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[CONTENTS]
MARCH 2005
VOLUME 12, NUMBER 3
F E AT U R E S
14 UNIONIZE NOW?
Truckers, janitors, nurses, and teachers did it. Then
Microsoft contract employees did it. And most of the
film industry did it quite some time ago. Game
developers, faced in their places of business with major
quality of life issues, have realized that forming a union
is an option. But would it be the best solution?
By Paul Hyman
14
21 MOMENT OF IMPACT: DESIGNING
AN IN-GAME EFFECTS SYSTEM
Irrational Games, creator of TRIBES: VENGEANCE and SWAT 4,
describes a flexible approach to managing effects within
a framework, showing how developers from all
disciplines can trigger complex effect events without
needing to constantly rely on programmers for support.
By Terrance Cohen
31 INTERVIEW: BUENA VISTA’S GOOD VIEW
In the last 10 years, movie production houses that
were once making games fled the interactive side of
entertainment. But Graham Hopper has helped Buena
Vista Games chart a new course. Hopper talks about
Disney’s role in allowing Buena Vista to focus on a
core gamer audience.
34
31
By Brandon Sheffield
POSTMORTEM
34 WHAT’S INSIDE THE ROOM?
THE HORROR OF SILENT HILL 4 INVESTIGATED
They say it’s more Psycho, less Nightmare on Elm Street. More
disturbing, less shocking. What makes SILENT HILL 4 so scary is its
deep focus on psychological terror. In THE ROOM, textures, camera
angles, lighting, characters, a mysterious story line, and alternate
realities all push the player further down that dark tunnel of fear.
Yes, what is inside the room? And how do I get out?
43 INTERVIEW: FROM UPLINK TO DARWINIA
Chris Delay and Andrew Bainbridge are selfproclaimed bedroom programmers who say they are
the last of a dying breed. Working as part of
Introversion Software, they completed a cult PC
hacking simulation called UPLINK for their debut, and
are now finishing their second title, DARWINIA—a name
that aptly describes their own search for survival in
an evolving business.
43
By Kieron Gillen
By Akihiro Imamura and Akira Yamaoka
DEPARTMENTS
4 GAME PLAN
Enjoy the Silence
6 HEADS UP DISPLAY
EA bites Take-Two, Xbox sales figures, Stardock’s software, and more.
8 SKUNK WORKS By James Alguire and Tom Carroll
ImageModeler 4.0 for Mac and MotionBuilder 6
96 A THOUSAND WORDS
The Behemoth’s ALIEN HOMINID
COLUMNS
49 INNER PRODUCT By Sean Barrett
[PROGRAMMING ]
Optimizing Pathfinding III: Inadmissible Heuristics
55 PIXEL PUSHER By Steve Theodore
[ART ]
Let There Be Light: Colored Light
61 NECESSARY EVIL By Hal Halpin
[BUSINESS ]
Ratings Matter
62 AURAL FIXATION By Alexander Brandon
[SOUND ]
The Line of Quality Part II: Licensing
64 GAME SHUI By Noah Falstein
[DESIGN ]
In the Beginning
COVER ART: COURTESY OF KONAMI
W W W. G D M A G . C O M
3
[GAME
PLAN ]
www.gdmag.com
CMP Media, 600 Harrison St., 6th Fl., San Francisco, CA 94107 t: 415.947.6000 f: 415.947.6090
YOU CAN REACH US AT [email protected]
ENJOY THE
SILENCE
IT'S ONE THING TO WREST A CONFESSIONAL
postmortem from the callused hands of a local
Western developer, as we often do, but another
thing altogether to get one from a Japanese
creator who explains both the triumphs and
mistakes of creating a particular game. We
managed it for our postmortem on Namco’s
KATAMARI DAMACY, and luckily, we've now conspired
to get another of the biggest Japanese developers,
Konami, to contribute to this issue. The in-depth
postmortem of Konami’s latest, deeply unnerving
psychological horror title, SILENT HILL 4: THE ROOM,
begins on page 34. SILENT HILL 4 is both unsettling
and daring, and the creators and article authors
Akihiro Imamura and Akira Yamaoka explain the
reasoning behind this paradigm shift from previous
games in the franchise, now that the genre and
mood are established with obstacles like dueling
realities, unkillable ghosts, and a new thirdperson/first-person shifting perspective.
GRAND UNION FAILSAFE
Ever since the current controversy over “quality of
life” in the game industry barreled into view,
there's been a call to do something, anything. As
a result, the concept of organized labor for game
professionals has been raised, perhaps
sometimes without full understanding what that
really means. Fortunately, Paul Hyman has helped
us out. As the game industry journalist for the
Hollywood Reporter, Hyman neatly straddles the
line between our industry (where unionization is
currently just a concept) and the movie business,
(where it's a long-time reality). In his feature
article on unionization (page 14), he draws some
piquant views from a multitude of parties,
including EA_Spouse, high-tech union chiefs, the
IGDA, and Electronic Arts itself.
DISNEYVERTED
The expanded size of this issue of Game Developer
has allowed us to slip in not one, but two
interviews. On the one hand, we have Buena Vista
Interactive, the core gaming division of Disney. The
company is expanding from its partner role in
games, such as Square Enix’s KINGDOM HEARTS, to
more tightly control its game properties and move
into the console gaming space. We spoke with
Graham Hopper (page 31) to find out how the
Mouse’s strategy is being accomplished.
On the other, we have Chris Delay and Andrew
Bainbridge of Introversion Software, effectively
4
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G A M E
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“bedroom programmers” from the U.K., but
creators of two fascinating PC titles, UPLINK and
the forthcoming DARWINIA. Although operating on
a micro-budget, largely from the proceeds of
their last game, Delay and Bainbridge have been
using organic experimentation to brainstorm
DARWINIA’s game design, a process frowned upon
at most larger companies, but offering some
unique opportunities.
BIGGER, BETTER, FASTER
Luckily, that's not all the pleasantries we have to
exchange this month. Check out the feature on
designing effects systems (page 21) by Irrational
Games, creators of TRIBES: VENGEANCE and SWAT 4. We
also have a news section particularly focused on
EA and Take-Two's battle for the sports licensing
market; a special business column from Hal Halpin
of the Interactive Entertainment Merchants
Association, discussing the issues that retailers
face in defending the voluntary ratings system for
games; and the conventional columns from our
standing columnists.
INDIE, SCHMINDIE?
The other day, we received a particularly
“refreshing” letter to the editor, the subject line of
which was “Dear CORPORATE Game Developer
magazine.” Once the red mist had cleared and we
read the rest, we realized that the correspondent
had underlined a good point. Although sister web
site Gamasutra.com has been covering
independent games in greater depth and
frequency lately (take a look at the postmortems
of selected Independent Games Festival entries),
we sometimes find it difficult to talk about the
less well-funded but altogether more free indie
market, due to the space constraints of the
magazine format. But, after featuring the IGF in
our Game Developers Conference preview last
month and Introversion Software and ALIEN HOMINID
in this issue, we've already been making a
conscious effort to cover the more innovative end
of gaming, no matter how high or low on the food
chain it stands.
Simon Carless
Editor
EDITORIAL
EDITOR
Simon Carless [email protected]
MANAGING EDITOR
Jill Duffy [email protected]
ASSISTANT EDITOR
Brandon Sheffield [email protected]
ART DIRECTOR
Cliff Scorso [email protected]
CONTRIBUTING EDITORS
Sean Barrett [email protected]
Alexander Brandon [email protected]
Noah Falstein [email protected]
Steve Theodore [email protected]
ADVISORY BOARD
Hal Barwood Designer-at-Large
Ellen Guon Beeman Monolith
Andy Gavin Naughty Dog
Joby Otero Luxoflux
Dave Pottinger Ensemble Studios
George Sanger Big Fat Inc.
Harvey Smith Midway
Paul Steed Microsoft
ADVERTISING SALES
NATIONAL SALES MANAGER
Afton Thatcher e: [email protected] t: 415.947.6217
SENIOR ACCOUNT MANAGER, EASTERN REGION & EUROPE
Ayrien Machiran e: [email protected] t: 415.947.6224
ACCOUNT MANAGER, NORTHERN CALIFORNIA & MIDWEST
Susan Kirby e: [email protected] t: 415.947.6226
ACCOUNT MANAGER, WESTERN REGION & ASIA
Nick Geist e: [email protected] t: 415.947.6223
ACCOUNT MANAGER, GLOBAL EDUCATION/
RECRUITMENT & TEXAS
Aaron Murawski e: [email protected] t: 415.947.6227
ADVERTISING PRODUCTION
ADVERTISING PRODUCTION COORDINATOR Kevin Chanel
REPRINTS Julie Rapp e: [email protected] t: 510.834.4752
GAME GROUP MARKETING
DIRECTOR OF BUSINESS STRATEGY Michele Maguire
DIRECTOR OF MARKETING Tara C. Gibb
MARKETING COORDINATOR Yukiko Grové
CMP GAME GROUP
VP, GROUP PUBLISHER APPLIED TECHNOLOGIES Philip Chapnick
CONFERENCE DIRECTOR, GDC Jamil Moledina
ASSOCIATE CONFERENCE DIRECTOR, GDC Susan Marshall
EDITOR, GAMASUTRA.COM Simon Carless
CIRCULATION
CIRCULATION DIRECTOR Kevin Regan e: [email protected]
CIRCULATION MANAGER Peter Birmingham e: [email protected]
CIRCULATION COORDINATOR Jessica Ward e: [email protected]
SUBSCRIPTION SERVICES
FOR INFORMATION, ORDER QUESTIONS, AND ADDRESS CHANGES
t: 800.250.2429 f: 847.763.9606
e: [email protected]
INTERNATIONAL LICENSING INFORMATION
Mario Salinas
e: [email protected] t: 650.513.4234 f: 650.513.4482
EDITORIAL FEEDBACK
[email protected]
CMP MEDIA MANAGEMENT
PRESIDENT & CEO Gary Marshall
EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT & CFO John Day
EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT & COO Steve Weitzner
EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT, CORPORATE SALES & MARKETING Jeff Patterson
CHIEF INFORMATION OFFICER Mike Mikos
SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT, OPERATIONS Bill Amstutz
SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT, HUMAN RESOURCES Leah Landro
VP/GROUP DIRECTOR INTERNET BUSINESS Mike Azzara
VP & GENERAL COUNSEL Sandra Grayson
VP, COMMUNICATIONS Alexandra Raine
PRESIDENT, CHANNEL GROUP Robert Faletra
PRESIDENT, CMP HEALTHCARE MEDIA Vicki Masseria
VP, GROUP PUBLISHER INFORMATIONWEEK MEDIA NETWORK Michael Friedenberg
VP, GROUP PUBLISHER ELECTRONICS Paul Miller
VP, GROUP PUBLISHER NETWORK COMPUTING ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE GROUP Fritz Nelson
VP, GROUP PUBLISHER SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT MEDIA Peter Westerman
VP, DIRECTOR OF CUSTOM INTEGRATED MARKETING SOLUTIONS Joseph Braue
CORPORATE DIRECTOR, AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT Shannon Aronson
CORPORATE DIRECTOR, AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT Michael Zane
CORPORATE DIRECTOR, PUBLISHING SERVICES Marie Myers
Game Developer
is BPA approved
WWW.CMPGAME.COM
[HEADS
UP DISPLAY]
GOT NEWS? SEND US THE BIG SCOOP AT [email protected]
THE BATTLE
FOR SPORTS
IN THE LATEST ROUND OF CONFLICT IN THE
sports video game market, publisher Electronic
Arts has secured an exclusive license to use the
NFL brand as well as player’s names and their
stats. EA, whose recent expansionary moves
include taking a controlling interest in BATTLEFIELD
1942 developer Digital Illusions CE and purchasing
a large quantity of Ubisoft stock, has also acquired
a license for the smaller Arena Football League.
EA capped off its round of sports-related license
purchases by acquiring exclusive gaming rights to
the ESPN name, which previously appeared in
titles by EA’s only major competitor in the football
simulation field—publisher Take-Two and
developer Visual Concepts.
This combination of deals has left many
-VS-
analysts stunned. Take-Two, which recently
acquired Visual Concepts from Sega, made major
gains in sales last year by retailing its football and
other sports games at $20 apiece, boosting its
market share significantly; this move in particular
tipped EA’s hand.
The ESPN deal takes effect in 2006, but
interestingly, Take-Two has already announced
that it will drop the ESPN branding from its 2005
football game, as any success the title would have
under the ESPN license would only serve to
strengthen EA’s future ventures with the brand.
In apparent retaliation, Take-Two has tightened its
grip on the Major League Baseball license, and
affiliated groups: Major League Baseball Properties,
Major League Baseball Players Association, and
Major League Baseball Advanced Media. Beginning
in spring 2006, Take-Two’s deal will grant the
company exclusive rights to create baseball video
games with official players, teams, and stats,
shutting out EA’s licensed baseball titles.
It could be argued that Take-Two has the short end
of the stick here, with football games traditionally
performing much better than baseball games in
retail, although it’s unclear exactly how much each
company paid for the licenses—estimates are into
the hundreds of millions of dollars. But with EA and
Take-Two currently the only developers able to
operate in the licensed football and baseball video
game arenas, the short end, at least in terms of
choice, may well be held by the consumer.
Brandon Sheffield
IGF WINNERS SAVE SEALAB 2021
AT THE 2004 INDEPENDENT GAMES FESTIVAL
(part of the CMP Game Group, as is Game
Developer), Cartoon Network and AOL launched
the Project Goldmaster competition, a kind of
gaming industry variation on Project Greenlight.
Flashbang Studios, makers of BEESLY'S BUZZWORDS,
took home the trophy.
The real prize? The lucky developer was granted
the opportunity to make a Cartoon Networksponsored PC game. The title in question? SEALAB
2021: SWEET MAYHEM. The game based on the cult
Adult Swim cartoon, has just been released in
downloadable form, available for $9.95 through
the official Adult Swim web site. Through a deal
with Trymedia, interested parties can experiment
with the game for 20 minutes before buying it.
Flashbang Studios, the winning developer,
recently spoke to Game Developer on its
experience creating the game, illuminating the
CONTINUED ON PG 95
MICROSOFT DISCUSSES XBOX SALES
AS PART OF ITS
regular financial
results, Microsoft has
released further
information on
worldwide sales of the
Xbox. The new figures
reveal that the
company has sold 19.9
million copies of the
console worldwide
since its 2001 launch.
In North America, 13.2
million consoles were
6
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G A M E
D E V E LO P E R
bought, 5 million in
Europe, and 1.7 million
in the Japan and Asia
Pacific region.
In addition, Microsoft's
European division has
released statistics
indicating that the
European Xbox
market share for
2004 was 29.5
percent, a 7 percent
increase from the
2003 calendar year.
The company claims
that Xbox was the
only platform to see
year-to-year growth
during the fourth
quarter of 2004, as
well as the full
calendar year.
In concert with
recently bullish news
on the Xbox Live
service, Microsoft is
portraying its
machine as gaining
ground on its
competitors. In terms
of installed base,
however, the
PlayStation 2
continues to
dominate the current
generation console
hardware—worldwide
shipments of Sony’s
console reached the
80 million mark in
December 2004.
—Simon Carless
2004 NPD GAME SALES STATISTICS
ACCORDING TO THE NPD GROUP, VIDEO GAME
and computer software sales set a new
record for 2004: $7.3 billion. There were a
record 12 games to sell over one million
units, 50 which sold over 500,000 units, and
197 over 250,000 units. This compares
favorably to last year’s stats—10, 57, and 163
games in each respective category.
In contrast to recent criticisms of
widespread M-rated titles, only 16 percent of
games sold last year were rated mature.
Fifty-three percent were rated E for everyone
SALES BY
PLATFORM
and 30 percent were rated T for teen.
PC and console gamers continued to
exhibit different tastes, as the latter
COMPUTER GAME SALES:
$1.1 BILLION (45 MILLION UNITS)
purchased more action and sports
games, whereas computer gamers
bought more strategy games, familyoriented titles, and shooter games. With a
total of 248 million computer and video
games sold in 2004, up from 239.3
million in 2003, that long-feared industry
slump may be a bit of a way off.
—Brandon Sheffield
PORTABLE SOFTWARE SALES:
$1 BILLION (42.3 MILLION UNITS)
GAME CONSOLE SOFTWARE SALES:
$5.2 BILLION (160.7 MILLION UNITS)
WIDGET TOOLS IN SECONDS FLAT
IN THE GAME DEVELOPMENT WORLD,
Stardock might be best known for
making the PC tycoon/simulator THE
POLITICAL MACHINE, although that’s
hardly what keeps the company
afloat. As an indie gamemaker
(GALACTIC CIVILIZATIONS is in its portfolio
as well), Stardock maintains a levelheaded business model by devoting
a good deal of its time to software
development, which is more likely to
turn a steady profit than selling
niche games alone.
On the software side, its newest
product is DesktopX 3 Pro. It’s a tool
that quickly lets you build widgets—
a term Stardock uses for objects
exported as programs that run
standalone as .EXEs. So you can
customize your Windows desktop by
building sleek tickers and calendars,
and also swiftly design and tweak
game UI screens.
"DesktopX allows us to go from
prototype to production level UI
CONTINUED ON PG 95
DesktopX lets you make custom widgets and gadgets quickly, like this personalized
Gamasutra.com RSS feeder, which was created in less than five minutes.
ALIAS RELEASES
MAYA 6.5
INCREASING ITS PERFORMANCE POWER AND
speed—as any respectable point release
should—Alias focused on these areas in
releasing version 6.5 of its 3D graphics
application: modeling, UV manipulation,
deformations, and 3D painting.
Maya 6.5 also has added a new CAD import
feature, called a STEP translator, which creates
images and animations out of the large data sets
created in most CAD packages. Another new
attribute is a set of scene segmentation tools, such
as reference locking, reference editing, and proxies
to give artists more control over managing
enormous data sets, scene load times, workflows,
and overall scene performance.
Alias is offering Maya 6.5 in two packages,
Complete and Unlimited. The former includes all
the basic upgrades in the tool’s interface,
heads up display
KRI CONFERENCE (RUSSIAN GAME
DEVELOPERS CONFERENCE)
Kosmos Hotel
Moscow, Russia
April 1–3, 2005
Cost: 2,250–3,000 rubles
www.rgdconf.com
modeling, animation, visual effects, brush-based
technologies, rendering, Maya API/SDK and MEL
(scripting language), and tutorials. The Unlimited
version adds to this all the new toys you’ve heard
Alias tout as of late: Maya’s Fluid Effects, Maya
Cloth, Fur, and Hair, and Maya Live.
Maya 6.5 costs about $2,000 for Complete,
$7,000 for Unlimited, $900 to upgrade to
Complete, and $1,250 for an Unlimited upgrade.
—Jill Duffy
IEEE SYMPOSIUM ON COMPUTATIONAL
INTELLIGENCE AND GAMES
Essex University
Colchester, Essex, U.K.
April 4–6, 2005
Cost: £140–£315
http://cscourse.essex.ac.uk/cig
W W W. G D M A G . C O M
7
[SKUNK
WORKS]
IMAGEMODELER 4.0 FOR MAC
JA M E S A LG U I R E
CREATING PHOTOREALISTIC 3D MODELS
of real-world objects and scenes normally
involves teams of artists who are masters
of tools like Maya, 3DS Max, LightWave
3D, and Photoshop. The process is timeconsuming and often relies on photographs
of objects or scenes as references for
creating the models and their textures.
But what if 3D models and textures could
be created directly from those same
reference photos instead?
ImageModeler 4.0 for Mac from
Realviz is a terrific tool for quickly
creating photorealistic 3D models from
2D photographs. The tool was
introduced in 2000 and was released
for Macintosh in 2002. This review
specifically evaluates the Macintosh
version of ImageModeler 4.0.
Creating, editing, and texturing 3D
models in ImageModeler is a simple sixstep process:
1. Load the digital images.
2. Calibrate the images to define the 3D
space.
3. Establish a real world reference
measurement.
