Phylogenetic relationships of Muslim populations of

Transcription

Shah et Al. – Phylogenetic Relationship of Muslim Populations of Manipur
Physical Anthropology
463 - 480
Phylogenetic relationships of Muslim populations of Manipur
based on morphogenetic markers
Ahsana Shah, Mohd Fareed, Ruqaiya Hussain, Mohammad Afzal*
Abstract: In the present paper phylogenetic relationships of Muslim populations of Manipur and its genetic relations with Meitei
and Naga tribe based on the morphogenetic traits have been attempted. Till date, no biological research has been reported regarding
their phylogeny. Muslims with different castes shows differences in the distribution of these morpho-genetic traits, showing differences
of ancestor’s origin. On the basis of genetic distances, dendrogram was constructed using UPGMA Clustering method. Sheikh,
Syed, Pathan and Moghul settled in Manipur approximately the same time on the basis of their origin. Sheikh and Syed form one
common cluster while Moghul and Pathan show another common cluster, reflecting its genetic similarity. Meitei population stand
closer to Muslim population than to Naga tribe showing close conformity with the literature reported where Muslims were reported to
have arrived in Manipur mostly as sepoys of the king and without female counterpart, and were given permission by the then king to
get married with the Meitei women. Meiteis and Nagas belong to the Mongoloid racial stock or are at least more or less genetically
influenced by it, can also been seen as they show the presence of morpho-genetic trait characters characteristics to Japanese, Chinese
and Tibetans.
Keywords: Morpho-genetic traits, Manipur, allele frequency, heterozygosity, genetic distances
Introduction
The North East India popularly known as seven sisters is inhabited by diverse populations of tribes, castes,
religions and various migrant populations. The region is particularly interesting as represented by several tribal
populations of mongoloid origin. They share similar physical features but speak different languages and show
differences in cultural, anthropological and genetic traits (Roy Choudhury 1992, Bhasin and Walter 2001). The
Mongoloids or the Indo-Mongoloids have come to India from different routes at different times and perhaps
earlier than the Caucasoid (Das et al. 1987).While the Mongoloids have migrated from Eastern, South Eastern
(Rapson 1955, Dani 1960), and Central Asian regions, the Caucasoid may have entered from Western and
Northern boundaries of this region. Both the Mongoloid and Caucasoid groups show a certain degree of
differentiation within themselves in cultural and biological traits such as anthropometry, genetic markers, and
* Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh,Uttar Pradesh, India. Corresponding
author. Prof. Mohammad Afzal, email: [email protected]
Antrocom Online Journal of Anthropology 2012, vol. 8. n. 2 – ISSN 1973 – 2880
463
dermatoglypics (Das 1971, 1973, 1979, Phookan 1974, Das and Das 1981, Roychoudhury 1992, Bhasin and
Walter 2001). Manipur ( fig. 1), one of the states of this region, is a small hilly state, situated at the North
Eastern extreme corner of India, that connects the Indian Subcontinent to East Asia and South East Asia as a
unique narrow passageway (Cardaux et al. 2004), and shares an international boundary with Myanmar (Burma).
Manipur erstwhile an independent princely state but formally annexed to Indian union on 15th October 1949
which lies between 23.830 and 25.680 N latitude and 93.030 and 94.780 E longitude (Singh & Singh 2008). It
consist mostly of a number of tribal and non-tribal populations who are predominately of Mongoloid stock and
speak dialects of the Tibeto-Burman linguistic group (Grierson 1903) reflecting their different ancestries and
migratory histories.
Researchers over the years have given different views about migratory routes of the peoples of Manipur. The
most popular among these are the migrations through China, Tibet, and Burma (Myanmar) during different
periods of time (Jacobs 1990). Thus, highly diversified Manipur populations under the umbrella of a similar
ethnic element (mongoloid) and linguistic group are expected to share more of their gene pools with Chinese
and Southeast Asians than with the rest of India ( Saraswathy et al. 2009). The population diversity could provide
an opportunity to study the morpho-genetic variation and similarities among different populations inhabiting the
region since they have cohabited for a long time and presumably there might have been gene flow between them,
since the existence of genetic variation in man is caused by many factors among which selection, migration, gene
flow and genetic drift are the most important (Bhasin et al. 1992).The present paper is to represent certain
morpho-genetical traits viz tongue rolling, tongue folding, hitchhiker’s thumb, dimple cheek, widow’s peak, cleft
chin, ear lobe free or attached) among six populations of Manipur. Genetic mechanism on morphogenetic trait is
still not clear understood as it is seen to occur with variable frequency in different populations and thus are
useful in evaluating and analysing evolutionary forces and classification as well (Das & Sengupta 2003) .
