DIGITAL CADASTRE OF URBAN GREENERY – CASE STUDY

DIGITAL CADASTRE OF URBAN GREENERY –
CASE STUDY MUNICIPALITY OF KAVADARCI
(an extract from BSc diploma thesis )
Radica Lelova, Ivan Blinkov
[email protected]; [email protected] ;
1
University “Ss.Cyril and Methodius” – Skopje, Faculty of forestry – Skopje
, bul.”Alexandar Makedonski “bb. 1000 Skopje , Republic of Macedonia ,
fax: +389 2 164560 ; phone: +389 2 135 033 / ext.152 . www.sf.ukim.edu.mk
Abstract: Green areas are very important for the urban environment. Various types of
urban green areas exist. Cadastre of urban greenery is necessary, for its appropriate
maintenance. The Geographic Information System (GIS) is a system performing various
analyses using map information stored in a computer. In recent years, this system is use in
planning and managing with the parks and greenery. Consequently, large volumes of GIS
data are collected. The technique itself is becoming more accessible to individuals
participating in landscaping and greening activities. This special feature issue examines
GIS used in urban park development projects and urban environment planning, in
environmental impact surveys and ecological conservation, as well as in other forms of
green conservations and creations from various angles to offer an insight into numerous
latest findings. The aim of this paper was to develop GIS based cadastre of urban greenery.
The study we completed is for the territory of the city of Kavadarci. The objectives of this
study are to check and collect any paper data about the greenery in the city; to collect
various other data related to the greenery; to carry out various activities for developing the
basic data; to digitize the data and to create web page for this data. For fulfilling all those
objectives, we carried out the following steps: collection of available data (paper or
digital); on-field inventory of the greenery; laboratory work (scanning, georeferencing,
digitizing, etc.).
Data for urban greenery of Kavadarci almost do not exist in the communal enterprise.
Because of this, we selected only four items for the study: the city park and three squares
where we carried out on field inventory and photosets. The paper data for the general
urban plan and the cadastral data we scanned and digitized using the software Arc GIS.
Working map scale was 1:1000 and because of this, the city park we presented as polygon
and the square parks as points. For each item was prepared document file that contain data
about it; location, brief history, inventory of tree species, photoset. We saved all the files in
“pdf” format. On the basic, GIS map using “hyperlink” operation touching on the define
point open this file and all data is available for the user. These files are used for
preparation of web page.
Key words: urban greenery, GIS cadastre, Kavadarci
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INTRODUCTION
Green area which spread on the surface can be said to be among the major parks and areas
in the Republic of Macedonia, which abounds with various species of trees, shrubby plants
and laundered plants.
Parks area which is one of the category of green areas in general use, or City Park, which
is always located in the urbanized part of the city and whose size according to certain
standards ranges from 5-25 hectares, so all the smaller green spaces are in square category
because it is a green area which may be the same location and general purpose, but with
different size. Content depends on its size and position which it occupies in the city. Grin
areas in the urban environment need to be preserved for their recreational hygienic and
aesthetic function. Green areas have also incredible ecological function.
Figure 1. Thematic groups of Urban Data Model (Steve Grise, ESRI Redlands, 2003)
The aim of the development and operation of the urban cadastre is to ensure timely
provision of the governmental and municipality administration bodies, investors,
construction organizations, private developers and city residents with actual, reliable and
legally sound information necessary for decision making, planning of investments, urban
design and control over urban development. (Melnichenko S., Schaller J., Baltzer
U.,2008).
Information provided by the urban cadastre includes data about the land–use pattern of the
city and green areas are part of it. Green areas in the urban environment need to be
preserved for their recreational, hygienic and aesthetical function (Rehatckova T.,
Puditsova E., 2004). Information about the green areas are necessary for their sustainable
maintenance. There are 2 levels of the data complexity of the cadastre of urban green. The
first level is a level that should be a part of urban cadastre where detail information are not
needed. The second level is more detail and it is aimed fro the companies responsible for
maintenance of the green areas and scientific- expert community in the field of urban
forestry.