4. Create the actual 3D geometry.
5. Extract and apply textures.
6. Export the resulting model.
IMAGEMODELER
4.0 FOR MAC
STATS
REALVIZ Corp.
350 Townsend St.,
Suite 409
San Francisco, CA 94107
415-615-9800
www.realviz.com
PRICE
$1,380 full version for
new users; $520
upgrade; $690 for
trade-up from version
3.5 or earlier.
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
Macintosh OS X, version
10.2 or later; or Power
PC G4. (Note: This
review evaluates the
ImageModeler for
Macintosh only.)
1024x768 24-bit
minimum display
resolution; openGL
compatible; 256MB RAM
(512MB recommended);
50MB free disk space.
KEEPING IT CLEAN
ImageModeler’s Mac OS X interface is
clean and uncluttered (when compared
to other 3D tools), consisting of an
integrated tabbed Workflow Toolbar and
3D Workspace window, a Scene Browser
palette for managing scene elements and
changing their properties, a View Toolbar
for adjusting the display of objects in the
3D Workspace, a Tool Properties palette
for modifying tool behavior, and a Tool
Assistant palette providing information
on active tools, mouse operations, and
tool tips. The palettes can be toggled on
or off from the Window Menu and can be
docked to each other and to the 3D
Workspace window to be moved as a
single unit. What’s missing is a way to
create and manage window layouts that
lets users jump to their customized
layouts for different tasks. This would be
more efficient than constantly moving
and resizing palettes.
PROS
1. Step-by-step
processes are simple.
2. Automatic texture
mapping.
3. Can calculate
accurate
measurement of any
distance or angle
from a single
reference
measurement.
CONS
1. Out of price range for
some developers.
2. Tutorials don’t feel
complete.
3. Window arrangement
options could be
improved.
SAY, “CHEESE!”
Each step of the modeling
workflow (load images,
calibration, measuring,
modeling, texturing, and export)
is represented by a tab in the
Workflow Toolbar containing
tools specific to that step:
Load Images. Import images of
the objects or scenes to be
converted to 3D models. You
need at least two images, but
Regular geometric structures, like buildings, can be
having more improves the
modeled and textured quickly in ImageModeler 4.0.
quality of the modeling process
and texture extraction. All
images should be taken using
the same focal length, shot from several
include defining the WorldSpace and
different angles for perspective, and
setting a real world reference distance
showing the complete object or scene.
measurement: You can actually measure
Some images work better for the
some part of the object or scene when
calibration step while others are better
shooting the photos and then plug that
suited for texture extraction. You’ll get
number into ImageModeler.
best results for texture by using the
Measuring. The reference measurement
highest quality images you can.
applied in the Calibration step sets the
ImageModeler lets you import photos
scale for the calculated 3D space. Once
from a digital camera or the Mac’s hard
set, ImageModeler can generate accurate
drive. The software’s documentation
measurements of any distance and angle
provides excellent tips for capturing
in the project—a great tool for architects
images that will yield the best results.
or set designers. Game developers will
Realviz should consider integrating with
also find this handy for maintaining the
Apple’s iPhoto to improve management
scale between 3D objects.
and importing of images.
Modeling. Realviz put several tools in
Calibration. For ImageModeler to
ImageModeler (many that should be
perform its magic, you’ve got to help it
familiar to experienced 3D artists) for
find features that appear in each photo,
creating polygon-based, 3D mesh
such as identifying identical windows in a geometry, including Primitives (cubes,
photo of a room. You use the Place Marker spheres, and other geometric shapes),
tool to identify the common features by
Faces, and Point Cloud Mesh. There are
clicking within those features wherever
also tools to modify the mesh (Scale,
they appear, so the more pictures used,
Rotate, Translate, Split Face, and Extrude
the longer and more tedious the process.
Face) to more accurately represent the
A mini zoom feature facilitates accurate
object or scene. The Primitive and Face
placement of markers (called “locators”
tools are suited to regular geometric
in the Scene Browser). Once at least eight shapes while the Point Cloud Mesh works
different features are identified in each
best for organic shapes.
image, ImageModeler will automatically
Texturing. ImageModeler can
calibrate characteristics of the camera
automatically extract textures from
used to create the images—focal length,
photographs and apply them to the
distortion, position, and orientation—and
model’s polygon faces, creating a
from that extrapolate the 3D information
photorealistic appearance. Careful
needed to create the models. Adding
selection of the images used for the
additional locators or constraints
texture extraction will yield the best
enhances calibration. The final steps
results. Textures created in other
CONTINUED ON PG 11
8
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G A M E
D E V E LO P E R
OUR RATING SYSTEM :
DA BOMB
PRETTY SLICK
SLICK
SO-SO
LAME
CONTINUED FROM PG 8
applications can be loaded from the hard
drive and applied to the model, too. And
ImageModeler allows for editing textures:
You can change the UV mappings from
directly within ImageModeler or more
precisely tweak them in another program,
such as Photoshop. 3D texture artists may
find textures extracted by ImageModeler
unsuited for final rendering of objects for
games. Be prepared to create your own.
Exporting. Once a model is generated, you
can export it to another 3D program for
further editing or for integrating into games,
animations, or videos. ImageModeler
supports most common 3D file formats and
also generates QuickTime VR movies. 3D
artists may need to rework ImageModeler
geometry for it to function properly in their
projects when importing it into their 3D tool
of choice, especially Point Cloud Mesh.
New in ImageModeler 4.0 is the ability
to incorporate 3D objects created in other
programs within its projects, making it
great for matching 3D elements to an
existing photo.
TALE OF THE TAPE
Complementing existing 3D programs,
ImageModeler 4.0 for the Mac is a great
tool for architects, industrial designers,
and game developers who need to create
photorealistic 3D models quickly without
having to spend a year learning new
software. The $1,380 price tag puts it out
of reach for many people who might
otherwise take advantage of it. Upgrades
from recent, previous versions are $520.
You can always download the trial
version, which has limited save and
export capabilities, from Realviz’s web
site to see how it fits in your workflow.
GETTING UP TO SPEED
It’s important to learn to use a new program
as quickly as possible, especially in today’s
fast-paced production environments.
ImageModeler’s help system is more
than adequate, explaining the various
concepts, features, and tools. Tutorials
are also provided with the installation,
and more can be downloaded from the
Realviz web site. Tutorial materials start
off well, but lack continuity. They just
don’t feel complete. A few steps are
confusing—particularly the section on
using the Define WorldSpace Tool—and
the videos don’t have any audio. While
the videos are instructive, an audio
narrative would have added significantly
more to the experience. The additional
online support materials delve into more
complex modeling projects, but there’s
little in the way of explanation for the
examples; the approach is “look at the
files and figure it out,” which is probably
tolerable for experienced 3D artists but
can be frustrating for novices.
Realviz offers limited free technical
support through the company’s web site,
and you can purchase an annual technical
support contract for $150 per year.
RALPH WALDO EMERSON ONCE SAID,
“What lies behind us and what lies before
us are tiny matters compared to what
lies within us.”
How does this lofty quote relate to
MotionBuilder 6? Until last summer,
MotionBuilder was the flagship product of
Kaydara, which was acquired by Alias. So,
the Kaydara days are behind us. What
lies before us is whether MotionBuilder
someday becomes part of Maya, Alias’s
flagship 3D modeling package. Only time
will tell. Right now, what Alias hopes will
lie within us (and motivate us to dish out
roughly $1,000 for MotionBuilder
Standard) is the latest version of the
premiere, standalone animation package
on the market.
In a nutshell, MotionBuilder 6 brings a
more intuitive environment with a highlevel animation editor, an updated
properties viewer, and the ability to make
the hotkeys match your 3D flavor of choice.
More important, the transform manipulator
has been redesigned (for the better), and a
new tool (Handles) provides more
complete control over the selection and
manipulation of objects in a scene. The new
version’s camera controls are also much
simpler, especially when working with
repetitive creation and navigation tasks.
J A M E S A L G U I R E is a Mac
professional and Apple Certified Trainer
with more than 20 years experience in
the computer industry. You can email
him at [email protected].
MOTIONBUILDER 6
By Tom Carroll
A WYMIWYG WORLD
Fans of MotionBuilder know that what
you move is what you get. It’s the tool for
rigging and animating characters in real
time, working with motion capture
(mocap) data and animation libraries,
and creating previsualizations (or previs)
and game-style animation—but that’s
about it. Modeling? Not on your life. Softand/or hard-body dynamics? Forget
about it! But 3D character animators,
especially ones that resist embracing all
the technical underpinnings of what they
are called to do, are perfect for
MotionBuilder, and version 6 is simply
the most intuitive release yet.
Take the animation interface: It’s very
clean and easy to work with. In other
words, keyframing your own animation is
a snap using the basic rig within your
character. However, if you need to extend
the capabilities of that basic rig,
MotionBuilder 6 lets you add auxiliary
pivot points (also known as auxiliary
effectors) and Handles. The easiest way
to understand auxiliary pivot points is to
think of the foot. The basic rig lets you
rotate the foot at the ankle, but not from
the heel. By creating a new pivot point at
the heel, you create new controls that can
amplify the ankle motion. You can quickly
add multiple pivot points for each toe, too.
Handles extend what you can do with
the rig you create. Handles take several
selected control points and group them
CREATED BY CURTIS GARTON
COPYRIGHT 2005 ALIAS SYSTEMS CORP.
Auxiliary pivots let animators quickly define and animate multiple rotation
pivot points.
W W W. G D M A G . C O M
11
CREATED BY CURTIS GARTON
COPYRIGHT 2005 ALIAS SYSTEMS CORP.
MotionBuilder 6 includes
previs capabilities.
so that they can be manipulated more
easily. They can also keep various parts
of a character in contact with other
objects in the scene, as in a sea lion
balancing atop a rolling ball.
MotionBuilder 6 also includes various
“floor contact systems,” which prevent a
character’s feet from passing through a
ground plane, or its fingers and palms
from interpenetrating a surface. After
taking on an acceptably low learning
curve (if you’ve used MotionBuilder
previously, that is), you can produce fluid
animations much faster than you could
have even a year or two ago.
Last, but certainly not least, MotionBuilder 6 contains “pose controls” and
“move keys” commands. Pose controls
let animators quickly build complex
animations (such as a walk cycle) by
combining simple poses. Parts of each
pose can be assigned as IK or FK (inverse
or forward kinematic) to help them work
best together. Move keys allow you to
copy the new animation, in this case a
walk cycle, in its entirety and then
“move” it forward in space so it extends
the animation.
In truth, MotionBuilder 6 contains so
many new features for creation and control
of animation, it’s simply silly. To see for
yourself, access the nine demo movies
Alias provides on the MotionBuilder site. If
a picture says a thousand words, these
movies will leave you speechless.
MOTIONBUILDER 6
Alias
210 King St. East
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
M5A 1J7
800-447-2542
www.alias.com
PRICE
MotionBuilder Standard
$995; MotionBuilder Pro
$4,195
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
Software. Microsoft
Windows XP Professional
or Apple Mac OS X 10.3
or higher; Microsoft
Internet Explorer,
Netscape, or Safari.
Hardware. Intel
Pentium III or higher,
AMD Athlon processor,
Macintosh G4 or G5;
256MB RAM; CD-ROM
drive; OpenGL graphics
card with 16MB RAM;
300MB hard disk space.
PROS
1. Absolutely the tool for
repurposing existing
animations.
2. Non-linear cameras
and edits make
previsualization
snappy.
3. A 30-day noncommercial trial-only
version of MotionBuilder 6 is free to
download.
LESS THAN SKIN DEEP?
It’s been said that whatever good things
we build, end up building us. Despite
whether this is true, MotionBuilder
doesn’t demand that you build a rig
inside the package. While Alias
recommends setting up the skeleton and
skin weights in your individual 3D
modeling package, MotionBuilder lets
you rig any character from scratch.
Anyone using one of several standard
naming conventions can stand back and
watch MotionBuilder generate a complete
IK/FK rig while adding in extra in-scene
effectors that can help the operation of
joints, specifically. Non-standard rigs
become standard through manual
assignment of bones to the software’s
standard rigging outputs; the time
CONS
1. Weighting tools could
be friendlier.
2. Game developers
moonlighting in film
pine for higher-end
spline and cloth
animation tools.
3. The nervousness felt
by non-Maya users
as they ponder
Alias’s ability to
assimilate their
favorite standalone
tool into its own 3D
modeling package.
12
MARCH 2005
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G A M E
D E V E LO P E R
commitment it takes, however, is
simply the price you pay for
individuality.
Nearly any other modeling
package, such as Maya, 3DS Max,
and Softimage XSI, have much
better tools for painting skin
weights, which is why Alias
recommends that it be done elsewhere.
Again, can you do it in MotionBuilder?
Sure. In fact, animators getting their
models from commercial libraries will
probably be overjoyed with MotionBuilder’s tools, but it’s an area that Alias
will hopefully improve as time goes by.
MO CAP, LESS TIME
Where MotionBuilder (and version 6 in
particular) really shines is in reusing or
repurposing animation data from a
widely divergent number of sources. For
example, most animations from modeling
packages are made once and used
once—case closed. MotionBuilder,
however, thinks of each animation as a
separate motion that can be reused,
modified, or applied to any other
character. For example, outside of
MotionBuilder, it would be nigh
impossible to apply the mocap data from
a mining gnome to a seven-foot alien,
though various walk and jump
animations would find common ground
going from one to the other. With
MotionBuilder, it’s a snap. Within
minutes, it’s possible to add the motions
from small characters to large ones and
then, because of MotionBuilder’s system
of animation layers, selectively change
the mocap animations to better fit the
taller, slimmer alien figure.
Additionally, you can translate motion
data on the fly to effectively mimic what’s
happening in real life. For instance, what if
your mining gnome has to leap from a cliff
onto a passing mine cart? The cart’s motion
vector can be added to the gnome’s position
data as he intersects the cart’s position,
making it seem as though he’s carried off
by the cart. “Seamless,” as they say.
PREVIS WIZ
For feature film directors, previsualization
is rapidly becoming one of the most
valuable tools because they can use it to
analyze each scene of a movie prior to
filming even one frame. This saves time
and huge amounts of money when
filming on location. Video games are also
adopting the technique for cut scenes
that are as complex as scenes from
feature films. It’s important to be able to
create and use multiple cameras within
each animation. MotionBuilder does this
and has an interface that make creating
and using the cameras quite intuitive.
THE WRAP UP
Add it up: easy animation tool sets, rapid
re-use of existing animation, and previs
techniques utilizing multiple cameras
and non-linear editing techniques. The
positive aspects of MotionBuilder 6 would
seem on the surface to justify the price,
making it the universal choice for
everyone. But this isn’t so. For instance,
take film animators who are interested in
creating ultra-realistic scenes. They’re
going to use it only as a stepping stone to
other packages that allow for lattice,
spline, and wrap deformations, as well as
hair and cloth simulations. Also, users
who see that MotionBuilder 6 allows for
fading out a scene may also demand
more sophisticated wipes, white-out
fades, or even—gasp!—an iris. While
incorporating such capabilities into
MotionBuilder would certainly make it
much more robust, it would also become
much less affordable for Alias’s
mainstream clientele.
And for the vast majority of game
developers, such capabilities are very
much part of what Emerson referred to
as “what lies ahead.”
*
T O M C A R R O L L is a 3D environment
artist with Rockstar San Diego. He also
reviews anime and other DVDs for
www.gamevortex.com. Contact him at
[email protected].
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>> p a u l h y m a n
UNIONIZE NOW?
Hollywood does it—but should game developers organize, too?
>>WHEN EA_SPOUSE POSTED HER NOW-FAMOUS OPEN
letter regarding working conditions at Electronic Arts, it wasn’t
as if no one had ever complained before about the quality-oflife issues plaguing the game development community.
But she brought the discussions into the open, notes
Rusty Rueff, EA’s executive vice president of human
resources, and that, he says, is a good thing. “Maybe I’m
old-fashioned,” he told Game Developer, “but I think it’s
cathartic when people have a chance to get something off
their chest. And obviously, in our industry, how we work is
something that people need to talk about.”
Indeed, EA_Spouse says her goal was to break the ice, to
get developers talking. They are, however, talking about
P A U L H Y M A N writes a weekly column on the game industry for The Hollywood Reporter. He’s
covered gaming for more than a dozen years. You can reach him at [email protected].
14
MARCH 2005
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G A M E
D E V E LO P E R
W W W. G D M A G . C O M
15
UNIONIZE NOW?
more than just convincing management that conditions need to
improve. There’s now a buzz in the industry about unionizing—and
it’s getting louder.
Many industry observers see close parallels between the
gripes of today’s game developers and those of workers in the
movie industry in the 1930s and ’40s, particularly in the
animation segment. The difference is that Hollywood unionized,
and the game industry is still only talking about it.
WHO CONTROLS HOLLYWOOD?
“What you saw in Hollywood’s studio era was a lot of
independent producers who slowly consolidated into a few key
players—we call them the Five Majors—who gained a
monopolistic control over distribution,” describes Tara
McPherson, chair of the University of Southern California Cinema
School, Critical Studies division.
“They pretty much set the policy within the industry,
decided what kind of product would be made, the rates that
would be paid, and whether you’d have the opportunity to get
your movie distributed to theaters,” she says. “I see that
being replayed pretty dramatically in the game industry. In
just the last few years, the number of small, independent
game production companies in Los Angeles alone has
plummeted. The possibility of distributing an independentlyproduced game without connection to some bigger player is
almost nil.”
As time went on, Hollywood workers found themselves
powerless to bargain with managers on the amount of pay they
received and the hours they worked, and turned to unions like
the Screen Actors Guild and the Writers Guild of America to
represent them in negotiations. But it was a slow transition,
says McPherson, because white-collar workers, like screen
writers and editors—and game programmers and artists—see
themselves as different from factory workers and are often
reluctant to consider unionization.
“Oddly enough, the Hollywood managers and studio
executives made very much the same arguments as the
Electronic Arts executives are making right now: that unions are
for people who do dirty work and that they result in a kind of
group-think that destroys individual creativity and the ability to
negotiate your own wages,” McPherson says. “But I would argue
that the Hollywood unions were absolutely essential to the
workers having decent jobs.”
McPherson believes the same is true of the game industry—
that the big game publishers aren’t going to “benevolently
change today’s abysmal work conditions without pressure. They
16
MARCH 2005
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G A M E
In my conversations, I hear
developers yearning for three things:
• strict limits on time worked
• pay for time worked
• production organized well enough
to eliminate "crunch time."
Unions may help, but they hardly
guarantee a life of ease. A business
that vaguely resembles our own—
making movies—is heavily unionized,
but that doesn't mean cushy jobs.
D E V E LO P E R
will make small changes, but not much else, if the threat of
unionization seems real.”
AND MICROSOFT BEGAT WASHTECH …
Unions are, in fact, eyeing the game development community,
and the Seattle-based Washington Alliance of Technology
Workers makes no bones about it. WashTech, as it is known, is a
local of the Communications Workers of America, having been
formed seven years ago by contract workers hired by Microsoft
through temp agencies, who at the time comprised more than
50 percent of the software giant’s local workforce.
One of those workers was Marcus Courtney, a contract test
engineer, now president of WashTech.
“You could work for years without being converted to full-time
employee status,” says Courtney, “which meant you’d never have
any job security or decent benefits. And, in the mid-’90s, Microsoft
was pretty much the only game in town for tech workers.”
When Microsoft lobbied for changes in overtime standards—
employees who made at least $27.63 per hour were ineligible for
time-and-a-half—it sparked a spontaneous email protest to the
state government and, ultimately, the launch of WashTech.
Now, seven years later, Courtney claims that the big game
companies are trying to limit their employees’ conversations
about wages and working conditions. He’s reaching out to them
via online forums and job boards “to tell them the advantages of
joining a union and what we have to offer because not a lot of
white-collar workers understand the union process.” He claims
that while his is the first union dedicated to representing hightech employees, he wouldn’t be surprised if other unions, like the
Screen Actors Guild, the American Federation of Television and
Radio Artists, and the International Federation of Professional
and Technical Engineers, started making similar efforts.