Material and methods
Populations.
Manipuri Muslims comprise 8.32% of the total population according to the 2001 census. They are mostly
migrants who started coming to the state in the middle of the 16 th century (Hodson 1975).They have been given
different clan names which in Manipur is called Yumnak or Sagei given by the king at that time. The term
“Sagei” is a corrupted word of Shaqzi” which is an Urdu terminology. About 74 clans are reported in present
times. Manipur Muslims belong to Sheikh, Syed, Pathan or Moghul castes (Khullachandra and Badruddin 1991).
They belong to Sunni sect only (Shah 2012). The Meiteis, represent the major tribal group, having 60% of the
total population (Lalit 2007) and they follow Hindu religion. Meitei are presumably formed by the admixture of
Koomal, Looang, Moirang and Meitei, all of whom are reported to have arrived at different periods of time,
coming from different directions and now represent the clans of the community (Hodson 1975).While the Naga
are the indigenous tribal population of Manipur, they belong to the Naga-Kuki-Chin group of the TibetoBurman linguistic family and are believed to have migrated to Manipur from Burma probably 300 to 400 years
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ago (Saha & Tay 1990).
Sample collection.
Data on morpho-genetical taits were collected and analysed from unrelated individuals belonging to both sexes
from the following population groups; Muslims with castes – Sheikh, Syed, Pathan and Mughal, Hindu (Meitei)
and tribal(Naga), by taking prior informed consent from the individuals, taking into consideration the factors like
caste, consanguity, age, religion etc. The survey was conducted with healthy individuals from the area of Imphal
East and Imphal west districts by house to house visit, which were selected on random a priori basis during the
day time with the help of volunteers. Survey was also conducted in various schools of Manipur by taking prior
permission from the respective headmasters. For tongue rolling and tongue folding, subjects were determined as
rollers and folders depending upon their ability to turn up the lateral edges of the tongue (Sturtevant 1940) and
folding of the tongue (Liu & Hsu 1949). The ability to roll and fold lateral edges of the tongue in U- shape is
reported to be due to a significant dominant gene while a recessive gene is responsible for its inability (Hsu
1948). Later Liu & Hsu (1949) have expressed that inability to fold tongue is due to a dominant gene and its
ability to roll is due to a recessive gene. Widow’s peak refers to the descending V-shaped point at the middle of
the head’s hairline just above the forehead of some individuals, while ‘cheek dimples’ are the small depressions
that lie on the cheeks of some individuals especially when they smile. Genetically, both are dominant traits and
those who do not express them are said to possess the recessive genes. It is believed that the presence of double
or bifid zygomaticus major muscle may explain the formation of cheek dimples. The terms cleft chin, chin
cleft, superhero chin, dimple chin, or a chin dimple refer simply to a dimple on the chin. It is a Y-shaped fissure
on the chin with an underlying bony peculiarity. The chin fissure follows the fissure in the lower jaw bone
resulting from the incomplete fusion of the left and right halves of the jaw bone, or muscle, during the
embryonal and fetal development. For other individuals it can develop over time, often because one half of the
jaw is longer than the other, leading to facial asymmetry. This is an inherited trait in humans, where the dominant
gene causes the cleft chin while the recessive genotype appears without a cleft. "Hitchhiker's thumb" is an
autosomal recessive trait, more formally known as "distal hyper extensibility of the thumb" Homozygous carriers
can extend the top of the thumb backwards by nearly 90° when the thumb is extended in a "thumbs up”. The
dimple, cleft chin, hitchhiker’s thumb and widow’s peak status of the subjects were determined by physical
examination. The types of ear lobe attachment have been divided here into two categories: free and attached.
“Free” means completely free ear lobes, while "attached" means completely attached lobes. The earlobe patterns
attached or free were classified after Martin & Saller (1961).
Genetic data analysis.
The phenotypes were recorded for each trait, and the allele frequencies were calculated according to HardyWeinberg law using a gene counting method. The level of heterozygosity was calculated using the formula:
Heterozygosity= 1- ∑Ho
where Ho is the homozygosity of the allele, HO=∑Pi2
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Chi-square test: It is used for the measurement of the size of the discrepancy between the observed and
expected values at particular degrees of freedom.
χ2 = ∑(Observed-Expected)2
Expected
Gene diversity Estimation.
