volumen y tipo de desecho periodo 2009
Fracción de desecho por tipo
MADI involucra a estudiantes de diversas carreras (diseño industrial,
mantenimiento, producción industrial, etc.) en la realización de
proyectos específicos para el programa
Volumen de papel recolectado hasta 2007
Oportunidades de mejora:
• Separacion en la fuente
• Establecer un recipiente por tipo de vidrio : Verde,
Transparente, Marron
• Integrar autoridades locales
• Transferencia de tecnologia para creacion de un solo fondo de
institutos superiores
Armijo de Vega C, Ojeda-Benítez S, RamírezBarreto E. (2003) Mexican educational
institutions and waste management
programmes: an University case study,
Resources, Conservation and Recycling (39)
283-296.
Salas J.C. (2004) Manejo de Desechos en
Instituto Tecnológico. Revista Ambientico.
Universidad Nacional
ITCR (2000a) Manual de clases de puestos.
Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica.
ITCR (2000b) Gaceta del Tecnológico: Manejo
integral de los desechos institucionales.
Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica.
Thank you very much for your attention !!
Norbert Heidelmann
Business Manager Carbon Services
[email protected]
Cesar D. Carreño
Sales Manager Latin America
[email protected]
249

Contenido seminario TÜV Rheinland primera semana.

Transcription

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