COMPLICATIONS AND CONSEQUENCES
But there are those who argue that unions may not achieve
the goals of game developers, and one of those people is
Adam Levin, an attorney who practices labor law at the Los
Angeles-based firm of Mitchell, Silberberg, and
Knupp. He most often represents employers
in the movie industry.
“While there are perceived benefits to
unionization, it’s very important for
Everyone in Hollywood works hard.
employees to recognize the tangible
Typically, craftsmen on a movie set
consequences of bringing in a labor union,” he
sign up for 12-hour days. The
warns. “They may include the rejection of
difference is they get paid overtime
union proposals by employers, the possibility
for four of those hours and we don't.
of strikes, increased production costs that
Some of us believe that superior
may lead to runaway production work—which
organization will contain the extra
could mean layoffs—plus the expense of
costs of fair compensation. Are we
union dues and initiation fees.”
right? Unless employees are willing
Levin calls EA_Spouse’s open letter to the
to duke it out, we'll never know.
industry a wakeup call to employers to re—Hal Barwood, Finite Arts
examine working conditions, particularly
crunch times, “which used to be sporadic and
‘what do we want?’
REMEMBER THOSE OLD NEWSREELS
from the 1930s? Ford Motor
Company goons with baseball bats
chasing down auto workers in old
Detroit? Most of the violence in our
business takes place in our
imaginations, but overturning the
current work practices of studios
and publishers will jolt us all, so
get ready for reality—struggle
and strife.
Tara McPherson, chair of the
University of Southern
California Cinema School,
Critical Studies division
PAID ADVERTISEMENT
TAMING THE COMPLEXITY OF
GAME DEVELOPMENT
by Allan McNaugton
While ad hoc asset management
solutions have been used by game
developers and artists for many
years, runaway complexity has
created a strong need for better
tools. The stakes are high. Quality and
productivity are seriously impacted
by recurring problems, such as files
getting mysteriously dropped from the
game image, or even more damaging,
mismatched versions of assets
appearing in the image.
type game, for example,
you could create distinct
repositories for assets
of similar types such
as levels, characters,
weapons, or buildings.
Another option would be to
create a single repository
with a sub-repository for
each level which contains
the assets for that level.
CHANGE TRACKING
As with most things in software
development, good tools can make the
difference between success and failure.
The challenge is finding the right tool for
the job. This paper discusses what you
should look for in an asset management
system and one solution that may meet
your needs.
ASSET CONTROL
An unmanaged asset is an accident
waiting to happen. The most effective
way to mitigate risk is to store each and
every asset in a central repository. While
it is quite possible to use a shared folder
on a network drive for this purpose, this
approach is likely to cause more harm
than good.
A better solution is to use an asset
management system such as
Surround SCMTM from Seapine
Software. Surround intelligently
implements asset management, with
full version control, for all of a game’s
digital assets including source code,
3D models, textures, images, sounds,
music, and more (see Figure 1).
Assets under Surround’s
control are safely stored in one or
more server-based repositories.
Repositories can conveniently be
arranged in most any hierarchy
desired. In a first person shooter-
The code developers write
depends on the assets
artists create and vice
versa. The challenge is
Figure 1 Surround SCM in thumbnail mode
making sure everyone has
the right version of the
not common), they still serve to clearly
assets they need. Surround helps solve
denote a related set of assets. Snapshot
this problem by versioning every asset it
branches are used for this purpose and
manages. Versioning ensures no change
correspond to important milestones
can occur without everyone knowing
such as the first testable version, a beta
about it (or at least there being a history
of the change). Specific versions of assets release, or gold master of the game.
can be grouped together so you only need
Surround also offers far more
to retrieve the contents of the branch to
sophisticated features than just
obtain a working image of the game.
snapshot branches. Developers can set
While branches are used less in game
development than they are in more
traditional development environments
(maintenance releases of games are
Figure 2 Changelist window
up private workspaces that allow work to
continue in isolation. This is useful during
major infrastructure changes, such
as reworking the game engine. When
work is completed it can be pushed
forward (promoted) to the main
branch for integration with ongoing
changes.
Because many fixes involve
changing more than one asset, it
is often useful to check them in as
a single unit. This helps minimize
inconsistencies as it is easier to add
the assets to a changelist rather
than checking each file in individually.
Assets in a Surround changelist
are kept pending until the group is
committed (see Figure 2).
PAID ADVERTISEMENT
would typically need to run a script that
updates the resource file with the new
model. Not only is this time consuming, it
is also error prone.
If you are using Surround, and take
advantage of triggers, the job is done for
you. A trigger is an action that occurs
when a certain asset management
operation takes place (e.g., check in,
promotion, deletion). You could create
a trigger that fires when new textures
are checked in. This trigger could call a
script that updates the resource file with
the modified asset. This way, if an artist
updates a texture map, seconds later the
game engine picks up the change.
Triggers are remarkably flexible
because they use the operating system
to execute scripts. This means you
can write your script in any language
supported by your platform. Trigger
specifics such as why and how the
trigger was fired are communicated to
the script through environment variables.
Figure 3 Side-by-side
and differencing format
IMAGE SUPPORT
Artists and developers live in different
worlds. They often use tools unfamiliar
to one another. While there is little need
for the artist to see exactly what the
developer is up to, it is frequently useful
for the developer to see how the artist’s
work is progressing—after all, the code
has to support it.
The developer is commonly stymied in
this task by the binary objects an artist
produces. Unfortunately, many asset
management systems simply present a
lengthy list of file names, and it’s up to the
developer to view the asset by retrieving
it and opening the file with an appropriate
tool. Surround makes this task easier
because it displays image files directly
within the asset manager (more than 25
file formats are supported).
Surround lets you compare different
versions of checked-in images in two
ways: a convenient side-by-side format
or a view showing the images combined
differences. This brings to light even the
smallest change by subtracting the pixels
of one image from the other. In addition,
Surround can help identify subtle color
differences by showing the high contrast
result of pixel subtraction (see Figure 3).
The value of previewing images within
the asset manager is even applicable
to tools that do not generate images
such as a 3D modeler. In this case, the
asset processing script can be modified
to capture a snapshot of the model
as it is displayed in the modeling tool.
This snapshot is then checked in along
with the corresponding model. While
the image may not fully illustrate all the
changes made to the model, it is a useful
way to quickly identify major differences
without using the modeling tool.
ASSET PIPELINE INTEGRATION
Although the versioning of assets is a key
part of an asset management system, it
is not the only part. It is critical that the
tool can be easily integrated within the
asset processing pipeline.
Consider, for example, a game that
retrieves its entire set of models,
textures, and bitmaps from a single
resource file. The resource file is typically
built by a script that glues a large array
of assets together. What happens when
a new model is checked in? Well, you
An additional benefit of triggers is that
they also form the basis of Surround’s
email notification system. Instead of calling
an external script, a trigger can fire off
emails to interested parties when certain
actions occur. It is simple to customize
messages because email templates can
be edited directly within Surround.
Shadow folders offer another way to
keep the game image current. A shadow
folder is a user-specified directory that
always contains the latest read-only
contents of a specified branch. It is easy
to configure Surround so that when
an asset is checked in, the content is
automatically copied to the shadow folder,
which just so happens to be a directory
mapped to the game image folder.
ACCESS FROM ANYWHERE
While much game development work is
done in-house, it is not unusual for parts
of the project to be farmed out to an
especially talented freelance AI wizard, or
even handled by the studio’s publishing
partner. This requires an asset
management system to provide secure
access to assets from anywhere.
Surround is based on true client/
server architecture so it is equally adept
PAID ADVERTISEMENT
at meeting the needs of both local and
remote users. The Surround client
communicates with its server through a
TCP/IP connection with optional 512-bit
encryption. Surround does not provide
a Web interface, nor does it need one
because it provides a highly capable rich
client that supports Windows, Mac OS X,
and Linux users.
Since you may not want that freelance
AI wizard to romp through the rest of
your source code, Surround lets you limit
access at the repository and branch
levels. You can also modify the default
role-based security model so that only
certain groups of users have access to
specific commands.
QA FRIENDLY
It takes a Herculean effort to test a game
these days. Finding and eradicating bugs
is extremely important to the success
of the game. Testing is often done
concurrently by the game developers and
by the publishing partner. It can cause
much confusion if the results of these
efforts are not properly tracked by a
capable tool.
Although bug tracking tools are
certainly commonplace, you should
consider looking at Seapine’s TestTrack
Pro (see Figure 4). Aside from its
seamless integration with Surround,
TestTrack Pro has many features
that appeal to game developers. First
and foremost, it is so easy to use that
people actually don’t mind using it.
TestTrack Pro offers both a robust client
interface and an equally capable Web
interface that external parties, such as
a publishing partner, can use without
requiring a finicky virtual private network.
You can even link changes to assets
with the bug request that initiated
the change. With this information it is
possible to quickly assess the full impact
of modifications required to implement
a change. An additional benefit of
using TestTrack Pro is that over time
a complete historical record of all
development activities is created.
GET GOING
The importance of having a sound asset
management strategy will only increase
as games become more complex.
Figure 4 TestTrack Pro image thumbnail support
Teams that implement proper asset
management will likely benefit from
shorter release cycles and increased
productivity. Seapine Software’s
Surround SCM and TestTrack Pro
provide a solid foundation for managing
all of a game’s digital assets and tracking
the continually changing environment
they exist within.
AUTHOR
Allan McNaughton ([email protected]) is a patent-holding
technologist and veteran writer. He is the
principal at Technical Insight LLC, a firm
specializing in the composition of hightechnology white papers.
complex business and development
processes, so they can focus on
developing quality software in less
time. All Seapine products seamlessly
integrate with each other as well as
most popular software development
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more recently have extended to a kind of crunching throughout
the year.”
“It’s always my advice to employers that they should have an
open door with their employees to [let them air their]
grievances and to always try to address those grievances,” he
recommends. “The wise manager will recognize that working
out an amicable resolution with employees is the preferred
route to either litigation or unionization.”
Levin cautions that unionization frequently means increased
labor costs, which does no one any good. “If a publisher’s labor
costs go up in such a way that it can no longer make a profit, it
will have great difficulties with its shareholders. If it needs to
pass those costs along to, say, Wal-Mart [as a retail channel]
and, in turn, to the consumer, I suggest that neither one will
accept those increases. As a result, game makers may end up
going out of business or moving work to Canada or Europe
where unions are less of a factor, and then there will certainly
be layoffs. So everyone needs to be aware that, with increased
labor costs, which are inevitable when you have a union, there
are going to be consequences.”
‘INEVITABLE’ PROPONENTS
But Tom Buscaglia, who calls himself “The Game Attorney,” begs
to differ. The only thing he believes is “inevitable” is the
unionization of the games industry.
“I’m just not sure there’s a way around it,” admits Buscaglia,
a principal at Miami-based T.H. Buscaglia and Associates, who
once specialized in labor law but now represents independent
game developers. “The problem is that the crunch scenario
has been built into the equation; in a real sense, the
publishers’ backs are against the wall. If they currently need
their people to work 60 or 80 or 100 hours a week in order to
build a game that sells for X number of dollars, there’s no way
they can now tell everybody, ‘It’s okay, we’re only going to
have you work 40 hours a week,’ because then their
production costs will double. They can’t be magnanimous
because they ultimately have to answer to their shareholders.
And so, in a way, having a union come in might take the heat
off of them. It might be a win-win situation.”
It’s difficult to pinpoint exactly when crunch “got built into the
equation.” Certainly, it hasn’t always been so. At one time, the
game industry consisted of small groups of game enthusiasts
working together feverishly and endlessly to build a title they
believed in. They worked long hours because they were driven
by passion. But over the last 10 years, that model has pretty
much changed to a commercially-driven industry inhabited by
big, publicly-traded companies.
“What you’ve got now aren’t games emerging from the
passion of individual developers but repetitive products driven
by economic considerations,” notes Buscaglia. “We’ve got an
assembly line of people working on the fifth iteration of a
football game that comes out every year like clockwork and the
passion is gone. They may like what they’re doing, but it’s
culturally inappropriate to continue the same model.”
ONE SPOUSE HAS HER SAY
That’s what EA_Spouse was referring to when she posted her
open letter regarding her fiance’s working conditions. Speaking
to Game Developer (anonymously still, at her request), she
reiterated how game-building needs to be fixed from both
process and management standpoints so that deadlines can be
met without extended crunch periods.
“We’ve followed a Hollywood model and it’s become a train
wreck,” she says. “When a publisher takes a proposal from a
[development studio], there needs to be specifics—what that
developer is going to do and how, and how [the developer] is
going to meet a certain deadline because it has such-and-such
resources. That’s not what happens now, and I know that
because I’ve written proposals. Now, a developer just says it
wants to make such-and-such a game, and the publisher
basically plays Russian roulette with whether that team can
meet its commitments.”
Since her letter was posted, EA_Spouse reports that there has
been a change of tone at EA. When someone suggests that a
design team needs to go to a six-day week, the idea is
immediately dismissed with a comment like “No, we can’t do
that, not with all the publicity that’s going on.”
“But I don’t think that will be very long-lived,” she says. “In my
opinion, the only thing that will get publishers to budge is
unionization, which I believe to be the best solution.”
EA_Spouse’s immediate plans are to launch GameWatch.org, a
web site where game developers can share information about
their companies.
“There are some development houses, like BioWare and
Cyberlore, that are the good guys, who work hard to do right by
their people and still create good products,” she notes. “I think
other developers need to know that. And so we’re creating
GameWatch.org, which will be like a movie review site, only
instead of critiquing movies, we’ll critique game studios. Our
goal is to have it up by June.”
PURVEYOR OF CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT
In Montreal, a man with the enviable title “VP of continuous
improvement” says he agrees with EA_Spouse when informed that
she is in favor of fixing the game-building process. He’s Ubisoft’s
Michel Allard, and he says that, without a doubt, the solution to the
quality-of-life issues is changing the way games are made.
“We’ve formed an internal committee that’s going through
every type of documentation on project management in all
types of industries, trying to learn from them to see what can be
done in our business,” he explains.
>> f i r s t p e r s o n
EA’S INDUSTRY
leadership and the critical
and commercial success
of our games is a
reflection on the high
caliber of people we hire
in every job. They are
simply the best talent in
the business, period. To
keep our people
motivated, we need to
constantly ensure that
their creativity, hard work
and dedication is
supported and rewarded.
To succeed at this, we
are committed to working
with teams and
individuals to identify both
strengths and weakness
in our processes.
That said, we recognize
there are legitimate
concerns about work-life
balance in this industry.
The game industry is
going through some
significant growing pains,
and as the industry leader,
EA is in the forefront of
addressing these issues.
We’ve got an
ambitious goal: to set
new industry standards
for management and
recognition. At EA, we’re
listening and
communicating directly
to our people and building
a model for the best
culture and work
environment in the
entertainment industry, a
place where the best and
most creative people can
build and sustain longterm careers making the
world’s best games.
Rusty Rueff, executive
vice president of human
resources for EA
W W W. G D M A G . C O M
17
UNIONIZE NOW?
As a result, Ubisoft has put into place a project management
office that supplies project coordinators for every team and that
has developed methods to better schedule and estimate tasks.
“We’ve gained ground, but that
doesn’t necessarily manage all
the types of ambitions that are
out there,” he says. “Sometimes
the impetus to work long hours
comes more from a certain
bravado or peer pressure than
from management. So this is a
multifaceted problem, and it’s our
biggest challenge—to protect
creativity while gaining better
control over our projects.”
Specifically, Allard says Ubisoft
is paying more attention to the
concept and pre-production
phases of the development
process. There needs to be
someone, he notes, who says
that the game will be just as good
without an expensive feature or a
time-consuming addition.
“I think the marketing people
would say that, yes, we need all the
extras,” he adds. “But whether we really need them is not an easy
answer to come by. I think we have a lot of good minds getting
together on this problem and, over time, we’ll gain control of it.”
Allard wants to believe that unionization won’t take place at
Ubisoft, adding that unions are very capable of hurting creativity.
“Whether they will come is difficult to say,” he concludes. “I
don’t think any industry is totally protected from it.”
Adam Levin of the law
firm Mitchell, Silberberg,
and Knupp
SYMPTOMS OF AN INDUSTRY AT LARGE
At EA, there’s no doubt whatsoever that unions represent the
dark side.
According to Rusty Rueff, the executive VP of human
resources, “There will always be people who want to step in and
take a piece of the pie or get in the middle of things without
contributing to the growth of the business. I personally don’t
believe that our people are the type who actually want to have a
third party representing them and determining their wages,
hours, or working conditions. And so it’s my job and the job of
the leaders inside the company to ensure that we’re doing the
right things so that those kinds of things aren’t necessary.”
Rueff believes that the working conditions and challenges at
EA are symptomatic of the entire industry, not just his company.
“We’re all trying to squeeze that last 10 percent out of the
current technology, which is a little bit less exciting than it will
be a year from now when we’re working on the PlayStation 3,” he
says. “But I do believe that getting better at project
management, scheduling, discipline, and pre-production—those
are all things we all need to become smarter at. Those are the
things we aren’t doing as well as we want to.”
To that end, EA says it has recommitted to what it calls its
X Process, a production practice that has the team focus on the
features of a game prior to going full-speed ahead on a project.
The process also dictates that the team build one level of a game
prior to the studio committing to the project entirely in order to
make certain everyone understands what the game involves.
18
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“We’ve taken every studio person in every EA location around
the world through the process these last few months, and I
think everyone is convinced that we’re serious about it,” says
Rueff. “In my mind, it’s like running a marathon. You want to
make sure that you have a kick left in you at the end, and you
don’t mind having to kick if you don’t have to start the kick too
early. So we’re being very open with everyone and discussing
when we think the crunch is going to come, how we’re
minimizing the crunch, how we’re working together to
determine what that crunch will be. Everybody at EA has been
communicated to and now understands this.”
I WANT TO MAKE GAMES WHEN I GROW UP
In a soon-to-be-published study by the University of Texas at
Austin’s Digital Media Collaboratory, 310 middle school
students in Texas were asked what they wanted to be when
they grew up. Of the 124 male respondents, the favorite
occupation (out of 40 choices) was professional athlete; the
runner-up was video game designer.
Jason Della Rocca, executive director of the International
Game Developers Association (IGDA), wonders whether those
students will change their minds when they catch wind of what
a game designer’s work schedule and wages are like.
“This is not just an EA thing,” he says. “As word slowly gets out
that regardless where you work, the conditions are all
miserable, how easy do you think it’s going to be for our
industry to attract new talent? When people start avoiding us
because they believe us to be a bunch of slave drivers, that’s
got long-term, industry-wide implications. That’s why the IGDA
sees this as a very serious issue.”
Last year, the association did an informal survey of game
designers which revealed that about 30 percent of the
respondents didn’t intend to be in the industry within five years;
more than 50 percent said they will be gone in 10.
“That is a huge number,” says Della Rocca. “Imagine if half
the people in Hollywood left every 10 years. What kind of
experience would remain? Where would the talent come from?”
In terms of solutions, Della Rocca believes the industry has
to enlighten the rank and file as well as management.
“Although they have the passion, developers need to put their
own brakes on, and they want to have a life outside of the
game industry because that will make them better game
developers. We need to educate the middle managers, the
project managers, and the producers—or bring in outside
management [to] deal with the chaos and the fires and the
pressures of managing large-scale, big-budget projects.”
As for unionization, the IGDA is what Della Rocca calls “union
neutral.” He says it isn’t the IGDA’s role to condemn or condone
the creation of a union. “It’s really the choice of the workers to
decide whether they want to unionize,” he says.
Indeed, it’s likely the discussions will continue, the unions
will pursue educating about the benefits of organizing, and
management will try to convince game developers that
conditions will get better without unions. And some of those
who are talking now credit EA_Spouse for accelerating the
conversations.
“EA_Spouse just wants her man home at night,” Buscaglia says,
“and I think there are a lot of people who feel the same way.”