Genetic variation was estimated by calculating average heterozygosity or the gene diversity. Average
heterozygosity (H) is the average proportions of the hetrozygotes per locus in random mating populations.
Hi=1-Ji
{Hi=gene diversity, Ji=gene identity}
The average gene diversity within S number of subpopulations is
Hs=1-Js
{Hs=average heterozygosity, Js=average homozygosity}
Gene differentiation is the measure of gene variability and is calculated by using allele frequencies by the method
of Nei. The average gene frequencies of all subpopulations is representative of the entire population and gene
diversity of the total population HT was calculated as follows (Nei’1973): HT=H S+DST (Hs=average genotypic
diversity within the subpopulation, and DST is the average gene diversity between the subpopulation).
The coefficient of gene differentiation relative to the total population (GST)was calculated as follows:
GST=DST/HT
Finally, the genetic distance i.e. the extent of gene differences between populations is calculated by the Nei’s
standard Genetic Distance (D) (Nei 1972):
D=-logeI (I=Genetic Identity)
The matrix of standard gene distances was prepared.
Dendrogram.
The dendrogram was drawn according to the UPGMA clustering method, using Phylip version 3.67 software
(Felsenstein 1993).
Results and discussion
Tongue folding
In the present study tongue folding ability is found to be less frequent among the Naga tribes, in comparison to
the four Muslim populations and Meitei group (Table 1). Not a single case of tongue folders was reported in a
study by Singh, L.R. (2002) on Kom tribe of Manipur. Among the different Muslim populations, tongue folding
ability is found to be more frequent among males, except in the Syeds population where females exceed the
males in tongue folding ability. The chisquare value ( χ2) (Table 2,3) is 561.87,df-5, p-0.00,which is statistically
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significant. The allele frequency ‘p’(Table 4 and Fig. 2) of this trait in present study are Sheikhs-13%, Syed-5%,
Pathan-4%, Moghul-18%, Meitei-8% and Naga-79%.The allele frequency shows that dominant allele ‘p’ is less
frequent in the populations under study except for Naga tribe. The heterozygosity value (Table 5) is highest in
Naga population i.e.32.77% while lowest in Pathans (7.13%).
Tongue rolling.
Tongue rolling ability is found to be less frequent among the Naga tribes Singh, L.R.( 2002) also reported
absence of tongue rollers in Kom tribe of Manipur. Among Muslim populations, male prevails the presence of
this trait, Sheikh-61.7% vs.59.4%; Syed-37.5% vs 33.3%; Pathan-63.6% vs 58%; Mogul-40% vs 22.2% (Table 1).
This result is found to be similar with the earlier findings on Assam Muslim population (Das et al. 1985) and
Sonowal Kacharis of Assam Das, B.M. and Sengupta, S. (2003), where tongue rolling ability was reported to be
more frequent among males. In Saryupari of Chattisgarh, Central India Mitra, M. et al,(1995) higher frequency
of tongue rollers are reported in females. The chisquare value ( χ2) (Table 2,3) is 223.05,df-5, p-0.00, which is
statistically significant. The allele frequency ‘p’ (Table 4 and Fig. 2) of this trait are Sheikh-37%, Syed-20%,
Pathan- 37%, Moghul-17%, Meitei-24% andNaga-3%. Only Naga tribe shows less frequency of dominant allele
‘p’. The heterozygosity value (Table 5) is exhibited highest by Sheikhs and Pathans i.e.46.7 % and lowest by Naga
tribes 6.5%.
Hitchhiker’s Thumb.
Presence of hitchhiker thumb among Muslims is found to be more frequent among males except Syeds which
doesn’t follow the trend. In Naga tribes, males and females show almost similar phenotypic frequency (Males46.2%, Females-46.9%). Among six populations under study Sheikh shows highest phenotypic frequency 62.7%
and lowest by Mughal 30.3% (Table 1). No data is available for comparison of this trait. The chisquare values
( χ2) (Table 2,3) is 58.42,df-5,p-0.00, which is statistically significant. The allele frequency ‘p’ (Table 4 and Fig. 2)
of this trait are Sheikh-21%,Syed-42%,Pathan- 30%,Moghul-45%, Meitei-28% andNaga-32%.The heterozygosity
value (Table 5) is exhibited highest by Syeds (48.80%) and lowest by Mughals (32.99%).
Dimple.