Performing data interoperability and System migration requires sophisticated GIS tools
and techniques. GIS is a System of computer software, hardware and data, and personnel to
help manipulate, analyze and present information that is tied to a spatial location. (spatial
location – usually a geographic location; • information – visualization of analysis of data; •
system – linking software, hardware, data; • personnel – a thinking explorer who is key to
the power of GIS).
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GIS allows us to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize data in many ways
that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and
charts. A GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking at your data in a
way that is quickly understood and easily shared. GIS technology can be integrated into
any enterprise information system framework.
GIS can be viewed in three ways (Blinkov I.,Mincev I., 2010):
1. The Database View: (A GIS is a unique kind of database of the world—a
geographic database (geodatabase). It is an "Information System for Geography."
Fundamentally, a GIS is based on a structured database that describes the world in
geographic terms)
2. The Map View: (A GIS is a set of intelligent maps and other views that show
features and feature relationships on the earth's surface. Maps of the underlying
geographic information can be constructed and used as "windows into the
database" to support queries, analysis, and editing of the information.)
3. The Model View: (A GIS is a set of information transformation tools that derive
new geographic datasets from existing datasets. These geoprocessing functions
take information from existing datasets, apply analytic functions, and write results
into new derived datasets).
By combining data and applying some analytic rules, it can be created a model that helps
answer the question you have posed. Together, these three views are critical parts of an
intelligent GIS and are used at varying levels in all GIS applications.
In this paper was develop only a small segment of overall wealth which offers our
community in order to regain the consciousness of the citizen, that there are different ways
to be educated of what surrounds him and that there should be additional forms which
would allow access to certain data and information
2. STUDY LOCATION
According to the archaeological sites discovered so far, Kavadarci has been inhabited since
the Neolithic. Signs of settlement are found in the ancient and in the medieval period.
Today Kavadarci offer and provides the visitors with an unusually rich experience.
Municipality of Kavadarci Territory: 391 km2.
Population: 37,189 inhabitants.
Climate: four aeasons, the average annual temperature is 13.5 C, with hot dry summers
and snowy winters.
The city of Kavadarci is located in the area of the middle part of Povardarie in the
central part of the Republic of Macedonia. It is located on the right side of the river
Vardar and the main railroad Belgrade –Skopje -Athena.
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Scope of the Municipality of Kavadarci offer enough green areas which are worth an
immense fortune, considering that nowadays we have less of these sites which are of
immense importance to our society.
Figure 1 - Location of the city of Kavadarci
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3. AIMS and OBJECTIVES
The aim of this paper was to develop GIS based cadastre of urban greenery. This case
study is completed for the territory of the municipality of Kavadarci.
The objectives of this study were: to check and collect any paper data about the greenery in
the city; to collect various other data related to the greenery; to complete various activities
for developing of the basic data; to digitize the data and to create web page of this data.
4. METHODOLOGY
For fulfilling all these objectives, were completed the following steps: collection of
available data (paper or digital); on-field inventory of the greenery; laboratory work
(scanning, georeferencing, digitizing, etc.).
From the local municipality administration office and the communal enterprise were
collect the following data: DUP (detail urban plan); cadastral plans where are located the
green areas, data about the greenery. All these data was in a paper format.
Data for urban greenery of Kavadarci almost doesn’t exist in communal enterprise.
Because of that were select only 4 items: the city park and 3 squares, where was carried
out on-field inventory and photoset were done. Because of absence of some data about the
greenery in these items, was carried out on-field inventory.
During the on-filed work were determined the species and number of various species in the
green area. Beside it, a photoset was done.
After collection of all necessary data the next step was office work.
There isn’t any rulebook for preparation of this type of cadastre in the country or any
already prepared GIS cadastre of urban areas.
The paper data as general urban plan and cadastral data was scanned and digitized using
software Adobe Photoshop and Arc View 3.2.. Working map scale was 1:1000 and
because of that the city park was presented as polygon but the square parks as points.
The biggest problem was how to organize the other data. Entering data in a classical
database is not sustainable for this type of work.