*
the evolution of 3D continues
Selected for performance. Adapted for next generation productions.
Image by Kenneth A. Huff / www.itgoesboing.com © Copyright 2004-2005 Alias Systems Corp.
Maya® 6.5 software delivers the tools you need to work efficiently with massive
datasets. Key optimizations in areas such as file transferring and interactivity – plus
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Don't miss the last stop on our P4Play Tour.
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© Copyright 2005 Alias Systems Corp. All rights reserved. Alias, the swirl logo, Maya and Can You Imagine are registered trademarks and the Maya logo is a trademark of Alias Systems Corp.
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>> t e r r a n c e c o h e n
F
OF
MO
O
OM
M
M
EN
N
NT
TT O
ME
T
C
A
T
P
C
M PA
IIM
>>
DESIGNING
AN
IN-GAME
DESIGNING AN
AN IN-GAME
IN-GAME
DESIGNING
E
FE
EF
EC
FF
SS
CT
F
E
TS
ST
SY
S
TE
YS
EM
S
M
T
E
T E R R A N C E C O H E N is a senior
software engineer at Irrational Games.
>>A WEAPON FIRES A BULLET. THE MUZZLE FLASHES. A SHOT RINGS OUT. A HOLE APPEARS IN THE
His game credits include MEDAL OF HONOR
wall. Better yet: An M4A1 fires a jacketed hollow point bullet. The signature five-point star
and SWAT 4. He enjoys spending time
appears at the end of the barrel and momentarily illuminates all nearby objects. There’s a loud
with his wife Rena and his daughter
“crack.” Chunks of wood explode from the point of impact and leave a gash in the wall’s
Rebecca. You can reach him at
paneling. An empty shell ejects from a port on the rifle.
[email protected].
This effect event and its specialization were created with a system that provides a flexible
approach to managing effects within a framework that supports rapid prototyping, smooth
workflow, and immediate feedback.
W W W. G D M A G . C O M
21
M O M E N T O F I M PA CT
FIGURE 1 Typical effect events and responses during heavy
combat: The door shows responses to the C2ChargeDetonated
and DoorBreached effect events. Responses to BulletHit can be
seen on the pipes, on the walls, and on the sand bag. The muzzle
flash and dynamic light are the result of a WeaponFired event.
And the utility light's corona is the result of LightAlive. Sound
effects are associated with many of these events as well.
The effects system we use at Irrational Games
is a component of the VENGEANCE game engine
that receives notification of an event during
gameplay. It determines which effects, if any,
should be played in response to those events.
We used this system to manage visual and
sound effects, both at design time and at run
time for TRIBES: VENGEANCE and SWAT 4. Using the
system, game developers of all sorts—
programmers, designers, animators, and others—can trigger
“effect events” from code, animations, or gameplay scripts.
These effect events represent opportunities to play effects,
which can be visual, audible, or something else entirely, such as
tactile feedback or vibration, and they contain information about
the context of the event. (See Figure 1 for an example.) Game
developers specify what we call the “event responses,” the
responses to effect events that specify which effects to play.
Irrational’s effects system is shaped by three central aspects:
1. Unification of configuration for different kinds of effects, for
example, visual and audio effects.
2. Data-driven configuration of effects at design-time and eventdriven effects during gameplay that allow non-programmers
to independently incorporate new effects into the game.
3. Layering and specialization that supports rapid prototyping
and gradual introduction of effects.
UNIFICATION OF CONFIGURATION. The advantage of a unified
effects system is that it provides a simple way to coordinate
different kinds of effects. For example, every explosion is likely to
cause a sound, provided that the listener is close enough to hear it.
When the same system is used to coordinate effects, for example,
a sound designer can see when a new explosion has been added to
the system and can then create a sound effect to match it.
DATA-DRIVEN CONFIGURATION OF EVENT-DRIVEN EFFECTS. Effect
events provide a convenient layer of abstraction from playing
effects, divorcing the work of the game designer from the work of
the effects designer, meaning that both can work effectively
without spending too much time thinking about what the other
needs. Through this separation of responsibility, the tasks of
invoking effects and building them become independent.
Programmers, naturally, may trigger events from code. But the
primary goal of using an effects system is to empower level
designers, artists, animators, and the like to be able to integrate
new effects without the help of a programmer. The key to taking
advantage of this separation of programmer and effects-maker is to
give the effects-makers various means of triggering events. To this
end, we provide a “trigger effect event” action that level designers
can generate from scripted gameplay events. Our reactive world
objects can also be configured to trigger events, and we provide an
animation key-frame action to trigger an event that animators can
apply to frames of animation. By triggering effect events and by
configuring responses to them, developers can incorporate new
22
MARCH 2005
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G A M E
D E V E LO P E R
effects by themselves and without any need to recompile the code,
which makes for a simpler workflow compared to systems that
always require code modification to introduce new effects.
LAYERING AND SPECIALIZATION OF EFFECTS. Because the effects
system is a component of the game engine, it’s aware of the
game’s class hierarchy. With this knowledge, the effects system
can select the most specific response to an effect event. To take
advantage of this capability, we set a generic detonated event
response, which is applied when any object triggers it. Later, when
a special sound is created for a gas grenade, a specialized
GasGrenadeDetonated event response could be created, which
would apply only when a gas grenade triggers the Detonated effect
event. Whenever anything else detonates, such as a C2 charge, the
effects system would continue to select the generic Detonated
event response, because no more specific event response
matches the effect event that occurred.
This ability to specialize—or layer— effects is a powerful
feature that supports rapid prototyping early in a project, and
allows game developers to gradually specialize effects as new
art and sound assets become available. Notice that specializing
the GasGrenadeDetonated event response from the generic
detonated event response did not require any code or script
changes. Rather, this change only requires the addition of the
GasGrenadeDetonated event response, which specifies that it is
a response to the detonated effect event when it is triggered by
a GasGrenade class of object. This kind of change can be made
to a configuration file, or even better, with a GUI tool (which will
be discussed later). Programmers will note that the detonated
effect event can be triggered in a base class of Grenade, so
specializing detonation effects for different Grenade subclasses
does not imply any additional code. Again, keep in mind that a
unified effects system means that different event responses
may specify effects of different types. So the detonated effect
event triggered by a grenade is likely to have an event response
in both a sound and visual effects subsystem.
By taking advantage of these four central aspects of the
effects system, developers can become more expressive in
configuring effects and benefit from improved workflow
compared to other common techniques.
EXAMPLE 1. Characters make sounds when their feet hit the
ground. The FootFell effect event type is triggered from keyframes in animation, not from code. (In fact, the name FootFell is
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®
M O M E N T O F I M PA CT
added to a dynamic string table from the key-frame action, and is
not mentioned anywhere in code.) Because the animation
keyframe action is able to include the material below a specified
bone of the skeletal mesh when triggering the effect event,
responses can be specialized for different materials. The result is
that stepping in water sounds and looks different from stepping
on leaves. You could further specialize the event responses such
that they apply only to particular characters, so that bar-hoppers’
shoes sound different from SWAT officers’ boots when stepping
LISTING 1
void EffectsSubsystem::OnEffectEvent(
EffectEvent& effect_event,
IEffectObserver* effect_observer)
{
bool anything_matched = false;
for ( Class* current_class = effect_event.source.GetClass();
current_class;
current_class = current_class->GetSuperClass())
{
Array<EventResponse*> response_set;
Name event_response_key = effect_event.type + current_class->GetName();
event_responses.MultiFind(event_response_key, &response_set);
if (response_set.Num() == 0)
continue; //no responses to this event on the current class
Array<EventResponse*>
Array<int>
int
qualified_responses;
qualified_response_scores;
qualified_high_score = 0;
for (int i=0; i<response_set.Num(); ++i)
{
int current_score = 0;
EventResponse* current_response = response_set.Get(i);
if (
current_response->source_class_name != current_class->GetName()
|| current_response->effect_event_type != effect_event.type
)
return; //disqualified: wrong class or event altogether
if (!EventResponseMatchesEffectEvent(
effect_event,
current_response,
current_score))
continue;
else
qualified_high_score = Max(qualified_high_score, current_score);
LISTING 2
bool EffectsSubsystem::EventResponseMatchesEffectEvent(
EffectEvent& event,
EventResponse* response,
int& score)
{
if (response->label)
{
if (event.source.label == response->label)
//add constant value to response's score
score += matches_label_score;
else
//disqualified: label doesn't match
return false;
}
// ... perform a similar tests for additional properties of the
// source and event, such as source.mesh, event.target_class,
// and event.target_material ...
if (response->contexts.Num() > 0)
{
int current_context_count = response->contexts.Num();
//current_response is qualified
qualified_responses.AddItem(current_response);
qualified_response_scores.AddItem(current_score);
}
if (current_context_count > GetNumContexts(event.source))
//disqualified: the response has at least one context that
// doesn't match the current contexts
return false;
if (anything_matched)
{
for (int i=0; i<qualified_responses.Num(); ++i)
if (qualified_response_scores.Get(i) == qualified_high_score)
PlayEffects(
qualified_responses.Get(i),
effect_event, effect_observer);
//give the response one point per matching context,
// or disqualify it for a non-matching context
for (int i=0; i < current_context_count; ++i)
if (!HasContext(event.source, response->contexts.Get(i)))
//disqualified: the response specifies a context that
// doesn't match the current contexts
return false;
anything_matched = true;
//something matched, so we're done traversing the hierarchy
break;
score += current_context_count;
}
}
} //for each class in source's inheritance hierarchy
}
24
on concrete—all achieved without any special-purpose code.
EXAMPLE 2. When SWAT officers exhale in the cold, their
breath is visible. As a character moves from one zone of the
world to another, we untrigger and then retrigger the InZone
effect event type in code. Any contexts associated with the zone
in which an object is located are considered part of that object’s
context. Our level designers can add arbitrary contexts to zones,
such as a Cold context to areas that are both outside and have
snow. Then, our visual effects designer is able to create a
response to an InZone effect event specialized for the Cold
context. This event response specifies an effect that
periodically (with a randomized interval) emits a visible puff of
breath from the officer, attached to his mouth.
EXAMPLE 3. A radio initially plays content from one radio
station; a response to its Used effect event causes it to select a
different sound to play. A reactive world object can change its
appearance in reaction to being damaged. When a radio is
adequately damaged, it untriggers the Alive event, changes its
appearance, and then triggers an AppearanceChanged event.
When Alive is untriggered, the station content is interrupted,
since it was played in response to the Alive event. And
“electrical sparks” visual and sound effects are played in
response to the AppearanceChanged event on a radio with a
broken appearance. The ‘AppearanceChanged’ effect event is
specialized for a radio that has a broken appearance so that a
return true;
}
MARCH 2005
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D E V E LO P E R
M O M E N T O F I M PA CT
radio can even play different effects at different stages of
destruction, if the designer so chooses. Note that the effects
configuration refers to the radio class, so there’s no per-instance
cost for effects.
A discussion of our reactive world objects system is beyond
the scope of this article. But suffice it to say, when gameplay
events act upon an object, such as when it is used or damaged,
reactive world objects can trigger effect events. For a radio, a
response to its Alive effect event plays music.
IMPLEMENTATION
The algorithm that Irrational’s effects system uses for selecting
responses to events is based on a score; each event response
(appropriate to the given event) is scored against others. The
C++ Runtime Reflection
THE ABILITY TO TRAVERSE THE SOURCE ACTOR’S
class hierarchy described in Listing 1 requires
support for runtime reflection of the inheritance
hierarchy. Runtime type identification (RTTI) is
not sufficient for this purpose. Languages like
Java, C#, and UnrealScript support runtime
hierarchy reflection, but support must be added
to any C++ implementation. For an easy-to-use
C++ reflection library, see Resources.
Alternatively, there is an implementation of a
similar system in which designers configure a
virtual hierarchy. Although this implies greater
overhead on the part of programmers and
designers, it does provide an extra level of
customization, and avoids the requirement of
runtime hierarchy reflection.
highest-scoring responses are the ones that most closely match
the effect event that was triggered.
For purposes of this discussion, an Actor is an object with a
location in the game world, and a Name is an index into a
dynamic string table.
Table 1 compares the EffectEvent structure with the
EventResponse structure. Note that these two structures share
several properties—the properties that are compared when
matching responses to events.
In our system, an effect event is generally triggered by calling
Actor::TriggerEffectEvent(event). This Actor member function
forwards the call to EffectsSystem::OnEffectEvent (self, event).
(Depending on your game engine, you may be able to use your
existing messaging or event system for this purpose.) The
EffectsSystem dispatches this call to each of its
EffectsSubsystems, such as the SoundEffectsSubsystem and
the VisualEffectsSubsystem. EffectsSubsystem::OnEffectEvent()
is shown in Listing 1. Each effects subsystem executes the
selection algorithm on its own collection of event responses,
which it maintains in a hash-map.
The most significant parameter in selecting winning event
responses is the class of the source of the event. If any event
response specifies a class lower in the inheritance hierarchy
than another qualified response, then any responses that
specify a class higher in the hierarchy can be rejected because
they are less specific than others. For example, if a gas grenade
detonates, then the more general GrenadeDetonated event
response can be rejected because the GasGrenadeDetonated
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RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 game © 2004 Chris Sawyer. Programming © 2004
Frontier Developments Ltd. All Rights Reserved. All other company and product
names are trademarks and/or registered trademarks of their respective owners.
26
MARCH 2005
|
G A M E
D E V E LO P E R
TABLE 1: Effects System Structures
EFFECT EVENT PROPERTIES
Property Type
Property Name
RESOURCES
EVENT RESPONSE PROPERTIES
Property Type
Property Name
Actor’s hierarchy, looking for any matching
responses. Otherwise, for each matching event
response, all properties contained in it are
Array<EffectSpecification> specifications
compared with the properties of the effect
Array<int>
chances
event and the source Actor.
/* optional properties (default value = NULL) */
EffectsSubsystem::EventResponseMatchesMesh*
mesh
Mesh*
mesh
EffectEvent() is called from line 32 and is
Name*
label
Name*
label
shown in Listing 2. For each property that the
Class*
target_class
Class*
target_class
event response specifies and which matches
Material*
target_material
Material*
target_material
the event that occurred, the response’s score
Array<Name>
contexts
is incremented, indicating that the response is a
better match for the event. If the response
event response is specific to a class lower in the inheritance
specifies any contextual details that do not match the event that
hierarchy. Take a look at Listing 1, line 6. The selection algorithm was triggered, then the response is rejected. Once each event
traverses the inheritance hierarchy of the source of the effect
response is compared against the effect event, they are scored.
event until one or more matching event responses are found, or
Their scores are recorded in the qualified_response_scores array.
until the hierarchy is exhausted.
In OnEffectEvent(), lines 49–51, if any event response matches
For each class in the source Actor’s inheritance hierarchy
the effect event that occurred, then the effects system plays the
(until a matching response is found), the algorithm creates a
effects specified by all responses with the qualified_high_score.
subset of its collection of event responses, which are responses
DATABASE CONFIGURATION
to the event type on the current class (lines 10–12). This
We considered implementing the effects system configuration
subset is created by performing a lookup on the subsystem’s
with a database. This would have the advantage of simplifying
hash-map. The key for this hash-map (and for the lookup) is the
the selection algorithm by replacing it with a database query.
concatenation of the name of the current class with the effect
But we concluded that the penalty for performing database
event type, for example, GrenadeDetonated. (We create a Name
queries (potentially several per effect event) would be too
with this key on line 11 to avoid any other string manipulations
significant, even if an embedded database were to be used. Still,
in the selection algorithm.) If this lookup produces no
a GUI database front-end could have been used to configure the
responses, then the algorithm continues searching the source
Name
Actor&
type
source
Name
Class&
type
source_class
Adams, Arne.
“Reflecting Attributes
and Base Classes.”
C/C++ Users Journal.
Volume 22, Number 9,
September 2004.
Pages 14–22.
Burke, Shawn.
“Make Your
Components Really
RAD with Visual
Studio .NET
Property Browser.”
MSDN Library.
http://msdn.microsoft
.com/library,
February, 2002.
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27
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28
MARCH 2005
GLOBAL
WIRELESS
ENTERTAINMENT
|
G A M E
D E V E LO P E R
effects system data, which would have been
exported into a format that could have been
read-in and manipulated at runtime.
While using an off-the-shelf database GUI is
arguably the best approach, I chose to write a GUI
front-end for our system, which I dubbed the
Effects Configurator. I’m always cautious of
systems that try to reinvent the wheel, as it were,
and tend to lean toward using existing tools if
there are ones that are right for the job. However,
there were some aspects of the system that called
for a specialized GUI. If the tool was cumbersome
to use, then my goal of improving workflow would
remain a dream. In addition, I kept modders in
mind, and wanted a complete solution that could
be distributed with any finished product.
For purposes of building the Configurator, I
found C# and the .NET libraries to be an
excellent combination, which allowed me to
reach my design goals. The PropertyGrid control
was particularly handy for presenting the user
with a GUI for editing properties of an object (see
Resources, page 27). And with .NET support for
reflection and serialization, implementing
loading and saving of configuration data was a
painless process.
CONSIDERATIONS
Performance was a primary concern when
designing the technical architecture of our
effects system. With all the matching of effect
events to event responses, it’s easy to worry
that the simple management of effects could
consume too much time. We were able to keep
the overhead of the effects system’s selection
algorithm to an acceptable level. In practice,
when events are triggered at a furious rate, such
as in a firefight, many effects play. At those
times, the overhead of the algorithm is small
when compared to the time spent actually
simulating and rendering the effects.
One thing that tripped-up the TRIBES: VENGEANCE
team was the practice of triggering many
different types of effect events that had no
associated event responses. Despite the fact
that there were no responses to these events,
the effects system still needed to consider
each one. This excess overhead caused a
significant decline in performance. Therefore,
it was important to balance the desire to
provide many effects hooks with the careful
consideration of which types of events were
likely to deserve responses. After discovering
that many of the team’s event types were
going completely unhandled, they cut back on
the number of triggered events, which
improved the performance.
We discovered that triggering effect events
isn’t a convenient model for invoking effects for
all purposes. For example, we found that playing
Animation keyframe actions can trigger different sounds
for footfalls on different material.
lines of dialog during scripted sequences did not
lend well to an event model. Effect events would
have been a cumbersome abstraction for this
application because the particular resulting
sound effects were always known. For this case,
the conversation manager, which was responsible
for managing the lines of dialog among
characters, would play sound effects directly. It
wasn’t necessary to create a separate system
for this. Rather, the conversation manager
simply obtained a reference to the effects
system’s sound effects subsystem and called
PlayEffects() directly on it, just as the selection
algorithm would have done. So for specific
instances in which the effect event model was
not an asset, the system still supported our
effects needs, albeit at a more basic level.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
While developing and using the Irrational Games
Effects System, I’ve considered ways to enhance
and extend its feature set, particularly through
additional effects subsystems. For platforms
that support vibration, a tactile effects
subsystem is an obvious extension of the
effects system’s design. A caption subsystem
would provide an integrated way of providing
textual feedback to the player. And I can also
imagine an animation effects subsystem in
which effect event responses would cause the
source of the event to blend skeletal animations
into its animation channels, for example, in
response to being hit by a bullet in a given limb.
CAUSE AND EFFECT
If you’re happy with your existing methodology,
an effects system may not be necessary—not
every studio needs one. But if you want to
streamline your workflow, allow designers and
effects creators to work remotely, prototype
quickly and organize your effects management,
you should consider building a similar effects
system. With the growing complexity of games,
increasingly sophisticated systems for
managing effects will continue to play an
important role in game development.