Higher percentage of population under study does not show presence of dimple. Syeds (21%) shows the highest
phenotypic frequency of dimple chin (Table 1). Naga tribe (8.9%) shows variation for phenotypic frequency of
dimple chin presence from Muslim populations while showing similarity to Kom tribe 8.46% Singh, L.R. (2002).
Meitei population in present study shows phenotypic frequency of 15.1%, which shows variation from previous
findings of Singh,S.J.((Meitei of Manipur-3%, Meitei of Assam-7%). The chisquare values ( χ 2) (Table 2,3) is
13.89,df-5,p-0.016, which is statistically significant. This trait shows insignificant value in comparison to other
trait under study reflecting its less importance. The allele frequency ‘p’ of this trait are Sheikh-6%,Syed-11%,
Pathan- 5%,Moghul-5%, Meitei-8% andNaga-5% (Table 4 and Fig. 2).The heterozygosity value (Table 5) is
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exhibited highest by Syeds 19.74% and lowest by Naga tribes 8.7%.
Widow’s peak.
Presence of widow’s peak trait is also found to be less frequent in the populations under study. Syeds (40.3%)
(Table 1) shows the highest phenotypic frequency of widow’s peak while lowest is exhibited by Moghul (4.55%).
Naga tribe (32.2%) again shows similarity with the Kom tribe 30.88% (Singh 2002) and study in Varanasi
population 30% Lata,S and Singh,B.N. (1996). The chisquare values ( χ 2) (Table 2,3) is 49.79,df-5,p-0.00, which
is statistically significant. The allele frequency ’p’ of this trait are Sheikh-15%,Syed-23%, Pathan- 16%,Moghul2%, Meitei-6% andNaga-18% (Table 4 and Fig. 2). The heterozygosity value (Table 5) is exhibited highest by
Syeds (35.15) and lowest by Moghul(4.5%).
Cleft chin.
Frequency of individuals showing cleft chin is found to be less among populations under study. Syeds (29.9%)
(table 1) shows highest phenotypic frequency of cleft chin while lowest is exhibited by Naga (8.9%). In Kom
tribe of Manipur, the presence of cleft chin is recorded in 10.95% males, no females with cleft chin has been
noted Singh,L.R.(2002),but in present study Naga females with cleft chin is recorded. Presence of cleft chin is
more frequent among Muslims. The chisquare values ( χ2) (Table 2,3) is 55.14,df-5,p-0.00, which is statistically
significant. The allele frequency ‘p’ of this trait are Sheikh-9%,Syed-15%, Pathan- 14%,Moghul-5%, Meitei-8%
andNaga-5% (Table 4 and Fig. 2). The heterozygosity value (Table 5) is exhibited highest by Syeds (25.22%) and
lowest in Naga (8.8%).
Ear lobe (free).
Presence of free ear lobe is found to be more common among Muslim populations with Mughals showing
highest phenotypic frequency i.e. 69.7% (Table 1). The frequency of ear lobe attachement are characterstics for
mongoloid-Japanese 67.1%, Chinese: 64.3 % Lai,L.Y.C. and Walsh.R.J. (1966), Tibetans: 50.4 % Tiwari, S.C. and
Bhasin, M.K. (1969) the distribution pattern, which appears from Table 1, cannot surprise. In present study
Meitei and Naga shows the phenotypic frequency of attached ear lobe as 64.6% and 58.9%, which is close to the
above mentioned frequency. So this similarity shows Meiteis and Nagas belong to the Mongoloid racial stock or
are at least more or less genetically influenced by it. Muslims on the other hand are of Caucasoid origin, in which
the frequency of attached ear lobes is generally much lower. Thus the distribution pattern of this anthropological
trait among the Manipur populations under study reflects obviously their different racial affinities. The chisquare
values ( χ2) (Table 2,3) is 113.9,df-5,p-0.00, which is statistically significant. The allele frequency ’p’ of this trait
are Sheikh-40%,Syed-30%, Pathan- 37%,Moghul-45%, Meitei-19% andNaga-23% (Table 4 and Fig. 2). The
heterozygosity value (Table 5) is exhibited highest in Moghuls (49.49%) and lowest in Meitei (31.58%).
Gene diversity.
The coefficient of gene differentiation relative to the total population i.e. G ST for total population group is
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0.6367,0.3988,0.5355,0.2676,1.0475,0.5670,0.29998,and 0.5362 for tongue folding, tongue rolling, Hitchhiker’s
thumb, dimple, widows peak, cleft chin and ear lobe and for total loci respectively. The combined values of D ST,
HT, HS and GST for all loci is 0.2581,0.5509,0.2928 and 0.5362. Within the group, diversity is more as compared
to the intergroup diversity; this is due to the population being closer in origin, and differentiation is not very
pronounced (see table 6).