For each item was prepared document file that contain data about it; location, brief history,
inventory of tree species, photoset. All this files were transformed in “pdf” format. On the
basic GIS map using “hyperlink” operation touching on the define point open this file and
all data is available for the user. These files later are used for preparation of web-page. In
the main GIS database, was used command hyperlink and with simple touch on the sign
beside the green item can be open file about the green area. With the command hyperlink
are joined geographical features (points and polygon) with image and data. All these
actions were carried out MS Office and Arc view 3.2.
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The same “pdf” files were used for creation of a web- page
WEB site was created using Microsoft publisher
Microsoft Office Publisher 2007 is the business publishing program that helps you create,
design, and publish professional-looking marketing and communication materials. You can
create materials for print, e-mail, and the Web with an intuitive, task-based environment
that guides you from initial concept to final delivery in-house without professional design
and production expertise.
4. RESULTS
4.1. Results from the on-field inventory
In the first part are presented results from the on-field inventory of the vegetation.
From the 4 selected green areas, only 1 (the city park) can be classified as a park consist
of various units. All other selected green areas which are smaller, belong to the category –
square. According to the theory the area of park is between 5-25 ha, but the area of squaer
green area is lower then 5 ha. Content of the green area depends on its size and position,
which it occupies in the city (Batkoski D., 2006).
1.City Park
It is located in the urbanized part of the city having an area of 15,2 ha In the area of the
park, there are children's playground, a cultural hall, smaller fields for sport, promenade,
restaurants, road signs, etc. The park is used for recreation and sports, place where are
positioned some monuments of eminent activists. The list of species as well as the number
of units is presented bellow:: Picea Abies -20, Cedrus Atlatica 7-10, Cedrus Deodora - 7,
Thuja Vudvordi -10, Thuja Rozentalis -15, Thuja Orientalis - 20, Buxus Sempervirens 50, Cryptomeria Japonica - 5, Hinensis hibridus - 5, Tilia Parvifolia - 50, Betula Pendula
20-30, Pinus Nigra - 30, Pinus Sylvestris - 2, Pinus Peuce - 2, Forsythia Aeuropaea - 15,
Platanus Orientalis - 10, Cupressus sempervirens - 100, Cupressus Arizonica - 150,
Robinia Pseudacacia -100, Juniperus Nana var. horizontalis- 300, Chamaecyparis
Lawsoniana - 7, Aesculus Hyipocastaneum -10, Cercis Siliquastrum - 5, Spirea spp.- 20,
Mahonia spp. - 500, Fraxinus spp. 40-50, Pirocenta spp. 20-30, Catalpa Bignonioides 20,
Celtis Australis 200.
2.Park near the Music School in the City of Kavadarci
This park is called the ‘Music Park’. The area of it is 0,8 ha. It is classified as square
greenery which not occupy more than 5 hectares area. Smaller urban green space,
considering the different conditions in some villages under the square can be green spaces
that take only a few dozen square meters and such area is surrounded by pedestrian and
auto traffic.The name comes from the English word which means square (with four
angles), but the name does not dictate the shape, because today you can find different
forms of square. The squares has a function of short-term passive recreation in silence,
development of traffic, they are decorative, protective and other functions of lesser extent
but not less important.Most of them are lift in some geometric styles, i.e. predominance of
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grass and flower areas, greater coverage of shrubs, fewer trees, paths, benches, trash bins
and other parks elements. It has the following species: Cedrus spp, Tilia spp, Sophora
japonica, Acer spp, Catalpa Bignonioides, Pyrocantha spp., Pinus spp.
3. The Park near the Police station
Square or square greenery with area of 0,32 ha. Species that are found on the surface of
the green area are the following: Fraxinus Orientalis , Celtis Australis, Sophora Japonica ,
Spirea Crenata, Forsythia Aeuropaea, Tilia spp,
4. The Park near the Fire Station
From all the green surfaces listed above, it seems that this is the smallest 0,2 ha. It is a
square greenery like the others. During the on-field work were determined the following
species: Forsythia Aeuropaea, Pirocanta spp., Celtis Australis, Pinus spp., Spirea spp..