*
(ATCHYOURINNERSWASHBUCKLER
,OOKINSIDEBEAUTIFULGAMESLIKE3ID-EIERS0IRATESANDYOULLDISCOVER'AMEBRYO/UR$GRAPHICSENGINE
ANDTOOLSGIVEDEVELOPERSTHEFREEDOMTHEYNEEDTOCREATEGREATGAMESˆWHETHERTHEYUSEMAX-AYAOR
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>> b r a n d o n s h e f f i e l d
BUENA VISTA’S GOOD VIEW
GRAHAM HOPPER ON DISNEY’S PLANS FOR WINNING HEARTS
1990s, MOST OF THE MOVIE PRODUCTION HOUSES
>>INthatTHEwereMIDpublishing
or developing games made a semi-graceful
exit from the industry. Buena Vista, as Disney’s game publishing
arm, was one of the few that stuck around. Now in its eleventh
year, the company has made another shift, changing the name to
Buena Vista Games, and changing the focus to the more core
gamer. With the power of Disney behind them, and the acquisition
of a few key individuals from established development houses,
Buena Vista Games hopes to be a major industry player in both
the short and long term. Senior vice president and general
manager Graham Hopper spoke to Game Developer about Buena
Vista’s new initiatives in the core-gamer space.
Brandon Sheffield: How has Buena Vista evolved over the
years, and what has prompted this renewed interest in the
console gaming space?
Graham Hopper: Our business started about 10 years ago; in
fact it was 10 years ago [as of December 2004] that Disney
Interactive was formed, and it was predominantly a PC
publisher for a long period of time. We did achieve a great deal
of success on the PC platform, right throughout the 1990s.
However, we have not been known as a significant console
developer; we tended to license all that out, so we had sort of a
dual model where we published certain things ourselves,
mainly on the PC, and we licensed out the rest. Of course what
we realized is that as the console market has become bigger
and more valuable, there was a real opportunity for us to
expand our business by starting to publish on console as well.
So that was stage one of the evolution of our business, which
went into motion in 2002 and 2003.
We started looking at different genres of products, as
opposed to just the traditional Disney branded products. So for
example, we worked with Monolith Studios on TRON 2.0, and we
also started work with Capcom on developing a, shall we say,
sequel to Tim Burton’s Nightmare Before Christmas. And again,
we’ve started thinking about developing original properties. I
think what we realized pretty quickly is that as powerful a
brand as Disney Interactive is, it does of course limit what we’re
able to do in the gaming space. And the key evolution for us was
realizing that the game business has changed from something
that kids did, which would be true of 10 years ago, to something
that is now an entertainment medium which everybody enjoys.
You come home from work, and you can decide what you want
to do to entertain yourself, you can switch on the TV and watch
ABC, owned by Disney—yes, please watch it (laughs)—or you
BRANDON
SHEFFIELD
is the assistant editor of
Game Developer. E-mail
him at bsheffield
@gdmag.com.
W W W. G D M A G . C O M
31
B U E N A V I S TA G A M E S
can play a game, and it makes sense for us to be able to offer
entertainment that crosses whatever different choices
[consumers] want to make.
So we changed the name of the company to Buena Vista Games,
or BVG. Underneath that, we have two labels. Label one is Disney
Interactive, which used to be the company name but now is just
a label of ours, in which we do all Disney-branded product. I don’t
like to call that kids products, because the Disney products
appeal to a very broad audience, like for example KINGDOM HEARTS.
Our second label, our newer label, is Buena Vista Interactive. And
Buena Vista Interactive is, much like we use Touchstone and
Miramax within the company to distinguish between Disneybranded products and non-Disney-branded products [for
movies], Buena Vista Interactive allows us to do the same thing.
One of the things we’ve been quite involved in over the years
was developing the games themselves. However, we often
handed them off to third parties to publish. So we had deals with
the likes of Sony, who publishes games, but in many cases we
were the ones who secured the developers, worked to develop
the game, then handed a finished product over to a publisher.
And we realized that our capabilities in publishing could easily
expand to cover the console products. Disney as a company is a
top-ten vendor at Wal-Mart, for example. And so those retail
skills that we have give us a size and heft in the marketplace
that is much larger than our actual size, and much larger than
any other company in the game space, that’s for sure.
Buena Vista’s
Graham Hopper.
BS: Publishing aside, will you be incorporating
development as well?
GH: Yes, one of the things we did is we repositioned the
business. Just to give you a sense of the extent of the
changeover—PC was a large portion of our business, close
to 60 percent three years ago. And today throughout North
America it’s about 10 percent of our business. Before, we’d
been invested in PC development studios. So what we did was
spin those studios off, but we will get back into development;
ownership of development studios and development
capacities will support our console strategy going forward.
BS: Will you be making developer or publisher acquisitions to
that end?
GH: Yes, to the extent that they make financial sense.
BS: So what will happen to those developers that previously
worked on your licensed titles?
GH: We plan to continue operating as a license business in
addition to our publishing capacity. In other words, we have an
open mind about how to approach publishing a game. If the right
way to develop a game happens to be to secure the unique
expertise of a particular company that requires us to take a
licensed approach, we’ll want to do that. I think KINGDOM HEARTS is a
great example of that, where they have brought the FINAL FANTASY
characters together with ours. So there will be a licensing
component to what we do. We have licensing arrangements with
THQ which run forward into the future, and those will continue as
they are. But I think you can expect that with properties like
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MARCH 2005
|
G A M E
D E V E LO P E R
business. We understand the differences. There are
significant convergences, but we understand the difference
in that we are trying to build a gaming company, not a
company that does a bit of games on the side.
BS: How are you different from other companies, then?
CHICKEN LITTLE which come out of feature animation, we’ll be more
likely to publish those ourselves than we would be to
automatically license them out like we would have before.
BS: What do you think about other film companies, such as
Warner Brothers, getting back into game development?
GH: I think they see the same strategic value in the business
that we do—but I think the difference is that different
companies have different starting points. So the fact is that
we’ve stayed around for 10 years, and we have a profitable
business, and we have the right kind of talent, having brought
people on board like Mike Ryder who used to head up Sierra,
people like Ed Bainbridge out of Eidos. We view our
investment in talent out of the gaming industry as being the
critical differentiator between us and other companies. The
big lesson that we learned in that mid-’90s period where
everyone got out of the business is that this is not the film
GH: Well let’s think about what this means for the development
community—thing is, as we enter the core gaming space, we
have pretty much a blank sheet of paper. And one of the
problems that developers have is getting publishers to pay
attention to new intellectual property ideas. In many cases
that’s because the publisher may already have a number of
driving games or shooters, and then when somebody comes up
with a new twist on these. As a publisher you have to say “is this
cannibalistic, or is this something that I should be publishing as
well?” We as an organization have very few of those sorts of
potential conflicts. And we’re actively looking for new
intellectual properties to develop. Disney’s very renowned as a
marketing company—also renowned for developing and
managing franchises. I mean we’ve built some of the biggest
franchises in the world, I think out of the top five, three of them
are owned by Disney. And these are things that we’ve either
nurtured over the years, or simply developed in a relatively
short period of time. Our ownership of media, like television
channels and so on, allows us to evolve and grow franchises in
a unique way. We’re essentially throwing open the doors to the
development community to come to us with great ideas.
*
"%
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W W W. G D M A G . C O M
33
TO UNDERSTAND THE PROCESS OF CHANGE IN SILENT HILL 4: THE ROOM,
we should first review the SILENT HILL series, in case you aren’t familiar with the
A K I H I R O I M A M U R A joined
Konami in 1994. His first project
was INTERNATIONAL TRACK & FIELD ;
he worked as a programmer.
Since, he has been involved in the
SILENT HILL series as the main
programmer, director, and subproducer, as his role has differed
A K I R A Y A M A O K A also joined
Konami in 1994. Since SILENT
HILL 3, he is he producer of the
series and created, directed,
and performed all sounds
(music and effects, but not
vocals) in the games.
MARCH 2005
|
game with a horror theme. We wanted to do something within that genre for the
PlayStation, which was still new hardware at the time. Given the limitations of the
console, we could not render objects too far off in the distance, since it would be
too taxing for the system. But to capture the feel of a true 3D experience, we
limited the field of visibility using fog and darkness, which worked really well for
in each title.
34
franchise. The concept for the original SILENT HILL was simply a full 3D action
G A M E
D E V E LO P E R
a horror game and has become a trademark for the series.
By restricting visibility with fog and darkness, we were able to instill a true sense
of dread in people, something they instinctively feel when encountering an unknown
environment. Then of course we added some lurking creatures, and some cool audio
effects, and we wound up with something that was very scary. Of course creating the
GAME DATA
PUBLISHER:
Konami
PLATFORM:
PlayStation 2 and Xbox
RELEASE DATE:
Japan: July 2004
U.S.: September 2004
Europe: October 2004
NUMBER OF DEVELOPERS:
70, full-time
DEVELOPMENT TIME:
2.5 years
LINES OF CODE:
500,000
NOTABLE TECHNOLOGIES:
Motion-capture
W W W. G D M A G . C O M
35
Transitioning between a
“normal” reality and a
horrific one heightens the
sense of dread in THE
ROOM.
game was not as easy as that implies, but these were
the basic building blocks.
To amplify this feeling of dread, we created an
alternate world that was permeated with blood and
rust. This visual style accentuated the horrific
nature of that world by contrasting it with the
standard game world. In essence, a dual world was
created, in which one side was normal and the
other was filled with every imaginable horror.
SILENT HILL was a work that ended up using the
hardware's limitations to advance the horror of the
game, and one that managed to come from a
different perspective, when compared to other
games released at the time. Even today, people still
mention that SILENT HILL for the PlayStation was a
favorite game of theirs. That makes us feel great—
it’s very refreshing for other people to offer their
views of our games, since everyone seems to like
different aspects of them. We’re so close to our
projects that sometimes it’s difficult to see what’s
meaningful to other people.
SILENT HILL 2 made the leap from PlayStation to
PlayStation 2 while retaining the horror concept in
the original game. This was a big endeavor because
of the new hardware platform, and it required
much more time and effort to develop, given the
capabilities of the system. We followed up that game
with SILENT HILL 3, which further refined the graphics
and sound, but there were no major changes to the
game mechanics. As the creators of the series, we
started to feel as though the gameplay was becoming stale. With
that in mind, we undertook SILENT HILL 4: THE ROOM, for which preproduction began in fall 2001 and full production in spring 2002.
Even though the SILENT HILL 4 project was a proper sequel to
the SILENT HILL series, our top objective for the game
was "change." We wanted to make sweeping
changes from the past titles and give players
something new and fresh to play. Of course,
changing something that has already proved its
worth is always a risk, but we wanted to see
what we could accomplish.
We took on the challenge of affecting change
from many angles—from the horror concept
to the game's subsystems. SILENT HILL 4
is very different from the previous
SILENT HILL games, although to the
average eye, it may still be just a
horror game. The title emerged
from our trials and errors while
trying to achieve this change.
Though ghosts are integral
to Japanese culture, the
development team feared
Westerners might not be
afraid of them.
WHAT WENT RIGHT
1
THE HORROR CONCEPT. While the SILENT HILL series lies firmly
in the horror/action adventure genre, the root of the terror is
not a fear of being attacked and killed by horrific creatures. Rather,
it is a psychological terror of being slowly stalked and cornered by
unknown beings. It’s not really about the shock value, but much
more of a deeper sense of foreboding; you know something is
coming, but you don’t know when, and you can’t stop it.
Comparing the game to movies, the SILENT HILL series is closer to
The Exorcist than Friday the 13th or A Nightmare on Elm Street.
In thinking about how it might be possible to realize a new
type of horror in SILENT HILL 4 without destroying the
foundations of the series, we arrived at the idea of the horror of
being trapped within one's own room.
A person’s room should be a place of refuge and comfort. We felt
that it would really be terrifying to become trapped in that
sanctuary and to have that space gradually eroded through a
succession of disturbing events. This was our main concept during
SILENT HILL 4's development. We hoped that it could become a new
type of horror game that people had not seen before.
A NEW TYPE OF ENEMY. Once we established the horror
concept, we wanted to add innovation in how we projected
it. If we wanted supernatural phenomena to happen in one's own
room, we also wanted spiritual presences to appear as enemies.
We therefore created ghosts, a new type pf enemy that inflicts
damage on the player just by being nearby. Worse than that,
they can come through walls, and even when knocked down,
they rise again to relentlessly pursue the player.
2
CONTINUED ON PG 39
36
MARCH 2005
|
G A M E
D E V E LO P E R
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I]ZcVbZhd[VXijVaXdbeVc^ZhVcYegdYjXihbZci^dcZY]ZgZ^cbVnWZi]ZigVYZbVg`hd[i]Z^ggZheZXi^kZdlcZgh#
Getting
hacked
is wack!
Gosh Ted...
next time we should
protect our software with
SafeDisc Advanced!
The next
installment of Hack U
will be at GDC
Come visit us on
Thursday, March 10th
at 10:30 a.m.
Moscone Center,
San Francisco
Voyeuristic elements are
used to make the players
feel uneasy.
CONTINUED FROM PG 36
For Japanese people, the horror of ghosts is
deeply entrenched in our culture. However, we
weren’t confident that they would be frightening for
people overseas, in America and Europe, for
instance. In the end we agreed that the more
general sensation of horror is shared by people
worldwide, so we adopted our ghost as an enemy
type after all. We believed that this enemy—an
indefatigable being that ceaselessly pursues the
player—is a very frightening presence to all,
regardless of culture.
FIRST-PERSON VIEW. In developing any game,
we hope to make the experience as real and
immediate as possible for the player. One effective
technique for doing so is using first-person
perspective. This technique is one that we have
long wanted to adopt for the SILENT HILL series, but
using the first-person view for the entire series
proved to be impractical. In terms of weaponry, the
SILENT HILL games primarily featured objects used for clubbing
enemies, which are very difficult to incorporate into a firstperson mode.
With SILENT HILL 4's room setting, though, we felt that it
would be possible to use the first-person view to good effect.
In practice, we believe that the technique sufficiently
heightened the sense of being there, especially when
supernatural phenomena occur. For the action sequences in
the other world, the view shifts back to a third-person
perspective, since it would be way too hard to fight enemies in
first-person mode.
3
REAL-TIME ITEM MENU. In past SILENT HILL games,
whenever players needed to use an item or change
weapons during battle, they could pause the action by opening
the item menu, then leisurely select the needed items and
weapons. We changed that with SILENT HILL 4. Item icons appear
4
at the bottom part of the game screen to let the player use the
items and switch weapons without pausing.
This system of putting the icons at the bottom of the screen
was inspired by a similar feature found in many online games.
The fact that the game time doesn't stop when selecting items
was an improvement because it made for smoother gameplay
and helped sustain the tension of the scenario. Of course, SILENT
HILL 4 is not an online game, so we still made it possible for the
player to interrupt gameplay with the pause button to avoid
needlessly distressing the player.
PLAYABLE MOVIE SEQUENCES. In many games, movie-like
demo scenes are incorporated in key story junctures, and
SILENT HILL 4 is no exception. We decided to add playable movie
scenes, in which the hero could be freely moved. In those
instances, there are no clear transitions to the scenes—we
made the trigger an automatic one, in which the scene is set
into motion when the hero approaches certain non-playable
characters (NPC), who then begin conversing. In actual play,
there are instances when the NPCs seem to be talking to
themselves. Even so, we felt that this approach heightened the
player’s immersion. We thought that these sequences worked
very well and brought a different feeling to the series.
5
WHAT WENT WRONG
ABSENCE OF MID-LEVEL BOSSES. It was disappointing that
we couldn’t add any mid-level bosses simply because we
didn’t have enough staff. We felt that the game stood well
enough without them, but as we feared, it became a game that
lacked catharsis. It has to be said—mid-level bosses are an
important element of any action game.
By fighting mid-level bosses, the player experiences a sense
of achievement and exhilaration at key points in the game. That
tension compels players to keep moving forward. It’s really
unfortunate that we weren’t able to budget the time for our
programming staff to make even one mid-level boss. I think this
hurt the game, as players wander through it without enough
challenging fights at strategic points. It makes it difficult for the
player to see what he or she has accomplished.
1
Dank interiors and terrifying vistas
characterize SILENT HILL 4.
W W W. G D M A G . C O M
39
GHOSTS WERE TOO OBTRUSIVE. We wanted to introduce a
new type of enemy by including ghosts, but many
players said that rather than being frightening, the ghosts
were merely exasperating obstacles. Even when knocked
down, ghosts rise up immediately to
resume their pursuit of the player.
Players were irritated at constantly
being on the run from them and as a
result, were incapable of fully
appreciating the beautifully
rendered game environments.
In the latter half of the game, there
are swords that can stun downed
ghosts. While these swords allow the
player to counter the indefatigable
ghosts, there aren’t enough of them.
The concept of invincible enemies
wasn't a bad one, but in the case of the ghosts, we made them too
strong. In the retail version, the ghost becomes “unstunned” in
3–10 seconds. If we could change it, we would make the stunned
time between 15 and 60 seconds, depending on which mode
(easy, normal, or hard) the player is in, to give the player some
respite. It also might have been nice to allow players to kill ghosts,
but at a high cost. In any case, the ghosts turned out more
annoying than scary for most people.
2
Akihiro Imamura (left) and
Akira Yamaoka.
TOO MUCH DEPENDENCE ON MELEE WEAPONS. At the start of
the project, we planned to make the main character use
club-like weapons for almost all the fighting. We also planned to
make guns and ammunition very rare and special. We did so
because we felt that one of the SILENT HILL series' more
horrifying aspects is the brutal sensation of physically clubbing
enemies. So we increased the variety of battering weapons,
introduced a new system of charge attacks, and limited the
availability of guns to only handguns.
However, when we developed the game with those weaponry
changes in mind, ammunition was too rare, making players
horde it for the final boss, thus rendering the gun a largely
wasted weapon. We also discovered that battering weapons
alone made fighting too difficult, which made it tough for the
player to progress through the game. We quickly added more
ammunition so the handgun could be used more regularly. For
players of SILENT HILL 3, this was a big departure; that game had
various guns and other types of weapons too.
3
Zombie dogs are enemies
in the early stages of
SILENT HILL 4.
PLACEMENT OF GAUGES AND ICONS. With the SILENT HILL
series, we had the policy of not displaying any gauges or icons
on the game screen to enable players to become immersed in the
world of horror. But we wanted to change the item selection
process, so when we first started on the project, we clipped the top
and bottom of the screen to make the playing field wide, and placed
gauges and icons on the clipped black strips at the top and bottom.
However, with the top and bottom clipped, the game screen didn’t
actually feel wide, just short. It made the screen feel cramped when
controlling the character. Rather than adhering to policy, we gave
priority to ease of play and decided to allow the placement of
gauges and icons on the game screen. If we had gone with the
widescreen mode, I think people would have complained that we
weren’t using the entire screen!
4
ABSENCE OF A UFO ENDING. From the beginning, the SILENT
HILL series has always featured so-called UFO endings that
were intended for laughs. I think a lot of fans were looking
5
40
MARCH 2005
|
G A M E
D E V E LO P E R
forward to some kind of silly
ending with SILENT HILL 4, but we
were unable to put one in. The
UFO endings had been added to
the past titles as jokes by staff
who thought up something
particularly funny and had the
time to add it. However, no one
came up with an amusing idea,
and eventually we didn’t have enough time to include anything.
I think that fans of the series were probably a little disappointed,
although we did include a few different endings depending on
how people played. When making a sequel, developers usually
try to include as many fresh ideas as possible; but fans of the
titles will want the signature elements of the original game to
reappear in the sequels.
ROOM WITH A VIEW
In making SILENT HILL 4, we attempted to implement quite a
few changes. As with all things, we had some successes, and
we had some elements that in hind-sight, we could have
improved. Also, some areas demanded more trial and error
because the project was a new challenge, for example, having
the player go back and forth between the room and the horrific
world, and having the room gradually infected by the "other"
world. This approach was one that perfectly suited a representation
of horror. But it lacked depth as an actual building block of the
gameplay. We added problem-solving challenges, such as having
to figure out that you need to use items brought back from the
other world to the real world to complete a task. We tried to make
various adjustments of that type to make it more satisfying for
players to travel between the two worlds. Before implementing
this, it was just boring to go between the real world and the
horror world, because it seemed too much like a chore instead of
being fun. While we were faced with many challenges, developing
SILENT HILL 4 was definitely gratifying to tackle.