Genetic distance.
The Nei’s genetic distances are given in table 7 which is given in matrix form. The Muslim population groups are
closer to each other than to Meitei and Naga population (fig. 1). A dendrogram is drawn to show the relationship
by neighbor joining method using phylip version 3.62. Sheikh and Syed form one cluster while Moghul and
Pathan form another group. These two cluster joins with Meitei population,while the Meitei group joins with
Naga population. These shows Muslims populations are closer to Meitei than to Naga (see Fig. 3).
Conclusion
Our present study provides a comprehensive database of the phylogenetic relationships of Muslim populations
of Manipur based on the morphogenetic traits. Till date no genetic variation work has been reported regarding
the phylogenetic relationships of different castes of Manipuri Muslims. It can be observed from data presented
above that the six populations under study shows differences in the distribution of morpho-genetic traits.
Muslims with different castes also shows differences in the distribution of these morphogenetic traits. The
reason for these heterogeneties might be because of different ancestors of these castes, which started settling in
different parts of Manipur valley during different periods. Siddiqui (1979) and Basu (1985) have pointed out that
the Sunni Muslims section in rest of India, has subdivision based on marriage isolation. In Manipur no such
endogamous subdivision could be traced in Sunni Muslim of Manipur (Shah 1990).Generally Manipur Muslims
are conscious about their clans or the distance of marriagebility, cohabitation and relation or conjugal relation
are determined by different clan names, not by vague names like Syeds, Sheikhs, Pathan or Moghul which are
widely practised in other parts of India (Ahmed 2011). However still there is a practice in majorities of Muslim
families where cousin marriage occurs, selected by the family members from among their relatives whether it
may be far or closer one, and thus might have resulted in the minimising the genetic relationship contacts and
hence gene flow among them.
On the basis of genetic distances between different populations, dendrogram was constructed using UPGMA
clustering method. The dendrogram shows that sheikh and syed castes of Muslim Population have maximum
common gene loci and forms one cluster, thus are closer. While Moghul and Pathan forms another common
cluster. Sheikh, Syed, Pathan and Moghul settled in Manipur approximately the same time on the basis of their
origin. Meitei population stand closer to Muslim population than to Naga. Muslims came to Manipur mostly as
sepoys of the king and without female counterpart. The then king Khagemba Maharaj gave permission to get
married with the Meitei women (Singh 1986).These have cause closer genetic similarities between Muslims and
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Meitei Population. Culturally and socially though Manipuri Muslims have came closer to Meitei society because
of religious boundary they remain isolated. The social isolation makes the Muslims an endogamous population
for the last 500 yrs and so. The differences observed among the Muslims, and Naga can be seen as all two
populations are endogamous unit with no or at least only minimal genetic contacts and hence gene flows among
them. The genetic differences which emerged in the course of time by locally acting factors like genetic drift and
or founder effects could be preserved until now due to marriage isolation from each other. The values of genetic
distance show close conformity with the present socio-cultural structure existing in Manipur.
An important observation is that among the six population, Sheikh shows significant differences in almost every
trait under study except dimple and widows peak trait, thus this particular population has least minimal genetic
contacts in comparison to other populations.
Acknowledgements
Thanks are due to the Department of Science &Technology (DST), New Delhi for awarding INSPIRE
Fellowship ( No. IF10378) to the first author (Ahsana Shah) and to the Chairman, Department of Zoology,
A.M.U., Aligarh (U.P), India, for laboratory facilities. The author is also thankful to Yasir Hasan Siddique and
Gulshan Ara for their assistance. Thanks are also due to the headmasters, teachers, students of various schools
and also the individuals who voluntarily agreed for the present study.