4.2. Data model
The official urban GIS data model for the city of Kavadarci doesn’t exist. Because of that
this is an independent data model prepared according to the official national rules for
geospatial database (XY-coordinate system, Gauss–Krüger conform cylindrical
projection, Bessel ellipsoid, mean errors – 500 000 m etc). Then this database could be
easy incorporated in a future urban data model of the city of Kavadarci..
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Figure 2. General Urban Plan of the city and the studied green areas
Because the subject of this work was the green areas, only few layers were developed as
follow: borders of the construction area, hydrological network (the main river Luda Mara
and tributaries), the main streets. The green areas are digitized as polygons. For all of this
parks as it mentioned before was prepared a file that contain basic information about the
selected green area. This document was converted in a “pdf” format just to be easer
manipulating with it. Within the command hyperlink on the point on the map can be open
this file that contain information about the selected greenery. The full text for each item
consist of : brief history (if it is available), location map, inventory of florae and photoset.
In the following part are presented extracts from the text prepared for the city park.
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Figure 3. Description and map (part of “pdf” file)
Figure 4. Inventory of flora in the park (part of “pdf” file)
Figure 5. Photoset from the park (part of the “pdf” file)
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4.3 The web-site - greenery
Microsoft Office Publisher 2007 was used to be created and designed the material about
the urban greenery.
It was created a new working file and stored in a amin database.
After checking the official web site was added a group on a main menu for the prepared
material, titled as “novi sodrzini” (new material).
Figure 6- Official web-site with added new material
All digital material (GIS database, data file for the greenery, data for the web etc. was
prepared on Macedonian language and Cyrillic alphabet to be easy incorporated in a
official municipality digital database.
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6. CONCLUSION
* Data for the urban greenery should be a part of a unify urban data model and to be used
for various purposes especially by the companies responsible for maintenance of greenery.
* Depend on the needs, two format types of digital data should be prepared: detail data and
informative data.
* For the purpose of maintenance of the area the best way is to have a detail data format
i,.e. data about each tree, greensward, park element etc. It need a lot of time and resources.
* For other purposes especially for other sectors as well as for the information of the
citizens, the most sustainable approach is to be prepared file that contain all information
about the each green area (park, square..) as it was shown in this paper.
* It is easy using simple tools as Microsoft Office Publisher to be created and designed a
data in a format useful to be attached on the official municipality web-site This data
informative format) is could be used by citizens.
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REFERENCES:
Batkoski D., 2006: Podiganje i nega na zelen povrsini – Internal script, University Ss.
Ciryl and Methodius, Faculty of forestry - Skopje
Blinkov I., Mincev I., 2010, UNDP-GEF project “Prespa Lake watershed management
plan” – “GIS and database” phase 1 report, pgs 3-6
Dzekov S., 1998, Dendrologija
.Humphries C.J, Press J.R., Sutton D.A., (Illustrated by I.Garrard, T. Hayward, D.More,)
- Trees of Britain and Europe –
Melnichenko S., Schaller J., Baltzer U.,2008: Moscow Urban Cadastre – GIS supported
information system for sustainable developmentof the city of Moscow moves to ESRI
platform
Rehatckova T., Puditsova E., 2004, Evaluation of urban green species in Bratislava, Boreal
environment research, 9, 2004 , pg.469-477
Internet references:
-http://www.google.com/images?hl=mk&q=kavadarci&um=1&ie=UTF8&source=univ&ei=ReNTTMa8M92XOK_J4O&sa=X&oi=image_result_group&ct=title
&resnum=4&ved=0CBsQsAQwAw
-http://www.kavadarci.gov.mk/,
-http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/gis_poster/#how
- http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/urban/sprawl/remotesensing_ab.htm
- http://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/spring09articles/singapore-manages.html
http://www.inive.org/members_area/medias/pdf/Inive%5CPalencAIVC2007%5CVolume1
%5CPalencAIVC2007_100.pdf
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ANNEX 1 – part of the photoset
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