No matter what the title, franchises are faced with the
constant need to evolve. Otherwise, developers run the risk of
turning people away from their games, due to the lack of
innovation. (However, we also know that you need to identify
and maintain certain sustaining elements of the original game
when making a sequel.)
In the future, we will have to consider the possibilities of
network gameplay for the SILENT HILL series, among other
improvements. What that will entail we don’t know yet, but
hopefully it will be something people want to try. Ultimately, we
hope to keep providing the world with new entertainment by
adopting new ideas for future games. Please look forward to
what’s coming next!
*
Do more for less.
© 1987-2005 Konami Computer Entertainment, Japan
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THE SOLUTION FOR SECURE DISTRIBUTION
FROM UPLINK TO DARWINIA
Introversion Software’s Chris Delay and Andrew Bainbridge on indie games
and why programmers can’t be squatters
GUYS BEHIND GLASTONBURY, U.K.-BASED INTROVERSION
>>THE
Software say they are the last of the bedroom programmers.
That statement is, in the current market and depending upon
your inclination, either a glorious anomaly or a curious
anachronism. But where are they coming from?
We spoke with Chris Delay, the driving force of the company's
creative machine, and Andrew Bainbridge, the latest recruit—a
designer/coder with a perfectly complementary skill-set for the
company’s vision (he rearranges source code “to make it
prettier”). They’re not the triumphalist pro-underground coders
you may expect.
The company's first game, UPLINK, debuted in 2001 for the PC. A
minimalist and austere hacking title, UPLINK gathered impressive
reviews and became something of a cause celebre in the British
games press. Originally sold direct online via the company's web
site (www.uplink.co.uk), the game “allows you to perform
various acts of high-tech computer crime” through an iconic
interface and simulated (read: fake) online connectivity. The
hacker’s delight found its way onto the gaming retail shelves and
was a considerable hit for an indie game, spawning Mac and
Linux versions along the way.
UPLINK was enough of a hit to keep Introversion afloat and
working on its second game, DARWINIA, a 3D action-strategy PC
title. While DARWINIA and UPLINK differ as much as any two games
can, the former is a genuinely fascinating example of a video
game. Rather than the stark strategy atmosphere of UPLINK,
there’s a fantasia of retro-flavored imagery and a form of play
that defies easy description. If you imagine Sensible Software's
CANNON FODDER versus David Braben's pre-ELITE game VIRUS, with
influences from modern real-time strategy titles and the DMA
classic LEMMINGS, you’ll grasp something of it.
With DARWINIA finished and on its way to online and retail release
in the U.K., Delay and Bainbridge were free to talk about the reality
of independent development, as well as how to accomplish
innovative results while using extremely limited resources.
Kieron Gillen: You playfully describe yourselves as the last of
the bedroom coders—and the first of the children. When do you
think we’ll be seeing the rest of the family? More games built
on the bedroom coder model?
>>k i e r o n
gillen
KIERON GILLEN
is an award-winning
British games journalist
and alumni of PC Gamer
UK, best known for
writing “The New Games
Chris Delay: I don’t think you can do games like this anymore.
Journalism” manifesto.
KG: But you did.
He can be contacted at
[email protected].
CD: We did, but we haven’t had any money for ages. And there’s
no real sign that we’ll have any more money after DARWINIA.
Andrew Bainbridge: It’s been more effort than we’d have really
been happy with, if we knew about it at the start.
CD: Part of the problem is that it's taken so long. UPLINK came out
in October 2001. It’s too long, and the reason is that the game
came out of us experimenting for ages. We probably spent a
year trying out ideas. We had game prototypes, and they were
all fairly substandard. They sort of looked a bit like DARWINIA, but
that’s it. It took us so long to find something that actually
worked—and that definitely doesn’t happen anymore.
W W W. G D M A G . C O M
43
UPLINK TO DARWINIA
AB: There’s something that bedroom
programming can achieve that
commercial titles don’t—but I don’t think
there’s going to be a spate of people
trying to do this.
CD: Though, while we spent a lot of time
on the game, it wasn’t actually a great
deal more than a lot of games.
KG: Two people spending less than three
years on a title—I suppose you only
spent five man years. Compare that to a
top-end Electronic Arts title that requires
upward of 500 man years.
CD: Yes, but the problem is that EA can
afford to spend 500 man years to make a
game. We can’t. UPLINK came out. It did
pretty well for an indie game. But it didn’t
make enough money for us to keep going
indefinitely. If we had done it in two
years, it would have been fine. Three
years is stretching it.
Chris Delay (top) and
Andrew Bainbridge.
KG: Here’s a weird, cross-cultural form
tangent: I know bands who, at some
point in their career, were essentially
living in a squat to keep going. Why don’t
we see coders do that?
AB: Chris would.
CD: And Andy probably wouldn’t. Mark and
Tom definitely wouldn’t [Mark Morris and
Tom Arundel, who handle Introversion’s
business side]. They’re far too sensible.
But the thing with those bands is they
know that they’ve got Glastonbury, the
NME, and the gig circuit in their
local town. There’s an
established route that most big
bands went through [before they
became big]. But that’s not true
about big companies. They start
massive. That’s the difference
between games and music: Two
guys sitting in their bedroom
don’t really have any reason to
believe that their game might be
successful.
DARWINIA isn’t even on sale yet.
We can hope, but there’s a
tendency at the moment to go for
realism, as realistic as possible,
each generation a little further
toward it. And we’d like to think
there’s a market for people who
wanted to see something that
was creative in a different way.
DARWINIA isn’t realistic in any way,
but it does look creative.
KG: Not that it looks
unprofessional, and neither did
UPLINK, for that matter.
CD: We knew even with Uplink
that we had to carefully pick our
battles. We couldn’t have made
something like DARWINIA then. We
didn’t have the skill or the
knowledge, but we knew that the
44
MARCH 2005
|
G A M E
D E V E LO P E R
most we could hope for was a consistent,
minimalist look for the game. Right from
the very start—with FUTURE WAR, which
became DARWINIA—we knew we had to go
for procedurally generated content, all
landscapes generated mathematically and
using sprites for all the characters. The
models only came in later. We knew we
just didn’t have the resources. The hardest
thing in the world to do is real people.
KG: So you haven’t tried to get real
people? DARWINIA has some excellent AI—
the ant nests for example—but isn’t it
about trying to simulate something that
can’t be simulated?
CD: Yes, it's got realistic AI that’s aimed
lower.
AB: The key is to transform the problem
into one that we can solve.
CD: There are quite a few things in
DARWINIA that throw away the idea of
solving the problem and give the user a
bit more responsibility.
AB: There were plenty of times during the
course of making the game when we
thought, “Can’t do that.” Then we thought,
“We're not going to.”
KG: Did necessity make you prioritize
differently than most developers?
CD: The result is that we end up with
something very unusual because we’ve
made lots of decisions that any other
company would never have made. We’ve
ended up with ant colonies and other
random things, which all have very simple
rules inside, and all behave very reliably—
and die in reliable ways. It’s a game in
which you learn, much like classic arcade
shooters where the enemies come in
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UPLINK TO DARWINIA
Z-shapes. But it’s a much simpler
approach than trying to get Alex in HALFLIFE 2 to kiss her dad on the cheek.
KG: You said you experimented for a year.
How much of a plan did you have during
that time?
CD: We didn’t know what we were
making at the start. We knew what we
were aiming for: a retro game, with old
values. Rather than right clicking on the
menu and sitting back, you have to
actually fight.
Introversion’s first title
was the hacker simulation
UPLINK.
AB: I think a lot of the visual style is a
product of wanting to look different. We
had the visual style a lot earlier than the
actual game.
CD: (Sighs.) Yes, it is. Oh, I don’t know. It
happens again and again. I think that’s
the only reason why we do what we do. I
know for a fact that FUTURE WAR, long
before it became DARWINIA, would have
been canned. Because we genuinely
didn’t know what we were doing.
KG: The visual style is a key, I think. It
seems like you chose something
relatively achievable.
AB: Someone could have asked us when
it will be finished, but we still would have
been wondering what it actually is.
CD: We already have regrets. If we were
going to do a postmortem, we’d say that
making a level-based game is suicide
with a small team. Even those few that
we have made took months and months
to make the game work. But even that—
those levels don’t look particularly
heavily designed, but even that was far
too much for us.
CD: We didn’t have anything for ages. It
was so scary. At the end of the first year,
we didn’t have a game. We had a
landscape generator.
AB: I think our advantage is that having
worked in game development before,
we knew roughly what we were doing
when we started. The traditional
bedroom programmers really didn’t.
They were just kids leaving school and
deciding to program.
CD: There doesn’t seem to be any real
reason why other small groups couldn’t
bandy together and start making their
own games. It doesn’t seem to happen
very much. You get a lot of break-away
companies forming from bigger
companies when people decide they can
do it better elsewhere—but they always
seem to sign to a publisher a month later.
And then a year later, they get laid off.
KG: Which is about as far away as you
can be from the design document
approach most teams use.
CD: That was definitely a deliberate thing
before we started. Those design docs
aren’t the way to make games.
AB: They’re the way to make some
games.
CD: They’re the way to make well
understood existing games, definitely.
But it’s not the way to make good games,
because you can’t know. How can you do
it? You’ve got this huge document which
tells you the plot of the game, and one
paragraph that tells you the controls—
but the game comes out of the controls.
Even now, how would you write the
design doc for DARWINIA?
KG: What is Introversion’s place in the
future of games?
KG: They never learn?
CD: That sounds awfully smug, doesn’t it?
AB: The temptation of a salary really is
quite great.
46
MARCH 2005
|
G A M E
D E V E LO P E R
CD: We really don’t know what we’re doing.
That’s the trouble. How can we tell you?
We don’t know what we’re doing next.
There’s no indication that DARWINIA will even
sell as well as UPLINK—there’s a real risk
factor. So far, we’ve got one game in 2001
and one game in 2005. That requires each
game to pay four or five people for two or
three years. That’s like bands releasing
one terrible album and it being over—oh,
we sound so negative. (Laughs.)
KG: Are you worried?
CD: We’re not really worried. We’ll make
something next. We don’t know what
that’s going to be. We don’t know if we’ll
hire three people to help us next time, or
whether it’ll be a game with just us two.
I’d certainly like to think that DARWINIA
would make enough to let us launch
another game. But we certainly aren’t
interested in doing sequels. It seems
such a waste to spend two years making
a game that you’ve already made.
Put that simply, it sounds obvious. Why
spend thousands of man years creating
the same game, but featuring a lead
character with four extra polygons on
her nose. Why bother? DARWINIA is, of
course, a harder sell than UPLINK. The
concept of “you’re a hacker” is easy to
understand—selling something which
people, abstractly, want already is
relatively easy. But it’s much trickier to
sell something that no one knows they
want. There’s every possibility of DARWINIA
joining brave, semi-art games marked
“critical success/commercial failure.” But
it’s not quite that simple; commercial
success for a team of four is very
different from commercial success for a
major development team. For anyone
working like Introversion, the bottom line
is making enough to have a living,
working wage.
Small, smart, and running around the
legs of dinosaurs to find enough food to
survive, bedroom programmers aren’t
extinct after all.
*
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©2005 Aladdin Knowledge Systems, Ltd. All rights reserved. Aladdin and HASP are registered trademarks of Aladdin Knowledge Systems, Ltd.
SEAN BARRETT
>>
THE INNER PRODUCT
OPTIMIZING PATHFINDING III:
INADMISSIBLE HEURISTICS
A*, A GENERAL-PURPOSE AI SEARCH ALGORITHM,
has become the standard solution to pathfinding
in games. Enough has been written about the
subject that it's generally assumed to be a
solved problem, with nothing more to say. In
this series of articles, I'm taking a closer look at
the pathfinding problem and the A* algorithm,
and performing a critical analysis of the
mechanisms, hopefully exposing flaws in the
general industry wisdom and even in published
articles on the subject. I'm driving this analysis
by trying to solve a practical problem: how to
create a pathfinding engine that can process a
large number of units (say, 10,000) on a very
large map (say, 1,024x1,024 tiles).
In part II of this series (see the January 2005
Inner Product), I began examining inadmissible
heuristics in A* searching. A* tries to prefer
exploration in the direction of the goal using a
heuristic estimate of the distance to the goal.
If the heuristic does not overestimate the
true cost to the goal, A* is guaranteed to find
the optimal solution. If the heuristic is
inadmissible, overestimating the true cost,
then A* will visit fewer nodes but may not find
the optimal solution.
The risk is that we might end up with pathfollowing agents that look stupid, even if the path
length is within some small bounds of optimal. I
distinguished two kinds of suboptimality, local
and global. Local errors are obvious but we can
post-process the path to clean it up; global errors
we just have to live with.
FIGURE 1 The ratio of performance between two
different path-finding approaches, admissible A*
versus inadmissible A*, shows huge variation
depending on the particular path. The x axis is the
total path length for the optimal path.
searches were faster. I figured I needed to
implement the post-processing and account
for that to keep things fair, especially since
naive post-processing is at risk for taking
O(n3) time, so making it fast might be difficult.
When I finally got around to measuring nonpost-processed inadmissible A*, I was quite
surprised by the results.
Figure 1 shows the ratio of two implementations'
performance for various paths: admissible
search time divided by inadmissible search
time. For some of the longest paths, the
inadmissible search is 10 times faster than the
admissible; but for other equally long paths,
it's 10 times slower. The scatter plot indicates
some kind of erratic behavior that would be
hidden if we examined averages.
Figure 2 shows one of the paths that
performs poorly for an inadmissible search; as
the heuristic multiplier increases from k=2 to
k=3, you can see that the search goes even
further “the wrong way,” and actually ends up
exploring more nodes even though the heuristic
is “more wrong.” The real failure is revealed by
the value of n, which will take some setting up.
Dijkstra's shortest-path algorithm is
essentially breadth-first-search extended to
allow different edge weights. It relies on a
priority queue that gets updated: Sometimes it
“adds” a node to the priority queue that's
already there and is simply changing its
priority, which is its distance from the start
node. However, once Dijkstra's algorithm
“serves” a node from the queue and investigates
its neighbors, that node will never be revisited;
Dijkstra's algorithm serves the nodes in the
order of their true distance from the start.
Thus, it cannot miss shorter paths to them.
A* search with a heuristic of 0 is identical to
Dijkstra's shortest-path algorithm. With any
other heuristic, however, A* will not visit nodes
in the order of their true distance from the
AN INADMISSIBLE SURPRISE
That's where things stood at the end of the
January column; I hadn’t measured
performance and just assumed inadmissible
A
S E A N B A R R E T T develops independent games in
Oakland, Calif., when he’s not consulting in the game
industry. Reach him at [email protected].
B
C
FIGURE 2 In these three pathfinding solutions to the same problem from a point near the bottom to a point at the
top left, each uses the normal admissible heuristic multiplied by some constant k, and ends up expanding n
nodes. Figure 2A is admissible, where k=1 and n=160,000. Figure 2B is inadmissible, where k=2 and n=80,000.
Figure 2C is inadmissible, where k=3 and n=1,300,000.
W W W. G D M A G . C O M
49
THE INNER PRODUCT
FIGURE 3 Performance ratios after fixing inadmissible A* as described in
the text, with a heuristic multiplier of 3 are shown, all using log-log
scales. Figure 3A shows performance for inadmissible A* versus
admissible A*, using the same underlying data structures and
algorithms. And Figure 3B shows performance for inadmissible A* versus
admissible A*, using separately optimized data structures and
algorithms. The x axis is seconds.
A
B
start. This is a good thing when it results in A*
exploring toward the goal, avoiding exploration of a
huge and unnecessary space. But it has a
consequence. Sometimes A* will have to revisit a
node that was already served from the priority
queue because it eventually found a shorter path
to it; in A* parlance, nodes must sometimes be
moved from the Closed list to the Open list. It turns
out this will never occur if the heuristic has a
certain property (it is “monotonic”). Although my
admissible heuristic has this property, I wanted to
keep the system general, so I made sure to
implement it anyway.
When an inadmissible heuristic is used, A* is
over-encouraged to first search those nodes that
are closer (according to the heuristic) to the goal.
However, if the chosen route turns out to be
entirely blocked, A* is forced to retreat and expand
earlier nodes. It may then find new, shorter paths
to the same nodes it explored before, at which
point it will revisit them all, finding slightly shorter
distances (from the start location), even though
they're all blocked in. It may then find them again
FIGURE 4 One quarter of a new 1,024x1,024 test map and
sample paths show green areas that are four times as
expensive as white areas.
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with slightly smaller weights if it finds yet another
slightly faster path. That’s what's happening in
Figure 2C, which explores 70,000 unique nodes
but takes 1,300,000 exploration steps to do so!
My testing reveals that this anomaly occurs
regardless of how large the heuristic multiplier is or
whether the terrain has varying costs.
with only local obstacles, inadmissible heuristics
are much more effective. Using the fixed A*
algorithm (never re-Opening Closed nodes), Figure
5 shows the performance of the inadmissible
algorithm for three weights. The k=3 case
produces significantly inefficient paths by cutting
across “slow” terrain; the k=1.5 seems to offer a
better trade-off of quality for time. Table 1
demonstrates this by examining the performance
and length of a “canonical” path (from top left to
bottom right—the same end points as the
canonical path in the November 2004 column) for
various degrees of admissibility.
As a final experiment in this direction, I used the
map from Figure 4 but let green and white terrain
have the same cost. I again allowed putting nodes
in the Open list that were already in the Closed list,
and I was able to use inadmissible heuristics with
no ill consequences. The inadmissible search was
usually faster and never slower by more than a
factor of two (explainable by the use of the
different priority queue implementations). This
demonstrates that the two techniques—the
correct A* implementation and the use of
CHANGE A* FOR INADMISSIBILITY
The problem I described arises because nodes on
the Closed list are moved to the Open list. If we
simply disallow that case, the problem goes away.
Of course, we also lose the improved paths we
might find with this mechanism, but this matters
little once we're already inadmissible.
Figure 3 shows the results of applying this fix,
using an inadmissible weight of k=3 (other weights
are similar). Figure 3A shows the ratio of the
performance of the inadmissible search to that of
the original admissible one, using the same
implementation for both. The inadmissible one is
almost always better and by a significant amount
(more than half the data points are twice as fast).
Figure 3B shows the ratio of the performance of
the inadmissible search to that of the admissible
one, in which each uses an implementation
optimized for that approach. The inadmissible
heuristic produces priorities that are not
monotonically increasing and don't have a
predictable range, so it requires the heap
implementation. This implementation is about
twice as slow for large queues, hence long
searches. The result is that the inadmissible
heuristic probably speeds up about as many
searches as it slows down, but the speed-ups
are larger than the slow-downs. However, the
worst-case searches (the data points to the
right in Figure 3), which take the most time, get
slower much more often they get faster.
It appears that inadmissible heuristics aren't
helpful for this map, but that doesn't mean
they're generally useless. They're stymied by
large-scale obstacles with “maze-like” dead
ends. However, for a map like that in Figure 4,
TABLE 1
k
REFINEMENT
LENGTH
TIME (ms)
1.0
-
1,686
167
1.5
slow
1,779
36
1.5
fast
1,780
24
1.5
none
1,827
24
3.0
slow
2,416
21
3.0
fast
2,442
10
3.0
none
2,508
9
The table shows the length of the path and time
taken to find it for admissible A* (k=1.0) and
inadmissible A* (other k values) when searching
for the canonical path in Figure 4, using various
postprocessing refinements. The primary goal of
the refinements is not to reduce the total length,
but to remove obvious local flaws.
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THE INNER PRODUCT
k=1.5
k=2
k=3
FIGURE 5 Performance ratio of inadmissible A* to admissible A* for the paths in Figure 4, for various inadmissibility weights k.
inadmissible heuristics—are not always
incompatible. It depends on the map.
PATH POST-PROCESSING
To prevent agents looking stupid, I want to clean
up the local suboptimalities introduced by the
inadmissible heuristics. Although use of
inadmissible heuristics is frequently mentioned in
game programming literature, there is little
detailed discussion of this sort of refinement.