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Fig. 1. Map showing location of Manipur in India
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Fig. 2: Allele frequency of different morphological traits in different populations of Manipur
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SHEIKH
SYED
MOGHUL
PATHAN
MEITEI
NAGA
Fig. 3. Dendrogram showing genetic relationship among different populations of
Manipur, India
475
Table 1. Phenotypic frequency of different morpho-genetic traits in different populations of Manipur
Populations
Sheikh
M
F
T
Syed
M
F
T
Pathan
M
F
T
Moghul
M
F
T
Meitei
M
F
T
Naga
M
F
T
Populations
Sheikh
M
F
T
Syed
M
F
Table1:
Characters(Phenotype
Frequency)
Tongue folding
M-male, F-female, T-total, P-present, A-absent
Tongue rolling
Hitchhiker’s thumb
P
163
(79.1)
174
(51.6)
337
(76.6)
53
(82.8)
58
(96.7)
111
(89.5)
73
(94.8)
80
(90.9)
153
(92.7)
23
(76.5)
21
(58.33)
44
(66.67)
52
(76.5)
82
(91.11)
134
(84.8)
5
(3.85)
6
(4.92)
11
(4.26)
P
127
(61.7)
139
(59.4)
266
(60.5)
24
(37.5)
20
(33.3)
44
(35.5)
49
(63.6)
51
(58)
100
(60.6)
12
(40)
8
(22.2)
20
(30.3)
28
(41.2)
38
(42.2)
66
(41.8)
7
(5.38)
10
(7.81)
17
(6.59)
P
157
(65.4)
140
(59.8)
297
(62.7)
20
(27.8)
44
(36.7)
64
(33.3)
41
(53.3)
40
(45.5)
81
(49.1)
12
(40)
8
(22.2)
20
(30.3)
30
(44.1)
52
(57.8)
82
(51.9)
60
(46.2)
60
(46.9)
120
(46.5)
A
43
(20.9)
60
(25.6)
103
(23.4)
11
(17.2)
2
(3.33)
13
(10.5)
4
(5.2)
8
(9.09)
12
(7.27)
7
(23.3)
15
(41.7)
22
(33.3)
16
(23.5)
8
(8.89)
24
(15.2)
125
(96.2)
122
(95.3)
247
(96)
A
79
(38.4)
95
(40.6)
174
(39.6)
40
(62.5)
40
(66.7)
80
(64.5)
28
(36.4)
37
(42.1)
65
(39.4)
18
(60)
28
(77.8)
46
(69.7)
40
(58.8)
52
(57.8)
92
(58.2)
123
(94.6)
118
(92.2)
241
(93.4)
Dimple
A
83
(34.6)
94
(40.2)
177
(37.3)
52
(72.2)
76
(63.3)
128
(66.7)
36
(46.8)
48
(54.6)
84
(50.9)
18
(60)
28
(77.8)
46
(69.7)
38
(55.9)
38
(42.2)
76
(48.1)
70
(53.9)
68
(53.1)
138
(53.5)
P
15
(8.7)
26
(14.7)
41
(11.7)
10
(15.6)
16
(26.7)
26
(21)
9
(13.2)
8
(9)
17
(10.3)
1
(3.3)
5
(13.9)
6
(9.1)
4
(6.45)
18
(21.4)
22
(15.1)
10
(7.69)
13
(10.2)
23
(8.9)
Table1: Characters(Phenotype
Frequency)
Widow’s peak
M-male, F-female, T-total, P-present, A-absent
P
47
(25.9)
51
(28.8)
98
(27.4)
24
(37.5)
26
(43.3)
P
48
(27.8)
44
(24.8)
92
(26.3)
24
(37.5)
10
(16.7)
A
134
(74)
126
(71.2)
260
(72.6)
40
(62.5)
34
(56.7)
Cleft Chin
A
158
(91.3)
151
(85.3)
309
(88.3)
54
(84.4)
44
(73.3)
98
(79)
68
(86.8)
80
(91)
148
(89.7)
29
(96.7)
31
(86.1)
60
(90.9)
58
(93.6)
66
(78.6)
124
(84.9)
120
(92.3)
115
(89.8)
235
(91.1)
Ear lobe (Free)
A
125
(72.3)
133
(75.1)
258
(73.7)
40
(62.5)
50
(83.3)
P
105
(60.7)
118
(66.7)
223
(63.7)
28
(43.8)
36
(60)
A
68