However, it is closely related to the idea of
improving a path made from discrete nodes that
approximate a more continuous space. The
solution to that problem is to use a “pathcaster”—
a routine which scans whether a given straight
line “raycast” can be successively traversed by
Shortcut of a 90-degree turn.
the pathfinding agent (it must both be open and
offer walking support)—and to then test various
pairs of nodes in that path and see if they allow a
“shortcut” via pathcasting.
Applying this technique literally would require
O(n3) time. The code would need to consider all
O(n2) (non-adjacent) pairs of points on the path
and then try an O(n) pathcast between them. But
optimal pathfinding is only O(n2)! In fact, for
working on our discrete tiles, pathcasting isn't
even an O(n) operation, as any two points which
aren't in a straight line have multiple straightest
paths between them. We could just try one, the
Bresenham one, or one which does all diagonal
movement before all straight movement, but it
would be rather arbitrary.
Fortunately, this complication suggests a way out
of the O(n3) mess. My algorithm only looks for a
shortcut if the two points have a perfectly straight
path between them—they must be axially or
diagonally aligned. If connecting any two nodes
would require an intermediate turn, some other pair
of nodes with a straight path between them
hopefully will be an equally effective shortcut
instead. The code still has to check O(n2) pairs, but
most of those pairs won’t be in a straight line from
one another and will only consume O(1) time. I
believe that if there are no shortcuts to be found,
the pathcaster will visit no more than O(n2) nodes
total, although I haven't proved this.
I implemented two variations of this algorithm.
The first one is a brute force implementation,
referred to as “slow” in Table 1. The initial pathfind
builds an array with one entry for each point in the
path. A doubly-nested loop compares every point
on the path against every other point on the path to
see if they're in a straight line, and if so, pathcasts
and checks if the straight-line cost is cheaper.
Deleting points from the middle of the path (when
creating shortcuts) will be slow since deleting from
an array is slow, and the length of the array is the
length of the path. Even if a better data structure
were available that allowed efficient deletions, it’s
also necessary after every refinement to update
the costs of all the following nodes in the path,
which would still take O(n) time.
To attempt to avoid the brute force O(n2) search
and the expensive array updates, I also
implemented a method which compresses the
paths into a run of steps that are all in the same
Shortcut of a 135-degree turn.
Shortcut of two consecutive
45-degree turns in the same
direction.
FIGURE 6 The post-processor for compressed paths
searches for simple shortcuts that extend across only one
or two turns, replacing a section of the original red path with
blue. All pairs of points are tested; the best ones are shown.
52
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A
B
FIGURE 7 Using the three patterns from Figure 6 multiple times allows larger-scale
shortcuts to be created. In Figure 7A, three consecutive applications of the 90-degree
rule followed by one application of the double-45-degree rule produces the obvious best
shortcut. In Figure 7b, an obstacle that doesn't block the obvious best shortcut but
does block intermediate steps prevents this algorithm from finding the best shortcut.
THE INNER PRODUCT
FIGURE 8 Performance ratios of inadmissible
searches with post-processed paths versus the
inadmissible search without. In 8A, the naive
implementation slows down significantly. In 8B,
the run-length compressed scheme shown in
Figure 6 introduces only a tiny slowdown.
A
B
direction (into a set of line segments). Then I used
a set of local turning patterns to find places where
there might be a shortcut, for example, on either
side of a 90-degree turn (see Figure 6). I generated
candidate pairs on either side of the turn or turns,
and pathcast to see if they are valid shortcuts.
Series of such shortcuts will produce more complex
shortcuts, as shown in Figure 7. The results are
similar to the ones in the non-compressed method,
but the candidate pairs are generated directly
instead of via an O(n2) search, and the array is
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G A M E
D E V E LO P E R
much shorter so deletions and cost-updates are
much faster. However, this approach can miss some
larger scale optimizations, as shown in Figure 7B.
this method is labeled “fast” in Table 1.
Figure 8 shows the slowdown from applying
each of these refinements to the original (more
maze-like) map with inadmissible k=3. The
slowdown from the method using an array
element for every path node is large enough to be
a bother. The slowdown from the method using
run-length compressed paths is quite tolerable—
about 10 percent. Unfortunately, this method still
leaves some obvious local errors like those shown
in Figure 7B, whereas the slower one doesn't. You
might see an improvement if you use the runlength-compressed storage scheme but
implement the full-scale all-pairs search on it.
Next month, I'm going to throw a spanner into
the works and challenge the idea that A* is really
the right algorithm for 2D pathfinding, and
hopefully start laying the groundwork for
hierarchical pathfinding.
*
STEVE THEODORE
>>
PIXEL PUSHER
LET THERE BE LIGHT:
COLORED LIGHT
BUZZWORDS LIKE “FRAGMENT
shading” and “per-pixel attenuation”
might sound like pure geekery, but
they're going to be critical to effective
game art over the next five years. The
most important advance in nextgeneration graphics quality will be a
huge leap in quality of lighting. In most
contemporary games, lighting is
utilitarian at best: It helps players
perceive the structure of 3D spaces,
provides directional cues, and indicates
places of concealment. In far too many
games, the lighting doesn't even reach
that basic level. In film and theater,
though, it’s universally recognized that
lighting isn't simply about making
things visible. Lighting is the instrument
that controls the emotional pitch of a
scene. For character and environment
designs to engage the player’s intellect,
the lighting (much like music) must
bypass the analytical, and works
directly on emotions. If that sounds
extreme, play a little game of mental
mix-and-match with some familiar
visual icons. Try to imagine Blade
Runner shot under the florescent glaze
of a Star Trek: The Next Generation set
and you'll start to get the idea.
Now that our lighting technology is
finally starting to catch up to other media,
it's time to revisit the fundamentals. A lot
of us haven't worked with sophisticated
lighting since we toyed idly with the
MentalRay tutorials, so it’s definitely a
good idea to look back at the basics. With
S T E V E T H E O D O R E started animating on a text-only
mainframe renderer and then moved on to work on games
such as HALF-LIFE and COUNTER-STRIKE. He can be reached at
[email protected].
so many software packages and game
engines to consider, we'll have to leave
the mechanical aspects for another time;
this discussion will focus on strategy
rather than tactics. If terms like key light
and kicker make you scratch your head,
you might want to look at Jeremy Birn's
book Digital Lighting and Rendering (New
Riders Press, 2000). Although Birn's book
has lots of technical detail that's
irrelevant to real-time artists, it's also well
stocked with useful insights into the
universals of good lighting. In the
meantime, let’s look at how lighting can
help establish moods in two
ways: through control of color
and contrast.
The simplest kind of lighting designs
work like a kind of coloring book. With
strong key lights and appropriate fills,
you can “paint” a scene to set a mood.
We all know the basics of color
association: red for danger, blue for
peace, green for life, and so on. It can
be very tempting to fall back on these
old standbys as a shortcut to an
emotion. This approach can work
well—deep red emergency lights and
inky shadows in the underground
bunker might be just what you need to
create tension and set the player’s
NEON GENESIS
Obviously, color choice is the
most straightforward way to
manipulate a player’s emotions
with lighting. Colored lights can
provoke some emotions among
artists too—we all know games
that outshine even Las Vegas in
their tackiness. The reaction?
Some artists swear off colored
lights altogether. Neither
extreme position is tenable.
Subtlety and caution are
certainly important, but in the
end all light is colored light.
Even direct natural sunlight has
a distinctive color cast, which
can vary a great deal based on
the time of day, time of year,
location, and weather. Likewise,
every kind of artificial light,
from a welcoming candle to a
sickly fluorescent tube, has a
signature tinge. If you own a
digital camera, you know how
complex and arbitrary the
process of white balancing can
be. The question, therefore, isn’t
whether to use color—it’s how.
FIGURE 1 The cold, clinical lighting aboard the Death Star
(bottom) creates an understated atmosphere of menace,
but the heroes of Star Wars are usually lit with warm,
approachable tones.
W W W. G D M A G . C O M
55
PIXEL PUSHER
nerves tingling. Often, though,
dominating color schemes can
backfire. One of the important practical
functions of good lighting, after all, is
to help the characters pop off the
screen and capture the player’s
attention. Your need for contrast
between character and environment
can easily work against your attempt
to set an emotional tone. If your villain
is clad in typically villainous purple
and green, he’s not going to stand out
particularly well if the same sickly
colors are washing the walls of his lair.
Some textures won't stand up to
strong colored lighting either. Without
careful planning, you might find a
colored light reveals an annoying
repeat pattern you never noticed in
one of your textures, rather like a
color-blindness test. So how do you
set a mood with color when you also
have to provide visual clarity?
FIGURE 2 In HALF-LIFE 2,
warm lighting often
connotes danger rather
than safety and comfort.
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THE KICKER
When theatrical lighting designers need
to pop a character out of the “canvas” of
the screen or stage, they'll add a
complementary rim light or kicker to
provide a strong edge highlight. This
separates the character from the backdrop
without undercutting the color theme.
Many games shy away from overtly
theatrical lighting, fearing that players
will wonder where that helpful little light
is coming from. Audiences rarely notice
or care, as long as the final effect makes
a positive contribution to the scene.
Lighting designers in film and theater
seldom, if ever, rely on the actual
physical lights on a set to create
ambience. Only rarely is the pool of light
below the reading lamp or the wash of
daylight from the window actually
produced by the prop or fixture. Usually
there’s a battery of theatrical lights just
out of sight, providing a carefully stylized
suggestion of “real” lighting. You can see
the difference by comparing a typical
Hollywood blockbuster with an arthouse
film that relies exclusively on real-world
lighting. In short, don’t be afraid to get
the look you need by using whatever
collection of hacks and fakes will deliver
the goods.
This doesn't mean that there are no
rules. You do need to remember that
players are free to wander and can
easily roam into areas where they can
unveil our clever impostures. When
lighting an environment, try not to place
strong lights that don’t have a possible
physical source. Softer lights will usually
escape scrutiny, particularly if they are
colored to simulate radiosity bounces.
However, the basic principle remains:
Light for the effect you need, and to hell
with physics.
BLOWING HOT AND COLD
Sometimes the overall ambience of your
game can be undone by lighting that's
PIXEL PUSHER
too nakedly theatrical. Many of the best
lighting designs are so subtle that you
never catch the lighting designer at
work. Rather than create strong color
washes that hose the scene with a
single dominant emotion, you can use
the lighting to more subtly underscore
the meaning of a scene. Working on a
more subliminal level gives you great
power over your audience's perceptions
and still leaves you free to build a
prosaic and realistic look.
The lighting design of the original Star
Wars is a particularly brilliant example of
this. In conventional color terms, you’d
expect the imperial sets to be drenched
in reds and pooled with ominous
shadows.
But instead, the Death Star is lit up like
a cross between a dentist’s office and a
meat locker. It’s dominated by fluorescent
haze and cool blue accent lights (see
Figure 1). The cool colors reflect off the
spotless plastic of the stormtroopers and
the black vacuum of Darth Vader to
perfectly embody the Empire’s
impersonal, bureaucratic brand of evil.
By contrast, the rebels are always lit
warmly; the classic shot that really
GLOSSARY
KEY LIGHT. In a conventional
lighting setup, the key light is
the major source of light.
Typically, the key light stands
for the sun, the moon, or the
main room lighting. Key lights
are frequently positioned at
about a 45 degree elevation
and 45 degrees to one side of
the main subject.
FILL LIGHT. Typically, the fill light
is positioned about 90 degrees
away from the key light, and
generally is a complementary
color. The fill light is not as
strong as the key and is
intended to bring the major
forms of the subject into relief.
KICKER OR RIMLIGHT. In
theatrical lighting, a kicker is a
positioned behind the subject
so that a glancing reflection
forms a highlight around the
subject's outline. Kickers are
usually placed opposite from
and lower than the fill light.
establishes Luke Skywalker’s character,
as he watches the twin suns set on
Tatooine, is as pink as the Barbie aisle in
your local toy store. The warm/cool
opposition is an extremely simple design,
but it’s absolutely critical for establishing
the emotional underpinnings of the story.
The opening levels of HALF-LIFE 2 use the
play of color temperature the opposite
way: The player quickly learns to
associate the warm colors of sunlight
and open space with danger, while the
blues and greens of murky sewers and
tunnels become indicators of safety and
concealment. The very consistent
correlation between natural lighting and
danger reinforces the player's paranoia
and sense of powerlessness. By allowing
the bad guys to “own” the daylight, the
lighting subliminally underlines the
overwhelming menace of the pursuing
Combine forces in the early part of the
game. (See Figure 2.)
ILLUMINATING CONTRASTS
Obviously, color choice is only the very
beginning of good lighting design. Next
month we'll take a a look at contrast—the
roles that light fall-off, color blending, and
shadow definition play in creating an
effective lighting scheme. In the
meantime, try playing with some of the
fancy lighting tools that real-time artists
have been denied for the last decade. We
game developers like to think of ourselves
as fearless pioneers, relentlessly pushing
the boundaries of our medium. In fact,
though, the last six or seven years have
been a very conservative period in the
evolution of 3D graphics. The basic
feature list for a standard real-time
rendering engine— Gouraud shading,
colored lighting, light mapping, and so
forth—hasn't changed that much since
the days of QUAKE 3 and HALF-LIFE.
Our cozy little interlude of technological
stability is just about over. It’s exciting,
but it’s also going to be professionally
challenging. We'll be handed a bunch of
great new toys—pixel shading, dynamic
lights, high dynamic range images, to
name a few—which inevitably will mean a
lot of time spent learning and
experimenting with new technologies.
But to really get the most out of the new
tools, we have to stay focused on the
timeless basics: making emotional
connections with our audience. All the
technology in the world won’t ever
provide that critical window into the
player's subconscious.
*
58
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HAL HALPIN
>>
NECESSARY EVIL
RATINGS MATTER
THE WORDS “VIOLENT VIDEO GAMES”
evoke strong emotions both within the
industry and among the general public. But
understanding the issue is as important to
a soccer mom as it is to any professional
with a stake in the business. The political
pendulum has swung from a contentdriven discussion to a ratings-enforcement
debate. The matter of violent games is as
relevant today as it was eight years ago
when the Interactive Entertainment
Merchants Association (IEMA) was
established. Despite all this discussion,
how is it possible that awareness of the
facts—the undisputable facts—remains
so low? My personal take: We are doing a
far better job of explaining the lengths to
which we have collectively gone to the
general public than we have within our
own business.
INFLUENTIAL MEDIA
The heart of the matter boils neatly down
to this: Games are entertainment. They
are art. They are science. They are
interactive. And they are a new medium.
As entertainment, video and computer
games have penetrated the household,
the mind share, and the market share of
consumers. Games are mass market and
relevant. As a profitable enterprise, we
have taken what was once viewed with
little potential and regarded with
substantially-similar reverence as any
toy, and turned it into a burgeoning multibillion business with music and movie
tie-ins, licensing, and marketing to boot.
It represents a full third of the packaged
goods entertainment business, and
everyone from Wall Street to Main Street
has taken notice.
H A L H A L P I N is the founder and president of the Interactive
Entertainment Merchants Association, the electronic game
industry's non-profit retail trade association. He resides in
Connecticut with his wife and three children. He can be reached at
[email protected].
One of the reasons that we have such
extended debates with members of
congress, special interest groups, the
media, and of late the governor of Illinois
is that games are interactive. Players
experience things, and they are
controlling a character onto which they
could, theoretically, project themselves.
Like any intelligent discussion involving
human anatomy and physiology, this
one involves psychologists,
psychiatrists, educators, analysts, and a
host of other specialists who
cumulatively can do little more than
agree to disagree. No wonder politicians
like this topic so much.
ADULTS ONLY
Until December 2003, the majority of
our members, the leading retailers of
games, did not have strong policies and
procedures intended to inhibit the sale of
Mature-rated games to minors. A few had
some procedures, but only a handful of
them enforced them well. Retailers who
hadn’t yet committed to the idea were
concerned about preventing customers
from buying these products because the
customer has a First Amendment right to
buy M-rated games. It wasn’t, and isn’t,
illegal to sell them—therefore choosing
not to sell them indiscriminately could
lead to law suits of several varieties.
In December of 2003 the IEMA
retailers announced that they would all,
unilaterally, institute carding policies
intending to inhibit the sale of violent
games to minors. They recognized that
they had a social obligation and met that
duty head-on, stating that by December
2004 they would double their efforts or
institute new policies from scratch. They
spent 12 months training staff, changing
procedures, moving product assortment,
re-labeling displays, and putting up ESRB
signs where otherwise there would have
been revenue-generating merchandise
displays. The effort was comprehensive,
daunting, and significant.
Sting operations performed two full
months before our self-imposed deadline
showed a dramatic year-on-year
reduction, from 50 to 30 percent, in
children being able to purchase M-rated
games—a statistically significant
number because it is the inverse of the
DVD business, substantially better than
the music industry, and is on-par with
movie theatre owners, lauded as the gold
standard in the field.
2005 will undoubtedly be a make-orbreak year for this issue, as IEMA
members continue to improve and the
data begins to show that industry selfregulation is working. The problem for
developers lies in what may occur
before the end of the year. Why should
this issue be of concern now more than
ever? If retailers can’t easily sell your
games, they won’t. Plain and simple. If
some states pass laws that could send
their employees off to jail and paying
criminal fines in the same way that
alcohol, tobacco, and firearms are
legislated, it will surely affect all game
sales. Washington state tried and failed
to pass a law that was so volatile that it
might have made some E, many T, and
almost all M-rated games illegal to sell
to minors.
RALLYING POINT
Retailers have now done and will
continue to do the right thing.
Publishers clearly understand the
ramifications to their shareholders and
companies. Developers need to go
forward with their eyes open on this
matter. It can no longer be a subject of
intra-industry debate. It must now be a
rallying point around which we
collectively stand together to protect
our cumulative rights, businesses, and
careers, because the alternative would
be disastrous for our industry.
*
W W W. G D M A G . C O M
61
ALEXANDER BRANDON
>>
AURAL FIXATION
THE LINE OF QUALITY
PART II: LICENSING
LET’S START WITH WHAT WE KNOW. GAMES
are more than fun one-day projects in
this era. There’s a lot of work involved in
games that’s responsible and earnest
and absolutely dull. In some cases, the
work being done is very controversial
within our developmental sanctum, and
licensing of game soundtracks is one of
them. Many large publishers are
incorporating popular music from
hundreds of groups into games. Some
publishers are also hiring well-known
film composers for game soundtracks.
The game industry has gone “public,” so
to speak, along with film and television,
and the public expects a certain level of
quality outside the circle of hardcore
game geeks that take comfort in the
beeps and boops of yesteryear.
SSX TRICKY shows that
soundtracks can be adaptive,
innovative, and still licensed.
TOO MUCH QUALITY?
Now let’s move on to what some of you
might not have thought of. Those beeps
and boops of yesteryear’s arcade games
were perfectly aligned with the ancient
pixilated 2D images of PAC-MAN and DONKEY
KONG. Games were simple pastimes; five
minute diversions from reality. These
days, does a game score that perfectly
matches Howard Shore’s The Lord of the
Rings film soundtrack align with
facsimiles of the characters from the film
that are only 80 percent accurate?
THE PROBLEM
What has all this got to do with licensing?
When I think of the idea, at times my
nostalgic side screams in opposition to
licensing in classic partisan style, wanting
A L E X A N D E R B R A N D O N has been involved with game
audio since 1994 and is currently the audio manager at
Midway in San Diego, Calif. You can e-mail him at
[email protected].
62
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D E V E LO P E R
all game music to be original, written by
game composers that play games and
understand games thoroughly, and to be as
adaptive and forward-thinking as the
games themselves. But wait, how forward
thinking is a game based on a movie or a
sports title? Then the light bulb clicks on.
The reasoning is clear. The plan is brilliant,
and the business model a thing of beauty in
its simplicity.
THE LOGIC
Any publisher or game team, big or small,
is a shark. It needs to keep moving
forward to stay alive. That’s a grim
metaphor, but it’s true, and the game
industry is no sheep anymore. It’s fierce
and competitive. Therefore, the licensed
soundtracks we hear in games are, in a
way, the best thing that ever happened
when it comes to maintaining popularity
and profit. Games don’t fundamentally
change from year to year, except in such
cases as KATAMARI DAMACY. What does
change is their music, and with the
introduction of licensing, the music and
soundtrack make up for the lack of
progress in other areas. Licensing
generates market interest that can
roughly be measured, and this measure
adds to the profit pot at the end of the
day. Let’s take a look at some hypothetical
techniques that a marketing department
might take.
A publisher has a soundtrack for a
fighting game containing 20 tracks. The
publisher looks at the potential buyers of
the game based on other similar titles
and any prequels. They then identify
bands and groups that have songs that
have sold to a minimum number of
people, usually in the millions, and then
spend anywhere from $100K to over a
million dollars to license these tracks.
Once that is done, press releases and
interviews reveal the names of the bands
and songs in conjunction with the game,
generating marginal interest in those
people who might not have even bought
the game in the first place. Is this interest
measured? It can be in polls, but usually
the measure is better taken in response
to magazines, online announcements,
and most importantly, television. The
result is usually a minimum of 10
percent more sales because of the
soundtrack, and when the numbers are
tallied in development against this 10
percent, in the case of a big EA or TakeTwo release, that 10 percent is easily the
higher number.
THE LESSON
Now that we’ve seen that licensed
soundtracks can generate a buzz and
higher sales, let’s answer this column’s
main question: What about quality? Do
licensed soundtracks enhance the
quality of a title? How do we tell? I can
tell you that based on initial research on
forums and discussion with casual
gamers, I have talked to two groups—one
that hates licensed music and one that
likes it, depending on the music, and the
latter group commands a big majority.
This is an era in which licensed music is a
tool the way an orchestra or a synthesizer
is a tool. Use the right tool for the right
job. Take SSX TRICKY. Not only did it use
licensed soundtracks, but it also used
them adaptively and yielded the best
example of pop music being woven into
game design ever.
I’ll end this column by saying SSX TRICKY
set an example that isn’t being done
enough. Being able to select licensed
music in a game might as well be an MP3
player sitting at your side. It isn’t part of
the game, but publishers can make it
part of the game. They can make
soundtracks go from radio airplay into
something that radio listeners would
rather hear. “I liked the NFL 2006 version
of that Korn song better ‘cause it went
BAM! when I tackled McNabb.”
*
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NOAH FALSTEIN
>>
GAME SHUI
IN THE BEGINNING
IT HAS BEEN NEARLY 150 YEARS SINCE
Charles Darwin first published The Origin
of Species, sparking a revolution in the
way people look at the development of all
living things. Evolution is a great
framework to use literally when thinking
about basic game design rules and
metaphorically in understanding
business principles in this ever-changing
industry. As a veritable game industry
dinosaur myself, I can vouch for the
usefulness of the evolutionary
perspective in understanding games.
For a game designer, it pays off to
understand the motivations and
psychology of game players. All the most
popular games relate directly to our
drives for survival and reproduction, and
often are easily linked to our huntergatherer ancestors and their social
interactions. A sound understanding of
why people evolved to enjoy games is as
useful to a game designer as music
theory is to a composer.
GENES TO CODE TO MEMES
The basic principles of evolution apply to
any medium with replicating information,
including computers. That’s one reason
we have computer viruses and mutations
(bugs) getting into the genome (game
program). Designers like Shigeru
Miyamoto, Will Wright, and Dani Bunten
have found that convincing AI for
characters can be modeled by using the
evolutionary biology concept of a fitness
landscape, giving them simple behaviors,
and letting emergent complexity make
them seem realistic.
Even more intriguing is the surprising
N O A H F A L S T E I N is a 25-year veteran of the game industry.
His web site, www.theinspiracy.com, has a description of The
400 Project, the basis for these columns. Also at that site is a
list of the game design rules collected so far, and tips on how to
use them. Email him at [email protected].
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G A M E
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link between ideas and genes. An idea can
be copied from mind to mind, spreading
by word of mouth or the media, and
mutating—and evolving—as it spreads.
Understanding these “ideas as genes”
(termed “memes” by noted biologist
Richard Dawkins), can shed light on the
way popular interface choices in games
spread among game developers. The
principles of evolution from nature don’t
work exactly the same way in the
computer or the brain, but they’re a good
place to start.
EVOLUTION OF AN INDUSTRY
Evolutionary principles also help us
understand ways that games change
over time. The coin-op arcade business in
the 1980s may have been the most
fiercely Darwinian game environment in
history. New games appeared and
thrived, or died in a matter of months if
they didn’t have ample sustenance
(quarters). After great early diversity,
arcade games converged on a few
successful formulas that ate up all those
quarters and starved later games that
didn’t follow the formulas. It’s particularly
enlightening to look at specific lineages,
as when the basic qualities of SPACE
INVADERS were improved and expanded in
GALAXIAN, which in turn gave way to GALAGA.
Namco’s shooter was such an efficient
and fun implementation of the “shoot
descending aliens” family that it survives
in some arcades today, 20 years later, an
alligator remaining essentially
unchanged since the time of dinosaurs.
A modern example of a similarly
turbulent environment for games is the
mobile phone market, fragmented by
country, mobile carrier, network
technology, and the individual phone
capabilities. In nature, this corresponds
to the challenges of species survival in a
fragmented and rapidly changing
ecological niche. Such conditions favor
small, adaptable species that can migrate
rapidly from dying or stagnant areas to
better climes. The more successful
Even digitized apes evolve eventually—Nintendo’s
DONKEY KONG 64.
games on phones also exhibit such
portability and relative lack of complexity.
Contrast that with the huge games on the
more stable ecologies of an established
platform like the PC, where a game like
GRAND THEFT AUTO or FINAL FANTASY can
evolve over multiple generations and
build on a large installed base of
machines. In natural evolution,
successful adaptations like eyes have
appeared independently many different
times—spider eyes, squid eyes, and
human eyes for example. We see this in a
more purposeful and intentional way in
that a successful game innovation like
the sandbox play of GRAND THEFT AUTO gets
replicated throughout the game industry.
Finally, the game industry itself is
often a metaphor for the evolutionary
process. Companies grow and swallow
other companies; newer and smaller
offspring find their own path to success
or fade into history, and only the ones
who adapt survive.
If I have succeeded in tempting you to
learn more about evolutionary principles
and brain function, there are many
sources of more information to pursue. I
would recommend reading The Selfish
Gene by Richard Dawkins (Oxford
University Press, 1976) as a starting point,
followed by How the Mind Works by Steven
Pinker (W.W. Norton & Co., 1997). They
might even help you survive the game
industry’s next extinction event.
*
For a related article by Noah Falstein, read
“Natural Funativity” on Gamasutra.com at
www.gamasutra.com/features/20041110/
falstein_01.shtml.
activision.com
LO O K I N G FO R
A G R E AT J O B?
L E T T H E GA M ES B EG I N .
Are you an artist? Designer? Producer? Activision has an incredible array of opportunities
available for virtually every creative discipline. So whether you like to animate, produce
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• IT
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• Programmers
• Marketing
• Scripters
• Sales
TO A P P LY FO R A N Y P OS I T I O N , V I S I T
W W W. AC T I V I S I O N .CO M (G O TO : “ C A R E E R S” )
V I S I T U S AT T H E G D C
B O OT H 4 6 0
>> CREATIVE CAREERS
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Get in on something BIG!
We are going to revolutionize
the home entertainment market.
The PlayStation®2 computer entertainment system and the soon to be
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To ensure that we meet that goal, we are currently looking for talented,
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Recognized as the undisputed industry leader,
Sony Computer Entertainment America Inc. (SCEA)
markets the PlayStation® family of products and develops,
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At SCEA, we offer exceptional employee benefits, an open and creative working
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We want to help you understand all the reasons why joining us is not only the
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Visit us at GDC in the Career Pavillion, Booth # 448 and see for
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Sony Computer Entertainment America Inc.
Foster City • San Diego • Santa Monica
Bend, Oregon • Salt Lake City, Utah
[email protected]
We are an equal opportunity employer.
“PlayStation” and the “PS” Family logo and “UMD” are registered trademarks of Sony
Computer Entertainment Inc. “PSP” is a trademark of Sony Computer Entertainment Inc.
Dragons, road rage and intergalactic warfare.
Just another day at the office.
Be a part of the MMO action, see our current openings at www.PlayNC.com
>> GET EDUCATED
We Are
hunting
next
Forthe
GAME GODS
SCEA Santa Monica Studios, developer of God of War™ is looking
for Full-time and Contract professionals to work on it’s next console game.
Associate Producer • Lead Programmer
Environment Artists • Game Designers
Level Designers • Design Manager
Lead Artists • Character Artists
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Camera Designer/Implementer
All positions require candidates to have working experience in developing
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At SCEA Santa Monica Studios, we offer exceptional benefits
including medical, 401(k) with match of up to 4%, an annual bonus
program as well as an open and creative working environment.
To learn more about these exciting positions,
visit us at GDC in the Career Pavillion, Booth 448
Email resume, indicating position of interest, to:
[email protected]
Submit “SCEA-SM” in the subject line.
www.godofwar-thegame.com
God of War™ 2005 SCEA Santa Monica Studios. “PlayStation” and the “PS” Family logo are registered trademarks of Sony Computer Entertainment Inc.
“GameCube” is a registered trademark of Nintendo. “Xbox” is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER
Get into the game—teach.
Car: Visen Brnicevic, Umag, Croatia; Beast: Matt Browning,
Tallahassee, Fla.; Character: Aaron Adams, Collegedale, Tenn.;
Background image: Stephanie Waugh, Batesville, Ark.
Students in the School of Film and Digital Media
The Savannah College of Art and Design is currently seeking candidates for full-time faculty
positions in the School of Film and Digital Media in the areas of game programming and game art.
To learn more about the positions, requirements and the college, please visit our Web site at www.scad.edu.
Also visit us at the 2005 Game Developers Conference.
The Savannah College of Art and Design exists to prepare talented students for careers in the visual and performing arts, design, the building arts, and the history of art and architecture. The college emphasizes learning through
individual attention in a positively oriented environment.
www.scad.edu
912.525.5532 · [email protected]
JOBS.EA.COM
GET IN THE GAME
™
ELECTRONIC ARTS IS LOOKING FOR CREATIVE
TALENT TO JOIN OUR AWARD-WINNING TEAM!
THE WORLD’S NUMBER ONE INTERACTIVE
ENTERTAINMENT COMPANY is hiring for a wide range of
positions. Electronic Arts (EA ) develops, publishes, and
distributes software worldwide for video game systems,
personal computers, and the Internet. Our world-class studios
create massively popular products that we market under the
EA SPORTS, EA GAMES, and EA SPORTS BIG brands. EA remains
committed to hiring and retaining the industry’s best talent. Get in the game, and help us shape the future of entertainment.
POSITIONS AVAILABLE IN:
Art
Audio
Distribution
Engineering
Finance
Game Design
LOCATIONS:
Asia
Chicago
Japan
Los Angeles
Louisville
Game Testing
Human Resources
IT
Marketing
Production
Sales
Orlando
San Francisco Bay Area
Montreal
UK
Vancouver
Great People Make Great Games!
VISIT US AT:
jobs.ea.com
© 2005 Electronic Arts Inc. Electronic Arts, EA SPORTS, EA SPORTS BIG, EA GAMES and associated logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of Electronic Arts Inc. in the U.S. and/or other countries. Electronic Arts, EA SPORTS™, EA SPORTS BIG™, EA GAMES™, and
"Get in the Game" are trademarks of Electronic Arts in the U.S. and/or other countries. All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
>> CREATIVE CAREERS
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"TBDSFBUPSPGJOOPWBUJWFFOUFSUBJONFOUTPGUXBSFXJUIEFWFMPQFSTSFOPXOFEXJUIJOUIFHBNJOHJOEVTUSZ'MBHTIJQ
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XXXnBHTIJQTUVEJPTDPNPSFNBJMVTBUKPCT!nBHTIJQTUVEJPTDPN
76
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G A M E
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Sr Level Designer
Sr Online Game Designer
Sr AI Engineer
Sr Sound Engineer
Sr 2D Artist
Sr Animator
For more info please visit
www.ubisoftgroup.com
Please send your resume to
[email protected]
COME TO SEE US ON BOOTH CP247 AT GDC
© 2005 Blizzard Entertainment, Inc. All rights reserved. Blizzard Entertainment is a trademark and/or registered trademark of Blizzard Entertainment, Inc., in the U.S. and/or other countries.
>> CREATIVE CAREERS
>> GET EDUCATED
,=Fh]^e;r>qik^llbhgLmn]^gmIZneG`nr^g
KGE=H=GHD=O=J=:GJF>GJL@AK&
L@=<A?AL9DNAKM9DE=<A9<=?J==>JGE=PHJ=KKAGF
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create
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Intensive nine-month programs for the skills and tools you need to turn your ideas
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Collins College > A School of Design & Technology
Main Campus - Tempe, Arizona > West Campus - Phoenix, Arizona
Add a new dimension to your life. >> Earn a B.A. in Game Design
Your education can take you from game research and planning to content
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Find out more about us at the Game Developer’s Conference
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Collins College is accredited by the Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges of Technology
(ACCSCT). Financial Aid is available for those who qualify. Career Placement Assistance. Collins College
West is a satellite campus of Collins College. Not all programs available at all locations.
by Rick O’Connor
84
MARCH 2005
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G A M E
D E V E LO P E R
ACADEMY of ART UNIVERSITY
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35056
“Without
guys like me,
you’d still be
playing Pong.”
—Mark Hartlieb
B.A. in Game Design
Class of 2005
Available online
or on-campus.
GAME DESIGN
VIDEO PRODUCTION
DIGITAL ANIMATION
NETWORK SECURITY
ARTIFICIAL LIFE
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
MULTIMEDIA
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WEB DESIGN
GAME PROGRAMMING
www.uat.edu or 800.658.5744
>> GET EDUCATED
game design
Work Hard, Play Harder
VFS. A proven education for everything
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For detailed information and everything
you need to know call 1.800.661.4101
or visit vfs.com.
Vancouver Film School
Where Results Matter.
90
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>> GET EDUCATED
to advertise in
Creative Careers and
Get Educated
call Aaron Murawski at
(415) 947-6227,
or email to:
[email protected]
to advertise in
Marketplace
call Susan Kirby at
(415) 947-6226,
or email to:
[email protected]
Why does gaming professional
Randy Pitchford
recommend The Guildhall
Guildhall??
Simple. He helped design
the curriculum
curriculum.
Randy’s credits include:
Halo®: Combat Evolved
Duke Nukem™ 3D
Half-Life®: Opposing Force
Brothers in Arms
™
Tony Hawk’s Pro Skater™ 3
“ When recruiting new game developers, my direction
for Gearbox Software is to start at The Guildhall.
Guildhall.””
http://guildhall.smu.edu
Brothers in Arms is a trademark of Gearbox Software. Halo is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
Half-Life is a registered trademark of Valve Corporation. Duke Nukem is a trademark of Apogee Software, Ltd., Action Entertainment , Inc.
Randy Pitchford
Gearbox Software
>> GET EDUCATED
>> MARKETPLACE
Game Design & Development
Bachelor of Science
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See us at GDC Booth 326
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Degree Programs
Movie quality matters.
800.226.7625
fullsail.com
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Financial aid available to those who qualify
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Accredited College, ACCSCT
© 2004 Full Sail, Inc. All rights reserved. The terms “Full Sail,” “Full Sail Real World
Education,” and the Full Sail logo are either registered service marks or service marks
of Full Sail, Inc.
92
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Free evaluation of CRI Middleware for qualified developers
http://www.cri-mw.com/eval/371
>> MARKETPLACE
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93
>> MARKETPLACE
94
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D E V E LO P E R
FLASHBANG’S SEALAB 2021
STARDOCK’S DESKTOPX 3
CONTINUED FROM PG 6
CONTINUED FROM PG 7
indie development effort that helped
make it. "The game was developed in
around three and a half months,"
says Matthew Wegner, development
director for Flashbang. "We had a
fixed X amount of time and Y amount
of dollars with which to make the
game. We're all big fans of the Sealab
2021 show, too, so obviously we
wanted to stretch ourselves and try
to cram as much as we could in the
limited amount of time we had."
"All of the artwork and music for
the game was produced by us inhouse,” Wegner adds. “For technology,
we developed the game using
Virtools (www.virtools.com). Our
team included a programmer, a lead
artist, an artist, an audio director,
and audio contractors."
Despite the limitations, Wegner
was careful to avoid the quality-oflife issues plaguing the industry with
excessive crunch time. "We tried to
rigidly enforce development hours,”
he says. “I have 1,400 incremental
saves of the main gameplay logic file
here, so I was able to graph the time
of day that each one was saved, to
show at a recent IGDA talk I gave on
the title."
At the end, according to Wegner,
the result was "54 levels, 6 playable
characters, 15 enemies, 3 bosses,
over 200 lines of voice-over from the
show's actors—it was great fun to
hear the raw session files—9 minutes
of new music (all incorporate the
main theme, some more subtle than
others), and 3 minigames."
Cartoon Network will again hold
the Project Goldmaster competition
at the 2005 IGF Awards, this time
with increased online feedback, as
the creators make a higher-profile
development diary documenting
their game creation.
—Simon Carless
very quickly,” says Brad Wardell,
CEO of Stardock. “We can see
what it's going to look like in the
game and drag and drop things
into position and have them be
like that in the game right away.”
In the indie game scene,
Stardock’s ability to make its own
tools, like DesktopX, gives its
developers an advantage in their
niche market space.
“For us, it's the great equalizer
with the big guys,” Wardell says.
“We've spent six years
developing DesktopX for nongame commercial use, so it's a
very mature product. It's the kind
of tool that the mega studios are
not likely to have and hence lets
us have one or two graphics
designers do the work of what
other companies probably
require three times as many
people to do."
Beginning this month, Stardock
will offer DesktopX to the public
at three levels: DesktopX runtime, which only lets you run
widgets that others create ($15);
DesktopX Standard, in which you
can design desktops, widgets,
and objects for personal use and
sharing ($25); and DesktopX Pro,
in which you can export objects
and widgets as “gadgets” that
anyone can run ($70).
—Jill Duffy
ADVERTISER INDEX
COMPANY NAME
PAGE
Academy of Art University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Activision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Akamai Technologies Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Aladdin Knowledge Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Alias Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Anark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Atari Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
ATI Technologies Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 26
Avid Technology—Softimage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Avid Technology—NXN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C3
Blizzard Entertainment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Carnegie Mellon University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Center for Digital Imaging at Boston University . . . . . . . . . 84
Cerro Coso College . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Charles River Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Cogswell Polytechnical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Collins College . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Course PTR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
CRI Middleware Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Criterion Software Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Cryptic Studios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Day 1 Studios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
DeWolfe Music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Discreet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Electronic Arts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
COMPANY NAME
PAGE
Electronic Arts/Tiburon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Expression College . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Factor 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Flagship Studios Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Full Sail Real World Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Genemation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
IDA of Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Integrity Ware Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Iron Lore Entertainment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
IT Global Secure Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Khronos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
LucasArts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Macrovision Corporation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Marist College. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Microsoft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Midway Amusement Games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
NCsoft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Neversoft Entertainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
New Pencil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Nikitova LLC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Novodex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Numerical Design Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Perforce Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Polhemus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
COMPANY NAME
PAGE
RAD Game Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C4
Radius360. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Retro Studios Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Rockstar Games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
RTzen Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C2, 1
Savannah College of Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Seapine Software Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17a–17d
Softwrap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Sony Computer Entertainment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 72
Sony Ericsson Mobile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Superscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Techexcel Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
The Art Institute Int'l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 - 83
The Collective Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
The Hartecenter at SMU Guildhall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
THQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Trymedia Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Ubisoft-China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
University of Advancing Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
University of Central Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Vancouver Film School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Xoreax Software Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Zenimax Media. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
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W W W. G D M A G . C O M
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