(39.3)
59
(33.3)
127
(36.3)
36
(56.3)
24
(40)
476
T
50
(40.3)
23
(42.6)
25
(28.4)
48
(29.1)
2
(6.67)
1
(2.8)
3
(4.55)
6
(9.7)
10
(11.9)
16
(11)
55
(42.3)
28
(21.9)
83
(32.2)
Pathan M
F
T
Moghul M
F
T
Meitei
M
F
T
Naga
M
F
T
74
(59.7)
54
(57.4)
63
(71.6)
117
(70.9)
28
(93.3)
35
(97.2)
63
(95.5)
56
(90.3)
74
(88.1)
130
(89)
75
(57.7)
100
(78.1)
175
(67.8)
34
(27.4)
23
(29.9)
20
(22.7)
43
(26.1)
1
(3.3)
5
(13.9)
6
(9.09)
4
(6.45)
18
(21.4)
22
(15.1)
10
(7.69)
13
(10.2)
23
(8.9)
90
(72.6)
54
(70.1)
68
(77.3)
122
(74.6)
29
(96.7)
31
(86.1)
60
(90.9)
58
(93.6)
66
(78.6)
124
(84.9)
120
(92.3)
115
(89.8)
235
(91.1)
64
(51.6)
44
(57.1)
56
(63.6)
100
(60.6)
18
(60)
28
(77.8)
46
(69.7)
28
(41.2)
28
(31.1)
56
(35.4)
53
(40.8)
53
(41.4)
106
(41.1)
60
(48.4)
33
(42.9)
32
(36.4)
65
(39.4)
12
(40)
8
(22.2)
20
(30.3)
40
(58.8)
62
(68.9)
102
(64.6)
77
(59.2)
75
(58.6)
152
(58.9)
Table 2. Observed and expected values of different morpho-genetic traits in different populations of
Manipur
Populations
Table 2
Characters(Observed and
Expected)Absent
Tongue Upfolding
Tongue rolling
P
P
A
A
Hitchhiker’s
thumb
P
Dimple
A
P
A
Sheikh Obs
337
103
266
174
297
177
41
309
Exp
287
153
186
254
251
234
43
307
Obs
111
13
44
80
64
128
26
98
Exp
80.9
43.1
52.5
71.5
97
94.9
15
108
153
12
100
65
81
84
17
148
107.6
57.4
69.9
95.1
83
81.5
20
145
44
22
20
46
20
46
6
60
43.1
23
28
38.0
33
32.6
8
58
Syed
Pathan Obs
Exp
Mughal Obs
Exp
477
Meitei Obs
Exp
Naga Obs
Exp
134
24
66
92
82
76
22
124
103.1
55
67
91.1
80
78.1
18
128
11
247
17
241
120
138
23
235
168
89.7
109
149
130
128
31
226
Populations
Table 2
Widow’s peak
Sheikh Obs
Syed
Exp
Obs
Exp
Pathan Obs
Exp
Mughal Obs
Exp
Meitei Obs
Naga
Exp
Obs
Exp
Characters(Observed and Expected)
Cleft Chin
Ear lobe
P
98
A
260
P
92
A
258
P
269
A
171
95.5
261
69.4
207
232
207
50
74
34
90
64
60
33
90.4
24.6
99.4
65.6
58.4
48
117
43
122
100
65
44
120
32.7
132
87.3
77.6
3
63
6
60
46
20
17.6
48.1
13
52.9
34.9
31.07
16
126
22
124
56
102
39
106
29
117
83.6
74.4
83
175
23
235
106
152
68.8
188
51.2
207
137
121.4
Table 3. Chisquare values of different morpho-genetic traits in different populations of Manipur
Populations
Tongue
Tongue
Hitchhiker
Upfolding
rolling
’s thumb
Sheikh
25.02
58.98
22.3
Syed
32.24
2.405
Pathan
54.98
Moghul
Characters ( Chisquare χ2)
Dimple
Widow’
Cleft
Ear lobe
s peak
Chin
0.07
0.0705
20.04
68.526
22.82
8.98
11.6524
4.48
0.087
22.487
0.144
0.54
0.4553
4.02
3.8991
0.06
3.936
10.8
0.58
16.684
4.79
7.452
Meitei
26.7
0.022
0.61
1.15
17.0814
2.087
19.399
Naga
422.9
135.22
1.7
2.6
3.8496
19.36
14.529
Total
561.87
223.05
58.42
13.9
49.7932
55.137
113.892
The value in parenthesis represents the p-value.
478
Table 4. Allele frequency of different morpho-genetic traits in different populations of Manipur
Populations
Tongue
folding
Sheikh
M
F
T
Syed
M
F
T
Pathan
M
F
T
Moghul M
F
T
Meitei
M
F
T
Naga
M
F
T
p
0.11
0.28
0.13
0.09
0.02
0.05
0.03
0.05
0.04
0.12
0.24
0.18
0.13
0.05
0.08
0.80
0.78
0.79
Tongue
rolling
q
0.89
0.78
0.86
0.91
0.98
0.95
0.97
0.95
0.96
0.88
0.76
0.82
0.88
0.95
0.92
0.20
0.22
0.21
p
0.38
0.36
0.37
0.21
0.18
0.20
0.40
0.35
0.37
0.23
0.12
0.17
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.03
0.04
0.03
Hitchhiker’s
thumb
q
0.69
0.64
0.63
0.79
0.82
0.80
0.60
0.65
0.63
0.77
0.88
0.83
0.77
0.76
0.76
0.97
0.96
0.97
p
0.19
0.23
0.21
0.47
0.39
0.42
0.27
0.33
0.30
0.37
0.53
0.45
0.34
0.24
0.28
0.32
0.32
0.32
q
0.81
0.77
0.79
0.53
0.61
0.58
0.73
0.67
0.70
0.63
0.47
0.55
0.66
0.76
0.72
0.68
0.68
0.68
Characters (Allele frequency)
Dimple
Widow’s
Cleft Chin
peak
p
0.04
0.08
0.06
0.08
0.14
0.11
0.07
0.05
0.05
0.02
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.11
0.08
0.04
0.05
0.05
q
0.96
0.92
0.94
0.92
0.86
0.89
0.93
0.95
0.95
0.98
0.92
0.95
0.97
0.89
0.92
0.96
0.95
0.95
p
0.12
0.16
0.15
0.21
0.25
0.23
0.24
0.15
0.16
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.20
0.12
0.18
q
0.86
0.84
0.85
0.79
0.75
0.77
0.76
0.85
0.84
0.97
0.99
0.98
0.95
0.94
0.94
0.76
0.88
0.82
p
0.15
0.07
0.09
0.21
0.09
0.15
0.16
0.12
0.14
0.02
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.11
0.08
0.04
0.05
0.05
q
0.85
0.87
0.86
0.79
0.91
0.85
0.84
0.88
0.86
0.98
0.93
0.95
0.97
0.89
0.92
0.96
0.95
0.95
Ear
lobe(free)
p
0.37
0.42
0.40
0.25
0.37
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.37
0.37
0.53
0.45
0.23
0.17
0.19
0.23
0.23
0.23
q
0.63
0.58
0.60
0.75
0.63
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.63
0.63
0.47
0.55
0.77
0.83
0.81
0.77
0.77
0.77
p-Dominant allele frequency, q- Recessive allele frequency, M-Male, F-Female, T-Total
Table 5. Hetrozygosity values of different morpho-genetic traits in different populations of Manipur
Populations
Characters
( Hetrozygosity )
Tongue
Tongue
Hitchhike
Dimple Widow’s
Cleft Chin Ear lobe
folding
rolling
r’s thumb
peak
Sheikh
Syed
Pathan
Moghul
Meitei
Naga
0.2184
0.102
0.0713
0.2997
0.1455
0.3277
0.467
0.316
0.4674
0.2758
0.3616
0.065
0.3299
0.4880
0.4195
0.4949
0.4028
0.434
0.1135
0.1974
0.1002
0.089
0.1448
0.087
0.2582
0.3515
0.2659
0.045
0.1064
0.2906
0.1511
0.2522
0.2359
0.0896
0.1438
0.088
0.4697
0.4235
0.4669
0.4949
0.3158
0.3562
Table 6. Gene diversity analysis for individual loci.
LOCUS
DST
HT
HS
GST
Tongue folding
0.3475
0.5457
0.1983
0.6367
Tongue rolling
0.2164
0.5427
0.3263
0.3988
Hitchiker thumb
0.4942
0.9229
0.4287
0.5355
Dimple
0.1002
0.3745
0.2743
0.2676
Widow’s peak
0.2314
0.4523
0.2209
1.0475
Cleft chin
0.2369
0.4178
0.1809
0.5670
Ear lobe
0.1802
0.6007
0.4205
0.29998
Combined
0.2581
0.5509
0.2928
0.5362
Hs is the average gene diversity within the subpopulations and DST is the average gene diversity between the subpopulations. The coefficient of gene
differentiation relative to the total populations is GST
479
Table7. Genetic distance matrix among different populations of Manipur.
Populations
Sheikh
Syed
Pathan
Moghul
Meitei
Naga
Sheikh
_
_
_
_
_
_
Syed
0.00370
_
_
_
_
_
Pathan
0.0208
0.01216
_
_
_
_
Moghul
0.1808
0.0234
0.0245
_
_
_
Meitei
0.0304
0.0294
0.0155
0.02275
_
_
Naga
0.1245
0.1484
0.1253
0.0945
0.1003
_
480

Phylogenetic relationships of Muslim populations of

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